url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma_bint_Umays | Asma bint Umais | ["1 Early life and family","2 Married life","2.1 Marriage to Jafar","2.2 Marriage to Abu Bakr","2.3 Marriage to Ali","3 Death and burial","4 Legacy","4.1 Historical controversy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Companion of Muhammad
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Asma bint Umais" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Asma bint Umais أَسْمَاء بِنْت عُمَيْسBornAsmā bint ‘Umaysc. 597–600Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia (present-day KSA)Diedc. 658–661Damascus, Ash-Sham (present-day Syria)Resting placeBab al-Saghir Cemetery in Damascus, SyriaKnown forcompanion of MuhammadSpousesRabia ibn Riyab al-Hilali (widowed/divorced)Ja'far ibn Abi Talib (widowed)Abu Bakr (widowed)Ali (widowed)ChildrenAbd Allah ibn Ja'farAwn ibn Ja'farMuhammad ibn Ja'farMuhammad ibn Abi BakrYahya ibn AliAwn ibn AliParentsUmays ibn Ma'ad (father)Hind bint Awf (mother)RelativesSalma bint Umays (full-sister)Awn ibn Umays (full-brother)Mahmiyah ibn Al-Jaz'i al-Zubaydi (maternal half-brother)Al-Saayib ibn al-Harith (maternal half-brother)Qatn ibn al-Harith (maternal half-brother)Lubaba bint al-Harith (maternal half-sister)Maymuna bint al-Harith (maternal half-sister)Zaynab bint Khuzayma (maternal half-sister)Muhammad ibn Abdullah (brother-in-law)Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib (uncle-in-law & sister's husband)Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (uncle-in-law & sister's husband)Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (grandson)FamilyBanu Khatham (by birth)Banu Quraysh (by marriage)
Asmāʾ bint ʿUmays (Arabic: أَسْمَاء بِنْت عُمَيْس) was a female companion of Muhammad. She is known for having married three famous companions of Muhammad, namely, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, Abu Bakr, and Ali.
Early life and family
Asma's birth year is unknown, however, being the first born of her mother's third marriage, narrows down her birth year to around 597 to 600 CE. She was born apparently in Mecca as the daughter of immigrants. Her father was Umays ibn Ma'ad from the Khath'am tribe, and her mother was Hind bint Awf from the Himyar tribe.: 196
Her full siblings were Salma bint Umays, wife of Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib, and Awn ibn Umais. Her maternal half-siblings included two of Muhammad's wives, Zaynab bint Khuzayma and Maymunah bint al-Harith, as well as Umm Faḍl, the wife of Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib, Al-Sa'ib ibn al-Harith, Qatn ibn al-Harith, and the community treasurer Mahmiyah ibn Al-Jaz'.
Asma and her sister Salma both converted to Islam "after the Messenger of Allah had entered the house of al-Arqam",: 196, 199 i.e., between late 614 and early 616 CE. She is notable for having been the wife of three of Muhammad's close companions.
Married life
Marriage to Jafar
Asma's first marriage was probably to Rabia ibn Riyab al-Hilali from Banu Hilal tribe in Hejaz, who either died before Islam or divorced her.
Shortly afterwards, she was married to Ja'far ibn Abi Talib from the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe. In 616 she emigrated with him to Abyssinia, where she gave birth to their three sons, Abdullah, Muhammad and Awn.: 196 Asma disliked living in Abyssinia and she later referred to "fear" and "harm" that she had suffered there while "far away and banished,": 196 though she did not enlarge on the nature of these difficulties.
They returned to Medina in 628, at the time of the Muslim conquest of Khaybar.: 526 : 336
Ja'far fought at the Battle of Mu'tah against the Ghassanids, who were aided by the Byzantines, in September 629 and, Ja'far along with Zayd ibn Haritha and Abdullah ibn Rawahah, was killed there.: 534 : 374
Asma narrated how she heard the news of her husband's death. "The Prophet came to me. I had prepared forty mann of 'dip' and kneaded the dough. I took my two sons and I washed their faces and put oil on them. The Messenger of God came to me and said, 'O Asma, where are the sons of Ja'far?' I brought them to him and he embraced them and smelt them, then his eyes welled up and he cried. I said, 'Why, Messenger of God, perhaps about Ja'far.' He replied, 'Yes, he was killed today.' I stood up and screamed, and the women came to me. The Prophet began to say, 'O Asma, do not speak obscene words or beat your chest!'" Her son Abd Allah remembered: "He said, 'O Asma, will you not rejoice? Indeed, God most high has made two wings for Ja'far, that he may fly with them in Paradise!'" Then Muhammad told his daughter Fatimah, "Prepare food for the family of Ja'far, for they are preoccupied today.": 197 : 377
Marriage to Abu Bakr
After Ja'far's death Asma married Abu Bakr. She gave birth to his son Muhammad in 632 at al-Baydaa while on the way to The Farewell Pilgrimage. Abu Bakr planned to send Asma and their child back to Medina, but Muhammad told him to let her make the major ablution and then rededicate herself in offering the pilgrimage.: 197
The dying Abu Bakr left instructions that Asma should wash his corpse and that she should not fast on that day. She only remembered this instruction towards sunset, when she called for water to drink so that she would not have technically disobeyed him. As it was a very cold day, it was agreed that she did not have to perform an ablution after washing the body.: 198
Marriage to Ali
When Abu Bakr died, the new caliph Umar allotted Asma a pension of 1,000 dirhams.: 198 Soon afterwards, Ali ibn Abu Talib, the younger brother of Ja'far, married her and brought up Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as his own son. Asma bore two more sons, Yahya and Awn to Ali.: 198 : 12
Death and burial
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)
From left to right, these are considered to be the qubūr (Arabic: قُـبُـور, graves) of Maymunah (Umm Al-Hasan), Asma bint Umais, and Hamidah bint Muslim ibn Aqil at the Cemetery of Bab as-Saghir, Damascus, Shaam
It is believed that Asma's qabr (Arabic: قَـبْـر, grave) is at the Maqbarah al-Bāb aṣ-Ṣaghīr (Arabic: مَـقْـبَـرَة الْـبَـاب الـصَّـغِـيْـر, Bab al-Saghir Cemetery) in Damascus, present-day Syria.
Legacy
Asma narrated ahadith from Muhammad.: 202 According to a report deemed authentic, she is considered one of the women of Paradise.
Historical controversy
The following historians state that Asma was present at Fatima's wedding ceremony in 1 AH:
The author of Kashf Al-Ghummah
Hadhrami in Rashfat al-Sadi, p. 10
Ahmad ibn Hanbal in al-Manaqib.
Nur al-Din al-Haythami in Majma al-Zawa'id
Nisaee in Khasaes, pg 31
Muhib Ad-Din Tabari in Dhakhaer al-Uqbi
They depend on the narrations of: Abu Abbas Khawarazmi from Husayn ibn Ali, Sayid Jalal al-Din Abu al-Hamid Ibn Fakhr al-Musawi, and Dulabi from Imam Baqir and his father. This is a historical problem that has not yet been solved despite the various attempts made by Majlisi in Bihar al-Anwar vol. 10.
One theory states that Asma Bint Umais had actually immigrated with her husband to Abyssinia, but repeatedly returned to Mecca and Medina. The distance between Jeddah and Abyssinia is limited to that of the width of the Red Sea, which is not very difficult for a journey. One narration makes a mention of Ja'far supporting this stance.
See also
Arabs
Middle East
Companions of the Prophet
References
^ Khan, Ahmad (1971). "The tanning cottage industry in pre-Islamic Arabia". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 19 (2).
^ Ali ibn al-Athir. Usd al-Ghābah fi Maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥābah, pp. 262-271.
^ a b c Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk. Translated by Tasseron-Landau, E. (1998). Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors, pp. 201, 202. Albany: State University of New York Press.
^ a b c d e f g h i Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
^ Bukhari 5:59:539.
^ a b Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ a b c Muhammad ibn Umar al-Waqidi. Kitab al-Maghazi. Translated by Faizer, R., Ismail, A., & Tayob, A. (2011). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Routledge.
^ Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
^ Demeter, D. (2014-09-24). "Damascus – Bab al-Saghir Cemetery (دمـشـق – مـقـبـرة الـبـاب الـصـغـيـر)". Syria Photo Guide. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
^ "Places to Visit: Damascus". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. 2014-09-24. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
^ "Bab al-Saghir cemetery". IslamicLandmarks.com. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
^ Shaykh Al-Sadooq. Al-Khisaal, vol. 2 p. 363.
^ Abu Muhammad Ordoni (1987). Fatima the Gracious. Qum: Ansariyan Publications.
External links
Ilyas, Companion's Tree
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
Other
İslâm Ansiklopedisi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Ja'far ibn Abi Talib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abi_Talib"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Asmāʾ bint ʿUmays (Arabic: أَسْمَاء بِنْت عُمَيْس) was a female companion of Muhammad. She is known for having married three famous companions of Muhammad, namely, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib,[1] Abu Bakr, and Ali.[2]","title":"Asma bint Umais"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_era"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Umays ibn Ma'ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umays_ibn_Ma%27ad"},{"link_name":"Khath'am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khath%27am"},{"link_name":"Hind bint Awf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_bint_Awf"},{"link_name":"Himyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tabari39-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"},{"link_name":"Salma bint Umays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salma_bint_Umays"},{"link_name":"Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Abdul_Muttalib"},{"link_name":"Zaynab bint Khuzayma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Khuzayma"},{"link_name":"Maymunah bint al-Harith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maymunah_bint_al-Harith"},{"link_name":"Umm Faḍl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubaba_bint_al-Harith"},{"link_name":"Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abdul_Muttalib"},{"link_name":"Mahmiyah ibn Al-Jaz'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmiyah_ibn_Al-Jaz%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tabari39-3"},{"link_name":"al-Arqam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Arqam_ibn_Abi_al-Arqam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"}],"text":"Asma's birth year is unknown, however, being the first born of her mother's third marriage, narrows down her birth year to around 597 to 600 CE. She was born apparently in Mecca as the daughter of immigrants. Her father was Umays ibn Ma'ad from the Khath'am tribe, and her mother was Hind bint Awf from the Himyar tribe.[3][4]: 196Her full siblings were Salma bint Umays, wife of Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib, and Awn ibn Umais. Her maternal half-siblings included two of Muhammad's wives, Zaynab bint Khuzayma and Maymunah bint al-Harith, as well as Umm Faḍl, the wife of Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib, Al-Sa'ib ibn al-Harith, Qatn ibn al-Harith, and the community treasurer Mahmiyah ibn Al-Jaz'.[3]Asma and her sister Salma both converted to Islam \"after the Messenger of Allah had entered the house of al-Arqam\",[4]: 196, 199 i.e., between late 614 and early 616 CE. She is notable for having been the wife of three of Muhammad's close companions.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Married life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"Hejaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"Ja'far ibn Abi Talib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abi_Talib"},{"link_name":"Banu Hashim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hashim"},{"link_name":"Quraysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh"},{"link_name":"Abyssinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_migration_to_Abyssinia"},{"link_name":"Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Ja%27far"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ja%27far"},{"link_name":"Awn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awn_ibn_Ja%27far"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Khaybar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaybar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishaq-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waqidi-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mu'tah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah"},{"link_name":"Ghassanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassanids"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Zayd ibn Haritha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Haritha"},{"link_name":"Abdullah ibn Rawahah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Rawahah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishaq-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waqidi-7"},{"link_name":"Fatimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waqidi-7"}],"sub_title":"Marriage to Jafar","text":"Asma's first marriage was probably to Rabia ibn Riyab al-Hilali from Banu Hilal tribe in Hejaz, who either died before Islam or divorced her.Shortly afterwards, she was married to Ja'far ibn Abi Talib from the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe. In 616 she emigrated with him to Abyssinia, where she gave birth to their three sons, Abdullah, Muhammad and Awn.[4]: 196 Asma disliked living in Abyssinia and she later referred to \"fear\" and \"harm\" that she had suffered there[5] while \"far away and banished,\"[4]: 196 though she did not enlarge on the nature of these difficulties.They returned to Medina in 628, at the time of the Muslim conquest of Khaybar.[6]: 526 [7]: 336Ja'far fought at the Battle of Mu'tah against the Ghassanids, who were aided by the Byzantines, in September 629 and, Ja'far along with Zayd ibn Haritha and Abdullah ibn Rawahah, was killed there.[6]: 534 [7]: 374Asma narrated how she heard the news of her husband's death. \"The Prophet came to me. I had prepared forty mann of 'dip' [tanned forty skins] and kneaded the dough. I took my two sons and I washed their faces and put oil on them. The Messenger of God came to me and said, 'O Asma, where are the sons of Ja'far?' I brought them to him and he embraced them and smelt them, then his eyes welled up and he cried. I said, 'Why, Messenger of God, perhaps [you have news] about Ja'far.' He replied, 'Yes, he was killed today.' I stood up and screamed, and the women came to me. The Prophet began to say, 'O Asma, do not speak obscene words or beat your chest!'\" Her son Abd Allah remembered: \"He said, 'O Asma, will you not rejoice? Indeed, God most high has made two wings for Ja'far, that he may fly with them in Paradise!'\" Then Muhammad told his daughter Fatimah, \"Prepare food for the family of Ja'far, for they are preoccupied today.\"[4]: 197 [7]: 377","title":"Married life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Farewell Pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"major ablution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghusl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"}],"sub_title":"Marriage to Abu Bakr","text":"After Ja'far's death Asma married Abu Bakr. She gave birth to his son Muhammad in 632 at al-Baydaa while on the way to The Farewell Pilgrimage. Abu Bakr planned to send Asma and their child back to Medina, but Muhammad told him to let her make the major ablution and then rededicate herself in offering the pilgrimage.[4]: 197The dying Abu Bakr left instructions that Asma should wash his corpse and that she should not fast on that day. She only remembered this instruction towards sunset, when she called for water to drink so that she would not have technically disobeyed him. As it was a very cold day, it was agreed that she did not have to perform an ablution after washing the body.[4]: 198","title":"Married life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Abu Talib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad8-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saad3-8"}],"sub_title":"Marriage to Ali","text":"When Abu Bakr died, the new caliph Umar allotted Asma a pension of 1,000 dirhams.[4]: 198 Soon afterwards, Ali ibn Abu Talib, the younger brother of Ja'far, married her and brought up Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as his own son. Asma bore two more sons, Yahya and Awn to Ali.[4]: 198 [8]: 12","title":"Married life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UmmAlHassan-AsmaBintUmays-BintMuslimIbnAqeel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Muslim ibn Aqil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Aqil"},{"link_name":"Shaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPG2014-9"},{"link_name":"Bab al-Saghir Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_al-Saghir_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABDILP-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IslamicLandmarks-11"}],"text":"From left to right, these are considered to be the qubūr (Arabic: قُـبُـور, graves) of Maymunah (Umm Al-Hasan), Asma bint Umais, and Hamidah bint Muslim ibn Aqil at the Cemetery of Bab as-Saghir, Damascus, ShaamIt is believed that Asma's qabr (Arabic: قَـبْـر, grave) is at the Maqbarah al-Bāb aṣ-Ṣaghīr (Arabic: مَـقْـبَـرَة الْـبَـاب الـصَّـغِـيْـر,[9] Bab al-Saghir Cemetery) in Damascus, present-day Syria.[10][11]","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tabari39-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Asma narrated ahadith from Muhammad.[3]: 202 According to a report deemed authentic, she is considered one of the women of Paradise.[12]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Hanbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din al-Haythami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Haythami"},{"link_name":"Majma al-Zawa'id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majma_al-Zawa%27id"},{"link_name":"Husayn ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"Majlisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi"},{"link_name":"Bihar al-Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Historical controversy","text":"The following historians state that Asma was present at Fatima's wedding ceremony in 1 AH:The author of Kashf Al-Ghummah\nHadhrami in Rashfat al-Sadi, p. 10\nAhmad ibn Hanbal in al-Manaqib.\nNur al-Din al-Haythami in Majma al-Zawa'id\nNisaee in Khasaes, pg 31\nMuhib Ad-Din Tabari in Dhakhaer al-UqbiThey depend on the narrations of: Abu Abbas Khawarazmi from Husayn ibn Ali, Sayid Jalal al-Din Abu al-Hamid Ibn Fakhr al-Musawi, and Dulabi from Imam Baqir and his father. This is a historical problem that has not yet been solved despite the various attempts made by Majlisi in Bihar al-Anwar vol. 10.One theory states that Asma Bint Umais had actually immigrated with her husband to Abyssinia, but repeatedly returned to Mecca and Medina. The distance between Jeddah and Abyssinia is limited to that of the width of the Red Sea, which is not very difficult for a journey. One narration makes a mention of Ja'far supporting this stance.[13]","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"From left to right, these are considered to be the qubūr (Arabic: قُـبُـور, graves) of Maymunah (Umm Al-Hasan), Asma bint Umais, and Hamidah bint Muslim ibn Aqil at the Cemetery of Bab as-Saghir, Damascus, Shaam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/UmmAlHassan-AsmaBintUmays-BintMuslimIbnAqeel.jpg/220px-UmmAlHassan-AsmaBintUmays-BintMuslimIbnAqeel.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"title":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"title":"Companions of the Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet"}] | [{"reference":"Khan, Ahmad (1971). \"The tanning cottage industry in pre-Islamic Arabia\". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 19 (2).","urls":[{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/openview/7458b5f05f3b801c953cd8405c380867/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819375","url_text":"\"The tanning cottage industry in pre-Islamic Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"Demeter, D. (2014-09-24). \"Damascus – Bab al-Saghir Cemetery (دمـشـق – مـقـبـرة الـبـاب الـصـغـيـر)\". Syria Photo Guide. Retrieved 2018-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriaphotoguide.com/home/damascus-bab-al-saghir-cemetery-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1/","url_text":"\"Damascus – Bab al-Saghir Cemetery (دمـشـق – مـقـبـرة الـبـاب الـصـغـيـر)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Places to Visit: Damascus\". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. 2014-09-24. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011161834/https://www.al-islam.org/ziyarat/syria.htm#Damascus","url_text":"\"Places to Visit: Damascus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlul_Bayt_Digital_Islamic_Library_Project","url_text":"Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project"},{"url":"https://www.al-islam.org/ziyarat/syria.htm#Damascus","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bab al-Saghir cemetery\". IslamicLandmarks.com. Retrieved 2018-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/syria/bab-al-saghir-cemetery","url_text":"\"Bab al-Saghir cemetery\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Asma+bint+Umais%22","external_links_name":"\"Asma bint Umais\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Asma+bint+Umais%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Asma+bint+Umais%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Asma+bint+Umais%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Asma+bint+Umais%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Asma+bint+Umais%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_bint_Umais&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/openview/7458b5f05f3b801c953cd8405c380867/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819375","external_links_name":"\"The tanning cottage industry in pre-Islamic Arabia\""},{"Link":"http://www.syriaphotoguide.com/home/damascus-bab-al-saghir-cemetery-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1/","external_links_name":"\"Damascus – Bab al-Saghir Cemetery (دمـشـق – مـقـبـرة الـبـاب الـصـغـيـر)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011161834/https://www.al-islam.org/ziyarat/syria.htm#Damascus","external_links_name":"\"Places to Visit: Damascus\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-islam.org/ziyarat/syria.htm#Damascus","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/syria/bab-al-saghir-cemetery","external_links_name":"\"Bab al-Saghir cemetery\""},{"Link":"http://al-islam.org/gracious/29.htm","external_links_name":"Abu Muhammad Ordoni (1987). Fatima the Gracious. Qum: Ansariyan Publications."},{"Link":"http://www.quransearchonline.com/HTML/Biography/ilyref/image/aisharaz.gif","external_links_name":"Ilyas, Companion's Tree"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95677039","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529061305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/esma-bint-umeys","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._College | J. K. College | ["1 History","2 Departments and Courses","2.1 Science","2.2 Arts and Commerce","3 Accreditation","3.1 Hostels","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 23°19′02″N 86°22′03″E / 23.3171655°N 86.3676373°E / 23.3171655; 86.3676373
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "J. K. College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
J. K. College,PuruliaTypeUndergraduate collegeEstablished1948; 76 years ago (1948)PrincipalShantanu ChatterjeeLocationPurulia, West Bengal, 723101, India23°19′02″N 86°22′03″E / 23.3171655°N 86.3676373°E / 23.3171655; 86.3676373CampusUrbanAffiliationsSidho Kanho Birsha UniversityWebsitewww.jkcprl.ac.in//Location in West BengalShow map of West BengalJ. K. College (India)Show map of India
J. K. College, also known by the full name Jagannath Kishore College, established in 1948, is the oldest college in Purulia district, West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in commerce, arts and sciences, and postgraduate in mathematics, history, and English. It is affiliated to Sidho Kanho Birsha University. The college recently celebrated its 75th birthday .
History
Jagannath Kishore College, established in 1948, started as a private affiliating college of Patna University. It is the first college in the Manbhum district of Bihar, now the district of Purulia in West Bengal. Gokul Kumari Devi, the widow of Sri Jagannath Kishor Lal Sing Deo of the Kashipur Raj, donated a fund of one lakh rupees for the foundation of this college. Shankarlal Singhania, an eminent businessman of that time, also donated an amount of sixteen thousand rupees for the establishment of the college. The college was named after Jagannath Kishorlal Sing Deo, and started with 109 students in I.A. course. When this district annexed with West Bengal in 1956 and renamed as Purulia, then this college came under the University of Calcutta. This college was later affiliated with University of Burdwan in 1961. This college was taken over as a sponsored college by the Government of West Bengal in 1963. In 2010, the college's affiliation changed from Burdwan University to Sidho Kanho Birsha University.
Departments and Courses
The college offers different undergraduate and postgraduate courses and aims at imparting education to the undergraduates of lower- and middle-class people of Purulia and its adjoining areas.
Science
Science faculty consists of the departments of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Geology Computer Science, Botany, Zoology and Microbiology
Arts and Commerce
Arts & Commerce faculty consists of departments of Bengali, English, Economics, Sanskrit, Hindi, History, Geography, Political Science, Philosophy, Education, Urdu, and Commerce.
Accreditation
The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). It was accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) in 2005, and awarded B+ grade, an accreditation that has since then expired. The college was recognized as a College with Potential Excellence (CPE) in 2010 by UGC.
Hostels
There are four hostels attached with j.k college,three for boys and one for girls. Thakkar-Bappa hostel for boys is the oldest one, followed by CRRM hostel for boys, Central sc hostel for boys and Gokul Kumari Devi hostel for girls.
See also
List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal
Education in India
Education in West Bengal
Nistarini Women's College
Sidho Kanho Birsha University
References
^ "College Profile". Retrieved 6 April 2014.
^ "Affiliated College of Sidho Kanho Birsha University". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
^ "JK College History". Retrieved 27 October 2023.
^ Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission Archived 2011-11-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Institutions Accredited/ Re- accredited by NAAC whose accreditation validity period is over" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2012.
External links
http://www.jkcprl.ac.in/
Sidho Kanho Birsha University
University Grants Commission
National Assessment and Accreditation Council
vteSidho Kanho Birsha UniversityAffiliated colleges
Achhruram Memorial College
Ananda Marga College
Arsha College
Balarampur College
Bandwan Mahavidyalaya
Barabazar Bikram Tudu Memorial College
Bikramjit Goswami Memorial College
Chitta Mahato Memorial College
Government General Degree College, Manbazar II
J. K. College
Kashipur Michael Madhusudhan Mahavidyalaya
Kotshila Mahavidyalaya
Mahatma Gandhi College, Purulia
Manbhum Mahavidyalaya
Netaji Subhash Ashram Mahavidyalaya
Nistarini Women's College
Panchakot Mahavidyalaya
Raghunathpur College
Ramananda Centenary College
Santaldih College
Sitaram Mahato Memorial College
This article about a university or college in West Bengal, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Purulia district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purulia_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sidho Kanho Birsha University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidho_Kanho_Birsha_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"J. K. College, also known by the full name Jagannath Kishore College, established in 1948,[1] is the oldest college in Purulia district, West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in commerce, arts and sciences, and postgraduate in mathematics, history, and English. It is affiliated to Sidho Kanho Birsha University.[2] The college recently celebrated its 75th birthday .","title":"J. K. College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patna University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_University"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Purulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purulia"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Purulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purulia"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"University of Burdwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Burdwan"},{"link_name":"Burdwan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdwan_University"},{"link_name":"Sidho Kanho Birsha University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidho_Kanho_Birsha_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jagannath Kishore College, established in 1948, started as a private affiliating college of Patna University. It is the first college in the Manbhum district of Bihar, now the district of Purulia in West Bengal. Gokul Kumari Devi, the widow of Sri Jagannath Kishor Lal Sing Deo of the Kashipur Raj, donated a fund of one lakh rupees for the foundation of this college. Shankarlal Singhania, an eminent businessman of that time, also donated an amount of sixteen thousand rupees for the establishment of the college. The college was named after Jagannath Kishorlal Sing Deo, and started with 109 students in I.A. course. When this district annexed with West Bengal in 1956 and renamed as Purulia, then this college came under the University of Calcutta. This college was later affiliated with University of Burdwan in 1961. This college was taken over as a sponsored college by the Government of West Bengal in 1963. In 2010, the college's affiliation changed from Burdwan University to Sidho Kanho Birsha University.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The college offers different undergraduate and postgraduate courses and aims at imparting education to the undergraduates of lower- and middle-class people of Purulia and its adjoining areas.","title":"Departments and Courses"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Science","text":"Science faculty consists of the departments of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Geology Computer Science, Botany, Zoology and Microbiology","title":"Departments and Courses"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arts and Commerce","text":"Arts & Commerce faculty consists of departments of Bengali, English, Economics, Sanskrit, Hindi, History, Geography, Political Science, Philosophy, Education, Urdu, and Commerce.","title":"Departments and Courses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University Grants Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGC-4"},{"link_name":"National Assessment and Accreditation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assessment_and_Accreditation_Council"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"UGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)"}],"text":"The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).[4] It was accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) in 2005, and awarded B+ grade, an accreditation that has since then expired.[5] The college was recognized as a College with Potential Excellence (CPE) in 2010 by UGC.","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hostels","text":"There are four hostels attached with j.k college,three for boys and one for girls. Thakkar-Bappa hostel for boys is the oldest one, followed by CRRM hostel for boys, Central sc hostel for boys and Gokul Kumari Devi hostel for girls.","title":"Accreditation"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_West_Bengal"},{"title":"Education in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India"},{"title":"Education in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_West_Bengal"},{"title":"Nistarini Women's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nistarini_Women%27s_College"},{"title":"Sidho Kanho Birsha University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidho_Kanho_Birsha_University"}] | [{"reference":"\"College Profile\". Retrieved 6 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jkcprl.ac.in/index.php?link_id=159/","url_text":"\"College Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affiliated College of Sidho Kanho Birsha University\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225031650/http://skbu.ac.in/list_college.php","url_text":"\"Affiliated College of Sidho Kanho Birsha University\""},{"url":"http://skbu.ac.in/list_college.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JK College History\". Retrieved 27 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jkcprl.ac.in/about/about-us.php","url_text":"\"JK College History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Institutions Accredited/ Re- accredited by NAAC whose accreditation validity period is over\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054834/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf","url_text":"\"Institutions Accredited/ Re- accredited by NAAC whose accreditation validity period is over\""},{"url":"http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=J._K._College¶ms=23.3171655_N_86.3676373_E_region:IN-WB_type:edu","external_links_name":"23°19′02″N 86°22′03″E / 23.3171655°N 86.3676373°E / 23.3171655; 86.3676373"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22J.+K.+College%22","external_links_name":"\"J. K. College\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22J.+K.+College%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22J.+K.+College%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22J.+K.+College%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22J.+K.+College%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22J.+K.+College%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=J._K._College¶ms=23.3171655_N_86.3676373_E_region:IN-WB_type:edu","external_links_name":"23°19′02″N 86°22′03″E / 23.3171655°N 86.3676373°E / 23.3171655; 86.3676373"},{"Link":"http://www.jkcprl.ac.in//","external_links_name":"www.jkcprl.ac.in//"},{"Link":"http://www.jkcprl.ac.in/index.php?link_id=159/","external_links_name":"\"College Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225031650/http://skbu.ac.in/list_college.php","external_links_name":"\"Affiliated College of Sidho Kanho Birsha University\""},{"Link":"http://skbu.ac.in/list_college.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jkcprl.ac.in/about/about-us.php","external_links_name":"\"JK College History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal","external_links_name":"Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West+Bengal","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054834/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Institutions Accredited/ Re- accredited by NAAC whose accreditation validity period is over\""},{"Link":"http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jkcprl.ac.in/","external_links_name":"http://www.jkcprl.ac.in/"},{"Link":"https://www.skbu.ac.in/","external_links_name":"Sidho Kanho Birsha University"},{"Link":"http://www.ugc.ac.in/","external_links_name":"University Grants Commission"},{"Link":"http://www.naac.gov.in/","external_links_name":"National Assessment and Accreditation Council"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._K._College&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Ribas_(professor) | Antoni Ribas (professor) | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"] | Spanish-American physician–scientist
Antoni RibasBornBarcelona, SpainAcademic backgroundEducationUniversidad de Barcelona (MD)Autonomous University of Barcelona (PhD)Academic workInstitutionsJonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Antoni Ribas is a Spanish American physician–scientist. He is a Professor of Medicine, Surgery, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Director of the Tumor Immunology Program at the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. Ribas served as president of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) in 2021–2022.
Early life and education
Ribas grew up in Barcelona, Spain, where he attended the Universidad de Barcelona for his medical degree and Autonomous University of Barcelona for his PhD. In 1996, he travelled to the United States to seek a fellowship in hematology/oncology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Upon completing two fellowships at UCLA, Ribas accepted a faculty position at the institution.
Career
As an assistant professor of medicine and surgery, Ribas focused his research into cancer stem cells to develop biological therapies against cancer. In 2014, Ribas studied how the immune system responds and develops resistance to different immunotherapies, and how treatments might be improved by combining different regimens. He co-published a study with David Elashoff regarding a new methodology to predict why some patients with advanced melanoma. They developed an algorithm that predicted the likelihood of patient response to the treatment and worked to develop a more effective drug with which to target them. Two years later, Ribas and his research team published a study identifying the mechanisms used by advanced melanoma cells to avoid recognition by the immune system's T cells. He was subsequently awarded the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Memorial Award from the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and Outstanding Investigator Award from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). His award came with a $4.2 million grant to support his cancer research.
During the 2017–18 academic year, Ribas and Siwen Hu-Lieskovan published a study that found that more than two-thirds of people with a rare type of melanoma responded positively to treatment with anti-PD-1 immunotherapies. Later that year, he published the first explanation of immunoediting in colon cancer so researchers could target those genetic changes. In April, Ribas was the recipient of the AACR-Cancer Research Institute Lloyd J. Old Award in Cancer Immunology and was honored by the Carnegie Corporation of New York as part of their Great Immigrants Initiative, a program honoring a selected group of naturalized citizens who have made notable contributions to the progress of American society.
On March 28, 2019, Ribas was named the 2019–2020 president-elect of the AACR, which meant he would assume the title of President at the 2020 annual meeting. The following month, Ribas was selected by Agilent Technologies for their Thought Leader Award in recognition of his research in cancer genomics and immunotherapy and received a $600,000 gift and research supplies to support his laboratory. He used this award to support his research into combining immunotherapy with two target therapies to extend the lives of people with advanced melanoma. His research team found that people with a type of melanoma that contains a potent gene mutation, BRAF V600E, survived longer without the cancer progressing when they received a combination of two targeted inhibitors that block the BRAF mutation and an immune checkpoint inhibitor drug as their initial treatment. He was again honored for his research in basic and tumor immunology by the Hope Funds for Cancer Research with their 2019 Award of Excellence in Medicine and the 2019 William B. Coley Award from the Cancer Research Institute.
Early in 2020, Ribas published data that suggested using NKTR-214 in combination with an infusion of anti-tumor immune cells may produce a stronger immune response that could help fight advanced melanoma. Later that year, during the COVID-19 pandemic, he was named a Fellow of the AACR and named the 2020 honoree of the European Society for Medical Oncology’s Award for Translational Research. In October 2020, Ribas and researcher Anusha Kalbasi found that using drugs that mimic viruses to overcome immunotherapy resistance in tumors with defective interferon signaling. A few days later, he was elected to the National Academy of Medicine for "defining the mechanistic basis of how patients respond to or develop resistance to immunotherapy drugs known as checkpoint inhibitors and for leading multicenter clinical trials that have provided transformative treatments for patients with advanced melanoma, which was once thought untreatable."
In 2020 and 2021, Ribas served as president of the AACR and was succeeded by David Tuveson.
References
^ a b "Antoni Ribas, M.D., Ph.D." healthsciences.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Printz, Carrie (March 15, 2018). "First person: Antoni Ribas, MD, PhD". Cancer. 124 (6): 1097–1098. doi:10.1002/cncr.31300. PMID 29509327.
^ Martin, Sarah (April 24, 2007). "Cancer research arms scientists with new treatments". dailybruin.com. Daily Bruin. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ "Why patients respond to a life-saving melanoma drug". sciencedaily.com. Science Daily. November 26, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Bracke, Peter (July 15, 2016). "UCLA study sheds light on how advanced melanoma resists treatment". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Vogt-James, Mirabai (May 3, 2016). "Dr. Antoni Ribas receives American Association for Cancer Research award". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Bracke, Peter M. (November 13, 2015). "UCLA researcher receives innovator award from National Cancer Institute". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Bracke, Peter (July 12, 2018). "Immunotherapy highly effective in treatment of rare skin cancer, study finds". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ "Researchers discover how colon cancer mutates to escape the immune system". newsroom.ucla.edu. June 4, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (April 4, 2018). "Cancer researcher honored for work on immunology". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ "Carnegie Corporation Honors Antoni Ribas, MD". ascopost.com. July 10, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (March 28, 2019). "UCLA physician-scientist named president-elect of American Association for Cancer Research". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (April 18, 2019). "Physician-scientist recognized for work in cancer genomics and immunotherapy". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (June 6, 2019). "Three-drug combination helps curb the growth of deadly type of skin cancer". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (June 15, 2019). "Physician-scientist honored for contributions in advancing cancer care". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (October 11, 2019). "Cancer researcher honored for work advancing immunotherapy". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady (January 31, 2020). "Researchers identify possible new combination treatment for advanced melanoma". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (May 12, 2020). "Immunotherapy pioneer named American Association for Cancer Research Academy fellow". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (September 3, 2020). "Immunotherapy pioneer honored by European cancer organization". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (October 14, 2020). "Virus-mimicking drug helps immune system target cunning cancer cells". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ Heady, Denise (October 19, 2020). "UCLA physician-scientist elected to National Academy of Medicine". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
External links
Antoni Ribas publications indexed by Google Scholar
Authority control databases: Academics
ORCID | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonsson_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"American Association for Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Cancer_Research"}],"text":"Antoni Ribas is a Spanish American physician–scientist. He is a Professor of Medicine, Surgery, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Director of the Tumor Immunology Program at the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. Ribas served as president of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) in 2021–2022.","title":"Antoni Ribas (professor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Autonomous University of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCLA_bio-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Printz-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCLA_bio-1"}],"text":"Ribas grew up in Barcelona, Spain, where he attended the Universidad de Barcelona for his medical degree and Autonomous University of Barcelona for his PhD.[1] In 1996, he travelled to the United States to seek a fellowship in hematology/oncology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).[2] Upon completing two fellowships at UCLA, Ribas accepted a faculty position at the institution.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assistant professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_professor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"David Elashoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Elashoff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Association for Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Cancer_Research"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Cancer Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Siwen Hu-Lieskovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siwen_Hu-Lieskovan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"immunoediting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoediting"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Agilent Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"European Society for Medical Oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Society_for_Medical_Oncology"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Anusha Kalbasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anusha_Kalbasi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAM-21"},{"link_name":"David Tuveson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tuveson"}],"text":"As an assistant professor of medicine and surgery, Ribas focused his research into cancer stem cells to develop biological therapies against cancer.[3] In 2014, Ribas studied how the immune system responds and develops resistance to different immunotherapies, and how treatments might be improved by combining different regimens. He co-published a study with David Elashoff regarding a new methodology to predict why some patients with advanced melanoma. They developed an algorithm that predicted the likelihood of patient response to the treatment and worked to develop a more effective drug with which to target them.[4] Two years later, Ribas and his research team published a study identifying the mechanisms used by advanced melanoma cells to avoid recognition by the immune system's T cells.[5] He was subsequently awarded the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Memorial Award from the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)[6] and Outstanding Investigator Award from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). His award came with a $4.2 million grant to support his cancer research.[7]During the 2017–18 academic year, Ribas and Siwen Hu-Lieskovan published a study that found that more than two-thirds of people with a rare type of melanoma responded positively to treatment with anti-PD-1 immunotherapies.[8] Later that year, he published the first explanation of immunoediting in colon cancer so researchers could target those genetic changes.[9] In April, Ribas was the recipient of the AACR-Cancer Research Institute Lloyd J. Old Award in Cancer Immunology[10] and was honored by the Carnegie Corporation of New York as part of their Great Immigrants Initiative, a program honoring a selected group of naturalized citizens who have made notable contributions to the progress of American society.[11]On March 28, 2019, Ribas was named the 2019–2020 president-elect of the AACR, which meant he would assume the title of President at the 2020 annual meeting.[12] The following month, Ribas was selected by Agilent Technologies for their Thought Leader Award in recognition of his research in cancer genomics and immunotherapy and received a $600,000 gift and research supplies to support his laboratory.[13] He used this award to support his research into combining immunotherapy with two target therapies to extend the lives of people with advanced melanoma. His research team found that people with a type of melanoma that contains a potent gene mutation, BRAF V600E, survived longer without the cancer progressing when they received a combination of two targeted inhibitors that block the BRAF mutation and an immune checkpoint inhibitor drug as their initial treatment.[14] He was again honored for his research in basic and tumor immunology by the Hope Funds for Cancer Research with their 2019 Award of Excellence in Medicine[15] and the 2019 William B. Coley Award from the Cancer Research Institute.[16]Early in 2020, Ribas published data that suggested using NKTR-214 in combination with an infusion of anti-tumor immune cells may produce a stronger immune response that could help fight advanced melanoma.[17] Later that year, during the COVID-19 pandemic, he was named a Fellow of the AACR[18] and named the 2020 honoree of the European Society for Medical Oncology’s Award for Translational Research.[19] In October 2020, Ribas and researcher Anusha Kalbasi found that using drugs that mimic viruses to overcome immunotherapy resistance in tumors with defective interferon signaling.[20] A few days later, he was elected to the National Academy of Medicine for \"defining the mechanistic basis of how patients respond to or develop resistance to immunotherapy drugs known as checkpoint inhibitors and for leading multicenter clinical trials that have provided transformative treatments for patients with advanced melanoma, which was once thought untreatable.\"[21]In 2020 and 2021, Ribas served as president of the AACR and was succeeded by David Tuveson.","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Antoni Ribas, M.D., Ph.D.\" healthsciences.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.healthsciences.ucla.edu/institution/personnel?personnel_id=9635","url_text":"\"Antoni Ribas, M.D., Ph.D.\""}]},{"reference":"Printz, Carrie (March 15, 2018). \"First person: Antoni Ribas, MD, PhD\". Cancer. 124 (6): 1097–1098. doi:10.1002/cncr.31300. PMID 29509327.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.31300","url_text":"\"First person: Antoni Ribas, MD, PhD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.31300","url_text":"10.1002/cncr.31300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29509327","url_text":"29509327"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Sarah (April 24, 2007). \"Cancer research arms scientists with new treatments\". dailybruin.com. Daily Bruin. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailybruin.com/2007/04/24/cancer_research_arms_scientists_new_treatments","url_text":"\"Cancer research arms scientists with new treatments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why patients respond to a life-saving melanoma drug\". sciencedaily.com. Science Daily. November 26, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141126132626.htm","url_text":"\"Why patients respond to a life-saving melanoma drug\""}]},{"reference":"Bracke, Peter (July 15, 2016). \"UCLA study sheds light on how advanced melanoma resists treatment\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-study-sheds-light-on-how-advanced-melanoma-resists-treatment","url_text":"\"UCLA study sheds light on how advanced melanoma resists treatment\""}]},{"reference":"Vogt-James, Mirabai (May 3, 2016). \"Dr. Antoni Ribas receives American Association for Cancer Research award\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/dr-antoni-ribas-receives-award-for-research-advancing-clinical-cancer-care","url_text":"\"Dr. Antoni Ribas receives American Association for Cancer Research award\""}]},{"reference":"Bracke, Peter M. (November 13, 2015). \"UCLA researcher receives innovator award from National Cancer Institute\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/ucla-researcher-receives-innovator-award-from-national-cancer-institute","url_text":"\"UCLA researcher receives innovator award from National Cancer Institute\""}]},{"reference":"Bracke, Peter (July 12, 2018). \"Immunotherapy highly effective in treatment of rare skin cancer, study finds\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/immunotherapy-highly-effective-in-treatment-of-rare-skin-cancer-study-finds","url_text":"\"Immunotherapy highly effective in treatment of rare skin cancer, study finds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Researchers discover how colon cancer mutates to escape the immune system\". newsroom.ucla.edu. June 4, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/colon-cancer-mutates-to-escape-immune-system","url_text":"\"Researchers discover how colon cancer mutates to escape the immune system\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (April 4, 2018). \"Cancer researcher honored for work on immunology\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/cancer-researcher-honored-for-work-on-immunology","url_text":"\"Cancer researcher honored for work on immunology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnegie Corporation Honors Antoni Ribas, MD\". ascopost.com. July 10, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ascopost.com/issues/july-10-2018/carnegie-corporation-honors-antoni-ribas-md/","url_text":"\"Carnegie Corporation Honors Antoni Ribas, MD\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (March 28, 2019). \"UCLA physician-scientist named president-elect of American Association for Cancer Research\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/uclas-antoni-ribas-named-american-association-for-cancer-research-president-elect","url_text":"\"UCLA physician-scientist named president-elect of American Association for Cancer Research\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (April 18, 2019). \"Physician-scientist recognized for work in cancer genomics and immunotherapy\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/physician-scientist-recognized-as-for-work-in-cancer-genomics-and-immunotherapy","url_text":"\"Physician-scientist recognized for work in cancer genomics and immunotherapy\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (June 6, 2019). \"Three-drug combination helps curb the growth of deadly type of skin cancer\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/three-drug-combination-immunotherapy-melanoma","url_text":"\"Three-drug combination helps curb the growth of deadly type of skin cancer\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (June 15, 2019). \"Physician-scientist honored for contributions in advancing cancer care\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/physician-scientist-honored-for-contributions-in-advancing-cancer-care","url_text":"\"Physician-scientist honored for contributions in advancing cancer care\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (October 11, 2019). \"Cancer researcher honored for work advancing immunotherapy\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/cancer-research-institute-honors-ucla-physician-scientist-for-advancing-cancer-immunotherapy-research","url_text":"\"Cancer researcher honored for work advancing immunotherapy\""}]},{"reference":"Heady (January 31, 2020). \"Researchers identify possible new combination treatment for advanced melanoma\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/combination-treatment-NKTR-214-advanced-melanoma","url_text":"\"Researchers identify possible new combination treatment for advanced melanoma\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (May 12, 2020). \"Immunotherapy pioneer named American Association for Cancer Research Academy fellow\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/immunotherapy-pioneer-named-aacr-academy-fellow","url_text":"\"Immunotherapy pioneer named American Association for Cancer Research Academy fellow\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (September 3, 2020). \"Immunotherapy pioneer honored by European cancer organization\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/immunotherapy-pioneer-honored-by-european-cancer-organization","url_text":"\"Immunotherapy pioneer honored by European cancer organization\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (October 14, 2020). \"Virus-mimicking drug helps immune system target cunning cancer cells\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/virus-mimicking-drug-helps-fight-cancer","url_text":"\"Virus-mimicking drug helps immune system target cunning cancer cells\""}]},{"reference":"Heady, Denise (October 19, 2020). \"UCLA physician-scientist elected to National Academy of Medicine\". newsroom.ucla.edu. UCLA. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ribas-elected-to-national-academy-of-medicine","url_text":"\"UCLA physician-scientist elected to National Academy of Medicine\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://people.healthsciences.ucla.edu/institution/personnel?personnel_id=9635","external_links_name":"\"Antoni Ribas, M.D., Ph.D.\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.31300","external_links_name":"\"First person: Antoni Ribas, MD, PhD\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.31300","external_links_name":"10.1002/cncr.31300"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29509327","external_links_name":"29509327"},{"Link":"https://dailybruin.com/2007/04/24/cancer_research_arms_scientists_new_treatments","external_links_name":"\"Cancer research arms scientists with new treatments\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141126132626.htm","external_links_name":"\"Why patients respond to a life-saving melanoma drug\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-study-sheds-light-on-how-advanced-melanoma-resists-treatment","external_links_name":"\"UCLA study sheds light on how advanced melanoma resists treatment\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/dr-antoni-ribas-receives-award-for-research-advancing-clinical-cancer-care","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Antoni Ribas receives American Association for Cancer Research award\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/ucla-researcher-receives-innovator-award-from-national-cancer-institute","external_links_name":"\"UCLA researcher receives innovator award from National Cancer Institute\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/immunotherapy-highly-effective-in-treatment-of-rare-skin-cancer-study-finds","external_links_name":"\"Immunotherapy highly effective in treatment of rare skin cancer, study finds\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/colon-cancer-mutates-to-escape-immune-system","external_links_name":"\"Researchers discover how colon cancer mutates to escape the immune system\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/cancer-researcher-honored-for-work-on-immunology","external_links_name":"\"Cancer researcher honored for work on immunology\""},{"Link":"https://ascopost.com/issues/july-10-2018/carnegie-corporation-honors-antoni-ribas-md/","external_links_name":"\"Carnegie Corporation Honors Antoni Ribas, MD\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/uclas-antoni-ribas-named-american-association-for-cancer-research-president-elect","external_links_name":"\"UCLA physician-scientist named president-elect of American Association for Cancer Research\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/physician-scientist-recognized-as-for-work-in-cancer-genomics-and-immunotherapy","external_links_name":"\"Physician-scientist recognized for work in cancer genomics and immunotherapy\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/three-drug-combination-immunotherapy-melanoma","external_links_name":"\"Three-drug combination helps curb the growth of deadly type of skin cancer\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/physician-scientist-honored-for-contributions-in-advancing-cancer-care","external_links_name":"\"Physician-scientist honored for contributions in advancing cancer care\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/cancer-research-institute-honors-ucla-physician-scientist-for-advancing-cancer-immunotherapy-research","external_links_name":"\"Cancer researcher honored for work advancing immunotherapy\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/combination-treatment-NKTR-214-advanced-melanoma","external_links_name":"\"Researchers identify possible new combination treatment for advanced melanoma\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/immunotherapy-pioneer-named-aacr-academy-fellow","external_links_name":"\"Immunotherapy pioneer named American Association for Cancer Research Academy fellow\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/dept/faculty/immunotherapy-pioneer-honored-by-european-cancer-organization","external_links_name":"\"Immunotherapy pioneer honored by European cancer organization\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/virus-mimicking-drug-helps-fight-cancer","external_links_name":"\"Virus-mimicking drug helps immune system target cunning cancer cells\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ribas-elected-to-national-academy-of-medicine","external_links_name":"\"UCLA physician-scientist elected to National Academy of Medicine\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=I9HWc0sAAAAJ","external_links_name":"Antoni Ribas"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-8458","external_links_name":"ORCID"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TuneIn_Radio | TuneIn | ["1 Functions","2 Content","2.1 Music","2.2 Sports","2.3 Audiobooks","2.4 Partnerships","3 Legal issues","4 References"] | American audio streaming service
"Tune In" redirects here. For the book by Mark Lewisohn, see The Beatles: All These Years.
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
TuneInTuneIn app running on a smartphoneInitial release2002; 22 years ago (2002)Platform
List of platforms
Mobile apps and devicesiOSAndroidwatchOS
Wear OSBlackBerryMicrosoft WindowsPlayStation VitaDesktop clientMicrosoft WindowsGame consolePlayStation 3PlayStation 4PlayStation 5Xbox OneXbox Series X/SOuyaSmart radios and speakersLogitech SqueezeboxSonosAmazon EchoHarman Kardon InvokeGoogle HomeNexus PlayerBoseHEOS by DenoniHomeSmart TVsPanasonicSamsungPolaroidGoogle TVAndroid TVDigital media playerAmazon Fire TVRokuBoxeeChromecastCarsFordGeneral MotorsTeslaBMWMINIAftermarket car stereo devicesJVCParrotClarion
Available in22 languagesTypeContent deliveryDigital rights managementAudio streaming serviceLicenseProprietary softwareWebsitetunein.com
TuneIn is a global audio streaming service providing news, radio, sports, music, and podcasts to over 75 million monthly active users.
TuneIn is operated by the company TuneIn Inc. which is based in San Francisco, California. The company was founded by Bill Moore in 2002 as RadioTime in Dallas, Texas. Users are able to listen through the TuneIn website, using a mobile app, smart speaker, or another supported device. As of 2016, TuneIn was also available on more than 55 vehicle models. In 2013, the company raised more than $47 million in venture funding from Institutional Venture Partners, Sequoia Capital, GV, General Catalyst Partners, and Icon Ventures.
In November 2020, TuneIn appointed Richard Stern as Chief Executive Officer and Rob Deichert as Chief Revenue Officer, with a new investment led by Innovation Endeavors.
Functions
In August 2015, TuneIn launched a premium service called "TuneIn Premium" that covers audiobooks, sports content from MLB, NHL, NFL, NBA, news content from MSNBC, Al Jazeera, and more. Initially, subscribers were able to record any content played through the TuneIn service, but the feature was first discontinued in the UK in early 2017, with a global discontinuation following on September 14, 2020, citing legal issues. However, the feature remains accessible through older versions of the TuneIn Pro app.
In 2017, the company raised $50 million and was valued at $500 million.
In March 2018, TuneIn launched another premium live audio subscription called "TuneIn Live," which offers play-by-play calls from thousands of live sporting events, plus access to premium news stations, talks shows and other content. The company launched the subscription-based radio service exclusively for Alexa-enabled speakers, allowing subscribers to prompt Alexa to stream news programs as well as play-by-play broadcasts of MLB, NFL, NBA, and NHL games. TuneIn Live marked the first time TuneIn premium content was available over a voice platform. In October 2018, the company launched a commercial-free news offering through TuneIn Premium, which included news programs from CNBC, Fox News Talk, and MSNBC, as well as news podcasts from Progressive Voices, The Economist, and The Wall Street Journal.
From 2019, the TuneIn website and apps allowed users to listen to more than 100,000 global radio stations including AM, FM, HD, LP, digital and internet stations, along with podcasts. TuneIn's directory lists various sports, news, talk, and music broadcasts from around the world. TuneIn's website is available in 22 languages, each with its own content tailored for the specific language or region. TuneIn also offers 5.7 million on-demand programs.
Content
The platform has deals with various broadcasters of sports, news, talk, and music worldwide such as ESPN Radio, NPR, Public Radio Exchange (PRX), CBC / Radio-Canada, C-SPAN Radio, All India Radio, Emmis Communications, Hearst Radio, iHeartMedia, Urban One, Mvyradio, Wu-Tang Radio (Wu World Radio), ABC Radio and Regional Content (Australia), Bonneville International, Sport Your Argument, talkSPORT, and Westwood One Podcast Network.
On June 25, 2018, Audacy, Inc. (previously Entercom) announced that it would move online streaming of its stations from TuneIn to its then-named in-house Radio.com platform as an initiative of CBS radio. In turn, Cumulus Media joined the TuneIn platform on August 9, 2018.
On July 29, 2021, TuneIn and iHeartMedia announced a partnership, enabling TuneIn to distribute iHeartMedia's digital stations. The deal also granted TuneIn access to local advertising demand from iHeartMedia's monetization assets.
In January 2022, TuneIn launched TuneIn On Air, which allows non-profit broadcasters, podcasters and other long-form content creators to access the company's apps and connected devices for digital distribution of their content.
In June 21, 2023, Audacy signed a partnership with TuneIn, returning all of its stations, including the former CBS Radio Stations back to the platform as well as adding its podcast library to the service.
Music
In May 2018, the company announced it would stream concerts exclusively from several summer music festivals including Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival (San Francisco), Newport Jazz Festival (Newport, RI), Hangout Fest (Gulf Shores, Alabama), Firefly Music Festival (Dover, Delaware), and the Newport Folk Festival (Newport, RI).
In September 2018, Cathleen Robertson, better known as DJ Carisma of KRRL, joined TuneIn to head Hip-Hop/R&B curation and artist relations initiatives. DJ Carisma launched and hosted "The Element" and "The Element West" as part of this initiative.
Sports
In August 2015, TuneIn announced deals with the MLB, the Premier League and the Bundesliga for live play-by-play coverage. The deal also included the ability to cover minor league affiliates. In October 2015, NFL announced a deal with TuneIn to broadcast live, play-by-play coverage of all NFL games to its premium subscribers.
On December 22, 2015, the National Hockey League (NHL) announced that TuneIn would gain radio rights to the NHL. TuneIn would create an individual station for every NHL team to simulcast their home market broadcasts on. Additionally, TuneIn would create a replay channel for each team so fans could listen to the games archived. They would also create a 24/7 NHL Channel, and the NHL would embed TuneIn's player onto the NHL.com website. All TuneIn NHL items would be made available to the public for free. The first broadcasts for TuneIn began January 1, 2016. On September 22, 2022, the Anaheim Ducks announced that TuneIn would become the home for all of their game broadcasts, and launched a 24/7 station called Ducks Stream to broadcast team-related content.
On February 15, 2019, the Oakland Athletics of the MLB announced that TuneIn would be launching a 24/7 exclusive A's station which would include free streaming of all the team's games within the team's market as well as exclusive team programming. In 2020, it was planned for TuneIn to become the exclusive home of the A's in the Bay Area after the team abandoned radio. However, the team later struck up a deal with iHeartMedia to have KNEW serve as the team's flagship station and A's Cast moved to the iHeartRadio app.
In August 2020, TuneIn removed MLB and NBA content from its platform with no explanation given. The following month, TuneIn also removed NFL content from its platform without explanation.
As of August 2021, NFL content returned on TuneIn's platform.
In March 2022, TuneIn signed a multi-year agreement with Major League Baseball to be an official audio partner of MLB, giving premium users access to live and on-demand play by play of all games, post-game analysis, and Spanish language broadcasts.
On August 5, 2022, TuneIn announced they would carry all English Premier League matches.
Audiobooks
In August 2015, the service launched deals with book publishers, including Penguin Random House and HarperCollins, to provide an audiobook library. In December 2017, TuneIn announced that it would remove audiobooks as of January 15, 2018. However, as of July 7, 2023, TuneIn continues to offer audiobooks via its website.
Partnerships
In October 2018, TuneIn partnered with MSNBC to exclusively represent the sales rights of podcast, Bag Man: A Rachel Maddow Original Podcast. TuneIn also partnered with Adobe Advertising Cloud in June 2018 to integrate targeted audio ads to consumers via smart speakers.
In January 2019, TuneIn announced a partnership with professional golfer Greg Norman to integrate its audio streaming platform into his line of connected golf carts called 'Norman's Shark Experience.'
In November 2021, TuneIn partnered with News Corp-Owned News UK to bring UK-based news, music and sports coverage to the streaming platform.
In April 2022, TuneIn partnered with Amazon to bring its TuneIn Premium subscription service to all Amazon Alexa-enabled devices.
Legal issues
In 2017, TuneIn was sued by Sony Music UK and Warner Music UK, alleging copyright infringement by offering access to international radio stations not licensed for distribution in the United Kingdom. The companies also took issue with a feature in its premium tier (which was later disabled in the country) that allowed users to record broadcasts. In November 2019, the English High Court ruled that, despite TuneIn's arguments that the premium feature in question was merely an aggregator similar to a search engine, the TuneIn service infringed the labels' rights by making streams not licensed in the country available to its users (an infringement of the exclusive right to communicate a work to the public, under EU copyright law). The court granted a request for an appeal.
In September 2020, TuneIn began to Geoblock all international radio stations for users in the United Kingdom, citing the earlier court order.
On March 29, 2021, the Court of Appeal upheld the High Court decision, ruling that TuneIn infringed the right of communication to the public.
In May 2022, TuneIn removed United Kingdom stations that were not registered with the music licensing bodies PRS and PPL.
References
^ Tune In Radio on the App Store
^ Tune In Radio PRO on the App Store
^ Tune In Radio at the BlackBerry World
^ Tune In Radio PRO at the BlackBerry World
^ Roy Martin. Sony deal agreed for TuneIn streaming app Archived January 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, radiotoday.ie, 2013.
^ TuneIn App on Xbox Live | TuneIn on Xbox Archived June 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Xbox Support, 2015.
^ "TuneIn Radio app for the Xbox One offers access to 100,000 streaming radio stations". Windows Central. 2015-06-23. Archived from the original on 2018-05-19. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
^ Koetsier, John. "Oh, yeah, Ouya gets (even more) media: XBMC and TuneIn". VentureBeat, 2012. Archived October 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine,
^ "App Gallery – Welcome to mysqueezebox.com!". www.mysqueezebox.com. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
^ "Radio Time Powers Logitech Squeezebox". Tech2. 2006-12-12. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
^ "Music Streaming Apps and Devices for Multi Room Streaming Audio – HEOS By Denon". usa.denon.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
^ "TuneIn Radio comes to Ford SYNC AppLink, brings 50,000 radio stations with it". engadget.com. 2012-01-10. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
^ "Burden, Melissa. "GM pairing its MyLink Radio with TuneIn app on Spark, Sonic RS." Detroit News, 2012". detroitnews.com. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
^ "TuneIn Offers Streaming Online Radio (Including World Radio) in Vehicles, Serving Up Alternative to Pandora or SiriusXM". caranddriver.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
^ Kim, Ryan (2012-01-10). "TuneIn Radio takes its streaming act on the road". gigaom.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
^ "2012 JVC receivers feature App Link for iPhone". cnet.com. 2012-01-12. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
^ "Parrot ASTEROID Updated with Added Support for Steering Wheel and more". ubergizmo.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
^ "Clarion Next Gate brings iPhone apps (and distractions) to your windshield". engadget.com. 2012-05-07. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
^ King, Ashley (2022-04-10). "TuneIn Adds French and Dutch Broadcasters to Global Lineup". Digital Music News.
^ "Online Radio Service TuneIn Comes To Tesla's Model S, Now Available On 200 Platforms". techcrunch.com. 2012-07-24. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
^ "Strauss, Karsten. "TuneIn Snags $25 Million In Funding, Looks To Grow". Forbes, 2013". forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
^ Jacobson, Adam (2020-11-23). "With Funding Injection, TuneIn Welcomes a New CEO | Radio & Television Business Report". Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
^ Roettgers, Janko (2015-08-25). "TuneIn Introduces Paid Tier With MLB Matches, Audio Books to Take On Satellite Radio". variety.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-05. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
^ Martonik, Andrew (2014-07-29). "TuneIn Radio Pro price jumps from $3.99 to $9.99". Android Central. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
^ "TuneIn Pro app losing the ability to record live radio". Android Police. 2020-08-28. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
^ Shaw, Lucas (2017-08-11). "TuneIn Raises $50 Million to Prove Online Audio Can Make Money". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ Liu, Gia (2018-03-30). "TuneIn creates a premium radio service for sports-minded Alexa users". Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ Crist, Ry. "TuneIn takes Alexa out to the ballgame with premium radio". CNET. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ "TuneIn launches a discounted audio subscription for Alexa owners and Prime members". TechCrunch. 2018-03-29. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
^ "TuneIn's Revamp Makes Streaming Audio More Social". Time. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
^ "TuneIn launches a discounted audio subscription for Alexa owners and Prime members". TechCrunch. 2018-03-29. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ Schmitt, Michael (2012-12-20). "TuneIn partners with ESPN Audio in time for live streaming coverage of college football Bowl games". RAIN. Archived from the original on 2013-08-14.
^ a b Andrews, Robert (2012-08-29). "Interview: TuneIn CEO plans radio ad pre-rolls, personalization". paidContent. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
^ Maloney, Paul (2012-06-28). "TuneIn adds Entercom, Cox, Emmis stations to tuning service". RAIN. Archived from the original on 2012-07-04.
^ "TuneIn Forms Alliances With Over 20 Broadcasters". Radio Online. 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
^ Marcucci, Carl (2012-09-19). "TuneIn signs Bonneville". RBR.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
^ Venta, Lance (2018-08-09). "TuneIn Announces Addition Of Cumulus Media Stations To Its App". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
^ Staff, R. W. (2023-06-21). "Audacy Signs on With TuneIn". Radio World. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ TuneIn. "TuneIn and CUMULUS MEDIA Announce Multi-Year Expansion Deal". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "TuneIn and iHeartMedia Partner on Strategic Technology and Content Distribution Deal". www.iheartmedia.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "On Air | TuneIn | Free Internet Radio". TuneIn. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "Audacy Extends Reach of its Streaming Content via Distribution and Monetization Agreement With TuneIn". Audacy Inc. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "Margo Price, Live In Concert Newport Folk 2018". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ "Festival Radio Stations Playing On TuneIn". Insideradio.com. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ "TuneIn Launches New Hip-Hop Station 'The Element' Hosted By DJ Carisma". TuneIn. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "Are you ready for some football? TuneIn Premium adds NFL games to subscription". digitaltrends.com. 2015-10-12. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
^ "NFL Games, Including The Super Bowl, Come To TuneIn". techcrunch.com. 2015-10-12. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
^ updated, John Callaham last (2015-12-22). "TuneIn to stream live NHL pro hockey games for free starting January 1". Android Central. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "Ducks Set to Launch Audio Streaming Network Today: Ducks Stream". NHL.com. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
^ "A's announce new radio partnerships for upcoming season". The Mercury News. 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
^ "Oakland Athletics off the radio waves in the Bay Area, commit to A's Cast stream". The Mercury News. 2020-02-18. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
^ "A's to add local radio station, 960 AM; change to iHeartRadio streaming service". SFChronicle.com. 2020-07-30. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
^ Volume (2021-08-05). "The NFL Season Is Finally Here. Get Live Access with TuneIn Premium". Medium. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
^ "Baseball Fans Rejoice: TuneIn Signs Multi-Year Partnership with Major League Baseball, Solidifies Place as an Official Audio Partner of MLB". TuneIn. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
^ "English Premier League Now On Tunein". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
^ "TuneIn Launches TuneIn Premium With Ad-Free Radio, Audiobooks, MLB Games". 2015-08-25. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
^ "TuneIn Premium will stop offering audiobooks on January 15". androidcentral.com. 2017-12-22. Archived from the original on 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
^ Ink, Radio (2018-10-24). "Maddow's "Bag Man" Coming To TuneIn October 30". Radio Ink. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ "Adobe Advertising Cloud Teams With TuneIn To Prove Targeted Audio Ads Via Smart Speakers Is Scalable |". 2018-07-02. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ "FAQs". Shark Experience presented by Verizon. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "TuneIn Announces Partnership with News UK, Bringing More Best-in-Class Sports Content Offerings to TuneIn Radio Platform". www.businesswire.com. 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "TuneIn brings its subs service to all Alexa-enabled devices". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
^ a b "TuneIn Blocks 1,000s of Radio Channels in UK But a VPN Restores Service". TorrentFreak. Archived from the original on 2021-03-29. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
^ "TuneIn Takes Aim at Search-Engine Privilege in Major Labels Case Appeal". Digital Music News. 2021-02-24. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
^ "TuneIn loses copyright lawsuit filed by Sony and Warner in the UK – report". Music Business Worldwide. 2019-11-01. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
^ "International radio stations now restricted on TuneIn". RadioToday. 2020-09-14. Archived from the original on 2020-09-14. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
^ "TuneIn Infringed Labels' Copyrights, Court of Appeal Rules". TorrentFreak. Archived from the original on 2021-03-29. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
^ "TuneIn starts to remove UK radio stations from its platform". Radio Today. 2022-05-04. Archived from the original on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
vtePodcast clients
AntennaPod
Audible
Apple Podcasts
Audacy
Castbox
Google Play Music
Google Podcasts
iHeartRadio
Liferea
MediaMonkey
Overcast
Spotify
Stitcher
TuneIn
YouTube Music | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beatles: All These Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles:_All_These_Years"},{"link_name":"audio streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_streaming"},{"link_name":"podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"monthly active users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_active_users"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"mobile app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"smart speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_speaker"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TuneIn&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Institutional Venture Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Venture_Partners"},{"link_name":"Sequoia Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital"},{"link_name":"GV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GV_(company)"},{"link_name":"Icon Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_Ventures"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"\"Tune In\" redirects here. For the book by Mark Lewisohn, see The Beatles: All These Years.TuneIn is a global audio streaming service providing news, radio, sports, music, and podcasts to over 75 million monthly active users.[19]TuneIn is operated by the company TuneIn Inc. which is based in San Francisco, California. The company was founded by Bill Moore in 2002 as RadioTime in Dallas, Texas. Users are able to listen through the TuneIn website, using a mobile app, smart speaker, or another supported device. As of 2016[update], TuneIn was also available on more than 55 vehicle models.[20] In 2013, the company raised more than $47 million in venture funding from Institutional Venture Partners, Sequoia Capital, GV, General Catalyst Partners, and Icon Ventures.[21]In November 2020, TuneIn appointed Richard Stern as Chief Executive Officer and Rob Deichert as Chief Revenue Officer, with a new investment led by Innovation Endeavors.[22]","title":"TuneIn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"CNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC"},{"link_name":"Fox News Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Talk"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radio"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_radio"},{"link_name":"podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasts"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-social.techcrunch.com-31"}],"text":"In August 2015, TuneIn launched a premium service called \"TuneIn Premium\" that covers audiobooks, sports content from MLB, NHL, NFL, NBA, news content from MSNBC, Al Jazeera, and more.[23] Initially, subscribers were able to record any content played through the TuneIn service,[24] but the feature was first discontinued in the UK in early 2017, with a global discontinuation following on September 14, 2020, citing legal issues.[25] However, the feature remains accessible through older versions of the TuneIn Pro app.In 2017, the company raised $50 million and was valued at $500 million.[26]In March 2018, TuneIn launched another premium live audio subscription called \"TuneIn Live,\" which offers play-by-play calls from thousands of live sporting events, plus access to premium news stations, talks shows and other content. The company launched the subscription-based radio service exclusively for Alexa-enabled speakers, allowing subscribers to prompt Alexa to stream news programs as well as play-by-play broadcasts of MLB, NFL, NBA, and NHL games.[27][28] TuneIn Live marked the first time TuneIn premium content was available over a voice platform.[29] In October 2018, the company launched a commercial-free news offering through TuneIn Premium, which included news programs from CNBC, Fox News Talk, and MSNBC, as well as news podcasts from Progressive Voices, The Economist, and The Wall Street Journal.From 2019, the TuneIn website and apps allowed users to listen to more than 100,000 global radio stations including AM, FM, HD, LP, digital and internet stations, along with podcasts.[30] TuneIn's directory lists various sports, news, talk, and music broadcasts from around the world. TuneIn's website is available in 22 languages, each with its own content tailored for the specific language or region. TuneIn also offers 5.7 million on-demand programs.[31]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPN Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Radio"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews_2012-33"},{"link_name":"Public Radio Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Radio_Exchange"},{"link_name":"CBC / Radio-Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"C-SPAN Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN_Radio"},{"link_name":"All India Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"},{"link_name":"Emmis Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmis_Communications"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Hearst Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Television"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"Urban One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_One"},{"link_name":"Mvyradio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvyradio"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"ABC Radio and Regional Content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_and_Regional_Content"},{"link_name":"Bonneville International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_International"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Sport Your Argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Your_Argument"},{"link_name":"talkSPORT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkSPORT"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews_2012-33"},{"link_name":"Westwood One Podcast Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venta_2018-0809-37"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Audacy, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Entercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entercom"},{"link_name":"Radio.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Cumulus Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Audacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"The platform has deals with various broadcasters of sports, news, talk, and music worldwide such as ESPN Radio,[32][unreliable source?] NPR,[33] Public Radio Exchange (PRX), CBC / Radio-Canada, C-SPAN Radio, All India Radio, Emmis Communications,[34][unreliable source?] Hearst Radio, iHeartMedia, Urban One, Mvyradio, Wu-Tang Radio (Wu World Radio),[35] ABC Radio and Regional Content (Australia), Bonneville International,[36] Sport Your Argument, talkSPORT,[33] and Westwood One Podcast Network.[37][unreliable source?]On June 25, 2018, Audacy, Inc. (previously Entercom) announced that it would move online streaming of its stations from TuneIn to its then-named in-house Radio.com platform as an initiative of CBS radio.[38] In turn, Cumulus Media joined the TuneIn platform on August 9, 2018.[39]On July 29, 2021, TuneIn and iHeartMedia announced a partnership, enabling TuneIn to distribute iHeartMedia's digital stations. The deal also granted TuneIn access to local advertising demand from iHeartMedia's monetization assets.[40]In January 2022, TuneIn launched TuneIn On Air, which allows non-profit broadcasters, podcasters and other long-form content creators to access the company's apps and connected devices for digital distribution of their content.[41]In June 21, 2023, Audacy signed a partnership with TuneIn, returning all of its stations, including the former CBS Radio Stations back to the platform as well as adding its podcast library to the service.[42]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_Lands_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Newport Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Newport Folk Festival (Newport, RI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"KRRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRRL"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"In May 2018, the company announced it would stream concerts exclusively from several summer music festivals including Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival (San Francisco), Newport Jazz Festival (Newport, RI), Hangout Fest (Gulf Shores, Alabama), Firefly Music Festival (Dover, Delaware), and the Newport Folk Festival (Newport, RI).[43][44]In September 2018, Cathleen Robertson, better known as DJ Carisma of KRRL, joined TuneIn to head Hip-Hop/R&B curation and artist relations initiatives. DJ Carisma launched and hosted \"The Element\" and \"The Element West\" as part of this initiative.[45]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"KNEW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNEW_(AM)"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"English Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"In August 2015, TuneIn announced deals with the MLB, the Premier League and the Bundesliga for live play-by-play coverage.[46] The deal also included the ability to cover minor league affiliates. In October 2015, NFL announced a deal with TuneIn to broadcast live, play-by-play coverage of all NFL games to its premium subscribers.[47]On December 22, 2015, the National Hockey League (NHL) announced that TuneIn would gain radio rights to the NHL. TuneIn would create an individual station for every NHL team to simulcast their home market broadcasts on. Additionally, TuneIn would create a replay channel for each team so fans could listen to the games archived. They would also create a 24/7 NHL Channel, and the NHL would embed TuneIn's player onto the NHL.com website. All TuneIn NHL items would be made available to the public for free. The first broadcasts for TuneIn began January 1, 2016. [48] On September 22, 2022, the Anaheim Ducks announced that TuneIn would become the home for all of their game broadcasts, and launched a 24/7 station called Ducks Stream to broadcast team-related content.[49]On February 15, 2019, the Oakland Athletics of the MLB announced that TuneIn would be launching a 24/7 exclusive A's station which would include free streaming of all the team's games within the team's market as well as exclusive team programming.[50] In 2020, it was planned for TuneIn to become the exclusive home of the A's in the Bay Area after the team abandoned radio. However, the team later struck up a deal with iHeartMedia to have KNEW serve as the team's flagship station and A's Cast moved to the iHeartRadio app.[51][52]In August 2020, TuneIn removed MLB and NBA content from its platform with no explanation given. The following month, TuneIn also removed NFL content from its platform without explanation.As of August 2021, NFL content returned on TuneIn's platform.[53]In March 2022, TuneIn signed a multi-year agreement with Major League Baseball to be an official audio partner of MLB, giving premium users access to live and on-demand play by play of all games, post-game analysis, and Spanish language broadcasts.[54]On August 5, 2022, TuneIn announced they would carry all English Premier League matches.[55]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penguin Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Audiobooks","text":"In August 2015, the service launched deals with book publishers, including Penguin Random House and HarperCollins, to provide an audiobook library.[56] In December 2017, TuneIn announced that it would remove audiobooks as of January 15, 2018. However, as of July 7, 2023, TuneIn continues to offer audiobooks via its website.[57]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"Bag Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_Man_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"Rachel Maddow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Maddow"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Greg Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Norman"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"News UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_UK"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Amazon Alexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Partnerships","text":"In October 2018, TuneIn partnered with MSNBC to exclusively represent the sales rights of podcast, Bag Man: A Rachel Maddow Original Podcast.[58] TuneIn also partnered with Adobe Advertising Cloud in June 2018 to integrate targeted audio ads to consumers via smart speakers.[59]In January 2019, TuneIn announced a partnership with professional golfer Greg Norman to integrate its audio streaming platform into his line of connected golf carts called 'Norman's Shark Experience.'[60]In November 2021, TuneIn partnered with News Corp-Owned News UK to bring UK-based news, music and sports coverage to the streaming platform.[61]In April 2022, TuneIn partnered with Amazon to bring its TuneIn Premium subscription service to all Amazon Alexa-enabled devices.[62]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Music UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_UK"},{"link_name":"Warner Music UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_UK"},{"link_name":"copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"search engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"},{"link_name":"EU copyright law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_copyright_law"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Geoblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoblock"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-63"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"PRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRS_for_Music"},{"link_name":"PPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographic_Performance_Limited"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"In 2017, TuneIn was sued by Sony Music UK and Warner Music UK, alleging copyright infringement by offering access to international radio stations not licensed for distribution in the United Kingdom. The companies also took issue with a feature in its premium tier (which was later disabled in the country) that allowed users to record broadcasts. In November 2019, the English High Court ruled that, despite TuneIn's arguments that the premium feature in question was merely an aggregator similar to a search engine, the TuneIn service infringed the labels' rights by making streams not licensed in the country available to its users (an infringement of the exclusive right to communicate a work to the public, under EU copyright law). The court granted a request for an appeal.[63][64][65]In September 2020, TuneIn began to Geoblock all international radio stations for users in the United Kingdom, citing the earlier court order.[66][63]On March 29, 2021, the Court of Appeal upheld the High Court decision, ruling that TuneIn infringed the right of communication to the public.[67]In May 2022, TuneIn removed United Kingdom stations that were not registered with the music licensing bodies PRS and PPL.[68]","title":"Legal issues"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"TuneIn Radio app for the Xbox One offers access to 100,000 streaming radio stations\". Windows Central. 2015-06-23. Archived from the original on 2018-05-19. Retrieved 2017-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windowscentral.com/tunein-radio-app-xbox-one-offers-access-streaming-radio-stations","url_text":"\"TuneIn Radio app for the Xbox One offers access to 100,000 streaming radio stations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204931/https://www.windowscentral.com/tunein-radio-app-xbox-one-offers-access-streaming-radio-stations","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"App Gallery – Welcome to mysqueezebox.com!\". www.mysqueezebox.com. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mysqueezebox.com/appgallery/RadioTime","url_text":"\"App Gallery – Welcome to mysqueezebox.com!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150453/https://www.mysqueezebox.com/appgallery/RadioTime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Time Powers Logitech Squeezebox\". Tech2. 2006-12-12. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/radio-time-powers-logitech-squeezebox-3551269.html","url_text":"\"Radio Time Powers Logitech Squeezebox\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624152007/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/radio-time-powers-logitech-squeezebox-3551269.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Music Streaming Apps and Devices for Multi Room Streaming Audio – HEOS By Denon\". usa.denon.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2015-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://usa.denon.com/us/music-streaming-apps-and-devices","url_text":"\"Music Streaming Apps and Devices for Multi Room Streaming Audio – HEOS By Denon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527071034/https://usa.denon.com/us/music-streaming-apps-and-devices","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Radio comes to Ford SYNC AppLink, brings 50,000 radio stations with it\". engadget.com. 2012-01-10. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2017-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/01/10/tunein-radio-comes-to-ford-sync-applink-brings-50-000-radio-sta/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Radio comes to Ford SYNC AppLink, brings 50,000 radio stations with it\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041334/https://www.engadget.com/2012/01/10/tunein-radio-comes-to-ford-sync-applink-brings-50-000-radio-sta/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Burden, Melissa. \"GM pairing its MyLink Radio with TuneIn app on Spark, Sonic RS.\" Detroit News, 2012\". detroitnews.com. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2012-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120911/AUTO0103/209110378/1121/auto01/GM-pairing-its-MyLink-Radio-with-TuneIn-app-on-Spark--Sonic-RS","url_text":"\"Burden, Melissa. \"GM pairing its MyLink Radio with TuneIn app on Spark, Sonic RS.\" Detroit News, 2012\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142941/https://www.detroitnews.com/errors/404/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Offers Streaming Online Radio (Including World Radio) in Vehicles, Serving Up Alternative to Pandora or SiriusXM\". caranddriver.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2012-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.caranddriver.com/tunein-offers-streaming-online-radio-including-world-radio-in-vehicles-serving-up-alternative-to-pandora-or-siriusxm/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Offers Streaming Online Radio (Including World Radio) in Vehicles, Serving Up Alternative to Pandora or SiriusXM\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041649/https://blog.caranddriver.com/tunein-offers-streaming-online-radio-including-world-radio-in-vehicles-serving-up-alternative-to-pandora-or-siriusxm/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Ryan (2012-01-10). \"TuneIn Radio takes its streaming act on the road\". gigaom.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2012-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://gigaom.com/2012/01/10/tunein-radio-takes-its-streaming-act-on-the-road/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Radio takes its streaming act on the road\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120914011210/http://gigaom.com/2012/01/10/tunein-radio-takes-its-streaming-act-on-the-road/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 JVC receivers feature App Link for iPhone\". cnet.com. 2012-01-12. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2012-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://ces.cnet.com/8301-33369_1-57358354/2012-jvc-receivers-feature-app-link-for-iphone/","url_text":"\"2012 JVC receivers feature App Link for iPhone\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113094146/http://ces.cnet.com/8301-33369_1-57358354/2012-jvc-receivers-feature-app-link-for-iphone/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Parrot ASTEROID Updated with Added Support for Steering Wheel and more\". ubergizmo.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2012-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ubergizmo.com/2012/04/parrot-asteroid-updated/","url_text":"\"Parrot ASTEROID Updated with Added Support for Steering Wheel and more\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121214140841/http://www.ubergizmo.com/2012/04/parrot-asteroid-updated/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clarion Next Gate brings iPhone apps (and distractions) to your windshield\". engadget.com. 2012-05-07. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2017-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/07/clarion-next-gate/","url_text":"\"Clarion Next Gate brings iPhone apps (and distractions) to your windshield\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041443/https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/07/clarion-next-gate/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"King, Ashley (2022-04-10). \"TuneIn Adds French and Dutch Broadcasters to Global Lineup\". Digital Music News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2022/04/10/tunein-dutch-french-broadcasters-added/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Adds French and Dutch Broadcasters to Global Lineup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Music_News","url_text":"Digital Music News"}]},{"reference":"\"Online Radio Service TuneIn Comes To Tesla's Model S, Now Available On 200 Platforms\". techcrunch.com. 2012-07-24. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2017-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/24/tunein-tesla-model-s/","url_text":"\"Online Radio Service TuneIn Comes To Tesla's Model S, Now Available On 200 Platforms\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225000/https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/24/tunein-tesla-model-s/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Strauss, Karsten. \"TuneIn Snags $25 Million In Funding, Looks To Grow\". Forbes, 2013\". forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2013/05/29/tunein-snags-25-million-in-funding-looks-to-grow//","url_text":"\"Strauss, Karsten. \"TuneIn Snags $25 Million In Funding, Looks To Grow\". Forbes, 2013\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170201153741/http://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2013/05/29/tunein-snags-25-million-in-funding-looks-to-grow/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, Adam (2020-11-23). \"With Funding Injection, TuneIn Welcomes a New CEO | Radio & Television Business Report\". Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2022-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbr.com/with-funding-injection-tunein-welcomes-a-new-ceo/","url_text":"\"With Funding Injection, TuneIn Welcomes a New CEO | Radio & Television Business Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235051/https://www.rbr.com/with-funding-injection-tunein-welcomes-a-new-ceo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roettgers, Janko (2015-08-25). \"TuneIn Introduces Paid Tier With MLB Matches, Audio Books to Take On Satellite Radio\". variety.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-05. Retrieved 2017-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/tunein-introduces-paid-tier-with-mlb-matches-audio-books-to-take-on-satellite-radio-1201577340/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Introduces Paid Tier With MLB Matches, Audio Books to Take On Satellite Radio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171205212529/http://variety.com/2015/digital/news/tunein-introduces-paid-tier-with-mlb-matches-audio-books-to-take-on-satellite-radio-1201577340/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martonik, Andrew (2014-07-29). \"TuneIn Radio Pro price jumps from $3.99 to $9.99\". Android Central. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2017-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-radio-pro-price-jumps-399-999","url_text":"\"TuneIn Radio Pro price jumps from $3.99 to $9.99\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624175058/https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-radio-pro-price-jumps-399-999","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Pro app losing the ability to record live radio\". Android Police. 2020-08-28. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/08/28/tunein-pro-app-losing-the-ability-to-record-live-radio/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Pro app losing the ability to record live radio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173642/https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/08/28/tunein-pro-app-losing-the-ability-to-record-live-radio/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Lucas (2017-08-11). \"TuneIn Raises $50 Million to Prove Online Audio Can Make Money\". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-11/tunein-raises-50-million-to-prove-online-audio-can-make-money","url_text":"\"TuneIn Raises $50 Million to Prove Online Audio Can Make Money\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415191112/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-11/tunein-raises-50-million-to-prove-online-audio-can-make-money","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Gia (2018-03-30). \"TuneIn creates a premium radio service for sports-minded Alexa users\". Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/home/tunein-live-radio-alexa/","url_text":"\"TuneIn creates a premium radio service for sports-minded Alexa users\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415185612/https://www.digitaltrends.com/home/tunein-live-radio-alexa/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crist, Ry. \"TuneIn takes Alexa out to the ballgame with premium radio\". CNET. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/tunein-takes-alexa-out-to-the-ball-game-with-premium-radio/","url_text":"\"TuneIn takes Alexa out to the ballgame with premium radio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202509/https://www.cnet.com/news/tunein-takes-alexa-out-to-the-ball-game-with-premium-radio/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn launches a discounted audio subscription for Alexa owners and Prime members\". TechCrunch. 2018-03-29. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/tunein-launches-a-discounted-audio-subscription-for-alexa-owners-and-prime-members/","url_text":"\"TuneIn launches a discounted audio subscription for Alexa owners and Prime members\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074423/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/tunein-launches-a-discounted-audio-subscription-for-alexa-owners-and-prime-members/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn's Revamp Makes Streaming Audio More Social\". Time. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/90462/tuneins-revamp-makes-streaming-audio-more-social/","url_text":"\"TuneIn's Revamp Makes Streaming Audio More Social\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184743/http://time.com/90462/tuneins-revamp-makes-streaming-audio-more-social/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn launches a discounted audio subscription for Alexa owners and Prime members\". TechCrunch. 2018-03-29. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/tunein-launches-a-discounted-audio-subscription-for-alexa-owners-and-prime-members/","url_text":"\"TuneIn launches a discounted audio subscription for Alexa owners and Prime members\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142942/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/tunein-launches-a-discounted-audio-subscription-for-alexa-owners-and-prime-members/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schmitt, Michael (2012-12-20). \"TuneIn partners with ESPN Audio in time for live streaming coverage of college football Bowl games\". RAIN. Archived from the original on 2013-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130814131509/http://kurthanson.com/news/tunein-partners-espn-audio-time-live-streaming-coverage-college-football-bowl-games","url_text":"\"TuneIn partners with ESPN Audio in time for live streaming coverage of college football Bowl games\""},{"url":"http://kurthanson.com/news/tunein-partners-espn-audio-time-live-streaming-coverage-college-football-bowl-games","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Robert (2012-08-29). \"Interview: TuneIn CEO plans radio ad pre-rolls, personalization\". paidContent. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2012-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://paidcontent.org/2012/08/29/interview-tunein-ceo-plans-radio-ad-pre-rolls-personalization/","url_text":"\"Interview: TuneIn CEO plans radio ad pre-rolls, personalization\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121227095111/http://paidcontent.org/2012/08/29/interview-tunein-ceo-plans-radio-ad-pre-rolls-personalization/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maloney, Paul (2012-06-28). \"TuneIn adds Entercom, Cox, Emmis stations to tuning service\". RAIN. Archived from the original on 2012-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120704180915/http://www.kurthanson.com/news/tunein-adds-entercom-cox-emmis-stations-tuning-service","url_text":"\"TuneIn adds Entercom, Cox, Emmis stations to tuning service\""},{"url":"http://kurthanson.com/news/tunein-adds-entercom-cox-emmis-stations-tuning-service/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Forms Alliances With Over 20 Broadcasters\". Radio Online. 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2012-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/headline_id=n25524","url_text":"\"TuneIn Forms Alliances With Over 20 Broadcasters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094329/http://news.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/headline_id=n25524","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marcucci, Carl (2012-09-19). \"TuneIn signs Bonneville\". RBR.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2012-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://rbr.com/tunein-signs-bonneville/","url_text":"\"TuneIn signs Bonneville\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143342/http://rbr.com/tunein-signs-bonneville/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (2018-08-09). \"TuneIn Announces Addition Of Cumulus Media Stations To Its App\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2018-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/169871/tunein-announces-addition-of-cumulus-media-stations-to-its-app/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Announces Addition Of Cumulus Media Stations To Its App\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810072618/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/169871/tunein-announces-addition-of-cumulus-media-stations-to-its-app/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Staff, R. W. (2023-06-21). \"Audacy Signs on With TuneIn\". Radio World. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/audacy-signs-on-with-tunein","url_text":"\"Audacy Signs on With TuneIn\""}]},{"reference":"TuneIn. \"TuneIn and CUMULUS MEDIA Announce Multi-Year Expansion Deal\". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tunein-and-cumulus-media-announce-multi-year-expansion-deal-300694560.html","url_text":"\"TuneIn and CUMULUS MEDIA Announce Multi-Year Expansion Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn and iHeartMedia Partner on Strategic Technology and Content Distribution Deal\". www.iheartmedia.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iheartmedia.com/press/tunein-and-iheartmedia-partner-strategic-technology-and-content-distribution-deal","url_text":"\"TuneIn and iHeartMedia Partner on Strategic Technology and Content Distribution Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"On Air | TuneIn | Free Internet Radio\". TuneIn. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://tunein.com/broadcasters/","url_text":"\"On Air | TuneIn | Free Internet Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audacy Extends Reach of its Streaming Content via Distribution and Monetization Agreement With TuneIn\". Audacy Inc. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://audacyinc.com/press/audacy-extends-reach-of-its-streaming-content-via-distribution-and-monetization-agreement-with-tunein/","url_text":"\"Audacy Extends Reach of its Streaming Content via Distribution and Monetization Agreement With TuneIn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margo Price, Live In Concert Newport Folk 2018\". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/19/630615997/-margo-price-live-in-concert-newport-folk-2018","url_text":"\"Margo Price, Live In Concert Newport Folk 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415185610/https://www.npr.org/2018/07/19/630615997/-margo-price-live-in-concert-newport-folk-2018","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival Radio Stations Playing On TuneIn\". Insideradio.com. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insideradio.com/free/festival-radio-stations-playing-on-tunein/article_0bba9128-5cc1-11e8-92e5-8f34513bb8e1.html","url_text":"\"Festival Radio Stations Playing On TuneIn\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142957/https://www.insideradio.com/free/festival-radio-stations-playing-on-tunein/article_0bba9128-5cc1-11e8-92e5-8f34513bb8e1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Launches New Hip-Hop Station 'The Element' Hosted By DJ Carisma\". TuneIn. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://cms.tunein.com/press-release/tunein-launches-new-hip-hop-station-the-element-hosted-by-dj-carisma/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Launches New Hip-Hop Station 'The Element' Hosted By DJ Carisma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are you ready for some football? TuneIn Premium adds NFL games to subscription\". digitaltrends.com. 2015-10-12. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunein-premium-mlb-soccer-audiobooks-ad-free-music/","url_text":"\"Are you ready for some football? TuneIn Premium adds NFL games to subscription\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208050841/http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunein-premium-mlb-soccer-audiobooks-ad-free-music/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Games, Including The Super Bowl, Come To TuneIn\". techcrunch.com. 2015-10-12. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2017-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/12/nfl-games-including-the-super-bowl-come-to-tunein/","url_text":"\"NFL Games, Including The Super Bowl, Come To TuneIn\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180915185816/https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/12/nfl-games-including-the-super-bowl-come-to-tunein/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"updated, John Callaham last (2015-12-22). \"TuneIn to stream live NHL pro hockey games for free starting January 1\". Android Central. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-stream-live-nhl-pro-hockey-games-starting-january-1","url_text":"\"TuneIn to stream live NHL pro hockey games for free starting January 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ducks Set to Launch Audio Streaming Network Today: Ducks Stream\". NHL.com. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/ducks/news/ducks-set-to-launch-audio-streaming-network-today-ducks-stream/c-335691750","url_text":"\"Ducks Set to Launch Audio Streaming Network Today: Ducks Stream\""}]},{"reference":"\"A's announce new radio partnerships for upcoming season\". The Mercury News. 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/02/15/oakland-athletics-announce-new-radio-deal-mlb/","url_text":"\"A's announce new radio partnerships for upcoming season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oakland Athletics off the radio waves in the Bay Area, commit to A's Cast stream\". The Mercury News. 2020-02-18. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2020-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/oakland-athletics-off-the-radio-waves-in-the-bay-area-commit-to-as-cast-stream","url_text":"\"Oakland Athletics off the radio waves in the Bay Area, commit to A's Cast stream\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142950/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/02/18/oakland-athletics-off-the-radio-waves-in-the-bay-area-commit-to-as-cast-stream/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A's to add local radio station, 960 AM; change to iHeartRadio streaming service\". SFChronicle.com. 2020-07-30. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/athletics/article/A-s-to-add-local-radio-station-960-AM-change-15447284.php","url_text":"\"A's to add local radio station, 960 AM; change to iHeartRadio streaming service\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801054140/https://www.sfchronicle.com/athletics/article/A-s-to-add-local-radio-station-960-AM-change-15447284.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Volume (2021-08-05). \"The NFL Season Is Finally Here. Get Live Access with TuneIn Premium\". Medium. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2021-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.tunein.com/the-nfl-season-is-finally-here-get-live-access-with-tunein-premium-a0feb2fa642","url_text":"\"The NFL Season Is Finally Here. Get Live Access with TuneIn Premium\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142953/https://blog.tunein.com/the-nfl-season-is-finally-here-get-live-access-with-tunein-premium-a0feb2fa642","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball Fans Rejoice: TuneIn Signs Multi-Year Partnership with Major League Baseball, Solidifies Place as an Official Audio Partner of MLB\". TuneIn. Retrieved 2023-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://cms.tunein.com/press-release/baseball-fans-rejoice-tunein-signs-multi-year-partnership-with-major-league-baseball-solidifies-place-as-an-official-audio-partner-of-mlb/","url_text":"\"Baseball Fans Rejoice: TuneIn Signs Multi-Year Partnership with Major League Baseball, Solidifies Place as an Official Audio Partner of MLB\""}]},{"reference":"\"English Premier League Now On Tunein\". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/tunein/status/1555615073367891968","url_text":"\"English Premier League Now On Tunein\""}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Launches TuneIn Premium With Ad-Free Radio, Audiobooks, MLB Games\". 2015-08-25. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2015/08/25/tunein-launches-tunein-premium-with-ad-free-radio-audiobooks-mlb-games/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Launches TuneIn Premium With Ad-Free Radio, Audiobooks, MLB Games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142952/https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/25/tunein-launches-tunein-premium-with-ad-free-radio-audiobooks-mlb-games/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Premium will stop offering audiobooks on January 15\". androidcentral.com. 2017-12-22. Archived from the original on 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2018-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-premium-will-stop-offering-audiobooks-january-15","url_text":"\"TuneIn Premium will stop offering audiobooks on January 15\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180812053615/https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-premium-will-stop-offering-audiobooks-january-15","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ink, Radio (2018-10-24). \"Maddow's \"Bag Man\" Coming To TuneIn October 30\". Radio Ink. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioink.com/2018/10/23/maddows-bag-man-coming-to-tunein-october-30/","url_text":"\"Maddow's \"Bag Man\" Coming To TuneIn October 30\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415191114/https://radioink.com/2018/10/23/maddows-bag-man-coming-to-tunein-october-30/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Adobe Advertising Cloud Teams With TuneIn To Prove Targeted Audio Ads Via Smart Speakers Is Scalable |\". 2018-07-02. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://geomarketing.com/adobe-advertising-cloud-teams-with-tunein-to-prove-targeted-audio-ads-via-smart-speakers-is-scalable","url_text":"\"Adobe Advertising Cloud Teams With TuneIn To Prove Targeted Audio Ads Via Smart Speakers Is Scalable |\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415185613/https://geomarketing.com/adobe-advertising-cloud-teams-with-tunein-to-prove-targeted-audio-ads-via-smart-speakers-is-scalable","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FAQs\". Shark Experience presented by Verizon. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://sharkexperience.com/faqs/","url_text":"\"FAQs\""}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Announces Partnership with News UK, Bringing More Best-in-Class Sports Content Offerings to TuneIn Radio Platform\". www.businesswire.com. 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211104005394/en/TuneIn-Announces-Partnership-with-News-UK-Bringing-More-Best-in-Class-Sports-Content-Offerings-to-TuneIn-Radio-Platform","url_text":"\"TuneIn Announces Partnership with News UK, Bringing More Best-in-Class Sports Content Offerings to TuneIn Radio Platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn brings its subs service to all Alexa-enabled devices\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2022-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/04/14/tunein-brings-its-paid-subscription-service-to-all-amazon-alexa-enabled-devices/","url_text":"\"TuneIn brings its subs service to all Alexa-enabled devices\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142952/https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/14/tunein-brings-its-paid-subscription-service-to-all-amazon-alexa-enabled-devices/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Blocks 1,000s of Radio Channels in UK But a VPN Restores Service\". TorrentFreak. Archived from the original on 2021-03-29. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://torrentfreak.com/tunein-blocks-1000s-of-radio-channels-in-uk-but-a-vpn-restores-service-200915/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Blocks 1,000s of Radio Channels in UK But a VPN Restores Service\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210329165305/https://torrentfreak.com/tunein-blocks-1000s-of-radio-channels-in-uk-but-a-vpn-restores-service-200915/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Takes Aim at Search-Engine Privilege in Major Labels Case Appeal\". Digital Music News. 2021-02-24. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2021/02/23/tunein-major-labels-appeal/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Takes Aim at Search-Engine Privilege in Major Labels Case Appeal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131228/https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2021/02/23/tunein-major-labels-appeal/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn loses copyright lawsuit filed by Sony and Warner in the UK – report\". Music Business Worldwide. 2019-11-01. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/tunein-loses-copyright-lawsuit-filed-by-sony-and-warner-in-the-uk-report/","url_text":"\"TuneIn loses copyright lawsuit filed by Sony and Warner in the UK – report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412073900/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/tunein-loses-copyright-lawsuit-filed-by-sony-and-warner-in-the-uk-report/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"International radio stations now restricted on TuneIn\". RadioToday. 2020-09-14. Archived from the original on 2020-09-14. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/09/international-radio-stations-now-restricted-on-tunein/","url_text":"\"International radio stations now restricted on TuneIn\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200914102631/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/09/international-radio-stations-now-restricted-on-tunein/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn Infringed Labels' Copyrights, Court of Appeal Rules\". TorrentFreak. Archived from the original on 2021-03-29. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://torrentfreak.com/tunein-infringed-labels-copyrights-court-of-appeal-rules-210329/","url_text":"\"TuneIn Infringed Labels' Copyrights, Court of Appeal Rules\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210329215427/https://torrentfreak.com/tunein-infringed-labels-copyrights-court-of-appeal-rules-210329/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TuneIn starts to remove UK radio stations from its platform\". Radio Today. 2022-05-04. Archived from the original on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://radiotoday.co.uk/2022/05/tunein-starts-to-remove-uk-radio-stations-from-its-platform/","url_text":"\"TuneIn starts to remove UK radio stations from its platform\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220504230721/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2022/05/tunein-starts-to-remove-uk-radio-stations-from-its-platform/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TuneIn&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://tunein.com/","external_links_name":"tunein.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TuneIn&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://apps.apple.com/app/id418987775","external_links_name":"Tune In Radio"},{"Link":"https://apps.apple.com/app/id319295332","external_links_name":"Tune In Radio PRO"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101128123937/http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/17105","external_links_name":"Tune In Radio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526113739/http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/43523","external_links_name":"Tune In Radio PRO"},{"Link":"http://radiotoday.ie/2013/10/sony-deal-agreed-for-tunein-streaming-app/","external_links_name":"Sony deal agreed for TuneIn streaming app"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128131933/http://radiotoday.ie/2013/10/sony-deal-agreed-for-tunein-streaming-app/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://support.xbox.com/en-US/xbox-one/apps/tunein/","external_links_name":"TuneIn App on Xbox Live | TuneIn on Xbox"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624152427/https://support.xbox.com/en-US/xbox-one/apps/tunein/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.windowscentral.com/tunein-radio-app-xbox-one-offers-access-streaming-radio-stations","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Radio app for the Xbox One offers access to 100,000 streaming radio stations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204931/https://www.windowscentral.com/tunein-radio-app-xbox-one-offers-access-streaming-radio-stations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2012/08/07/oh-yeah-ouya-gets-even-more-media-xbmc-and-tunein/","external_links_name":"Koetsier, John. \"Oh, yeah, Ouya gets (even more) media: XBMC and TuneIn\". VentureBeat, 2012."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225531/https://venturebeat.com/2012/08/07/oh-yeah-ouya-gets-even-more-media-xbmc-and-tunein/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mysqueezebox.com/appgallery/RadioTime","external_links_name":"\"App Gallery – Welcome to mysqueezebox.com!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150453/https://www.mysqueezebox.com/appgallery/RadioTime","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/radio-time-powers-logitech-squeezebox-3551269.html","external_links_name":"\"Radio Time Powers Logitech Squeezebox\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624152007/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/radio-time-powers-logitech-squeezebox-3551269.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://usa.denon.com/us/music-streaming-apps-and-devices","external_links_name":"\"Music Streaming Apps and Devices for Multi Room Streaming Audio – HEOS By Denon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527071034/https://usa.denon.com/us/music-streaming-apps-and-devices","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/01/10/tunein-radio-comes-to-ford-sync-applink-brings-50-000-radio-sta/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Radio comes to Ford SYNC AppLink, brings 50,000 radio stations with it\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041334/https://www.engadget.com/2012/01/10/tunein-radio-comes-to-ford-sync-applink-brings-50-000-radio-sta/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120911/AUTO0103/209110378/1121/auto01/GM-pairing-its-MyLink-Radio-with-TuneIn-app-on-Spark--Sonic-RS","external_links_name":"\"Burden, Melissa. \"GM pairing its MyLink Radio with TuneIn app on Spark, Sonic RS.\" Detroit News, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142941/https://www.detroitnews.com/errors/404/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.caranddriver.com/tunein-offers-streaming-online-radio-including-world-radio-in-vehicles-serving-up-alternative-to-pandora-or-siriusxm/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Offers Streaming Online Radio (Including World Radio) in Vehicles, Serving Up Alternative to Pandora or SiriusXM\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041649/https://blog.caranddriver.com/tunein-offers-streaming-online-radio-including-world-radio-in-vehicles-serving-up-alternative-to-pandora-or-siriusxm/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://gigaom.com/2012/01/10/tunein-radio-takes-its-streaming-act-on-the-road/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Radio takes its streaming act on the road\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120914011210/http://gigaom.com/2012/01/10/tunein-radio-takes-its-streaming-act-on-the-road/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ces.cnet.com/8301-33369_1-57358354/2012-jvc-receivers-feature-app-link-for-iphone/","external_links_name":"\"2012 JVC receivers feature App Link for iPhone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113094146/http://ces.cnet.com/8301-33369_1-57358354/2012-jvc-receivers-feature-app-link-for-iphone/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ubergizmo.com/2012/04/parrot-asteroid-updated/","external_links_name":"\"Parrot ASTEROID Updated with Added Support for Steering Wheel and more\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121214140841/http://www.ubergizmo.com/2012/04/parrot-asteroid-updated/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/07/clarion-next-gate/","external_links_name":"\"Clarion Next Gate brings iPhone apps (and distractions) to your windshield\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041443/https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/07/clarion-next-gate/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2022/04/10/tunein-dutch-french-broadcasters-added/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Adds French and Dutch Broadcasters to Global Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/24/tunein-tesla-model-s/","external_links_name":"\"Online Radio Service TuneIn Comes To Tesla's Model S, Now Available On 200 Platforms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225000/https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/24/tunein-tesla-model-s/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2013/05/29/tunein-snags-25-million-in-funding-looks-to-grow//","external_links_name":"\"Strauss, Karsten. \"TuneIn Snags $25 Million In Funding, Looks To Grow\". Forbes, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170201153741/http://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2013/05/29/tunein-snags-25-million-in-funding-looks-to-grow/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rbr.com/with-funding-injection-tunein-welcomes-a-new-ceo/","external_links_name":"\"With Funding Injection, TuneIn Welcomes a New CEO | Radio & Television Business Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210123235051/https://www.rbr.com/with-funding-injection-tunein-welcomes-a-new-ceo/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/tunein-introduces-paid-tier-with-mlb-matches-audio-books-to-take-on-satellite-radio-1201577340/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Introduces Paid Tier With MLB Matches, Audio Books to Take On Satellite Radio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171205212529/http://variety.com/2015/digital/news/tunein-introduces-paid-tier-with-mlb-matches-audio-books-to-take-on-satellite-radio-1201577340/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-radio-pro-price-jumps-399-999","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Radio Pro price jumps from $3.99 to $9.99\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624175058/https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-radio-pro-price-jumps-399-999","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/08/28/tunein-pro-app-losing-the-ability-to-record-live-radio/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Pro app losing the ability to record live radio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173642/https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/08/28/tunein-pro-app-losing-the-ability-to-record-live-radio/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-11/tunein-raises-50-million-to-prove-online-audio-can-make-money","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Raises $50 Million to Prove Online Audio Can Make Money\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415191112/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-11/tunein-raises-50-million-to-prove-online-audio-can-make-money","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/home/tunein-live-radio-alexa/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn creates a premium radio service for sports-minded Alexa users\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415185612/https://www.digitaltrends.com/home/tunein-live-radio-alexa/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/tunein-takes-alexa-out-to-the-ball-game-with-premium-radio/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn takes Alexa out to the ballgame with premium radio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202509/https://www.cnet.com/news/tunein-takes-alexa-out-to-the-ball-game-with-premium-radio/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/tunein-launches-a-discounted-audio-subscription-for-alexa-owners-and-prime-members/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn launches a discounted audio subscription for Alexa owners and Prime members\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074423/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/tunein-launches-a-discounted-audio-subscription-for-alexa-owners-and-prime-members/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://time.com/90462/tuneins-revamp-makes-streaming-audio-more-social/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn's Revamp Makes Streaming Audio More Social\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184743/http://time.com/90462/tuneins-revamp-makes-streaming-audio-more-social/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/tunein-launches-a-discounted-audio-subscription-for-alexa-owners-and-prime-members/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn launches a discounted audio subscription for Alexa owners and Prime members\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142942/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/tunein-launches-a-discounted-audio-subscription-for-alexa-owners-and-prime-members/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130814131509/http://kurthanson.com/news/tunein-partners-espn-audio-time-live-streaming-coverage-college-football-bowl-games","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn partners with ESPN Audio in time for live streaming coverage of college football Bowl games\""},{"Link":"http://kurthanson.com/news/tunein-partners-espn-audio-time-live-streaming-coverage-college-football-bowl-games","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://paidcontent.org/2012/08/29/interview-tunein-ceo-plans-radio-ad-pre-rolls-personalization/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: TuneIn CEO plans radio ad pre-rolls, personalization\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121227095111/http://paidcontent.org/2012/08/29/interview-tunein-ceo-plans-radio-ad-pre-rolls-personalization/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120704180915/http://www.kurthanson.com/news/tunein-adds-entercom-cox-emmis-stations-tuning-service","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn adds Entercom, Cox, Emmis stations to tuning service\""},{"Link":"http://kurthanson.com/news/tunein-adds-entercom-cox-emmis-stations-tuning-service/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/headline_id=n25524","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Forms Alliances With Over 20 Broadcasters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094329/http://news.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/headline_id=n25524","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://rbr.com/tunein-signs-bonneville/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn signs Bonneville\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143342/http://rbr.com/tunein-signs-bonneville/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/169871/tunein-announces-addition-of-cumulus-media-stations-to-its-app/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Announces Addition Of Cumulus Media Stations To Its App\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810072618/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/169871/tunein-announces-addition-of-cumulus-media-stations-to-its-app/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/audacy-signs-on-with-tunein","external_links_name":"\"Audacy Signs on With TuneIn\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tunein-and-cumulus-media-announce-multi-year-expansion-deal-300694560.html","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn and CUMULUS MEDIA Announce Multi-Year Expansion Deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.iheartmedia.com/press/tunein-and-iheartmedia-partner-strategic-technology-and-content-distribution-deal","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn and iHeartMedia Partner on Strategic Technology and Content Distribution Deal\""},{"Link":"https://tunein.com/broadcasters/","external_links_name":"\"On Air | TuneIn | Free Internet Radio\""},{"Link":"https://audacyinc.com/press/audacy-extends-reach-of-its-streaming-content-via-distribution-and-monetization-agreement-with-tunein/","external_links_name":"\"Audacy Extends Reach of its Streaming Content via Distribution and Monetization Agreement With TuneIn\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/19/630615997/-margo-price-live-in-concert-newport-folk-2018","external_links_name":"\"Margo Price, Live In Concert Newport Folk 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415185610/https://www.npr.org/2018/07/19/630615997/-margo-price-live-in-concert-newport-folk-2018","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.insideradio.com/free/festival-radio-stations-playing-on-tunein/article_0bba9128-5cc1-11e8-92e5-8f34513bb8e1.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival Radio Stations Playing On TuneIn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142957/https://www.insideradio.com/free/festival-radio-stations-playing-on-tunein/article_0bba9128-5cc1-11e8-92e5-8f34513bb8e1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cms.tunein.com/press-release/tunein-launches-new-hip-hop-station-the-element-hosted-by-dj-carisma/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Launches New Hip-Hop Station 'The Element' Hosted By DJ Carisma\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunein-premium-mlb-soccer-audiobooks-ad-free-music/","external_links_name":"\"Are you ready for some football? TuneIn Premium adds NFL games to subscription\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208050841/http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunein-premium-mlb-soccer-audiobooks-ad-free-music/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/12/nfl-games-including-the-super-bowl-come-to-tunein/","external_links_name":"\"NFL Games, Including The Super Bowl, Come To TuneIn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180915185816/https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/12/nfl-games-including-the-super-bowl-come-to-tunein/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-stream-live-nhl-pro-hockey-games-starting-january-1","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn to stream live NHL pro hockey games for free starting January 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/ducks/news/ducks-set-to-launch-audio-streaming-network-today-ducks-stream/c-335691750","external_links_name":"\"Ducks Set to Launch Audio Streaming Network Today: Ducks Stream\""},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/02/15/oakland-athletics-announce-new-radio-deal-mlb/","external_links_name":"\"A's announce new radio partnerships for upcoming season\""},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/oakland-athletics-off-the-radio-waves-in-the-bay-area-commit-to-as-cast-stream","external_links_name":"\"Oakland Athletics off the radio waves in the Bay Area, commit to A's Cast stream\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142950/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/02/18/oakland-athletics-off-the-radio-waves-in-the-bay-area-commit-to-as-cast-stream/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/athletics/article/A-s-to-add-local-radio-station-960-AM-change-15447284.php","external_links_name":"\"A's to add local radio station, 960 AM; change to iHeartRadio streaming service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801054140/https://www.sfchronicle.com/athletics/article/A-s-to-add-local-radio-station-960-AM-change-15447284.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blog.tunein.com/the-nfl-season-is-finally-here-get-live-access-with-tunein-premium-a0feb2fa642","external_links_name":"\"The NFL Season Is Finally Here. Get Live Access with TuneIn Premium\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142953/https://blog.tunein.com/the-nfl-season-is-finally-here-get-live-access-with-tunein-premium-a0feb2fa642","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cms.tunein.com/press-release/baseball-fans-rejoice-tunein-signs-multi-year-partnership-with-major-league-baseball-solidifies-place-as-an-official-audio-partner-of-mlb/","external_links_name":"\"Baseball Fans Rejoice: TuneIn Signs Multi-Year Partnership with Major League Baseball, Solidifies Place as an Official Audio Partner of MLB\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/tunein/status/1555615073367891968","external_links_name":"\"English Premier League Now On Tunein\""},{"Link":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2015/08/25/tunein-launches-tunein-premium-with-ad-free-radio-audiobooks-mlb-games/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Launches TuneIn Premium With Ad-Free Radio, Audiobooks, MLB Games\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142952/https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/25/tunein-launches-tunein-premium-with-ad-free-radio-audiobooks-mlb-games/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-premium-will-stop-offering-audiobooks-january-15","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Premium will stop offering audiobooks on January 15\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180812053615/https://www.androidcentral.com/tunein-premium-will-stop-offering-audiobooks-january-15","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://radioink.com/2018/10/23/maddows-bag-man-coming-to-tunein-october-30/","external_links_name":"\"Maddow's \"Bag Man\" Coming To TuneIn October 30\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415191114/https://radioink.com/2018/10/23/maddows-bag-man-coming-to-tunein-october-30/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geomarketing.com/adobe-advertising-cloud-teams-with-tunein-to-prove-targeted-audio-ads-via-smart-speakers-is-scalable","external_links_name":"\"Adobe Advertising Cloud Teams With TuneIn To Prove Targeted Audio Ads Via Smart Speakers Is Scalable |\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415185613/https://geomarketing.com/adobe-advertising-cloud-teams-with-tunein-to-prove-targeted-audio-ads-via-smart-speakers-is-scalable","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sharkexperience.com/faqs/","external_links_name":"\"FAQs\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211104005394/en/TuneIn-Announces-Partnership-with-News-UK-Bringing-More-Best-in-Class-Sports-Content-Offerings-to-TuneIn-Radio-Platform","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Announces Partnership with News UK, Bringing More Best-in-Class Sports Content Offerings to TuneIn Radio Platform\""},{"Link":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/04/14/tunein-brings-its-paid-subscription-service-to-all-amazon-alexa-enabled-devices/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn brings its subs service to all Alexa-enabled devices\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142952/https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/14/tunein-brings-its-paid-subscription-service-to-all-amazon-alexa-enabled-devices/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://torrentfreak.com/tunein-blocks-1000s-of-radio-channels-in-uk-but-a-vpn-restores-service-200915/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Blocks 1,000s of Radio Channels in UK But a VPN Restores Service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210329165305/https://torrentfreak.com/tunein-blocks-1000s-of-radio-channels-in-uk-but-a-vpn-restores-service-200915/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2021/02/23/tunein-major-labels-appeal/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Takes Aim at Search-Engine Privilege in Major Labels Case Appeal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131228/https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2021/02/23/tunein-major-labels-appeal/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/tunein-loses-copyright-lawsuit-filed-by-sony-and-warner-in-the-uk-report/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn loses copyright lawsuit filed by Sony and Warner in the UK – report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412073900/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/tunein-loses-copyright-lawsuit-filed-by-sony-and-warner-in-the-uk-report/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/09/international-radio-stations-now-restricted-on-tunein/","external_links_name":"\"International radio stations now restricted on TuneIn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200914102631/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/09/international-radio-stations-now-restricted-on-tunein/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://torrentfreak.com/tunein-infringed-labels-copyrights-court-of-appeal-rules-210329/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn Infringed Labels' Copyrights, Court of Appeal Rules\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210329215427/https://torrentfreak.com/tunein-infringed-labels-copyrights-court-of-appeal-rules-210329/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://radiotoday.co.uk/2022/05/tunein-starts-to-remove-uk-radio-stations-from-its-platform/","external_links_name":"\"TuneIn starts to remove UK radio stations from its platform\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220504230721/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2022/05/tunein-starts-to-remove-uk-radio-stations-from-its-platform/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinja-Riikka_Korpela | Tinja-Riikka Korpela | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"] | Finnish footballer (born 1986)
Tinja-Riikka Korpela
Korpela in 2009Personal informationFull name
Tinja-Riikka Tellervo KorpelaDate of birth
(1986-05-05) 5 May 1986 (age 38)Place of birth
Oulu, FinlandHeight
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
GoalkeeperTeam informationCurrent team
Tottenham HotspurNumber
1Youth career1992–2004
OLS Oulu2004–2005
SC RaisioSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2006–2009
FC Honka
2010–2011
Kolbotn
43
(0)2012–2013
LSK Kvinner
40
(0)2013–2014
Tyresö FF
4
(0)2014–2017
Bayern Munich
51
(0)2018–2019
Vålerenga
17
(0)2019–2021
Everton
16
(0)2021–2023
Tottenham Hotspur
22
(0)2023-
AS Roma
5
(0)International career‡2007–
Finland
105
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 3 January 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 8 April 2022
Tinja-Riikka Tellervo Korpela (born 5 May 1986) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for AS Roma. She previously played for Tottenham Hotspur in the FA WSL, Bayern Munich in the German Frauen-Bundesliga, Tyresö FF in Sweden's Damallsvenskan, LSK Kvinner and Kolbotn of Norway's Toppserien, and FC Honka of Finland's Naisten Liiga.
Korpela debuted for Finland's national team in 2007. She represented her country at the UEFA Women's Championships in 2009 and 2013.
Club career
Playing for Tyresö in 2014
Swedish UEFA Women's Champions League contenders Tyresö FF signed Korpela to a contract in December 2013. Korpela competed with Carola Söberg for a starting place and was a substitute in Tyresö's 4–3 defeat by Wolfsburg in the 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. Tyresö suffered a financial implosion in 2014 and withdrew from the 2014 Damallsvenskan season, expunging all their results and making all their players free agents.
Korpela signed a two-year contract with German Frauen-Bundesliga club FC Bayern Munich in June 2014. On 18 February 2016, she extended her contract until 2018. At their request and in agreement of the association their contract was dissolved at the end of 2017; She left FC Bayern Munich after just three and a half years. It was duly approved before the last round game on 17 December 2017 before the home game against 1. FFC Frankfurt.
On 6 July 2021, Korpela signed for Tottenham after leaving Everton in the WSL.
International career
Korpela was part of the Finland squad at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship. She made her senior Finland women's national football team debut in March 2007, against Sweden at the Algarve Cup. By the time of UEFA Women's Euro 2009, hosted in Finland, Korpela was the first choice goalkeeper.
In June 2013, Korpela was named in national coach Andrée Jeglertz's Finland squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013. After playing in Finland's first two matches at the tournament, she was replaced with longstanding rival Minna Meriluoto for the final group game; a 1–1 draw with Denmark.
On 21 October 2021, she played her 100th match for Finland in a 3–0 win over Georgia in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification.
Personal life
Korpela is openly gay.
Honours
FC Honka
Naisten Liiga: Winner 2006, 2007, 2008
Bayern München
Bundesliga: Winner 2014–15, 2015–16
References
^ "2009 UEFA EUROPEAN WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP MATCH PRESS KIT" (PDF). UEFA. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
^ Suomen naisten EM-karsintajoukkue valittu YLE
^ "Naisten Liiga – Suomen Palloliitto". Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ "Tyresö sign Korpela and secure quartet". Uefa.com. UEFA. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ Saffer, Paul (22 May 2014). "Müller the hero again as Wolfsburg win classic final". UEFA. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
^ Jönsson, Fredrik; Nordmark, Kasja (5 June 2014). "Tyresö lämnar damallsvenskan" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
^ "FC Bayern verpflichtet Korpela und verlängert mit Manieri". fcbayern-frauenfussball.de (in German). 23 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
^ "Tinja-Riikka Korpela weitere zwei Jahre beim FC Bayern" (in German). Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ "Torhueterin Korpela verlaesst die FCB-Frauen" (in German). Pressemitteilung auf der Homepage des FC Bayern München.
^ Lea, Connie (6 July 2021). "Tottenham Hotspur sign former Everton duo". Her Football Hub. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ "Tinja-Riikka Korpela". Uefa.com. UEFA. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ Statistics Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine in the Football Association of Finland's web
^ "Jeglertz turns to youth for Finland". Uefa.com. UEFA. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ "Internationals - Tinja-Riikka joins 100 club". Tottenham Hotspur. 22 October 2021.
^ Sundelin, Saku-Pekka (12 February 2015). "Suomalainen jalkapalloammattilainen homoudestaan: Pitää uskaltaa puhua". Iltasanomat.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tinja-Riikka Korpela.
Tinja-Riikka Korpela – FIFA competition record (archived)
Player's profile at Football Association of Finland Archived 2 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
vteAS Roma (women) – current squad
1 Korpela
2 Minami
3 Di Guglielmo
6 Valdezate
7 Viens
8 Kumagai
9 Giacinti
10 Giugliano
11 Haavi
12 Ceasar
13 Bartoli (c)
14 Aigbogun
16 Ciccotti
17 Pilgrim
18 Glionna
20 Greggi
21 Tomaselli
22 Sønstevold
23 Feiersinger
32 Linari
33 Kramžar
51 Troelsgaard
56 Cimò
87 Öhrström
Manager: Spugna
vteFinland squad – UEFA Women's Euro 2009
1 Meriluoto
2 Vaelma
3 Julin
4 Valkonen (c)
5 Niemi
6 Salmén
7 Mäkinen
8 Nokso-Koivisto
9 Kalmari
10 Rantanen
11 Lehtinen
12 Häkkinen
13 Hyyrynen
14 Korpela
15 Malaska
16 Westerlund
17 Hirvonen
18 Sällström
19 Sainio
20 Sjölund
21 Talonen
22 Saari
Coach: Käld
vteFinland squad – UEFA Women's Euro 2013
1 Meriluoto
2 Liljedahl
3 Hyyrynen
4 Lehtinen
5 Saario
6 Kivistö
7 Kukkonen
8 Nokso-Koivisto
9 Tolvanen
10 Alanen
11 Heroum
12 Välimaa
13 Kivelä
14 Talonen
15 Puranen
16 Westerlund
17 Lyytikäinen
18 Kuikka
19 Malinen
20 Sjölund
21 Vanhanen
22 Leppikangas
23 Korpela (c)
Coach: Jeglertz
vteFinland squad – UEFA Women's Euro 2022
1 Talaslahti
2 Pikkujämsä
3 Hyyrynen
4 Öling
5 Koivisto
6 Auvinen
7 Engman
8 Ahtinen
9 Kemppi
10 Alanen
11 Heroum
12 Tamminen
13 Danielsson
14 Kollanen
15 Kuikka
16 Westerlund
17 Franssi
18 Sällström
19 Sainio
20 Summanen
21 Rantanen
22 Rantala
23 Korpela (c)
Coach: Signeul | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"AS Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Roma_(women)"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C._Women"},{"link_name":"FA WSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_WSL"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"Frauen-Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauen-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Tyresö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyres%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"LSK Kvinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSK_Kvinner_FK"},{"link_name":"Kolbotn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbotn_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Toppserien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toppserien"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FC Honka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Honka_(women)"},{"link_name":"Naisten Liiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naisten_Liiga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Finland's national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2009"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2013"}],"text":"Tinja-Riikka Tellervo Korpela (born 5 May 1986) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for AS Roma. She previously played for Tottenham Hotspur in the FA WSL, Bayern Munich in the German Frauen-Bundesliga, Tyresö FF in Sweden's Damallsvenskan, LSK Kvinner and Kolbotn of Norway's Toppserien,[2] and FC Honka of Finland's Naisten Liiga.[3]Korpela debuted for Finland's national team in 2007. She represented her country at the UEFA Women's Championships in 2009 and 2013.","title":"Tinja-Riikka Korpela"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014-03-29_Ty32_Tinja-Riikka_Korpela_4632.jpg"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Tyresö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyres%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Carola Söberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carola_S%C3%B6berg"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg_(women)"},{"link_name":"2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2014 Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"free agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Frauen-Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauen-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"FC Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Summer2014/5transfers-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1. FFC Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FFC_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Tottenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C._Women"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C._(women)"},{"link_name":"WSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Women%27s_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Playing for Tyresö in 2014Swedish UEFA Women's Champions League contenders Tyresö FF signed Korpela to a contract in December 2013.[4] Korpela competed with Carola Söberg for a starting place and was a substitute in Tyresö's 4–3 defeat by Wolfsburg in the 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final.[5] Tyresö suffered a financial implosion in 2014 and withdrew from the 2014 Damallsvenskan season, expunging all their results and making all their players free agents.[6]Korpela signed a two-year contract with German Frauen-Bundesliga club FC Bayern Munich in June 2014.[7] On 18 February 2016, she extended her contract until 2018.[8] At their request and in agreement of the association their contract was dissolved at the end of 2017; She left FC Bayern Munich after just three and a half years.[9] It was duly approved before the last round game on 17 December 2017 before the home game against 1. FFC Frankfurt.On 6 July 2021, Korpela signed for Tottenham after leaving Everton in the WSL.[10]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Finland women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Algarve Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2009"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Andrée Jeglertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Jeglertz"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2013"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Minna Meriluoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna_Meriluoto"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Korpela was part of the Finland squad at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship.[11] She made her senior Finland women's national football team debut in March 2007, against Sweden at the Algarve Cup. By the time of UEFA Women's Euro 2009, hosted in Finland, Korpela was the first choice goalkeeper.[12]In June 2013, Korpela was named in national coach Andrée Jeglertz's Finland squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013.[13] After playing in Finland's first two matches at the tournament, she was replaced with longstanding rival Minna Meriluoto for the final group game; a 1–1 draw with Denmark.On 21 October 2021, she played her 100th match for Finland in a 3–0 win over Georgia in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification.[14]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Korpela is openly gay.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naisten Liiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naisten_Liiga"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Naisten_Liiga"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Naisten_Liiga"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga_(women)"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Bundesliga_(women)"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Bundesliga_(women)"}],"text":"FC HonkaNaisten Liiga: Winner 2006, 2007, 2008Bayern MünchenBundesliga: Winner 2014–15, 2015–16","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Playing for Tyresö in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2014-03-29_Ty32_Tinja-Riikka_Korpela_4632.jpg/170px-2014-03-29_Ty32_Tinja-Riikka_Korpela_4632.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2009 UEFA EUROPEAN WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP MATCH PRESS KIT\" (PDF). UEFA. Retrieved 31 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/woco/2009/E/E_304284_pk.pdf","url_text":"\"2009 UEFA EUROPEAN WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP MATCH PRESS KIT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Naisten Liiga – Suomen Palloliitto\". Retrieved 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naistenliiga.fi/taustasivut/artikkeliarkisto/?num=12654","url_text":"\"Naisten Liiga – Suomen Palloliitto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyresö sign Korpela and secure quartet\". Uefa.com. UEFA. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=2035705.html","url_text":"\"Tyresö sign Korpela and secure quartet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"Saffer, Paul (22 May 2014). \"Müller the hero again as Wolfsburg win classic final\". UEFA. Retrieved 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2014/matches/round=2000498/match=2014107/postmatch/report/","url_text":"\"Müller the hero again as Wolfsburg win classic final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"Jönsson, Fredrik; Nordmark, Kasja (5 June 2014). \"Tyresö lämnar damallsvenskan\" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/damallsvenskan/article19010400.ab","url_text":"\"Tyresö lämnar damallsvenskan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"}]},{"reference":"\"FC Bayern verpflichtet Korpela und verlängert mit Manieri\". fcbayern-frauenfussball.de (in German). 23 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcbayern-frauenfussball.de/news/FC+Bayern+verpflichtet+Korpela+und+verl%E4ngert+mit+Manieri,25846.htm","url_text":"\"FC Bayern verpflichtet Korpela und verlängert mit Manieri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tinja-Riikka Korpela weitere zwei Jahre beim FC Bayern\" (in German). Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcbayern.de/de/teams/frauen/news/2016/fcb-frauen-verlaengern-mit-tinja-riikka-korpela-180216.php","url_text":"\"Tinja-Riikka Korpela weitere zwei Jahre beim FC Bayern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torhueterin Korpela verlaesst die FCB-Frauen\" (in German). Pressemitteilung auf der Homepage des FC Bayern München.","urls":[{"url":"https://fcbayern.com/de/news/2017/12/torhueterin-korpela-verlaesst-die-fcb-frauen","url_text":"\"Torhueterin Korpela verlaesst die FCB-Frauen\""}]},{"reference":"Lea, Connie (6 July 2021). \"Tottenham Hotspur sign former Everton duo\". Her Football Hub. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://herfootballhub.com/tottenham-hotspur-sign-former-everton-duo-womens-super-league/","url_text":"\"Tottenham Hotspur sign former Everton duo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tinja-Riikka Korpela\". Uefa.com. UEFA. Retrieved 21 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.archive.dr.infra.uefa.com/competitions/woco/players/Player=69925/index.html","url_text":"\"Tinja-Riikka Korpela\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeglertz turns to youth for Finland\". Uefa.com. UEFA. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/news/newsid=1967869.html","url_text":"\"Jeglertz turns to youth for Finland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Internationals - Tinja-Riikka joins 100 club\". Tottenham Hotspur. 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2021/october/internationals-tinja-riikka-joins-100-club/","url_text":"\"Internationals - Tinja-Riikka joins 100 club\""}]},{"reference":"Sundelin, Saku-Pekka (12 February 2015). \"Suomalainen jalkapalloammattilainen homoudestaan: Pitää uskaltaa puhua\". Iltasanomat.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.is.fi/jalkapallo/art-2000000876952.html","url_text":"\"Suomalainen jalkapalloammattilainen homoudestaan: Pitää uskaltaa puhua\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/woco/2009/E/E_304284_pk.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2009 UEFA EUROPEAN WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP MATCH PRESS KIT\""},{"Link":"http://yle.fi/urheilu/lajit/jalkapallo/kotimaa/2011/10/suomen_naisten_em-karsintajoukkue_valittu_2950085.html","external_links_name":"Suomen naisten EM-karsintajoukkue valittu"},{"Link":"http://www.naistenliiga.fi/taustasivut/artikkeliarkisto/?num=12654","external_links_name":"\"Naisten Liiga – Suomen Palloliitto\""},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=2035705.html","external_links_name":"\"Tyresö sign Korpela and secure quartet\""},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2014/matches/round=2000498/match=2014107/postmatch/report/","external_links_name":"\"Müller the hero again as Wolfsburg win classic final\""},{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/damallsvenskan/article19010400.ab","external_links_name":"\"Tyresö lämnar damallsvenskan\""},{"Link":"http://www.fcbayern-frauenfussball.de/news/FC+Bayern+verpflichtet+Korpela+und+verl%E4ngert+mit+Manieri,25846.htm","external_links_name":"\"FC Bayern verpflichtet Korpela und verlängert mit Manieri\""},{"Link":"http://www.fcbayern.de/de/teams/frauen/news/2016/fcb-frauen-verlaengern-mit-tinja-riikka-korpela-180216.php","external_links_name":"\"Tinja-Riikka Korpela weitere zwei Jahre beim FC Bayern\""},{"Link":"https://fcbayern.com/de/news/2017/12/torhueterin-korpela-verlaesst-die-fcb-frauen","external_links_name":"\"Torhueterin Korpela verlaesst die FCB-Frauen\""},{"Link":"https://herfootballhub.com/tottenham-hotspur-sign-former-everton-duo-womens-super-league/","external_links_name":"\"Tottenham Hotspur sign former Everton duo\""},{"Link":"http://en.archive.dr.infra.uefa.com/competitions/woco/players/Player=69925/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Tinja-Riikka Korpela\""},{"Link":"http://www.palloliitto.fi/maajoukkueet/naisten-maajoukkue/pelaajat/tinja-riikka-korpela?lang=fi","external_links_name":"Statistics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060453/http://www.palloliitto.fi/maajoukkueet/naisten-maajoukkue/pelaajat/tinja-riikka-korpela?lang=fi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/news/newsid=1967869.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeglertz turns to youth for Finland\""},{"Link":"https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2021/october/internationals-tinja-riikka-joins-100-club/","external_links_name":"\"Internationals - Tinja-Riikka joins 100 club\""},{"Link":"https://www.is.fi/jalkapallo/art-2000000876952.html","external_links_name":"\"Suomalainen jalkapalloammattilainen homoudestaan: Pitää uskaltaa puhua\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=237658/index.html","external_links_name":"Tinja-Riikka Korpela"},{"Link":"https://www.palloliitto.fi/tinja-riikka-korpela","external_links_name":"Player's profile at Football Association of Finland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201102213436/https://www.palloliitto.fi/tinja-riikka-korpela","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_mapping_by_ultrasonics | Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics | ["1 References"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics is a nonintrusive (noninvasive) technique which maps material thickness using ultrasonic techniques.
Variations in material thickness due to corrosion can be identified and graphically portrayed as an image.
The technique is widely used in the oil and gas industries for the in-service detection and characterization of corrosion in pipes and vessels.
The data is stored on a computer and may be color coded to show differences in thickness readings.
Corrosion may be mapped using Zero degree ultrasonic probes, an Eddy current array and/or Time of flight detection methods.
The book Nondestructive Examination of Underwater Welded Structures by Victor S. Davey describes a "fully automated dual axis robotic scanner used for corrosion mapping normally using a single zero degree compression probe scanned in a raster pattern over the area of interest."
He also goes on to explain that "typically a 4 mm by 4 mm raster" is used.
References
^ Stuart, Sam (2013-09-11). Ultrasonics International 83: Conference Proceedings. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4831-4082-7.
Computer modelling for the prediction of the probability of detection of ultrasonic corrosion mapping Authors: Burch, S F; Stow, B A; Wall, M
Eddy current array probe for corrosion mapping on ageing aircraft AIP Conf. Proc. 509, pages 489–496; 8 pages) REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 19 Date: 25–30 July 1999 Location: Montreal (Canada) Rémi Leclerc and Rock Samson
Pipeline Corrosion and Cracking and the Associated Calibration Considerations for Same Side Sizing Applications Ginzel, R.K. & Kanters, W.A. Eclipse Scientific Products Inc, Williamsford, Ontario, Canada https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064220/http://www.turkndt.org/sub/makale/ornek/Pipeline%20Corrosion%20and%20Cracking%20and%20the%20Associated%20Calibrati.pdf
Improved plant availability by advanced condition based inspections Harry J.M Hulshofa, Jan W Notebooma, Paul G.M Welberga, Leo E de Bruijnb KEMA Nederland BV, P.O. Box, 9035 6800 ET Arnhem, The Netherlands Benelux Generation N.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
This corrosion-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ultrasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image"},{"link_name":"Eddy current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics is a nonintrusive (noninvasive) technique which maps material thickness using ultrasonic techniques.Variations in material thickness due to corrosion can be identified and graphically portrayed as an image. \nThe technique is widely used in the oil and gas industries for the in-service detection and characterization of corrosion in pipes and vessels.\nThe data is stored on a computer and may be color coded to show differences in thickness readings.Corrosion may be mapped using Zero degree ultrasonic probes, an Eddy current array and/or Time of flight detection methods. \nThe book Nondestructive Examination of Underwater Welded Structures by Victor S. Davey describes a \"fully automated dual axis robotic scanner used for corrosion mapping normally using a single zero degree compression probe scanned in a raster pattern over the area of interest.\" \nHe also goes on to explain that \"typically a 4 mm by 4 mm raster\" is used.[1]","title":"Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stuart, Sam (2013-09-11). Ultrasonics International 83: Conference Proceedings. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4831-4082-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YTYvBQAAQBAJ&q=Corrosion+mapping+by+ultrasonics&pg=PA223","url_text":"Ultrasonics International 83: Conference Proceedings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-4082-7","url_text":"978-1-4831-4082-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YTYvBQAAQBAJ&q=Corrosion+mapping+by+ultrasonics&pg=PA223","external_links_name":"Ultrasonics International 83: Conference Proceedings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064220/http://www.turkndt.org/sub/makale/ornek/Pipeline%20Corrosion%20and%20Cracking%20and%20the%20Associated%20Calibrati.pdf","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064220/http://www.turkndt.org/sub/makale/ornek/Pipeline%20Corrosion%20and%20Cracking%20and%20the%20Associated%20Calibrati.pdf"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corrosion_mapping_by_ultrasonics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._S._Barnes | Alfred Smith Barnes | [] | American publisher and philanthropist (1817–1888)
Alfred Smith Barnes
Alfred Smith Barnes (January 28, 1817 – February 17, 1888) was an American publisher and philanthropist.
Early life
Barnes was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Eli Barnes of Southington, Connecticut, a farmer and innkeeper, who founded the hamlet of "Barnesville", which is now Fair Haven, Connecticut. His mother's maiden name was "Morris", and her family came from Morris Cove, Connecticut. Barnes went to primary school in Wethersfield, Connecticut, but he left when his father died in 1827. At the age of 12, Barnes was placed with an uncle, Deacon Norman Smith, who lived near Hartford, and he was schooled by Prof. Jesse Olney, working on his uncle's farm in the summer.
Career
As a young man, Barnes worked as a clerk in a shoe store, then for D. F. Robinson & Co., a publisher in Hartford, where he learned the publishing trade. While in Hartford, he successfully published books aimed at the educational market by Charles Davies on mathematics and Emma Willard on history, in a joint venture between the three of them. Barnes then moved to Philadelphia in 1840, where for four years he built a publishing company, which he then transferred to New York City. After passing through a number of partners and company names, Barnes settled on "A. S. Barnes & Co." in 1865.
A. S. Barnes was a family operation: eventually, his five sons, his brother and one nephew were connected to the firm, which became the leading publisher of textbooks in the United States, as well as issuing general interest books on a wide range of subjects.
Barnes himself became well-connected in New York society. He was a member of the Union League Club of New York, a long-time member and supporter of the Long Island Historical Society and its Director for 21 years from 1867 until his death, and a trustee of the Clinton Avenue Congregational Church of Brooklyn, where he lived for many years. He was associated with the Union Pacific Railroad, the New York Elevated Railroad – for which he was a notable proponent – the Hanover Bank, the Dime Savings Bank and the Home Insurance Company.
Barnes Hall, Cornell University (1887)
As a philanthropist, Barnes was a major benefactor of Cornell University, where he founded Barnes Hall, and was also associated with Fisk University in Tennessee. He supported academies and churches in Brooklyn as well, and contributed $3000 towards the construction of a building for the Long Island Historical Society.
Family life
Barnes renovated the Brooklyn Heights townhouse at 114 Pierrepont Street
Barnes managed his company until his retirement in 1880. He was married twice, in 1840 to Harriet E. Burr, with whom he had ten children, and in 1883 to Mary Matthews Smith. His son, Alfred Cutler Barnes, took over the business after the death of his father, later helping to form the conglomerate American Book Company, under which "A. S. Barnes" continued as an imprint.
Barnes died at his Brooklyn Heights home, which later became the Brooklyn Women's Club.
A. S. Barnes & Co.
A. S. Barnes published textbooks under the "Library for Teachers" imprint: one of their earliest best sellers was Clark's English Grammar. Barnes published Joel Dorman Steele's Fourteen Weeks science book series beginning in 1867 and his Barnes Brief History of the United States in 1871. The company also put out Watson's Readers, Davies' Arithmetic, Monteith's Geography and the National Series of Standard Science Books. Barnes occasionally published fiction, such as Joseph Lincoln's first novel, Cap'n Ernie.
The company also published trade magazines (Education Bulletin, National Teacher's Weekly, International Review), manufactured furniture for schools, and sold classroom supplies.
After Alfred Barnes' death, and the takeover of the company by his son, Alfred C. Barnes, and the formation of the American Book Company conglomerate, Ripley Hitchcock became editor-in-chief, bringing with him Gilbert Parker, Stephen Crane and Stewart Edward White. The new regime published educational books edited by Margaret Sanger as well as her Woman's Home Library series; the 17-volume Trail Makers series and New Barnes Writing Books, which created a sensation. The company incorporated in 1909, in order to provide fresh working capital, needed after acquiring another publishing firm. In 1917, a merger with Prang Co. was attempted, but abandoned after a few months. The company split up, with John Barnes Pratt acquiring the rights to the company name and much of the back catalog.
1941, the American Sports Publishing Company, publishers of the Spalding Athletic Library, was sold to A.S. Barnes. The Spalding Athletic Library provided books for over 30 different sports.
In the 1950s, A.S. Barnes & Company became the major publisher of sports reference books, with groundbreaking books such as The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball by Hy Turkin and S. C. Thompson and Roger Treat's Football Encyclopedia. Both titles represented the first entry in the genre for their respective sports. In 1958, A. S. Barnes was acquired by Thomas Yoseloff, who merged his namesake publishing company into Barnes as an imprint.
References
^ a b "Gen. A. C. Barnes Dead". The Sun. November 29, 1904. p. 2.
^ Barnes, Hillman B. (1889). In Memory of Alfred Smith Barnes. Privately printed.
^ a b c d e Hall, Henry, ed. (1895). America's Successful Men of Affairs. An encyclopedia of contemporaneous biography. Vol. 1. New York: The New York Tribune. pp. 60–61.
^ a b c d e f g Information compiled by The Hyde Park Book Store. "1838—A.S. Barnes & Co". PaperBarn.www1.50megs.com:80. Archived from the original on 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
^ a b Proceedings of the Long Island Historical Society in memory of ... Alfred Smith Barnes, pp. 14–15.
^ Press and Sun-Bulletin, Binghamton, NY, August 28, 1941. Retrieved Oct. 23, 2020
^ Elwell, Stephen (1986). "Thomas Yoseloff". In Dzwonkoski, Peter (ed.). American literary publishing houses, 1900-1980. Dictionary of literary biography. Vol. 46. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research Company. pp. 390–392. ISBN 0-8103-1724-9.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_S._Barnes.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Alfred Smith BarnesAlfred Smith Barnes (January 28, 1817 – February 17, 1888)[1] was an American publisher and philanthropist.","title":"Alfred Smith Barnes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Southington, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Morris Cove, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris_Cove,_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wethersfield, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wethersfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford"},{"link_name":"Jesse Olney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Olney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memory-2"}],"text":"Barnes was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Eli Barnes of Southington, Connecticut, a farmer and innkeeper, who founded the hamlet of \"Barnesville\", which is now Fair Haven, Connecticut. His mother's maiden name was \"Morris\", and her family came from Morris Cove, Connecticut. Barnes went to primary school in Wethersfield, Connecticut, but he left when his father died in 1827. At the age of 12, Barnes was placed with an uncle, Deacon Norman Smith, who lived near Hartford, and he was schooled by Prof. Jesse Olney, working on his uncle's farm in the summer.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Davies_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emma Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Willard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbarn-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbarn-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-3"},{"link_name":"textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbooks"},{"link_name":"Union League Club of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lihs-5"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New York Elevated Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Elevated_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Hanover Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_Bank"},{"link_name":"Dime Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_Savings_Bank_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Home Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Insurance_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barnes_Hall,_Cornell_University,_Ithaca,_NY.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barnes Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Hall"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"philanthropist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Barnes Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Hall"},{"link_name":"Fisk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lihs-5"}],"text":"As a young man, Barnes worked as a clerk in a shoe store, then for D. F. Robinson & Co., a publisher in Hartford, where he learned the publishing trade. While in Hartford, he successfully published books aimed at the educational market by Charles Davies on mathematics and Emma Willard on history,[3] in a joint venture between the three of them.[4] Barnes then moved to Philadelphia in 1840, where for four years he built a publishing company, which he then transferred to New York City. After passing through a number of partners and company names, Barnes settled on \"A. S. Barnes & Co.\" in 1865.[4]A. S. Barnes was a family operation: eventually, his five sons, his brother and one nephew were connected to the firm,[3] which became the leading publisher of textbooks in the United States, as well as issuing general interest books on a wide range of subjects.Barnes himself became well-connected in New York society. He was a member of the Union League Club of New York, a long-time member and supporter of the Long Island Historical Society and its Director for 21 years from 1867 until his death,[5] and a trustee of the Clinton Avenue Congregational Church of Brooklyn, where he lived for many years. He was associated with the Union Pacific Railroad, the New York Elevated Railroad – for which he was a notable proponent – the Hanover Bank, the Dime Savings Bank and the Home Insurance Company.[3]Barnes Hall, Cornell University (1887)As a philanthropist, Barnes was a major benefactor of Cornell University, where he founded Barnes Hall, and was also associated with Fisk University in Tennessee. He supported academies and churches in Brooklyn as well,[3] and contributed $3000 towards the construction of a building for the Long Island Historical Society.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:114_Pierrepont.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights"},{"link_name":"Mary Matthews Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mathews_Adams"},{"link_name":"Alfred Cutler Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cutler_Barnes"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"American Book Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Book_Company_(1890)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbarn-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-3"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Women's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Women%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Barnes renovated the Brooklyn Heights townhouse at 114 Pierrepont StreetBarnes managed his company until his retirement in 1880. He was married twice, in 1840 to Harriet E. Burr, with whom he had ten children, and in 1883 to Mary Matthews Smith. His son, Alfred Cutler Barnes, took over the business after the death of his father, later helping to form the conglomerate American Book Company,[4][3] under which \"A. S. Barnes\" continued as an imprint.Barnes died at his Brooklyn Heights home, which later became the Brooklyn Women's Club.[1]","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joel Dorman Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Dorman_Steele"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Cap'n Ernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap%27n_Ernie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbarn-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbarn-4"},{"link_name":"American Book Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Book_Company_(1890)"},{"link_name":"Ripley Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Parker"},{"link_name":"Stephen Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crane"},{"link_name":"Stewart Edward White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Edward_White"},{"link_name":"Margaret Sanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbarn-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbarn-4"},{"link_name":"Spalding Athletic Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding_Athletic_Library"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hy Turkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_Turkin"},{"link_name":"S. C. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._C._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Roger Treat's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Treat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A. S. Barnes published textbooks under the \"Library for Teachers\" imprint: one of their earliest best sellers was Clark's English Grammar. Barnes published Joel Dorman Steele's Fourteen Weeks science book series beginning in 1867 and his Barnes Brief History of the United States in 1871. The company also put out Watson's Readers, Davies' Arithmetic, Monteith's Geography and the National Series of Standard Science Books. Barnes occasionally published fiction, such as Joseph Lincoln's first novel, Cap'n Ernie.[4]The company also published trade magazines (Education Bulletin, National Teacher's Weekly, International Review), manufactured furniture for schools, and sold classroom supplies.[4]After Alfred Barnes' death, and the takeover of the company by his son, Alfred C. Barnes, and the formation of the American Book Company conglomerate, Ripley Hitchcock became editor-in-chief, bringing with him Gilbert Parker, Stephen Crane and Stewart Edward White. The new regime published educational books edited by Margaret Sanger as well as her Woman's Home Library series; the 17-volume Trail Makers series and New Barnes Writing Books, which created a sensation.[4] The company incorporated in 1909, in order to provide fresh working capital, needed after acquiring another publishing firm. In 1917, a merger with Prang Co. was attempted, but abandoned after a few months. The company split up, with John Barnes Pratt acquiring the rights to the company name and much of the back catalog.[4]1941, the American Sports Publishing Company, publishers of the Spalding Athletic Library, was sold to A.S. Barnes. The Spalding Athletic Library provided books for over 30 different sports.[6]\nIn the 1950s, A.S. Barnes & Company became the major publisher of sports reference books, with groundbreaking books such as The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball by Hy Turkin and S. C. Thompson and Roger Treat's Football Encyclopedia. Both titles represented the first entry in the genre for their respective sports. In 1958, A. S. Barnes was acquired by Thomas Yoseloff, who merged his namesake publishing company into Barnes as an imprint.[7]","title":"A. S. Barnes & Co. "}] | [{"image_text":"Alfred Smith Barnes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Alfred_S._Barnes.jpg/220px-Alfred_S._Barnes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barnes Hall, Cornell University (1887)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Barnes_Hall%2C_Cornell_University%2C_Ithaca%2C_NY.jpg/150px-Barnes_Hall%2C_Cornell_University%2C_Ithaca%2C_NY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barnes renovated the Brooklyn Heights townhouse at 114 Pierrepont Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/114_Pierrepont.jpg/220px-114_Pierrepont.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gen. A. C. Barnes Dead\". The Sun. November 29, 1904. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1904-11-29/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&index=9&rows=20&words=114+Pierrepont&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=%22114+pierrepont%22&y=15&x=18&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","url_text":"\"Gen. A. C. Barnes Dead\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Hillman B. (1889). In Memory of Alfred Smith Barnes. Privately printed.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924029802786/","url_text":"In Memory of Alfred Smith Barnes"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Henry, ed. (1895). America's Successful Men of Affairs. An encyclopedia of contemporaneous biography. Vol. 1. New York: The New York Tribune. pp. 60–61.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americassuccessf01hallrich/page/60/mode/2up","url_text":"America's Successful Men of Affairs. An encyclopedia of contemporaneous biography"}]},{"reference":"Information compiled by The Hyde Park Book Store. \"1838—A.S. Barnes & Co\". PaperBarn.www1.50megs.com:80. Archived from the original on 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2017-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428011253/http://paperbarn.www1.50megs.com/publishers/b.html#1838---A.S.","url_text":"\"1838—A.S. Barnes & Co\""},{"url":"http://paperbarn.www1.50megs.com/publishers/b.html#1838---A.S.","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Elwell, Stephen (1986). \"Thomas Yoseloff\". In Dzwonkoski, Peter (ed.). American literary publishing houses, 1900-1980. Dictionary of literary biography. Vol. 46. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research Company. pp. 390–392. ISBN 0-8103-1724-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanliterary0046unse/page/390","url_text":"\"Thomas Yoseloff\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanliterary0046unse/page/390","url_text":"390–392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-1724-9","url_text":"0-8103-1724-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1904-11-29/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&index=9&rows=20&words=114+Pierrepont&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=%22114+pierrepont%22&y=15&x=18&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","external_links_name":"\"Gen. A. C. Barnes Dead\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924029802786/","external_links_name":"In Memory of Alfred Smith Barnes"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americassuccessf01hallrich/page/60/mode/2up","external_links_name":"America's Successful Men of Affairs. An encyclopedia of contemporaneous biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428011253/http://paperbarn.www1.50megs.com/publishers/b.html#1838---A.S.","external_links_name":"\"1838—A.S. Barnes & Co\""},{"Link":"http://paperbarn.www1.50megs.com/publishers/b.html#1838---A.S.","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsoflon00long_0","external_links_name":"Proceedings of the Long Island Historical Society in memory of ... Alfred Smith Barnes"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/253444336/?terms=Spalding%27s%2BAthletic%2BGuide//","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americanliterary0046unse/page/390","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Yoseloff\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americanliterary0046unse/page/390","external_links_name":"390–392"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174876/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000028745769","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35610960","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrm4hm6qCYY9Rq4tg7bVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132233673","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007354702505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85221059","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132233673.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ks8zz6","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Herald | Newspapers of Yorkshire | ["1 Existing newspapers","1.1 Daily newspapers","1.2 Weekly newspapers","1.3 Monthly newspapers","1.4 Online-only newspapers","2 Defunct newspapers","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | The newspapers of Yorkshire have a long history, stretching back to the 18th century. Regional newspapers have enjoyed varying fortunes, reflected in the large number of now-defunct papers from Yorkshire.
Existing newspapers
Daily newspapers
Bradford Telegraph & Argus
Huddersfield Daily Examiner
Halifax Courier
Hull Daily Mail
Sheffield Star (Sheffield and South Yorkshire)
The Press (York) (York and North Yorkshire)
Yorkshire Evening Post (Leeds and West Yorkshire)
Yorkshire Post
Weekly newspapers
Barnsley Chronicle
Bridlington Free Press
Craven Herald & Pioneer
Doncaster Free Press
Easingwold Advertiser
Harrogate Advertiser
Keighley News
Knaresborough Post
Nidderdale Herald
Pocklington Post
Ripon Gazette'
Rotherham Advertiser
Scarborough News
Sheffield Telegraph'
Wetherby News
Wharfedale & Airedale Observer
Whitby Gazette
Monthly newspapers
The City Talking
The Yorkshire Reporter
Online-only newspapers
The Yorkshire Times
Defunct newspapers
Bradford Star (1981-2000)
Harrogate Herald (1847–1957), pub. Robert Ackrill.
Hull Portfolio, radical newspaper of James Acland, founded c.1831.
The Hull Packet and East Riding Times / The Hull Packet Humber Mercury or Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Advertiser / Yorkshire Advertiser
Leeds Intelligencer
Leeds Mercury
Thirsk and District News
York and District Advertiser
York Chronicle and General Advertiser
York Chronicle
York Citizen
York Comet
York Co-operative Citizen
York Courant
York Daily Labour News
York Express
York Free Press Farmers Friend and Freemans Journal
York Gazetteer
York Gazette (20,000th issue on 15 May 1915)
York Herald (newspaper)
York Journal
York Journal or Weekly Advertiser
York Miscellany, contributed to by John Baines (mathematician)
York Mercury
York News
York Pioneer
York Sentinel
York Star
York Times
York Weekly Mail
Yorkshire Chronicle
Yorkshire Express
Yorkshire Gazette (1740-1752)
Yorkshire Independent
Yorkshire Observer
Yorkshireman
See also
List of newspapers in the United Kingdom
History of British newspapers
References
^ Bradford Star Telegraph & Argus Article
^ "Harrogate Herald". The British Newspaper Archive. 1847–1957. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
^ "The Hull Packet and East Riding Times". 26 February 1886. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.
^ "The Hull Packet Humber Mercury or Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Advertiser". 9 November 1830. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.
^ Edwin Ridsdale Tate - the man who captured medieval York
^ Newspapers | British History Online
External links
Newsplan - for further information on Yorkshire newspapers | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Newspapers of Yorkshire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Existing newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradford Telegraph & Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Telegraph_%26_Argus"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Daily Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Daily_Examiner"},{"link_name":"Halifax Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Courier"},{"link_name":"Hull Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Star"},{"link_name":"The Press (York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_(York)"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post"}],"sub_title":"Daily newspapers","text":"Bradford Telegraph & Argus\nHuddersfield Daily Examiner\nHalifax Courier\nHull Daily Mail\nSheffield Star (Sheffield and South Yorkshire)\nThe Press (York) (York and North Yorkshire)\nYorkshire Evening Post (Leeds and West Yorkshire)\nYorkshire Post","title":"Existing newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnsley Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Bridlington Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlington_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"Craven Herald & Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Herald_%26_Pioneer"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"Easingwold Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.easingwoldadvertiser.com/"},{"link_name":"Harrogate Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harrogate_Advertiser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keighley News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley_News"},{"link_name":"Knaresborough Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knaresborough_Post&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nidderdale Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nidderdale_Herald&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pocklington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pocklington_Post&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ripon Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ripon_Gazette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rotherham Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotherham_Advertiser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scarborough News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_News"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Wetherby News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherby_News"},{"link_name":"Wharfedale & Airedale Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfedale_%26_Airedale_Observer"},{"link_name":"Whitby Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_Gazette"}],"sub_title":"Weekly newspapers","text":"Barnsley Chronicle\nBridlington Free Press\nCraven Herald & Pioneer\nDoncaster Free Press\nEasingwold Advertiser\nHarrogate Advertiser\nKeighley News\nKnaresborough Post\nNidderdale Herald\nPocklington Post\nRipon Gazette'\nRotherham Advertiser\nScarborough News\nSheffield Telegraph'\nWetherby News\nWharfedale & Airedale Observer\nWhitby Gazette","title":"Existing newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The City Talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_City_Talking&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Yorkshire Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Yorkshire_Reporter&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Monthly newspapers","text":"The City Talking\nThe Yorkshire Reporter","title":"Existing newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Yorkshire Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yorkshire_Times"}],"sub_title":"Online-only newspapers","text":"The Yorkshire Times","title":"Existing newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradford Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Star&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Harrogate Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harrogate_Herald&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Ackrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ackrill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hull Portfolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hull_Portfolio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Acland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Acland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Leeds Intelligencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Intelligencer"},{"link_name":"Leeds Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Thirsk and District News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirsk_and_District_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York and District Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_and_District_Advertiser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Chronicle and General Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Chronicle_and_General_Advertiser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Chronicle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Citizen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Comet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Co-operative Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Co-operative_Citizen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Courant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Courant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Daily Labour News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Daily_Labour_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Express&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Free Press Farmers Friend and Freemans Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Free_Press_Farmers_Friend_and_Freemans_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Gazetteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Gazetteer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"York Herald (newspaper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Herald_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Journal or Weekly Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Journal_or_Weekly_Advertiser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Miscellany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Miscellany&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Baines (mathematician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baines_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"York Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Mercury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Pioneer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Sentinel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Star&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Weekly Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_Weekly_Mail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_Chronicle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_Express&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_Independent&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_Observer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yorkshireman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshireman"}],"text":"Bradford Star (1981-2000)[1]\nHarrogate Herald (1847–1957), pub. Robert Ackrill.[2]\nHull Portfolio, radical newspaper of James Acland, founded c.1831.\nThe Hull Packet and East Riding Times[3] / The Hull Packet Humber Mercury or Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Advertiser[4] / Yorkshire Advertiser\nLeeds Intelligencer\nLeeds Mercury\nThirsk and District News\nYork and District Advertiser\nYork Chronicle and General Advertiser\nYork Chronicle\nYork Citizen\nYork Comet\nYork Co-operative Citizen\nYork Courant\nYork Daily Labour News\nYork Express\nYork Free Press Farmers Friend and Freemans Journal\nYork Gazetteer\nYork Gazette (20,000th issue on 15 May 1915)[5]\nYork Herald (newspaper)\nYork Journal\nYork Journal or Weekly Advertiser\nYork Miscellany, contributed to by John Baines (mathematician)\nYork Mercury\nYork News\nYork Pioneer\nYork Sentinel\nYork Star\nYork Times\nYork Weekly Mail\nYorkshire Chronicle\nYorkshire Express\nYorkshire Gazette (1740-1752)[6]\nYorkshire Independent\nYorkshire Observer\nYorkshireman","title":"Defunct newspapers"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of newspapers in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"History of British newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_British_newspapers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Harrogate Herald\". The British Newspaper Archive. 1847–1957. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/titles/harrogate-herald","url_text":"\"Harrogate Herald\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hull Packet and East Riding Times\". 26 February 1886. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38696444/the-hull-packet-and-east-riding-times/","url_text":"\"The Hull Packet and East Riding Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hull Packet Humber Mercury or Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Advertiser\". 9 November 1830. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38696391/the-hull-packet-humber-mercury-or/","url_text":"\"The Hull Packet Humber Mercury or Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Advertiser\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.easingwoldadvertiser.com/","external_links_name":"Easingwold Advertiser"},{"Link":"https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/18216592.looking-back-launching-bradfords-newest-edition-bradford-star/","external_links_name":"Bradford Star Telegraph & Argus Article"},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/titles/harrogate-herald","external_links_name":"\"Harrogate Herald\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38696444/the-hull-packet-and-east-riding-times/","external_links_name":"\"The Hull Packet and East Riding Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38696391/the-hull-packet-humber-mercury-or/","external_links_name":"\"The Hull Packet Humber Mercury or Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Advertiser\""},{"Link":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/11212065.Edwin_Ridsdale_Tate___the_man_who_captured_medieval_York/","external_links_name":"Edwin Ridsdale Tate - the man who captured medieval York"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp537-541","external_links_name":"Newspapers | British History Online"},{"Link":"http://www.yli.org.uk/newsplan/index.htm","external_links_name":"Newsplan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe_languages | Mixe languages | ["1 Classification","2 Phonology","2.1 Vowels","3 Grammar","3.1 Verbs","3.2 Nouns","3.3 Syntax","4 Sample","5 Radio","6 See also","7 Sources","8 Bibliography","9 External links"] | Branch of the Mixe-Zoquean language family of Mexico
Not to be confused with Mixean languages or Mixtec languages.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
MixeOaxacan MixeanAyuujkEthnicityMixe peopleGeographicdistributionOaxaca, MexicoNative speakers140,000 (2020 census)Linguistic classificationMixe–ZoqueMixeanMixeSubdivisions
Totontepec
Tlahuitoltepec
Midland
Isthmus
Ulterior Mixe
Glottologoaxa1241The Mixe region within the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico
PeopleAyuujkjä'äy (Mixe)LanguageAyöök (Mixe)
The Mixe languages are languages of the Mixean branch of the Mixe–Zoquean language family indigenous to southern Mexico. According to a 1995 classification, there are seven of them (including one that is extinct). The four that are spoken in Oaxaca are commonly called Mixe while their two relatives spoken in Veracruz are commonly called "Popoluca", but sometimes also Mixe (these are "Oluta Popoluca" or "Olutec Mixe" and "Sayula Popoluca" or "Sayultec Mixe"). This article is about the Oaxaca Mixe languages, which their speakers call Ayöök, Ayuujk, Ayüük or Ayuhk.Video on Mixe produced by UABJO
140,000 people reported their language to be "Mixe" in the 2020 census.
Classification
Oaxaca Mixe languages are spoken in the Sierra Mixe of eastern Oaxaca. These four languages are: North Highland Mixe, spoken around Totontepec (the most divergent); South Highland Mixe, spoken around Santa María Tlahuitoltepec, Ayutla and Tamazulapan); Midland Mixe, spoken around Juquila and Zacatepec; and Lowland Mixe, spoken in San Juan Guichicovi (this language is also known as "Isthmus Mixe").
The following classification is from Wichmann (1995:9).
Mixe (Oaxacan Mixean)
North Highland Mixe (Totontepec)
South Highland Mixe (Tlahuitoltepec)
Core (Tlahuitoltepec, Ayutla, Tamazulapan)
Fringe (Tepuxtepec, Tepantlali, Mixistlán)
Midland Mixe
North Midland Mixe (Jaltepec, Puxmetacan, Matamoros, Cotzocón)
South Midland Mixe (Juquila, Cacalotepec)
Lowland Mixe (Camotlán, San José El Paraíso / Coatlán, Mazatlán, Guichicovi)
Wichmann (2008) adds Ulterior Mixe as an additional branch:
Mixe
Totontepec Mixe
Ulterior Mixe
Lowland – Midland Mixe – South Highland
Tlahuitoltepec Mixe
Lowland–Midland Mixe
Midland Mixe
Juquila Mixe
North Central Mixe
Lowland Mixe
Coatlán Mixe
Isthmus Mixe (Guichicovi)
Mazatlán Mixe
Phonology
The phonology of Mixe languages is remarkable due to their complex system of vowel duration contrasts in addition to glottalization. There is a palatalized series of all consonant phonemes (as in Russian, Polish or Irish) and possibly a fortis/lenis distinction in the plosive series, the recognition of which however is obscured by a tendency towards allophonic voicing of consonants in voiced environments.
Vowels
Syllable nuclei vary in length and phonation. Most descriptions report three contrastive vowel lengths. The other types of phonation have been variously termed checked vowels, creaky voice vowels and breathy voice vowels.
The table below illustrates the vowel phonemes for Ayöök (Totentepec) Mixe:
Short
Long
Front
Central
Back
Front
Central
Back
High
i /i/
ï /ɨ/
u /u/
ii /iː/
ïï /ɨ/
uu /uː/
Close-mid
e /e/
ë /ə/
o /o/
ee /eː/
ëë /əː/
oo /oː/
Open-mid
ä /æ/
ää /æː/
Low (open)
a /a/
aa /aː/
Grammar
Verbs
The morphosyntactic alignment of Mixe is ergative and it also has an obviative system which serves to distinguish between verb participants in reference to its direct–inverse system. The Mixe verb is complex and inflects for many categories and also shows a lot of derivational morphology. One of the parameters of verb inflection is whether a verb occurs in an independent or dependent clause; this distinction is marked by both differential affixation and stem ablaut. Unlike Sayultec Mixe (spoken in the neighboring state of Veracruz), Mixe languages of Oaxaca only mark one argument on the verb: either the object or the subject of the verb depending on whether the verb is in the direct or inverse form. Mixe shows a wide variety of possibilities for noun incorporation.
Nouns
The Mixe noun does not normally inflect, except that human nouns inflect for plural. Noun compounding is a very productive process, and the profuse derivational morphology allows for creation of new nouns both from verbs and from other nouns. To indicate the plural an enclitic, ëch, is added to the noun.
Syntax
Mixe languages have SOV constituent order, prepositions and genitives precede the noun. But relative clauses follow the noun.
Sample
This sample is from Lowland Mixe:
pwesdevilpwes hadu'n idaa yɨyoop jɨyäj idaa aldeano mɨɨt ytöxyijk ytɨkoy yɨ mɨküWell there this 3P-poor person this {ranch hand} with 3P.POSS-woman 3P-CAUS/PAS-lose-DEP the devil"Well that's how this poor person, this ranch hand with his wife, made the devil lose"
Radio
Mixe-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEGLO, based in Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca.
See also
Agustín Quintana
Sources
^ a b "Diferentes lenguas indígenas". cuentame.inegi.org.mx. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
^ Ladefoged; Maddieson (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Blackwell. p. 320. ISBN 978-0631198154.
^ Kroeger 2005: 286
^ Jany, 2013 p.538
^ Dieterman, 1995 pg. 110
Bibliography
Dieterman, Julia Irene, 1995, Participant reference in Isthmus Mixe Narrative Discourse, MA. Thesis in linguistics presented to the Faculty of the Graduate school of the University of Texas at Arlington.
Hoogshagen, Searle & Hilda Halloran Hoogshagen, 1993, Diccionario Mixe de Coatlán, Serie de Vocabularios Indigénas "Mariano Silva y Aceves" Num. 32. SIL, Mexico, D.F.
Kroeger, Paul R. 2005. Analyzing grammar: an introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Schoenhals, Alvin & Louise Schoenhals, 1965, Vocabulario Mixe de Totontepec, Serie de Vocabularios Indigénas "Mariano Silva y Aceves" Num. 14. SIL, Mexico, D.F.
Wichmann, Søren, 1995, The Relationship Among the Mixe–Zoquean Languages of Mexico. University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City. ISBN 0-87480-487-6
JANY, C. (2013). Defining Nominal Comp as a P WORD-FORMATION PROCESS IN CHUXNABÁN MIXE. International Journal of American Linguistics, 79(4), 533–553.
External links
Online resources for Mixe of Chuxnabán (Midlands) by Carmen Jany
Bachillerato bilingüe Mixe de Tlahuitoltepec
vteMixe–Zoque languagesMixeOaxaca Mixe
Coatlán Mixe
Isthmus Mixe
Totontepec Mixe
Tlahuitoltepec Mixe
Juquila Mixe
Mazatlán Mixe
North Central Mixe
Quetzaltepec Mixe
Gulf Mixe
Sayula Popoluca
Oluta Popoluca
Chiapas Mixe
Tapachultec†
ZoqueOaxaca Zoque
Chimalapa Zoque
Chiapas Zoque
Copainalá Zoque
Rayón Zoque
Francisco León Zoque
Gulf Zoque
Highland Popoluca
Texistepec Popoluca
Tabasco Zoque
Proto-language
Proto-Mixe–Zoquean
† – Extinct.
vteLanguages of MexicoOfficial/Indigenous100,000+speakers
Spanish
Nahuatl
Yucatec Maya
Tzeltal Maya
Tzotzil Maya
Mixtec
Zapotec
Otomí
Totonac
Mazatec
Chʼol
Huastec
Chinantec
Mixe
Mazahua
Tlapanec
Purépecha
10,000-100,000speakers
Tarahumara
Tojol-abʼal
Chontal de Tabasco
Amuzgo
Huichol
Chatino
Sierra Popoluca
Mayo
Tepehuán
Triqui
Cora
Popolocan
Huave
Cuicatec
Mam
Yaqui
Pame
Qʼanjobʼal
Tepehua
Under 10,000speakers
Chontal of Oaxaca
Chuj
Akatek
Chiricahua
Tacuate
Chichimeca Jonaz
Huarijío
Chocholtec
Pima Bajo
Qʼeqchí
Lacandón
Western Apache
Jakaltek
Matlatzinca
Seri
Mezcalero
Ixcatec
Kʼicheʼ
Lipan
Kaqchikel
Texistepec
Paipai
Kikapú (whistled speech)
Teko
Cucapá
Qatoʼk
Kumiai
Pápago
Ixil
Olutec
Cochimí
Kiliwa
Ayapanec
Awakatek
Non-official
English
French
Portuguese
Plautdietsch
Venetian
Basque
Catalan
Hebrew
Arabic
Romani
Japanese
Korean
Greek
Italian
Chinese
German
Sign
Mexican Sign Language
Albarradas Sign Language
Mayan Sign Language
Plains Indian Sign Language
Chatino Sign Language
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mixean languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixean_languages"},{"link_name":"Mixtec languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec_languages"},{"link_name":"Mixe–Zoquean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean_languages"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Popoluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoluca"},{"link_name":"Oluta Popoluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluta_Popoluca"},{"link_name":"Sayula Popoluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayula_Popoluca"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UABJO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_Autonomous_University_of_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inegi2020-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Mixean languages or Mixtec languages.The Mixe languages are languages of the Mixean branch of the Mixe–Zoquean language family indigenous to southern Mexico. According to a 1995 classification, there are seven of them (including one that is extinct). The four that are spoken in Oaxaca are commonly called Mixe while their two relatives spoken in Veracruz are commonly called \"Popoluca\", but sometimes also Mixe (these are \"Oluta Popoluca\" or \"Olutec Mixe\" and \"Sayula Popoluca\" or \"Sayultec Mixe\"). This article is about the Oaxaca Mixe languages, which their speakers call Ayöök, Ayuujk, Ayüük or Ayuhk.[citation needed]Video on Mixe produced by UABJO140,000 people reported their language to be \"Mixe\" in the 2020 census.[1]","title":"Mixe languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierra Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"North Highland Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Highland_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Totontepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totontepec"},{"link_name":"South Highland Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Highland_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Santa María Tlahuitoltepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Tlahuitoltepec"},{"link_name":"Ayutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo_Ayutla"},{"link_name":"Tamazulapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamazulapan"},{"link_name":"Midland Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Juquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juquila"},{"link_name":"Zacatepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatepec"},{"link_name":"Lowland Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Mixe"},{"link_name":"San Juan Guichicovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Guichicovi"},{"link_name":"North Highland Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Highland_Mixe"},{"link_name":"South Highland Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Highland_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Midland Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Lowland Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Ulterior Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulterior_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Totontepec Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totontepec_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Ulterior Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulterior_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlahuitoltepec_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Juquila Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juquila_Mixe"},{"link_name":"North Central Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Coatlán Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatl%C3%A1n_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Isthmus Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_Mixe"},{"link_name":"Mazatlán Mixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n_Mixe"}],"text":"Oaxaca Mixe languages are spoken in the Sierra Mixe of eastern Oaxaca. These four languages are: North Highland Mixe, spoken around Totontepec (the most divergent); South Highland Mixe, spoken around Santa María Tlahuitoltepec, Ayutla and Tamazulapan); Midland Mixe, spoken around Juquila and Zacatepec; and Lowland Mixe, spoken in San Juan Guichicovi (this language is also known as \"Isthmus Mixe\").The following classification is from Wichmann (1995:9).Mixe (Oaxacan Mixean)North Highland Mixe (Totontepec)\nSouth Highland Mixe (Tlahuitoltepec)\nCore (Tlahuitoltepec, Ayutla, Tamazulapan)\nFringe (Tepuxtepec, Tepantlali, Mixistlán)\nMidland Mixe\nNorth Midland Mixe (Jaltepec, Puxmetacan, Matamoros, Cotzocón)\nSouth Midland Mixe (Juquila, Cacalotepec)\nLowland Mixe (Camotlán, San José El Paraíso / Coatlán, Mazatlán, Guichicovi)Wichmann (2008) adds Ulterior Mixe as an additional branch:MixeTotontepec Mixe\nUlterior Mixe\nLowland – Midland Mixe – South Highland\nTlahuitoltepec Mixe\nLowland–Midland Mixe\nMidland Mixe\nJuquila Mixe\nNorth Central Mixe\nLowland Mixe\nCoatlán Mixe\nIsthmus Mixe (Guichicovi)\nMazatlán Mixe","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology"},{"link_name":"palatalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"fortis/lenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis"}],"text":"The phonology of Mixe languages is remarkable due to their complex system of vowel duration contrasts in addition to glottalization. There is a palatalized series of all consonant phonemes (as in Russian, Polish or Irish) and possibly a fortis/lenis distinction in the plosive series, the recognition of which however is obscured by a tendency towards allophonic voicing of consonants in voiced environments.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vowel lengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"checked vowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checked_and_free_vowels"},{"link_name":"creaky voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creaky_voice"},{"link_name":"breathy voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathy_voice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//realin.upnvirtual.edu.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44:ayoeok-mixe-de-totontepec&catid=10:fonologia-y-alfabetos&Itemid=187"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"Syllable nuclei vary in length and phonation. Most descriptions report three contrastive vowel lengths.[2] The other types of phonation have been variously termed checked vowels, creaky voice vowels and breathy voice vowels.The table below illustrates the vowel phonemes for Ayöök (Totentepec) Mixe: [1]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morphosyntactic alignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment"},{"link_name":"ergative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language"},{"link_name":"obviative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obviative"},{"link_name":"direct–inverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"ablaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"noun incorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)"}],"sub_title":"Verbs","text":"The morphosyntactic alignment of Mixe is ergative and it also has an obviative system which serves to distinguish between verb participants in reference to its direct–inverse system.[citation needed] The Mixe verb is complex and inflects for many categories and also shows a lot of derivational morphology. One of the parameters of verb inflection is whether a verb occurs in an independent or dependent clause; this distinction is marked by both differential affixation and stem ablaut.[citation needed] Unlike Sayultec Mixe[3] (spoken in the neighboring state of Veracruz), Mixe languages of Oaxaca only mark one argument on the verb:[citation needed] either the object or the subject of the verb depending on whether the verb is in the direct or inverse form. Mixe shows a wide variety of possibilities for noun incorporation.","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Nouns","text":"The Mixe noun does not normally inflect, except that human nouns inflect for plural.[citation needed] Noun compounding is a very productive process, and the profuse derivational morphology allows for creation of new nouns both from verbs and from other nouns. To indicate the plural an enclitic, ëch, is added to the noun.[4]","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Syntax","text":"Mixe languages have SOV constituent order, prepositions and genitives precede the noun. But relative clauses follow the noun.[citation needed]","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This sample is from Lowland Mixe:[5]pwes[pwesWellhadu'nhaduʔnthereidaaʔidaːthisyɨyoopʲ-ʔɨjoːb3P-poorjɨyäjhɨjaʔajpersonidaaʔidaːthisaldeanoʔaldeanoranch handmɨɨtmɨːdwithytöxyijkʲ-toʔoʃʲɨʰk3P.POSS-womanytɨkoyʲtɨɡoˑjʲ3P-CAUS/PAS-lose-DEPyɨjɨthemɨkümɨkuʔu]devilpwes hadu'n idaa yɨyoop jɨyäj idaa aldeano mɨɨt ytöxyijk ytɨkoy yɨ mɨkü[pwes haduʔn ʔidaː ʲ-ʔɨjoːb hɨjaʔaj ʔidaː ʔaldeano mɨːd ʲ-toʔoʃʲɨʰk ʲtɨɡoˑjʲ jɨ mɨkuʔu]Well there this 3P-poor person this {ranch hand} with 3P.POSS-woman 3P-CAUS/PAS-lose-DEP the devil\"Well that's how this poor person, this ranch hand with his wife, made the devil lose\"","title":"Sample"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Development_of_Indigenous_Peoples"},{"link_name":"XEGLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEGLO"},{"link_name":"Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelatao_de_Ju%C3%A1rez,_Oaxaca"}],"text":"Mixe-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEGLO, based in Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca.","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-inegi2020_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-inegi2020_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Diferentes lenguas indígenas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0631198154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631198154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ a b \"Diferentes lenguas indígenas\". cuentame.inegi.org.mx. Retrieved 2022-07-02.\n\n^ Ladefoged; Maddieson (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Blackwell. p. 320. ISBN 978-0631198154.\n\n^ Kroeger 2005: 286\n\n^ Jany, 2013 p.538\n\n^ Dieterman, 1995 pg. 110","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analyzing grammar: an introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rSglHbBaNyAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87480-487-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-487-6"}],"text":"Dieterman, Julia Irene, 1995, Participant reference in Isthmus Mixe Narrative Discourse, MA. Thesis in linguistics presented to the Faculty of the Graduate school of the University of Texas at Arlington.\nHoogshagen, Searle & Hilda Halloran Hoogshagen, 1993, Diccionario Mixe de Coatlán, Serie de Vocabularios Indigénas \"Mariano Silva y Aceves\" Num. 32. SIL, Mexico, D.F.\nKroeger, Paul R. 2005. Analyzing grammar: an introduction. Cambridge University Press.\nSchoenhals, Alvin & Louise Schoenhals, 1965, Vocabulario Mixe de Totontepec, Serie de Vocabularios Indigénas \"Mariano Silva y Aceves\" Num. 14. SIL, Mexico, D.F.\nWichmann, Søren, 1995, The Relationship Among the Mixe–Zoquean Languages of Mexico. University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City. ISBN 0-87480-487-6\nJANY, C. (2013). Defining Nominal Comp as a P WORD-FORMATION PROCESS IN CHUXNABÁN MIXE. International Journal of American Linguistics, 79(4), 533–553.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Video on Mixe produced by UABJO"}] | [{"title":"Agustín Quintana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Quintana"}] | [{"reference":"\"Diferentes lenguas indígenas\". cuentame.inegi.org.mx. Retrieved 2022-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm","url_text":"\"Diferentes lenguas indígenas\""}]},{"reference":"Ladefoged; Maddieson (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Blackwell. p. 320. ISBN 978-0631198154.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631198154","url_text":"978-0631198154"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oaxa1241","external_links_name":"oaxa1241"},{"Link":"https://realin.upnvirtual.edu.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44:ayoeok-mixe-de-totontepec&catid=10:fonologia-y-alfabetos&Itemid=187","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diferentes lenguas indígenas\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rSglHbBaNyAC","external_links_name":"Analyzing grammar: an introduction"},{"Link":"http://flan.csusb.edu/~cjany/Mixe/","external_links_name":"Online resources for Mixe of Chuxnabán (Midlands) by Carmen Jany"},{"Link":"http://www.bicap.edu.mx/comunidad/index.htm","external_links_name":"Bachillerato bilingüe Mixe de Tlahuitoltepec"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury | HMS Fury | ["1 Other vessels","2 Notes","3 Citations","4 References"] | Ten ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Fury, whilst another was planned but later cancelled:
HMS Fury (1779) was a 14-gun Swan-class ship-sloop launched in 1779 and broken up in 1787.
HMS Fury (1782) was a gunboat commissioned in 1782. She was one of 12 that the garrison at Gibraltar launched during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. Each was armed with an 18-pounder gun, and received a crew of 21 men drawn from Royal Navy vessels stationed at Gibraltar. Porcupine provided Fury's crew.
HMS Fury (1790) was a 16-gun Hound-class sloop launched in 1790. She was converted into a 16-gun bomb vessel in 1798 and broken up in 1811. Because Fury served in the navy's Egyptian campaign between 8 March 1801 and 2 September, her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal, which the Admiralty authorised in 1850 for all surviving claimants.
HMS Fury (1794) was a 4-gun gunboat, previously a Dutch hoy purchased in 1794 and sold in 1802.
HMS Fury was to have been an 8-gun bomb vessel. She was ordered in 1812, but the order was cancelled the following year.
HMS Fury (1814) was an 8-gun bomb vessel launched in 1814. She made two voyages of exploration to the Arctic under William Edward Parry, but on the second one in 1825, she was damaged by ice and abandoned.
HMS Fury (1834) was a wood paddle vessel purchased in 1834 and broken up in 1843.
HMS Fury (1845) was a wooden Bulldog-class paddle sloop launched in 1845 and sold in 1864.
HMS Fury was a turret ship renamed HMS Dreadnought before being launched in 1875.
HMS Fury (1911) was an Acorn-class destroyer launched in 1911 and sold in 1921.
HMS Fury (H76) was an F-class destroyer launched in 1934, damaged by a mine in 1944 and broken up later that year.
Other vessels
Fury may have been one of two schooners built at Calcutta for the Bengal Government in 1799. She served for three years in the Red Sea before being turned over to the government in Bombay. The other was Wasp. They both supported General Baird's expedition to Egypt to help General Ralph Abercromby expel the French there.
Notes
^ A first-class share of the prize money awarded in April 1823 was worth £34 2s 4d; a fifth-class share, that of an able seaman, was worth 3s 11½d. The amount was small as the total had to be shared between 79 vessels and the entire army contingent.
Citations
^ Drinkwater (1905), p. 246.
^ "No. 21077". The London Gazette. 15 March 1850. pp. 791–792.
^ "No. 17915". The London Gazette. 3 April 1823. p. 633.
^ Phipps (1840), p. 15.
^ Asiatic Annual Register... (1805) Vol, 7, pp.145-149.
References
The Asiatic Annual Register, Or, a View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia, vol. 7. (1805). (Debrett).
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
Drinkwater, John (1905). A History of the Siege of Gibraltar, 1779–1783: With a Description and Account of that Garrison from the Earliest Times. J. Murray.
Phipps, John (1840). A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ... Scott.
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (1779)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1779)"},{"link_name":"Swan-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan-class_ship-sloop"},{"link_name":"ship-sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship-sloop"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (1782)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Fury_(1782)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"Great Siege of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Porcupine_(1777)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1905246-1"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (1790)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Fury_(1790)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bomb vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_vessel"},{"link_name":"Naval General Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_General_Service_Medal_(1847)"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (1794)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1794)"},{"link_name":"hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy_(boat)"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (1814)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"William Edward Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Parry"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (1834)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Fury_(1834)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (1845)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1845)"},{"link_name":"HMS Dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1875)"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1911)"},{"link_name":"Acorn-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury (H76)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(H76)"},{"link_name":"F-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_and_F-class_destroyer"}],"text":"Ten ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Fury, whilst another was planned but later cancelled:HMS Fury (1779) was a 14-gun Swan-class ship-sloop launched in 1779 and broken up in 1787.\nHMS Fury (1782) was a gunboat commissioned in 1782. She was one of 12 that the garrison at Gibraltar launched during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. Each was armed with an 18-pounder gun, and received a crew of 21 men drawn from Royal Navy vessels stationed at Gibraltar. Porcupine provided Fury's crew.[1]\nHMS Fury (1790) was a 16-gun Hound-class sloop launched in 1790. She was converted into a 16-gun bomb vessel in 1798 and broken up in 1811. Because Fury served in the navy's Egyptian campaign between 8 March 1801 and 2 September, her officers and crew qualified for the clasp \"Egypt\" to the Naval General Service Medal, which the Admiralty authorised in 1850 for all surviving claimants.[2][Note 1]\nHMS Fury (1794) was a 4-gun gunboat, previously a Dutch hoy purchased in 1794 and sold in 1802.\nHMS Fury was to have been an 8-gun bomb vessel. She was ordered in 1812, but the order was cancelled the following year.\nHMS Fury (1814) was an 8-gun bomb vessel launched in 1814. She made two voyages of exploration to the Arctic under William Edward Parry, but on the second one in 1825, she was damaged by ice and abandoned.\nHMS Fury (1834) was a wood paddle vessel purchased in 1834 and broken up in 1843.\nHMS Fury (1845) was a wooden Bulldog-class paddle sloop launched in 1845 and sold in 1864.\nHMS Fury was a turret ship renamed HMS Dreadnought before being launched in 1875.\nHMS Fury (1911) was an Acorn-class destroyer launched in 1911 and sold in 1921.\nHMS Fury (H76) was an F-class destroyer launched in 1934, damaged by a mine in 1944 and broken up later that year.","title":"HMS Fury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhipps184015-5"},{"link_name":"General Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_David_Baird,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Ralph Abercromby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Fury may have been one of two schooners built at Calcutta for the Bengal Government in 1799. She served for three years in the Red Sea before being turned over to the government in Bombay. The other was Wasp.[4] They both supported General Baird's expedition to Egypt to help General Ralph Abercromby expel the French there.[5]","title":"Other vessels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3sd"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ A first-class share of the prize money awarded in April 1823 was worth £34 2s 4d; a fifth-class share, that of an able seaman, was worth 3s 11½d. The amount was small as the total had to be shared between 79 vessels and the entire army contingent.[3]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater1905246_1-0"},{"link_name":"Drinkwater (1905)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDrinkwater1905"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"No. 21077\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21077/page/791"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"No. 17915\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17915/page/633"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhipps184015_5-0"},{"link_name":"Phipps (1840)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhipps1840"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ Drinkwater (1905), p. 246.\n\n^ \"No. 21077\". The London Gazette. 15 March 1850. pp. 791–792.\n\n^ \"No. 17915\". The London Gazette. 3 April 1823. p. 633.\n\n^ Phipps (1840), p. 15.\n\n^ Asiatic Annual Register... (1805) Vol, 7, pp.145-149.","title":"Citations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"No. 21077\". The London Gazette. 15 March 1850. pp. 791–792.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21077/page/791","url_text":"\"No. 21077\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17915\". The London Gazette. 3 April 1823. p. 633.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17915/page/633","url_text":"\"No. 17915\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge","url_text":"Colledge, J. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy","url_text":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8","url_text":"978-1-86176-281-8"}]},{"reference":"Drinkwater, John (1905). A History of the Siege of Gibraltar, 1779–1783: With a Description and Account of that Garrison from the Earliest Times. J. Murray.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phipps, John (1840). A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ... Scott.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21077/page/791","external_links_name":"\"No. 21077\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17915/page/633","external_links_name":"\"No. 17915\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Fury&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_ACTRA_Awards | 13th ACTRA Awards | ["1 Television","2 Radio","3 Journalism and special awards","4 References"] | 13th ACTRA AwardsDateApril 3, 1984Hosted byLaurier LaPierre, Ann Mortifee, Jayne EastwoodHighlightsBest TV ProgramThe UndauntedBest Radio ProgramThe Panther and the JaguarTelevision/radio coverageNetworkCBC Television
← 12th ·
ACTRA Awards
· 14th →
The 13th ACTRA Awards were presented on April 3, 1984. The ceremony was hosted by Laurier LaPierre, Ann Mortifee and Jayne Eastwood.
Television
Best Television Program
Best Children's Television Program
The Undaunted
Ready for Slaughter
Stratasphere: Portrait of Teresa Stratas
In the Fall
Sharon, Lois and Bram at Young People's Theatre
You Can't Do That on Television
Best Television Actor
Best Television Actress
Kenneth Welsh, Empire, Inc.
Robert Joy, Out of Sight, Out of Mind
Kevin Noble, Joey
Linda Griffiths, Empire, Inc.
Martha Henry, Empire, Inc.
Elva Mai Hoover, Anne's Story
Karen Woolridge, Anne's Story
Best Continuing TV Performance
Best Supporting TV Performance
Wendy Crewson, Home Fires
Louis Del Grande, Seeing Things
Gerard Parkes, Home Fires
Gabriel Arcand, Empire, Inc.
Tom Harvey, A Case of Libel
Lyn Jackson, Empire, Inc.
Best TV Variety Performance
Best Television Host
Richard McMillan, The Mikado
Ben Gordon, Anatomy of Laughter
Oscar Peterson, Oscar and Jorge
Barry Callaghan, Enterprise
Laurier LaPierre, Vancouver Show
Elwy Yost, Saturday Night at the Movies
Best Writing, Television Comedy/Variety
Best Writing, Television Drama
Dick Blasucci, John Candy, Bob Dolman, Joe Flaherty, Paul Flaherty, Eugene Levy, Andrea Martin, John McAndrew, Martin Short, Michael Short, Doug Steckler and Mary Charlotte Wilcox, SCTV
Rick Drew and Phil Savath, Carroll Baker's Jamboree
Jack Kahane, Paul Grosney and Archie Cham, Bizarre
Roger Price and Geoffrey Darby, You Can't Do That on Television
Douglas Bowie, Empire, Inc.
Sheldon Chad, Seeing Things
Sugith Varughese, The Best of Both Worlds
Best Writing, Television Public Affairs
Robert Collison, Prisoners of Debt: Inside a Global Banking Crisis
Gwynne Dyer, War
Eric Malling and Mike Lavoie, The Fifth Estate: "Canadair - A Shareholder's Report"
Radio
Best Radio Program
Best Radio Host
The Panther and the Jaguar
Joshua Then and Now
Testament: The Thunder and the Word, A Life of Martin Luther
Vicki Gabereau, Variety Tonight
Peter Gzowski, Morningside
Otto Lowy, The Transcontinental
Best Radio Actor
Best Radio Actress
Sean Mulcahy, The Panther and the Jaguar
Otto Lowy, Kafka in Love
Saul Rubinek, Joshua Then and Now
Patricia Phillips, The Diviners
Lillian Carlson, The Young in One Another's Arms
Dixie Seatle, Penny Henley
Best Radio Variety Performance
Best Writing, Radio Drama
Dinah Christie and Tom Kneebone, The Entertainers
Darcy Dunlop, Noel and Gertie
Jane Mortifee, Reflections on Crooked Walking
Len Peterson, Évariste Galois
Silver Donald Cameron, Big Coffin Reel
Linda Zwicker, The Panther and The Jaguar
Best Writing, Radio Public Affairs
Best Writing, Radio Variety
Jay Ingram, Anita Gordon and Penny Park, The World After Nuclear War
Naomi Diamond, The Talmud on Trial
Marian Botsford Fraser, Testament: World Council of Churches
Roger Abbott, Dave Broadfoot, Don Ferguson, Gord Holtam, John Morgan and Rick Olsen, Royal Canadian Air Farce
Tom Kneebone, The Best of Tom and Dinah
J. J. McColl, Griot (Identities)
Journalism and special awards
Gordon Sinclair Award
Foster Hewitt Award
Elizabeth Gray, As It Happens
Peter Gzowski, Morningside
Bob McKeown, The Fifth Estate: "Janise"
Don Cherry
George Young
Dick Irvin
John Drainie Award
Robert Christie
References
^ Trish Worron, "Even winners agree: ACTRAs are 'bizarre'". Kingston Whig-Standard, April 4, 1984.
^ Rick Groen, "Popular mini-series dominates ACTRA awards: Empire earns big dividend". The Globe and Mail, April 4, 1984.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Three ACTRA winners have local connections". Kingston Whig-Standard, April 4, 1984.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq "ACTRA finalists are selected". The Globe and Mail, March 19, 1984.
vteCanadian Screen AwardsBy year
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Canadian Film Awards (film, 1949–1978)
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1975
1976
1977
1978
Genie Awards (film, 1979–2012)
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990/91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
ACTRA Awards (television, 1972–1986)
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Gemini Awards (television, 1986–2012)
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Film awards by category
Motion Picture
Lead Performance, Comedy
Lead Performance, Drama
Supporting Performance, Comedy
Supporting Performance, Drama
Director
Animated Short
Art Direction and Production Design
Casting
Cinematography
Cinematography in a Documentary
Costume Design
Editing
Editing in a Documentary
Feature Length Documentary
Hair
Live Action Short
Makeup
Original Music in a Documentary
Original Score
Original Song
Performance in a Short Film
Screenplay (Original and Adapted)
Short Documentary
Sound Editing
Sound Mixing
Sound Design in a Documentary
Stunt Coordination
Visual Effects
Golden Screen
John Dunning Best First Feature Award
Television awards by category
Comedy Series
Drama Series
TV Movie
Children's or Youth Fiction Series
Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Series
Pre-School Series
Reality/Competition Series
Leading Performance, Comedy
Leading Performance, Drama
Supporting Performance, Comedy
Supporting Performance, Drama
Direction, Children's or Youth
Performance, Children's or Youth
Writing, Children's or Youth
Casting
Academy Achievement Award
Donald Brittain Award
Earle Grey Award
Gordon Sinclair Award
Margaret Collier Award
Rob Stewart Award
Discontinued awards
Bijou Awards (1981)
Actor (1968-2022)
Actor - Non-Feature (1969–81)
Actress (1968-2022)
Actress - Non-Feature (1969–81)
Lead Performance in a Film (2022)
Lead Actor, Comedy Series (1986-2022)
Lead Actor, Drama Series (1986-2022)
Lead Actress, Comedy Series (1986-2022)
Lead Actress, Drama Series (1986-2022)
Supporting Actor, Comedy Series (1986-2022)
Supporting Actor, Drama Series (1986-2022)
Supporting Actress, Comedy Series (1986-2022)
Supporting Actress, Drama Series (1986-2022)
Foreign Actor (1980–83)
Foreign Actress (1980–83)
Supporting Actor (1968-2022)
Supporting Actress (1968-2022)
Supporting Performance in a Film (2022)
Theatrical Short (1949–96)
Children's or Youth Program (1986-2002)
Host, Children's or Youth Program (2008-2016)
Individual or Ensemble Performance in a Comedy (1992-2000)
Ensemble Performance in a Comedy (2001-2011)
Individual Performance in a Comedy (2001-2010)
John Drainie Award (1968-2000)
Special Achievement
Foster Hewitt Award (1975-1986)
Wendy Michener Award (1969-1978)
Diversity Award (1992-2016)
Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television Note: Awards by year articles are listed here by the year of eligibility for nomination; due to variable scheduling of the ceremonies, this is not always the same year in which the awards were presented. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Laurier LaPierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurier_LaPierre"},{"link_name":"Ann Mortifee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Mortifee"},{"link_name":"Jayne Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 13th ACTRA Awards were presented on April 3, 1984.[1] The ceremony was hosted by Laurier LaPierre, Ann Mortifee and Jayne Eastwood.[2]","title":"13th ACTRA Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Journalism and special awards"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105743721/","external_links_name":"\"Even winners agree: ACTRAs are 'bizarre'\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105743995/","external_links_name":"\"Three ACTRA winners have local connections\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse_Watson | Muse Watson | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"] | Film actor
Muse WatsonWatson in March 2009BornRobert Gravel (1948-07-20) July 20, 1948 (age 75)Alexandria, Louisiana, U.S.EducationLouisiana Tech UniversityBerea CollegeOccupationActorKnown forMike Franks (NCIS)Charles Westmoreland (Prison Break)I Know What You Did Last SummerChildren1
Muse Watson Gravel (born Robert Gravel; July 20, 1948), commonly known as Muse Watson, is an American actor. He is notable for his recurring roles of Mike Franks on NCIS and Charles Westmoreland / D.B. Cooper in Prison Break and film roles as Hank Corrigan in Something to Talk About and as Ben Willis, the killer in I Know What You Did Last Summer and I Still Know What You Did Last Summer.
Early life
Watson was born and raised in Alexandria, Louisiana. His father died when he was five years old, and Watson and his three siblings were raised by their mother and maternal grandfather. Watson said his grandfather had a big influence on him, and after finding out that Robert Gravel was already registered with the Screen Actors Guild, he legally changed his name to Muse Watson Gravel, in honor of his grandfather. Watson graduated from Bolton High School in 1966, and then attended Louisiana Tech for two years on a music scholarship. After leaving Louisiana Tech, he transferred to Berea College in Berea, Kentucky.
It was at Berea College where he became interested in acting, scoring a role as Petruchio in The Taming of the Shrew. He then left Berea and went on the road starring in productions of Man of La Mancha and Promises, Promises. After a year of touring, he returned to Berea, but at graduation time, he was told his degree would be withheld because he hadn't "gone to church enough". He decided to leave school and moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee to live with his sister. He worked for Pathway Bellows for seven years before moving to Chattanooga, Tennessee to work as a manufacturing representative, while still making time for auditions and plays.
Career
Watson is credited with appearing in more than 60 movies and 50 television episodes. He is best known for his recurring roles of Mike Franks on NCIS and Charles Westmoreland in Prison Break, and as Ben Willis, the killer in the horror films, I Know What You Did Last Summer and I Still Know What You Did Last Summer, and as the vampire C. W. Niles in From Dusk Till Dawn 2.
Other notable appearances include: American Outlaws, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, A Day Without a Mexican, Dead Birds, Down in the Valley, IOWA, Morgan's Ferry and Songcatcher.
When Watson was living in Chattanooga, he was hired to do extras casting for King Kong Lives. He also made connections with people in the North Carolina film industry and became a Teamster, building his own fleet of trucks that he hired out for productions on the East Coast. After a guest appearance on Matlock and his role in Something to Talk About, he moved to Los, Angeles where Marion Dougherty helped him in obtaining an agent. Watson said he considers his appearance in the film Something to Talk About as his "breakout role".
He has also directed theater for the Tennessee Performing Arts Center and the Bessie Smith Foundation, taught acting at the Georgia State Prison, and taught reading and writing at Berea College's literacy outreach program. Before changing his name to Muse Watson, he had credits as Robert Gavel, working as a stunt driver in Steel Magnolias and Mississippi Burning. In the film I Know What You Did Last Summer, Watson performed the majority of his own stunts, which included a very long underwater sequence.
In 2002, he was nominated for best supporting actor for his role in If I Die Before I Wake at the Fangoria Chainsaw Awards, and in 2011, won best actor for his performance in A Christmas Snow, at the Trail Dance Film Festival.
Watson starred in a stage adaptation of the TV movie A Christmas Snow at the Starlite Theater in Branson, Missouri.
Personal life
Watson is married and has a daughter with autism, for which he has become an advocate.
Filmography
Films
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs
1988
Mississippi Burning
Stunt driver
1989
Steel Magnolias
Stunt driver
1989
Black Rainbow
Patrol officer
1990
The Handmaid's Tale
Guardian
1990
Blind Vengeance
Varsac
1993
Sommersby
Drifter
1995
Something to Talk About
Hank Corrigan
1995
The Journey of August King
Zimmer
1995
Assassins
Ketcham
1997
I Know What You Did Last Summer
Ben Willis
1997
Rosewood
Henry Andrews
1997
Lolita
Store clerk
1997
Acts of Betrayal
Trenton Fraser
1997
A Texas Birthday
1998
Break Up
Baker cop
1998
I Still Know What You Did Last Summer
Ben Willis
1998
Shadrach
Captain
1998
If I Die before I Wake
Daryl
1999
From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money
C. W. Niles
1999
The Art of the Bullet
Captain Walters
1999
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me
Klansman
1999
It's the Rage
Cleaner
2000
Songcatcher
Parley Gentry
2000
Ten Grand
Big Tony
2001
Morgan's Ferry
Sheriff Billy Ray Barnwell
2001
American Outlaws
Burly detective
2002
Hollywood Vampyr
Professor Fulton
2003
Season of the Hunted
Frank
2003
Wild Turkey
Short film
2004
Christmas Child
Sheriff Jimmy James
2004
Frankenfish
Elmer
2004
Dead Birds
Father
2004
The Last Summer
Jerimiah Shuman
2004
A Day Without a Mexican
Louis McClaire
2004
The Dark Agent and the Passing of the Torch Chapter
Lester King
2005
House of Grimm
2005
Down in the Valley
Bill Sr.
2005
IOWA
Sheriff Walker
2005
End of the Spear
Adolfo
2009
White Lightnin'
D. Ray White
2009
Stellina Blue
2009
Timer
Rick O'Leary
2010
Small Town Saturday Night
2010
The Presence
Mr. Browman
2010
The Steamroom
Pat
2011
The Lamp
Sam
2012
Meeting Evil
Frank
2013
The Last Exorcism Part II
Frank Merle
2014
Between the Sand and the Sky
Boss
2014
Suburban Gothic
Ambrose
2016
Dark Resonance
Professor Walter Jackson
2016
Saved From Sorrow: Mysterious Grace
Jeremiah
2017
Valley of Bones
Terry
2019
The Dead Ones
Gus
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs
1990
Blind Vengeance
Vrsac
TV movie
1993
Matlock
Patrol officer
TV series; (2 episodes)
1994
The Birds II: Land's End
Bartender Jesse
TV movie
1994
Justice in a Small Town
Robert Stubbs
TV movie
1994
Leave of Absence
Guy
TV movie
1995
American Gothic
Wash Sutpen
TV series
1995
Gramps
Father
TV movie
1995
Tad
Tom Pendel
TV movie
1995
Tecumseh: The Last Warrior
Whitley
TV movie
1996
The Lazarus Man
Dawkins
TV series; (2 episodes)
1999
JAG
Admiral Arthur Fessenden
TV series
1999
Walker, Texas Ranger
Freddie Forbes
TV series; (2 episodes)
2003
The Last Cowboy
Otis Bertram
TV movie
2005-2008
Prison Break
Charles Westmoreland
TV series; (19 episodes)
2006
Close to Home
Bob Peters
TV series
2006
Jane Doe: The Harder They Fall
Captain Barnes
TV movie
2006-2017
NCIS
Mike Franks
TV series; (20 episodes)
2007
Criminal Minds
Mickey Bates
TV series
2007
Ghost Whisperer
Milt Charles
TV series
2009
The Mentalist
Jake Cooby
TV series
2009
Cold Case
John Norwood
TV series
2009
iCarly
Bucky
TV series
2010
Castle
Ivan Podofski
TV series
2011
Franklin & Bash
Officer Tom Werth
TV series
2013
Eagleheart
Quint
TV series
2014
Justified
Elmont Swain
TV series
2021
Diary of a Lunatic: Sylke's Tales
The Creator
TV mini-series; (8 episodes)
References
^ a b c d e "Muse Watson: Biography". TCM.
^ Guidry, Leigh (October 27, 2013), "Louisiana native a success in movies, TV", Sioux City Journal
^ Simpson, Cindy (January 3, 2011), "'NCIS' storyline puts Watson in spotlight", The Roane County News
^ Morrow, Terry (November 12, 2005), "Watson breaking free from horror typecasting", The Journal Gazette
^ Baron, Daivd (November 26, 1997), "Following A Muse - Playing 'Last Summer's Bad Guy Was A Good Move For Muse Watson", The Times-Picayune
^ a b c d e Guidry, Leigh (October 15, 2013). "Watson". The Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. p. A7.
^ a b c Guidry, Leigh (October 15, 2013). "From Bolton to Hollywood". The Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. p. A1.
^ a b c d e f Pickle, Betsy (October 31, 1997). "Muse Watson; He knows what you did last summer". Knoxville News Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. p. 10. ProQuest 393452108.
^ Morrow, Terry (November 6, 2005). "Branching out: Prison Break actor escapes typecasting". Wichita Falls Times Record News. Wichita Falls, Texas. Scripps Howard News Service. p. 3E.
^ "Muse Watson". The New York Times. May 11, 2008. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
^ "Raymond Cruz, right, and Muse Watson in 'From Dusk Till Dawn II.'". The New York Times. May 6, 2007. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
^ Morrow, Terry (October 29, 2005). "'Prison Break' role frees up actor -- Once typecast as a serial killer, now he's better known as a kindly inmate". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Scripps Howard News Service. p. 5. ProQuest 394176991.
^ Gingold, Michael (July 2002). "The 11th Annual Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Winners!". Fangoria. No. 214. p. 11.
^ Miller, Derrick (February 1, 2011). "'Snow' wins top prize at TDFF". The Duncan Banner.
^ a b Sain, Cliff (September 19, 2012). "TV, Branson actor Muse Watson talks about autism". Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. ProQuest 1041162710.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Watson, Muse 1948–". Encyclopedia.com.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Muse Watson: Credits". TVGuide.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Muse Watson - Filmography". Rotten Tomatoes.
^ "Between the Sand and the Sky". TCM.
^ "Eagleheart, Quint, S03E07". Programme TV Ouest-France (in French).
^ "Now streaming: Buffalso mini-series premieres on Amazon Prime". The Buffalo News. Buffalo, New York. March 18, 2021. p. 2.
External links
Muse Watson at IMDb
Muse Watson at Rotten Tomatoes
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Franks_(NCIS)"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charles Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Westmoreland"},{"link_name":"D.B. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.B._Cooper"},{"link_name":"Prison Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Break"},{"link_name":"Something to Talk About","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_to_Talk_About_(film)"},{"link_name":"I Know What You Did Last Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_What_You_Did_Last_Summer"},{"link_name":"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still_Know_What_You_Did_Last_Summer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Muse Watson Gravel (born Robert Gravel; July 20, 1948), commonly known as Muse Watson, is an American actor. He is notable for his recurring roles of Mike Franks on NCIS and Charles Westmoreland / D.B. Cooper in Prison Break and film roles as Hank Corrigan in Something to Talk About and as Ben Willis, the killer in I Know What You Did Last Summer and I Still Know What You Did Last Summer.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Muse Watson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towntalkA7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towntalkA1-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towntalkA7-6"},{"link_name":"Bolton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_High_School_(Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Tech"},{"link_name":"Berea College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berea_College"},{"link_name":"Berea, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berea,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towntalkA1-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towntalkA7-6"},{"link_name":"Petruchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petruchio"},{"link_name":"The Taming of the Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxville-8"},{"link_name":"Man of La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Promises, Promises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promises,_Promises_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxville-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxville-8"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxville-8"}],"text":"Watson was born and raised in Alexandria, Louisiana. His father died when he was five years old, and Watson and his three siblings were raised by their mother and maternal grandfather.[1][6] Watson said his grandfather had a big influence on him, and after finding out that Robert Gravel was already registered with the Screen Actors Guild, he legally changed his name to Muse Watson Gravel, in honor of his grandfather.[7][6] Watson graduated from Bolton High School in 1966, and then attended Louisiana Tech for two years on a music scholarship. After leaving Louisiana Tech, he transferred to Berea College in Berea, Kentucky.[7][6]It was at Berea College where he became interested in acting, scoring a role as Petruchio in The Taming of the Shrew.[8] He then left Berea and went on the road starring in productions of Man of La Mancha and Promises, Promises.[8] After a year of touring, he returned to Berea, but at graduation time, he was told his degree would be withheld because he hadn't \"gone to church enough\".[8] He decided to leave school and moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee to live with his sister. He worked for Pathway Bellows for seven years before moving to Chattanooga, Tennessee to work as a manufacturing representative, while still making time for auditions and plays.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towntalkA7-6"},{"link_name":"Mike Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Franks_(NCIS)"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charles Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Westmoreland"},{"link_name":"Prison Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Break"},{"link_name":"I Know What You Did Last Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_What_You_Did_Last_Summer"},{"link_name":"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still_Know_What_You_Did_Last_Summer"},{"link_name":"From Dusk Till Dawn 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Dusk_Till_Dawn_2:_Texas_Blood_Money"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wichita-9"},{"link_name":"American Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Outlaws_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Powers:_The_Spy_Who_Shagged_Me"},{"link_name":"A Day Without a Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Day_Without_a_Mexican"},{"link_name":"Dead Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Birds_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Down in the Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_in_the_Valley_(film)"},{"link_name":"IOWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOWA"},{"link_name":"Morgan's Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%27s_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Songcatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songcatcher"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008-05-11_NYT-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007-05-06_NYT-11"},{"link_name":"King Kong Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_Lives"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxville-8"},{"link_name":"Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Marion Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Dougherty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxville-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commercial-12"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Performing Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Bessie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-1"},{"link_name":"Steel Magnolias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Magnolias"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burning"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towntalkA1-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towntalkA7-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-1"},{"link_name":"Fangoria Chainsaw Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangoria_Chainsaw_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fangoria-13"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Snow"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banner-14"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Snow"},{"link_name":"Branson, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branson,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-springfield-15"}],"text":"Watson is credited with appearing in more than 60 movies and 50 television episodes.[6] He is best known for his recurring roles of Mike Franks on NCIS and Charles Westmoreland in Prison Break, and as Ben Willis, the killer in the horror films, I Know What You Did Last Summer and I Still Know What You Did Last Summer, and as the vampire C. W. Niles in From Dusk Till Dawn 2.[9]Other notable appearances include: American Outlaws, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, A Day Without a Mexican, Dead Birds, Down in the Valley, IOWA, Morgan's Ferry and Songcatcher.[10][11]When Watson was living in Chattanooga, he was hired to do extras casting for King Kong Lives. He also made connections with people in the North Carolina film industry and became a Teamster, building his own fleet of trucks that he hired out for productions on the East Coast.[8] After a guest appearance on Matlock and his role in Something to Talk About, he moved to Los, Angeles where Marion Dougherty helped him in obtaining an agent.[8] Watson said he considers his appearance in the film Something to Talk About as his \"breakout role\".[12]He has also directed theater for the Tennessee Performing Arts Center and the Bessie Smith Foundation, taught acting at the Georgia State Prison, and taught reading and writing at Berea College's literacy outreach program.[1] Before changing his name to Muse Watson, he had credits as Robert Gavel, working as a stunt driver in Steel Magnolias and Mississippi Burning.[7][6] In the film I Know What You Did Last Summer, Watson performed the majority of his own stunts, which included a very long underwater sequence.[1]In 2002, he was nominated for best supporting actor for his role in If I Die Before I Wake at the Fangoria Chainsaw Awards,[13] and in 2011, won best actor for his performance in A Christmas Snow, at the Trail Dance Film Festival.[14]Watson starred in a stage adaptation of the TV movie A Christmas Snow at the Starlite Theater in Branson, Missouri.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-springfield-15"}],"text":"Watson is married and has a daughter with autism, for which he has become an advocate.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Muse Watson: Biography\". TCM.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/202721%7C0/Muse-Watson/#biography","url_text":"\"Muse Watson: Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Guidry, Leigh (October 27, 2013), \"Louisiana native a success in movies, TV\", Sioux City Journal","urls":[]},{"reference":"Simpson, Cindy (January 3, 2011), \"'NCIS' storyline puts Watson in spotlight\", The Roane County News","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morrow, Terry (November 12, 2005), \"Watson breaking free from horror typecasting\", The Journal Gazette","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baron, Daivd (November 26, 1997), \"Following A Muse - Playing 'Last Summer's Bad Guy Was A Good Move For Muse Watson\", The Times-Picayune","urls":[]},{"reference":"Guidry, Leigh (October 15, 2013). \"Watson\". The Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. p. A7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-town-talk-watson/132050793/","url_text":"\"Watson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana","url_text":"Alexandria, Louisiana"}]},{"reference":"Guidry, Leigh (October 15, 2013). \"From Bolton to Hollywood\". The Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. p. A1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-town-talk-bolton-to-hollywood/132050717/","url_text":"\"From Bolton to Hollywood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana","url_text":"Alexandria, Louisiana"}]},{"reference":"Pickle, Betsy (October 31, 1997). \"Muse Watson; He knows what you did last summer\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. p. 10. ProQuest 393452108.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel","url_text":"Knoxville News Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee","url_text":"Knoxville, Tennessee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/393452108","url_text":"393452108"}]},{"reference":"Morrow, Terry (November 6, 2005). \"Branching out: Prison Break actor escapes typecasting\". Wichita Falls Times Record News. Wichita Falls, Texas. Scripps Howard News Service. p. 3E.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-record-news-branching-out/132111353/","url_text":"\"Branching out: Prison Break actor escapes typecasting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas","url_text":"Wichita Falls, Texas"}]},{"reference":"\"Muse Watson\". The New York Times. May 11, 2008. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512015000/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/221146/Muse-Watson","url_text":"\"Muse Watson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095","url_text":"1553-8095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522","url_text":"1645522"},{"url":"http://movies.nytimes.com/person/221146/Muse-Watson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Raymond Cruz, right, and Muse Watson in 'From Dusk Till Dawn II.'\". The New York Times. May 6, 2007. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/05/06/arts/06moraCA02ready.html","url_text":"\"Raymond Cruz, right, and Muse Watson in 'From Dusk Till Dawn II.'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095","url_text":"1553-8095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522","url_text":"1645522"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003320/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/05/06/arts/06moraCA02ready.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morrow, Terry (October 29, 2005). \"'Prison Break' role frees up actor -- Once typecast as a serial killer, now he's better known as a kindly inmate\". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Scripps Howard News Service. p. 5. ProQuest 394176991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee","url_text":"Memphis, Tennessee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Howard_News_Service","url_text":"Scripps Howard News Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/394176991","url_text":"394176991"}]},{"reference":"Gingold, Michael (July 2002). \"The 11th Annual Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Winners!\". Fangoria. No. 214. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gingold","url_text":"Gingold, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangoria","url_text":"Fangoria"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Derrick (February 1, 2011). \"'Snow' wins top prize at TDFF\". The Duncan Banner.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duncanbanner.com/news/snow-wins-top-prize-at-tdff/article_17d2b4d4-06c2-5c6c-a7f9-778fdcdc1a3d.html","url_text":"\"'Snow' wins top prize at TDFF\""}]},{"reference":"Sain, Cliff (September 19, 2012). \"TV, Branson actor Muse Watson talks about autism\". Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. ProQuest 1041162710.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri","url_text":"Springfield, Missouri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1041162710","url_text":"1041162710"}]},{"reference":"\"Watson, Muse 1948–\". Encyclopedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/watson-muse-1948","url_text":"\"Watson, Muse 1948–\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muse Watson: Credits\". TVGuide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/muse-watson/credits/3000382813/","url_text":"\"Muse Watson: Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muse Watson - Filmography\". Rotten Tomatoes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/muse_watson","url_text":"\"Muse Watson - Filmography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Between the Sand and the Sky\". TCM.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/664875/between-the-sand-and-the-sky#overview","url_text":"\"Between the Sand and the Sky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eagleheart, Quint, S03E07\". Programme TV Ouest-France (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://programmetv.ouest-france.fr/serie/humoristique/eagleheart-m165555880/s03e07-quint-c165538501/","url_text":"\"Eagleheart, Quint, S03E07\""}]},{"reference":"\"Now streaming: Buffalso mini-series premieres on Amazon Prime\". The Buffalo News. Buffalo, New York. March 18, 2021. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-now-streaming/132111792/","url_text":"\"Now streaming: Buffalso mini-series premieres on Amazon Prime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York","url_text":"Buffalo, New York"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/202721%7C0/Muse-Watson/#biography","external_links_name":"\"Muse Watson: Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-town-talk-watson/132050793/","external_links_name":"\"Watson\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-town-talk-bolton-to-hollywood/132050717/","external_links_name":"\"From Bolton to Hollywood\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/393452108","external_links_name":"393452108"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-record-news-branching-out/132111353/","external_links_name":"\"Branching out: Prison Break actor escapes typecasting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512015000/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/221146/Muse-Watson","external_links_name":"\"Muse Watson\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095","external_links_name":"1553-8095"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522","external_links_name":"1645522"},{"Link":"http://movies.nytimes.com/person/221146/Muse-Watson","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/05/06/arts/06moraCA02ready.html","external_links_name":"\"Raymond Cruz, right, and Muse Watson in 'From Dusk Till Dawn II.'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095","external_links_name":"1553-8095"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522","external_links_name":"1645522"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003320/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/05/06/arts/06moraCA02ready.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/394176991","external_links_name":"394176991"},{"Link":"https://www.duncanbanner.com/news/snow-wins-top-prize-at-tdff/article_17d2b4d4-06c2-5c6c-a7f9-778fdcdc1a3d.html","external_links_name":"\"'Snow' wins top prize at TDFF\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1041162710","external_links_name":"1041162710"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/watson-muse-1948","external_links_name":"\"Watson, Muse 1948–\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/muse-watson/credits/3000382813/","external_links_name":"\"Muse Watson: Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/muse_watson","external_links_name":"\"Muse Watson - Filmography\""},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/664875/between-the-sand-and-the-sky#overview","external_links_name":"\"Between the Sand and the Sky\""},{"Link":"https://programmetv.ouest-france.fr/serie/humoristique/eagleheart-m165555880/s03e07-quint-c165538501/","external_links_name":"\"Eagleheart, Quint, S03E07\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-now-streaming/132111792/","external_links_name":"\"Now streaming: Buffalso mini-series premieres on Amazon Prime\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002901/","external_links_name":"Muse Watson"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/muse_watson","external_links_name":"Muse Watson"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114582433","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/301990527","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb142381137","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb142381137","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1061934136","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002016009","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810585103205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1061934136.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6640k94","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandseck_railway_station | Rolandseck station | ["1 History","2 Artist studios","3 Arp Museum – Rolandseck railway station","4 Sculpture banks","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°37′53″N 7°12′25″E / 50.63139°N 7.20694°E / 50.63139; 7.20694Train station in Germany
RolandseckThrough stationRolandseck station buildingGeneral informationLocationRemagen, Rhineland-PalatinateGermany-Coordinates50°37′53″N 7°12′25″E / 50.63139°N 7.20694°E / 50.63139; 7.20694Line(s)West Rhine RailwayOther informationStation code5328DS100 codeKROLIBNR8005153Category6Fare zone
VRM: 819
VRS: 2982 (VRM transitional tariff)
Websitewww.bahnhof.deHistoryOpened1858Services
Preceding station
Trans Regio
Following station
Oberwintertowards Mainz Hbf
RB 26
Bonn-Mehlemtowards Köln Messe/Deutz
Rolandseck station in Rolandseck near Remagen, Germany, built from 1856 to 1858, is considered an important part of the cultural heritage of the Rhineland and a significant early Germany railway building. It is the northernmost railway station on the West Rhine Railway in Rhineland-Palatinate.
History
Rolandseck station, 1857
The Bonn–Cologne Railway Company (Cöln-Bonner Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) extended its line (later the West Rhine railway) from Cologne to Bonn on 15 February 1844. In 1846, the company had requested permission from the Prussian government to extend the line to Rolandseck, but had been refused for military reasons. Finally in 1853, the Prussian Cabinet gave it provisional permission to extend the line as far as Rolandseck. The new terminus should have been as close as possible to the Rhine, in order to cater for comfortable transfers to steam ships. The supervising engineer for the building of the railway line also produced the sketches for the Rolandseck station, which was set out in such a way that the terminus of the line could hold company meetings, because at this time the Rolandseck area, together with Rolandswerther, was the epitome of Rhineland romanticism. Construction started in 1856 and was finished in 1858. It became the meeting place for society. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, Kaiser William, Otto von Bismarck, Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Uhland, Karl Simrock, the Brothers Grimm and Friedrich Nietzsche went there, as well as the musicians Johannes Brahms, Clara Schumann and Franz Liszt. Bernhard Shaw wrote about the station and Guillaume Apollinaire wrote some of his early poems here. There were many celebrations and concerts in the old station.
Artist studios
After World War II, the station was no longer operated. In 1958 the president of the Deutsche Bundesbahn's Mainz region decided that "oversized" areas would be demolished and a small reception building would be established. Times changed, however, and in 1964 and Johannes Wasmuth developed a plan for the station as an art gallery and studio. Within a short time the station became a center of cultural life. Hans Arp, Oskar Kokoschka, Bruno Goller , Günther Uecker, Gotthard Graubner, Stefan Askenase, Yehudi Menuhin, Martha Argerich, Martin Walser and Marcel Marceau represent some of the people who participated.
Only the death of Johannes Wasmuth ended the cultural life of the station.
Arp Museum – Rolandseck railway station
After extensive reorganisation and rebuilding the station reopened on 22 October 2004, and as of September 2007 includes the entrance to the new Arp Museum, which is being built above the station in accordance with the plans of the architect Richard Meier. The station building could not be returned to its original condition due to structural changes made at the beginning of the 20th century. The renovation work aimed at restoring the structural condition of the station in 1906 with a veranda and a pale green painted facade. The whitewashed surfaces of the dining room were restored, so that stucco work can be seen once again. The entrance is now in the basement, which along with the ground floor, serve as the exhibition areas. Works by Hans Arp are displayed in the basement and temporary exhibitions are displayed on the ground floor. The dining room and bistro are on the second floor.
First floor veranda
View from outside into the basement with works by Hans Arp
Dining room
Arp: Tanzgeschmeide, museum sculpture
A characteristic of the Arp Museum is the exhibition of works by contemporary artists in its functional areas. In keeping with a tradition created by Johannes Wasmuth, works by the British painter Stephen McKenna that include colourful ironical quotations from the history of art were retained in the station's washrooms and bistro. In the course of the modifications further functional areas of the museum were equipped by various artists: the washroom by Maria Nordman, the bistro by Anton Henning, the library by the Swiss Thomas Huber, and the museum's helicopter landing pad was developed in the style of the Ingold airline project of Swiss artist Res Ingold (that is the logos, corporate identity, advertising and presentation material of a fictitious airline).
Sculpture banks
The Arp Museum has developed since 2000, in co-operation with the city of Remagen, the Skulpturenufer Remagen sculpture garden along the Rhine bank between Rolandswerth and south of Remagen, on either side of the station.
Notes
^ a b "Stationspreisliste 2024" (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.
^ "Tarifwabenplan 2021" (PDF). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel. January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ "VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif" (PDF) (in German). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg. 20 April 2020. p. 205. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
References
Judith Loosen (2007). Bahnhof Rolandseck. Das Empfangsgebäude (in German). Bonn: Bouvier Verlag. ISBN 978-3-416-03206-3.
External links
Media related to Bahnhof Rolandseck at Wikimedia Commons
Hans-Arp-Museum
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz place
Other
Deutsche Bahn | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolandseck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandseck"},{"link_name":"Remagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remagen"},{"link_name":"Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"West Rhine Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rhine_Railway"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"}],"text":"Train station in GermanyRolandseck station in Rolandseck near Remagen, Germany, built from 1856 to 1858, is considered an important part of the cultural heritage of the Rhineland and a significant early Germany railway building. It is the northernmost railway station on the West Rhine Railway in Rhineland-Palatinate.","title":"Rolandseck station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Rolandseck_1857.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bonn–Cologne Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn%E2%80%93Cologne_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"steam ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_ship"},{"link_name":"romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Heine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Uhland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland"},{"link_name":"Karl Simrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Simrock"},{"link_name":"Brothers Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Clara Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Apollinaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire"}],"text":"Rolandseck station, 1857The Bonn–Cologne Railway Company (Cöln-Bonner Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) extended its line (later the West Rhine railway) from Cologne to Bonn on 15 February 1844. In 1846, the company had requested permission from the Prussian government to extend the line to Rolandseck, but had been refused for military reasons. Finally in 1853, the Prussian Cabinet gave it provisional permission to extend the line as far as Rolandseck. The new terminus should have been as close as possible to the Rhine, in order to cater for comfortable transfers to steam ships. The supervising engineer for the building of the railway line also produced the sketches for the Rolandseck station, which was set out in such a way that the terminus of the line could hold company meetings, because at this time the Rolandseck area, together with Rolandswerther, was the epitome of Rhineland romanticism. Construction started in 1856 and was finished in 1858. It became the meeting place for society. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, Kaiser William, Otto von Bismarck, Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Uhland, Karl Simrock, the Brothers Grimm and Friedrich Nietzsche went there, as well as the musicians Johannes Brahms, Clara Schumann and Franz Liszt. Bernhard Shaw wrote about the station and Guillaume Apollinaire wrote some of his early poems here. There were many celebrations and concerts in the old station.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundesbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Hans Arp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Arp"},{"link_name":"Oskar Kokoschka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka"},{"link_name":"Bruno Goller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Goller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Goller"},{"link_name":"Günther Uecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Uecker"},{"link_name":"Gotthard Graubner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Graubner"},{"link_name":"Stefan Askenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Askenase"},{"link_name":"Yehudi Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"Martha Argerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Argerich"},{"link_name":"Martin Walser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Walser"},{"link_name":"Marcel Marceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Marceau"}],"text":"After World War II, the station was no longer operated. In 1958 the president of the Deutsche Bundesbahn's Mainz region decided that \"oversized\" areas would be demolished and a small reception building would be established. Times changed, however, and in 1964 and Johannes Wasmuth developed a plan for the station as an art gallery and studio. Within a short time the station became a center of cultural life. Hans Arp, Oskar Kokoschka, Bruno Goller [de], Günther Uecker, Gotthard Graubner, Stefan Askenase, Yehudi Menuhin, Martha Argerich, Martin Walser and Marcel Marceau represent some of the people who participated.Only the death of Johannes Wasmuth ended the cultural life of the station.","title":"Artist studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Meier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Meier"},{"link_name":"stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Rolandseck_Veranda.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Rolandseck_Sockelgeschoss.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Rolandseck_Festsaal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanzgeschmeide.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McKenna_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Maria Nordman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Nordman"},{"link_name":"Anton Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Henning"},{"link_name":"Thomas Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Huber_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Res Ingold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Ingold"}],"text":"After extensive reorganisation and rebuilding the station reopened on 22 October 2004, and as of September 2007 includes the entrance to the new Arp Museum, which is being built above the station in accordance with the plans of the architect Richard Meier. The station building could not be returned to its original condition due to structural changes made at the beginning of the 20th century. The renovation work aimed at restoring the structural condition of the station in 1906 with a veranda and a pale green painted facade. The whitewashed surfaces of the dining room were restored, so that stucco work can be seen once again. The entrance is now in the basement, which along with the ground floor, serve as the exhibition areas. Works by Hans Arp are displayed in the basement and temporary exhibitions are displayed on the ground floor. The dining room and bistro are on the second floor.First floor veranda\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from outside into the basement with works by Hans Arp\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDining room\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArp: Tanzgeschmeide, museum sculptureA characteristic of the Arp Museum is the exhibition of works by contemporary artists in its functional areas. In keeping with a tradition created by Johannes Wasmuth, works by the British painter Stephen McKenna that include colourful ironical quotations from the history of art were retained in the station's washrooms and bistro. In the course of the modifications further functional areas of the museum were equipped by various artists: the washroom by Maria Nordman, the bistro by Anton Henning, the library by the Swiss Thomas Huber, and the museum's helicopter landing pad was developed in the style of the Ingold airline project of Swiss artist Res Ingold (that is the logos, corporate identity, advertising and presentation material of a fictitious airline).","title":"Arp Museum – Rolandseck railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Remagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remagen"},{"link_name":"Skulpturenufer Remagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skulpturenufer_Remagen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulpturenufer_Remagen"}],"text":"The Arp Museum has developed since 2000, in co-operation with the city of Remagen, the Skulpturenufer Remagen [de] sculpture garden along the Rhine bank between Rolandswerth and south of Remagen, on either side of the station.","title":"Sculpture banks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-categories_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-categories_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf"},{"link_name":"DB Station&Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Station%26Service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eisenbahnatlas_2-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-89494-139-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-139-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Tarifwabenplan 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vrminfo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/RZ_VRM-Tarifwabenplan_2021_ft5-Web.pdf"},{"link_name":"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Mosel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vrs.de/fileadmin/Dateien/Downloadcenter/Tarif/VRS_Gemeinschaftstarif_20042020.pdf"},{"link_name":"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Sieg"}],"text":"^ a b \"Stationspreisliste 2024\" [Station price list 2024] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.\n\n\n^ Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.\n\n^ \"Tarifwabenplan 2021\" (PDF). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel. January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.\n\n^ \"VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif\" (PDF) (in German). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg. 20 April 2020. p. 205. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Rolandseck station, 1857","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bahnhof_Rolandseck_1857.jpg/220px-Bahnhof_Rolandseck_1857.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\" [Station price list 2024] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","url_text":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Station%26Service","url_text":"DB Station&Service"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-139-0","url_text":"978-3-89494-139-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Tarifwabenplan 2021\" (PDF). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel. January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vrminfo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/RZ_VRM-Tarifwabenplan_2021_ft5-Web.pdf","url_text":"\"Tarifwabenplan 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Mosel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel"}]},{"reference":"\"VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif\" (PDF) (in German). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg. 20 April 2020. p. 205. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vrs.de/fileadmin/Dateien/Downloadcenter/Tarif/VRS_Gemeinschaftstarif_20042020.pdf","url_text":"\"VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Sieg","url_text":"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg"}]},{"reference":"Judith Loosen (2007). Bahnhof Rolandseck. Das Empfangsgebäude (in German). Bonn: Bouvier Verlag. ISBN 978-3-416-03206-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-416-03206-3","url_text":"978-3-416-03206-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rolandseck_station¶ms=50_37_53_N_7_12_25_E_region:DE-RP_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"50°37′53″N 7°12′25″E / 50.63139°N 7.20694°E / 50.63139; 7.20694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rolandseck_station¶ms=50_37_53_N_7_12_25_E_region:DE-RP_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"50°37′53″N 7°12′25″E / 50.63139°N 7.20694°E / 50.63139; 7.20694"},{"Link":"https://www.bahnhof.de/en/Rolandseck.html","external_links_name":"www.bahnhof.de"},{"Link":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.vrminfo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/RZ_VRM-Tarifwabenplan_2021_ft5-Web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tarifwabenplan 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.vrs.de/fileadmin/Dateien/Downloadcenter/Tarif/VRS_Gemeinschaftstarif_20042020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif\""},{"Link":"http://www.arpmuseum.de/","external_links_name":"Hans-Arp-Museum"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136702287","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005021985","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/aa5a932c-db98-4274-8c31-164efa1559f3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://iris.noncd.db.de/wbt/js/index.html?bhf=KROL&zeilen=50&seclang=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Bahn"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kantakouzenos_(died_1264) | Michael Kantakouzenos (died 1264) | ["1 References","2 Sources"] | Michael Kantakouzenos (died 1264) was megas konostaulos of the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
According to Pachymeres, this Michael Kantakouzenos was amongst the officers under the command of John Palaiologos the Emperor Michael sent in 1263 to campaign against Michael II, Despot of Epirus. After this campaign, Michael Kantakouzenos was created megas konostaulos or "Grand Constable".
The Chronicle of the Morea mentions a Kantakouzenos, of unknown first name, who was kephale or governor of the Byzantine province in the Peloponnese in 1262. This Kantakouzenos relayed reports of the aggression of William II of Villehardouin, which led to Michael VIII sending an army to the Peloponnese against William. He was renowned as a soldier, and his death at the beginning of the Battle of Makryplagi had a demoralizing effect on the Byzantine side, which led to their defeat. Donald Nicol notes that "it is tempting to identify this unnamed Kantakouzenos of the Peloponnese with the Michael Kantakouzenos" sent against Michael II of Epirus, but he admits that there are difficulties. Nevertheless, this identity is often assumed in earlier works.
This Michael may also be the grandfather of John VI Kantakouzenos, based on the Aragonese version of the Chronicle of the Morea. Nicol observes, "The father of the future Emperor John VI is known to have been himself Byzantine governor of the Peloponnese."
References
^ Nicol (1968), p. 11
^ a b Nicol (1968), pp. 12–13
^ cf. Geanakoplos (1959), p. 173, Longnon (1969), pp. 253–254
Sources
Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1011763434.
Longnon, Jean (1969). "The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311". In Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 234–275.
Nicol, Donald (1968). The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study. Dumbarton Oaks studies 11. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. OCLC 390843. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pachymeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachymeres"},{"link_name":"John Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Palaiologos_(brother_of_Michael_VIII)"},{"link_name":"Michael II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Despot of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of the Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Morea"},{"link_name":"kephale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"William II of Villehardouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_Villehardouin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Makryplagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Makryplagi"},{"link_name":"Donald Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicol-13-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicol-13-2"}],"text":"According to Pachymeres, this Michael Kantakouzenos was amongst the officers under the command of John Palaiologos the Emperor Michael sent in 1263 to campaign against Michael II, Despot of Epirus. After this campaign, Michael Kantakouzenos was created megas konostaulos or \"Grand Constable\".[1]The Chronicle of the Morea mentions a Kantakouzenos, of unknown first name, who was kephale or governor of the Byzantine province in the Peloponnese in 1262. This Kantakouzenos relayed reports of the aggression of William II of Villehardouin, which led to Michael VIII sending an army to the Peloponnese against William. He was renowned as a soldier, and his death at the beginning of the Battle of Makryplagi had a demoralizing effect on the Byzantine side, which led to their defeat. Donald Nicol notes that \"it is tempting to identify this unnamed Kantakouzenos of the Peloponnese with the Michael Kantakouzenos\" sent against Michael II of Epirus, but he admits that there are difficulties.[2] Nevertheless, this identity is often assumed in earlier works.[3]This Michael may also be the grandfather of John VI Kantakouzenos, based on the Aragonese version of the Chronicle of the Morea. Nicol observes, \"The father of the future Emperor John VI is known to have been himself Byzantine governor of the Peloponnese.\"[2]","title":"Michael Kantakouzenos (died 1264)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geanakoplos, Deno John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deno_Geanakoplos"},{"link_name":"Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MPscAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1011763434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011763434"},{"link_name":"A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusTwo.i0021&id=History.CrusTwo"},{"link_name":"Nicol, Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol"},{"link_name":"The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HqdBAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"390843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/390843"}],"text":"Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1011763434.\nLongnon, Jean (1969). \"The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311\". In Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 234–275.\nNicol, Donald (1968). The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study. Dumbarton Oaks studies 11. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. OCLC 390843.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1011763434.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deno_Geanakoplos","url_text":"Geanakoplos, Deno John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MPscAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011763434","url_text":"1011763434"}]},{"reference":"Longnon, Jean (1969). \"The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311\". In Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 234–275.","urls":[{"url":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusTwo.i0021&id=History.CrusTwo","url_text":"A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald (1968). The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study. Dumbarton Oaks studies 11. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. OCLC 390843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol","url_text":"Nicol, Donald"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HqdBAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/390843","url_text":"390843"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MPscAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011763434","external_links_name":"1011763434"},{"Link":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusTwo.i0021&id=History.CrusTwo","external_links_name":"A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HqdBAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/390843","external_links_name":"390843"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_%26TV | List of programmes broadcast by & TV | ["1 Current broadcasts","2 Former broadcasts","2.1 Comedy series","2.2 Mythological show","2.3 Drama series","2.4 Reality shows","3 References"] | Parts of this article (those related to currently broadcasts) need to be updated. The reason given is: the word "currently". Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)
This is the list of original television programs currently and formerly broadcast by &TV.
Current broadcasts
Premiere date
Show
2 March 2015
Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!
4 March 2019
Happu Ki Ultan Paltan
17 December 2019
Ek Mahanayak – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
5 December 2023
Atal
Former broadcasts
Comedy series
Year
Show
Notes
2021–2022
Aur Bhai Kya Chal Raha Hai
2017
Bakula Bua Ka Bhoot
2017
Comedy Dangal
2016–2017
Happy Hours
2016
Life Ka Recharge
2019
Shaadi Ke Siyape
Mythological show
Year
Show
Note
2017- 2020
Paramavatar Shri Krishna
2020
Kahat Hanuman Jai Shree Ram
2021–2022
Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha
Drama series
Year
Show
Notes
2017–2019
Agniphera
2015–2016
Agent Raghav – Crime Branch
2015–2016
Adhuri Kahaani Hamari
2015
Badii Devrani
2016–2018
Badho Bahu
2015–2016
Begusarai
2015–2016
Bhagyalaxmi
2018
Bitti Business Wali
2017
Chupke Chupke
2018–2019
Daayan
2015–2016
Darr Sabko Lagta Hai
2015
Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls
2022–2023
Doosri Maa
2017
Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi
2015–2017
Gangaa
2021–2022
Ghar Ek Mandir – Kripa Agrasen Maharaj Ki
2016–2017
Hoshiyar… Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam
2015–2016
Hamari Adhuri Kahani
2017–2018
Half Marriage
2019
Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki
2016
Kahani Hamari... Dil Dosti Deewanepan Ki
2017
Kuldeepak
2018–2020
Laal Ishq
2019
Main Bhi Ardhangini
2021
Mauka-E-Vardaat
2016
Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai
2017–2019
Meri Hanikarak Biwi
2018
Mitegi Laxman Rekha
2018–2019
Perfect Pati
2016–2017
Queens Hai Hum
2015
Razia Sultan
2015–2017
Santoshi Maa
2020–2021
Santoshi Maa - Sunayein Vrat Kathayein
2016
Saubhagyalakshmi
2017–2019
Siddhi Vinayak
2016
Tere Bin
2017
Vani Rani
2016–2017
Waaris
2015–2016
Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum
2020–2021
Yeshu
Reality shows
Year
Show
Notes
2015
Deal Ya No Deal
2018
High Fever
2017
India's Asli Champion
2015
India Poochhega Sabse Shaana Kaun?
2015
Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah
2018
Love Me India
2016
So You Think You Can Dance
2017
Taste Match
2015–2017
The Voice
2016–2018
The Voice India Kids
References
^ "TV show Aur Bhai Kya Chal Raha Hai completes a year of shooting in Lucknow - Times of India". The Times of India.
^ "Bakula Bua Ka Bhoot review: The light-hearted comedy show is perfect to entertain you on weekends". India Today. 25 June 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Anu Malik, Bharti Singh to judge 'Comedy Dangal'". Business Standard India. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "RJ Mantra approached to host &TV's new show 'Life Ka Recharge' – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Is Agent Raghav India's answer to The Mentalist? We don't think so". India Today. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "Animals score over saas-bahus on prime-time TV - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ "&TV to launch 'Badii Devrani' in weekday 21:30 slot". BizAsia. 29 March 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Prince Narula's new TV show 'Badho Bahu' to break size-zero obsession". Mid-day. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "A story of the power-hungry to unfold on TV – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "The return of the '70s trio with Bhagyalakshmi on &TV – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ "'Bitti Businesswali' cast shocked as the show is set to wrap up in two days – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "&TV to launch new weekend horror show 'Daayan'". BizAsia. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Everything is over exhausted in India except horror: Bipasha Basu". The Indian Express. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
^ "Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls and Badii Devrani to hit the tube – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ "Abhishek Malik and Sonali Nikam in Nivedita Basu's next – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "&TV announces new fiction launch 'Gangaa'". BizAsia. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "Half Marriage to Haasil: 16 upcoming TV shows you can't afford to miss". India Today. Ist. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Karan Wahi's comeback show ends in a month – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ "Kuldeepak to premiere today". The Hans India. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "&TV presents an unusual love story Main Bhi Ardhangini". Indian Television. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ "Ravi Kishan to make a comeback on small screen with an upcoming crime series, Mauka-E-Vardaat – Times of India". The Times of India.
^ "Echoes of a legendary tussle". The Hindu. 16 March 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ "&TV rolls out new show 'Mitegi Lakshman Rekha'". BizAsia. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ "Perfect Pati: Jaya Prada makes TV debut with '& TV' show playing a 'saas'!". ABP Live. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Kenisha Bhardwaj from 'Queens Hain Hum' talks about showbiz". The Free Press Journal. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Shah Rukh Khan turns 'sutradhar' for 'Razia Sultan'". The Indian Express. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Goddess of satisfaction 'Santoshi Maa' on the small screen – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Exclusive: Vighnaharta Ganesh actress Ruchi Singh on being without work for a year, 'It's difficult to survive and tough physically, mentally and emotionally' – Times of India". The Times of India. 2 February 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
^ "Saubhagyalaxmi – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "&TV's New Show 'Siddhivinayak' Presents a Passionate Hate Story". India West. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "'Tere Bin'... A complex love story on TV – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Iqbal Azad and Sanjay Gandhi cast opposite Tanvi Azmi in Vani Rani – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "TV show Waaris to go off air – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Exclusive - Sonali Nikam on Yeshu going off-air – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^ "Deal Or No Deal review: Deal for Ronit Roy, no deal for the show". India Today. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "India dikhayega dance ka naya tevar on &TV's high fever". Indian Television. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Supa Parveen, Niraj Rao Win India's Asli Champion...Hai Dum!". News18. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "India Poochega – Sabse Shaana Kaun? marks the return of SRK on TV – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "&TV to launch new 'Killer' singing game show". Indian Television. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "Abhijeet Sawant returns to reality shows with Love Me India". The Indian Express. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "&TV's 'So You Think You Can Dance' reveals its Top 20 dancers – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ ""As a husband, I rate myself 10/10": Shikhar Dhawan in Taste Match – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
^ "The Voice of India Kids launched". The Indian Express. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
vtePrograms currently broadcast by &TVComedy
Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!
Happu Ki Ultan Pultan
Drama
Ek Mahanayak – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Atal
Horror
Laal Ishq
vteList of television programs broadcast by regionAsia-wide
Animal Planet
Animax
Armenia TV
AXN
BBC
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
Discovery
Discovery HD World
Discovery Science
Disney Channel Asia
HBO
MTV Southeast Asia
National Geographic
Nat Geo Wild
Nickelodeon
Syfy Asia
STAR World
Star Vijay
STAR Movies/Fox Movies Premium
Channel V
East AsiaHong Kong
TVB
ViuTVsix
Star Vijay
Japan
Animax
TBS
Tokyo MX
TV Tokyo
South Korea
Arirang TV
Cartoon Network
Channel A
Disney Channel
KBS
kakao TV
MBC
SBS
SBS M
JTBC
Tooniverse
TVING
tvN
OCN
Mnet
South AsiaBangladesh
ATN Bangla
Bangladesh Television
Ekushey Television
Duronto TV
India
&TV
9X
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
Colors
Colors Tamil
DD National
Discovery
Discovery HD World
Discovery Kids
Disney Channel
ETV
Gemini TV
Hungama TV
Imagine TV
Jaya TV
Kalaignar TV
Life OK
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
Nickelodeon
Pogo
Puthuyugam TV
Raj TV
SAB TV
Sahara One
Sony TV
STAR Maa
STAR One
STAR Plus
Star Vijay
Sun TV
TV Asia
Zee Magic
Zee TV
Zee Keralam
Zee Tamizh
Zindagi
Nepal
Nepal TV
Kantipur Television
AP1
ABC Television (Nepal)
Image
Kantipur Gold
Himalaya
Janta
NTV PLUS
NTV Kohalpur
NTV News
Sagarmatha
Pakistan
ARY Digital
ARY Zindagi
Cartoon Network
Geo Kahani
Geo TV
Hum TV
Hum Sitaray
Nickelodeon
PTV
Spacetoon
TV One
Urdu 1
Sri Lanka
Shakthi TV
Southeast AsiaMalaysia
TV2
TV3
ntv7
8TV
TV9
Astro Ceria
Star Vijay
Philippines
A2Z
ABS-CBN
AksyonTV/5 Plus
ALLTV
ANC
Animal Planet
Animax
BEAM TV
Boomerang
CNN Philippines
Discovery
DZBB
DWPM/TeleRadyo Serbisyo
DZRH/DZRH News TV
Fox Filipino
Fox Movies
GMA Network
GTV
Hero
IBC
INC TV
Jack TV
Jeepney TV
Kapamilya Channel
Knowledge Channel
Light TV
Metro Channel
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
Net 25
One Sports
PBS
PIE
PTV
Radyo5/One PH
RJTV
RPN
S+A
SMNI
SolarFlix
TV5
UNTV
Yey!
Singapore
Asian Food Network
BBC
CNA
Channel 5
Channel 8
Vasantham
Star Vijay
Vietnam
Animal Planet
AXN
Discovery
HanoiTV
HTV1
HTV2
HTV3
HTV4
HTV7
HTV9
MTV Vietnam
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
RED by HBO
Fox Movies
THVN
Vietnam Television (VTV)
VTV1
VTV2
VTV4
VTV5
VTV6
VTV7
VTV8
VTV9
OceaniaAustralia
ABC
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
Channel 31
Discovery
Discovery HD World
Disney Channel
MTV Australia
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
Network Ten
Nine Network
Sky News Live
SBS
SF Channel
Seven Network
New Zealand
Prime
TVNZ
Warner Bros. Discovery
EuropeAlbania
Bang Bang
Top Channel
Armenia
Armenia TV
Armenia 1
Cyprus
CyBC
METV
France
France 2
Disney Channel
TF1
Germany
Das Erste
Kabel eins
ProSieben
RTL
Sat.1
ZDF
ZDFneo
Greece
Alpha TV
Alter Channel
ANT1
ERT
Mega Channel
Ireland
Cartoonito
RTÉ
TG4
Virgin Media
Italy
Fox
FX
Joi
Mya
Steel
Norway
NRK 1
NRK 2
NRK 3
NRK super
C More
Canal 9 Norway
Disney Channel Scandinavia
FEM
Max
TV 2
TV 2 Bliss
TV 2 Livsstil
TV2 Sport
TV 2 Nyhetskanalen
TV3 Norway
TVNorge
Vox
Poland
Polsat
TVN
TVN 7
Portugal
Disney Channel
SIC
TVI
Spain
TVE
La 1
La 2
Antena 3
Cuatro
Telecinco
La Sexta
United Kingdom
Animal Planet
BBC
Boomerang
Bravo
Cartoonito
Cartoon Network
CBBC
CBeebies
Challenge
Channel 4
Channel 5
Channel One
Comedy Central
Discovery
Discovery Home & Health
Disney Channel
Disney XD
E4
ITV
ITV2
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
Nickelodeon
Nicktoons
Nick Jr.
Pop
Sky One
Sky Sci-Fi
Sky Witness
Middle EastIsrael
Channel 2
Channel 1
Israeli Educational Television
Arutz HaYeladim
North AmericaCanada
A-Channel
ABC Spark
BBC Canada
BiteTV
bpm:tv
Cartoon Network
CBC
Citytv
Comedy Gold
Cosmopolitan TV
CTV/CTV 2
CTV Comedy Channel
DejaView
Disney Channel
DTour
E! (TV system)
E! (specialty channel)
Family
Food Network
FX
G4
Global
Global Reality
HGTV
History
Ici Radio-Canada Télé
Joytv
Knowledge Network
M3
MTV
MTV2
Much
Nickelodeon
Noovo
OLN
OUTtv
The Pet Network
Prise 2
Showcase
Slice
Sportsnet 360
Treehouse TV
TSN
TVA
TVOntario
Yes TV
YTV
Caribbean
Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation
CaribVision
Cubavision International
Tempo TV
Mexico
Canal Once
Imagen Televisión
Televisa
United States
ABC
Adult Swim
A&E
Amazon Freevee
Amazon Prime Video
AMC
Animal Planet
Antenna TV
Apple TV+
Audience
Azteca
BBC America
BET
BET+
BET Her
Boomerang
Bravo
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Catchy Comedy
CBS
Chiller
Cinemax
CMT
CNBC
CNN
Comedy Central
Cooking Channel
Crackle
Create
Curiosity Stream
The CW
The CW Plus
DC Universe
Destination America
Discovery Channel
Discovery Family
Disney Channel
Disney+
Disney Jr.
Disney XD
DuMont
E!
Esquire Network
ESPN
Facebook Watch
Food Network
Fox
Fox Business
Fox Kids
Fox News
Fox Sports 1
Freeform
Fuse
FX
FXX
G4
GetTV
Game Show Network
Great American Family
HBO
Hallmark Channel
H&I
HGTV
History
Hulu
IFC
Investigation Discovery
Ion
Justice Network
Kids' WB
Lifetime
Logo
Max
MeTV
MGM+
MSNBC
MTV
MTV2
MTV Classic
MundoMax
MyNetworkTV
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
NBC
NBCSN
Netflix
NewsNation
NFL Network
Nickelodeon
Nick at Nite
Nick GaS
Nick Jr.
Nick Jr. Channel
Nicktoons
Noggin
NTA Film Net
OWN
Oxygen
Paramount Network
Paramount+
Paramount+ with Showtime
PBS
PBS Kids
Peacock
Playhouse Disney
Pop
Qubo
Quibi
Retro TV
RT America
Science
Seeso
Shudder
Smile
Speed
Spike
Starz
Sundance TV
Syfy
Syndication
TBD
TBS
TechTV
TeenNick
Telemundo
TheCoolTV
The Roku Channel
The WB
The WB 100+
This TV
TLC
TNT
Toon Disney
Toonami
Tr3s
Travel Channel
truTV
TV Land
TV One
UniMás
Universal Kids
Univision
Up TV
UPN
UPN Kids
USA Network
VH1
Vice TV
We TV
Yahoo! Screen
YouTube Premium
Latin America
Animal Planet
BBC
Canal Sony
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Discovery Kids
Discovery
Discovery Science
Disney+ Latin America
Star+
Disney Channel
Disney Junior
Star Channel
Nat Geo
Nickelodeon
Nick Jr.
Warner Channel
South AmericaArgentina
América TV
elnueve
eltrece
Net TV
Telefe
TVP
Brazil
Band
CNT
Disney Channel Brazil
Globo
GloboNews
Mix TV
MTV
Nickelodeon
Multishow
Record News
Record
RedeTV!
SBT
Chile
Canal 13
Chilevisión
La Red
Mega
TVN
Colombia
Canal 1
Caracol Televisión
RCN Televisión
Ecuador
Ecuavisa
Gamavisión
RTS
TC Televisión
Teleamazonas
Peru
América Televisión
ATV
Latina Televisión
Panamericana Televisión
Venezuela
RCTV
Televen
TVes
Venevisión
Venezolana de Televisión
Multiple regions
Jetix
The Filipino Channel
GMA Pinoy TV
GMA Life TV
GMA News TV International
Max
Xbox Live
Netflix
Amazon Prime Video
Paramount+
Disney+
Apple TV+
Star | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"&TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%26TV"}],"text":"This is the list of original television programs currently and formerly broadcast by &TV.","title":"List of programmes broadcast by & TV"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Comedy series","title":"Former broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mythological show","title":"Former broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Drama series","title":"Former broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reality shows","title":"Former broadcasts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"TV show Aur Bhai Kya Chal Raha Hai completes a year of shooting in Lucknow - Times of India\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-aur-bhai-kya-chal-raha-hai-completes-a-year-of-shooting-in-lucknow/articleshow/90699077.cms","url_text":"\"TV show Aur Bhai Kya Chal Raha Hai completes a year of shooting in Lucknow - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bakula Bua Ka Bhoot review: The light-hearted comedy show is perfect to entertain you on weekends\". India Today. 25 June 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/bakula-bua-ka-bhoot-review-new-comedy-show-is-perfect-for-weekends-sarita-joshi-lifetv-984671-2017-06-25","url_text":"\"Bakula Bua Ka Bhoot review: The light-hearted comedy show is perfect to entertain you on weekends\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anu Malik, Bharti Singh to judge 'Comedy Dangal'\". Business Standard India. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/anu-malik-bharti-singh-to-judge-comedy-dangal-117080300898_1.html","url_text":"\"Anu Malik, Bharti Singh to judge 'Comedy Dangal'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RJ Mantra approached to host &TV's new show 'Life Ka Recharge' – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/RJ-Mantra-approached-to-host-TVs-new-show-Life-Ka-Recharge/articleshow/52646112.cms","url_text":"\"RJ Mantra approached to host &TV's new show 'Life Ka Recharge' – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is Agent Raghav India's answer to The Mentalist? We don't think so\". India Today. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/is-agent-raghav-copy-of-the-mentalist-sharad-kelkar-simon-baker-261461-2015-09-06","url_text":"\"Is Agent Raghav India's answer to The Mentalist? We don't think so\""}]},{"reference":"\"Animals score over saas-bahus on prime-time TV - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Animals-score-over-saas-bahus-on-prime-time-TV/articleshow/51407264.cms","url_text":"\"Animals score over saas-bahus on prime-time TV - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"&TV to launch 'Badii Devrani' in weekday 21:30 slot\". BizAsia. 29 March 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-to-launch-badii-devrani-in-weekday-2130-slot/","url_text":"\"&TV to launch 'Badii Devrani' in weekday 21:30 slot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Narula's new TV show 'Badho Bahu' to break size-zero obsession\". Mid-day. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mid-day.com/articles/prince-narulas-new-tv-show-badho-bahu-to-break-size-zero-obsession/17575193","url_text":"\"Prince Narula's new TV show 'Badho Bahu' to break size-zero obsession\""}]},{"reference":"\"A story of the power-hungry to unfold on TV – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/A-story-of-the-power-hungry-to-unfold-on-TV/articleshow/46086566.cms","url_text":"\"A story of the power-hungry to unfold on TV – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"The return of the '70s trio with Bhagyalakshmi on &TV – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/The-return-of-the-70s-trio-with-Bhagyalakshmi-on-TV/articleshow/46341606.cms","url_text":"\"The return of the '70s trio with Bhagyalakshmi on &TV – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Bitti Businesswali' cast shocked as the show is set to wrap up in two days – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bitti-businesswali-cast-shocked-as-the-show-is-set-to-wrap-up-in-two-days/articleshow/65785348.cms","url_text":"\"'Bitti Businesswali' cast shocked as the show is set to wrap up in two days – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"&TV to launch new weekend horror show 'Daayan'\". BizAsia. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-to-launch-new-weekend-horror-show-daayan/","url_text":"\"&TV to launch new weekend horror show 'Daayan'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything is over exhausted in India except horror: Bipasha Basu\". The Indian Express. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/everything-is-over-exhausted-in-india-except-horror-bipasha-basu/","url_text":"\"Everything is over exhausted in India except horror: Bipasha Basu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls and Badii Devrani to hit the tube – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dilli-Wali-Thakur-Gurls-and-Badii-Devrani-to-hit-the-tube/articleshow/46725917.cms","url_text":"\"Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls and Badii Devrani to hit the tube – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abhishek Malik and Sonali Nikam in Nivedita Basu's next – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Abhishek-Malik-and-Sonali-Nikam-in-Nivedita-Basus-next/articleshow/54693961.cms","url_text":"\"Abhishek Malik and Sonali Nikam in Nivedita Basu's next – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"&TV announces new fiction launch 'Gangaa'\". BizAsia. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-announces-new-fiction-launch-gangaa/","url_text":"\"&TV announces new fiction launch 'Gangaa'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Half Marriage to Haasil: 16 upcoming TV shows you can't afford to miss\". India Today. Ist. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what%27s-hot/story/half-marriage-to-haasil-16-upcoming-tv-shows-you-cant-afford-to-miss-super-dancer-bigg-boss-lifetv-1043166-2017-09-12","url_text":"\"Half Marriage to Haasil: 16 upcoming TV shows you can't afford to miss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karan Wahi's comeback show ends in a month – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/Karan-Wahis-comeback-show-ends-in-a-month/articleshow/52746684.cms","url_text":"\"Karan Wahi's comeback show ends in a month – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuldeepak to premiere today\". The Hans India. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-03-27/Kuldeepak-to-premiere-today/289150","url_text":"\"Kuldeepak to premiere today\""}]},{"reference":"\"&TV presents an unusual love story Main Bhi Ardhangini\". Indian Television. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/tv-presents-an-unusual-love-story-main-bhi-ardhangini-190114","url_text":"\"&TV presents an unusual love story Main Bhi Ardhangini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ravi Kishan to make a comeback on small screen with an upcoming crime series, Mauka-E-Vardaat – Times of India\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravi-kishan-to-make-a-comeback-on-small-screen-with-an-upcoming-crime-series-mauka-e-vardaat/articleshow/80853766.cms","url_text":"\"Ravi Kishan to make a comeback on small screen with an upcoming crime series, Mauka-E-Vardaat – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Echoes of a legendary tussle\". The Hindu. 16 March 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/echoes-of-a-legendary-tussle/article8360996.ece","url_text":"\"Echoes of a legendary tussle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"&TV rolls out new show 'Mitegi Lakshman Rekha'\". BizAsia. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-rolls-new-show-mitegi-lakshman-rekha/","url_text":"\"&TV rolls out new show 'Mitegi Lakshman Rekha'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perfect Pati: Jaya Prada makes TV debut with '& TV' show playing a 'saas'!\". ABP Live. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abplive.in/television/perfect-pati-jaya-prada-makes-tv-debut-with-tv-show-playing-a-saas-790203","url_text":"\"Perfect Pati: Jaya Prada makes TV debut with '& TV' show playing a 'saas'!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenisha Bhardwaj from 'Queens Hain Hum' talks about showbiz\". The Free Press Journal. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/kenisha-bhardwaj-from-queens-hain-hum-talks-about-showbiz","url_text":"\"Kenisha Bhardwaj from 'Queens Hain Hum' talks about showbiz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shah Rukh Khan turns 'sutradhar' for 'Razia Sultan'\". The Indian Express. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shah-rukh-khan-turns-sutradhar-for-razia-sultan/","url_text":"\"Shah Rukh Khan turns 'sutradhar' for 'Razia Sultan'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goddess of satisfaction 'Santoshi Maa' on the small screen – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/Goddess-of-satisfaction-Santoshi-Maa-on-the-small-screen/videoshow/49968866.cms","url_text":"\"Goddess of satisfaction 'Santoshi Maa' on the small screen – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Vighnaharta Ganesh actress Ruchi Singh on being without work for a year, 'It's difficult to survive and tough physically, mentally and emotionally' – Times of India\". The Times of India. 2 February 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 9 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-vighnaharta-ganesh-actress-ruchi-singh-on-being-without-work-for-a-year-its-difficult-to-survive-and-tough-physically-mentally-and-emotionally/articleshow/97545779.cms","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Vighnaharta Ganesh actress Ruchi Singh on being without work for a year, 'It's difficult to survive and tough physically, mentally and emotionally' – Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"}]},{"reference":"\"Saubhagyalaxmi – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/new-hindi-tv-shows-to-look-forward-to-in-2016/Saubhagyalaxmi/articleshow/50468207.cms","url_text":"\"Saubhagyalaxmi – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"&TV's New Show 'Siddhivinayak' Presents a Passionate Hate Story\". India West. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/tv-s-new-show-siddhivinayak-presents-a-passionate-hate-story/article_736ad63e-bd98-11e7-8f14-23c05fbac0a5.html","url_text":"\"&TV's New Show 'Siddhivinayak' Presents a Passionate Hate Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Tere Bin'... A complex love story on TV – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tere-Bin-A-complex-love-story-on-TV/articleshow/53249579.cms","url_text":"\"'Tere Bin'... A complex love story on TV – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iqbal Azad and Sanjay Gandhi cast opposite Tanvi Azmi in Vani Rani – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iqbal-azad-and-sanjay-gandhi-cast-opposite-tanvi-azmi-in-vani-rani/articleshow/59634522.cms","url_text":"\"Iqbal Azad and Sanjay Gandhi cast opposite Tanvi Azmi in Vani Rani – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV show Waaris to go off air – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-waaris-to-go-off-air/articleshow/61863180.cms","url_text":"\"TV show Waaris to go off air – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive - Sonali Nikam on Yeshu going off-air – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sonali-nikam-on-yeshu-going-off-air-theres-no-specific-reason-behind-its-end-but-its-shocking/articleshow/82048542.cms","url_text":"\"Exclusive - Sonali Nikam on Yeshu going off-air – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deal Or No Deal review: Deal for Ronit Roy, no deal for the show\". India Today. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/deal-ya-no-deal-review-ronit-roy-dull-show-261446-2015-09-06","url_text":"\"Deal Or No Deal review: Deal for Ronit Roy, no deal for the show\""}]},{"reference":"\"India dikhayega dance ka naya tevar on &TV's high fever\". Indian Television. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/india-dikhayega-dance-ka-naya-tevar-on-tv-s-high-fever-180312","url_text":"\"India dikhayega dance ka naya tevar on &TV's high fever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supa Parveen, Niraj Rao Win India's Asli Champion...Hai Dum!\". News18. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/supa-parveen-niraj-rao-win-indias-asli-champion-hai-dum-1456595.html","url_text":"\"Supa Parveen, Niraj Rao Win India's Asli Champion...Hai Dum!\""}]},{"reference":"\"India Poochega – Sabse Shaana Kaun? marks the return of SRK on TV – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/India-Poochega-Sabse-Shaana-Kaun-marks-the-return-of-SRK-on-TV/articleshow/45978665.cms","url_text":"\"India Poochega – Sabse Shaana Kaun? marks the return of SRK on TV – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"&TV to launch new 'Killer' singing game show\". Indian Television. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/tv-to-launch-new-killer-singing-game-show-150210","url_text":"\"&TV to launch new 'Killer' singing game show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abhijeet Sawant returns to reality shows with Love Me India\". The Indian Express. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhijeet-sawant-reality-show-love-me-india-5291380/","url_text":"\"Abhijeet Sawant returns to reality shows with Love Me India\""}]},{"reference":"\"&TV's 'So You Think You Can Dance' reveals its Top 20 dancers – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TVs-So-You-Think-You-Can-Dance-reveals-its-Top-20-dancers/articleshow/52241473.cms","url_text":"\"&TV's 'So You Think You Can Dance' reveals its Top 20 dancers – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"As a husband, I rate myself 10/10\": Shikhar Dhawan in Taste Match – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/as-a-husband-i-rate-myself-10/10-shikhar-dhawan-in-taste-match/articleshow/58262305.cms","url_text":"\"\"As a husband, I rate myself 10/10\": Shikhar Dhawan in Taste Match – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Voice of India Kids launched\". The Indian Express. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-voice-india-kids-launched-2924985/","url_text":"\"The Voice of India Kids launched\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-aur-bhai-kya-chal-raha-hai-completes-a-year-of-shooting-in-lucknow/articleshow/90699077.cms","external_links_name":"\"TV show Aur Bhai Kya Chal Raha Hai completes a year of shooting in Lucknow - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/bakula-bua-ka-bhoot-review-new-comedy-show-is-perfect-for-weekends-sarita-joshi-lifetv-984671-2017-06-25","external_links_name":"\"Bakula Bua Ka Bhoot review: The light-hearted comedy show is perfect to entertain you on weekends\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/anu-malik-bharti-singh-to-judge-comedy-dangal-117080300898_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Anu Malik, Bharti Singh to judge 'Comedy Dangal'\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/RJ-Mantra-approached-to-host-TVs-new-show-Life-Ka-Recharge/articleshow/52646112.cms","external_links_name":"\"RJ Mantra approached to host &TV's new show 'Life Ka Recharge' – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/is-agent-raghav-copy-of-the-mentalist-sharad-kelkar-simon-baker-261461-2015-09-06","external_links_name":"\"Is Agent Raghav India's answer to The Mentalist? We don't think so\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Animals-score-over-saas-bahus-on-prime-time-TV/articleshow/51407264.cms","external_links_name":"\"Animals score over saas-bahus on prime-time TV - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-to-launch-badii-devrani-in-weekday-2130-slot/","external_links_name":"\"&TV to launch 'Badii Devrani' in weekday 21:30 slot\""},{"Link":"https://www.mid-day.com/articles/prince-narulas-new-tv-show-badho-bahu-to-break-size-zero-obsession/17575193","external_links_name":"\"Prince Narula's new TV show 'Badho Bahu' to break size-zero obsession\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/A-story-of-the-power-hungry-to-unfold-on-TV/articleshow/46086566.cms","external_links_name":"\"A story of the power-hungry to unfold on TV – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/The-return-of-the-70s-trio-with-Bhagyalakshmi-on-TV/articleshow/46341606.cms","external_links_name":"\"The return of the '70s trio with Bhagyalakshmi on &TV – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bitti-businesswali-cast-shocked-as-the-show-is-set-to-wrap-up-in-two-days/articleshow/65785348.cms","external_links_name":"\"'Bitti Businesswali' cast shocked as the show is set to wrap up in two days – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-to-launch-new-weekend-horror-show-daayan/","external_links_name":"\"&TV to launch new weekend horror show 'Daayan'\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/everything-is-over-exhausted-in-india-except-horror-bipasha-basu/","external_links_name":"\"Everything is over exhausted in India except horror: Bipasha Basu\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dilli-Wali-Thakur-Gurls-and-Badii-Devrani-to-hit-the-tube/articleshow/46725917.cms","external_links_name":"\"Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls and Badii Devrani to hit the tube – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Abhishek-Malik-and-Sonali-Nikam-in-Nivedita-Basus-next/articleshow/54693961.cms","external_links_name":"\"Abhishek Malik and Sonali Nikam in Nivedita Basu's next – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-announces-new-fiction-launch-gangaa/","external_links_name":"\"&TV announces new fiction launch 'Gangaa'\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what%27s-hot/story/half-marriage-to-haasil-16-upcoming-tv-shows-you-cant-afford-to-miss-super-dancer-bigg-boss-lifetv-1043166-2017-09-12","external_links_name":"\"Half Marriage to Haasil: 16 upcoming TV shows you can't afford to miss\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/Karan-Wahis-comeback-show-ends-in-a-month/articleshow/52746684.cms","external_links_name":"\"Karan Wahi's comeback show ends in a month – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-03-27/Kuldeepak-to-premiere-today/289150","external_links_name":"\"Kuldeepak to premiere today\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/tv-presents-an-unusual-love-story-main-bhi-ardhangini-190114","external_links_name":"\"&TV presents an unusual love story Main Bhi Ardhangini\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravi-kishan-to-make-a-comeback-on-small-screen-with-an-upcoming-crime-series-mauka-e-vardaat/articleshow/80853766.cms","external_links_name":"\"Ravi Kishan to make a comeback on small screen with an upcoming crime series, Mauka-E-Vardaat – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/echoes-of-a-legendary-tussle/article8360996.ece","external_links_name":"\"Echoes of a legendary tussle\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-rolls-new-show-mitegi-lakshman-rekha/","external_links_name":"\"&TV rolls out new show 'Mitegi Lakshman Rekha'\""},{"Link":"https://www.abplive.in/television/perfect-pati-jaya-prada-makes-tv-debut-with-tv-show-playing-a-saas-790203","external_links_name":"\"Perfect Pati: Jaya Prada makes TV debut with '& TV' show playing a 'saas'!\""},{"Link":"https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/kenisha-bhardwaj-from-queens-hain-hum-talks-about-showbiz","external_links_name":"\"Kenisha Bhardwaj from 'Queens Hain Hum' talks about showbiz\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shah-rukh-khan-turns-sutradhar-for-razia-sultan/","external_links_name":"\"Shah Rukh Khan turns 'sutradhar' for 'Razia Sultan'\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/Goddess-of-satisfaction-Santoshi-Maa-on-the-small-screen/videoshow/49968866.cms","external_links_name":"\"Goddess of satisfaction 'Santoshi Maa' on the small screen – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-vighnaharta-ganesh-actress-ruchi-singh-on-being-without-work-for-a-year-its-difficult-to-survive-and-tough-physically-mentally-and-emotionally/articleshow/97545779.cms","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Vighnaharta Ganesh actress Ruchi Singh on being without work for a year, 'It's difficult to survive and tough physically, mentally and emotionally' – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","external_links_name":"0971-8257"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/new-hindi-tv-shows-to-look-forward-to-in-2016/Saubhagyalaxmi/articleshow/50468207.cms","external_links_name":"\"Saubhagyalaxmi – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/tv-s-new-show-siddhivinayak-presents-a-passionate-hate-story/article_736ad63e-bd98-11e7-8f14-23c05fbac0a5.html","external_links_name":"\"&TV's New Show 'Siddhivinayak' Presents a Passionate Hate Story\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tere-Bin-A-complex-love-story-on-TV/articleshow/53249579.cms","external_links_name":"\"'Tere Bin'... A complex love story on TV – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iqbal-azad-and-sanjay-gandhi-cast-opposite-tanvi-azmi-in-vani-rani/articleshow/59634522.cms","external_links_name":"\"Iqbal Azad and Sanjay Gandhi cast opposite Tanvi Azmi in Vani Rani – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-waaris-to-go-off-air/articleshow/61863180.cms","external_links_name":"\"TV show Waaris to go off air – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sonali-nikam-on-yeshu-going-off-air-theres-no-specific-reason-behind-its-end-but-its-shocking/articleshow/82048542.cms","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive - Sonali Nikam on Yeshu going off-air – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/deal-ya-no-deal-review-ronit-roy-dull-show-261446-2015-09-06","external_links_name":"\"Deal Or No Deal review: Deal for Ronit Roy, no deal for the show\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/india-dikhayega-dance-ka-naya-tevar-on-tv-s-high-fever-180312","external_links_name":"\"India dikhayega dance ka naya tevar on &TV's high fever\""},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/supa-parveen-niraj-rao-win-indias-asli-champion-hai-dum-1456595.html","external_links_name":"\"Supa Parveen, Niraj Rao Win India's Asli Champion...Hai Dum!\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/India-Poochega-Sabse-Shaana-Kaun-marks-the-return-of-SRK-on-TV/articleshow/45978665.cms","external_links_name":"\"India Poochega – Sabse Shaana Kaun? marks the return of SRK on TV – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/tv-to-launch-new-killer-singing-game-show-150210","external_links_name":"\"&TV to launch new 'Killer' singing game show\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhijeet-sawant-reality-show-love-me-india-5291380/","external_links_name":"\"Abhijeet Sawant returns to reality shows with Love Me India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TVs-So-You-Think-You-Can-Dance-reveals-its-Top-20-dancers/articleshow/52241473.cms","external_links_name":"\"&TV's 'So You Think You Can Dance' reveals its Top 20 dancers – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/as-a-husband-i-rate-myself-10/10-shikhar-dhawan-in-taste-match/articleshow/58262305.cms","external_links_name":"\"\"As a husband, I rate myself 10/10\": Shikhar Dhawan in Taste Match – Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-voice-india-kids-launched-2924985/","external_links_name":"\"The Voice of India Kids launched\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudavalli_Ramabrahmam | Gudavalli Ramabrahmam | ["1 Early life and career","2 Legacy","3 Selected filmography","4 References"] | Indian film director (1898–1946)
Gudavalli RamabrahmamBorn24 June 1898/1902Nandamuru, Krishna district, British IndiaDied1 October 1946 (aged 44 or 48)Occupation(s)Fim directorScreenwriterProducerSpouseSaradamba
Gudavalli Ramabrahmam was an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer who worked in Telugu cinema. He is known for directing critically acclaimed social problem films like Mala Pilla (1938) and Raithu Bidda (1939). At a time when mythological films were ruling the roost, Ramabrahmam ushered in a new era in Telugu cinema by making films on contemporary social issues.
In 1937, he founded the film production company Sarathi Films along with Raja of Challapalli, Yaralagadda Sivarama Prasad. In 1945, he was elected as the chairman for South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce.
Early life and career
Gudavalli Ramabrahmam was born in the village of Nandamuru, Krishna District in 1898 or 1902 to Gudavalli Venkayya and Bapamma. Viswanata Satyanarayana was also born in the same village. Ramabrahmam was educated in Indupalli, Gudivada, and Machilipatnam. He got married at the age of eighteen to Saradhamba. Later he gave up his education and joined the non-cooperation movement by burning foreign clothes in his father-in-law's house.
In 1924, he started “Friends and Co,” a stationery shop in Vijayawada. This store became a meeting place for artists and litterateurs like Basavaraju Apparao, Samudrala Raghavacharya, and Andhra University Vice-Chancellor Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy. In 1931, he became the Chairman of Andhra Farmers Meeting organizing committee. In 1934, he was elected as the secretary of Andhra Nataka Parishathu. He then worked as the editor of Prajamithra magazine in Madras.
He wrote Kammakula Charitra (transl. History of Kamma caste). He went to Kadapa to do research on Kamma caste. There, he did research on Gandikota and also wrote a play on the destruction of Gandikota titled Gandikota Pathanam which became very popular and was played in many cities.
Subsequently, he ventured into Telugu cinema, and founded the film production company Sarathi Films along with Raja of Challapalli, Yaralagadda Sivarama Prasad and worked as a production executive for the film Kanaka Tara. He then ventured into direction through the folklore film, Draupadi Vasthrapharanam (1936) under his home production. He then teamed up with producer P. V. Das and directed Sree Krishna Leelalu. He has also directed films like Mala Pilla (1938), Raithu Bidda (1939), Illalu (1940), Apavaadhu (1941), Pathni (1942), Panthulamma (1943), and Mayalokam (1945). He died on 1 October 1946. He was also the co-director for the film Palnati Yuddham (1947) which was later finished by L. V. Prasad due to his untimely death in 1946.
Legacy
At a time when mythological films were ruling the roost, Ramabrahmam ushered in a new era in Telugu cinema by making films on contemporary social issues. The success of Malapilla kindled interest in other Telugu filmmakers to make films based on social themes. Malapilla also discarded the literary Telugu used in films until then and traded it for colloquial Telugu in its dialogue.
Selected filmography
Year
Film
Notes
Ref.
1935
Sree Krishna Leelalu
1936
Draupadi Vastrapaharanam
Production controller
1938
Mala Pilla
1939
Raithu Bidda
1940
Illalu
1941
Apavaadhu
1942
Pathni
1943
Panthulamma
1945
Mayalokam
1947
Palnati Yuddham
Co-director
References
^ CineGoer.com - Nostalgia - Mala Pilla Archived 26 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Palnati Yuddham (1947)". The Hindu. 9 June 2012. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ Balayogini (1937) - The Hindu
^ a b Southscope July 2010 - Side A. Southscope. p. 13.
^ a b "Malapilla (1938)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ a b Narasimham, M. L. (22 January 2011). "Malapilla (1938)". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ "Did you know the popular film Mala Pilla was penned by renowned writer Tapi Dharma Rao ?". The Times of India. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ a b c d e "Gudavalli Ramabrahmam". Vepachedu. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ Gudavalli Rama Brahmam-The Revolutionary Legend! Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Gudavalli Ramabrahmam". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Narasimham, M. L. (22 January 2011). "Malapilla (1938)". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ Nooruguru Telugu Pramukhulu, by M. L. Narasimharao, and
Sreenivasarao Vepachedu, May 2002
^ a b c Narasimham, M. L. (12 December 2010). "Draupadi Vasthrapaharanam (1936)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006, pp.14.
^ "Malapilla (1938)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
^ a b "Nostalgia Mala Pilla (1938) at Cinegoer.com". cinegoer.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012.
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_film"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"Telugu cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"social problem films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_problem_film"},{"link_name":"Mala Pilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Pilla"},{"link_name":"Raithu Bidda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raithu_Bidda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"Sarathi Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarathi_Studios#Sarathi_Films"},{"link_name":"Challapalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challapalli"},{"link_name":"Yaralagadda Sivarama Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlagadda_Sivarama_Prasad"},{"link_name":"South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indian_Film_Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam was an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer who worked in Telugu cinema.[1][2] He is known for directing critically acclaimed social problem films like Mala Pilla (1938) and Raithu Bidda (1939).[3][4] At a time when mythological films were ruling the roost, Ramabrahmam ushered in a new era in Telugu cinema by making films on contemporary social issues.[5][6][4]In 1937, he founded the film production company Sarathi Films along with Raja of Challapalli, Yaralagadda Sivarama Prasad. In 1945, he was elected as the chairman for South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce.[7]","title":"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Viswanata Satyanarayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanatha_Satyanarayana"},{"link_name":"Gudivada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudivada"},{"link_name":"Machilipatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machilipatnam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"litterateurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"Samudrala Raghavacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudrala_Sr."},{"link_name":"Andhra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_University"},{"link_name":"Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattamanchi_Ramalinga_Reddy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu1936-13"},{"link_name":"Kamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamma_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Kadapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadapa"},{"link_name":"Gandikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandikota"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Telugu cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Sarathi Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarathi_Studios#Sarathi_Films"},{"link_name":"Challapalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challapalli"},{"link_name":"Yaralagadda Sivarama Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlagadda_Sivarama_Prasad"},{"link_name":"Draupadi Vasthrapharanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draupadi_Vastrapaharanam_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu1936-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Palnati Yuddham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palnati_Yuddham_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"L. V. Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._V._Prasad"}],"text":"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam was born in the village of Nandamuru, Krishna District in 1898 or 1902 to Gudavalli Venkayya and Bapamma.[8] Viswanata Satyanarayana was also born in the same village. Ramabrahmam was educated in Indupalli, Gudivada, and Machilipatnam. He got married at the age of eighteen to Saradhamba.[9][10] Later he gave up his education and joined the non-cooperation movement by burning foreign clothes in his father-in-law's house.[8]In 1924, he started “Friends and Co,” a stationery shop in Vijayawada. This store became a meeting place for artists and litterateurs like Basavaraju Apparao, Samudrala Raghavacharya, and Andhra University Vice-Chancellor Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy.[11][8] In 1931, he became the Chairman of Andhra Farmers Meeting organizing committee. In 1934, he was elected as the secretary of Andhra Nataka Parishathu. He then worked as the editor of Prajamithra magazine in Madras.[12][13]He wrote Kammakula Charitra (transl. History of Kamma caste). He went to Kadapa to do research on Kamma caste. There, he did research on Gandikota and also wrote a play on the destruction of Gandikota titled Gandikota Pathanam which became very popular and was played in many cities.[8]Subsequently, he ventured into Telugu cinema, and founded the film production company Sarathi Films along with Raja of Challapalli, Yaralagadda Sivarama Prasad and worked as a production executive for the film Kanaka Tara. He then ventured into direction through the folklore film, Draupadi Vasthrapharanam (1936) under his home production. He then teamed up with producer P. V. Das and directed Sree Krishna Leelalu. He has also directed films like Mala Pilla (1938), Raithu Bidda (1939), Illalu (1940), Apavaadhu (1941), Pathni (1942), Panthulamma (1943), and Mayalokam (1945). He died on 1 October 1946.[14][13][8] He was also the co-director for the film Palnati Yuddham (1947) which was later finished by L. V. Prasad due to his untimely death in 1946.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"filmmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"}],"text":"At a time when mythological films were ruling the roost, Ramabrahmam ushered in a new era in Telugu cinema by making films on contemporary social issues.[5][6][15] The success of Malapilla kindled interest in other Telugu filmmakers to make films based on social themes.[16] Malapilla also discarded the literary Telugu used in films until then and traded it for colloquial Telugu in its dialogue.[16]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Palnati Yuddham (1947)\". The Hindu. 9 June 2012. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/palnati-yuddham-1947/article3510305.ece","url_text":"\"Palnati Yuddham (1947)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Southscope July 2010 - Side A. Southscope. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&dq=Gudavalli+Ramabrahmam&pg=PA13","url_text":"Southscope July 2010 - Side A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southscope","url_text":"Southscope"}]},{"reference":"\"Malapilla (1938)\". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/CPT","url_text":"\"Malapilla (1938)\""}]},{"reference":"Narasimham, M. L. (22 January 2011). \"Malapilla (1938)\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Malapilla-1938/article15529099.ece","url_text":"\"Malapilla (1938)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Did you know the popular film Mala Pilla was penned by renowned writer Tapi Dharma Rao ?\". The Times of India. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-popular-film-mala-pilla-was-penned-by-renowned-writer-tapi-dharma-rao/articleshow/75013428.cms","url_text":"\"Did you know the popular film Mala Pilla was penned by renowned writer Tapi Dharma Rao ?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam\". Vepachedu. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vepachedu.org/gudavalli.html","url_text":"\"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012408/http://manakrishnazilla.com/gudavalli_ramabrahmam.aspx","url_text":"\"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam\""},{"url":"http://manakrishnazilla.com/gudavalli_ramabrahmam.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Narasimham, M. L. (22 January 2011). \"Malapilla (1938)\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Malapilla-1938/article15529099.ece","url_text":"\"Malapilla (1938)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Narasimham, M. L. (12 December 2010). \"Draupadi Vasthrapaharanam (1936)\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200226020155/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Draupadi-Vasthrapaharanam-1936/article15589709.ece","url_text":"\"Draupadi Vasthrapaharanam (1936)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/draupadi-vasthrapaharanam-1936/article946994.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Malapilla (1938)\". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/CPT","url_text":"\"Malapilla (1938)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nostalgia Mala Pilla (1938) at Cinegoer.com\". cinegoer.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926224130/http://www.cinegoer.com/malapilla.htm","url_text":"\"Nostalgia Mala Pilla (1938) at Cinegoer.com\""},{"url":"http://www.cinegoer.com/malapilla.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cinegoer.com/malapilla.htm","external_links_name":"CineGoer.com - Nostalgia - Mala Pilla"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926224130/http://www.cinegoer.com/malapilla.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/palnati-yuddham-1947/article3510305.ece","external_links_name":"\"Palnati Yuddham (1947)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/balayogini-1937/article1513297.ece","external_links_name":"Balayogini (1937) - The Hindu"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&dq=Gudavalli+Ramabrahmam&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Southscope July 2010 - Side A"},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/CPT","external_links_name":"\"Malapilla (1938)\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Malapilla-1938/article15529099.ece","external_links_name":"\"Malapilla (1938)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-popular-film-mala-pilla-was-penned-by-renowned-writer-tapi-dharma-rao/articleshow/75013428.cms","external_links_name":"\"Did you know the popular film Mala Pilla was penned by renowned writer Tapi Dharma Rao ?\""},{"Link":"https://www.vepachedu.org/gudavalli.html","external_links_name":"\"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam\""},{"Link":"http://bharatjanani.com/gudavalli-rama-brahmam-the-revolutionary-legend/","external_links_name":"Gudavalli Rama Brahmam-The Revolutionary Legend!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014727/http://bharatjanani.com/gudavalli-rama-brahmam-the-revolutionary-legend/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012408/http://manakrishnazilla.com/gudavalli_ramabrahmam.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Gudavalli Ramabrahmam\""},{"Link":"http://manakrishnazilla.com/gudavalli_ramabrahmam.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Malapilla-1938/article15529099.ece","external_links_name":"\"Malapilla (1938)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200226020155/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Draupadi-Vasthrapaharanam-1936/article15589709.ece","external_links_name":"\"Draupadi Vasthrapaharanam (1936)\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/draupadi-vasthrapaharanam-1936/article946994.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/CPT","external_links_name":"\"Malapilla (1938)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926224130/http://www.cinegoer.com/malapilla.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nostalgia Mala Pilla (1938) at Cinegoer.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.cinegoer.com/malapilla.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/75435/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/45623751","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpjhQ4xMdqv8WbHHjPJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81074829","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_Hajji | Al-Muzaffar Hajji | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and family","1.2 Reign","2 References","3 Bibliography"] | Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt
HajjiAl-Malik al-MuzaffarCopper fals of Muzaffar HajjiSultan of EgyptReignSeptember 1346 – December 1347PredecessorAl-Kamil Sha'banSuccessorAn-Nasir HasanBorn1331Cairo, Mamluk SultanateDiedDecember 1347 (age 16)Outskirts of Cairo, Mamluk SultanateIssueMuhammad AhmadNamesAl-Malik al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Hajji ibn Muhammad ibn QalawunHouseQalawuniDynastyBahriFatherAn-Nasir MuhammadReligionIslam
Al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Hajji ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Muzaffar Hajji, (1331–December 1347) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt. He was also the sixth son of an-Nasir Muhammad (d. 1341) to hold office, ruling from September 1346 and December 1347. He was known for his love of sports and pigeon racing, acts which led to frustration among the senior Mamluk emirs who believed he neglected the duties of office and spent extravagant sums on gambling. His reign ended when he was killed in a confrontation with Mamluk conspirators outside of Cairo.
Biography
Early life and family
Al-Muzaffar Hajji was born "al-Malik al-Muzaffar Hajji" in 1331. The appellation "al-Malik", which means "king" in Arabic, was rare among the sons of Mamluk sultans at birth and was typically given at the accession to the sultanate. Al-Muzaffar Hajji was a son of the long-reigning Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his concubines, whose name is not provided by the Mamluk-era sources. He married a daughter of Emir Tankiz al-Husami on 15 January 1347 and had one son with her, Muhammad (d. 1398), who became sultan in 1361–1363. Al-Muzaffar Hajji had a second son named Ahmad (d. 1381) with another woman.
Reign
Al-Muzaffar Hajji was the sixth of the an-Nasir Muhammad's sons to serve as sultan following an-Nasir Muhammad's death in 1341. Al-Muzaffar Hajji's accession to the sultanate came after the death of his brother and predecessor al-Kamil Sha'ban in September 1346. Like with his other brothers, despite the accession pacts made with the leading Mamluk emirs, al-Muzaffar Hajji's rule was in effect a power center rivaling the Mamluk establishment, which consisted of the powerful emirs and mamluks of an-Nasir Muhammad. Al-Muzaffar Hajji married the daughter of the well-known and long-reigning Mamluk viceroy of Syria, Tankiz (d. 1340) in 1346.
Al-Muzaffar Hajji was known for his affection of the commoners and engaging in sports, such as wrestling wearing only professional leather trousers, stick fighting, polo and pigeon racing. In 1347, the leading Mamluk emirs of the citadel, frustrated at al-Muzaffar Hajji's extravagance and apparent neglect of duties, expelled an African slave girl named Ittifaq that al-Muzaffar Hajji had preoccupied his time with and secretly married, from the citadel. However, al-Muzaffar Hajji's interest in pigeons became another source of frustration with the senior emirs. They were particularly bothered by his frequent distribution of high sums in gold and pearls to pigeon racers and his high-stakes bets. After his senior emirs raised the issue with him, al-Muzaffar Hajji became enraged and killed all of his pigeons one-by-one as a warning to his emirs that they could meet the same fate.
Al-Muzaffar Hajji developed close ties with Emir Ghurlu, with whom al-Muzaffar Hajji entrusted governmental affairs. Ghurlu attempted to curb the power of the emirs Arutay (vice-regent), Uljaybugha and Taniraq, all of whom were angered by Ghurlu's powers and conspired against him. They succeeded in turning al-Muzaffar Hajji against Ghurlu by using the court jester, a paralyzed and honored individual named Shaykh Ali al-Kasih, through his jokes to make al-Muzaffar Hajji suspicious of Ghurlu's intentions. It was also through al-Kasih that Taniraq and Uljaybugha learned that al-Muzaffar Hajji was set on deposing them. The emirs thus conspired to have al-Muzaffar Hajji eliminated.> In December 1347, a group of Circassian mamluks angry at al-Muzaffar Hajji's killing of a senior Circassian emir in his retinue revolted against his rule. Al-Muzaffar Hajji and his troops sought to eliminate them, but once al-Muzaffar Hajji reached the outskirts of Cairo, his troops abandoned him. Al-Muzaffar Hajji was subsequently captured and killed thirteen months into his reign, on 16 December. His death was commented on by his contemporary as-Safadi, who wrote: You intelligent people, think about the strong al-Malik al-Muzaffar! How much wrong and injustice did he commit, till the pigeon play became the seriousness of death!
References
^ a b Holt, p. 241.
^ Mayer, L. A. (1933). Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 119.
^ Bauden, Frédéric (2009). "The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?" (PDF). Mamluk Studies Review. 13 (1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago: 63.
^ a b Bauden, Frédéric. "The Qalawunids: A Pedigree" (PDF). University of Chicago. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
^ a b c d e f Holt 1986, p. 123.
^ Behrens-Abouseif 2012, p. 156.
^ Irwin 1994, p. 135.
^ a b c Rosenthal 1975, p. 54.
^ a b c Levanoni 1995, p. 192.
^ Levanoni 1995, p. 193.
Bibliography
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2012). The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria: Evolution and Impact. Bonn University Press. ISBN 9783899719154.
Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 9781317871521.
Holt, Peter Malcolm (2005). "The Position and Power of the Mamluk Sultan". In Hawting, G.R. (ed.). Muslims, Mongols and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles Published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415450966.
Irwin, Robert (1994). The Arabian Nights: A Companion. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 9781860649837.
Levanoni, Amalia (1995). A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341). Brill. ISBN 9789004101821.
Rosenthal, Franz (1975). Gambling in Islam. Brill. ISBN 9004043144.
Regnal titles
Preceded byAl-Kamil Sha'ban
Mamluk Sultan September 1346–December 1347
Succeeded byAn-Nasir Hasan
vteMamluk sultans of CairoSalihi Mamluks
Izz al-Din Aybak (1250–1257)
Nur al-Din Ali (1257–1259)
Sayf al-Din Qutuz (1259–1260)
Bahri dynasty
Rukn al-Din Baybars (1260–1277)
Nasir al-Din Barakah (1277–1279)
Badr al-Din Salamish (1279)
Sayf al-Din Qalawun (1279–1290)
Salah al-Din Khalil (1290–1293)
Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1293–1294)
Zayn al-Din Kitbugha (1294–1296)
Husam al-Din Lajin (1296–1299)
Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1299–1309)
Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir (1309–1310)
Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1310–1341)
Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr (1341)
Ala'a al-Din Kujuk (1341–1342)
Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1342)
Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (1342–1345)
Sayf al-Din Sha'ban (1345–1346)
Sayf al-Din Hajji (1346–1347)
Badr al-Din Hasan (1347–1351)
Salah al-Din Salih (1351–1354)
Badr al-Din Hasan (1354–1361)
Salah al-Din Muhammad (1361–1363)
Zayn al-Din Sha'ban (1363–1377)
Ala'a al-Din Ali (1377–1381)
Salah al-Din Hajji (1381–1382)
Burji dynasty
Sayf al-Din Barquq (1382–1389)
As-Salih Hajji (1389–1390)
Sayf al-Din Barquq (1390–1399)
Nasir al-Din Faraj (1399–1405)
Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz (1405)
Nasir al-Din Faraj (1405–1412)
Al-Musta'in Billah (1412)
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (1412–1421)
Al-Muzaffar Ahmad (1421)
Sayf al-Din Tatar (1421)
Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1421–1422)
Sayf al-Din Barsbay (1422–1438)
Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1438)
Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq (1438–1453)
Fakhr al-Din Uthman (1453)
Sayf al-Din Inal (1453–1461)
Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1461)
Sayf al-Din Khushqadam (1461–1467)
Sayf al-Din Bilbay (1467)
Timurbugha (1467–1468)
Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay (1468–1496)
An-Nasir Muhammad (1496–1498)
Abu Sa'id Qansuh (1498–1500)
Al-Ashraf Janbalat (1500–1501)
Sayf al-Din Tumanbay (1501)
Qansuh al-Ghawri (1501–1516)
Tumanbay II (1516–1517) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluk sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"an-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"}],"text":"Al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Hajji ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Muzaffar Hajji, (1331–December 1347) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt. He was also the sixth son of an-Nasir Muhammad (d. 1341) to hold office, ruling from September 1346 and December 1347. He was known for his love of sports and pigeon racing, acts which led to frustration among the senior Mamluk emirs who believed he neglected the duties of office and spent extravagant sums on gambling. His reign ended when he was killed in a confrontation with Mamluk conspirators outside of Cairo.","title":"Al-Muzaffar Hajji"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt241-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt241-1"},{"link_name":"an-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tankiz al-Husami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankiz"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Muhammad,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden-4"}],"sub_title":"Early life and family","text":"Al-Muzaffar Hajji was born \"al-Malik al-Muzaffar Hajji\" in 1331.[1][2] The appellation \"al-Malik\", which means \"king\" in Arabic, was rare among the sons of Mamluk sultans at birth and was typically given at the accession to the sultanate.[1] Al-Muzaffar Hajji was a son of the long-reigning Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his concubines, whose name is not provided by the Mamluk-era sources.[3] He married a daughter of Emir Tankiz al-Husami on 15 January 1347 and had one son with her, Muhammad (d. 1398), who became sultan in 1361–1363. Al-Muzaffar Hajji had a second son named Ahmad (d. 1381) with another woman.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Kamil Sha'ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil_Sha%27ban"},{"link_name":"mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt123-5"},{"link_name":"Tankiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankiz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Cairo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt123-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt123-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal54-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal54-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levanoni192-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levanoni192-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levanoni192-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Circassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt123-5"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt123-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt123-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal54-8"}],"sub_title":"Reign","text":"Al-Muzaffar Hajji was the sixth of the an-Nasir Muhammad's sons to serve as sultan following an-Nasir Muhammad's death in 1341. Al-Muzaffar Hajji's accession to the sultanate came after the death of his brother and predecessor al-Kamil Sha'ban in September 1346. Like with his other brothers, despite the accession pacts made with the leading Mamluk emirs, al-Muzaffar Hajji's rule was in effect a power center rivaling the Mamluk establishment, which consisted of the powerful emirs and mamluks of an-Nasir Muhammad.[5] Al-Muzaffar Hajji married the daughter of the well-known and long-reigning Mamluk viceroy of Syria, Tankiz (d. 1340) in 1346.[6]Al-Muzaffar Hajji was known for his affection of the commoners and engaging in sports, such as wrestling wearing only professional leather trousers, stick fighting, polo and pigeon racing.[7] In 1347, the leading Mamluk emirs of the citadel, frustrated at al-Muzaffar Hajji's extravagance and apparent neglect of duties, expelled an African slave girl named Ittifaq that al-Muzaffar Hajji had preoccupied his time with and secretly married, from the citadel.[5] However, al-Muzaffar Hajji's interest in pigeons became another source of frustration with the senior emirs.[5] They were particularly bothered by his frequent distribution of high sums in gold and pearls to pigeon racers and his high-stakes bets.[8] After his senior emirs raised the issue with him, al-Muzaffar Hajji became enraged and killed all of his pigeons one-by-one as a warning to his emirs that they could meet the same fate.[8]Al-Muzaffar Hajji developed close ties with Emir Ghurlu, with whom al-Muzaffar Hajji entrusted governmental affairs.[9] Ghurlu attempted to curb the power of the emirs Arutay (vice-regent), Uljaybugha and Taniraq, all of whom were angered by Ghurlu's powers and conspired against him.[9] They succeeded in turning al-Muzaffar Hajji against Ghurlu by using the court jester, a paralyzed and honored individual named Shaykh Ali al-Kasih, through his jokes to make al-Muzaffar Hajji suspicious of Ghurlu's intentions.[9] It was also through al-Kasih that Taniraq and Uljaybugha learned that al-Muzaffar Hajji was set on deposing them. The emirs thus conspired to have al-Muzaffar Hajji eliminated.[10]> In December 1347, a group of Circassian mamluks angry at al-Muzaffar Hajji's killing of a senior Circassian emir in his retinue revolted against his rule.[5] Al-Muzaffar Hajji and his troops sought to eliminate them, but once al-Muzaffar Hajji reached the outskirts of Cairo, his troops abandoned him.[5] Al-Muzaffar Hajji was subsequently captured and killed thirteen months into his reign,[5] on 16 December.[4] His death was commented on by his contemporary as-Safadi, who wrote:You intelligent people, think about the strong al-Malik al-Muzaffar! How much wrong and injustice did he commit, till the pigeon play became the seriousness of death![8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria: Evolution and Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zUppyW8n_bYC&pg=PA156"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783899719154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783899719154"},{"link_name":"The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TqasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781317871521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317871521"},{"link_name":"\"The Position and Power of the Mamluk Sultan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=97xNuTDSy7wC&pg=PA142"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415450966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415450966"},{"link_name":"The Arabian Nights: A Companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FYWlfx1FpDwC&pg=PA135"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781860649837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860649837"},{"link_name":"A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C&pg=PA192"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004101821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004101821"},{"link_name":"Gambling in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JVktgZitadEC&pg=PA54"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9004043144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004043144"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mamluk_Sultans_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mamluk_Sultans_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mamluk_Sultans_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mamluk sultans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_sultans"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Izz al-Din Aybak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aybak"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ali"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Qutuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutuz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mameluke_Sultanate.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mamluk_Sultanate_(Alexandria).svg"},{"link_name":"Bahri dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rukn al-Din Baybars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Barakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Salamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solamish"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Zayn al-Din Kitbugha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adil_Kitbugha"},{"link_name":"Husam al-Din Lajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajin"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars_II"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Ala'a al-Din Kujuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Kujuk"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Ahmad,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Sha'ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil_Sha%27ban"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Salih"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Muhammad,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Zayn al-Din Sha'ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Sha%27ban"},{"link_name":"Ala'a al-Din Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ali_II,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Hajji"},{"link_name":"Burji dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burji_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Barquq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquq"},{"link_name":"As-Salih Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Hajji"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Barquq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquq"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Faraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Faraj"},{"link_name":"Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_al-Din_Abd_al-Aziz"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Faraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Faraj"},{"link_name":"Al-Musta'in Billah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27in_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_Shaykh"},{"link_name":"Al-Muzaffar Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Tatar"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_al-Din_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Barsbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsbay"},{"link_name":"Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Jamal_al-Din_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Jaqmaq"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Din Uthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Fakhr_al-Din_Uthman"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Inal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Inal"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_Shihab_al-Din_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Khushqadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Khushqadam"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Bilbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Bilbay"},{"link_name":"Timurbugha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurbugha"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"An-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad_ibn_Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"Abu Sa'id Qansuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Qansuh"},{"link_name":"Al-Ashraf Janbalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Janbalat"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Tumanbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuman_bay_I"},{"link_name":"Qansuh al-Ghawri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_al-Ghuri"},{"link_name":"Tumanbay II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuman_bay_II"}],"text":"Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2012). The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria: Evolution and Impact. Bonn University Press. ISBN 9783899719154.\nHolt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 9781317871521.\nHolt, Peter Malcolm (2005). \"The Position and Power of the Mamluk Sultan\". In Hawting, G.R. (ed.). Muslims, Mongols and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles Published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415450966.\nIrwin, Robert (1994). The Arabian Nights: A Companion. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 9781860649837.\nLevanoni, Amalia (1995). A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341). Brill. ISBN 9789004101821.\nRosenthal, Franz (1975). Gambling in Islam. Brill. ISBN 9004043144.vteMamluk sultans of CairoSalihi Mamluks\nIzz al-Din Aybak (1250–1257)\nNur al-Din Ali (1257–1259)\nSayf al-Din Qutuz (1259–1260)\nBahri dynasty\nRukn al-Din Baybars (1260–1277)\nNasir al-Din Barakah (1277–1279)\nBadr al-Din Salamish (1279)\nSayf al-Din Qalawun (1279–1290)\nSalah al-Din Khalil (1290–1293)\nNasir al-Din Muhammad (1293–1294)\nZayn al-Din Kitbugha (1294–1296)\nHusam al-Din Lajin (1296–1299)\nNasir al-Din Muhammad (1299–1309)\nRukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir (1309–1310)\nNasir al-Din Muhammad (1310–1341)\nSayf al-Din Abu Bakr (1341)\nAla'a al-Din Kujuk (1341–1342)\nShihab al-Din Ahmad (1342)\nImad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (1342–1345)\nSayf al-Din Sha'ban (1345–1346)\nSayf al-Din Hajji (1346–1347)\nBadr al-Din Hasan (1347–1351)\nSalah al-Din Salih (1351–1354)\nBadr al-Din Hasan (1354–1361)\nSalah al-Din Muhammad (1361–1363)\nZayn al-Din Sha'ban (1363–1377)\nAla'a al-Din Ali (1377–1381)\nSalah al-Din Hajji (1381–1382)\nBurji dynasty\nSayf al-Din Barquq (1382–1389)\nAs-Salih Hajji (1389–1390)\nSayf al-Din Barquq (1390–1399)\nNasir al-Din Faraj (1399–1405)\nIzz al-Din Abd al-Aziz (1405)\nNasir al-Din Faraj (1405–1412)\nAl-Musta'in Billah (1412)\nAl-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (1412–1421)\nAl-Muzaffar Ahmad (1421)\nSayf al-Din Tatar (1421)\nAl-Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1421–1422)\nSayf al-Din Barsbay (1422–1438)\nAl-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1438)\nSayf al-Din Jaqmaq (1438–1453)\nFakhr al-Din Uthman (1453)\nSayf al-Din Inal (1453–1461)\nShihab al-Din Ahmad (1461)\nSayf al-Din Khushqadam (1461–1467)\nSayf al-Din Bilbay (1467)\nTimurbugha (1467–1468)\nSayf al-Din Qa'itbay (1468–1496)\nAn-Nasir Muhammad (1496–1498)\nAbu Sa'id Qansuh (1498–1500)\nAl-Ashraf Janbalat (1500–1501)\nSayf al-Din Tumanbay (1501)\nQansuh al-Ghawri (1501–1516)\nTumanbay II (1516–1517)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mayer, L. A. (1933). Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 119.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Aryeh_Mayer","url_text":"Mayer, L. A."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.178234","url_text":"Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey"}]},{"reference":"Bauden, Frédéric (2009). \"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?\" (PDF). Mamluk Studies Review. 13 (1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago: 63.","urls":[{"url":"http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XIII-1_2009-Bauden_pp53-81.pdf","url_text":"\"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?\""}]},{"reference":"Bauden, Frédéric. \"The Qalawunids: A Pedigree\" (PDF). University of Chicago. Retrieved 2016-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/qalawunids/qalawunid-pedigree.pdf","url_text":"\"The Qalawunids: A Pedigree\""}]},{"reference":"Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2012). The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria: Evolution and Impact. Bonn University Press. ISBN 9783899719154.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zUppyW8n_bYC&pg=PA156","url_text":"The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria: Evolution and Impact"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783899719154","url_text":"9783899719154"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 9781317871521.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TqasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122","url_text":"The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317871521","url_text":"9781317871521"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Peter Malcolm (2005). \"The Position and Power of the Mamluk Sultan\". In Hawting, G.R. (ed.). Muslims, Mongols and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles Published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415450966.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=97xNuTDSy7wC&pg=PA142","url_text":"\"The Position and Power of the Mamluk Sultan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415450966","url_text":"9780415450966"}]},{"reference":"Irwin, Robert (1994). The Arabian Nights: A Companion. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 9781860649837.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FYWlfx1FpDwC&pg=PA135","url_text":"The Arabian Nights: A Companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860649837","url_text":"9781860649837"}]},{"reference":"Levanoni, Amalia (1995). A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341). Brill. ISBN 9789004101821.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C&pg=PA192","url_text":"A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004101821","url_text":"9789004101821"}]},{"reference":"Rosenthal, Franz (1975). Gambling in Islam. Brill. ISBN 9004043144.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JVktgZitadEC&pg=PA54","url_text":"Gambling in Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004043144","url_text":"9004043144"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.178234","external_links_name":"Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey"},{"Link":"http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XIII-1_2009-Bauden_pp53-81.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?\""},{"Link":"http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/qalawunids/qalawunid-pedigree.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Qalawunids: A Pedigree\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zUppyW8n_bYC&pg=PA156","external_links_name":"The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria: Evolution and Impact"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TqasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122","external_links_name":"The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=97xNuTDSy7wC&pg=PA142","external_links_name":"\"The Position and Power of the Mamluk Sultan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FYWlfx1FpDwC&pg=PA135","external_links_name":"The Arabian Nights: A Companion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C&pg=PA192","external_links_name":"A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JVktgZitadEC&pg=PA54","external_links_name":"Gambling in Islam"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Quarterback_Club_96 | NFL Quarterback Club 96 | ["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"] | 1995 video gameNFL Quarterback Club 96SNES coverDeveloper(s)Iguana EntertainmentCondor (GameBoy, Game Gear)Publisher(s)Acclaim EntertainmentSeriesNFL Quarterback ClubPlatform(s)Sega Saturn, Sega Genesis, Game Boy, Sega Game Gear, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, DOSReleaseOctober 27, 1995Genre(s)Sports, American footballMode(s)Single player, Multiplayer
NFL Quarterback Club 96 is an American football video game released in December 1995. The game was released on the Sega Saturn, Sega Genesis, Game Boy, Sega Game Gear, DOS, and Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The game's cover features San Francisco 49ers quarterback Steve Young passing while being tackled by Chicago Bears defensive linemen Chris Zorich and Albert Fontenot. The Saturn, Genesis, SNES and DOS versions were developed by Iguana Entertainment, while the Game Boy and Game Gear edition was developed by Condor Inc.
Gameplay
The game has 32 offensive plays and 16 defensive plays. The simulation modes include Preseason, Playoffs and Season, where one plays a season of 18 games. Another playable mode is the Quarterback Challenge, where players take control of a quarterback and compete against other quarterbacks in the league in various competitions, such as distance, mobility, obstacle, and accuracy. Players can save their game via passcodes. As the game has the National Football League license, all 30 teams are represented in the game, and players can perform transactions between teams, as well as player substitutions. The game also features the no huddle offense, three camera angles, penalties, three possible clock speeds, weather conditions, player reports, replays, and pre-game shows.
Reception
ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (GEN)Next Generation (GEN)Maximum (SAT)Sega Saturn Magazine84% (SAT)
The game received mixed to positive reviews. Reviewing the Genesis version, Next Generation commented that where the previous year's Quarterback Club had suffered from having no players' license or tracking of stats, Quarterback Club '96 fixed those problems and ranked alongside Madden NFL '96 and Prime Time NFL '96 as one of the best football simulators. They criticized the graphics but felt that the passing mechanics were better than in any other football video game, due to the ability to "actually drop back in the pocket and wait for an open receiver." GamePro judged it a great game in most respects, citing the comprehensive stats, broad camera view, sharp sprites, voicing, Hyper Audibles feature, and "intelligently constructed" practice mode. However, they felt the weak opponent A.I. even at the highest difficulty level to be a crippling flaw which, while amusing in some respects, would turn off hardcore football gamers. They later reviewed the Super NES version, saying that it "essentially mirrors the Genesis game with a similarly offensive-minded A.I. but slightly slower player speed." They again discussed the weak A.I. but was more forgiving of it this time, recommending that players use the competitive multiplayer mode. Next Generation reviewed the Genesis version of the game again, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Quarterback Club '96 is, in essence, your average football game. Not brilliant, not bad."
Reviewing the Saturn version, Rob Allsetter of Sega Saturn Magazine praised the multiple camera angles and the multi-player mode, criticized the miraculously perfect enemy teams in one-player mode, and concluded "while it sticks trenchantly to the familiar 16-bit formula, it is nevertheless an expansive and entertaining game." Maximum commented that the graphics of the Saturn version are significantly improved from the "16-bit versions" and that the historic mode is very innovative. They concluded that "you can't deny that Acclaim have managed to include just about everything needed to make American football, well, American football. It also plays very smoothly too, and manages to be entertaining without being too fussy." GamePro strongly objected to the game's depiction of professional football, commenting that "QB Club '96 has so many careless errors that its creators appear unfamiliar with football." They further criticized the "jerky" player control and slowdown. They acknowledged that the gameplay is "decent" and has a large number of modes and features, but ultimately chose to not recommend the game.
GamePro also reviewed the never-released PlayStation version. They said it has cleaner graphics than the Saturn version and praised features such as the ability to switch quarterbacks between teams. However, they criticized the design and AI, and concluded, "Despite the decent features and graphics, QB Club lacks solid, addicting gameplay."
Allgame gave the Genesis version 3 stars out of 5, praising the Quarterback Challenge, but criticized the simulation modes, commenting that the graphics, design and point of view are very weak.
References
^ a b "NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Saturn". IGN. January 16, 1996. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
^ "NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Genesis". IGN. December 18, 1995. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
^ "NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Game Boy". IGN. October 1, 1995. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
^ "NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Game Gear". IGN. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
^ Alan, Brett (October 3, 2010). "NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Overview". allgame. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
^ a b c Baize, Anthony (October 3, 2010). "NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Review". allgame. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
^ Alan, Brett (October 3, 2010). "NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Overview". allgame. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
^ "NFL Quarterback Club 96 (SNES)". Neoseeker.com. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
^ a b "Quarterback Club '96". Next Generation. No. 12. Imagine Media. December 1995. p. 198.
^ a b "Maximum Reviews: NFL Football". Maximum: The Video Game Magazine. No. 4. Emap International Limited. March 1996. p. 144.
^ a b Allsetter, Rob (March 1996). "Review: NFL Quarterback Club 96". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 5. Emap International Limited. pp. 78–79.
^ Slo Mo (January 1996). "QB Club: Everyone's Super Bowl Bound". GamePro. No. 88. IDG. p. 125.
^ Slo Mo (February 1996). "NFL Quarterback Club '96". GamePro. No. 89. IDG. p. 86.
^ "Finals". Next Generation. No. 13. Imagine Media. January 1996. p. 170.
^ Johnny Ballgame (April 1996). "NFL Quarterback Club '96". GamePro. No. 91. IDG. p. 92.
^ Johnny Ballgame (July 1996). "NFL Quarterback Club '96". GamePro. No. 94. IDG. p. 87.
External links
NFL Quarterback Club 96 at GameSpot
NFL Quarterback Club 96 at SNES Guide
vteNFL Quarterback Club video games
NFL Quarterback Club
96
97
98
99
2000
NFL QB Club 2001
2002
vteIguana Entertainment / Acclaim Studios AustinAero the Acro-Bat
Aero the Acro-Bat
Aero the Acro-Bat 2
Zero the Kamikaze Squirrel
All-Star Baseball
'97 featuring Frank Thomas
'99
2000
2002
2003
2004
NBA Jam
NBA Jam (1993)
NBA Jam (2003)
NFL Quarterback Club
NFL Quarterback Club
96
97
98
99
2000
2002
South Park
South Park
South Park: Chef's Luv Shack
Turok
Turok: Dinosaur Hunter
Turok 2: Seeds of Evil
Turok: Rage Wars
Turok 3: Shadow of Oblivion
Turok: Evolution
Single games
Side Pocket
Might and Magic III: Isles of Terra
Frank Thomas Big Hurt Baseball
College Slam
Batman Forever: The Arcade Game
Iggy's Reckin' Balls
Vexx
Showdown: Legends of Wrestling
The Red Star
Related articles
Jeff Spangenberg
Acclaim Entertainment
All-Star Baseball 2001
NFL QB Club 2001 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saturn-1"},{"link_name":"Sega Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sega Game Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Game_Gear"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"Steve Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Young"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Chris Zorich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Zorich"},{"link_name":"Albert Fontenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Fontenot"},{"link_name":"Iguana Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Condor Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_North"}],"text":"1995 video gameNFL Quarterback Club 96 is an American football video game released in December 1995. The game was released on the Sega Saturn,[1] Sega Genesis,[2] Game Boy,[3] Sega Game Gear,[4] DOS, and Super Nintendo Entertainment System.[5] The game's cover features San Francisco 49ers quarterback Steve Young passing while being tackled by Chicago Bears defensive linemen Chris Zorich and Albert Fontenot. The Saturn, Genesis, SNES and DOS versions were developed by Iguana Entertainment, while the Game Boy and Game Gear edition was developed by Condor Inc.","title":"NFL Quarterback Club 96"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allgame-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saturn-1"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The game has 32 offensive plays and 16 defensive plays. The simulation modes include Preseason, Playoffs and Season, where one plays a season of 18 games. Another playable mode is the Quarterback Challenge, where players take control of a quarterback and compete against other quarterbacks in the league in various competitions, such as distance, mobility, obstacle, and accuracy.[6] Players can save their game via passcodes.[1] As the game has the National Football League license, all 30 teams are represented in the game, and players can perform transactions between teams, as well as player substitutions. The game also features the no huddle offense, three camera angles, penalties, three possible clock speeds, weather conditions, player reports, replays, and pre-game shows.[7][8]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allgame-6"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen12-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Max4-10"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SatMag5-11"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Madden NFL '96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madden_NFL_%2796"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen12-9"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG13-14"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SatMag5-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Max4-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Allgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allgame-6"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (GEN)[6]Next Generation (GEN)[9]Maximum (SAT)[10]Sega Saturn Magazine84% (SAT)[11]The game received mixed to positive reviews. Reviewing the Genesis version, Next Generation commented that where the previous year's Quarterback Club had suffered from having no players' license or tracking of stats, Quarterback Club '96 fixed those problems and ranked alongside Madden NFL '96 and Prime Time NFL '96 as one of the best football simulators. They criticized the graphics but felt that the passing mechanics were better than in any other football video game, due to the ability to \"actually drop back in the pocket and wait for an open receiver.\"[9] GamePro judged it a great game in most respects, citing the comprehensive stats, broad camera view, sharp sprites, voicing, Hyper Audibles feature, and \"intelligently constructed\" practice mode. However, they felt the weak opponent A.I. even at the highest difficulty level to be a crippling flaw which, while amusing in some respects, would turn off hardcore football gamers.[12] They later reviewed the Super NES version, saying that it \"essentially mirrors the Genesis game with a similarly offensive-minded A.I. but slightly slower player speed.\" They again discussed the weak A.I. but was more forgiving of it this time, recommending that players use the competitive multiplayer mode.[13] Next Generation reviewed the Genesis version of the game again, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that \"Quarterback Club '96 is, in essence, your average football game. Not brilliant, not bad.\"[14]Reviewing the Saturn version, Rob Allsetter of Sega Saturn Magazine praised the multiple camera angles and the multi-player mode, criticized the miraculously perfect enemy teams in one-player mode, and concluded \"while it sticks trenchantly to the familiar 16-bit formula, it is nevertheless an expansive and entertaining game.\"[11] Maximum commented that the graphics of the Saturn version are significantly improved from the \"16-bit versions\" and that the historic mode is very innovative. They concluded that \"you can't deny that Acclaim have managed to include just about everything needed to make American football, well, American football. It also plays very smoothly too, and manages to be entertaining without being too fussy.\"[10] GamePro strongly objected to the game's depiction of professional football, commenting that \"QB Club '96 has so many careless errors that its creators appear unfamiliar with football.\" They further criticized the \"jerky\" player control and slowdown. They acknowledged that the gameplay is \"decent\" and has a large number of modes and features, but ultimately chose to not recommend the game.[15]GamePro also reviewed the never-released PlayStation version. They said it has cleaner graphics than the Saturn version and praised features such as the ability to switch quarterbacks between teams. However, they criticized the design and AI, and concluded, \"Despite the decent features and graphics, QB Club lacks solid, addicting gameplay.\"[16]Allgame gave the Genesis version 3 stars out of 5, praising the Quarterback Challenge, but criticized the simulation modes, commenting that the graphics, design and point of view are very weak.[6]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Saturn\". IGN. January 16, 1996. Retrieved August 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/saturn-5661","url_text":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Saturn\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Genesis\". IGN. December 18, 1995. Retrieved August 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/gen-8845","url_text":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Genesis\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Game Boy\". IGN. October 1, 1995. Retrieved August 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/gb-854842","url_text":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Game Boy\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Game Gear\". IGN. Retrieved August 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/gg-9460","url_text":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Game Gear\""}]},{"reference":"Alan, Brett (October 3, 2010). \"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Overview\". allgame. Retrieved August 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1656","url_text":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Baize, Anthony (October 3, 2010). \"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Review\". allgame. Retrieved August 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1656&tab=review","url_text":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Review\""}]},{"reference":"Alan, Brett (October 3, 2010). \"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Overview\". allgame. Retrieved August 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1656","url_text":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 (SNES)\". Neoseeker.com. Retrieved August 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neoseeker.com/Games/Products/SNES/nfl_quarterback_club_96/","url_text":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 (SNES)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quarterback Club '96\". Next Generation. No. 12. Imagine Media. December 1995. p. 198.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Maximum Reviews: NFL Football\". Maximum: The Video Game Magazine. No. 4. Emap International Limited. March 1996. p. 144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emap_International_Limited","url_text":"Emap International Limited"}]},{"reference":"Allsetter, Rob (March 1996). \"Review: NFL Quarterback Club 96\". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 5. Emap International Limited. pp. 78–79.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine","url_text":"Sega Saturn Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emap_International_Limited","url_text":"Emap International Limited"}]},{"reference":"Slo Mo (January 1996). \"QB Club: Everyone's Super Bowl Bound\". GamePro. No. 88. IDG. p. 125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"Slo Mo (February 1996). \"NFL Quarterback Club '96\". GamePro. No. 89. IDG. p. 86.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"\"Finals\". Next Generation. No. 13. Imagine Media. January 1996. p. 170.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"Johnny Ballgame (April 1996). \"NFL Quarterback Club '96\". GamePro. No. 91. IDG. p. 92.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"Johnny Ballgame (July 1996). \"NFL Quarterback Club '96\". GamePro. No. 94. IDG. p. 87.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/saturn-5661","external_links_name":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Saturn\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/gen-8845","external_links_name":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Genesis\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/gb-854842","external_links_name":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Game Boy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/gg-9460","external_links_name":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Game Gear\""},{"Link":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1656","external_links_name":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1656&tab=review","external_links_name":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=1656","external_links_name":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 – Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.neoseeker.com/Games/Products/SNES/nfl_quarterback_club_96/","external_links_name":"\"NFL Quarterback Club 96 (SNES)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/nfl-quarterback-club-96/","external_links_name":"NFL Quarterback Club 96"},{"Link":"http://snesguide.com/games/nfl-quarterback-club-96/","external_links_name":"NFL Quarterback Club 96"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1375%E2%80%931377) | Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–1377) | ["1 Background","2 War","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"] | Third armed confrontation between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans
Hungarian-Ottoman War (1375–1377)Victory of King Louis the Great against the Ottomans in BulgariaDate1 May 1375-1377LocationBalkans, Kingdom of HungaryResult
Hungarian victoryBelligerents
Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland(Personal union between Hungary and Poland)
Ottoman Empire Bulgarian Empire WallachiaCommanders and leaders
Louis the Great
Murad I Ivan Shishman Vladislav IStrength
40,000
unknownvteHungarian–Ottoman Wars
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1366–67)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–77)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1389–96)
(Nicopolis)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1415–19)
War of the South Danube (1420–32)
(Golubac)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–42)
(Belgrade
Hermannstadt)
Crusade of Varna (1443–44)
(Nish
Zlatitsa
Kunovica
Várna)
Kosovo (1448)
Kruševac (1454)
Belgrade (1456)
Užice (1458)
Smederevo (1459)
Jajce (1464)
Zvornik (1464)
Vaslui (1475)
Serbia Expedition (1477)
Breadfield (1479)
Otranto (1480–81)
Krbava Field (1493)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1521–26)
Belgrade (1521)
Šabac (1521)
Mohács (1526)
Ottoman–Habsburg wars
vtePolish–Ottoman Wars
1375–1377
1389–1396
1415–1419
1437-1442
1443–1444
1485–1503
1502–1510
1524
1526
1561
1593–1606
1595
1607
1612
1615–1616
1620–1621
1633–1634
1666–1671
1672–1676 (Lipka rebellion)
1683–1699
The Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–1377) was the third confrontation between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. The war ended in a Hungarian victory, as the armies of Louis I dealt a blow in Bulgaria not only to the Turks, but also to the Bulgarian ruler Ivan Shisman, who was allied with them in 1377.
Background
Lands ruled by King Louis the Great: Personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland in 1370–1382 are colored red, the vassal states and the temporarily controlled territories are coloured light red
By helping the Ottoman army across the Dardanelles in 1345, the Byzantine pretender to the throne, John V Palaiologos, brought the Turkish threat not only to his own country, but also to the South Slavic countries, which were still fighting among themselves and suffering from internal strife. When his former supporters turned against Palaiologos, who had been crowned emperor, the emperor (for the first time in the history of Byzantine emperors) went to Western Europe to seek help. The Pope and the King of Hungary, were spurred into action by the fact that Ivan Shisman had imprisoned the Emperor John.
Louis intervened in the internal conflict in Bulgaria and in 1365 seized the territories around Vidin, which he reorganised into a province called the Vidin province, and from then on treated Bulgaria as his "right of inheritance". His campaigns in the Balkans were accompanied by the spread of Roman Catholicism among the Orthodox Slavs, which led to opposition from virtually all the southern Slavic countries and the Romanian principalities. From the second half of the 1360s, the king of Hungary was countered by a coalition of Wallachia, Bulgaria and Serbia.
In 1366, the first anti-Turkish campaign took place, which Hungary launched in alliance with some other states. It is said that Louis' army was victorious. Despite the success, Hungarian rule in northern Bulgaria was not consolidated, and Louis had to organise the Vidin province into a vassal state with his loyalist Ivan Stratsimir, because he could not effectively control it. Vladislav I of Wallachia, in alliance with Ivan Shishman, drove the Hungarians out of northern Bulgaria, and even conquered the Banate of Severin in 1369. After the end of the Hungarian rule in Bulgaria, the Ottomans launched an offensive in the Balkans. In 1371, in the battle of Maritsa, they annihilated the Bulgarians and their Serbian allies, making Ivan Shishman a vassal of the Turkish Sultan. Vladislav I of Wallachia
Between 1374 and 1375, Pope Gregory XI begged Louis with letters to take decisive and swift action against the Ottomans. Louis felt that Hungary could handle the Turks on its own, which is why he went to war without the help of the Pope or any other state. This task he had set himself could not require the help of the Serbian, Bulgarian and Romanian states, so the king continued to convert the Balkan Orthodox, but he still counted on their help against the Turks, obviously trusting in Christian solidarity, even though Louis considered the Orthodox to be only half-Christians. Because of his Crusades, the peoples of the Balkans turned against him and, began to orient themselves towards the Turks.
Louis's forthcoming campaign was leaked by Voivode Vladislav I of Wallachia and he immediately formed an alliance with Ivan Shishman and Sultan Murad I. Only Ivan Stratsimir was prepared to support Louis, but he was isolated in Bulgaria. Republic of Venice, which was still at war with Hungary, also gave support to Vladislav by sending him large quantities of weapons.
Louis the Great
War
Around the 1st of May, Louis' army of 40,000 men assembled at Várad (now Oradea) in the Kingdom of Hungary to march against the Turks through Wallachia. At first, he expected the Voivode of Wallachia to join him, but his hopes were not realised.
From Temesvár (now Timișoara), the army moved in two directions, one staying in Transylvania, the other marching through Banate of Szörény to Wallachia. The king pushed into the interior of Romania via Mezősomlyó, where he won a great victory over the Ottoman and Bulgarian reinforcements of Vladislav's army under the leadership of Nicholas I Garai, the palatine of Valjevo.
The army of Transylvania had to prevent the Voivode Vladislav from invading the country through the Carpathians. Vladislav I of Wallachia prepared a counterattack in early July. Louis found himself in a critical situation, not because of the Ottoman counter-attack in Transylvania, but because on 25 July the Transylvanian Saxons deserted from the royal army at Székelyzsombor, and Louis' troops were dwindling. Louis arrived in Cluj first in mid-August, then returned to Timisoara in early September, and from there he went to Buda.
In the meantime, the Hungarian army again entered the Wallachia, where it was defeated by the Romanians, who were also supported by the Ottomans. In the second half of September, the Ottomans entered southern Transylvania by crossing the Temesköz. Here, however, Louis' army fought them effectively. In the fighting, Peter Himfi, the castellan of Orosva and former ban of Vidin, was killed, and Margaret, the daughter of his brother Benedict Himfi was kidnapped by the Ottomans.
Although the first direct Ottoman attack on Hungary was successfully repulsed, despite the devastation, it was not yet felt seriously by the Hungarians. Especially as the Turks did not occupy any territory and, with their insufficient numbers (perhaps only 2,000), they had neither the opportunity nor the intention to do so. Murad I, too, sent his soldiers on a campaign in Hungary for the sole purpose of assisting the Voivode of the Vojvodina and possibly gaining an insight into the Hungarian territories. Nor could he have aimed at conquering Hungary, as his successor, Bayezid I, had done.
With the Ottoman attack repulsed, Louis again had reason for optimism. It seemed that even after the death of the king, Hungary was not seriously threatened by the enemy, although one or two stray raiding parties did appear on the borders, coming from Rumelia only for reconnaissance and plunder.
Murad I
In 1377, Louis went on another campaign against the Ottomans. This time, Vladislav could not stand in his way, because he died a few months before. The new Voivode, Radu I, fought the Hungarian army marching through his country, but was defeated and did not interfere further with Louis' army.
The Hungarians invaded Bulgaria, where they were immediately confronted by Ivan Shishman, Murad's vassal, whose army was reinforced by Turks. This time, too, the soldiers of Louis emerged victorious. Some historians consider Louis's victory a major victory, because for years afterwards the Turkish army in the Balkans did not show the same active intensity as in the 1370s and 1360s.
Louis may have considered the Ottoman affair closed, because he diverted his attention from the Balkans and instead led his hordes eastwards to Poland. Lithuania was already fighting the Hungarian-Polish ruler in the fourteenth century. In this campaign, Louis conquered Halych, which many Hungarian kings had coveted for centuries, and annexed it to his country as a voivodeship of Ruthenia.
Aftermath
Despite the victories, one cannot attribute any significance to these wars, because Ottoman power was not broken, and because they were not very serious clashes. Louis could no longer think of further anti-Turkish campaigns. He was quite old and the wars also caused great financial losses to the treasury.
This is when the struggle between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, which lasted for over a hundred years, really begins. Although, the Turks eventually overcame their Hungarian rivals at the battle of Mohács in 1526.
See also
Hungarian-Ottoman Wars
Louis I of Hungary
Ivan Shishman
Polish-Ottoman Wars
Crusade of Varna
Siege of Belgrade (1440)
List of wars involving Hungary
List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
List of wars involving Poland
References
^ a b c Szakaly, Ferenc (1986). A török-magyar küzdelem szakaszai a mohácsi csata előtt (1365-1526). Budapest. ISBN 963-05-3964-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b Hunyadi, Istvan (1988). "Béla Köpeczi (sous la direction de), Erdély Története (Histoire de Transylvanie) (Préface et 15 chapitres rédigés par 12 auteurs), Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadô, 3 volumes, 1986, 1 945 p., 58 cartes, 38 tableaux, 27 figures, 783 photogr. noir et blanc, 127 photogr. couleurs". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 43 (1): 199–201. doi:10.1017/s0395264900070797. ISSN 0395-2649.
^ a b c Gyula, Kristo (1988). Az Anjou-kor háborúi, Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. Budapest. ISBN 963-326-905-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagy_Lajos_gyozelme_a_torokok_felett.JPG"},{"link_name":"Louis the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Lajos_I_(1364).svg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Bulgaria_(by_Conrad_Gr%C3%BCnenberg).png"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Wallachia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Lajos_I_(1364).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg"},{"link_name":"Louis the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Murad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Emperor_of_Bulgaria_(by_Conrad_Gr%C3%BCnenberg).png"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg"},{"link_name":"Vladislav I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War"},{"link_name":"Hungarian–Ottoman Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars"},{"link_name":"Hungarian–Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1366%E2%80%931367)"},{"link_name":"Hungarian–Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hungarian–Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1389%E2%80%931396)"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis"},{"link_name":"Hungarian–Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1415%E2%80%931419)"},{"link_name":"War of the South Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_South_Danube_(1420%E2%80%931432)"},{"link_name":"Golubac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Golubac"},{"link_name":"Hungarian–Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1437%E2%80%931442)"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)"},{"link_name":"Hermannstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hermannstadt"},{"link_name":"Crusade of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Nish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)"},{"link_name":"Zlatitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa"},{"link_name":"Kunovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica"},{"link_name":"Várna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)"},{"link_name":"Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)"},{"link_name":"Užice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_U%C5%BEice"},{"link_name":"Smederevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smederevo_(1459)"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce_(1464)"},{"link_name":"Zvornik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik_(1464)"},{"link_name":"Vaslui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui"},{"link_name":"Serbia Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_Expedition_(1477)"},{"link_name":"Breadfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield"},{"link_name":"Otranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Otranto"},{"link_name":"Krbava Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krbava_Field"},{"link_name":"Hungarian–Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1521%E2%80%931526)"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)"},{"link_name":"Šabac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_%C5%A0abac_(1521)"},{"link_name":"Mohács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Ottoman–Habsburg wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Polish-Ottoman_Wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Polish-Ottoman_Wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Polish-Ottoman_Wars"},{"link_name":"Polish–Ottoman Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars"},{"link_name":"1375–1377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1389–1396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1389%E2%80%931396)"},{"link_name":"1415–1419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1415%E2%80%931419)"},{"link_name":"1437-1442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1437%E2%80%931442)"},{"link_name":"1443–1444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"1485–1503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1485%E2%80%931503)"},{"link_name":"1502–1510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1502%E2%80%931510)"},{"link_name":"1524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman-Tatar_raid_on_Podolia_(1524)"},{"link_name":"1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"1561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verbia"},{"link_name":"1593–1606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"1595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski%27s_expedition_to_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"1607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Potocki%27s_raid_on_Moldavia_(1607)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1612","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cornul_lui_Sas"},{"link_name":"1615–1616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Korecki%27s_expedition_to_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"1620–1621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)"},{"link_name":"1633–1634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)"},{"link_name":"1666–1671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)"},{"link_name":"1672–1676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)"},{"link_name":"Lipka rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipka_rebellion"},{"link_name":"1683–1699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Louis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria"}],"text":"Hungarian-Ottoman War (1375–1377)Victory of King Louis the Great against the Ottomans in BulgariaDate1 May 1375-1377LocationBalkans, Kingdom of HungaryResult\nHungarian victoryBelligerents\n Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland(Personal union between Hungary and Poland)\n Ottoman Empire Bulgarian Empire WallachiaCommanders and leaders\n Louis the Great\n Murad I Ivan Shishman Vladislav IStrength\n40,000\nunknownvteHungarian–Ottoman Wars\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1366–67)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1375–77)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1389–96)\n(Nicopolis)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1415–19)\nWar of the South Danube (1420–32)\n(Golubac)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1437–42)\n(Belgrade\nHermannstadt)\nCrusade of Varna (1443–44)\n(Nish\nZlatitsa\nKunovica\nVárna)\nKosovo (1448)\nKruševac (1454)\nBelgrade (1456)\nUžice (1458)\nSmederevo (1459)\nJajce (1464)\nZvornik (1464)\nVaslui (1475)\nSerbia Expedition (1477)\nBreadfield (1479)\nOtranto (1480–81)\nKrbava Field (1493)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1521–26)\nBelgrade (1521)\nŠabac (1521)\nMohács (1526)\nOttoman–Habsburg wars\nvtePolish–Ottoman Wars\n1375–1377\n1389–1396\n1415–1419\n1437-1442\n1443–1444\n1485–1503\n1502–1510\n1524\n1526\n1561\n1593–1606\n1595\n1607\n1612\n1615–1616\n1620–1621\n1633–1634\n1666–1671\n1672–1676 (Lipka rebellion)\n1683–1699The Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–1377) was the third confrontation between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. The war ended in a Hungarian victory, as the armies of Louis I dealt a blow in Bulgaria not only to the Turks, but also to the Bulgarian ruler Ivan Shisman, who was allied with them in 1377.","title":"Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–1377)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis%27s_kingdoms_and_his_vassal_territories.png"},{"link_name":"Louis the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Poland"},{"link_name":"vassal states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dardanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"John V Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"South Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"King of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin"},{"link_name":"Vidin province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Vidin"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Romanian principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_Principalities"},{"link_name":"1360s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1360s"},{"link_name":"Vidin province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Vidin"},{"link_name":"vassal state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state"},{"link_name":"Ivan Stratsimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sratsimir_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Vladislav I of Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Banate of Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banate_of_Severin"},{"link_name":"battle of Maritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"Turkish Sultan.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladislav_Vlaicu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Gregory XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Vladislav I of Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Murad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_I"},{"link_name":"Ivan Stratsimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sratsimir_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwik_W%C4%99gierski_by_Bacciarelli.jpg"}],"text":"Lands ruled by King Louis the Great: Personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland in 1370–1382 are colored red, the vassal states and the temporarily controlled territories are coloured light redBy helping the Ottoman army across the Dardanelles in 1345, the Byzantine pretender to the throne, John V Palaiologos, brought the Turkish threat not only to his own country, but also to the South Slavic countries, which were still fighting among themselves and suffering from internal strife. When his former supporters turned against Palaiologos, who had been crowned emperor, the emperor (for the first time in the history of Byzantine emperors) went to Western Europe to seek help. The Pope and the King of Hungary, were spurred into action by the fact that Ivan Shisman had imprisoned the Emperor John.Louis intervened in the internal conflict in Bulgaria and in 1365 seized the territories around Vidin, which he reorganised into a province called the Vidin province, and from then on treated Bulgaria as his \"right of inheritance\". His campaigns in the Balkans were accompanied by the spread of Roman Catholicism among the Orthodox Slavs, which led to opposition from virtually all the southern Slavic countries and the Romanian principalities. From the second half of the 1360s, the king of Hungary was countered by a coalition of Wallachia, Bulgaria and Serbia.In 1366, the first anti-Turkish campaign took place, which Hungary launched in alliance with some other states. It is said that Louis' army was victorious. Despite the success, Hungarian rule in northern Bulgaria was not consolidated, and Louis had to organise the Vidin province into a vassal state with his loyalist Ivan Stratsimir, because he could not effectively control it. Vladislav I of Wallachia, in alliance with Ivan Shishman, drove the Hungarians out of northern Bulgaria, and even conquered the Banate of Severin in 1369. After the end of the Hungarian rule in Bulgaria, the Ottomans launched an offensive in the Balkans. In 1371, in the battle of Maritsa, they annihilated the Bulgarians and their Serbian allies, making Ivan Shishman a vassal of the Turkish Sultan.[1]Vladislav I of WallachiaBetween 1374 and 1375, Pope Gregory XI begged Louis with letters to take decisive and swift action against the Ottomans. Louis felt that Hungary could handle the Turks on its own, which is why he went to war without the help of the Pope or any other state.[2] This task he had set himself could not require the help of the Serbian, Bulgarian and Romanian states, so the king continued to convert the Balkan Orthodox, but he still counted on their help against the Turks, obviously trusting in Christian solidarity, even though Louis considered the Orthodox to be only half-Christians. Because of his Crusades, the peoples of the Balkans turned against him and, began to orient themselves towards the Turks.Louis's forthcoming campaign was leaked by Voivode Vladislav I of Wallachia and he immediately formed an alliance with Ivan Shishman and Sultan Murad I. Only Ivan Stratsimir was prepared to support Louis, but he was isolated in Bulgaria. Republic of Venice, which was still at war with Hungary, also gave support to Vladislav by sending him large quantities of weapons.[2]Louis the Great","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oradea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oradea"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Voivode of Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Banate of Szörény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banate_of_Severin"},{"link_name":"Mezősomlyó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83taia"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vladislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I Garai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_Garai"},{"link_name":"Valjevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valjevo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Vladislav I of Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons"},{"link_name":"deserted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion"},{"link_name":"Székelyzsombor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homorod,_Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Cluj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Timisoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Buda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Temesköz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"Peter Himfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Himfi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orosva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orosva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Vidin"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Himfi"},{"link_name":"Benedict Himfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Himfi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Murad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_I"},{"link_name":"Voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Rumelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murad_I.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Vladislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Radu I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_I"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"1370s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1370s"},{"link_name":"1360s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1360s"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Halych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halych"},{"link_name":"voivodeship of Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Ruthenia"}],"text":"Around the 1st of May, Louis' army of 40,000 men assembled at Várad (now Oradea) in the Kingdom of Hungary to march against the Turks through Wallachia. At first, he expected the Voivode of Wallachia to join him, but his hopes were not realised.From Temesvár (now Timișoara), the army moved in two directions, one staying in Transylvania, the other marching through Banate of Szörény to Wallachia. The king pushed into the interior of Romania via Mezősomlyó, where he won a great victory over the Ottoman and Bulgarian reinforcements of Vladislav's army under the leadership of Nicholas I Garai, the palatine of Valjevo.[3]The army of Transylvania had to prevent the Voivode Vladislav from invading the country through the Carpathians. Vladislav I of Wallachia prepared a counterattack in early July. Louis found himself in a critical situation, not because of the Ottoman counter-attack in Transylvania, but because on 25 July the Transylvanian Saxons deserted from the royal army at Székelyzsombor, and Louis' troops were dwindling. Louis arrived in Cluj first in mid-August, then returned to Timisoara in early September, and from there he went to Buda.In the meantime, the Hungarian army again entered the Wallachia, where it was defeated by the Romanians, who were also supported by the Ottomans. In the second half of September, the Ottomans entered southern Transylvania by crossing the Temesköz. Here, however, Louis' army fought them effectively. In the fighting, Peter Himfi, the castellan of Orosva and former ban of Vidin, was killed, and Margaret, the daughter of his brother Benedict Himfi was kidnapped by the Ottomans.Although the first direct Ottoman attack on Hungary was successfully repulsed, despite the devastation, it was not yet felt seriously by the Hungarians. Especially as the Turks did not occupy any territory and, with their insufficient numbers (perhaps only 2,000), they had neither the opportunity nor the intention to do so. Murad I, too, sent his soldiers on a campaign in Hungary for the sole purpose of assisting the Voivode of the Vojvodina and possibly gaining an insight into the Hungarian territories. Nor could he have aimed at conquering Hungary, as his successor, Bayezid I, had done.With the Ottoman attack repulsed, Louis again had reason for optimism. It seemed that even after the death of the king, Hungary was not seriously threatened by the enemy, although one or two stray raiding parties did appear on the borders, coming from Rumelia only for reconnaissance and plunder.[3]Murad IIn 1377, Louis went on another campaign against the Ottomans. This time, Vladislav could not stand in his way, because he died a few months before. The new Voivode, Radu I, fought the Hungarian army marching through his country, but was defeated and did not interfere further with Louis' army.The Hungarians invaded Bulgaria, where they were immediately confronted by Ivan Shishman, Murad's vassal, whose army was reinforced by Turks. This time, too, the soldiers of Louis emerged victorious. Some historians consider Louis's victory a major victory, because for years afterwards the Turkish army in the Balkans did not show the same active intensity as in the 1370s and 1360s.[3]Louis may have considered the Ottoman affair closed, because he diverted his attention from the Balkans and instead led his hordes eastwards to Poland. Lithuania was already fighting the Hungarian-Polish ruler in the fourteenth century. In this campaign, Louis conquered Halych, which many Hungarian kings had coveted for centuries, and annexed it to his country as a voivodeship of Ruthenia.","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"battle of Mohács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Despite the victories, one cannot attribute any significance to these wars, because Ottoman power was not broken, and because they were not very serious clashes. Louis could no longer think of further anti-Turkish campaigns. He was quite old and the wars also caused great financial losses to the treasury.[1]This is when the struggle between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, which lasted for over a hundred years, really begins. Although, the Turks eventually overcame their Hungarian rivals at the battle of Mohács in 1526.[1]","title":"Aftermath"}] | [{"image_text":"Lands ruled by King Louis the Great: Personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland in 1370–1382 are colored red, the vassal states and the temporarily controlled territories are coloured light red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis%27s_kingdoms_and_his_vassal_territories.png/220px-Louis%27s_kingdoms_and_his_vassal_territories.png"},{"image_text":"Vladislav I of Wallachia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vladislav_Vlaicu.jpg/180px-Vladislav_Vlaicu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Louis the Great","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ludwik_W%C4%99gierski_by_Bacciarelli.jpg/218px-Ludwik_W%C4%99gierski_by_Bacciarelli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Murad I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Murad_I.jpg/138px-Murad_I.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Hungarian-Ottoman Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars"},{"title":"Louis I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"title":"Ivan Shishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria"},{"title":"Polish-Ottoman Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars"},{"title":"Crusade of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"title":"Siege of Belgrade (1440)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)"},{"title":"List of wars involving Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary"},{"title":"List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"title":"List of wars involving Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland"}] | [{"reference":"Szakaly, Ferenc (1986). A török-magyar küzdelem szakaszai a mohácsi csata előtt (1365-1526). Budapest. ISBN 963-05-3964-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-3964-0","url_text":"963-05-3964-0"}]},{"reference":"Hunyadi, Istvan (1988). \"Béla Köpeczi (sous la direction de), Erdély Története (Histoire de Transylvanie) (Préface et 15 chapitres rédigés par 12 auteurs), Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadô, 3 volumes, 1986, 1 945 p., 58 cartes, 38 tableaux, 27 figures, 783 photogr. noir et blanc, 127 photogr. couleurs\". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 43 (1): 199–201. doi:10.1017/s0395264900070797. ISSN 0395-2649.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900070797","url_text":"\"Béla Köpeczi (sous la direction de), Erdély Története (Histoire de Transylvanie) (Préface et 15 chapitres rédigés par 12 auteurs), Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadô, 3 volumes, 1986, 1 945 p., 58 cartes, 38 tableaux, 27 figures, 783 photogr. noir et blanc, 127 photogr. couleurs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0395264900070797","url_text":"10.1017/s0395264900070797"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0395-2649","url_text":"0395-2649"}]},{"reference":"Gyula, Kristo (1988). Az Anjou-kor háborúi, Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. Budapest. ISBN 963-326-905-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-326-905-9","url_text":"963-326-905-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900070797","external_links_name":"\"Béla Köpeczi (sous la direction de), Erdély Története (Histoire de Transylvanie) (Préface et 15 chapitres rédigés par 12 auteurs), Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadô, 3 volumes, 1986, 1 945 p., 58 cartes, 38 tableaux, 27 figures, 783 photogr. noir et blanc, 127 photogr. couleurs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0395264900070797","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0395264900070797"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0395-2649","external_links_name":"0395-2649"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar | Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar | ["1 Fixed feasts","2 Moveable feasts","3 Great Feasts","4 Liturgical seasons","5 Printed calendars","6 See also","7 References"] | Liturgical calendar used within Eastern Orthodox churches
"Orthodox year" redirects here. For the start of the Hebrew calendar in Orthodox Judaism, see Rosh Hashanah.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Part of a series on theEastern Orthodox ChurchMosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia
Overview
Structure
Theology (History of theology)
Liturgy
Church history
Holy Mysteries
View of salvation
View of Mary
View of icons
Background
Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascensionof Jesus
Christianity
Christian Church
Apostolic succession
Four Marks of the Church
Orthodoxy
Organization
Autonomy
Autocephaly
Patriarchate
Ecumenical Patriarch
Episcopal polity
Canon law
Clergy
Bishops
Priests
Deacons
Monasticism
Degrees
Bratstvo
Autocephalous jurisdictionsAutocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:
Constantinople
Alexandria
Antioch
Jerusalem
Russia
Serbia
Romania
Bulgaria
Georgia
Cyprus
Greece
Poland
Albania
Czech Lands and Slovakia
North Macedonia
Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure:
America
Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:
Ukraine (OCU)
Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:
Ukraine (UOC)
Autonomous jurisdictions
Sinai
Finland
Estonia (EP)
Japan (MP)
China (MP)
Americas (RP)
Bessarabia (RP)
Moldova (MP)
Semi-Autonomous:
Crete (EP)
Estonia (MP)
ROCOR (MP)
Episcopal assemblies
Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania
Austria
Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg
Canada
France
Germany
Great Britain and Ireland
Italy and Malta
Latin America
Scandinavia
Spain and Portugal
Switzerland and Liechtenstein
United States of America
Noncanonical jurisdictions
Old Believers
Spiritual Christianity
True Orthodoxy
Catacomb Church
Old Calendarists
American Orthodox Catholic Church
American World Patriarchs
National churches:
Abkhazia
Belarus
Italy
Latvia
Montenegro
Turkey
UOC–KP
Evangelical Orthodox
Ecumenical councils
First Seven Ecumenical Councils:
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Other possible ecumenical councils:
Eighth
Ninth
Other important councils:
Quinisext Council
Jassy
Moscow
Jerusalem
Constantinople (1872)
History
Church Fathers
Pentarchy
Byzantine Empire
Christianization of Georgia
Christianization of Bulgaria
Christianization of Kievan Rus'
Great Schism
Russia
Ottoman Empire
North America
Moscow–Constantinople schism
15th–16th c.
1996
2018
Theology
History of Eastern Orthodox theology
(20th century (Neo-Palamism))
Apophaticism
Chrismation
Contemplative prayer
Essence vs. Energies
Hesychasm
Holy Trinity
Hypostatic union
Icons
Metousiosis
Mystical theology
Nicene Creed
Nepsis
Oikonomia vs Akribeia
Ousia
Palamism
Philokalia
Phronema
Sin
Theosis
Theotokos
Differences from the Catholic Church
Opposition to the Filioque
Opposition to papal supremacy
Liturgy and worship
Divine Liturgy
Divine Services
Akathist
Apolytikion
Artos
Ectenia
Euchologion
Holy Water
Iconostasis
Jesus Prayer
Kontakion
Liturgical entrances
Liturgical fans
Lity
Memorial service
Memory Eternal
Omophorion
Eastern Orthodox bowing
Eastern Orthodox marriage
Praxis
Paraklesis
Paschal greeting
Paschal Homily
Paschal troparion
Prayer rope
Prosphora
Russian bell ringing
Semantron
Sign of the cross
Sticheron
Troparion
Vestments
Use of incense
Liturgical calendar
Paschal cycle
12 Great Feasts
Other feasts:
Feast of Orthodoxy
Intercession of the Theotokos
The four fasting periods:
Nativity Fast
Great Lent
Apostles' Fast
Dormition Fast
Major figures
Athanasius of Alexandria
Ephrem the Syrian
Basil of Caesarea
Cyril of Jerusalem
Gregory of Nazianzus
Gregory of Nyssa
John Chrysostom
Cyril of Alexandria
John Climacus
Maximus the Confessor
John of Damascus
Theodore the Studite
Kassiani
Cyril and Methodius
Photios I of Constantinople
Gregory Palamas
Other topics
Architecture
Folk
Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs
Eastern Orthodox cross
Saint titles
Statistics by country
vte
The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Passages of Holy Scripture, saints and events for commemoration are associated with each date, as are many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of the week or time of year in relationship to the major feast days.
There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. The moveable feasts are generally relative to Pascha (Easter), and so the cycle of moveable feasts is referred to as the Paschal cycle.
Fixed feasts
Russian icon depicting the calendar of saints (18th-19th century).
See also: Menologium
The following list of dates links only to fixed feasts of the Orthodox Church. These are the fixed dates; the particular day on which that date is observed differs depending upon whether one follows the Julian Calendar (sometimes referred to as the "Old Calendar") or the Revised Julian Calendar ("New Calendar"). All dates having to do with Pascha (Easter) - the beginning of Great Lent, Ascension, Pentecost, etc. - are moveable feasts, and thus are not on this calendar (see Paschal cycle).
These important notes should be remembered in using the following calendar:
For the day in the modern Gregorian Calendar, on which churches following the Julian Calendar celebrate any fixed date's commemoration, the 13 days which were lapsed to correct the calendar to the seasons must again lapse, by adding the 13 days to the dates below. For example, Christmas Day (December 25) on the Julian Calendar falls on January 7 of the modern Gregorian Calendar.
The number of days by which the Gregorian calendar differs from the Julian calendar is currently 13, but will increase to 14 on March 1, 2100. Over the course of future centuries, the difference will continue to increase, limitlessly.
For those churches which follow the Revised Julian Calendar, the dates below correspond exactly to the dates on the Gregorian Calendar.
The Eastern Orthodox liturgical year begins on September 1.
September
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
October
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
November
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
December
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
January
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
February
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 (29)
March
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
April
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
May
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
June
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
July
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
August
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Moveable feasts
Main article: Paschal cycle
See also: Movable Eastern Christian Observances
Pascha (Easter) is, by far, the most important day in the ecclesiastical year, and all other days, in one way or another, are dependent upon it. Pascha falls on different calendar dates from year to year, calculated according to a strict set of rules (see Computus for details). While the Fixed Cycle begins on September 1, the new Paschal Cycle begins on "Zaccheus Sunday" in the Slavic tradition or the "Sunday of the Canaanite Woman" in the Greek tradition (the beginning of the preparatory season before Great Lent), eleven Sundays before Pascha, and continues until the Zaccheus Sunday or Sunday of the Canaanite Woman of the following year. The Epistle and Gospel readings at the Divine Liturgy throughout the year are determined by the date of Pascha.
Great Feasts
Main article: Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church
There are Twelve Great Feasts throughout the church year—not counting Pascha, which is above and beyond all other feast days. These are feasts which celebrate major historical events in the lives of Jesus Christ or the Theotokos (Virgin Mary). Of these, three are on the Paschal Cycle:
Palm Sunday (the Sunday before Pascha)
Ascension (forty days after Pascha)
Pentecost (fifty days after Pascha)
The other Great Feasts are on the Fixed Cycle:
The Nativity of the Theotokos — 8 September
The Elevation of the Holy Cross — 14 September
The Presentation of the Theotokos — 21 November
The Nativity of the Lord — 25 December
The Theophany (Epiphany) of the Lord — 6 January
The Presentation of the Lord — 2 February
The Annunciation — 25 March
The Transfiguration — 6 August
The Dormition (Falling Asleep) of the Theotokos — 15 August
In addition, the feast day of the patron saint of a parish church or monastery is counted as a Great Feast, and is celebrated with great solemnity.
Liturgical seasons
In addition to Great Lent, there are three other lesser lenten seasons in the church year:
Nativity Fast (40 days in preparation for the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord)
Apostles' Fast (variable time from the second Monday after Pentecost until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul)
Dormition Fast (2 weeks from 1 August to 14 August in preparation for the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos)
The season from the Sunday of the Publican and Pharisee (three weeks before the Great Lent) through Holy Saturday is called Triodion, while the season from Pascha through Pentecost is called the Pentecostarion.
Printed calendars
Because of the complexity created by the intersection of the various cycles, a number of Orthodox institutions will print an annual calendar (Russian: Spisok) which contains rubrics for the services during that particular year. Simpler wall calendars will show the major commemoration of the day together with the appointed scripture readings.
See also
Byzantine calendar
List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles
References
^ "The Orthodox Faith - Volume II - Worship - the Church Year - Church Year".
For saints, feasts, and other commemorations:
Complete lives of the saints for every day of the Byzantine liturgical year
Lives of the Saints and Feast days Search at Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
Orthodox Calendar at Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church
Where to learn and purchase Orthodox Liturgical Calendars Archived 2019-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
For scriptural readings:
The Orthodox Study Bible. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1993: 771-780
vteCalendars of saintsCatholic
General Roman
1969
1960
1955
pre-1955
Tridentine
Syro-Malabar
Orthodox
Eastern Orthodox
Oriental Orthodox
Coptic
Armenian
Anglican
Australia
Brazil
Canada
England
Hong Kong
Korea
Scotland
Southern Africa
United States
Wales
Protestant
Lutheran
Christianity portal
Biography portal
vteCalendarsSystems
Lunar
Lunisolar
Solar
In wide use
Astronomical
Buddhist
Chinese
Ethiopian
Gregorian
Hindu
Lunar Hijri
Solar Hijri
ISO
Unix time
In morelimited use
Akan
Armenian
Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
Assyrian
Baháʼí
Badí‘
Bali
Pawukon
Saka
Bengali
Bangladeshi
Berber
Borana
Burmese
Chinese
Earthly Branches
Heavenly Stems
Minguo
Solar term
Germanic heathen
Georgian
Hebrew
Hindu
Vikram Samvat
Saka
Hmong
Igbo
Iranian
Jalali
medieval
Zoroastrian
Irish
Gaelic
Islamic
Fasli
Tabular
Jain
Japanese
Javanese
Korean
Juche
Kurdish
Lithuanian
Maithili
Malayalam
Mandaean
Manipuri (Meitei)
Melanau
Mongolian
Nepal
Nepal Sambat
Vikram Samvat
Yele Sambat
Nisg̱a'a
Odia
Punjabi
Nanakshahi
Romanian
Shona
Somali
Sesotho
Slavic
Slavic Native Faith
Macedonian
Tamil
Thai
lunar
solar
Tibetan
Tripuri
Tulu
Vietnamese
Wicca
Xhosa
Yoruba
Zulu
Types
Runic
Mesoamerican
Long Count
Calendar round
Christian variants
Coptic
Ethiopian and Eritrean
Julian
Revised
Liturgical year
Eastern Orthodox
Saints
Historical
Arabian
Attic
Aztec
Tōnalpōhualli
Xiuhpōhualli
Babylonian
Bulgar
Byzantine
Cappadocian
Celtic
Cham
Culāsakaraj
Coligny
Egyptian
Enoch
Florentine
French Republican
Germanic
Greek
Hindu
Inca
Macedonian
Maya
Haabʼ
Tzolkʼin
Muisca
Pentecontad
Pisan
Qumran
Rapa Nui
Roman
Rumi
Sexagenary
Soviet
Swedish
Turkmen
By specialty
Holocene
anthropological
Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian
historiographical
Darian
Martian
Dreamspell
New Age
Discordian
'Pataphysical
Reform proposals
Hanke–Henry Permanent
International Fixed
Pax
Positivist
Symmetry454
World
Displays andapplications
Electronic
Perpetual
Wall
Year namingand numberingTerminology
Era
Epoch
Leap year
New Year
Regnal name
Regnal year
Year zero
Systems
Ab urbe condita
Anka year
Anno Domini/Common Era
Anno Lucis
Anno Martyrum
Anno Mundi
Assyrian
Before Present
Chinese Imperial
Chinese Minguo
English and British regnal year
Human (Holocene)
Japanese
Korean
Nirayana system
Seleucid
Spanish
Yugas
Satya
Treta
Dvapara
Kali
Vietnamese
Fictional
Discworld (Discworld)
Greyhawk (Dungeons & Dragons)
Middle-earth (The Lord of the Rings)
Stardate (Star Trek)
List of calendars
Category
vteTopics about SaintsCalendar of saints
General Roman Calendar
Tridentine calendar
Eastern Orthodox calendar
Anglican calendars
Coptic calendar
Lutheran calendar
Traditions
Folk saint
Equal-to-apostles
Relic
Catacomb saints
Translation
Hagiography
List of saints
Catholic
Child
Orthodox
Titles
Symbology of the Saints
Saints in Protestantism
Levitation of saints
Theology
Communion of saints
Veneration
Intercession
Prayer for the dead
Confessors
list
Martyrs
list
Christian
Diocletian
Passion bearers
Patron saint
Places
Mariology
Canonization process
Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
Candidates for sainthood
Servant of God
list
The Venerable
list
Beatification
list
Equivalent canonization
Related topics
Apostle
Bishop
Companions
Roman Martyrology
Saints in Anglicanism
Saints in Methodism
Patristics
Early Christian writers
Church Fathers
Women of the patristic age
Prophet
Saints portal
vteEthiopian saints by feast dayJanuary
Abeluzius (15th)
Tsahma (24th)
March
Alef (20th)
May
Saint Abraham (5th)
Yared (19th)
Kaleb (28th)
Ablak (30th)
June
Aftse (5th)
Guba (5th)
Garima (24th)
July
Moses the Black (1st)
Giyorgis of Segla (14th)
August
Tekle Haymanot (17th and 24th)
September
Abnodius (3rd)
Melki of Clysma (11th)
Daysa the Egyptian (12th)
Anbas (13th)
Mamas the Martyr (15th)
Lebna Dengel (15th)
Fasilidas (19th)
Yasay (19th)
Matronya (20th)
Aflahos (22nd)
Absadi (27th)
October
Sharda Hawaryat (1st)
Matlan the physician (4th)
Lawa-Krestos (5th)
Basalota Mika’el (5th)
‘Oyoranos (5th)
‘Abtlemanos of Shoka (7th)
Aregawi (24th)
Ezana (1st)
Saizana (1st)
November
Yem’ata (2nd)
December
Iyasus Mo'a (5th)
Liqanos (7th)
Samuel of Waldebba (21st)
Frumentius (27th)
All months
Gabra Manfas Qeddus (5th)
Tekle Haymanot (24th)
Related topics
Giustino de Jacobis (Roman Catholic), Nine Saints • Armenian Apostolic liturgical calendar, Coptic calendar, Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar • Category:Ethiopian saints | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Rosh Hashanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Scripture"},{"link_name":"saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"feast days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"moveable feasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moveable_feast"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Paschal cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_cycle"}],"text":"\"Orthodox year\" redirects here. For the start of the Hebrew calendar in Orthodox Judaism, see Rosh Hashanah.The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Passages of Holy Scripture, saints and events for commemoration are associated with each date, as are many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of the week or time of year in relationship to the major feast days.There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. The moveable feasts are generally relative to Pascha (Easter), and so the cycle of moveable feasts is referred to as the Paschal cycle.","title":"Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheryi-minei.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_icon"},{"link_name":"Menologium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menologium"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Julian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"Old Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Revised Julian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Julian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"New Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Style"},{"link_name":"Pascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Great Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lent"},{"link_name":"Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Paschal cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_cycle"},{"link_name":"Gregorian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"the difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Difference_between_Gregorian_and_Julian_calendar_dates"},{"link_name":"liturgical year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_year"}],"text":"Russian icon depicting the calendar of saints (18th-19th century).See also: MenologiumThe following list of dates links only to fixed feasts of the Orthodox Church. These are the fixed dates; the particular day on which that date is observed differs depending upon whether one follows the Julian Calendar (sometimes referred to as the \"Old Calendar\") or the Revised Julian Calendar (\"New Calendar\"). All dates having to do with Pascha (Easter) - the beginning of Great Lent, Ascension, Pentecost, etc. - are moveable feasts, and thus are not on this calendar (see Paschal cycle).These important notes should be remembered in using the following calendar:For the day in the modern Gregorian Calendar, on which churches following the Julian Calendar celebrate any fixed date's commemoration, the 13 days which were lapsed to correct the calendar to the seasons must again lapse, by adding the 13 days to the dates below. For example, Christmas Day (December 25) on the Julian Calendar falls on January 7 of the modern Gregorian Calendar.The number of days by which the Gregorian calendar differs from the Julian calendar is currently 13, but will increase to 14 on March 1, 2100. Over the course of future centuries, the difference will continue to increase, limitlessly.For those churches which follow the Revised Julian Calendar, the dates below correspond exactly to the dates on the Gregorian Calendar.The Eastern Orthodox liturgical year begins on September 1.","title":"Fixed feasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Movable Eastern Christian Observances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_Eastern_Christian_Observances"},{"link_name":"Pascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Computus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zaccheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaccheus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Great Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lent"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"}],"text":"See also: Movable Eastern Christian ObservancesPascha (Easter) is, by far, the most important day in the ecclesiastical year, and all other days, in one way or another, are dependent upon it. Pascha falls on different calendar dates from year to year, calculated according to a strict set of rules (see Computus for details). While the Fixed Cycle begins on September 1,[1] the new Paschal Cycle begins on \"Zaccheus Sunday\" in the Slavic tradition or the \"Sunday of the Canaanite Woman\" in the Greek tradition[citation needed] (the beginning of the preparatory season before Great Lent), eleven Sundays before Pascha, and continues until the Zaccheus Sunday or Sunday of the Canaanite Woman of the following year. The Epistle and Gospel readings at the Divine Liturgy throughout the year are determined by the date of Pascha.","title":"Moveable feasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Palm Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_the_Theotokos"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Elevation of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Presentation of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_the_Theotokos"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Nativity of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Theophany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophany_(feast)"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Presentation of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Dormition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"}],"text":"There are Twelve Great Feasts throughout the church year—not counting Pascha, which is above and beyond all other feast days. These are feasts which celebrate major historical events in the lives of Jesus Christ or the Theotokos (Virgin Mary). Of these, three are on the Paschal Cycle:Palm Sunday (the Sunday before Pascha)\nAscension (forty days after Pascha)\nPentecost (fifty days after Pascha)The other Great Feasts are on the Fixed Cycle:The Nativity of the Theotokos — 8 September [O.S. 21 September]\nThe Elevation of the Holy Cross — 14 September [O.S. 27 September]\nThe Presentation of the Theotokos — 21 November [O.S. 4 December]\nThe Nativity of the Lord — 25 December [O.S. 7 January]\nThe Theophany (Epiphany) of the Lord — 6 January [O.S. 19 January]\nThe Presentation of the Lord — 2 February [O.S. 15 February]\nThe Annunciation — 25 March [O.S. 7 April]\nThe Transfiguration — 6 August [O.S. 19 August]\nThe Dormition (Falling Asleep) of the Theotokos — 15 August [O.S. 28 August]In addition, the feast day of the patron saint of a parish church or monastery is counted as a Great Feast, and is celebrated with great solemnity.","title":"Great Feasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lent"},{"link_name":"Nativity Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_Fast"},{"link_name":"Apostles' Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast"},{"link_name":"Feast of Saints Peter and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul"},{"link_name":"Dormition Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition_Fast"},{"link_name":"Triodion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triodion"},{"link_name":"Pentecostarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostarion"}],"text":"In addition to Great Lent, there are three other lesser lenten seasons in the church year:Nativity Fast (40 days in preparation for the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord)\nApostles' Fast (variable time from the second Monday after Pentecost until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul)\nDormition Fast (2 weeks from 1 August to 14 August in preparation for the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos)The season from the Sunday of the Publican and Pharisee (three weeks before the Great Lent) through Holy Saturday is called Triodion, while the season from Pascha through Pentecost is called the Pentecostarion.","title":"Liturgical seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rubrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrics"}],"text":"Because of the complexity created by the intersection of the various cycles, a number of Orthodox institutions will print an annual calendar (Russian: Spisok) which contains rubrics for the services during that particular year. Simpler wall calendars will show the major commemoration of the day together with the appointed scripture readings.","title":"Printed calendars"}] | [{"image_text":"Russian icon depicting the calendar of saints (18th-19th century).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cheryi-minei.jpg/220px-Cheryi-minei.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Byzantine calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_calendar"},{"title":"List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Orthodox Faith - Volume II - Worship - the Church Year - Church Year\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/worship/the-church-year/church-year","url_text":"\"The Orthodox Faith - Volume II - Worship - the Church Year - Church Year\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/worship/the-church-year/church-year","external_links_name":"\"The Orthodox Faith - Volume II - Worship - the Church Year - Church Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.rongolini.com/synaxariontoc.htm","external_links_name":"Complete lives of the saints"},{"Link":"http://www.goarch.org/en/chapel/calendar.asp","external_links_name":"Lives of the Saints and Feast days"},{"Link":"http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/","external_links_name":"Orthodox Calendar"},{"Link":"http://www.menologion.com/","external_links_name":"Where to learn and purchase Orthodox Liturgical Calendars"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704131645/http://menologion.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_of_Supra%C5%9Bl | Codex Suprasliensis | ["1 See also","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"] | 10th-century Cyrillic literary monument
Codex SuprasliensisA leaf of the codexCreated10th century in BulgariaDiscovered1823Supraśl Orthodox MonasteryPlaceSupraśl, PolandPresent locationNational and University Library of SloveniaLanguageOld Church Slavonic
The Codex Suprasliensis is a 10th-century Cyrillic literary monument, the largest extant Old Church Slavonic canon manuscript and the oldest Slavic literary work located in Poland. As of September 20, 2007, it is on UNESCO's Memory of the World list.
The codex, written in Medieval Bulgaria at the end or even in the middle of the 10th century, contains a menaion for the month of March, intersecting with the movable cycle of Easter. It also contains 24 lives of saints, 23 homilies and one prayer, most of which were written by or are attributed to John Chrysostom. The 284-folio (or 285-folio, according to some sources) codex was "discovered" in 1823 by Canon Michał Bobrowski in the Uniate Basilian monastery in Supraśl.
In 1838, Bobrowski sent the last part of the manuscript in two pieces to Slovene philologist Jernej Kopitar so that he could transcribe it. After Kopitar returned it, Bobrowski sent him the first part (118 folios), however for unknown reasons it was never returned to Bobrowski and was found in 1845 among the documents of the deceased Kopitar. It was later kept by the Ljubljana Lyceum and now by the National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana.
The largest part was bought for the private library of the Zamoyski family in Warsaw. This part of the codex disappeared during World War II, but later resurfaced in the United States and was returned by Herbert Moeller to Poland in 1968, where it has been held by the National Library of Poland in Warsaw until the present day. The third part, consisting of 16 folios, is held by the Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg.
The codex was published by Franz Miklosich (Vienna, 1851), Sergej Severjanov (Suprasalьskaja rukopisь, Saint Petersburg, 1904), and Jordan Zaimov and Mario Capaldo (Sophia, 1982–1983). Alfons Margulies produced a significant volume on the codex titled Der altkirchenslavische Codex Suprasliensis (Heidelberg, 1927).
Folio 260 of the manuscript contains the note g(ospod)i pomilui retъka amin. Some experts think retъka represents the name of a scribe (hence the occasional name Codex of Retko) and that the text was copied from several sources. Research indicates that at least one of the sources may have Glagolitic (for Epiphanius' Homily on the Entombment). Vocalizations of yers, rarely occurring epenthesis, change of ъ to ь behind hardened č, ž, š and some other linguistic traits point to its (Eastern) Bulgarian linguistic provenance.
From May 2024, the part held by National Library of Poland is presented at the permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth in Warsaw.
See also
Freising Manuscripts
References
^ (https://iztok-zapad.eu/image/catalog/materials/Suprasylski_sbornik.pdf)
^ "Palace of the Commonwealth open to visitors". National Library of Poland. 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
^ Makowski & Sapała 2024, p. 27.
Sources
Заимов, Й.; Капалдо, М. (1983). Супрасълски или Ретков сборник (in Bulgarian). Vol. 1, 2. Sofia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Damjanović, Stjepan (2004). Slovo iskona. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. ISBN 953-150-567-5.
Makowski, Tomasz; Sapała, Patryk, eds. (2024). The Palace of the Commonwealth. Three times opened. Treasures from the National Library of Poland at the Palace of the Commonwealth. Warsaw: National Library of Poland.
Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic: An Introduction to Slavic Philology. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05846-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Codex Suprasliensis.
The Codex Suprasliensis Project at Obdurodon
Codex Suprasliensis manuscript - UNESCO - Memory of the World, at the Institute for Literature, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Codex Suprasliensis transliterated in 7-bit ASCII, at the Corpus Cyrillo-Methodianum Helsingiense
Codex Suprasliensis, at TITUS project | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"Old Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic#Canon"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Memory of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"menaion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaion"},{"link_name":"homilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homily"},{"link_name":"John Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"Uniate Basilian monastery in Supraśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supra%C5%9Bl_Orthodox_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Jernej Kopitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernej_Kopitar"},{"link_name":"folios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recto_and_verso"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Lyceum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National and University Library of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_University_Library_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Zamoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamoyski"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"National Library of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Russian National Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_National_Library"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Franz Miklosich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Miklosich"},{"link_name":"yers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer"},{"link_name":"permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_exhibition_in_the_Palace_of_the_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bn-open-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakowskiSapa%C5%82a202427-3"}],"text":"The Codex Suprasliensis is a 10th-century Cyrillic literary monument, the largest extant Old Church Slavonic canon manuscript and the oldest Slavic literary work located in Poland. As of September 20, 2007, it is on UNESCO's Memory of the World list.The codex, written in Medieval Bulgaria[1] at the end or even in the middle of the 10th century, contains a menaion for the month of March, intersecting with the movable cycle of Easter. It also contains 24 lives of saints, 23 homilies and one prayer, most of which were written by or are attributed to John Chrysostom. The 284-folio (or 285-folio, according to some sources) codex was \"discovered\" in 1823 by Canon Michał Bobrowski in the Uniate Basilian monastery in Supraśl.In 1838, Bobrowski sent the last part of the manuscript in two pieces to Slovene philologist Jernej Kopitar so that he could transcribe it. After Kopitar returned it, Bobrowski sent him the first part (118 folios), however for unknown reasons it was never returned to Bobrowski and was found in 1845 among the documents of the deceased Kopitar. It was later kept by the Ljubljana Lyceum and now by the National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana.The largest part was bought for the private library of the Zamoyski family in Warsaw. This part of the codex disappeared during World War II, but later resurfaced in the United States and was returned by Herbert Moeller to Poland in 1968, where it has been held by the National Library of Poland in Warsaw until the present day. The third part, consisting of 16 folios, is held by the Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg.The codex was published by Franz Miklosich (Vienna, 1851), Sergej Severjanov (Suprasalьskaja rukopisь, Saint Petersburg, 1904), and Jordan Zaimov and Mario Capaldo (Sophia, 1982–1983). Alfons Margulies produced a significant volume on the codex titled Der altkirchenslavische Codex Suprasliensis (Heidelberg, 1927).Folio 260 of the manuscript contains the note g(ospod)i pomilui retъka amin. Some experts think retъka represents the name of a scribe (hence the occasional name Codex of Retko) and that the text was copied from several sources. Research indicates that at least one of the sources may have Glagolitic (for Epiphanius' Homily on the Entombment). Vocalizations of yers, rarely occurring epenthesis, change of ъ to ь behind hardened č, ž, š and some other linguistic traits point to its (Eastern) Bulgarian linguistic provenance.From May 2024, the part held by National Library of Poland is presented at the permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth in Warsaw.[2][3]","title":"Codex Suprasliensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Damjanović, Stjepan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Damjanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Matica hrvatska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatska"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"953-150-567-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-150-567-5"},{"link_name":"Makowski, Tomasz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Makowski_(librarian)"},{"link_name":"Schenker, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_M._Schenker"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-05846-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05846-2"}],"text":"Заимов, Й.; Капалдо, М. (1983). Супрасълски или Ретков сборник (in Bulgarian). Vol. 1, 2. Sofia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nDamjanović, Stjepan (2004). Slovo iskona. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. ISBN 953-150-567-5.\nMakowski, Tomasz; Sapała, Patryk, eds. (2024). The Palace of the Commonwealth. Three times opened. Treasures from the National Library of Poland at the Palace of the Commonwealth. Warsaw: National Library of Poland.\nSchenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic: An Introduction to Slavic Philology. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05846-2.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Freising Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freising_Manuscripts"}] | [{"reference":"\"Palace of the Commonwealth open to visitors\". National Library of Poland. 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2024-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://bn.org.pl/en/news/5313-palace-of-the-commonwealth-open-to-visitors.html","url_text":"\"Palace of the Commonwealth open to visitors\""}]},{"reference":"Заимов, Й.; Капалдо, М. (1983). Супрасълски или Ретков сборник (in Bulgarian). Vol. 1, 2. Sofia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Damjanović, Stjepan (2004). Slovo iskona. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. ISBN 953-150-567-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Damjanovi%C4%87","url_text":"Damjanović, Stjepan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatska","url_text":"Matica hrvatska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-150-567-5","url_text":"953-150-567-5"}]},{"reference":"Makowski, Tomasz; Sapała, Patryk, eds. (2024). The Palace of the Commonwealth. Three times opened. Treasures from the National Library of Poland at the Palace of the Commonwealth. Warsaw: National Library of Poland.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Makowski_(librarian)","url_text":"Makowski, Tomasz"}]},{"reference":"Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic: An Introduction to Slavic Philology. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05846-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_M._Schenker","url_text":"Schenker, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05846-2","url_text":"0-300-05846-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://iztok-zapad.eu/image/catalog/materials/Suprasylski_sbornik.pdf","external_links_name":"https://iztok-zapad.eu/image/catalog/materials/Suprasylski_sbornik.pdf"},{"Link":"https://bn.org.pl/en/news/5313-palace-of-the-commonwealth-open-to-visitors.html","external_links_name":"\"Palace of the Commonwealth open to visitors\""},{"Link":"http://suprasliensis.obdurodon.org/","external_links_name":"The Codex Suprasliensis Project"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111019153103/http://csup.ilit.bas.bg/","external_links_name":"Codex Suprasliensis manuscript - UNESCO - Memory of the World"},{"Link":"http://www.helsinki.fi/slaavilaiset/ccmh/suprasliensis.html","external_links_name":"Codex Suprasliensis transliterated in 7-bit ASCII"},{"Link":"http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/slav/aksl/suprasl/supra.htm","external_links_name":"Codex Suprasliensis"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome_Writing_(Borghese)_(Caravaggio) | Saint Jerome Writing | ["1 Composition","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Painting by Caravaggio
For the Caravaggio painting in Valletta of the same title, see Saint Jerome Writing (Caravaggio, Valletta).
Saint JeromeArtistCaravaggioYearc. 1605–06MediumOil on canvasDimensions112 cm × 157 cm (44 in × 62 in)LocationGalleria Borghese
Saint Jerome Writing, also called Saint Jerome in His Study or simply Saint Jerome, is an oil painting by Italian painter Caravaggio. Generally dated to 1605–06, the painting is located in the Galleria Borghese in Rome.
Composition
The painting depicts Saint Jerome, a Doctor of the Church in Roman Catholicism and a popular subject for painting, even for Caravaggio, who produced other paintings of Jerome in Meditation and engaged in writing. In this image, Jerome is reading intently, an outstretched arm resting with quill. It has been suggested that Jerome is depicted in the act of translating the Vulgate.
History
The painting is generally dated to 1605–06, largely on the statements of 17th-century art historical biographer Gian Pietro Bellori, though Denis Mahon suggests 1602–1604. According to Bellori, Caravaggio produced the piece at the behest of Cardinal Scipione Borghese, who became a cardinal in 1605, but it is possible that Borghese acquired it later as it is not mentioned in a 1613 poem by Scipione Francucci that described the Borghese Caravaggio collection. Whether or not the dating is accurate, the work is believed to have originated from Caravaggio's late Roman period, which ended with the painter's exile to Malta in 1606.
That Saint Jerome Writing is the work of Caravaggio is sometimes brought into question, as it was attributed to Jusepe de Ribera in the Borghese inventories from 1700 until 1893.
See also
List of paintings by Caravaggio
References
^ Bussagli, Marco (April 2009). Italian Art. Giunti Editore Firenze Italy. p. 346. ISBN 978-88-09-03726-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ a b Gilbert, Creighton (1995). Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals. Penn State Press. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0-271-01312-1. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ a b Hibbard, Howard (5 March 1985). Caravaggio. Westview Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-06-430128-2. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ Moreno, Paolo; Chiara Stefani (2000). The Borghese Gallery. Touring Editore. p. 192. ISBN 978-88-365-1946-0. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ Bellori, Giovanni Pietro (2005). The lives of the modern painters, sculptors and architects. Translated by Hellmut Wohl. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-78187-9. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ Pomella, Andrea (2005). Caravaggio: An Artist through Images. ATS Italia Editrice. p. 105. ISBN 978-88-88536-62-0. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ Hibbard (1985), p. 206.
External links
Media related to Saint Jerome in his study by Caravaggio (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
vteCaravaggioList of paintings1593–1594
Boy Peeling Fruit (c. 1592)
Young Sick Bacchus (c. 1593)
Boy with a Basket of Fruit (c. 1593)
Boy Bitten by a Crayfish (c. 1593; lost)
The Fortune Teller (c. 1594)
The Cardsharps (c. 1594)
1595–1599Del Monte paintings
The Musicians (c. 1595)
Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (c. 1595)
Boy Bitten by a Lizard (c. 1596)
The Lute Player (c. 1596)
Bacchus (c. 1596)
Penitent Magdalene (c. 1597)
Rest on the Flight into Egypt (c. 1597)
Medusa (c. 1597)
Portrait of a Courtesan (Fillide Melandroni) (c. 1597)
Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto (c. 1597)
Saint Catherine of Alexandria (c. 1598)
The Sacrifice of Isaac (Princeton; c. 1598)
John the Baptist (c. 1598)
Martha and Mary Magdalene (c. 1598)
Portrait of Maffeo Barberini (1598)
Basket of Fruit (c. 1599)
Judith Beheading Holofernes (c. 1599)
David and Goliath (c. 1599)
Narcissus (c. 1599)
1600–1606Most famouspainter in Rome
The Calling of Saint Matthew (1599–1600)
The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew (1599–1600)
The Conversion of Saint Paul (1600)
The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (1601)
The Conversion of Saint Paul on the Road to Damascus (1601)
Supper at Emmaus (London; 1601)
Amor Victorious (1602)
Saint Matthew and the Angel (1602; destroyed)
The Inspiration of Saint Matthew (1602)
The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (c. 1602)
The Taking of Christ (1602)
The Entombment of Christ (c. 1603)
Saint Francis in Prayer (c. 1603)
The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew (c. 1603–1606)
Madonna of Loreto (Madonna dei Pellegrini, Pilgrims' Madonna) (c. 1604)
The Crowning with Thorns (Prato; 1604)
The Death of the Virgin (1604)
Christ on the Mount of Olives (1605)
Ecce Homo (Genoa; c. 1605)
Saint Jerome in Meditation (c. 1605)
Saint Jerome Writing (Rome; c. 1605)
Portrait of Pope Paul V (1605)
Still Life with Fruit (1605)
Madonna and Child with Saint Anne (Dei Palafrenieri) (1606)
1606–1608Naples and Malta
Ecce Homo (Madrid; c. 1605–1609)
Mary Magdalen in Ecstasy (1606)
Saint Francis in Meditation (1606)
Supper at Emmaus (Milan; 1606)
The Seven Works of Mercy (1606)
The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew (1607)
David with the Head of Goliath (Vienna; 1607)
Madonna of the Rosary (1607)
The Crowning with Thorns (Vienna; 1607)
The Flagellation of Christ (c. 1607)
Christ at the Column (c. 1607)
Salome with the Head of John the Baptist (London; c. 1607)
Saint Jerome Writing (Valletta; 1607)
Portrait of Alof de Wignacourt and his Page (1607–1608)
Portrait of Fra Antonio Martelli (1608)
The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist (1608)
Sleeping Cupid (1608)
1608–1610Sicily and Naples
The Annunciation (1608)
The Burial of Saint Lucy (1608)
The Raising of Lazarus (1609)
Adoration of the Shepherds (1609)
Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence (1609; lost)
Salome with the Head of John the Baptist (Madrid; 1609)
Denial of Saint Peter (1610)
The Martyrdom of Saint Ursula (1610)
David with the Head of Goliath (Rome; 1610)
Related
Paintings attributed to Caravaggio
Utrecht Caravaggism
Caravaggisti
Caravaggio, il pittore maledetto
Caravaggio (1986 film)
Caravaggio (2007 film)
Caravaggio's Shadow | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Jerome Writing (Caravaggio, Valletta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome_Writing_(Caravaggio,_Valletta)"},{"link_name":"oil painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painting"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"Galleria Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Borghese"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"text":"For the Caravaggio painting in Valletta of the same title, see Saint Jerome Writing (Caravaggio, Valletta).Saint Jerome Writing, also called Saint Jerome in His Study or simply Saint Jerome, is an oil painting by Italian painter Caravaggio. Generally dated to 1605–06, the painting is located in the Galleria Borghese in Rome.","title":"Saint Jerome Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"in Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_Meditation_(Caravaggio)"},{"link_name":"engaged in writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome_Writing_(Valletta)"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bussagli2009-1"}],"text":"The painting depicts Saint Jerome, a Doctor of the Church in Roman Catholicism and a popular subject for painting, even for Caravaggio, who produced other paintings of Jerome in Meditation and engaged in writing. In this image, Jerome is reading intently, an outstretched arm resting with quill. It has been suggested that Jerome is depicted in the act of translating the Vulgate.[1]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gian Pietro Bellori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Pietro_Bellori"},{"link_name":"Denis Mahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Mahon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GilbertCaravaggio1995-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hibbard1985-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorenoStefani2000-4"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Scipione Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione_Borghese"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BelloriWohl2005-5"},{"link_name":"Scipione Francucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scipione_Francucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Borghese Caravaggio collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borghese_Collection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GilbertCaravaggio1995-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaravaggioPomella2005-6"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jusepe de Ribera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusepe_de_Ribera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hibbard1985-3"}],"text":"The painting is generally dated to 1605–06, largely on the statements of 17th-century art historical biographer Gian Pietro Bellori, though Denis Mahon suggests 1602–1604.[2][3][4] According to Bellori, Caravaggio produced the piece at the behest of Cardinal Scipione Borghese,[5] who became a cardinal in 1605, but it is possible that Borghese acquired it later as it is not mentioned in a 1613 poem by Scipione Francucci that described the Borghese Caravaggio collection.[2] Whether or not the dating is accurate, the work is believed to have originated from Caravaggio's late Roman period,[6] which ended with the painter's exile to Malta in 1606.[7]That Saint Jerome Writing is the work of Caravaggio is sometimes brought into question, as it was attributed to Jusepe de Ribera in the Borghese inventories from 1700 until 1893.[3]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of paintings by Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Caravaggio"}] | [{"reference":"Bussagli, Marco (April 2009). Italian Art. Giunti Editore Firenze Italy. p. 346. ISBN 978-88-09-03726-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=80DpE2Y-xlAC&pg=PA346","url_text":"Italian Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-03726-7","url_text":"978-88-09-03726-7"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Creighton (1995). Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals. Penn State Press. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0-271-01312-1. Retrieved 28 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7WSH4BabKuUC&pg=PA107","url_text":"Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01312-1","url_text":"978-0-271-01312-1"}]},{"reference":"Hibbard, Howard (5 March 1985). Caravaggio. Westview Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-06-430128-2. Retrieved 28 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wAvz9G4DhdkC&pg=PA320","url_text":"Caravaggio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-430128-2","url_text":"978-0-06-430128-2"}]},{"reference":"Moreno, Paolo; Chiara Stefani (2000). The Borghese Gallery. Touring Editore. p. 192. ISBN 978-88-365-1946-0. Retrieved 28 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce2Fg7FIvFgC&pg=PA192","url_text":"The Borghese Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-365-1946-0","url_text":"978-88-365-1946-0"}]},{"reference":"Bellori, Giovanni Pietro (2005). The lives of the modern painters, sculptors and architects. Translated by Hellmut Wohl. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-78187-9. Retrieved 28 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pietro_Bellori","url_text":"Bellori, Giovanni Pietro"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm9gs8mXwOUC&pg=PA188","url_text":"The lives of the modern painters, sculptors and architects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78187-9","url_text":"978-0-521-78187-9"}]},{"reference":"Pomella, Andrea (2005). Caravaggio: An Artist through Images. ATS Italia Editrice. p. 105. ISBN 978-88-88536-62-0. Retrieved 28 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JDH4lOa8qRgC&pg=PA105","url_text":"Caravaggio: An Artist through Images"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-88536-62-0","url_text":"978-88-88536-62-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=80DpE2Y-xlAC&pg=PA346","external_links_name":"Italian Art"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7WSH4BabKuUC&pg=PA107","external_links_name":"Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wAvz9G4DhdkC&pg=PA320","external_links_name":"Caravaggio"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce2Fg7FIvFgC&pg=PA192","external_links_name":"The Borghese Gallery"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm9gs8mXwOUC&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"The lives of the modern painters, sculptors and architects"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JDH4lOa8qRgC&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Caravaggio: An Artist through Images"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Slade | Henry Slade | ["1 Biography","2 Confession","3 References","4 External links"] | American fraudulent medium (1835–1905)
For the rugby player, see Henry Slade (rugby union).
Henry Slade
Henry Slade (1835–1905) was a famous fraudulent medium who lived and practiced in both Europe and North America. Slade was best known for his "slate writing" method, where he would purportedly produce message written by spirits on slates.
Biography
One of Slade's fraudulent slate writing methods
Slade was most well known as a slate-writing medium. During his séances he would place a small slate with a piece of chalk under a table and would claim spirits would use it to write messages. According to Joe Nickell, Slade was repeatedly caught faking the spirit messages in his séances and he produced his phenomena by a variety of magic tricks.
Science writer Karen Stollznow has noted that:
Slate writing was a simple parlor trick, often involving a double-sided chalkboard or a hidden slate upon which the "message" was already written. Many mediums were caught faking the practice, including Henry Slade, the man who discovered the phenomenon. Slade was writing these messages from the "dead" using tiny pieces of chalk held in the fingers of either hand, the toes of either foot, or his mouth.
In 1872, Slade was caught in fraud in New York by John W. Truesdell, who had two sittings with him. During the séance Truesdell observed Slade using his foot to move objects under the table, and writing on a slate. In a séance Stanley LeFevre Krebs employed a secret mirror and caught Slade swapping slates and hiding them in the back of his chair.
In a séance in 1876 in London Ray Lankester and Bryan Donkin caught Slade in fraud. Lankester snatched the slate before the "spirit" message was supposed to be written, and found the writing already there. He was prosecuted for fraud on October 1, 1876, in London and was sentenced to three months in prison. However, Slade made an appeal, which was sustained, on the ground that the words "by palmistry or otherwise" had been omitted in the indictment. Before he could be arrested on the new summons, he fled to America.
Slade also performed a trick where he would play an accordion with one hand under the table. The magician Chung Ling Soo exposed how Slade had performed the trick.
Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leipzig conducted several controlled experiments, using Slade, to evaluate his claims of paranormal ability in 1877. Slade failed some of the tests carried out under controlled conditions but still succeeded in fooling Zöllner in several other attempts. Zöllner was convinced in Slade's supernatural abilities and wrote his book Transcendental Physics based on his observations of Slade. Hereward Carrington in his book The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism (1907) revealed the fraudulent methods (with diagrams of the rope tricks) that Slade used in the Zöllner experiments. Other notable people who Slade successfully fooled include William Fletcher Barrett and Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace believed in Slade's abilities despite knowing that they had been debunked by the magician John Nevil Maskelyne in court.
Slade's grave at Riverside Cemetery
In 1882 in Belleville séance sitters caught Slade making "spirit" raps against the rung of his chair, using his foot to move a slate, writing "spirit" messages and substituting slates. He was also exposed as a fraud in 1885 by the Seybert Commission as it was discovered that the slates had prepared messages on them. In 1886-1887, Richard Hodgson and S. J. Davey also exposed slate writing as fraudulent, which contributed to its decline as a spiritualist method.
The magician David Abbott in his book Behind the Scenes with the Mediums (1908) revealed that Slade would also use his toes for writing messages on slates.
Slade died on September 8, 1905, at a sanatorium in Belding, Michigan. He was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Albion.
Confession
The magician Harry Houdini met the ex-medium Remigius Weiss in Philadelphia who had testified to the Seybert Commission that Slade's methods were fraudulent. According to Houdini he had given him the "best expose ever written of Slade's slate writings." Weiss also obtained a signed confession from Slade that all his spiritualist manifestations were deceptions performed through tricks and this confession was reproduced by Houdini in his book A Magician Among the Spirits (first published 1924).
References
^ a b Randi, James (1995). An encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural: decidedly sceptical definitions of alternative realities. New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-15119-5.
^ a b c d Carroll, Robert Todd (2011). "Slate writing". The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
^ Joe Nickell. (2007). Adventures in Paranormal Investigation. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 40. ISBN 978-0813124674
^ Karen Stollznow. (2014). Language Myths, Mysteries and Magic. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-137-40484-8
^ Carl Murchison. (1927). The Case For And Against Psychical Belief. Clark University. p. 242
^ Gordon Stein. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 705. ISBN 978-1573920216
^ Milner, Richard. "Charles Darwin and Associates, Ghostbusters". Scientific American. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
^ Joseph McCabe. (1920). Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847. Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 160-161
^ Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. p. 254. ISBN 978-0879753009
^ Chung Ling Soo. (1898). Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena. Munn & Company. pp. 105-106. "Dr. Henry Slade was, of course, identified and recognized as the principal slate-writing medium, but at various times he presented other phenomena, one of which was the playing of an accordion while held in one hand under the table. The accordion was taken by him from the table with his right hand, at the end containing the strap, the keys or notes at the other end being away from him. He thus held the accordion beneath the table, and his left hand was laid on top of the table, where it was always in plain view. Nevertheless, the accordion was heard to give forth melodious tunes, and at the conclusion was brought up on top of the table as held originally; the whole dodge consisting in turning the accordion end for end as it went under the table. The strap end being now downward, and held between the legs, the medium's hand grasped the keyboard end, and worked the bellows and keys, holding the accordion firmly with the legs and working the hand, not with an arm movement, but mostly by a simple wrist movement. Of course, at the conclusion, the hand grasped the accordion at the strap end, and brought it up in this condition. Sometimes an accordion is tied with strings and sealed so the bellows cannot be worked. This is for the dark séance. Even in this condition the accordion is played by inserting a tube in the air-hole or valve and by the medium's using his lungs as bellows."
^ Kaku, Michio (1994). Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–53. ISBN 9780195085143.
^ Hereward Carrington. (1907). The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism. Herbert B. Turner & Co. pp. 19-47
^ Carl Murchison. (1927). The Case For And Against Psychical Belief. Clark University. pp. 242-243
^ David Abbot. (1908). Behind the Scenes with the Mediums. The Open Court Publishing Company. p. 191
^ "Henry Slade Dead— The noted Spiritualistic Medium Dies in a Michigan Sanitorium, Aged 80", New York Sun, September 10, 1905, p. 6
^ Harry Houdini. (2011 edition). A Magician Among the Spirits. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94-100. ISBN 978-1108027489
^ Andrew Neher. (2011). Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination. Dover Publications. p. 215. ISBN 978-0486261676
^ Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle. Prometheus Books. p. 189. ISBN 1-57392-896-8
External links
Blavatsky Foundation.org 6 page pdf by Walter A. Carrithers, Jr.
Powerful Psychic Reading Spiritualists and Mediums
Albion Michigan History Notebook Article on Henry Slade published in the Morning Star newspaper on October 17, 1993, pg. 6
Internet Archive of Library Books "Spirit Slate Writing And Kindred Phenomena" by William E. Robinson Munn & Company (1898 copyright expired) This book was scanned into the public domain by Google.
vteSpiritualism and spiritismHistory and beliefs
Apport
Automatic writing
Cross-Correspondences
Ectoplasm
Faith healing
Materialization
Mediumship
Séance
Spirit guides
Spiritual healing
Spirit obsession
Spirit photography
Spirit possession
Spirit world
Table-turning
Theism
Spiritualists
Derek Acorah
Rosemary Altea
Dan Aykroyd
Charles Bailey
Bangs Sisters
Ada Besinnet
Stephen E. Braude
William Breeze
Rosemary Brown
Sylvia Browne
Eva Carrière
Doris Collins
Florence Cook
Mina Crandon
William Crookes
Geraldine Cummins
Pearl Curran
Frank Decker
Arthur Conan Doyle
Helen Duncan
Eddy Brothers
Harry Edwards
John Edward
William Eglinton
Colin Evans
Fox sisters
Leslie Flint
Arthur Ford
Colin Fry
Eileen Garrett
Kathleen Goligher
Rita Goold
Jan Guzyk
Robert Hare
Alec Harris
Gordon Higginson
Richard Hodgson
Daniel Dunglas Home
Elizabeth Hope
William Hope
Swami Laura Horos
Cecil Husk
James H. Hyslop
Allan Kardec
Franek Kluski
Gladys Osborne Leonard
Oliver Lodge
Heinrich Melzer
Carmine Mirabelli
Francis Ward Monck
William Usborne Moore
Lorin Morgan-Richards
William Stainton Moses
Einer Nielsen
Eusapia Palladino
Leonora Piper
Ethel Post-Parrish
James Van Praagh
Bert Reese
Estelle Roberts
Jane Roberts
William Roy
Rudi Schneider
Maria Silbert
Henry Slade
Doris Stokes
Emanuel Swedenborg
Rosina Thompson
Stanisława Tomczyk
Ena Twigg
George Valiantine
Jack Webber
Etta Wriedt
Chico Xavier
Organizations
List of Spiritualist organizations
Spiritualist churches
Spiritist centres
London Spiritualist Alliance
National Spiritualist Association of Churches
Spiritualists' National Union
Spiritualist Association of Great Britain
Spiritual church movement
Arthur Findlay College
International Spiritualist Federation
Skeptics
David Abbott
John Henry Anderson
George Miller Beard
Ruth Brandon
Lionel Branson
Derren Brown
William Carpenter
Milbourne Christopher
Edward Clodd
Edmund Smith Conklin
Millais Culpin
Stuart Cumberland
Eric Dingwall
Joseph Dunninger
Henry Evans
Chris French
Martin Gardner
G. Stanley Hall
Trevor H. Hall
William A. Hammond
C. E. M. Hansel
Carlos María de Heredia
Carl Hertz
Terence Hines
Harry Houdini
Joseph Jastrow
Stanley LeFevre Krebs
Rose Mackenberg
David Marks
John Nevil Maskelyne
Henry Maudsley
Joseph McCabe
Henry C. McComas
Georgess McHargue
Charles Arthur Mercier
Albert Moll
John Mulholland
Fulton Oursler
Joe Nickell
E. Clephan Palmer
Ronald Pearsall
Frank Podmore
Massimo Polidoro
Harry Price
Julien J. Proskauer
James Randi
Donovan Rawcliffe
Joseph F. Rinn
C. E. Bechhofer Roberts
Chung Ling Soo
Gordon Stein
Amy Tanner
Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
Lyttelton Winslow
Richard Wiseman
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Slade (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Slade_(rugby_union)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Slade_medium.jpg"},{"link_name":"medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randi-1995-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carroll-2"}],"text":"For the rugby player, see Henry Slade (rugby union).Henry SladeHenry Slade (1835–1905) was a famous fraudulent medium who lived and practiced in both Europe and North America. Slade was best known for his \"slate writing\" method, where he would purportedly produce message written by spirits on slates.[1][2]","title":"Henry Slade"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slate_writing_mediumship_trick.png"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(writing)"},{"link_name":"Joe Nickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Karen Stollznow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Stollznow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stanley LeFevre Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_LeFevre_Krebs"},{"link_name":"slates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(writing)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ray Lankester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lankester"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Chung Ling Soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Friedrich_Z%C3%B6llner"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaku-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randi-1995-1"},{"link_name":"Hereward Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereward_Carrington"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William Fletcher Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Barrett"},{"link_name":"Alfred Russel Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carroll-2"},{"link_name":"John Nevil Maskelyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carroll-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Henry_Slade_(1836%E2%80%931905)_at_Riverside_Cemetery,_Albion,_Michigan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair"},{"link_name":"Seybert Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seybert_Commission"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Richard Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carroll-2"},{"link_name":"David Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"Belding, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belding,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion,_Michigan"}],"text":"One of Slade's fraudulent slate writing methodsSlade was most well known as a slate-writing medium. During his séances he would place a small slate with a piece of chalk under a table and would claim spirits would use it to write messages. According to Joe Nickell, Slade was repeatedly caught faking the spirit messages in his séances and he produced his phenomena by a variety of magic tricks.[3]Science writer Karen Stollznow has noted that:Slate writing was a simple parlor trick, often involving a double-sided chalkboard or a hidden slate upon which the \"message\" was already written. Many mediums were caught faking the practice, including Henry Slade, the man who discovered the phenomenon. Slade was writing these messages from the \"dead\" using tiny pieces of chalk held in the fingers of either hand, the toes of either foot, or his mouth.[4]In 1872, Slade was caught in fraud in New York by John W. Truesdell, who had two sittings with him. During the séance Truesdell observed Slade using his foot to move objects under the table, and writing on a slate.[5] In a séance Stanley LeFevre Krebs employed a secret mirror and caught Slade swapping slates and hiding them in the back of his chair.[6]In a séance in 1876 in London Ray Lankester and Bryan Donkin caught Slade in fraud.[7] Lankester snatched the slate before the \"spirit\" message was supposed to be written, and found the writing already there. He was prosecuted for fraud on October 1, 1876, in London and was sentenced to three months in prison.[8] However, Slade made an appeal, which was sustained, on the ground that the words \"by palmistry or otherwise\" had been omitted in the indictment. Before he could be arrested on the new summons, he fled to America.[9]Slade also performed a trick where he would play an accordion with one hand under the table. The magician Chung Ling Soo exposed how Slade had performed the trick.[10]Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leipzig conducted several controlled experiments, using Slade, to evaluate his claims of paranormal ability in 1877. Slade failed some of the tests carried out under controlled conditions but still succeeded in fooling Zöllner in several other attempts.[11] Zöllner was convinced in Slade's supernatural abilities and wrote his book Transcendental Physics based on his observations of Slade.[1] Hereward Carrington in his book The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism (1907) revealed the fraudulent methods (with diagrams of the rope tricks) that Slade used in the Zöllner experiments.[12] Other notable people who Slade successfully fooled include William Fletcher Barrett and Alfred Russel Wallace.[2] Wallace believed in Slade's abilities despite knowing that they had been debunked by the magician John Nevil Maskelyne in court.[2]Slade's grave at Riverside CemeteryIn 1882 in Belleville séance sitters caught Slade making \"spirit\" raps against the rung of his chair, using his foot to move a slate, writing \"spirit\" messages and substituting slates. He was also exposed as a fraud in 1885 by the Seybert Commission as it was discovered that the slates had prepared messages on them.[13] In 1886-1887, Richard Hodgson and S. J. Davey also exposed slate writing as fraudulent, which contributed to its decline as a spiritualist method.[2]The magician David Abbott in his book Behind the Scenes with the Mediums (1908) revealed that Slade would also use his toes for writing messages on slates.[14]Slade died on September 8, 1905, at a sanatorium in Belding, Michigan.[15] He was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Albion.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The magician Harry Houdini met the ex-medium Remigius Weiss in Philadelphia who had testified to the Seybert Commission that Slade's methods were fraudulent. According to Houdini he had given him the \"best expose ever written of Slade's slate writings.\" Weiss also obtained a signed confession from Slade that all his spiritualist manifestations were deceptions performed through tricks and this confession was reproduced by Houdini in his book A Magician Among the Spirits (first published 1924).[16][17][18]","title":"Confession"}] | [{"image_text":"Henry Slade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Henry_Slade_medium.jpg/201px-Henry_Slade_medium.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of Slade's fraudulent slate writing methods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Slate_writing_mediumship_trick.png/200px-Slate_writing_mediumship_trick.png"},{"image_text":"Slade's grave at Riverside Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Grave_of_Henry_Slade_%281836%E2%80%931905%29_at_Riverside_Cemetery%2C_Albion%2C_Michigan.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Henry_Slade_%281836%E2%80%931905%29_at_Riverside_Cemetery%2C_Albion%2C_Michigan.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Randi, James (1995). An encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural: decidedly sceptical definitions of alternative realities. New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-15119-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi","url_text":"Randi, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural","url_text":"An encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural: decidedly sceptical definitions of alternative realities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-15119-5","url_text":"978-0-312-15119-5"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Robert Todd (2011). \"Slate writing\". The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll","url_text":"Carroll, Robert Todd"},{"url":"https://skepdic.com/slatewriting.html","url_text":"\"Slate writing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary","url_text":"The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230610231024/https://skepdic.com/slatewriting.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Milner, Richard. \"Charles Darwin and Associates, Ghostbusters\". Scientific American. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/charles-darwin-and-assoc/","url_text":"\"Charles Darwin and Associates, Ghostbusters\""}]},{"reference":"Kaku, Michio (1994). Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–53. ISBN 9780195085143.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CPsYUwNwFcQC&pg=PA49","url_text":"Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195085143","url_text":"9780195085143"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://skepdic.com/slatewriting.html","external_links_name":"\"Slate writing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230610231024/https://skepdic.com/slatewriting.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/caseforandagains032328mbp#page/n267/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Case For And Against Psychical Belief"},{"Link":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/charles-darwin-and-assoc/","external_links_name":"\"Charles Darwin and Associates, Ghostbusters\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/spiritslatewriti00sooc#page/105/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CPsYUwNwFcQC&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/physicalphenome01carrgoog#page/n38/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/caseforandagains032328mbp#page/n267/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Case For And Against Psychical Belief"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/behindsceneswit04abbogoog#page/n203/mode/2up/search/slade","external_links_name":"Behind the Scenes with the Mediums"},{"Link":"http://www.blavatskyfoundation.org/NotesonHenrySlade.pdf","external_links_name":"Blavatsky Foundation.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613052148/http://www.powerful-psychic-reading.com/henry-slade.html","external_links_name":"Powerful Psychic Reading"},{"Link":"http://www.albionmich.com/history/histor_notebook/931017.shtml","external_links_name":"Albion Michigan History Notebook"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/spiritslatewrit00robigoog/spiritslatewrit00robigoog_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Internet Archive of Library Books"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1936093/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1936042","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdjkrKpPXkr9Tmp3X8G3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1281738484","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008013442","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rf97k2","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Longmont_Historic_District | Downtown Longmont Historic District | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°09′57″N 105°06′09″W / 40.16583°N 105.10250°W / 40.16583; -105.10250Historic district in Colorado, United States
United States historic placeDowntown Longmont Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic Places
300 block of Main Street, in 2009Show map of ColoradoShow map of the United StatesLocationRoughly Main, Coffman & Kimbark Sts. between 3rd & 5th Aves., Longmont, ColoradoCoordinates40°09′57″N 105°06′09″W / 40.16583°N 105.10250°W / 40.16583; -105.10250Built byMultipleArchitectMultipleNRHP reference No.100001501Added to NRHPAugust 28, 2017
The Downtown Longmont Historic District, in Longmont, Colorado, is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.
The district includes 83 buildings, 69 of which are deemed contributing buildings, and 17 of which were already designated Longmont Local Landmarks. Rehabilitation work on contributing buildings is eligible for tax credit funding; the local landmarks require a local Certificate of Appropriateness before exterior work, including signage and painting, can be done. The district also includes four buildings already individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (listed in 1975),
the Firehouse Art Center building (listed in 1985),
the Dickens Opera House (listed in 1987), and
the Longmont Carnegie Library (listed in 1992).
The district map shows an irregular outline enclosing an area equivalent to about six complete city blocks.
The district was designated in a ceremony at the Firehouse Art Center in February, 2017. "As a result of efforts that began in 2012, a portion of downtown Longmont has been named to the National Register of Historic Places. / The staff with the city and the Longmont Downtown Development Authority spearheaded the effort to gain recognition for the district, which is generally bound by 3rd Avenue to the south, 5th Avenue to the north, Coffman Street to the west, and Emery Street to the east. “People really love and value our downtown area’s authenticity — it’s a real working main street,” development authority executive director Kimberlee McKee said. “We just really want to bring public awareness to our history.” / The district is made up of 83 buildings, 69 of which were built between 1879 and 1967 and are considered historically significant."
“Longmont has so many gems,” Visit Longmont Executive Director Nancy Rezac said, adding that she expects the historic designation will boost downtown tourism.
It includes the I.O.O.F. Building, aka I.O.O.F. Lodge #29, in the 400 block of Main Street.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Boulder County, Colorado
References
^ a b "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly Lists 2017" (PDF). National Park Service.
^ "Downtown Longmont Historic District".
^ "Contributing building list" (PDF).
^ a b c "Downtown Longmont wins historic designation". Longmont Times-Call.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
^ "district map" (PDF). Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^
^
^
External links
Media related to Downtown Longmont Historic District at Wikimedia Commons
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
Architectural style categories
Contributing property
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Keeper of the Register
National Park Service
Property types
Lists by state
List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state:
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Lists by insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Minor Outlying Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Lists by associated state
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Palau
Other areas
District of Columbia
American Legation, Morocco
Related
National Historic Preservation Act
Historic Preservation Fund
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places portal
Category
This article about a property in Colorado on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Longmont, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmont,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weekly-1"},{"link_name":"contributing buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributing_buildings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creative-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St. Stephen's Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%E2%80%99s_Episcopal_Church_(Longmont,_Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Firehouse Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehouse_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"Dickens Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickens_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Longmont Carnegie Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmont_Carnegie_Library"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timescall-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Firehouse Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehouse_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timescall-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timescall-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Historic district in Colorado, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe Downtown Longmont Historic District, in Longmont, Colorado, is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.[1]The district includes 83 buildings, 69 of which are deemed contributing buildings, and 17 of which were already designated Longmont Local Landmarks. Rehabilitation work on contributing buildings is eligible for tax credit funding; the local landmarks require a local Certificate of Appropriateness before exterior work, including signage and painting, can be done.[2][3] The district also includes four buildings already individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places:St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (listed in 1975),\nthe Firehouse Art Center building (listed in 1985),\nthe Dickens Opera House (listed in 1987), and\nthe Longmont Carnegie Library (listed in 1992).[4][5]The district map shows an irregular outline enclosing an area equivalent to about six complete city blocks.[6]The district was designated in a ceremony at the Firehouse Art Center in February, 2017. \"As a result of efforts that began in 2012, a portion of downtown Longmont has been named to the National Register of Historic Places. / The staff with the city and the Longmont Downtown Development Authority spearheaded the effort to gain recognition for the district, which is generally bound by 3rd Avenue to the south, 5th Avenue to the north, Coffman Street to the west, and Emery Street to the east. “People really love and value our downtown area’s authenticity — it’s a real working main street,” development authority executive director Kimberlee McKee said. “We just really want to bring public awareness to our history.” / The district is made up of 83 buildings, 69 of which were built between 1879 and 1967 and are considered historically significant.\"[4]“Longmont has so many gems,” Visit Longmont Executive Director Nancy Rezac said, adding that she expects the historic designation will boost downtown tourism.[4]It includes the I.O.O.F. Building, aka I.O.O.F. Lodge #29, in the 400 block of Main Street.[7][8][9]","title":"Downtown Longmont Historic District"}] | [] | [{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Boulder County, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boulder_County,_Colorado"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places: Weekly Lists 2017\" (PDF). National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2017-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places: Weekly Lists 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Longmont Historic District\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.downtownlongmont.com/creative-district/experience/stay-and-play/historic-district","url_text":"\"Downtown Longmont Historic District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contributing building list\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://ctycms.com/co-longmont/docs/istoric-district----contributing-building-list.pdf","url_text":"\"Contributing building list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Longmont wins historic designation\". Longmont Times-Call.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timescall.com/2018/01/30/downtown-longmont-wins-historic-designation/","url_text":"\"Downtown Longmont wins historic designation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmont_Times-Call","url_text":"Longmont Times-Call"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"district map\" (PDF). Retrieved October 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ctycms.com/co-longmont/docs/downtown-district-boundary-map---december-2016.pdf","url_text":"\"district map\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Downtown_Longmont_Historic_District¶ms=40_09_57_N_105_06_09_W_source:NOTNRIS2013a_type:landmark_region:US-CO","external_links_name":"40°09′57″N 105°06′09″W / 40.16583°N 105.10250°W / 40.16583; -105.10250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Downtown_Longmont_Historic_District¶ms=40_09_57_N_105_06_09_W_source:NOTNRIS2013a_type:landmark_region:US-CO","external_links_name":"40°09′57″N 105°06′09″W / 40.16583°N 105.10250°W / 40.16583; -105.10250"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/100001501","external_links_name":"100001501"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2017-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places: Weekly Lists 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.downtownlongmont.com/creative-district/experience/stay-and-play/historic-district","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Longmont Historic District\""},{"Link":"https://ctycms.com/co-longmont/docs/istoric-district----contributing-building-list.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Contributing building list\""},{"Link":"https://www.timescall.com/2018/01/30/downtown-longmont-wins-historic-designation/","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Longmont wins historic designation\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://ctycms.com/co-longmont/docs/downtown-district-boundary-map---december-2016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"district map\""},{"Link":"https://longmont.pastperfectonline.com/photo/F4715BF2-66C3-4501-BF56-412141399168","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/IOOF29/about/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://foursquare.com/v/independent-order-of-odd-fellows-lodge-ioof-29/4d645d1a5a27b1f7fe4ef35d","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Longmont_Historic_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nelson-Joyce | James Nelson-Joyce | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Music video","4 References","5 External links"] | English actor
James Nelson-JoyceBorn1989 or 1990 (age 34–35)Orrell Park, Liverpool, Merseyside, EnglandOccupationActorYears active2013–present
James Nelson-Joyce (born 1988 or 1989) is an English actor, known for playing the tough guy or villainous characters, who has had roles in Mount Pleasant (2016), Little Boy Blue (2017), The Trap (2019), The Nest (2020, Time (2021), The Outlaws (2021), Industry (2022), The Gold (2023), A Town Called Malice (2023), and Guy Ritchie's The Covenant (2023).
Early life
Nelson-Joyce was born to a working-class family from Walton, Liverpool. He left school without qualifications, not realising at the time that he was dyslexic, however, following advice from his English teacher, Miss Griffiths, who recognised his potential for acting, encouraging him to study at The City of Liverpool College.
Career
Nelson-Joyce's first notable role in 2017, was playing the teenage gang member James Yates, who provided the gun that killed 11-year-old Rhys Jones in the ITV Liverpool based drama Little Boy Blue. In 2019, Nelson-Joyce was the lead in the Lena Headey directed BAFTA nominated short film The Trap.
In 2020, he co-starred with Maisie Williams in the Lena Headey directed music video "Miracle" by Madeon.
In 2021, he starred in six episodes of the BBC Bristol based crime comedy series The Outlaws, in a cast that included Christopher Walken, Stephen Merchant and Eleanor Tomlinson. The same year, He worked with Stephen Graham and Sean Bean, playing bullying convict Johnno in the Jimmy McGovern directed BBC prison drama Time. Nelson-Joyce is known for playing the tough guy or villainous characters.
In 2023, he continued in this role as Brian Reader in 1983 Brink's-Mat robbery series The Gold, also starring Hugh Bonneville, Dominic Cooper, Charlotte Spencer, Jack Lowden, Tom Cullen, and Emun Elliott. and in the Sky Max 1980s British family gangster series A Town Called Malice as an enemy of the Lord family. The same year, he made a very brief appearance in Guy Ritchie's The Covenant alongside Jake Gyllenhaal and Alexander Ludwig. In October 2023, Nelson-Joyce shot the feature film Reputation, playing the lead role of Wes.
Filmography
Short film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2019
Bee
Bradley
Money Shot
Sean
The Trap
Main role
2021
Eyeholes
Mac
2022
Safe
Daz
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2020
Brothers by Blood
Leonard
The Nest
Taxi Driver
2023
Guy Ritchie's The Covenant
Jack 'Jack Jack' Jackson
2024
Bird
Skate
Post-production
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2013
Shameless
Benny
S11.E12 "Early Retirement"
2014
Cilla
Degsy
2 episodes
Casualty
Frankie Macfarland
S28.E30 "The Lies We Tell"
2015
No Offence
Franny Lowry
1 episode
2016
Mount Pleasant
Liam
8 episodes
Vera
Jason McNeive
1 episode
2017
Little Boy Blue
James Yates
Main role - all 4 episodes
2019
The Rook
Henry Hylton Foster
1 episode
The Virtues
Ryan
1 episode
World on Fire
Tony
1 episode
2021
Innocent
Aaron Holmes
2 episodes
Time
Johnno
2 episodes
The Outlaws
Spider
6 episodes
2022
The Responder
Greg Gallagher
2 episodes
Industry
Jamie Henson
2 episodes
2023
The Gold
Brian Reader
3 episodes
The Family Pile
Greg
Main role - 6 episodes
A Town Called Malice
Barney
2 episodes
Music video
Year
Artist
Track
Notes
2020
Madeon
"Miracle"
Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds
"Blue Moon Rising"
References
^ a b c d e f Hadfield, Charlotte (27 May 2021). "Scouse actor's chance encounter with Stephen Graham in Nando's that changed his career". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ a b c Saunders, Lawrence (28 July 2021). "James Nelson-Joyce Interview". ymliverpool.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ a b Aubrey, Elizabeth (8 June 2021). "James Nelson-Joyce on playing Bez in the new Happy Mondays film: "He couldn't believe I was a Scouser!"". NME. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ a b c d e "Anon Fashion Magazine in Exclusive conversation with James Nelson Joyce for Feb22 Issue No. 45". anonfashionmag.com. 22 February 2022.
^ "Spotlight: Mr James Nelson-Joyce". therakishgent.co.uk. 13 June 2021.
^ Becky Gamester-Newton (3 June 2021). "7 Questions with… Time's James Nelson-Joyce: 'A family friend of mine was Britain's most wanted man'". bt.com.
^ a b Madeon, Maisie Williams, James Nelson-Joyce (as James Joyce) (29 July 2020). Madeon - Miracle (Official Video) (YouTube). Retrieved 15 May 2023.
^ a b Flora Carr (10 June 2021). "Meet the cast of Time". radiotimes.com.
^ Fletcher, Alex (1 February 2023). "The Gold: Everything you need to know about BBC One's true story heist drama". bt.com.
^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14437172/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk
^ Noel Gallagher, Jack O'Connell, Gala Gordon, James Nelson-Joyce (as James Joyce) (30 January 2020). Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds - Blue Moon Rising (Official Video) (YouTube). Retrieved 15 May 2023.
External links
James Nelson-Joyce on Instagram
James Nelson-Joyce at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-echo-1"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Little Boy Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy_Blue_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nest_(2020_film)"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlaws_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"A Town Called Malice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Called_Malice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Guy Ritchie's The Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Ritchie%27s_The_Covenant"}],"text":"James Nelson-Joyce (born 1988 or 1989)[1] is an English actor, known for playing the tough guy or villainous characters, who has had roles in Mount Pleasant (2016), Little Boy Blue (2017), The Trap (2019), The Nest (2020, Time (2021), The Outlaws (2021), Industry (2022), The Gold (2023), A Town Called Malice (2023), and Guy Ritchie's The Covenant (2023).","title":"James Nelson-Joyce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-echo-1"},{"link_name":"dyslexic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ym-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anon-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-echo-1"},{"link_name":"The City of Liverpool College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_of_Liverpool_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spot-5"}],"text":"Nelson-Joyce was born to a working-class family from Walton, Liverpool.[3] He left school without qualifications,[1] not realising at the time that he was dyslexic,[2] however, following advice from his English teacher, Miss Griffiths,[4] who recognised his potential for acting,[1] encouraging him to study at The City of Liverpool College.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anon-4"},{"link_name":"Rhys Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Rhys_Jones"},{"link_name":"Little Boy Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy_Blue_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-echo-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bt-6"},{"link_name":"Lena Headey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Headey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anon-4"},{"link_name":"Maisie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Lena Headey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Headey"},{"link_name":"\"Miracle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Faith_(Madeon_album)"},{"link_name":"Madeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracle-7"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"The Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlaws_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-8"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"Stephen Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Tomlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Tomlinson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ym-2"},{"link_name":"Stephen Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Graham"},{"link_name":"Sean Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-echo-1"},{"link_name":"Jimmy McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McGovern"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-3"},{"link_name":"Brian Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Reader_(old-school_villain)"},{"link_name":"Brink's-Mat robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brink%27s-Mat_robbery"},{"link_name":"The Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bonneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bonneville"},{"link_name":"Dominic Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Spencer_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Jack Lowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lowden"},{"link_name":"Tom Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Emun Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emun_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gold-9"},{"link_name":"Sky Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Max"},{"link_name":"A Town Called Malice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Called_Malice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anon-4"},{"link_name":"Guy Ritchie's The Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Ritchie%27s_The_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Jake Gyllenhaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anon-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Nelson-Joyce's first notable role in 2017, was playing the teenage gang member James Yates,[4] who provided the gun that killed 11-year-old Rhys Jones in the ITV Liverpool based drama Little Boy Blue.[1][6] In 2019, Nelson-Joyce was the lead in the Lena Headey directed BAFTA nominated short film The Trap.[4]In 2020, he co-starred with Maisie Williams in the Lena Headey directed music video \"Miracle\" by Madeon.[7]In 2021, he starred in six episodes of the BBC Bristol based crime comedy series The Outlaws,[8] in a cast that included Christopher Walken, Stephen Merchant and Eleanor Tomlinson.[2] The same year, He worked with Stephen Graham and Sean Bean,[1] playing bullying convict Johnno in the Jimmy McGovern directed BBC prison drama Time.[8] Nelson-Joyce is known for playing the tough guy or villainous characters.[3]In 2023, he continued in this role as Brian Reader in 1983 Brink's-Mat robbery series The Gold, also starring Hugh Bonneville, Dominic Cooper, Charlotte Spencer, Jack Lowden, Tom Cullen, and Emun Elliott.[9] and in the Sky Max 1980s British family gangster series A Town Called Malice as an enemy of the Lord family.[4] The same year, he made a very brief appearance in Guy Ritchie's The Covenant alongside Jake Gyllenhaal and Alexander Ludwig.[4] In October 2023, Nelson-Joyce shot the feature film Reputation, playing the lead role of Wes.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Short film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music video","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hadfield, Charlotte (27 May 2021). \"Scouse actor's chance encounter with Stephen Graham in Nando's that changed his career\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/scouse-actors-chance-encounter-stephen-20694563","url_text":"\"Scouse actor's chance encounter with Stephen Graham in Nando's that changed his career\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Echo","url_text":"Liverpool Echo"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Lawrence (28 July 2021). \"James Nelson-Joyce Interview\". ymliverpool.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ymliverpool.com/time-star-james-nelson-joyce-interview/46158","url_text":"\"James Nelson-Joyce Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Aubrey, Elizabeth (8 June 2021). \"James Nelson-Joyce on playing Bez in the new Happy Mondays film: \"He couldn't believe I was a Scouser!\"\". NME. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/features/tv-interviews/james-nelson-joyce-time-bez-happy-mondays-2962498","url_text":"\"James Nelson-Joyce on playing Bez in the new Happy Mondays film: \"He couldn't believe I was a Scouser!\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Anon Fashion Magazine in Exclusive conversation with James Nelson Joyce for Feb22 Issue No. 45\". anonfashionmag.com. 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anonfashionmag.com/post/cover-story-with-james-nelson-joyce","url_text":"\"Anon Fashion Magazine in Exclusive conversation with James Nelson Joyce for Feb22 Issue No. 45\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spotlight: Mr James Nelson-Joyce\". therakishgent.co.uk. 13 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therakishgent.co.uk/pages/spotlight-mr-james-nelson-joyce","url_text":"\"Spotlight: Mr James Nelson-Joyce\""}]},{"reference":"Becky Gamester-Newton (3 June 2021). \"7 Questions with… Time's James Nelson-Joyce: 'A family friend of mine was Britain's most wanted man'\". bt.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bt.com/tv/drama/james-nelson-joyce-time-bbc","url_text":"\"7 Questions with… Time's James Nelson-Joyce: 'A family friend of mine was Britain's most wanted man'\""}]},{"reference":"Madeon, Maisie Williams, James Nelson-Joyce (as James Joyce) (29 July 2020). Madeon - Miracle (Official Video) (YouTube). Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeon","url_text":"Madeon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_Williams","url_text":"Maisie Williams"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrob8fwgoeo","url_text":"Madeon - Miracle (Official Video)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Flora Carr (10 June 2021). \"Meet the cast of Time\". radiotimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/time-bbc-cast-characters/","url_text":"\"Meet the cast of Time\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Alex (1 February 2023). \"The Gold: Everything you need to know about BBC One's true story heist drama\". bt.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bt.com/tv/drama/the-gold-bbc-release-date-true-story-hugh-bonneville-dominic-cooper","url_text":"\"The Gold: Everything you need to know about BBC One's true story heist drama\""}]},{"reference":"Noel Gallagher, Jack O'Connell, Gala Gordon, James Nelson-Joyce (as James Joyce) (30 January 2020). Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds - Blue Moon Rising (Official Video) (YouTube). Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Gallagher","url_text":"Noel Gallagher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Connell_(actor)","url_text":"Jack O'Connell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_Gordon","url_text":"Gala Gordon"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06sCT1WsZFw","url_text":"Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds - Blue Moon Rising (Official Video)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/scouse-actors-chance-encounter-stephen-20694563","external_links_name":"\"Scouse actor's chance encounter with Stephen Graham in Nando's that changed his career\""},{"Link":"https://ymliverpool.com/time-star-james-nelson-joyce-interview/46158","external_links_name":"\"James Nelson-Joyce Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/features/tv-interviews/james-nelson-joyce-time-bez-happy-mondays-2962498","external_links_name":"\"James Nelson-Joyce on playing Bez in the new Happy Mondays film: \"He couldn't believe I was a Scouser!\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.anonfashionmag.com/post/cover-story-with-james-nelson-joyce","external_links_name":"\"Anon Fashion Magazine in Exclusive conversation with James Nelson Joyce for Feb22 Issue No. 45\""},{"Link":"https://www.therakishgent.co.uk/pages/spotlight-mr-james-nelson-joyce","external_links_name":"\"Spotlight: Mr James Nelson-Joyce\""},{"Link":"https://www.bt.com/tv/drama/james-nelson-joyce-time-bbc","external_links_name":"\"7 Questions with… Time's James Nelson-Joyce: 'A family friend of mine was Britain's most wanted man'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrob8fwgoeo","external_links_name":"Madeon - Miracle (Official Video)"},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/time-bbc-cast-characters/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the cast of Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.bt.com/tv/drama/the-gold-bbc-release-date-true-story-hugh-bonneville-dominic-cooper","external_links_name":"\"The Gold: Everything you need to know about BBC One's true story heist drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14437172/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk","external_links_name":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14437172/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06sCT1WsZFw","external_links_name":"Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds - Blue Moon Rising (Official Video)"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/jamesnelsonjoyce/","external_links_name":"James Nelson-Joyce"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5663459/","external_links_name":"James Nelson-Joyce"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_Island_Pioneer_Hall | Lamb Island Pioneer Hall | ["1 History","2 Description","3 Heritage listing","4 References","4.1 Attribution","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 27°37′29″S 153°23′01″E / 27.6246°S 153.3837°E / -27.6246; 153.3837
Historic site in Queensland, AustraliaLamb Island Pioneer HallLamb Island Pioneer Hall, 1994LocationLucas Drive, Lamb Island, City of Redland, Queensland, AustraliaCoordinates27°37′29″S 153°23′01″E / 27.6246°S 153.3837°E / -27.6246; 153.3837Design period1919 - 1930s (interwar period)Builtc. 1924 - 1930s
Queensland Heritage RegisterOfficial nameLamb Island Pioneer HallTypestate heritage (built)Designated3 April 1995Reference no.601493Significant periodc. 1924, 1930s (fabric)1920s-1956 (historical)1978-ongoing (social)Significant componentstank stand
Location of Lamb Island Pioneer Hall in QueenslandShow map of QueenslandLamb Island Pioneer Hall (Australia)Show map of Australia
Lamb Island Pioneer Hall is a heritage-listed former house and now community hall at Lucas Drive, Lamb Island, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was built from c. 1924 to 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 April 1995.
History
Pioneer Hall was erected reputedly in 1924, as a farmhouse for Cecil Hine of Lamb Island.
Ngudurru, or Lamb Island as it was later known, was one of a group of islands in Moreton Bay which included Macleay, Russell and Karragarra Islands, located southeast of Cleveland and east of Redland Bay. The four islands appear to have been surveyed during the late 1860s and early 1870s, and portions of land on the islands were auctioned from this time.
The whole of Ngudurru was acquired by John Harris in 1871. John and his brother George had a shipping and importing business in Brisbane from the late 1850s to the 1870s. J & G Harris also acquired land on the southern end of Macleay Island which they subsequently advertised for sale in 1871 as a Valuable Freehold Sugar Estate. The Harris brothers' firm was declared insolvent in 1878, and John's land on Lamb Island was transferred to Arthur Biddle, then to Joseph Darragh, and John Cameron, the Brisbane auctioneer. Cameron sold the land in 1886, and the subdivision of the island commenced the following year. The land changed hands a number of times before it was acquired by Hine in 1919.
Locally, it is understood that Hine arrived at Lamb Island in the mid-1910s, and married Amelia Cox in 1923. By the mid-1920s, Hine's farm was one of approximately five farms on the island. Lamb and the neighbouring islands are recorded as producing fruit crops such as pineapples and bananas by the twentieth century. Oyster gathering was also carried out on the islands.
Hine extended his farmhouse reputedly in the mid-1930s, and sold the property in 1956. The property came under the control of the Redland Shire Council in 1974. In 1976, a meeting was held in the "old farmhouse" to re-form the Lamb Island Progress Association. The farmhouse, by then in a deteriorated condition, was repaired by the community in 1977 and became known as Pioneer Hall. The official opening of Pioneer Hall was held in May 1978.
The Hall is used on election days, for political meetings and occasionally as a venue for community functions and groups. The many council restrictions relating to the use of facilities, the high cost of renting the hall and the requirement for users to pay public liability insurance means it is not used to its full potential. The restrictions and expenses have had the effect of driving away small community groups who have used the hall as a meeting place in the past. Pioneer Hall houses a small library and book exchange but fails to meet the community's needs as a meeting place despite its central location, charm and history. Pioneer Hall is understood to be one of few extant early twentieth century farmhouse buildings on the island.
Description
The Lamb Island Pioneer Hall is a modest timber cottage located at the end of Lucas Drive on the easterly side of Lamb Island. It is sited on the edge of a hill that slopes down towards Moreton Bay, overlooking treed recreation grounds. The building has a gabled corrugated iron roof over a simple rectangular structure resting on timber stumps, and has verandahs with skillion roofs to the west and east (the latter is now enclosed). The building is entered via central stairs to the western verandah, and the eastern verandah commands views of the Bay.
The building is clad for the most part in weatherboard, excepting a chamferboard section to the western (front) verandah. It has a corrugated iron watertank and former stove recess to the north-west corner, and timber stairs at each end of the eastern verandah.
Internally, the Lamb Island Pioneer Hall comprises four rooms: a kitchen and library to the eastern side and a larger meeting/recreation room (formerly two rooms) adjoining an enclosed verandah to the western side. The walls and ceilings are lined with vertically jointed timber boards, and some rooms have exposed internal framing.
The hall contains pictures and artefacts that relate to its history, including: a painted timber sign that reads FARM HOME of Mr & Mrs C.A. HINE BUILT in 1924, photographs of the building and its users, and paintings of the building by local residents.
Heritage listing
Lamb Island Pioneer Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 April 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
As one of the few surviving farmhouses on Lamb Island, Pioneer Hall also maintains an association with the development of farming on the island (originally Ngudooroo) from the 1870s.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
Lamb Island Pioneer Hall, erected c. 1924 as a farmhouse, represents a focal point for communal activities on the Island, and maintains a special association with the Lamb Island community.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Lamb Island Pioneer Hall (entry 601493)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lamb Island Pioneer Hall.
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House"},{"link_name":"Lamb Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_Island,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"City of Redland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Redland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Historic site in Queensland, AustraliaLamb Island Pioneer Hall is a heritage-listed former house and now community hall at Lucas Drive, Lamb Island, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was built from c. 1924 to 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 April 1995.[1]","title":"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"Macleay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macleay_Island"},{"link_name":"Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Island_(Moreton_Bay)"},{"link_name":"Karragarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karragarra_Island,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Redland Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_Bay,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harris_(Queensland_politician)"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Redland Shire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_Shire_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Pioneer Hall was erected reputedly in 1924, as a farmhouse for Cecil Hine of Lamb Island.[1]Ngudurru, or Lamb Island as it was later known, was one of a group of islands in Moreton Bay which included Macleay, Russell and Karragarra Islands, located southeast of Cleveland and east of Redland Bay. The four islands appear to have been surveyed during the late 1860s and early 1870s, and portions of land on the islands were auctioned from this time.[1]The whole of Ngudurru was acquired by John Harris in 1871. John and his brother George had a shipping and importing business in Brisbane from the late 1850s to the 1870s. J & G Harris also acquired land on the southern end of Macleay Island which they subsequently advertised for sale in 1871 as a Valuable Freehold Sugar Estate. The Harris brothers' firm was declared insolvent in 1878, and John's land on Lamb Island was transferred to Arthur Biddle, then to Joseph Darragh, and John Cameron, the Brisbane auctioneer. Cameron sold the land in 1886, and the subdivision of the island commenced the following year. The land changed hands a number of times before it was acquired by Hine in 1919.[1]Locally, it is understood that Hine arrived at Lamb Island in the mid-1910s, and married Amelia Cox in 1923. By the mid-1920s, Hine's farm was one of approximately five farms on the island. Lamb and the neighbouring islands are recorded as producing fruit crops such as pineapples and bananas by the twentieth century. Oyster gathering was also carried out on the islands.[1]Hine extended his farmhouse reputedly in the mid-1930s, and sold the property in 1956. The property came under the control of the Redland Shire Council in 1974. In 1976, a meeting was held in the \"old farmhouse\" to re-form the Lamb Island Progress Association. The farmhouse, by then in a deteriorated condition, was repaired by the community in 1977 and became known as Pioneer Hall. The official opening of Pioneer Hall was held in May 1978.The Hall is used on election days, for political meetings and occasionally as a venue for community functions and groups. The many council restrictions relating to the use of facilities, the high cost of renting the hall and the requirement for users to pay public liability insurance means it is not used to its full potential. The restrictions and expenses have had the effect of driving away small community groups who have used the hall as a meeting place in the past. Pioneer Hall houses a small library and book exchange but fails to meet the community's needs as a meeting place despite its central location, charm and history. Pioneer Hall is understood to be one of few extant early twentieth century farmhouse buildings on the island.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"chamferboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamferboard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"The Lamb Island Pioneer Hall is a modest timber cottage located at the end of Lucas Drive on the easterly side of Lamb Island. It is sited on the edge of a hill that slopes down towards Moreton Bay, overlooking treed recreation grounds. The building has a gabled corrugated iron roof over a simple rectangular structure resting on timber stumps, and has verandahs with skillion roofs to the west and east (the latter is now enclosed). The building is entered via central stairs to the western verandah, and the eastern verandah commands views of the Bay.[1]The building is clad for the most part in weatherboard, excepting a chamferboard section to the western (front) verandah. It has a corrugated iron watertank and former stove recess to the north-west corner, and timber stairs at each end of the eastern verandah.[1]Internally, the Lamb Island Pioneer Hall comprises four rooms: a kitchen and library to the eastern side and a larger meeting/recreation room (formerly two rooms) adjoining an enclosed verandah to the western side. The walls and ceilings are lined with vertically jointed timber boards, and some rooms have exposed internal framing.[1]The hall contains pictures and artefacts that relate to its history, including: a painted timber sign that reads FARM HOME of Mr & Mrs C.A. HINE BUILT in 1924, photographs of the building and its users, and paintings of the building by local residents.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 April 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.As one of the few surviving farmhouses on Lamb Island, Pioneer Hall also maintains an association with the development of farming on the island (originally Ngudooroo) from the 1870s.[1]The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.Lamb Island Pioneer Hall, erected c. 1924 as a farmhouse, represents a focal point for communal activities on the Island, and maintains a special association with the Lamb Island community.[1]","title":"Heritage listing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall (entry 601493)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601493","url_text":"\"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall (entry 601493)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lamb_Island_Pioneer_Hall¶ms=27.6246_S_153.3837_E_region:AU-QLD_type:landmark","external_links_name":"27°37′29″S 153°23′01″E / 27.6246°S 153.3837°E / -27.6246; 153.3837"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lamb_Island_Pioneer_Hall¶ms=27.6246_S_153.3837_E_region:AU-QLD_type:landmark","external_links_name":"27°37′29″S 153°23′01″E / 27.6246°S 153.3837°E / -27.6246; 153.3837"},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601493","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall (entry 601493)\""},{"Link":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register","external_links_name":"\"The Queensland heritage register\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 3.0 AU"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141008094804/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries","external_links_name":"\"Queensland heritage register boundaries\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 3.0 AU"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015223514/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.redland.qld.gov.au/RecreationFacilities/CommunityHalls/Pages/PioneerHallLambIs.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_parent | Parent | ["1 Types","1.1 Biological","1.2 Mother","1.3 Father","1.4 Grandparent","2 Paternity issues","3 Roles and responsibilities","3.1 Guardianship","3.2 Parenting","4 Gender and gender mix","5 Genetics","5.1 Parent–offspring conflict","5.2 Empathy","6 Having children and happiness","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Caregiver of offspring in their own species
For other uses, see Parent (disambiguation).
The Brazilian imperial family, 1857
A parent is either the progenitor of a child or, in humans, it can refer to a caregiver or legal guardian, generally called an adoptive parent or step-parent. The gametes of a parent result in a child, a male through the sperm, and a female through the ovum. Parents are first-degree relatives and have 50% genetic meet. A female can also become a parent through surrogacy. Some parents may be adoptive parents, who nurture and raise an offspring, but are not related to the child. Orphans without adoptive parents can be raised by their grandparents or other family members.
A parent can also be elaborated as an ancestor removed one generation. With recent medical advances, it is possible to have more than two biological parents. Examples of third biological parents include instances involving surrogacy or a third person who has provided DNA samples during an assisted reproductive procedure that has altered the recipients' genetic material.
The most common types of parents are mothers, fathers, step-parents, and grandparents. A mother is "a woman in relation to a child or children to whom she has given birth." The extent to which it is socially acceptable for a parent to be involved in their offspring's life varies from culture to culture, however one that exhibits too little involvement is sometimes said to exhibit child neglect, while one that is too involved is sometimes said to be overprotective, cosseting, nosey, or intrusive.
Types
Biological
Obama family portrait, 2011
A person's biological parents are the persons from whom the individual inherits their genes. The term is generally only used if there is a need to distinguish an individual's parents from their biological parents, For example, an individual whose father has remarried may call the father's new wife their stepmother and continue to refer to their mother normally, though someone who has had little or no contact with their biological mother may address their foster parent as their mother, and their biological mother as such, or perhaps by her first name.
Mother
Main article: Mother
Postpartum baby
A mother is a female who has a maternal connection with another individual, whether arising from conception, by giving birth to, or raising the individual in the role of a parent. More than one female may have such connections with an individual. Because of the complexity and differences of a mother's social, cultural, and religious definitions and roles, it is challenging to define a mother to suit a universally accepted definition. The utilization of a surrogate mother may result in explication of there being two biological mothers.
Father
Main article: Father
Timothy L. Pesto and Kaitlyn E. Pesto play football as their father watches, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
A father is a male parent of any type of offspring. It may be the person who shares in the raising of a child or who has provided the biological material, the sperm, which results in the birth of the child.
Grandparent
Main article: Grandparent
Grandparents are the parents of a person's own parent, whether that be a father or a mother. Every sexually reproducing creature who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents and so on. Rarely, such as in the case of sibling or half-sibling incest, these numbers are lower.
Paternity issues
Main article: DNA paternity testing
A paternity test is conducted to prove paternity, that is, whether a male is the biological father of another individual. This may be relevant in view of rights and duties of the father. Similarly, a maternity test can be carried out. This is less common, because at least during childbirth and pregnancy, except in the case of a pregnancy involving embryo transfer or egg donation, it is obvious who the mother is. However, it is used in a number of events such as legal battles where a person's maternity is challenged, where the mother is uncertain because she has not seen her child for an extended period of time, or where deceased persons need to be identified.
Although not constituting completely reliable evidence, several congenital traits such as attached earlobes, a widow's peak, or the cleft chin, may serve as tentative indicators of (non-) parenthood as they are readily observable and inherited via autosomal-dominant genes.
A more reliable way to ascertain parenthood is via DNA analysis (known as genetic fingerprinting of individuals), although older methods have included ABO blood group typing, analysis of various other proteins and enzymes, or using human leukocyte antigens. The current techniques for paternity testing are using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. For the most part, however, genetic fingerprinting has all but taken over all the other forms of testing.
Roles and responsibilities
Guardianship
Main article: Legal guardian
A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward. Guardians are typically used in three situations: guardianship for an incapacitated senior (due to old age or infirmity), guardianship for a minor, and guardianship for developmentally disabled adults.
Most countries and states have laws that provide that the parents of a minor child are the legal guardians of that child, and that the parents can designate who shall become the child's legal guardian in the event of death, subject to the approval of the court. Some jurisdictions allow a parent of a child to exercise the authority of a legal guardian without a formal court appointment. In such circumstances the parent acting in that capacity is called the natural guardian of that parent's child.
Parenting
Main article: Parenting
Parenting or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, financial, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship.
Gender and gender mix
A child has at least one biological father and at least one biological mother, but not every family is a traditional nuclear family. There are many variants, such as adoption, shared parenting, stepfamilies, and LGBT parenting, over which there has been controversy.
The social science literature rejects the notion that there is an optimal gender mix of parents or that children and adolescents with same-sex parents suffer any developmental disadvantages compared with those with two opposite-sex parents. The professionals and the major associations now agree there is a well-established and accepted consensus in the field that there is no optimal gender combination of parents. The family studies literature indicates that it is family processes (such as the quality of parenting and relationships within the family) that contribute to determining children's well-being and "outcomes", rather than family structures, per se, such as the number, gender, sexuality and co-habitation status of parents.
Genetics
Parent–offspring conflict
Main article: Parent–offspring conflict
An offspring who hates their father is called a misopater, one that hates their mother is a misomater, while a parent that hates their offspring is a misopedist. Parent–offspring conflict describes the evolutionary conflict arising from differences in optimal fitness of parents and their offspring. While parents tend to maximize the number of offspring, the offspring can increase their fitness by getting a greater share of parental investment often by competing with their siblings. The theory was proposed by Robert Trivers in 1974 and extends the more general selfish gene theory and has been used to explain many observed biological phenomena. For example, in some bird species, although parents often lay two eggs and attempt to raise two or more young, the strongest fledgling takes a greater share of the food brought by parents and will often kill the weaker sibling, an act known as siblicide.
Empathy
David Haig has argued that human fetal genes would be selected to draw more resources from the mother than it would be optimal for the mother to give, a hypothesis that has received empirical support. The placenta, for example, secretes allocrine hormones that decrease the sensitivity of the mother to insulin and thus make a larger supply of blood sugar available to the fetus. The mother responds by increasing the level of insulin in her bloodstream, the placenta has insulin receptors that stimulate the production of insulin-degrading enzymes which counteract this effect.
Having children and happiness
Sinatra family 1949
In Europe, parents are generally happier than non-parents. In women, happiness increases after the first child, but having higher-order children is not associated with further increased well-being. Happiness seems to increase most in the year before and after the first childbirth.
See also
Adoption
Bateman's principle
Child abuse
Cinderella effect
Egg and sperm donation
Foster care
Infant
Infanticide
Narcissistic parent
Non-paternity event
Parental abuse by children
Parental age (disambiguation)
Parental bullying of children
Parental investment
Parental narcissistic abuse
Parents bullying teachers
Paternal bond
Paternity (law)
Reciprocal socialization
Stepparent
Surrogate mother
Teachers bullying parents
Honour thy father and thy mother
References
^ Gallagher, James (2013-06-28). "UK government backs three-person IVF". BBC News. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
^ Nadine Taub; Beth Anne Wolfson; Carla M. Palumbo. The Law of Sex Discrimination. p. 374.
^ Browne C. Lewis (2012). Papa's Baby: Paternity and Artificial Insemination. p. 136.
^ Louise I. Gerdes (2009). Reproductive Technologies. p. 25.
^ "mother definition". www.oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012.
^ Marian S Harris (2014). Racial Disproportionality in Child Welfare. p. 2.
^ Bernard Roberts (2005). Evidence in the Psychological Therapies: A Critical Guidance for Practitioners. p. 149.
^ "Definition from". Allwords.com. 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
^ Bromham, David (1990). Philosophical Ethics in Reproductive Medicine. p. 57.
^ "TheFreeDictionary". Retrieved 2014-10-07.
^ Davies, Martin (2000). The Blackwell encyclopedia of social work. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-631-21451-9.
^ Lamb, Michael (2009). Affidavit – United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
^ a b Short, Elizabeth; Riggs, Damien W.; Perlesz, Amaryll; Brown, Rhonda & Kane, Graeme. "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
^ "In The Supreme Court of Iowa No. 07–1499" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
^ Francis, Darryl. "Iatrologs and Iatronyms." Word Ways 4.2 (1971): 8.
^ Davies, Jon. "Imagining intergenerationality: Representation and rhetoric in the pedophile movie." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 13.2 (2007): 369-385.
^ Trivers, R.L. (1974). "Parent–offspring conflict". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 14 (1): 249–264. doi:10.1093/icb/14.1.249. JSTOR 3881986.
^ Haig, D. (1993). "Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy" (PDF). The Quarterly Review of Biology. 68 (4): 495–532. doi:10.1086/418300. JSTOR 3037249. PMID 8115596. S2CID 38641716. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-19.
^ Nicoletta Balbo; Francesco C. Billari; Melinda Mills (2013). "Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research". European Journal of Population. 29 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y. PMC 3576563. PMID 23440941.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parents.
Look up parent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
National Educational Network, Inc. (NENI) – free online resources for parent education, curriculum. They also have a parent blog with information about child care, after-school, trends in education, tutoring, college, grants, etc.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Parents" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. – A Roman Catholic view of the position of parents.
vteFamily
History
Household
Nuclear family
Extended family
Conjugal family
Immediate family
Matrifocal family
First-degree relatives
Parent
mother
father
Child
son
daughter
Sibling
brother
sister
Second-degree relatives
Grandparent
Grandchild
Uncle/Aunt
Niece/Nephew
Third-degree relatives
Great-grandparent
Great-grandchild
Great-uncle/Great-aunt
Cousin
Family-in-law
Spouse
wife
husband
Parent-in-law
Sibling-in-law
Child-in-law
daughter-in-law
son-in-law
Stepfamily
Stepparent
stepfather
stepmother
Stepchild
Stepsibling
Kinship terminology
Kinship
Australian Aboriginal kinship
Adoption
Affinity
Consanguinity
Disownment
Divorce
Estrangement
Family of choice
Fictive kinship
Marriage
Nurture kinship
Chinese kinship
Hawaiian kinship
Sudanese kinship
Eskimo kinship
Iroquois kinship
Crow kinship
Omaha kinship
Genealogyand lineage
Bilateral descent
Common ancestor
Family name
Heirloom
Heredity
Inheritance
Lineal descendant
collateral descent
Matrilineality
Patrilineality
Progenitor
Clan
Royal descent
Family trees
Pedigree chart
Genogram
Ahnentafel
Genealogical numbering systems
Seize quartiers
Quarters of nobility
Relationships
Agape (parental love)
Eros (marital love)
Philia (brotherly love)
Storge (familial love)
Filial piety
Polyfidelity
Holidays
Mother's Day
U.S.
Father's Day
Father–Daughter Day
Siblings Day
National Grandparents Day
Parents' Day
Children's Day
Japan
Family Day
Canada
American Family Day
International Day of Families
National Family Week
UK
National Adoption Day
Related
Single parent
Only child
Wedding anniversary
Godparent
Sociology of the family
Museum of Motherhood
Astronaut family
Incest
Dysfunctional family
vteParentingKinship terminology
Parent
Mother
Father
Adoptive
Alloparenting
Coparenting
Extended family
Foster care
Kommune 1
Noncustodial
Nuclear family
Orphaned
Shared parenting
Single parent
Blended family
Surrogacy
In loco parentis
Theories · Areas
Attachment theory
Applied behavior analysis
Behaviorism
Child development
Cognitive development
Developmental psychology
Human development
Identity formation
Introjection
Love
Maternal bond
Nature versus nurture
Parental investment
Paternal bond
Pediatrics
Social emotional development
Socialization
Social psychology
Styles
Achievement ideology
Atlas personality
Attachment parenting
Baby talk
Buddha-like parenting
Concerted cultivation
Enmeshment
Free-range parenting
Gatekeeper parent
Helicopter parent
Nurturant parenting
Slow parenting
Soccer mom
Strict father model
Taking children seriously
Theybie
Tiger parenting
Work at home parent
Techniques
After-school activity
Allowance
Bedtime
Child care
Co-sleeping
Dishabituation
Education
Habituation
Homeschooling
Identification (psychology)
Introjection
Latchkey kid
Moral development
Normative social influence
Parent management training
Play (date)
Role model
Social integration
Television
The talk (race)
The talk (sex education)
Toy (educational)
Positive Parenting Program
Child discipline
Blanket training
Corporal punishment in the home
Curfew
Grounding
Positive discipline
Tactical ignoring
Time-out
Abuse
Adverse childhood experiences
Child abandonment
Child abuse
Child labour
Child neglect
Cinderella effect
Codependency
Dysfunctional family
Effects of domestic violence
Incest
Narcissistic parent
Parental abuse by children
Stress in early childhood
Legal andsocial aspects
Child custody
Child support
Cost of raising a child
Deadbeat parent
Disownment
Family disruption
Management of domestic violence
Marriage
Parental alienation
Parental responsibility
Paternity
Shared parenting
Experts
Mary Ainsworth
John Bowlby
T. Berry Brazelton
Rudolf Dreikurs
David Elkind
Jo Frost
Haim Ginott
Thomas Gordon
Alan E. Kazdin
Truby King
Annette Lareau
Penelope Leach
Matthew Sanders
William Sears
B. F. Skinner
Benjamin Spock
Organizations
Families Need Fathers
Mothers Apart from Their Children
Mothers' Union
National Childbirth Trust
National Fatherhood Initiative
National Parents Organization
Parent–teacher association
Parents Against Child Exploitation
vteInfants and their careHealth (Pediatrics)
Baby food
Birth weight
Breast pump
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding and medications
Breastfeeding and mental health
Bottle feeding
Colic
Cradle cap
Esotropia
Failure to thrive
Immunization
Infant and toddler safety
Infant bathing
Infant feeding
Infant food safety
Infant formula
Infant massage
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Infant sleep training
Neonatal intensive care unit
Newborn care and safety
Oral rehydration therapy
Pedialyte
Preterm birth
Shaken baby syndrome
Soy formula
SIDS
Development
Attachment parenting
Baby-led weaning
Baby talk
Babbling
Birth defect
Childbirth
Crawling
Gestational age
Infant visual development
Irritant diaper dermatitis
Infant cognitive development
Infant crying
Kangaroo care
Mother
Nursery rhyme
Object permanence
Parent
Parenting
Peekaboo
Play
Prenatal development
Prenatal development table
Teething
Walking
Weaning
Socialization and Culture
Attachment
Babysitting
Child abuse
Child care
Child custody
Children's rights
UN Child rights
Circumcision
Foster care
Grandparent visitation
Infant swimming
Milk bank
Nanny
Wet nurse
Infant care and equipment
Baby bouncer
Baby gate
Baby monitor/Hidden camera
Baby powder
Baby shampoo
Baby toy
Baby walker
Bib
Baby swing
Baby transport
Bassinet
Car seat safety
Cloth diaper
Cradle board
Diaper
Diaper bag
Baby wipes
Haberman Feeder
High chair
Infant bed (American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
Infant carrier
Infant clothing
Pacifier
Playpen
Stroller
Supplemental nursing system
Swaddling
Swim diaper
Teether
Travel cot
Other topics
Baby shower
Babywearing
Child neglect
Closed adoption
Cry room
Infant ear piercing
Open adoption
Prenatal cocaine exposure
Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
Parental child abduction
Parental responsibility
Parenting plan
Paternity
Paternity fraud
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parent (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II,_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas,_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina,_1857.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brazilian imperial family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"legal guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes"},{"link_name":"first-degree relatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-degree_relative"},{"link_name":"female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female"},{"link_name":"surrogacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy"},{"link_name":"adoptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption"},{"link_name":"Orphans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan"},{"link_name":"grandparents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparent"},{"link_name":"family members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_member"},{"link_name":"ancestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor"},{"link_name":"generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"third biological parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_reproduction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers"},{"link_name":"fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers"},{"link_name":"step-parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-parents"},{"link_name":"grandparents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparents"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"child neglect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglect"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"overprotective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overprotective"},{"link_name":"nosey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nosy"},{"link_name":"intrusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusiveness"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For other uses, see Parent (disambiguation).The Brazilian imperial family, 1857A parent is either the progenitor of a child or, in humans, it can refer to a caregiver or legal guardian, generally called an adoptive parent or step-parent. The gametes of a parent result in a child, a male through the sperm, and a female through the ovum. Parents are first-degree relatives and have 50% genetic meet. A female can also become a parent through surrogacy. Some parents may be adoptive parents, who nurture and raise an offspring, but are not related to the child. Orphans without adoptive parents can be raised by their grandparents or other family members.A parent can also be elaborated as an ancestor removed one generation. With recent medical advances, it is possible to have more than two biological parents.[1][2][3] Examples of third biological parents include instances involving surrogacy or a third person who has provided DNA samples during an assisted reproductive procedure that has altered the recipients' genetic material.[4]The most common types of parents are mothers, fathers, step-parents, and grandparents. A mother is \"a woman in relation to a child or children to whom she has given birth.\"[5] The extent to which it is socially acceptable for a parent to be involved in their offspring's life varies from culture to culture, however one that exhibits too little involvement is sometimes said to exhibit child neglect,[6] while one that is too involved is sometimes said to be overprotective, cosseting, nosey, or intrusive.[7]","title":"Parent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_family_portrait_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Obama family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_family"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"stepmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepmother"},{"link_name":"foster parent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_parent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Biological","text":"Obama family portrait, 2011A person's biological parents are the persons from whom the individual inherits their genes. The term is generally only used if there is a need to distinguish an individual's parents from their biological parents, For example, an individual whose father has remarried may call the father's new wife their stepmother and continue to refer to their mother normally, though someone who has had little or no contact with their biological mother may address their foster parent as their mother, and their biological mother as such, or perhaps by her first name. [citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Postpartum_baby2.jpg"},{"link_name":"conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth"},{"link_name":"raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Mother","text":"Postpartum babyA mother is a female who has a maternal connection with another individual, whether arising from conception, by giving birth to, or raising the individual in the role of a parent.[8] More than one female may have such connections with an individual. Because of the complexity and differences of a mother's social, cultural, and religious definitions and roles, it is challenging to define a mother to suit a universally accepted definition. The utilization of a surrogate mother may result in explication of there being two biological mothers.[9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timothy_L._Pesto_and_Kaitlyn_E._Pesto_play_football_as_their_father_watches,_Tuscaloosa,_Alabama_LCCN2010638252.tif"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm"}],"sub_title":"Father","text":"Timothy L. Pesto and Kaitlyn E. Pesto play football as their father watches, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.A father is a male parent of any type of offspring.[10] It may be the person who shares in the raising of a child or who has provided the biological material, the sperm, which results in the birth of the child.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic chimera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_chimera"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"great-grandparents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_grandparents"},{"link_name":"incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"numbers are lower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_collapse"}],"sub_title":"Grandparent","text":"Grandparents are the parents of a person's own parent, whether that be a father or a mother. Every sexually reproducing creature who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents and so on. Rarely, such as in the case of sibling or half-sibling incest, these numbers are lower.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"childbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"embryo transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_transfer"},{"link_name":"egg donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_donation"},{"link_name":"mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother"},{"link_name":"congenital traits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mendelian_traits_in_humans"},{"link_name":"earlobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlobe"},{"link_name":"widow's peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow%27s_peak"},{"link_name":"cleft chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_chin"},{"link_name":"autosomal-dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_relationship"},{"link_name":"genetic fingerprinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting"},{"link_name":"ABO blood group typing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"human leukocyte antigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen"},{"link_name":"polymerase chain reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction"},{"link_name":"restriction fragment length polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism"}],"text":"A paternity test is conducted to prove paternity, that is, whether a male is the biological father of another individual. This may be relevant in view of rights and duties of the father. Similarly, a maternity test can be carried out. This is less common, because at least during childbirth and pregnancy, except in the case of a pregnancy involving embryo transfer or egg donation, it is obvious who the mother is. However, it is used in a number of events such as legal battles where a person's maternity is challenged, where the mother is uncertain because she has not seen her child for an extended period of time, or where deceased persons need to be identified.Although not constituting completely reliable evidence, several congenital traits such as attached earlobes, a widow's peak, or the cleft chin, may serve as tentative indicators of (non-) parenthood as they are readily observable and inherited via autosomal-dominant genes.A more reliable way to ascertain parenthood is via DNA analysis (known as genetic fingerprinting of individuals), although older methods have included ABO blood group typing, analysis of various other proteins and enzymes, or using human leukocyte antigens. The current techniques for paternity testing are using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. For the most part, however, genetic fingerprinting has all but taken over all the other forms of testing.","title":"Paternity issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"developmentally disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disability"}],"sub_title":"Guardianship","text":"A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward. Guardians are typically used in three situations: guardianship for an incapacitated senior (due to old age or infirmity), guardianship for a minor, and guardianship for developmentally disabled adults.Most countries and states have laws that provide that the parents of a minor child are the legal guardians of that child, and that the parents can designate who shall become the child's legal guardian in the event of death, subject to the approval of the court. Some jurisdictions allow a parent of a child to exercise the authority of a legal guardian without a formal court appointment. In such circumstances the parent acting in that capacity is called the natural guardian of that parent's child.","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness"},{"link_name":"emotional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_development"},{"link_name":"intellectual development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_development"},{"link_name":"child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child"},{"link_name":"infancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant"},{"link_name":"adulthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-11"}],"sub_title":"Parenting","text":"Parenting or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, financial, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship.[11]","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father"},{"link_name":"mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"nuclear family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family"},{"link_name":"adoption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption"},{"link_name":"shared parenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_parenting"},{"link_name":"stepfamilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepfamily"},{"link_name":"LGBT parenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_parenting"},{"link_name":"same-sex parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_parenting"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apsp-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apsp-13"}],"text":"A child has at least one biological father and at least one biological mother, but not every family is a traditional nuclear family. There are many variants, such as adoption, shared parenting, stepfamilies, and LGBT parenting, over which there has been controversy.The social science literature rejects the notion that there is an optimal gender mix of parents or that children and adolescents with same-sex parents suffer any developmental disadvantages compared with those with two opposite-sex parents.[12][13] The professionals and the major associations now agree there is a well-established and accepted consensus in the field that there is no optimal gender combination of parents.[14] The family studies literature indicates that it is family processes (such as the quality of parenting and relationships within the family) that contribute to determining children's well-being and \"outcomes\", rather than family structures, per se, such as the number, gender, sexuality and co-habitation status of parents.[13]","title":"Gender and gender mix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"evolutionary conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_conflict"},{"link_name":"fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology)"},{"link_name":"offspring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offspring"},{"link_name":"parental investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_investment"},{"link_name":"siblings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling"},{"link_name":"Robert Trivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trivers"},{"link_name":"selfish gene theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"siblicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblicide"}],"sub_title":"Parent–offspring conflict","text":"An offspring who hates their father is called a misopater, one that hates their mother is a misomater, while a parent that hates their offspring is a misopedist.[15][16] Parent–offspring conflict describes the evolutionary conflict arising from differences in optimal fitness of parents and their offspring. While parents tend to maximize the number of offspring, the offspring can increase their fitness by getting a greater share of parental investment often by competing with their siblings. The theory was proposed by Robert Trivers in 1974 and extends the more general selfish gene theory and has been used to explain many observed biological phenomena.[17] For example, in some bird species, although parents often lay two eggs and attempt to raise two or more young, the strongest fledgling takes a greater share of the food brought by parents and will often kill the weaker sibling, an act known as siblicide.","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Empathy","text":"David Haig has argued that human fetal genes would be selected to draw more resources from the mother than it would be optimal for the mother to give, a hypothesis that has received empirical support. The placenta, for example, secretes allocrine hormones that decrease the sensitivity of the mother to insulin and thus make a larger supply of blood sugar available to the fetus. The mother responds by increasing the level of insulin in her bloodstream, the placenta has insulin receptors that stimulate the production of insulin-degrading enzymes which counteract this effect.[18]","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinatra_family_1949.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balbo2013-19"}],"text":"Sinatra family 1949In Europe, parents are generally happier than non-parents. In women, happiness increases after the first child, but having higher-order children is not associated with further increased well-being. Happiness seems to increase most in the year before and after the first childbirth.[19]","title":"Having children and happiness"}] | [{"image_text":"The Brazilian imperial family, 1857","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II%2C_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas%2C_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina%2C_1857.JPG/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II%2C_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas%2C_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina%2C_1857.JPG"},{"image_text":"Obama family portrait, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Barack_Obama_family_portrait_2011.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_family_portrait_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postpartum baby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Postpartum_baby2.jpg/220px-Postpartum_baby2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Timothy L. Pesto and Kaitlyn E. Pesto play football as their father watches, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Timothy_L._Pesto_and_Kaitlyn_E._Pesto_play_football_as_their_father_watches%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010638252.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Timothy_L._Pesto_and_Kaitlyn_E._Pesto_play_football_as_their_father_watches%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010638252.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sinatra family 1949","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sinatra_family_1949.jpg/220px-Sinatra_family_1949.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Adoption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption"},{"title":"Bateman's principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateman%27s_principle"},{"title":"Child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"title":"Cinderella effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_effect"},{"title":"Egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_donation"},{"title":"sperm donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donation"},{"title":"Foster care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_care"},{"title":"Infant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant"},{"title":"Infanticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide"},{"title":"Narcissistic parent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_parent"},{"title":"Non-paternity event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-paternity_event"},{"title":"Parental abuse by children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children"},{"title":"Parental age (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_age_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Parental bullying of children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children"},{"title":"Parental investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_investment"},{"title":"Parental narcissistic abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_narcissistic_abuse"},{"title":"Parents bullying teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_bullying_teachers"},{"title":"Paternal bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal_bond"},{"title":"Paternity (law)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)"},{"title":"Reciprocal socialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_socialization"},{"title":"Stepparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepparent"},{"title":"Surrogate mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate_mother"},{"title":"Teachers bullying parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_bullying_parents"},{"title":"Honour thy father and thy mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother"}] | [{"reference":"Gallagher, James (2013-06-28). \"UK government backs three-person IVF\". BBC News. Retrieved 30 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-23079276","url_text":"\"UK government backs three-person IVF\""}]},{"reference":"Nadine Taub; Beth Anne Wolfson; Carla M. Palumbo. The Law of Sex Discrimination. p. 374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Taub","url_text":"Nadine Taub"}]},{"reference":"Browne C. Lewis (2012). Papa's Baby: Paternity and Artificial Insemination. p. 136.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Louise I. Gerdes (2009). Reproductive Technologies. p. 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"mother definition\". www.oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010013824/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/mother?rskey=YplwRN&result=1","url_text":"\"mother definition\""},{"url":"http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/mother?rskey=YplwRN&result=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marian S Harris (2014). Racial Disproportionality in Child Welfare. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bernard Roberts (2005). Evidence in the Psychological Therapies: A Critical Guidance for Practitioners. p. 149.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Definition from\". Allwords.com. 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2011-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allwords.com/word-mother.html","url_text":"\"Definition from\""}]},{"reference":"Bromham, David (1990). Philosophical Ethics in Reproductive Medicine. p. 57.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TheFreeDictionary\". Retrieved 2014-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/father","url_text":"\"TheFreeDictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Martin (2000). The Blackwell encyclopedia of social work. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-631-21451-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8iQAy9lZy9YC&pg=PA245","url_text":"The Blackwell encyclopedia of social work"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21451-9","url_text":"978-0-631-21451-9"}]},{"reference":"Short, Elizabeth; Riggs, Damien W.; Perlesz, Amaryll; Brown, Rhonda & Kane, Graeme. \"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2011-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304014530/http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf#page=8","url_text":"\"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society\""},{"url":"http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf#page=8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In The Supreme Court of Iowa No. 07–1499\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2011-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091229034140/http://data.lambdalegal.org/in-court/downloads/varnum_ia_20090403_supreme-court-decision.pdf#page=10","url_text":"\"In The Supreme Court of Iowa No. 07–1499\""},{"url":"http://data.lambdalegal.org/in-court/downloads/varnum_ia_20090403_supreme-court-decision.pdf#page=10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trivers, R.L. (1974). \"Parent–offspring conflict\". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 14 (1): 249–264. doi:10.1093/icb/14.1.249. JSTOR 3881986.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F14.1.249","url_text":"\"Parent–offspring conflict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F14.1.249","url_text":"10.1093/icb/14.1.249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3881986","url_text":"3881986"}]},{"reference":"Haig, D. (1993). \"Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy\" (PDF). The Quarterly Review of Biology. 68 (4): 495–532. doi:10.1086/418300. JSTOR 3037249. PMID 8115596. S2CID 38641716. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130719154120/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/publications_files/93genetic%20conflicts%20in%20human%20pregnancy.pdf","url_text":"\"Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F418300","url_text":"10.1086/418300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3037249","url_text":"3037249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8115596","url_text":"8115596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38641716","url_text":"38641716"},{"url":"http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/publications_files/93genetic%20conflicts%20in%20human%20pregnancy.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicoletta Balbo; Francesco C. Billari; Melinda Mills (2013). \"Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research\". European Journal of Population. 29 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y. PMC 3576563. PMID 23440941.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576563","url_text":"\"Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10680-012-9277-y","url_text":"10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576563","url_text":"3576563"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440941","url_text":"23440941"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Parents\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Parents","url_text":"\"Parents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-23079276","external_links_name":"\"UK government backs three-person IVF\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010013824/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/mother?rskey=YplwRN&result=1","external_links_name":"\"mother definition\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/mother?rskey=YplwRN&result=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allwords.com/word-mother.html","external_links_name":"\"Definition from\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/father","external_links_name":"\"TheFreeDictionary\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8iQAy9lZy9YC&pg=PA245","external_links_name":"The Blackwell encyclopedia of social work"},{"Link":"http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf#page=13","external_links_name":"Affidavit – United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304014530/http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf#page=8","external_links_name":"\"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf#page=8","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091229034140/http://data.lambdalegal.org/in-court/downloads/varnum_ia_20090403_supreme-court-decision.pdf#page=10","external_links_name":"\"In The Supreme Court of Iowa No. 07–1499\""},{"Link":"http://data.lambdalegal.org/in-court/downloads/varnum_ia_20090403_supreme-court-decision.pdf#page=10","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F14.1.249","external_links_name":"\"Parent–offspring conflict\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F14.1.249","external_links_name":"10.1093/icb/14.1.249"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3881986","external_links_name":"3881986"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130719154120/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/publications_files/93genetic%20conflicts%20in%20human%20pregnancy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F418300","external_links_name":"10.1086/418300"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3037249","external_links_name":"3037249"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8115596","external_links_name":"8115596"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38641716","external_links_name":"38641716"},{"Link":"http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/publications_files/93genetic%20conflicts%20in%20human%20pregnancy.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576563","external_links_name":"\"Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10680-012-9277-y","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576563","external_links_name":"3576563"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440941","external_links_name":"23440941"},{"Link":"http://www.neni.us/","external_links_name":"National Educational Network, Inc. (NENI)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Parents","external_links_name":"\"Parents\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15770193m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15770193m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4152054-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565526705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098016","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125185&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=41250","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640956","external_links_name":"NARA"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shath | Shath | ["1 See also","2 Notes","3 Bibliography"] | Ecstatic utterance which may be outrageous in character
A shath (Arabic: شطح šaṭḥ, plural: šaṭaḥāt or šaṭḥiyyāt), in the Islamic mystical tradition of Sufism, is an ecstatic utterance which may be outrageous in character. The word is derived from the root š-ṭ-ḥ, which carries the sense of overflowing or outpouring caused by agitation. Famous shathiyat include “Glory be to me, how great is my majesty” by Bayazid Bastami and “I am the Truth” by Mansur Al-Hallaj.
Sufi authors sometimes claimed that such utterances were misquotations or attributed them to immaturity, madness, or intoxication. At other times they regarded them as authentic expressions of spiritual states, even profoundest experience of divine realities, which should not be manifested to the unworthy. Many Sufi authors, including al-Ghazali, showed ambivalence about apparently blasphemous nature of some shathiyat, while admiring the spiritual status of their authors.
The heyday of shath occurred during the classical period of Sufism from the ninth to twelfth century AD (the third to sixth century AH). The principal Sufi interpretation of the shathiyat which took the form of "I am" sayings contrasted the permanence of God (baqā’) with the mystical annihilation of the individual ego (fanā’), which made it possible for God to speak through the individual. They later figured as topoi of Persian Sufi poetry (especially that of Farid al-Din Attar) before being reduced by later Sufis to mere allegories for Ibn Arabi's philosophy.
Because the legal notion of blasphemy was not clearly defined in Islamic law, shathiyat were treated inconsistently by legal authorities. In practice, since apostasy was subsumed in the category of zandaqa, which reflected the Zoroastrian legacy of viewing heresy as a political crime, shathiyat were prosecuted only when it was desired by political authorities. Thus, such prosecutions mostly resulted from “personal vendetta, subversion of the state and party factionalism”. Because of their opposition to religious norms, these ecstatic utterances play an important role in the conception of Islamic Antinomianism.
See also
Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
Crazy wisdom
Divine ecstasy
Ruzbihan Baqli
Sarmad Kashani
Notes
^ a b c d e f g C. Ernst (1997). Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Vol. 9, "Shath". Brill. pp. 361–362.
^ Ernst (1985) 1-3.
^ a b The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015.
^ Ernst (1985) 4-6.
^ Ernst (1985) 101, 109, 115, 117.
Bibliography
Ernst, Carl W. (1985). Words of Ecstasy in Sufism. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-917-5.
vteSufism terminologySufis
Abdal
Ahl al-Khutwa
Al-Insān al-Kāmil
Bash Hezzab
Dervish
Fakir
Hafiz
Hezzab
Imam
Khatib
Majzoob
Marabout
Mudaqiq
Muqaddam
Muqarrab
Murshid
Mutahaqiq
Murid
Nass al-Houdhour
Pir
Qalandar
Qāriʾ
Qutb
Rabbani
Salik
Sheikh
Siddiq
Sufis ranks
Talibe
The Seven ranks
Wali
Wasil
Concepts
Aayane
Aayane Thabita
Aql
Baqaa
Dhawq
Fana
Ghaflah
Hal
Hijab
Huwa
Ihsan
Ishq
Ismul Azam
Lataif-e-Sitta
Maqam
Nafs
Qalb
Ran
Rūḥ
Sadr
Yaqeen
Awrad
Dhikr
Djamaa
Djoua
Dua
Ibara
Ichara
Latifa
Lazimi
Muhasabah
Muraqabah
Raising hands in Dua
Sabr
Sahar
Salat al-Fatih
Salawat
Samt
Shuhud
Shukr
Sufism pillars
Tafakur
Tahara
Tahlia
Takhlia
Tawajud
Tawakkul
Tawassul
Tazkiah
Uzla
Wajd
Wazifa
Zarruqiyya
Wird
Zuhd
Waridates
Barakah
Basirah
Bast
Djadba
Fath
Haqiqa
Hidayah
Ilham
Irfan
Ishrak
Karamat
Kashf
Khatir
Ma'rifa
Nūr
Qabdh
Rabita
Ru'ya
Secret
Tajalli
Thawab
Uns
Walayah
Warid
Misconducts
Antinomianism
Rahbaniya
Shath
Taqabbur
Zandaqa
Ceremonies
Ashura
Bay'ah
Haḍra
Hizb Rateb
Idjaza
Mawlid
Mawsim
Salka
Sbooa
Sebiba
Silsila
Sufi orders
Tariqa
Tweeza
Wezeea
Ziyarat
Arts
Ashewiq
Madih nabawi
Nasheed
Naʽat
Qawwali
Sama
Sufi cosmology
Sufism history
Sufi literature
Sufi metaphysics
Sufi music
Sufis persecution
Sufi philosophy
Sufi poetry
Sufi psychology
Sufi whirling
Places
Daara
Dargah
Datuk Keramat
Eidgah
Gonbad
Gongbei
Jama masjid
Jama'at Khana
Khalwa
Khalawi
Khanqah
Külliye
Kuttab
Madrasa
Maqam
Maqbara
Mausoleum
Mazar
Mosque
Musalla
Qubba
Rauza
Ribat
Surau
Takya
Turbah
Türbe
Zawiya
Objects
Ammama
Balgha
Burnous
Djellaba
Gandoura
Jellabiya
Khirqa
Misbaha
Miswak
Prayer rug
Qashabiya
Tagelmust
Taqiyah
Tarboosh
Turban
Portals: Religion Islam Education Psychology
Authority control databases
İslâm Ansiklopedisi
This Sufism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-1"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"ecstatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstatic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-1"},{"link_name":"Bayazid Bastami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayazid_Bastami"},{"link_name":"Mansur Al-Hallaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-1"},{"link_name":"al-Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-3"},{"link_name":"classical period of Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sufism"},{"link_name":"AH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH_(era)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-1"},{"link_name":"topoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_topos"},{"link_name":"Sufi poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_poetry"},{"link_name":"Farid al-Din Attar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar"},{"link_name":"Ibn Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-1"},{"link_name":"zandaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zind%C4%ABq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Islamic Antinomianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianism#Islamic_antinomianism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A shath (Arabic: شطح šaṭḥ, plural: šaṭaḥāt or šaṭḥiyyāt),[1] in the Islamic mystical tradition of Sufism, is an ecstatic utterance which may be outrageous in character. The word is derived from the root š-ṭ-ḥ, which carries the sense of overflowing or outpouring caused by agitation.[1] Famous shathiyat include “Glory be to me, how great is my majesty” by Bayazid Bastami and “I am the Truth” by Mansur Al-Hallaj.[2][3]\nSufi authors sometimes claimed that such utterances were misquotations or attributed them to immaturity, madness, or intoxication. At other times they regarded them as authentic expressions of spiritual states, even profoundest experience of divine realities, which should not be manifested to the unworthy.[1] Many Sufi authors, including al-Ghazali, showed ambivalence about apparently blasphemous nature of some shathiyat, while admiring the spiritual status of their authors.[1][3]The heyday of shath occurred during the classical period of Sufism from the ninth to twelfth century AD (the third to sixth century AH). The principal Sufi interpretation of the shathiyat which took the form of \"I am\" sayings contrasted the permanence of God (baqā’) with the mystical annihilation of the individual ego (fanā’), which made it possible for God to speak through the individual.[1] They later figured as topoi of Persian Sufi poetry (especially that of Farid al-Din Attar) before being reduced by later Sufis to mere allegories for Ibn Arabi's philosophy.[4]Because the legal notion of blasphemy was not clearly defined in Islamic law, shathiyat were treated inconsistently by legal authorities.[1] In practice, since apostasy was subsumed in the category of zandaqa, which reflected the Zoroastrian legacy of viewing heresy as a political crime, shathiyat were prosecuted only when it was desired by political authorities.[1] Thus, such prosecutions mostly resulted from “personal vendetta, subversion of the state and party factionalism”.[5] Because of their opposition to religious norms, these ecstatic utterances play an important role in the conception of Islamic Antinomianism.[citation needed]","title":"Shath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2_1-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Oxford_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Oxford_3-1"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150712190129/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2177?_hi=0&_pos=7323"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2177?_hi=0&_pos=7323"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g C. Ernst (1997). Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Vol. 9, \"Shath\". Brill. pp. 361–362.\n\n^ Ernst (1985) 1-3.\n\n^ a b The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015.\n\n^ Ernst (1985) 4-6.\n\n^ Ernst (1985) 101, 109, 115, 117.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernst, Carl W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ernst"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87395-917-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-917-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sufism_terminology"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism_terminology"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism_terminology"},{"link_name":"Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Abdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdal"},{"link_name":"Ahl al-Khutwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Khutwa"},{"link_name":"Al-Insān al-Kāmil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil"},{"link_name":"Bash Hezzab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_Hezzab"},{"link_name":"Dervish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish"},{"link_name":"Fakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir"},{"link_name":"Hafiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)"},{"link_name":"Hezzab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezzab"},{"link_name":"Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"Khatib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatib"},{"link_name":"Majzoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majzoob_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Marabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marabout"},{"link_name":"Mudaqiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%82_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)"},{"link_name":"Muqaddam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddam"},{"link_name":"Muqarrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqarrab_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Murshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshid"},{"link_name":"Mutahaqiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutahaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82"},{"link_name":"Murid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murid"},{"link_name":"Nass al-Houdhour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nass_al-Houdhour"},{"link_name":"Pir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Qalandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalandar_(title)"},{"link_name":"Qāriʾ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE"},{"link_name":"Qutb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb"},{"link_name":"Rabbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbani_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Salik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salik"},{"link_name":"Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Siddiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq"},{"link_name":"Sufis ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sufis_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibe"},{"link_name":"The Seven ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Seven_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9"},{"link_name":"Wali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali"},{"link_name":"Wasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasil_(Sufism)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua"},{"link_name":"Aayane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aayane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Aayane Thabita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aayane_Thabita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9"},{"link_name":"Aql","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind"},{"link_name":"Baqaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqaa"},{"link_name":"Dhawq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhawq"},{"link_name":"Fana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Ghaflah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaflah"},{"link_name":"Hal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Hijab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Huwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwa"},{"link_name":"Ihsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihsan"},{"link_name":"Ishq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishq"},{"link_name":"Ismul Azam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismul_Azam"},{"link_name":"Lataif-e-Sitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta"},{"link_name":"Maqam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Nafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafs"},{"link_name":"Qalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb"},{"link_name":"Ran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ran_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rūḥ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5"},{"link_name":"Sadr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadr_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yaqeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqeen"},{"link_name":"Awrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wird_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Dhikr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhikr"},{"link_name":"Djamaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djamaa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83)"},{"link_name":"Djoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djoua_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Dua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua"},{"link_name":"Ibara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)"},{"link_name":"Ichara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)"},{"link_name":"Latifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latifa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lazimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazimi"},{"link_name":"Muhasabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhasabah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muraqabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muraqabah"},{"link_name":"Raising hands in Dua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua"},{"link_name":"Sabr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabr"},{"link_name":"Sahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahar_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Salat al-Fatih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat_al-Fatih"},{"link_name":"Salawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salawat"},{"link_name":"Samt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samt_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Shuhud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuhud_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Shukr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukr"},{"link_name":"Sufism pillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sufism_pillars&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tafakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemplation"},{"link_name":"Tahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9"},{"link_name":"Tahlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)"},{"link_name":"Takhlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takhlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)"},{"link_name":"Tawajud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tawajud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF"},{"link_name":"Tawakkul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkul"},{"link_name":"Tawassul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassul"},{"link_name":"Tazkiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazkiah"},{"link_name":"Uzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzla_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Wajd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajd"},{"link_name":"Wazifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazifa"},{"link_name":"Zarruqiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazifa_Zarruqiyya"},{"link_name":"Wird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wird"},{"link_name":"Zuhd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism"},{"link_name":"Waridates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Barakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakah"},{"link_name":"Basirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basirah"},{"link_name":"Bast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bast_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Djadba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djadba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Fath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fath_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Haqiqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqiqa"},{"link_name":"Hidayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidayah"},{"link_name":"Ilham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afflatus"},{"link_name":"Irfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan"},{"link_name":"Ishrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism"},{"link_name":"Karamat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamat"},{"link_name":"Kashf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashf"},{"link_name":"Khatir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khatir_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ma'rifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27rifa"},{"link_name":"Nūr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Qabdh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qabdh_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)"},{"link_name":"Rabita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabita_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)"},{"link_name":"Ru'ya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ru%27ya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secret_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tajalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajalli"},{"link_name":"Thawab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thawab"},{"link_name":"Uns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uns_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3"},{"link_name":"Walayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walayah"},{"link_name":"Warid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Antinomianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianism#Islamic_antinomianism"},{"link_name":"Rahbaniya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism"},{"link_name":"Shath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Taqabbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubris"},{"link_name":"Zandaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandaqa"},{"link_name":"Ashura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashura"},{"link_name":"Bay'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%27ah"},{"link_name":"Haḍra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra"},{"link_name":"Hizb Rateb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_Rateb"},{"link_name":"Idjaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idjaza"},{"link_name":"Mawlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid"},{"link_name":"Mawsim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawsim"},{"link_name":"Salka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salka_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Sbooa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sbooa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbu%C3%A2"},{"link_name":"Sebiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebiba"},{"link_name":"Silsila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silsila"},{"link_name":"Sufi orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders"},{"link_name":"Tariqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqa"},{"link_name":"Tweeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweeza"},{"link_name":"Wezeea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wezeea"},{"link_name":"Ziyarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarat"},{"link_name":"Ashewiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashewiq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82"},{"link_name":"Madih nabawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madih_nabawi"},{"link_name":"Nasheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasheed"},{"link_name":"Naʽat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%CA%BDat"},{"link_name":"Qawwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwali"},{"link_name":"Sama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Sufi cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Sufism history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sufism"},{"link_name":"Sufi literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_literature"},{"link_name":"Sufi metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics"},{"link_name":"Sufi music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_music"},{"link_name":"Sufis persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis"},{"link_name":"Sufi philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Sufi poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_poetry"},{"link_name":"Sufi psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_psychology"},{"link_name":"Sufi whirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_whirling"},{"link_name":"Daara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daara"},{"link_name":"Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah"},{"link_name":"Datuk Keramat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datuk_Keramat"},{"link_name":"Eidgah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidgah"},{"link_name":"Gonbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonbad"},{"link_name":"Gongbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)"},{"link_name":"Jama masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_masjid"},{"link_name":"Jama'at Khana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana"},{"link_name":"Khalwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalwa_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Khalawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalwa_(school)"},{"link_name":"Khanqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"Külliye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClliye"},{"link_name":"Kuttab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttab"},{"link_name":"Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Maqam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)"},{"link_name":"Maqbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqbara"},{"link_name":"Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Mazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)"},{"link_name":"Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Musalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musalla"},{"link_name":"Qubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubba"},{"link_name":"Rauza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauza"},{"link_name":"Ribat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribat"},{"link_name":"Surau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surau"},{"link_name":"Takya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takya"},{"link_name":"Turbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbah"},{"link_name":"Türbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe"},{"link_name":"Zawiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)"},{"link_name":"Ammama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammama"},{"link_name":"Balgha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgha"},{"link_name":"Burnous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnous"},{"link_name":"Djellaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djellaba"},{"link_name":"Gandoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandoura"},{"link_name":"Jellabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellabiya"},{"link_name":"Khirqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirqa"},{"link_name":"Misbaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misbaha"},{"link_name":"Miswak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miswak"},{"link_name":"Prayer rug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_rug"},{"link_name":"Qashabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashabiya"},{"link_name":"Tagelmust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelmust"},{"link_name":"Taqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)"},{"link_name":"Tarboosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarboosh"},{"link_name":"Turban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turban"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychology"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7490635#identifiers"},{"link_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sathiye"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hu_on_Gravestone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sufism-related","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shath&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sufism-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism-stub"}],"text":"Ernst, Carl W. (1985). Words of Ecstasy in Sufism. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-917-5.vteSufism terminologySufis\nAbdal\nAhl al-Khutwa\nAl-Insān al-Kāmil\nBash Hezzab\nDervish\nFakir\nHafiz\nHezzab\nImam\nKhatib\nMajzoob\nMarabout\nMudaqiq [ar]\nMuqaddam\nMuqarrab\nMurshid\nMutahaqiq [ar]\nMurid\nNass al-Houdhour\nPir\nQalandar\nQāriʾ\nQutb\nRabbani\nSalik\nSheikh\nSiddiq\nSufis ranks\nTalibe\nThe Seven ranks [ar]\nWali\nWasil\nConcepts\nAayane [ar]\nAayane Thabita [ar]\nAql\nBaqaa\nDhawq\nFana\nGhaflah\nHal\nHijab\nHuwa\nIhsan\nIshq\nIsmul Azam\nLataif-e-Sitta\nMaqam\nNafs\nQalb\nRan\nRūḥ\nSadr\nYaqeen\nAwrad\nDhikr\nDjamaa [ar]\nDjoua [ar]\nDua\nIbara [ar]\nIchara [ar]\nLatifa\nLazimi\nMuhasabah\nMuraqabah\nRaising hands in Dua\nSabr\nSahar [ar]\nSalat al-Fatih\nSalawat\nSamt [ar]\nShuhud [ar]\nShukr\nSufism pillars\nTafakur\nTahara [ar]\nTahlia [ar]\nTakhlia [ar]\nTawajud [ar]\nTawakkul\nTawassul\nTazkiah\nUzla [ar]\nWajd\nWazifa\nZarruqiyya\nWird\nZuhd\nWaridates\nBarakah\nBasirah\nBast [ar]\nDjadba [ar]\nFath [ar]\nHaqiqa\nHidayah\nIlham\nIrfan\nIshrak\nKaramat\nKashf\nKhatir\nMa'rifa\nNūr\nQabdh [ar]\nRabita [ar]\nRu'ya\nSecret\nTajalli\nThawab\nUns [ar]\nWalayah\nWarid\nMisconducts\nAntinomianism\nRahbaniya\nShath\nTaqabbur\nZandaqa\nCeremonies\nAshura\nBay'ah\nHaḍra\nHizb Rateb\nIdjaza\nMawlid\nMawsim\nSalka\nSbooa [fr]\nSebiba\nSilsila\nSufi orders\nTariqa\nTweeza\nWezeea\nZiyarat\nArts\nAshewiq [ar]\nMadih nabawi\nNasheed\nNaʽat\nQawwali\nSama\nSufi cosmology\nSufism history\nSufi literature\nSufi metaphysics\nSufi music\nSufis persecution\nSufi philosophy\nSufi poetry\nSufi psychology\nSufi whirling\nPlaces\nDaara\nDargah\nDatuk Keramat\nEidgah\nGonbad\nGongbei\nJama masjid\nJama'at Khana\nKhalwa\n Khalawi\nKhanqah\nKülliye\nKuttab\nMadrasa\nMaqam\nMaqbara\nMausoleum\nMazar\nMosque\nMusalla\nQubba\nRauza\nRibat\nSurau\nTakya\nTurbah\nTürbe\nZawiya\nObjects\nAmmama\nBalgha\nBurnous\nDjellaba\nGandoura\nJellabiya\nKhirqa\nMisbaha\nMiswak\nPrayer rug\nQashabiya\nTagelmust\nTaqiyah\nTarboosh\nTurbanPortals: Religion Islam Education PsychologyAuthority control databases \nİslâm AnsiklopedisiThis Sufism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani"},{"title":"Crazy wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_wisdom"},{"title":"Divine ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_ecstasy"},{"title":"Ruzbihan Baqli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzbihan_Baqli"},{"title":"Sarmad Kashani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmad_Kashani"}] | [{"reference":"C. Ernst (1997). Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Vol. 9, \"Shath\". Brill. pp. 361–362.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150712190129/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2177?_hi=0&_pos=7323","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2177?_hi=0&_pos=7323","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ernst, Carl W. (1985). Words of Ecstasy in Sufism. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-917-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ernst","url_text":"Ernst, Carl W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-917-5","url_text":"0-87395-917-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150712190129/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2177?_hi=0&_pos=7323","external_links_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2177?_hi=0&_pos=7323","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sathiye","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shath&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher | Publius Clodius Pulcher | ["1 Name","2 Early life","2.1 Early career","2.2 Bona Dea affair","2.3 Transitio ad plebem","3 Tribunate","3.1 Clodius' legislative programme","3.1.1 Collegial law","3.1.2 Grain law","3.1.3 Augural law","3.1.4 Censorial law","3.2 Passage and exile of Cicero","3.3 Opposition to Pompey","4 Shifting alliances","4.1 Opposition to recalling Cicero","4.2 Egypt and political return","4.3 Aedilate","5 Death","5.1 Praetorian campaign","5.2 Encounter with Milo","5.3 Funeral and political aftermath","6 Legacy","7 Tables and diagrams","7.1 Offices","7.2 Family","7.2.1 Immediate family","7.2.2 Stemma","8 References","9 Bibliography","9.1 Modern sources","9.2 Ancient sources","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Roman politician and street agitator (93–52 BC)
Publius Clodius PulcherBornc. 92 BCDied18 January 52 BCNear BovillaeCause of deathMurderedOffice Quaestor 61 BC
XVvir sacris faciundis 60–52 BC Plebeian tribune 58 BC Curule aedile 56 BCSpouseFulviaChildrenPublius and ClaudiaParentAppius Claudius Pulcher (father)Relatives
Appius (brother)
Gaius (brother)
Clodia (sister; m. Metellus)
Clodia (sister; m. Lucullus)
Clodia (sister; m. Q. Rex)
Publius Clodius Pulcher (c. 92 – 18 January 52 BC) was a Roman politician and demagogue. A noted opponent of Cicero, he was responsible during his plebeian tribunate in 58 BC for a massive expansion of the Roman grain dole as well as Cicero's exile from the city. Leader of one of the political mobs in the 50s, his political tactics – combining connections throughout the oligarchy with mass support from the poor plebs – made him a central player in the politics of the era.
Born to the influential patrician gens Claudia, he was embroiled early in his political career in a religious scandal which saw him develop a rivalry with the orator Cicero and become a plebeian in order to be eligible for the plebeian tribunate. He successfully stood as tribune of the plebs for 58 BC and passed six laws to restore Rome's collegia (private guilds and fraternities), expand the grain dole (making it free rather than subsidised while also using those collegia as means for distribution), annex Cyprus to pay for the dole, clarify augural law on religious obstruction, make it more difficult for the censors to expel senators from the senate, and exile Cicero for the unlawful execution of conspirators during the Catilinarian conspiracy.
When curule aedile in 56 BC, he feuded with and attempted to prosecute his political enemy, Titus Annius Milo, who controlled a rival set of urban mobs. Starting the year an opponent of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, he and his family reconciled with them to form a political alliance. A few years later in 52 BC, amid renewed political violence and a campaign for the praetorship, Milo and Clodius encountered each other on the via Appia outside Rome, where Clodius was killed. His body, brought back to Rome, was brought to the forum and then cremated in the senate house, causing its destruction by fire.
His politics were advanced largely by his cultivation of urban mobs in Rome which, by exercising violent control of the places where the republic operated, furthered his political objectives. These violent tactics, however, were not his only sources of influence: his family connections and nobilitas made him a valuable ally to many parties – including, at various times, Caesar, Cato, and Pompey – in the ad hoc factionalism of the late republic. The older view that Clodius acted as an agent of magnates, such as Caesar or Pompey, is now rejected by scholars; he is now seen as an opportunistic and independent politician.
Name
There are a number of theories relating to Clodius' name: especially how it was spelt "Clodius" rather than "Claudius". His use of "Clodius" predates his plebeian adoption. Nor did the o-form denote plebeian or patrician status, since Clodius' patrician sisters also used the o-form in correspondence. Moreover, Clodius' uncle may have used the o-form of the name in the 90s BC, as did his elder brother Gaius as documented in Cicero.
There is no ancient evidence of the common supposition that Clodius spelt his name with "o" instead of "au" to ingratiate himself with the urban plebs. W Jeffrey Tatum, in the 1999 book The patrician tribune, also notes that Roman politicians did not benefit from reducing social distance between themselves and the plebs: rather, the plebs valued champions who were more noble since that made their causes seem more respectable.
Early life
Denarius attributed to, among others, Appius Claudius Pulcher, Clodius' father, minted in 111 or 110 BC. It depicts a helmeted Roma on the obverse with Victory leading a three-horse chariot (triga).
Clodius was born to the patrician gens Claudia. His branch traced its ancestry to shortly after the founding of the republic, with its ancestral patriarch Attus Clausus holding a consulship in 495 BC. The Claudii Pulchri, the branch of the family from which Clodius hailed, descended from Appius Claudius Caecus (censor in 312 BC).
Clodius' father, Appius Claudius Pulcher, was consul in 79 BC and a supporter of Sulla. Shortly after he became proconsul of Macedonia in 77 BC, he died, leaving three sons. The youngest of these sons was Publius Clodius; his two elder brothers were Appius and Gaius. He also had three sisters all named Clodia: the eldest was the wife of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer; the second daughter wed Lucius Licinius Lucullus; the third wed Quintus Marcius Rex. The identity of Clodius' mother is disputed, as is the precise relationship between the sons of father Appius and the two Metelli (Celer and Nepos).
Early career
Fictitious portrait of Catiline, the leader of the Catilinarian conspiracy, in the painting Cicero denounces Catiline in the Roman senate by Cesare Maccari (19th century)
Portrait of Cicero from the 1st century AD, currently in the Capitoline Museums. Clodius likely supported Lucius Licinius Murena and Cicero during the crisis.
Clodius first concretely enters the historical record serving under Lucullus, his brother-in-law, during the Third Mithridatic War. T R S Broughton, in Magistrates of the Roman republic places him possibly as a legate under Lucullus in 68 BC. During that year, he encouraged soldiers to mutiny when wintering at Nisbis in Armenia. Per Plutarch, he likely acted on personal motives, rather than as part of a Pompeian plot. The next year, he transferred to serve under the proconsul of Cilicia, Quintus Marcius Rex, who was also Clodius' brother-in-law. In command of the fleet as a prefect, he was defeated and captured. Appealing to Ptolemy, the king of Cyprus, he was ransomed from the pirates or otherwise released as a gesture of good will shortly before Pompey's pan-Mediterranean anti-pirate campaign; Clodius, after his release, reassumed command under Pompey though formally attached to Marcius. He also served in a mission to support the Roman client king of Syria, Philip II Philoromaeus, but was unsuccessful. Exploiting his familial connections to put himself in military positions, his military career was broadly unsuccessful. However, this proved of little consequence politically as Romans usually believed that aristocrats were inherently competent at military affairs.
On Clodius' return to Rome, in 65 BC, he started an unsuccessful prosecution of Lucius Sergius Catilina. While Clodius' bête noire Cicero later claimed that Clodius cooperated with Catiline to make an incompetent prosecution (a crime called praevaricatio), there is little contemporary evidence thereof. The more unbiased source Asconius, in commentaries on Cicero, dismissed the accusation; more recent historians have largely concurred. Catiline's acquittal is sufficiently explained by bribery and deference by the jury to his many consular allies. Around the same time, Clodius also threatened Lucullus with prosecution. Lucullus responded by divorcing his wife Clodia with humiliating public allegations that she engaged in incest with Clodius. The prosecution was shortly thereafter dropped.
Clodius was possibly elected as military tribune for 64 BC. Whether military tribune or not, he served that year on the staff of then-praetor Lucius Licnius Murena who was proconsul of Transalpine Gaul in 64 BC. Nothing concrete is known of Clodius' activities there. When the two returned to Rome in 63 BC, Clodius was involved in Murena's campaign for the consulship and likely helped distribute bribes to voters in the comitia centuriata. At the ensuing trial of Murena that year, Cicero in Pro Murena may have defended Clodius' role in Murena's campaign and there is no evidence at all that Clodius was involved in the Catilinarian conspiracy that year. Clodius' support for Murena and his connection with Quintus Marcius Rex – who was assigned a command in Italy to suppress Catiline's revolt – indicates that he was likely an opponent of the conspirators.
Bona Dea affair
Statue of Bona Dea, the goddess whose rites in the pontifex maximus' house Clodius infiltrated
See also: Bona Dea
The next year, in 62 BC, Clodius stood successfully for the quaestorship. Up to this point, Clodius' career was largely conventional. Prior, however, to his taking office, he was involved in a scandal where some time in December 62 BC he infiltrated the female-only secret rites of the Bona Dea in the house of the pontifex maximus, Julius Caesar. His motives for this are unclear and muddled by invective. The sacrilege was initially ignored. Around six months passed before a meeting of the senate in May forced the matter to be brought to the pontifices who declared it sacrilegious; the senate, following religious law, then dutifully set up a tribunal. To that end, the senate advised the consuls to pass a law to establish a special tribunal to prosecute Clodius for the crime of incestum; the crime, which normally covered only incest and sexual relations with Vestal Virgins, was here extended to include Clodius' sacrilege in a loose analogy with an assault on the Vestal's chastity. To signal its importance, the senate also shut down public business until the people ratified the tribunal.
Clodius had two allies: one of the consuls, Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus, and one of the plebeian tribunes, Quintus Fufius Calenus. They argued that the law, by appointing jurors via the urban praetor rather than by lot, violated due process and constituted an illegal senatorial usurpation of the jurors' roles. Piso, as the formal proposer, opposed his own law in speeches and by shenanigans: with a mob led by Clodius' ally Gaius Scribonius Curio, Piso and his supporters seized the voting stalls and then handed out only negative ballots. After a motion in the senate to repeal the decree to establish the tribunal, brought by Curio's homonymous father (who had been consul in 76 BC), failed 400–15, Clodius and his allies took to the streets. Amid orations connecting the senate's tribunal to Cicero's illegal execution of citizens just a few months earlier during the Catilinarian conspiracy, those supporting the bill eventually accepted selection by lot. Two motions dividing the matters in the senate – first whether a tribunal should be established and second whether it should have its jury appointed by the praetor – were brought. The first motion passed; the second was defeated; and a new bill, brought by tribune Fufius with the jury selected by lot, then passed in the assembly.
The prosecution at the trial was led by Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus – joined by other Cornelii Lentuli arrayed in an alliance against Clodius – and the main advocate for the defence was Curio's father who had been consul in 76 BC. While the trial is not well documented, Clodius is alleged to have obstructed interrogation of his slaves by selling them to his brother or moving them to Gaul. Character witnesses, including Lucullus, attacked Clodius' character. Julius Caesar's mother and sister (Aurelia and Julia) testified to Clodius' presence. Curio produced a resident of the town Interamna, who swore that Clodius was not present in Rome during the rites. Cicero contradicted this alibi, which according to Valerius Maximus was Clodius' only defence; this testimony under oath became the root of the enmity between Clodius and Cicero. Worried about violence against the jurors, the senate decreed their protection. However, after the jurors voted 31 to 25 to acquit, the decision was immediately condemned as a product of bribery.
If bribes were paid, the monies were provided by Clodius, who Cicero later claimed had almost bankrupted himself in paying them. While Marcus Licinius Crassus has been suggested as bankrolling Clodius' bribes, many scholars believe there is insufficient evidence to prove or disprove his involvement. Julius Caesar divorced his wife Pompeia in the aftermath of the trial, skilfully avoiding offending Clodius and ridding himself of the matter. Scholars are divided as to whether Clodius was involved in an affair with Pompeia: W Jeffrey Tatum rejects it as an unnecessary elaboration while John W Rich believes Caesar's divorce indicates uncertainty as to her complicity.
Transitio ad plebem
The Bona Dea affair damaged Clodius' political aspirations. He expected to accompany the consul Piso on the latter's proconsular governorship of Syria as quaestor; the senate, showing its anger at Piso and Clodius, revoked Piso's assignment. Clodius eventually was assigned to a quaestorian post in Sicily under its propraetor, Gaius Vergilius Balbus, and he returned to Rome by June 60 BC after a short tour of duty. After the affair Clodius started plans to become a plebeian so to stand for the plebeian tribunate (patricians were ineligible). He attempted to effect the transfer through three serial schemes.
The first was the passage of legislation in the centuriate assembly which would reassign him to the plebs. Two of his political allies brought legislation in 60 BC to that effect on his behalf: Gaius Herrenius, then plebeian tribune, and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer, then consul. However, both bills stalled under vetos from the other plebeian tribunes, likely on political or religious grounds. On his return to the city, Clodius then underwent a sacrorum detestatio on 24 May 60 BC, a poorly understood religious rite before the comitia calata. Clodius evidently believed that this rite was sufficient to render him a plebeian; Metellus Celer, the consul, disagreed strenuously and that consular opinion was ratified by the senate after a debate in early June, ending this attempt as well.
Clodius initially opposed the strategy of having himself adopted by a plebeian and then immediately liberated from his adoptive father. But the next year, 59 BC, during the consulship of Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, an opportunity arose. After a forensic speech by Cicero which included attacks on the political alliance between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, Caesar and Pompey immediately arranged a session of the comitia curiata to approve Clodius' adoption and emancipation by one Publius Fonteius (a 20 year old man who was younger than Clodius). After this political stunt from Caesar and Pompey, Cicero, suitably intimidated, withdrew to his Italian villa. With religious objections nullified by Caesar and Pompey, who were respectively pontifex maximus and augur, Clodius became plebeian and shortly thereafter stood for the plebeian tribunate.
In the aftermath of the adoption, Clodius supported Caesar and Pompey. He spoke in favour of the lex Vatinia which appointed Caesar to his Gallic command in April; he also anticipated appointment either to Caesar's land commission or to an embassy to Ptolemy XII Auletes. When neither appointment was forthcoming, Clodius broke with his erstwhile benefactors. Seizing on their unpopularity due to their violent political tactics, Clodius declared his opposition to Caesar. Caesar attempted to rescind the adoption to prevent Clodius' tribunician election but this carried no weight; senators, even including Cicero, were pleased to see Clodius – along with Clodius' friends Curio and Metellus Nepos – draw up against Caesar. Clodius also started to move against his bête noire Cicero, but Pompey, who still maintained good relations with Clodius, interceded on Cicero's behalf.
Tribunate
At the tribunician elections of summer 59 BC (for terms from December 59 to 58), Clodius was easily successful. Between the election and the start of his term in December, the Vettius affair saw an estrangement between Pompey and Cicero; the later consular elections also saw the election of two consuls: Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Caesar's father-in-law, and Aulus Gabinius, a longtime friend of Pompey. Clodius responded by changing tact again and, in support of Caesar and Pompey, vetoed Bibulus' customary speech when leaving the consulship.
Clodius' legislative programme
On the first day of his term as tribune, 10 December 59 BC, he announced four major pieces of legislation. Their extent and breadth indicated they had been workshopped for some time, probably starting in July 59 BC. They were the lex Clodia de collegiis, lex Clodia frumentaria, lex Clodia de obnuntiatione, and lex Clodia de censoria notione. They were to be put before the people in the new year, January 58 BC. As a whole, the legislation produced for Clodius a broadly popular base of support while also securing the support of many senators, especially the numerous but not-individually-influential pedarii.
Collegial law
The senate had prohibited a number of colleges (Latin: collegia) which included both professional associations as well as religious organisations. A few of these organisations – "it is no longer reasonable to conclude that all but a few... were made illegal" – were banned in 64 BC by a senatorial decree. These colleges were revived by Clodius' law and, by enrolment in a centralised recording of the whole city's colleges, sanctioned by the state. Reviving the colleges also allowed men like Clodius and his associate Sextus Cloelius to serve as financial patrons and cultivate connections with the urban masses.
Grain law
See also: Cura annonae
Clodius also used the opportunity to greatly expand the grain dole. Instead of importing corn and selling it at a subsidised rate, as introduced by Gaius Gracchus, the ration of five modii would now be free for citizens at Rome. The responsibility of getting this grain to Rome was largely delegated to provincial magistrates and the expense of it imposed a heavy burden on state finances, expanding on the already expensive provisions of Marcus Porcius Cato's enlarged grain dole in 62 BC.
The colleges reestablished in Clodius' first law may have played a role in distributing this grain, since it enrolled people eligible to receive this grain into various districts in Rome. Regardless, the free food guaranteed by the law won Clodius enduring support among the urban poor. Its burdens on the treasury, however, were huge: the senate decreed a special minting of coins just to pay for that year's expenses. Clodius also found it possible to raise more money from the provinces, passing a law taking payment from Brogitarus of Galatia and certain Byzantine exiles to restore their statuses in their home countries; bills restoring these men would be passed through the year. More money was also to be raised from the Ptolemaic kingdom in Cyprus, which Clodius ordered seized and annexed. He initially had annexation assigned to the existing province of Cilicia: whoever would be appointed to that open proconsulship would find themselves with an extremely profitable remit.
Augural law
In the previous year, Caesar's consular colleague Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus withdrew to his house, probably in May, to obstruct Caesar's legislation by announcing observation of unfavourable auspices. Bibulus continuously announced that he was watching the skies and then sent messages in absentia to other magistrates reporting unfavourable omens. Such unfavourable auspices if properly reported would have stopped the holding of an assembly; because such assemblies were held anyway, Bibulus and his supporters purported such results were invalid. The validity of these obstruction tactics, however, is mostly rejected by scholars, who emphasise not only that the senate at the time dismissed these claims in multiple different debates but also that the lex Aelia et Fufia required that unfavourable omens be reported in person to the presiding official to have effect.
Clodius' augural law is not well-developed in the ancient sources. It is, however, generally agreed that Clodius' law did not rise to Cicero's exaggerations, which claimed that the lex Aelia et Fufia were repealed. The law instead targeted the narrow question of whether Bibulus' announcement of unfavourable omens in absentia would be permissible, answering that question negatively. The possible precedent of permitting a magistrate to shut down the government through edicts issued from bed was seen by all, Bibulus' supporters included, as unacceptable: the senate rejected this position in 59 BC, did so again at a debate on Caesar's legislation early in 58, and the people too rejected it by passing this lex Clodia. However, the bill was specifically framed to sidestep the validity of Bibulus' obnuntiations in 59: it would only apply prospectively.
Censorial law
Roman censors long had powers to remove someone from the senate by omitting that name from the list of senators. Clodius' lex de censoria notione required both censors to agree to remove someone from the senate and give cause with opportunity for a hearing. This limited the possibility that censors strip tribunes of their seats in the senate as a weapon against them. Moreover, due to the lenient census in 61 BC, there were likely fears among junior members of the senate – especially those who never held senior magistracies, the pedarii, – that censors might want to trim the senatorial rolls. This legislation, although exaggerated by Cicero into the claim that Clodius abolished the censors, was broadly popular among the numerous but individually-unimportant pedarii.
Passage and exile of Cicero
At the beginning of the year, Cicero announced his opposition and found in one of the tribunes that year – Lucius Ninnius Quadratus – an ally. In Dio's version, Ninnius threatened a veto against all of Clodius' bills; given the impossibility of sustaining a veto against the kind of strong popular support expected for a grain bill, it is more likely Ninnius threatened only Clodius' collegial bill on the grounds that it overturned the considered decision of the senate in 64 BC. However, Clodius reached a deal with Cicero, agreeing not to pursue his feud if Cicero would call Ninnius off. This deal, reached with the support of the senatorial elite, allowed Clodius to push through his four laws on 4 January 58 BC.
The extent of popular support behind Clodius first became visible when Clodius interceded in the trial of Publius Vatinius, a Caesarian ally in 59 BC and legate recently returned from Gaul. Making his intercession evident, Clodius summoned a mob which entirely disrupted the prosecutorial proceedings, overturned the praetor's benches, and smashed the jury's voting urns. This first instance of popular violence and the role of the colleges in organising may have been a surprise to Clodius – there is little evidence that Clodius intended his collegial law to produce urban mobs at his beck and call – but he quickly came to capitalise on this new tactic. In February, Clodius put forward two further bills. The first would assign to the current consuls, Piso and Gabinius, to the provinces of Macedonia and Syria respectively. The second would reaffirm citizen rights to provocatio and retroactively punish any magistrate who had killed a citizen without trial, along with senators who so advised a magistrate, with exile. The latter law, the lex Clodia de capite civis Romani, was clearly targeted at Cicero. Cicero and his ally Ninnius responded by adopting mourning dress; the senate soon decreed such dress as well. The consuls, however, ignored the decree, prohibited equestrian allies of Cicero from addressing the senate, and supported the bill in public.
Clodius put his mobs on Cicero and disrupted his rallies with violence, arousing concern among the senators at large. Clodius defanged this backlash, however, by reassigning the annexation of Cyprus and restoration of Byzantine exiles to Marcus Porcius Cato – who in 63 BC was one of the most forceful supporters of executing the Catilinarian conspirators – with the title pro quaestore pro praetore. Cicero saw this as a ploy to remove Cato from the city and cause him to accept Clodius' adoption and tribunician laws, the traditional judgement among classicists. However, other classicists have instead seen the assignment as Clodius negotiating a deal or compromising with Cato and allies – signalling that Clodius had no ill-will against senators who had supported Cicero in 63 BC – therefore isolating Cicero. With Cicero rejecting a lifeline from Caesar, who offered to appoint him as one of his legates and thereby give him immunity from prosecution, Cicero withdrew from the city into exile; Clodius immediately passed a lex Clodia de exsilio Ciceronis which exiled the orator, confiscated his house on the Palatine hill to be turned into a shrine to the goddess Libertas, and prohibited the senate or people from recalling the orator.
Opposition to Pompey
Clodius at various times supported or opposed Pompey (pictured above). His activities late in his tribunate, however, generated sufficient backlash to place Pompey on firm political ground; Pompey struck back politically the next year, 57 BC.
The success of Clodius' four laws provided him huge political support. This support, especially with his inadvertent discovery of mob power at the prosecution of Vatinius, made it possible for him to continue as an independent political agent. Setting himself against Pompey, Clodius moved to advance his support from the senators suspicious of the general. Setting his target on Pompey's eastern settlements, Clodius promulgated a bill to upset Pompey's favour to Deiotarus, tetrarch of Galatia, who Pompey had appointed high priest at Pessinus; removing Deiotarus from the priest, Clodius instead elevated Brogitarus – Deiotarus' son-in-law and ruler of a separate Galatian kingdom – while also declaring Brogitarus a Roman ally. This intervention did not reshape Roman policy in the east, which would have been unacceptable for such a junior magistrate to do. But the senate was happy to see Pompey's decisions unsettled; nor was a veto forthcoming from a tribune would be unable to find support to deny constituents their own popular sovereignty.
Clodius also kidnapped a princely hostage that Pompey had taken to Rome. The prince, the homonymous son of Tigranes II of Armenia, was taken by Clodius from the house of one of the praetors and put on a ship to Armenia. Driven back by a storm, a bloody clash between Clodius and the praetor's retinues occurred on the via Appia which saw the praetor's retinue defeated. After the clash, which resulted in at least one fatality, Pompey and Clodius broke politically. Pleased by Pompey's embarrassment, the senate did nothing. Pompey's response to Clodius relied on his ally in the consulship, Aulus Gabinius. But here, Clodius' gangs overreached when they fell on the consul's retinue and destroyed his fasces. With Clodius formally consecrating Gabinius' property to the plebeian goddess Ceres, he clearly approved of his attack on consular authority; this was unacceptable to the political class: "too severe a threat to public order"; "a step too far". Ninnius consecrated Clodius' property in retaliation and on the first day of June brought a bill to recall Cicero from exile that was supported unanimously in the senate but promptly vetoed. Through other men, a movement grew over the next year to lift Cicero's exile, of which Pompey eventually took the head.
Later in the year, Clodius also signalled his support for Cato's faction in its continuing fight against Caesar's legislation, arguing publicly that Caesar's laws in 59 were religiously invalid. It is likely he did so in an attempt to induce members of Cato and Bibulus' group to support him in preventing Cicero's return. An event on 11 August 58 BC also saw one of Clodius' slaves confess to having been ordered to assassinate Pompey. Although it is not clear whether this attempt was real, Pompey, who was paranoid of attempts on his life, then shut himself in his villa. Clodius responded by having his gangs menace the villa for the rest of the year. The opposition to Clodius, led by Pompey and Cicero's friends with their leaders either shut in at home or shut out abroad, yet continued to gain ground through the year. Eight of the ten tribunes in October brought a bill to recall Cicero together – it was again vetoed – and eventually the opposition decided to wait Clodius out since his term ended in December.
Shifting alliances
Opposition to recalling Cicero
On 10 December 58 BC, Clodius returned to being a private citizen. Pompey's allies in the tribunate promptly proposed a bill to recall Cicero; eventually, all but two of the tribunes would support the bill. In January 57 BC, the two new consuls – Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos – announced in the senate that they supported or acceded to Cicero's return. Seeing the senate again support Cicero, one of Clodius allies in the tribunate – Sextus Atilius Serranus Gavianus – exercised a veto in the senate which continued through January. When the bill to lift Cicero's exile came to a vote on 23 January 57 BC, two tribunes – Quintus Fabricius and Marcus Cispius – occupied the forum to prevent a veto from being raised. Clodius' gangs, strengthened by gladiators borrowed from his brother, then drove the tribunes from the forum by force; Cicero's brother Quintus, attending to support his brother, narrowly escaped the fighting alive. Another tribune, Titus Annius Milo, had the gladiators arrested and procured confessions, but Serranus had them freed; Milo and Clodius from this point became rivals.
The political class unified against the Clodius' violent tactics on 23 January. Milo prosecuted Clodius under the lex Plautia de vi but Clodius' allies in office – Metellus Nepos as consul, Appius Claudius Pulcher as praetor, and one of the tribunes (Sextus Atilius Serranus or Quintus Numerius Rufus) – made it impossible for Clodius to be tried by reserving all days in the calendar for other business. Clodius' tactical superiority in the streets was then lost when further violence against another tribune, Publius Sestius, saw multiple politicians assemble mobs to arm themselves. Pompey, supporting Cicero, canvassed for support across Italy and procured through Spinther a senatorial decree that citizens should to assemble in Rome to vote for Cicero's recall. By the summer, with much of Italy supporting Cicero's recall, Clodius' last remaining tools to oppose the recall were food riots. When the senate voted on lifting Cicero's exile in July, the measure passed 416–1 with Clodius the lone dissenter. Against such overwhelming support, Clodius' allies in the tribunate became unwilling to veto the bill as it proceeded in the senate or the senate's later decree that anyone who blocked the bill would be declared public enemies.
On 4 August 57 BC, Clodius attempted to disrupt a public meeting where Quintus Cicero, brought by Pompey, was to speak in favour of lifting his brother's exile. Unsuccessful, the bill passed later that day before the comitia centuriata amid a huge influx of Ciceronean supporters from across Italy. Pompey's victory in recalling Cicero was made more complete when the senate, at Cicero's motion, gave Pompey a command to bring food to Rome to stop the riots. Clodius and Cicero again opposed each other over Cicero's attempt to have his Palatine house restored. Before a pontifical hearing, Clodius and Cicero spoke, with Clodius arguing that removing the shrine to liberty would offend the gods. Cicero argued successfully that Clodius' law to take his house, in failing to explicitly authorise dedication, was null and void. After Cicero's victory before the pontiffs, Clodius first attempted to convince the public that the decree was actually in his favour before attempting to filibuster a senatorial debate on Cicero's house. When the senatorial resolution was vetoed by Serranus after passing almost unanimously, the overwhelming senatorial response convinced Serranus to withdraw his veto. Unsuccessful lawfully, Clodius responded by mobilising his mobs to disrupt construction work on the site as well as harass Cicero, Milo, and others in the streets. Clodius' defeats were, however, largely momentary. He retained the support of eminent men such as Publius Sulla and Quintus Hortensius; the ongoing political battle over the Egyptian command would again bring Clodius into political respectability.
Egypt and political return
Ptolemy XII Auletes came to Rome to lobby for his restoration to the Egyptian throne. Clodius joined an anti-Pompeian alliance with Gaius Cato to obstruct Pompey's attempts to secure the Egyptian command.
Ptolemy XII Auletes was deposed in 57 BC. He personally pled at Rome for intervention to restore him to the Egyptian throne. An official friend of Rome and massively in debt to many senators, Roman political and economic interests aligned to support such an expedition. Even after Ptolemy tried to have some delegates from the new Alexandrine regime assassinated, Roman support for him remained firm. The senate decreed in September 57 that the consul Spinther, who was shortly be proconsul of Cilicia and Cyprus, should restore Ptolemy; Spinther, supported publicly by Pompey and earnestly by Cicero, left in November to take up his province. The next month, however, saw renewed wrangling over who would lead the Roman response, with Pompey's name floated, probably at his covert insistence. Pompey's enemies in the senate therefore found new use for Clodius' anti-Pompeian agitation.
Clodius' enemies, seeing that he would almost certainly win election as aedile and therefore imminently become immune from prosecution, sought to prosecute and convict him quickly for public violence. The consul-designate Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus tried to float a prosecution in the senate but it was filibustered; Titus Milo responded by indicting Clodius and announcing that he would delay elections by obnuntiation until Clodius was prosecuted. The consul Metellus Nepos attempted to hold elections on 19 November, supported by Clodius' gangs, but Milo's gangs won the battle and elections were postponed. The next day, Metellus Nepos attempted to sneak past Milo to the campus Martius so that Milo could not report obnuntiation in person; after Milo caught the consul sneaking on back streets and reported his bad omens, elections were again called off.
When the new tribunes came into office on 10 December, Lucius Caninius Gallus promulgated a bill to transfer Spinther's command to Pompey. This placed Clodius' political usefulness back to the fore, especially when Clodius had a friend among the tribunes, Gaius Porcius Cato. The issue of trying Clodius was forcibly dropped around the same time: the quaestors resigned without replacement on 4 December; because they appointed the jury, there could no trial. When Marcellinus, Lucius Marcius Philippus (also consul-elect in 57 BC), and Cicero attempted to have the senate direct the praetor to appoint the jury instead, Clodius' gangs disrupted the meeting. Metellus Nepos also directed as consul that no praetor could constitute a jury without the quaestors, a bar at least until 31 December. Eventually, into the new year with the political threat of Pompey looming, the senate approved elections that returned Clodius as aedile in 56 BC.
Aedilate
Elections for the aedilate of 56 BC were late, occurring on 20 January that year. Clodius, due to his popularity, was elected first. While many expected Clodius to repeat his largesse from his tribunician term, his financial resources seemed to have been largely exhausted, with his term seeing only the customary games and public works.
The early months of 56 were again consumed by the question of the Egyptian command. Early in the same year a religious sign came when lightning hit the statue of Jupiter on the Alban mount. Clodius, as one of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis, helped interpret this omen. The priests announced an oracle which warned against supporting or opposing the king of Egypt while also prohibiting the king's restoration "with a crowd". The allies of Pompey and Spinther denounced the oracle as a fraud; the senators generally, however, accepted it since it precluded both men from military glory. The debate was eventually called off without settlement after a series of complex parliamentary manoeuvres from mid-January through to early February.
Clodius, as aedile, also prosecuted Milo in February for public violence before a iudicium populi: a popular trial before the assembled people. Milo was defended in the trial by Cicero, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, and Pompey. When Pompey spoke on 7 February, the trial descended into disorder with Clodius' crowd chanting lewd slogans along with the claim that Crassus should be appointed to go to Alexandria instead of Pompey. The whole trial was then adjourned after the demonstrations became violent. The senate, in a meeting in the coming days, blamed Milo and Pompey for the disorder, which led Pompey to abandon the plan to commandeer the Egyptian expedition. Spinther, in Cilicia and warned by Cicero that consequences would be severe if he failed in restoring Ptolemy (as was his still-valid directive from August 57), chose inaction. The senate also decreed legislation should be enacted against sodalitates, a form of political organisation which Clodius' collegia evidently were not, on 10 February 56 BC. The same day, a prosecution was started by one Marcus Tullius against Clodius' enemy Publius Sestius, which Cicero and others attributed to Clodius; whether that is the case is doubted. Cicero, joined by Pompey and Crassus, spoke in defence of Sestius, which secured his acquittal. The attacks by Cicero on Caesar, however, triggered a new re-balancing: with the consul Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus opposing Caesar and the possibility of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus being elected consul in 55 also against Caesar, Clodius' elder brother went north to treat with the Gallic proconsul, eventually producing a reconciliation between the Clodii Pulchri and the renewed First Triumvirate.
In the spring of 56, Clodius put on the Megalensian games amid food riots, which continued to embarrass Pompey's handling of the grain supply. But the reconciliation between the Claudii and the triumvirs included a marriage between Pompey's son and Appius' daughter (Clodius' niece): tact was quickly changed to reflect this new relationship. Attacks on Cicero, however, did not end. After a series of prodigies forced the senate to consult haruspices, Clodius with his authority as a quindecimvir sacris faciundis gave speeches blaming the deconsecration of Clodius' shrine to Libertas (Cicero's house) for divine displeasure. Cicero responded by blaming Clodius instead. In a political pause, Cicero with the support of Milo and one of the tribunes, removed and possibly destroyed the tablets recording Clodius' legislation. This, however, was a step too far: in a meeting of the senate shortly after Cato's return from Cyprus, few were willing to accept (especially the influential beneficiary Cato), Cicero's position that Clodius' adoption and thus entire tribunate were invalid.
The year closed with Gaius Cato, supported by Clodius, sustaining a months-long veto on the consular elections (and thus also elections for all the junior magistracies) as part of a ploy to secure the consulship of 55 BC for Pompey and Crassus. The protection of Clodius' gangs was necessary for Gaius Cato, who was repeatedly menaced for the outrageous obstructionism. Amid these extreme political tactics, Pompey and Crassus were able by violence to secure the election of interreges in early 55 and drive, with the help of soldiers on leave from Caesar, their enemies from the consular canvass. While it is not clear whether Clodius participated in the violence that year needed to win Pompey and Crassus their desired electoral outcomes as well as the lex Trebonia that gave them provincial commands, favours from the triumvirs followed. A senatorially-sponsored embassy to the east for Clodius was funded, with Cicero's objections sidelined by a quid pro quo, allowing Clodius to visit the eastern provinces and clients. One of the suspected destinations was Byzantium or the court of Brogitarus, who were expected to pay generously for Clodius' services in 58. Enjoying hospitality befitting a senatorial embassy and replenishing his monetary reserves in the east, Clodius was likely absent from Rome for the rest of 55.
Death
Praetorian campaign
Clodius returned to Rome in 54 BC, possibly seeking a praetorship in 53. Whether Clodius actually sought the praetorship of 53 is unclear and debated, though many scholars side with Badian's belief that a delay actually occurred. The ongoing censorship, which included many hearings for junior senators the censors wanted removed, cemented among the pedarii the fruits of Clodius' tribunate. Clodius was then involved in a series of trials against Gaius Cato and Marcus Nonius Sufenas, previous Clodian allies during their tribunates. While the sources are unclear as to whether Clodius participated in their defences, the three trials ended in acquittals. Amid further activites in the courts, Clodius won support from defendants and – according to Valerius Maximus – defended one of his prosecutors during the Bona Dea affair; these actions showed a sound mind suitable for court presidency, ie a praetor.
54 BC saw Clodius' elder brother Appius elected consul with Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, only for them to be thrown into a serious corruption scandal that cut across all existing loyalties. Appius (a friend of the triumvirs) joined with Domitius (an enemy thereof) to support candidates Gaius Memmius (a friend thereof) and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus (an enemy thereof) as the only nominees for the consulship of 53 in exchange for the two candidates procuring fabricated legal documents to grant the two consuls lucrative proconsular postings. When the plot became public, competing candidates Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and Marcus Valerius Messalla triggered a surge in interest rates as they borrowed to hand out bribes. Distancing himself from his brother who was at the same time helping prosecuting candidate Scaurus for corruption, Clodius defended Scaurus, which saw him speak in Scaurus' defence alongside his enemy Cicero. All four consular candidates were indicted for bribery and elections were delayed until July 53 BC. With none of the candidates withdrawing, Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Marcus Valerius Messalla were elected months into the consular term and found themselves with the unenviable task for arranging elections in this disturbed political environment for 52 BC.
Clodius now stood in the praetorian elections for 52 BC; letters from Cicero indicate his success was a foregone conclusion. His campaign – very uncommonly for a republican politician – included a pledge to redistribute freedmen from the four urban tribes into the 31 rural tribes, which would give them far more political power. A more poorly documented proposal, possibly to regulate the informal manumission of slaves, was also brought.
For personal and political reasons, Clodius was part of the Pompeian effort to deny Titus Annius Milo, a candidate for 52 and friend of Marcus Porcius Cato, victory in the consular elections. Clodius supported the other two candidates: Pompey's ally Publius Plautius Hypsaeus and the blue-blooded Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Clodius and Milo immediately came to fighting in the streets with their mobs: Clodius attempted to ambush Milo on the via Sacra forcing Milo to flee; Milo repulsed a violent Clodian attempt to seize the voting pens; a young Mark Antony was rumoured to have volunteered to assassinate Clodius to restore order. The chaos of the street fighting, along with a persistent tribunician veto on elections from one of Pompey's tribunician allies (Titus Munatius Plancus), made it impossible to hold elections in 53: the two consuls, entering into office seven months late, abdicated on the last day of their terms without replacement. Appointment of interreges was customary when all magistrates abdicated without replacement. Their appointment too was vetoed, on Pompey's initiative, as Milo's victory was clearly foreseeable. Clodius' campaign for the praetorship continued into the new year, as did the campaigns of the other candidates. Part of his campaign included a visit to Aricia, a town on the via Appia, south of Rome.
Encounter with Milo
BovillaeRomeAriciaclass=notpageimage| Location of Bovillae relative to Rome on modern relief map of Lazio
The main source for information on Clodius' death is Quintus Asconius Pedianus' commentary on Cicero's Pro Milone; the evidence given in Cicero's speech itself is highly tendentious and should not be taken as a truthful accounting of events. The events as presented by Asconius are broadly as follows. While travelling back from Aricia, Clodius and Milo encountered each other some 13 miles (21 km) south of Rome on the via Appia near Clodius' villa in Bovillae on around 1:30 pm on 18 January 52 BC. Milo was travelling toward Lanuvium, where he was to install a priest. Both men travelled with armed entourages, but Clodius' entourage was smaller: some 26 men to Milo's 300. After the two groups passed in silence, a fight broke out between Clodius and one of the last men in Milo's entourage, leading to Clodius being hit in the shoulder with a javelin. In the resulting fight, Clodius' men were defeated. Clodius was carried to roadside inn, but when Milo heard that Clodius had been wounded, Milo ordered his lieutenant Marcus Saufeius to kill Clodius: Clodius was dragged out of the inn and stabbed to death. The body was discovered by a senator also travelling on the via Appia, Sextus Teidius, who had it sent to Rome; arriving at Rome around 4:30 pm, the body was brought before Clodius' widow Fulvia.
The story of Clodius' death was almost immediately muddled by partisan invective. Days after the destruction of the curia in Clodius' funeral, Milo and his allies – including his tribunician ally Marcus Caelius Rufus – claimed that Clodius had planned to ambush Milo and that the fight was lawful self-defence. This narrative was the main one spread by Milo's defenders in the aftermath of Clodius' death and forms the core of Cicero's legal defence in Pro Milone. Separately, it was also claimed by Clodius' enemy Marcus Porcius Cato that a senator Marcus Favonius had told Cato that Clodius had related to Favonius that Milo would shortly be dead. A negative version of this narrative also emerged, for example, from Metellus Scipio, who declared in the senate about a month after Clodius' death that Milo had planned the murder. Such narratives were compounded by the feeling among many that Milo was justified not by self-defence from a Clodian trap but also that Clodius' death was simply in the interest of the republic. A pamphlet to that effect was penned by, among others, Marcus Junius Brutus.
Funeral and political aftermath
The curia Hostilia was destroyed by fire in Clodius' ad hoc funeral.
See also: Pro Milone
The next morning, 19 January, two tribunes aligned with Clodius, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus, held a contio in the forum lambasting Milo for the murder. The mob, at Sextus Cloelius' initiative, took Clodius' body into the curia Hostilia. There, with the senate's furniture and records, they cremated the body. The fire spread to the rest of the building, destroying it and the nearby basilica Porcia. Milo, who had fled the city for his safety, returned on news of this excess a few days later; the destruction of this senatorial symbol reversed the public mood; he therefore continued his consular campaign.
The same day, with Pompey and late-Clodius' tribunes away burning the senate house, the senate met on the Palatine within the pomerium at the Temple of Jupiter Stator: without tribunician veto they immediately elected an interrex, Marcus Lepidus. A mob stormed his house demanding immediate elections while Milo's chances were poor, but were refused. As Rome deteriorated into a total breakdown of law and order, the interreges were unable to hold elections; the senate met on 1 February and passed the senatus consultum ultimum, instructing the interrex and Pompey (no normal magistrates in office) to levy and bring soldiers into the city to restore order. After 12 interreges failed to hold elections, Cato and Bibulus brought a compromise, seeking Pompey to be elected as sole consul so to exclude Milo from any chance at victory. With Pompey and late-Clodius' tribunes holding off their vetoes, Pompey was elected by the comitia under interrex Servius Sulpicius Rufus' presidency.
Pompey immediately moved legislation to create a tribunal to try public violence under expedited procedures and to move against electoral corruption. When order was restored, Milo was indicted by Clodius' nephews by his elder brother Gaius. With the senate precluding the argument that Milo killed Clodius to save the republic by passing a resolution condemning the murder as contra rem publicam and in a trial atmosphere menaced by a mob, Milo was found guilty by 38–13 votes in the jury – some sources describe Cicero, Milo's advocate, being unable to speak in the commotion – and went into exile. Milo's lieutenant Saufeius, the man who committed the actual murder, was acquitted by one vote (26–25) later that year. Cloelius, whose idea it was to cremate Clodius in the curia, was prosecuted and convicted 46–5; the tribunes who helped were also convicted after their terms ended on 10 December 52 BC.
Legacy
In the aftermath of Clodius' death, his political legacy and tactics, which combined aristocratic connections with mass support from the poorer urban plebs, influenced later politicians. Publius Cornelius Dolabella, a patrician by birth and Cicero's son-in-law via Tullia, had himself adopted by a plebeian to stand for the tribunate, succeeding in 47 BC, and that year proposed the complete abolition of debts while raising statues of Clodius to great acclaim. However, the use of political violence in Roman politics was not novel: Clodius was not the first nor the last to assemble mobs to disrupt or support political initiatives. The grain dole which Clodius had legislated during his tribunate survived the fall of the republic and persisted through the Roman empire. Imperial self-representation as builders of public monuments as well as benefactors for freedmen and the urban plebs, "perpetuat some aspect of political style".
Clodius' reputation in the later ancient and modern sources is predominantly negative due to the survival of and reliance on Ciceronean invective from around 56 BC. Treatments in modern times have at various times called him "a petty gangster", "an irresponsible demagogue", and "a demagogue of the wildest kind". Modern historiography largely viewed him as an agent of Caesar, an anarchic enigma – for Theodor Mommsen, "an irrational anarchist", – or a revolutionary enemy of Cicero and the senatorial republic. Scholarship since 1966, with the publication of Erich Gruen's P. Clodius: instrument or independent agent? has instead focused on Clodius as an independent agent attempting to play off different groupings in the late republic for personal gain. This independent agent interpretation has been praised as "incisive and penetrating", especially amid the general abandonment of 19th century party-political interpretations of Roman politics.
Tables and diagrams
Offices
Year (BC)
Office
Note
68
Legate (possibly), Syria
Served under Lucullus
67
Legate (possibly), Cilicia
Served under Quintus Rex
64
Military tribune (possibly)
Served under Murena
61–60
Quaestor, Sicily
60–52
Quindecimvir sacris faciundis
58
Plebeian tribune
56
Curule aedile
Family
Immediate family
Birth order follows McDermott 1970, pp. 39–41. Children which died young are omitted.
Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 79 BC)
Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC)
Claudia, wife of Pompey
Claudia, wife of Marcus Junius Brutus
Gaius Claudius Pulcher
Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 38 BC)
Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus
Gaius Claudius Pulcher
Clodia Tertia, wife of Quintus Marcius Rex
Clodia, wife of Metellus Celer
Publius Clodius Pulcher
Claudia, wife of Octavian
Publius Clodius Pulcher
Clodia, wife of Lucullus
Licinia
Stemma
ignota (2) (Fonteia?)married c. 138Ap. Claudius Pulchercos. 143, cens. 136(c. 186–130)(1) Antistia(Vetorum)married c. 164
ClaudiaVestalborn c. 163ClaudiaminorGracchiborn c. 161Ap. Pulcher(c. 159–135/1)ClaudiaTertiaborn c. 157Q. Philippusmint IIIvir c. 129born 160s, married c. 143
C. Pulcher(c. 136–92)cos. 92Ap. Pulcher(c. 130–76)cos. 79IgnotaxL. Philippus(c. 141–c. 74)cos. 91Q. Philippus(c. 143–c. 105)
Claudiaemaior etminor(born 100–99)Claudia TertiaQ. Regis(born c. 98)Ap. Pulcher(97–49)cos. 54, augur,cens. 50C. Pulcher(96–c. 30s)pr. 56Claudia QuartaQ. Metelli Celeris(born c. 94)P. Clodius Pulchertr. pl. 58(93–53)Claudia QuintaL. Luculli(born 92/90)
Claudia maiorM. BrutiClaudia minorignotiClaudiaC. Caesaris(born c. 56)
References
^ Tatum 1999, p. 33; Chilver & Lintott 2016.
^ Rich 2000. "The old view that in politics Clodius operated as the instrument of others was exploded over thirty years ago... the modern consensus that Clodius was always his own man". See Gruen 1966; Lintott 1967; Gruen 1995, p. 98, "It should no longer be necessary to refute the older notion that Clodius acted as agent or tool of the triumvirate"; Tatum 1999.
^ Riggsby 2002, p. 117, citing Cic. Att., 1.12.3, 1.13.3, 1.14.1 inter alia.
^ Riggsby 2002, p. 118.
^ Tatum 1999, App'x 1.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 247, citing Cic. Att., 3.17,2, 4.15.2.
^ Riggsby 2002, p. 123. "The commonly accepted view that the form /Clodius/ was adopted as part of a political stance seems likely to be true, though it is worth nothing that no ancient source makes any such claim".
^ Tatum 1999, p. 248.
^ Crawford 1974, pp. 312–13.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 32; Broughton 1952, p. 545.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 33.
^ Zmeskal 2009, p. 78.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 34–36, noting an unknown mother and believing no verdict can be given between the two major constructions of Shackleton Bailey and Hillard, which posit either a remarriage or an adoption, respectively; Zmeskal 2009, p. 77, noting a Caecilia Metella as mother.
^ Clodius may have prosecuted a Vestal Virgin named Fabia for sexual relations with Catiline in 73 BC. It is not clear, however, whether the passage in Plutarch (Cat. Min., 19.3) occurred in 73 BC or in 61 BC. Catiline was likely not himself prosecuted. Alexander 1990, Trial 167. The scandal may have been fabricated. Gruen 1995, p. 42.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 43–44. "Of Clodius' childhood we know nothing".
^ Chilver & Lintott 2016.
^ a b Broughton 1952, p. 140.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 45; Broughton 1952, p. 140; Chilver & Lintott 2016.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 47–48, citing Plut. Luc. 33–34.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 48–49; Gruen 1995, p. 97.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 50–51; Broughton 1952, p. 148.
^ But see Hillard 2001, p. 190, noting that Dio fails to report Clodius' alleged capture by pirates.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 52.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 53, citing Rosenstein, Nathan (1990). Imperatores victi: military defeat and aristocratic competition in the middle and late Republic. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-33400-7.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 53–55, citing Asc., p. __.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 55; Alexander 1990, Trial 212.
^ Wiseman 1994a, p. 341, 341 n. 77.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 42–43, noting that the charges of incestual relations, although common in invective against Clodius, are broadly not believed by modern scholars nor were they likely believed by Clodius' contemporaries.
^ a b Broughton 1952, p. 164.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 56, also dismissing Ciceronean claims of Clodius' many crimes in the province as invective inconsistent with Cicero's praise of Clodius' supervisor Murena.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 57–58.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 58–59.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 59. "There is nothing to connect Clodius with the conspiracy".
^ Tatum 1999, p. 60, also citing Plut. Caes. 8.3–4.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 64.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 61; Rich 2000.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 64; Chilver & Lintott 2016.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 85–86, suggesting curiosity as a possibility, noting there is no evidence of any affair between Clodius and Caesar's wife, and referencing the possibility it was simply a lark.
^ Rich 2000; Chilver & Lintott 2016.
^ But see Tatum 1999, pp. 72–74, arguing that the senate was not required to act and attributing the tribunal to a clique, possibly led by Lucullus and Hortensius, determined to ruin Clodius.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 74–75.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 76.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 75–79, noting that this blatant vote stuffing may have been of the consul Piso's design.
^ a b Tatum 1999, p. 79.
^ Rundell 1979, p. 304, noting moreover "there is no need to imagine that Clodius held strong ideological views on this pickly issue ".
^ Tatum 1999, p. 80, citing Balsdon, J P V D (1966). "Fabula Clodiana". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 15 (1): 65–73. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434911.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 80, also noting that Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther was a juror and ostentatiously voted to condemn; Alexander 1990, Trial 236.
^ Hillard 2001, p. 190, citing Val. Max., 8.5.5.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 81–82; Alexander 1990, Trial 236.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 82–84, also noting a quip from Quintus Lutatius Catulus that the reason the jurors requested guards was to protect their illicit gains.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 83–84; Hillard 2001, p. 190, "Tatum feels that Crassus may safely be dismissed... I agree" (quotation marks and citations omitted).
^ Tatum 1999, p. 68.
^ Rich 2000.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 87.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 87–88.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 90, citing Cic. Att., 2.1.5, relating Clodius' jibe against Cicero where, when the two were escorting a friend to the forum, Clodius poked Cicero over his relative poverty and inability to pay for gladiatorial games in Sicily.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 95–99.
^ Under Shackleton-Bailey's reconstruction, Celer was Clodius' half-brother; under Hilliard's reconstruction, Celer was Clodius' cousin descended from Clodius' uncle who was adopted into the Metelli. Tatum 1999, p. 34–35.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 96ff., noting that if the last transitio had brought Publius Sulpicius Rufus (the disastrous tribune of 88 BC) to office, that may have engendered a belief that such transitions were divinely disfavoured.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 99–101, also rejecting the story at Dio, 37.51.1–2, that Clodius attempted by law to make patricians eligible to the plebeian tribunate.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 99.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 103–4.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 103–8.
^ Cicero, in De Domo, argued that the adoption was illegal:
Fonteius was younger than Clodius and could not be his adoptive father;
The pontifical college, contra Caesar or some other pontiff alone, did not approve the adoption;
Clodius failed to change his name and adopt Fonteius' family gods;
Bibulus' religious edicts were in effect and shut down public business; and
The comitia curiata was summoned without observing a waiting period in the lex Caecilia Didia.
These arguments were evidently unconvincing to Cicero's contemporaries. Tatum 1999, pp. 104–5. It is likely there were no such age, pontifical approval, or domestic religious requirements. Nor did Bibulus' edicts apply in absentia or the lex Caecilia Didia apply to the comitia curiata. Tatum 1999, pp. 106–7.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 286 n. 113, citing Cic. Att., 2.7.3.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 108–9, p. 286 n. 119, citing Cic. Att., 2.15.2.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 111, citing Cic. Att., 2.22.2.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 111.
^ The affair is mysterious and elusive. Rosenstein 2001. Clodius has been proposed as an instigator, a proposition for which there is no evidence beyond the circumstantial estrangement between Pompey and Cicero. Tatum 1999, p. 112, unfavourably citing Seager, Robin (1965). "Clodius, Pompeius and the exile of Cicero". Latomus. 24 (3): 519–531. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41523235.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 112–13.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 114–17.
^ Wiseman 1994b, p. 377.
^ Verboven 2015.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 117, citing Asc. 6f. C, 75 C; Verboven 2015, citing Asc. Pis., 8.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 118, noting Cic. Pis., 11, calling the enrolment a dilectus servorum (levy of slaves).
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 118–19.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 119.
^ Wiseman 1994b, pp. 377–78.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 119–20.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 124.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 121–22.
^ Wiseman 1994b, p. 379.
^ Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 143, citing Plut. Pomp., 48.5; Vell. Pat., 2.44.5.
^ Drogula 2019, p. 140, citing among others Cic. Vat., 16.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 129 ("it has long been recognised that... the bad omen... must be announced in person"), 131–32; Drogula 2019, p. 140; Morstein-Marx 2021, pp. 139–40 (Bibulus' unsuccessful attempt to invalidate Caesar's legislation in the senate on religious grounds), 142 (Bibulus' withdrawal and continuous announcement of adverse omens), 150–51 (Bibulus' successful framing of Caesar's consulship as a violation of republican collegial norms), 184 ("obnuntiation had to be performed in person, not by edict").
^ Tatum 1999, p. 125, citing a series of implausible claims from Cicero about what Clodius' augural law did.
^ Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 187, citing Cic. Vat., 17.
^ Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 187, citing Tatum 1999, pp. 125–33 as "lucid and persuasive"; Wiseman 1994b, p. 378, "Bibulus' tactics to be outlawed, in effect".
^ Morstein-Marx 2021, pp. 187–88; Tatum 1999, pp. 132–33.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 132.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 133.
^ Wiseman 1994b, p. 378.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 134 (noting that tribunes in 64 BC successfully conspired to obstruct the census such that they could not be expelled), 135 (warning that interpreting Clodius' censorial law as an insurance policy against the censors "imports parti pris assumptions about Clodius' plans from the start of his tribunician career").
^ Tatum 1999, p. 134.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 135, citing Cic. Sest., 55.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 136–37, noting also that the augural and censorial bills would have been popular in the senate and therefore Ninnius would have made no friends by exercising his veto.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 137–39.
^ Wiseman 1994b, p. 378, "There was no opposition on 1 January, and three days later the four bills were made law".
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 140–42, noting "it goes too far... to assume that Clodius' restoration of was inspired by a calculated design to transform them into his private army... was not that perspicacious".
^ Tatum 1999, p. 153–54.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 154–55.
^ Millar 1998, p. 136–37, citing Cic. Dom., 54.
^ Drogula 2019, pp. 158–60; Tatum 1999, pp. 121–22, 155.
^ Drogula 2019, p. 159, citing Cic. Dom., 22; Sest., 60; see also Plut. Cat. Min., 34.1–2; Dio., 38.30.5.
^ Rundell 1979, pp. 316, noting " gives only the feeblest of excuses for Cato's compliance... these are lame arguments... the Ciceronean version... obscures, and is designed to obscure, the complexity of the actual events".
^ Drogula 2019, pp. 159–60, citing Tatum 1999, pp. 155–56.
^ Rundell 1979, p. 306, noting "Clodius... had the sense to limit his attacks to ... the senate en bloc was not under fire... seemed content to let the people have their scapegoat".
^ Tatum 1999, p. 156; Morstein-Marx 2021, pp. 193–94, noting also that Caesar objected to the ex post facto operation of Clodius' bill and hypothesising that Caesar wanted to make Cicero a client.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 156–57.
^ Gruen 1995, p. 99.
^ Hillard 2001, p. 191.
^ Hillard 2001, pp. 191–92; Tatum 1999, p. 167.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 168–69.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 169.
^ Berry 2008, p. 262 n. 18, citing Cic. Mil., 18, identifying Marcus Papirius as the victim.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 170.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 171.
^ Hillard 2001, p. 192.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 170–71.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 174–75.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 176–77.
^ a b Tatum 1999, p. 178.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 179.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 180.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 181–84.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 184.
^ Millar 1998, pp. 154–55.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 186–87.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 191–92.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 192–93.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 194.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 194–96.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 197.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 197–98.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 198–99.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 200.
^ The senate debated the topic on 13 January 56 BC:
The senate voted overwhelmingly against use of military force.
Publius Servilius Isauricus proposed not restoring Ptolemy XII.
Bibulus proposed sending three senators without imperium to mediate (excluding Pompey).
Crassus proposed sending three senators with imperium to mediate.
Quintus Hortensius, Cicero, and Marcus Lucullus proposed sending Lentulus Spinther.
Lucius Volcacius Tullus, supported by Lucius Afranius and Pompey's allies, proposed sending Pompey.
Bibulus' proposal was defeated. Hortensius' proposal was vetoed. Delayed into February, Gaius Cato proposed recalling Spinther; Lucius Caninius Gallus proposed sending Pompey; Clodius' supporters then proposed sending Crassus. Marcellinus, as consul, put all tribunician proposals on hold by declaring public holidays; Gaius Cato threatened to veto the elections. Eventually, Isauricus' proposal received senatorial approval, but was then vetoed. Wiseman 1994b, p. 392
^ Tatum 1999, p. 201–2; Alexander 1990, Trial 266.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 204.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 206–7, believing Publius Vatinius' claim that the prosecution, which praised Milo to blacken Sestius, was praevaricatio.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 206.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 207–8, 213–15.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 211.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 215–19.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 220–21.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 222–23.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 224–25.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 227, noting "on balance, then, it seem best to accept Badian's explanation... that in 54 Clodius was beginning to position himself for the praetorian elections to be held in 53 for the year 52"; Morrell 2023, passim.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 228–30; Alexander 1990, Trials 283, 285–86.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 230–31, citing Val. Max. 4.2.5.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 231–32, citing Cic. Att., 4.17.2, Cic. QFr., 3.1.16.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 232.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 231, 233, noting Appius "cooperated with the Sardinians in encouraing repetundae proceedings against Scaurus" and that Clodius criticised his brother during his defence speech.
^ Broughton 1952, p. 227–28; Tatum 1999, pp. 233–34.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 234, citing Cic. Mil., 88ff.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 236–37, noting the idea was not novel: Sulpicius and Cinna had passed such laws before they were annulled by Sulla, Gaius Manilius as tribune in 66 similarly had brought such legislation, ancestral Claudians – censors Appius Claudius Caecus (312–8 BC) and Gaius Claudius Pulcher (169 BC) – had also supported redistributing the freedmen.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 238–39, citing Loposzko, T (1978–79). "Gesetzentwürfe betreffs der Sklaven im Jahre 53 v.u.Z.". Index. 8: 158–66.
^ Milo, if successful in his consular canvass, would have been able to interfere in Clodius' election as praetor; even if elected, Milo's consular imperium would have limited Clodius' freedom of action. Ramsey 2016, p. 300 n. 6; Berry 2008, p. 164.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 234, noting that Pompey had opposed Milo's electoral efforts since 54 BC and citing Cic. QFr., 3.6(8).6.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 235–36, citing Asc., p. 48C, Cic. Mil., 40–43, Cic. Phil. 2.21, 2.49.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 236; Ramsey 2016, p. 299.
^ Ramsey 2016, pp. 299, 313, citing Asc. 31C.9–12; Gruen 1995, p. 152.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 239.
^ Berry 2008, pp. 162–63.
^ Ramsey 2016, p. 300; Gruen 1995, p. 152.
^ Berry 2008, p. 164, citing Asc., p. 34C.
^ a b Berry 2008, p. 164.
^ Berry 2008, pp. 164–65.
^ Berry 2008, p. 165, citing Asc., p. 54C.
^ Berry 2008, p. 165, citing Asc., p. 34–35C.
^ Citing Asc., p. 41C, Tempest, Kathryn (2017). Brutus: the noble conspirator. Yale University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-300-18009-1. OCLC 982651923. Brutus also opposed the idea of Pompey being appointed dictator, a proposal floated in the chaos following Clodius' death. Tempest 2017, p. 50.
^ Berry 2008, p. 166.
^ Ramsey 2016, p. 301, contra Dio 40.49.3 and citing Asc., p. 33C.10–12.
^ Ramsey 2016, p. 302, citing App. BCiv., 2.22.82–83; Asc., p. 34C.5–6.
^ Ramsey 2016, pp. 304–5.
^ Berry 2008, p. 165.
^ Berry 2008, p. 166, noting that further charges were bought under the Pompeian electoral corruption law and Crassus' law against illegal associations.
^ Tatum 1999, p. 241.
^ Millar 1998, p. 183, noting that the senate condemned as contra rem pulicam three things: the death of Clodius, the burning of the curia, and the attack on interrex Lepidus' house.
^ Berry 2008, p. 167, citing Asc., p. 41–42C; Plut. Cic., 35; Dio, 40.54.2.
^ Alexander 1990, Trials 306, 309–12.
^ Berry 2008, p. 168; Tatum 1999, p. 241.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 241–42, also noting Cicero's exclamation in fury to his friend Atticus: "That my own son-in-law should propose this or debt cancellation!". Cic. Att., 11.23.3.
^ Rundell 1979, pp. 325–26, noting "one would think reading Cicero that Clodius was the first... to use violence for political ends clearly this is nonsense" and citing Sulpicius' tribunate in 88 BC as well as Clodius' defeat by Milo's more organised forces.
^ Tatum 1999, pp. 244–45.
^ a b Rundell 1979, pp. 301–2.
^ Gruen 1966, p. 120 n. 1.
^ a b Tatum 1999, p. ix.
^ Tatum 1999, p. x, citing Gruen 1966.
^ Rundell 1979, p. 302.
^ Broughton 1952, p. 148.
^ Broughton 1952, pp. 180, 184.
^ "P. Clodius (48) Ap. f. Pal. Pulcher". Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
^ Broughton 1952, pp. 195–96.
^ Broughton 1952, p. 208.
^ a b Zmeskal 2009, p. 76.
^ Zmeskal 2009, p. 76, citing Tatum, W Jeffrey (1991). "The marriage of Pompey's son to the daughter of Ap Claudius Pulcher". Klio. 73: 122–29.
^ a b Zmeskal 2009, p. 77.
^ Zmeskal 2009, pp. 75–76.
^ McDermott 1970, p. 40, noting "The wife of Rex was certainly the oldest".
^ a b Zmeskal 2009, p. 75.
^ Zmeskal 2009, pp. 77–78.
^ Zmeskal 2009, p. 78–79.
Bibliography
Modern sources
Alexander, Michael Charles (1990). Trials in the late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5787-X. OCLC 41156621.
Berry, Dominic (2008) . "Pro Milone, Introduction". Cicero: Defence speeches. Oxford World Classics (Reissued with corrections ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 162–82. ISBN 978-0-19-953790-7.
Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
Chilver, Guy Edward Farquhar; Lintott, Andrew (7 March 2016). Clodius Pulcher, Publius. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.
Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). Roman republican coinage. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07492-4.
Crook, John; et al., eds. (1994). The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.
Wiseman, T P (1994a). "The senate and the populares, 69–60 BC". In CAH2 9 (1994), pp. 327–67.
Wiseman, T P (1994b). "Caesar, Pompey, and Rome, 59–50 BC". In CAH2 9 (1994), pp. 368–423.
Drogula, Fred K (2019). Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-086902-1.
Gruen, Erich S (1966). "P Clodius: instrument or independent agent?". Phoenix. 20 (2): 120–130. doi:10.2307/1086053. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1086053.
Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Hillard, Tom (2001). Phoenix. 55 (1/2): 189–193. doi:10.2307/1089042. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1089042.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Lintott, A W (1967). "P Clodius Pulcher – "Felix Catilina?"". Greece and Rome. 14 (2): 157–169. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642452.
McDermott, William C (1970). "The sisters of P Clodius". Phoenix. 24 (1): 39–47. doi:10.2307/1087402. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1087402.
Millar, Fergus (1998). The crowd in Rome in the late republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10892-3.
Morrell, Kit (2023). "P Clodius Pulcher and the praetorship that never was". Historia. 72 (1): 29–57. doi:10.25162/historia-2023-0002. ISSN 0018-2311.
Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman people. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962.
Ramsey, John T (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made sole consul in 52 BC?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (3): 298–324. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019234.
Rich, John (2000). "Review of "The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher"". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
Riggsby, Andrew M (2002). "Clodius / Claudius". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 51 (1): 117–123. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4436643.
Rosenstein, Nathan (2001). American Journal of Philology. 122 (4): 592–596. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 1561827.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Rundell, W M F (1979). "Cicero and Clodius: the question of credibility". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 28 (3): 301–328. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435679.
Tatum, W Jeffrey (1999). The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher. Studies in the history of Greece and Rome (Paperback ed.). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-7206-2. LCCN 98-37096.
Verboven, Koenraad (22 December 2015). "associations, Roman". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1695. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
Zmeskal, Klaus (2009). Adfinitas (in German). Vol. 1. Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz. ISBN 978-3-88849-304-1.
Ancient sources
Asconius (1907). Clark, Albert Curtis (ed.). Orationum Ciceronis quinque enarratio (in Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press – via HathiTrust.
Cicero. Epistulae ad Atticum .
Cicero. Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem .
Cicero. Pro Milone .
Further reading
Benner, Herbert (1987). Die Politik des P Clodius Pulcher (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-04672-5.
Fezzi, Luca (2008). Il tribuno Clodio. Biblioteca essenziale Laterza (in Italian). Roma: Laterza. ISBN 978-88-420-8715-1.
Fröhlich, Franz (1900). "Clodius 48" . Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. IV, 1. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 82–88 – via Wikisource.
Moreau, Philippe (1982). Clodiana religio: un procès politique en 61 av. J.-C. Collection d'études anciennes (in French). Paris: Les belles lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-33103-4.
Nippel, Wilfried (2000). "Publius Clodius Pulcher – "der Achill der Straße"". In Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim; Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (eds.). Von Romulus zu Augustus: Grosse Gestalten der römischen Republik (in German). München: C H Beck. pp. 279–91. ISBN 978-3-406-46697-7.
Vanderbroeck, Paul J J (1987). Popular leadership and collective behavior in the late Roman republic (ca. 80-50 BC). J C Gieben. ISBN 978-90-5063-001-6.
External links
P. Clodius (48) Ap. f. Pal. Pulcher in the Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
3
4
5
National
Norway
2
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Greece
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199933ChilverLintott2016-1"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"plebeian tribunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian_tribunate"},{"link_name":"gens Claudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_Claudia"},{"link_name":"grain dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_dole"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"censors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_censor"},{"link_name":"Catilinarian conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"curule aedile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curule_aedile"},{"link_name":"Titus Annius Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Annius_Milo"},{"link_name":"Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"praetorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"via Appia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Appia"},{"link_name":"forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum"},{"link_name":"senate house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_Hostilia"},{"link_name":"places where the republic operated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"nobilitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobiles"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar"},{"link_name":"Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Publius Clodius Pulcher (c. 92[1] – 18 January 52 BC) was a Roman politician and demagogue. A noted opponent of Cicero, he was responsible during his plebeian tribunate in 58 BC for a massive expansion of the Roman grain dole as well as Cicero's exile from the city. Leader of one of the political mobs in the 50s, his political tactics – combining connections throughout the oligarchy with mass support from the poor plebs – made him a central player in the politics of the era.Born to the influential patrician gens Claudia, he was embroiled early in his political career in a religious scandal which saw him develop a rivalry with the orator Cicero and become a plebeian in order to be eligible for the plebeian tribunate. He successfully stood as tribune of the plebs for 58 BC and passed six laws to restore Rome's collegia (private guilds and fraternities), expand the grain dole (making it free rather than subsidised while also using those collegia as means for distribution), annex Cyprus to pay for the dole, clarify augural law on religious obstruction, make it more difficult for the censors to expel senators from the senate, and exile Cicero for the unlawful execution of conspirators during the Catilinarian conspiracy.When curule aedile in 56 BC, he feuded with and attempted to prosecute his political enemy, Titus Annius Milo, who controlled a rival set of urban mobs. Starting the year an opponent of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, he and his family reconciled with them to form a political alliance. A few years later in 52 BC, amid renewed political violence and a campaign for the praetorship, Milo and Clodius encountered each other on the via Appia outside Rome, where Clodius was killed. His body, brought back to Rome, was brought to the forum and then cremated in the senate house, causing its destruction by fire.His politics were advanced largely by his cultivation of urban mobs in Rome which, by exercising violent control of the places where the republic operated, furthered his political objectives. These violent tactics, however, were not his only sources of influence: his family connections and nobilitas made him a valuable ally to many parties – including, at various times, Caesar, Cato, and Pompey – in the ad hoc factionalism of the late republic. The older view that Clodius acted as an agent of magnates, such as Caesar or Pompey, is now rejected by scholars; he is now seen as an opportunistic and independent politician.[2]","title":"Publius Clodius Pulcher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiggsby2002117,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Att.|Cic._''Att.'']],_1.12.3,_1.13.3,_1.14.1_inter_alia-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiggsby2002118-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999App'x_1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999247,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Att.|Cic._''Att.'']],_3.17,2,_4.15.2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiggsby2002123._%22The_commonly_accepted_view_that_the_form_/Clodius/_was_adopted_as_part_of_a_political_stance_seems_likely_to_be_true,_though_it_is_worth_nothing_that_no_ancient_source_makes_any_such_claim%22-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999248-8"}],"text":"There are a number of theories relating to Clodius' name: especially how it was spelt \"Clodius\" rather than \"Claudius\". His use of \"Clodius\" predates his plebeian adoption.[3] Nor did the o-form denote plebeian or patrician status, since Clodius' patrician sisters also used the o-form in correspondence.[4] Moreover, Clodius' uncle may have used the o-form of the name in the 90s BC, as did his elder brother Gaius as documented in Cicero.[5][6]There is no ancient evidence of the common supposition that Clodius spelt his name with \"o\" instead of \"au\" to ingratiate himself with the urban plebs.[7] W Jeffrey Tatum, in the 1999 book The patrician tribune, also notes that Roman politicians did not benefit from reducing social distance between themselves and the plebs: rather, the plebs valued champions who were more noble since that made their causes seem more respectable.[8]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_coin,_Republican_denarius_(Ap._Claudius_et_al.)_(FindID_181800).jpg"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_79_BC)"},{"link_name":"Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974312%E2%80%9313-9"},{"link_name":"gens Claudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_Claudia"},{"link_name":"founding of the republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Attus Clausus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Sabinus_Regillensis"},{"link_name":"branch of the family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirps"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Caecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caecus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199932Broughton1952545-10"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_79_BC)"},{"link_name":"Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla"},{"link_name":"proconsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199933-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200978-12"},{"link_name":"eldest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodia_Metelli"},{"link_name":"Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Celer"},{"link_name":"Lucius Licinius Lucullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullus"},{"link_name":"Quintus Marcius Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Rex_(consul_68_BC)"},{"link_name":"Celer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metellus_Celer"},{"link_name":"Nepos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Nepos_(consul_57_BC)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199934%E2%80%9336,_noting_an_unknown_mother_and_believing_no_verdict_can_be_given_between_the_two_major_constructions_of_Shackleton_Bailey_and_Hillard,_which_posit_either_a_remarriage_or_an_adoption,_respectivelyZmeskal200977,_noting_a_Caecilia_Metella_as_mother-13"}],"text":"Denarius attributed to, among others, Appius Claudius Pulcher, Clodius' father, minted in 111 or 110 BC. It depicts a helmeted Roma on the obverse with Victory leading a three-horse chariot (triga).[9]Clodius was born to the patrician gens Claudia. His branch traced its ancestry to shortly after the founding of the republic, with its ancestral patriarch Attus Clausus holding a consulship in 495 BC. The Claudii Pulchri, the branch of the family from which Clodius hailed, descended from Appius Claudius Caecus (censor in 312 BC).[10]Clodius' father, Appius Claudius Pulcher, was consul in 79 BC and a supporter of Sulla. Shortly after he became proconsul of Macedonia in 77 BC, he died, leaving three sons. The youngest of these sons was Publius Clodius; his two elder brothers were Appius and Gaius.[11] He also had three sisters all named Clodia:[12] the eldest was the wife of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer; the second daughter wed Lucius Licinius Lucullus; the third wed Quintus Marcius Rex. The identity of Clodius' mother is disputed, as is the precise relationship between the sons of father Appius and the two Metelli (Celer and Nepos).[13]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_detail_of_Catilina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catilinarian conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Cicero_(1st-cent._BC)_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Capitoline Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Museums"},{"link_name":"Lucius Licinius Murena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Murena_(consul_62_BC)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lucullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199943%E2%80%9344._%22Of_Clodius'_childhood_we_know_nothing%22-15"},{"link_name":"Third Mithridatic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilverLintott2016-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952140-17"},{"link_name":"Nisbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisbis"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199945Broughton1952140ChilverLintott2016-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199947%E2%80%9348,_citing_Plut._''Luc.''_33%E2%80%9334-19"},{"link_name":"proconsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Quintus Marcius Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Rex_(consul_68_BC)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199948%E2%80%9349Gruen199597-20"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"pan-Mediterranean anti-pirate campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Gabinia_de_piratis_persequendis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199950%E2%80%9351Broughton1952148-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Philip II Philoromaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199952-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lucius Sergius Catilina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catiline"},{"link_name":"praevaricatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/praevaricatio"},{"link_name":"Asconius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asconius_Pedianus"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199953%E2%80%9355,_citing_[[#CITEREFAsc.|Asc.]],_p._-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199955Alexander1990Trial_212-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1994a341,_341_n._77-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199942%E2%80%9343,_noting_that_the_charges_of_incestual_relations,_although_common_in_invective_against_Clodius,_are_broadly_not_believed_by_modern_scholars_nor_were_they_likely_believed_by_Clodius'_contemporaries-28"},{"link_name":"military tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribune"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952164-29"},{"link_name":"Lucius Licnius Murena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Murena_(consul_62_BC)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199956,_also_dismissing_Ciceronean_claims_of_Clodius'_many_crimes_in_the_province_as_invective_inconsistent_with_Cicero's_praise_of_Clodius'_supervisor_Murena-30"},{"link_name":"comitia centuriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitia_centuriata"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199957%E2%80%9358-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199958%E2%80%9359-32"},{"link_name":"Catilinarian conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199959._%22There_is_nothing_to_connect_Clodius_with_the_[Catilinarian]_conspiracy%22-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199960,_also_citing_Plut._''Caes.''_8.3%E2%80%934-34"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Fictitious portrait of Catiline, the leader of the Catilinarian conspiracy, in the painting Cicero denounces Catiline in the Roman senate by Cesare Maccari (19th century)Portrait of Cicero from the 1st century AD, currently in the Capitoline Museums. Clodius likely supported Lucius Licinius Murena and Cicero during the crisis.Clodius first concretely[14] enters the historical record serving under Lucullus,[15] his brother-in-law, during the Third Mithridatic War.[16] T R S Broughton, in Magistrates of the Roman republic places him possibly as a legate under Lucullus in 68 BC.[17] During that year, he encouraged soldiers to mutiny when wintering at Nisbis in Armenia.[18] Per Plutarch, he likely acted on personal motives, rather than as part of a Pompeian plot.[19] The next year, he transferred to serve under the proconsul of Cilicia, Quintus Marcius Rex, who was also Clodius' brother-in-law.[20] In command of the fleet as a prefect, he was defeated and captured. Appealing to Ptolemy, the king of Cyprus, he was ransomed from the pirates or otherwise released as a gesture of good will shortly before Pompey's pan-Mediterranean anti-pirate campaign; Clodius, after his release, reassumed command under Pompey though formally attached to Marcius.[21][22] He also served in a mission to support the Roman client king of Syria, Philip II Philoromaeus, but was unsuccessful.[23] Exploiting his familial connections to put himself in military positions, his military career was broadly unsuccessful. However, this proved of little consequence politically as Romans usually believed that aristocrats were inherently competent at military affairs.[24]On Clodius' return to Rome, in 65 BC, he started an unsuccessful prosecution of Lucius Sergius Catilina. While Clodius' bête noire Cicero later claimed that Clodius cooperated with Catiline to make an incompetent prosecution (a crime called praevaricatio), there is little contemporary evidence thereof. The more unbiased source Asconius, in commentaries on Cicero, dismissed the accusation; more recent historians have largely concurred.[25] Catiline's acquittal is sufficiently explained by bribery and deference by the jury to his many consular allies.[26] Around the same time, Clodius also threatened Lucullus with prosecution. Lucullus responded by divorcing his wife Clodia with humiliating public allegations that she engaged in incest with Clodius. The prosecution was shortly thereafter dropped.[27][28]Clodius was possibly elected as military tribune for 64 BC.[29] Whether military tribune or not, he served that year on the staff of then-praetor Lucius Licnius Murena who was proconsul of Transalpine Gaul in 64 BC. Nothing concrete is known of Clodius' activities there.[30] When the two returned to Rome in 63 BC, Clodius was involved in Murena's campaign for the consulship and likely helped distribute bribes to voters in the comitia centuriata.[31] At the ensuing trial of Murena that year, Cicero in Pro Murena may have defended Clodius' role in Murena's campaign[32] and there is no evidence at all that Clodius was involved in the Catilinarian conspiracy that year.[33] Clodius' support for Murena and his connection with Quintus Marcius Rex – who was assigned a command in Italy to suppress Catiline's revolt – indicates that he was likely an opponent of the conspirators.[34]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bona_Dea_Marble_Statue_with_Epigraph.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bona Dea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_Dea"},{"link_name":"Bona Dea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_Dea"},{"link_name":"quaestorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestorship"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199964-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199961Rich2000-36"},{"link_name":"Bona Dea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_Dea"},{"link_name":"pontifex maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifex_maximus"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199964ChilverLintott2016-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199985%E2%80%9386,_suggesting_curiosity_as_a_possibility,_noting_there_is_no_evidence_of_any_affair_between_Clodius_and_Caesar's_wife,_and_referencing_the_possibility_it_was_simply_a_lark-38"},{"link_name":"senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"pontifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifices"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2000ChilverLintott2016-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"Vestal Virgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestal_Virgin"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199974%E2%80%9375-41"},{"link_name":"Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Pupius_Piso_Frugi_Calpurnianus"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fufius Calenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fufius_Calenus"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199976-42"},{"link_name":"Gaius Scribonius Curio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(tribune_50_BC)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199975%E2%80%9379,_noting_that_this_blatant_vote_stuffing_may_have_been_of_the_consul_Piso's_design-43"},{"link_name":"Curio's homonymous father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(consul_76_BC)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199979-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundell1979304,_noting_moreover_%22there_is_no_need_to_imagine_that_Clodius_held_strong_ideological_views_on_this_pickly_issue_[the_execution_of_the_Catilinarian_conspirators]%22-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199979-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Crus"},{"link_name":"Cornelii Lentuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelii_Lentuli"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199980,_also_noting_that_[[Publius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Spinther]]_was_a_juror_and_ostentatiously_voted_to_condemnAlexander1990Trial_236-47"},{"link_name":"Aurelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)"},{"link_name":"Interamna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interamna_Lirenas"},{"link_name":"Valerius Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus"},{"link_name":"defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_defence"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillard2001190,_citing_Val._Max.,_8.5.5-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199981%E2%80%9382Alexander1990Trial_236-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199982%E2%80%9384,_also_noting_a_quip_from_[[Quintus_Lutatius_Catulus_Capitolinus|Quintus_Lutatius_Catulus]]_that_the_reason_the_jurors_requested_guards_was_to_protect_their_illicit_gains-50"},{"link_name":"Marcus Licinius Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199983%E2%80%9384Hillard2001190,_%22Tatum_feels_that_Crassus_may_safely_be_dismissed..._I_agree%22_(quotation_marks_and_citations_omitted)-51"},{"link_name":"Pompeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199968-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2000-53"}],"sub_title":"Bona Dea affair","text":"Statue of Bona Dea, the goddess whose rites in the pontifex maximus' house Clodius infiltratedSee also: Bona DeaThe next year, in 62 BC, Clodius stood successfully for the quaestorship.[35] Up to this point, Clodius' career was largely conventional.[36] Prior, however, to his taking office, he was involved in a scandal where some time in December 62 BC he infiltrated the female-only secret rites of the Bona Dea in the house of the pontifex maximus, Julius Caesar.[37] His motives for this are unclear and muddled by invective.[38] The sacrilege was initially ignored. Around six months passed before a meeting of the senate in May forced the matter to be brought to the pontifices who declared it sacrilegious; the senate, following religious law, then dutifully set up a tribunal.[39][40] To that end, the senate advised the consuls to pass a law to establish a special tribunal to prosecute Clodius for the crime of incestum; the crime, which normally covered only incest and sexual relations with Vestal Virgins, was here extended to include Clodius' sacrilege in a loose analogy with an assault on the Vestal's chastity. To signal its importance, the senate also shut down public business until the people ratified the tribunal.[41]Clodius had two allies: one of the consuls, Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus, and one of the plebeian tribunes, Quintus Fufius Calenus. They argued that the law, by appointing jurors via the urban praetor rather than by lot, violated due process and constituted an illegal senatorial usurpation of the jurors' roles.[42] Piso, as the formal proposer, opposed his own law in speeches and by shenanigans: with a mob led by Clodius' ally Gaius Scribonius Curio, Piso and his supporters seized the voting stalls and then handed out only negative ballots.[43] After a motion in the senate to repeal the decree to establish the tribunal, brought by Curio's homonymous father (who had been consul in 76 BC), failed 400–15,[44][45] Clodius and his allies took to the streets. Amid orations connecting the senate's tribunal to Cicero's illegal execution of citizens just a few months earlier during the Catilinarian conspiracy,[44] those supporting the bill eventually accepted selection by lot. Two motions dividing the matters in the senate – first whether a tribunal should be established and second whether it should have its jury appointed by the praetor – were brought. The first motion passed; the second was defeated; and a new bill, brought by tribune Fufius with the jury selected by lot, then passed in the assembly.[46]The prosecution at the trial was led by Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus – joined by other Cornelii Lentuli arrayed in an alliance against Clodius – and the main advocate for the defence was Curio's father who had been consul in 76 BC.[47] While the trial is not well documented, Clodius is alleged to have obstructed interrogation of his slaves by selling them to his brother or moving them to Gaul. Character witnesses, including Lucullus, attacked Clodius' character. Julius Caesar's mother and sister (Aurelia and Julia) testified to Clodius' presence. Curio produced a resident of the town Interamna, who swore that Clodius was not present in Rome during the rites. Cicero contradicted this alibi, which according to Valerius Maximus was Clodius' only defence; this testimony under oath became the root of the enmity between Clodius and Cicero.[48] Worried about violence against the jurors, the senate decreed their protection. However, after the jurors voted 31 to 25 to acquit, the decision was immediately condemned as a product of bribery.[49]If bribes were paid, the monies were provided by Clodius, who Cicero later claimed had almost bankrupted himself in paying them.[50] While Marcus Licinius Crassus has been suggested as bankrolling Clodius' bribes, many scholars believe there is insufficient evidence to prove or disprove his involvement.[51] Julius Caesar divorced his wife Pompeia in the aftermath of the trial, skilfully avoiding offending Clodius and ridding himself of the matter.[52] Scholars are divided as to whether Clodius was involved in an affair with Pompeia: W Jeffrey Tatum rejects it as an unnecessary elaboration while John W Rich believes Caesar's divorce indicates uncertainty as to her complicity.[53]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199987-54"},{"link_name":"quaestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199987%E2%80%9388-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199990,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Att.|Cic._''Att.'']],_2.1.5,_relating_Clodius'_jibe_against_Cicero_where,_when_the_two_were_escorting_a_friend_to_the_forum,_Clodius_poked_Cicero_over_his_relative_poverty_and_inability_to_pay_for_gladiatorial_games_in_Sicily-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199995%E2%80%9399-57"},{"link_name":"Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Celer"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199996ff.,_noting_that_if_the_last_transitio_had_brought_[[Publius_Sulpicius_Rufus]]_(the_disastrous_tribune_of_88_BC)_to_office,_that_may_have_engendered_a_belief_that_such_transitions_were_divinely_disfavoured-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199999%E2%80%93101,_also_rejecting_the_story_at_Dio,_37.51.1%E2%80%932,_that_Clodius_attempted_by_law_to_make_patricians_eligible_to_the_plebeian_tribunate-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum199999-61"},{"link_name":"Gaius Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Calpurnius_Bibulus"},{"link_name":"political alliance between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999103%E2%80%934-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999103%E2%80%938-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"lex Vatinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Vatinia"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy XII Auletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999286_n._113,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Att.|Cic._''Att.'']],_2.7.3-65"},{"link_name":"Curio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(tribune_50_BC)"},{"link_name":"Metellus Nepos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Nepos_(consul_57_BC)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999108%E2%80%939,_p._286_n._119,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Att.|Cic._''Att.'']],_2.15.2-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999111,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Att.|Cic._''Att.'']],_2.22.2-67"}],"sub_title":"Transitio ad plebem","text":"The Bona Dea affair damaged Clodius' political aspirations.[54] He expected to accompany the consul Piso on the latter's proconsular governorship of Syria as quaestor; the senate, showing its anger at Piso and Clodius, revoked Piso's assignment.[55] Clodius eventually was assigned to a quaestorian post in Sicily under its propraetor, Gaius Vergilius Balbus, and he returned to Rome by June 60 BC after a short tour of duty.[56] After the affair Clodius started plans to become a plebeian so to stand for the plebeian tribunate (patricians were ineligible).[57] He attempted to effect the transfer through three serial schemes.The first was the passage of legislation in the centuriate assembly which would reassign him to the plebs. Two of his political allies brought legislation in 60 BC to that effect on his behalf: Gaius Herrenius, then plebeian tribune, and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer, then consul.[58] However, both bills stalled under vetos from the other plebeian tribunes, likely on political or religious grounds.[59] On his return to the city, Clodius then underwent a sacrorum detestatio on 24 May 60 BC, a poorly understood religious rite before the comitia calata. Clodius evidently believed that this rite was sufficient to render him a plebeian; Metellus Celer, the consul, disagreed strenuously and that consular opinion was ratified by the senate after a debate in early June, ending this attempt as well.[60]Clodius initially opposed the strategy of having himself adopted by a plebeian and then immediately liberated from his adoptive father.[61] But the next year, 59 BC, during the consulship of Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, an opportunity arose. After a forensic speech by Cicero which included attacks on the political alliance between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, Caesar and Pompey immediately arranged a session of the comitia curiata to approve Clodius' adoption and emancipation by one Publius Fonteius (a 20 year old man who was younger than Clodius).[62] After this political stunt from Caesar and Pompey, Cicero, suitably intimidated, withdrew to his Italian villa. With religious objections nullified by Caesar and Pompey, who were respectively pontifex maximus and augur, Clodius became plebeian and shortly thereafter stood for the plebeian tribunate.[63][64]In the aftermath of the adoption, Clodius supported Caesar and Pompey. He spoke in favour of the lex Vatinia which appointed Caesar to his Gallic command in April; he also anticipated appointment either to Caesar's land commission or to an embassy to Ptolemy XII Auletes.[65] When neither appointment was forthcoming, Clodius broke with his erstwhile benefactors. Seizing on their unpopularity due to their violent political tactics, Clodius declared his opposition to Caesar. Caesar attempted to rescind the adoption to prevent Clodius' tribunician election but this carried no weight; senators, even including Cicero, were pleased to see Clodius – along with Clodius' friends Curio and Metellus Nepos – draw up against Caesar.[66] Clodius also started to move against his bête noire Cicero, but Pompey, who still maintained good relations with Clodius, interceded on Cicero's behalf.[67]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999111-68"},{"link_name":"Vettius affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vettius_affair"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Lucius Calpurnius Piso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_58_BC)"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gabinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999112%E2%80%9313-70"}],"text":"At the tribunician elections of summer 59 BC (for terms from December 59 to 58), Clodius was easily successful.[68] Between the election and the start of his term in December, the Vettius affair saw an estrangement between Pompey and Cicero;[69] the later consular elections also saw the election of two consuls: Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Caesar's father-in-law, and Aulus Gabinius, a longtime friend of Pompey. Clodius responded by changing tact again and, in support of Caesar and Pompey, vetoed Bibulus' customary speech when leaving the consulship.[70]","title":"Tribunate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999114%E2%80%9317-71"},{"link_name":"put before the people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1994b377-72"},{"link_name":"pedarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbencher"}],"sub_title":"Clodius' legislative programme","text":"On the first day of his term as tribune, 10 December 59 BC, he announced four major pieces of legislation. Their extent and breadth indicated they had been workshopped for some time, probably starting in July 59 BC. They were the lex Clodia de collegiis, lex Clodia frumentaria, lex Clodia de obnuntiatione, and lex Clodia de censoria notione.[71] They were to be put before the people in the new year, January 58 BC.[72] As a whole, the legislation produced for Clodius a broadly popular base of support while also securing the support of many senators, especially the numerous but not-individually-influential pedarii.","title":"Tribunate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerboven2015-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999118,_noting_Cic._''Pis.'',_11,_calling_the_enrolment_a_''dilectus_servorum''_(levy_of_slaves)-75"},{"link_name":"Sextus Cloelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sextus_Cloelius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999118%E2%80%9319-76"}],"sub_title":"Clodius' legislative programme - Collegial law","text":"The senate had prohibited a number of colleges (Latin: collegia) which included both professional associations as well as religious organisations.[73] A few of these organisations – \"it is no longer reasonable to conclude that all but a few... were made illegal\" – were banned in 64 BC by a senatorial decree.[74] These colleges were revived by Clodius' law and, by enrolment in a centralised recording of the whole city's colleges, sanctioned by the state.[75] Reviving the colleges also allowed men like Clodius and his associate Sextus Cloelius to serve as financial patrons and cultivate connections with the urban masses.[76]","title":"Tribunate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cura annonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura_annonae"},{"link_name":"Gaius Gracchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999119-77"},{"link_name":"modii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Dry_measure"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1994b377%E2%80%9378-78"},{"link_name":"Marcus Porcius Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999119%E2%80%9320-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999124-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999121%E2%80%9322-81"},{"link_name":"Brogitarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogitarus"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1994b379-82"}],"sub_title":"Clodius' legislative programme - Grain law","text":"See also: Cura annonaeClodius also used the opportunity to greatly expand the grain dole. Instead of importing corn and selling it at a subsidised rate, as introduced by Gaius Gracchus,[77] the ration of five modii would now be free for citizens at Rome.[78] The responsibility of getting this grain to Rome was largely delegated to provincial magistrates and the expense of it imposed a heavy burden on state finances, expanding on the already expensive provisions of Marcus Porcius Cato's enlarged grain dole in 62 BC.[79]The colleges reestablished in Clodius' first law may have played a role in distributing this grain, since it enrolled people eligible to receive this grain into various districts in Rome.[80] Regardless, the free food guaranteed by the law won Clodius enduring support among the urban poor. Its burdens on the treasury, however, were huge: the senate decreed a special minting of coins just to pay for that year's expenses.[81] Clodius also found it possible to raise more money from the provinces, passing a law taking payment from Brogitarus of Galatia and certain Byzantine exiles to restore their statuses in their home countries; bills restoring these men would be passed through the year. More money was also to be raised from the Ptolemaic kingdom in Cyprus, which Clodius ordered seized and annexed. He initially had annexation assigned to the existing province of Cilicia: whoever would be appointed to that open proconsulship would find themselves with an extremely profitable remit.[82]","title":"Tribunate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Calpurnius_Bibulus"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorstein-Marx2021143,_citing_Plut._''Pomp.'',_48.5;_Vell._Pat.,_2.44.5-83"},{"link_name":"auspices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auspices"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019140,_citing_among_others_Cic._''Vat.'',_16-84"},{"link_name":"lex Aelia et Fufia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Aelia_et_Fufia"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999125,_citing_a_series_of_implausible_claims_from_Cicero_about_what_Clodius'_augural_law_did-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorstein-Marx2021187,_citing_Cic._''Vat.'',_17-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorstein-Marx2021187,_citing_[[#CITEREFTatum1999|Tatum_1999]],_pp. 125%E2%80%9333_as_%22lucid_and_persuasive%22Wiseman1994b378,_%22Bibulus'_tactics_to_be_outlawed,_in_effect%22-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorstein-Marx2021187%E2%80%9388Tatum1999132%E2%80%9333-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999132-90"}],"sub_title":"Clodius' legislative programme - Augural law","text":"In the previous year, Caesar's consular colleague Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus withdrew to his house, probably in May,[83] to obstruct Caesar's legislation by announcing observation of unfavourable auspices.[84] Bibulus continuously announced that he was watching the skies and then sent messages in absentia to other magistrates reporting unfavourable omens. Such unfavourable auspices if properly reported would have stopped the holding of an assembly; because such assemblies were held anyway, Bibulus and his supporters purported such results were invalid. The validity of these obstruction tactics, however, is mostly rejected by scholars, who emphasise not only that the senate at the time dismissed these claims in multiple different debates but also that the lex Aelia et Fufia required that unfavourable omens be reported in person to the presiding official to have effect.[85]Clodius' augural law is not well-developed in the ancient sources.[86] It is, however, generally agreed that Clodius' law did not rise to Cicero's exaggerations, which claimed that the lex Aelia et Fufia were repealed.[87] The law instead targeted the narrow question of whether Bibulus' announcement of unfavourable omens in absentia would be permissible, answering that question negatively.[88] The possible precedent of permitting a magistrate to shut down the government through edicts issued from bed was seen by all, Bibulus' supporters included, as unacceptable: the senate rejected this position in 59 BC, did so again at a debate on Caesar's legislation early in 58, and the people too rejected it by passing this lex Clodia.[89] However, the bill was specifically framed to sidestep the validity of Bibulus' obnuntiations in 59: it would only apply prospectively.[90]","title":"Tribunate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman censors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_censor"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999133-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1994b378-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999134_(noting_that_tribunes_in_64_BC_successfully_conspired_to_obstruct_the_census_such_that_they_could_not_be_expelled),_135_(warning_that_interpreting_Clodius'_censorial_law_as_an_insurance_policy_against_the_censors_%22imports_parti_pris_assumptions_about_Clodius'_plans_from_the_start_of_his_tribunician_career%22)-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999134-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999135,_citing_Cic._''Sest.'',_55-95"}],"sub_title":"Clodius' legislative programme - Censorial law","text":"Roman censors long had powers to remove someone from the senate by omitting that name from the list of senators. Clodius' lex de censoria notione required both censors to agree to remove someone from the senate and give cause with opportunity for a hearing.[91] This limited the possibility that censors strip tribunes of their seats in the senate as a weapon against them.[92][93] Moreover, due to the lenient census in 61 BC, there were likely fears among junior members of the senate – especially those who never held senior magistracies, the pedarii, – that censors might want to trim the senatorial rolls.[94] This legislation, although exaggerated by Cicero into the claim that Clodius abolished the censors, was broadly popular among the numerous but individually-unimportant pedarii.[95]","title":"Tribunate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucius Ninnius Quadratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Ninnius_Quadratus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999136%E2%80%9337,_noting_also_that_the_augural_and_censorial_bills_would_have_been_popular_in_the_senate_and_therefore_Ninnius_would_have_made_no_friends_by_exercising_his_veto-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999137%E2%80%9339-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1994b378,_%22There_was_no_opposition_on_1_January,_and_three_days_later_the_four_bills_were_made_law%22-98"},{"link_name":"Publius Vatinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vatinius"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999140%E2%80%9342,_noting_%22it_goes_too_far..._to_assume_that_Clodius'_restoration_of_[the_collegia]_was_inspired_by_a_calculated_design_to_transform_them_into_his_private_army..._[he]_was_not_that_perspicacious%22-99"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999153%E2%80%9354-100"},{"link_name":"mourning dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga_picta"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999154%E2%80%9355-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1998136%E2%80%9337,_citing_Cic._''Dom.'',_[httpdataperseusorgcitationsurnctslatinLitphi0474phi020perseus-eng154_54]-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019158%E2%80%9360Tatum1999121%E2%80%9322,_155-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019159,_citing_Cic._''Dom.'',_22;_''Sest.'',_60;_see_also_Plut._''Cat._Min.'',_34.1%E2%80%932;_Dio.,_38.30.5-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundell1979316,_noting_%22[Cicero]_gives_only_the_feeblest_of_excuses_for_Cato's_compliance..._these_are_lame_arguments..._the_Ciceronean_version..._obscures,_and_is_designed_to_obscure,_the_complexity_of_the_actual_events%22-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019159%E2%80%9360,_citing_[[#CITEREFTatum1999|Tatum_1999]],_pp._155%E2%80%9356-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundell1979306,_noting_%22Clodius..._had_the_sense_to_limit_his_attacks_to_[Cicero]..._the_senate_''en_bloc''_was_not_under_fire..._[and]_seemed_content_to_let_the_people_have_their_scapegoat%22-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999156Morstein-Marx2021193%E2%80%9394,_noting_also_that_Caesar_objected_to_the_ex_post_facto_operation_of_Clodius'_bill_and_hypothesising_that_Caesar_wanted_to_make_Cicero_a_client-108"},{"link_name":"exiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_attainder"},{"link_name":"Libertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999156%E2%80%9357-109"}],"sub_title":"Passage and exile of Cicero","text":"At the beginning of the year, Cicero announced his opposition and found in one of the tribunes that year – Lucius Ninnius Quadratus – an ally. In Dio's version, Ninnius threatened a veto against all of Clodius' bills; given the impossibility of sustaining a veto against the kind of strong popular support expected for a grain bill, it is more likely Ninnius threatened only Clodius' collegial bill on the grounds that it overturned the considered decision of the senate in 64 BC.[96] However, Clodius reached a deal with Cicero, agreeing not to pursue his feud if Cicero would call Ninnius off. This deal, reached with the support of the senatorial elite, allowed Clodius to push through his four laws on 4 January 58 BC.[97][98]The extent of popular support behind Clodius first became visible when Clodius interceded in the trial of Publius Vatinius, a Caesarian ally in 59 BC and legate recently returned from Gaul. Making his intercession evident, Clodius summoned a mob which entirely disrupted the prosecutorial proceedings, overturned the praetor's benches, and smashed the jury's voting urns. This first instance of popular violence and the role of the colleges in organising may have been a surprise to Clodius – there is little evidence that Clodius intended his collegial law to produce urban mobs at his beck and call – but he quickly came to capitalise on this new tactic.[99] In February, Clodius put forward two further bills. The first would assign to the current consuls, Piso and Gabinius, to the provinces of Macedonia and Syria respectively. The second would reaffirm citizen rights to provocatio and retroactively punish any magistrate who had killed a citizen without trial, along with senators who so advised a magistrate, with exile. The latter law, the lex Clodia de capite civis Romani, was clearly targeted at Cicero.[100] Cicero and his ally Ninnius responded by adopting mourning dress; the senate soon decreed such dress as well. The consuls, however, ignored the decree, prohibited equestrian allies of Cicero from addressing the senate, and supported the bill in public.[101]Clodius put his mobs on Cicero and disrupted his rallies with violence,[102] arousing concern among the senators at large. Clodius defanged this backlash, however, by reassigning the annexation of Cyprus and restoration of Byzantine exiles to Marcus Porcius Cato – who in 63 BC was one of the most forceful supporters of executing the Catilinarian conspirators – with the title pro quaestore pro praetore.[103] Cicero saw this as a ploy to remove Cato from the city and cause him to accept Clodius' adoption and tribunician laws, the traditional judgement among classicists.[104][105] However, other classicists have instead seen the assignment as Clodius negotiating a deal or compromising with Cato and allies – signalling that Clodius had no ill-will against senators who had supported Cicero in 63 BC – therefore isolating Cicero.[106][107] With Cicero rejecting a lifeline from Caesar, who offered to appoint him as one of his legates and thereby give him immunity from prosecution,[108] Cicero withdrew from the city into exile; Clodius immediately passed a lex Clodia de exsilio Ciceronis which exiled the orator, confiscated his house on the Palatine hill to be turned into a shrine to the goddess Libertas, and prohibited the senate or people from recalling the orator.[109]","title":"Tribunate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Venice)_Pompey_the_Great,_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen199599-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillard2001191-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillard2001191%E2%80%9392Tatum1999167-112"},{"link_name":"Deiotarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiotarus"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999168%E2%80%9369-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999169-114"},{"link_name":"prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigranes_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Tigranes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigranes_II"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008262_n._18,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Mil.|Cic._''Mil.'']],_18,_identifying_Marcus_Papirius_as_the_victim-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999170-116"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gabinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius"},{"link_name":"fasces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces"},{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999171-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillard2001192-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999170%E2%80%9371-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999174%E2%80%9375-120"}],"sub_title":"Opposition to Pompey","text":"Clodius at various times supported or opposed Pompey (pictured above). His activities late in his tribunate, however, generated sufficient backlash to place Pompey on firm political ground; Pompey struck back politically the next year, 57 BC.The success of Clodius' four laws provided him huge political support.[110] This support, especially with his inadvertent discovery of mob power at the prosecution of Vatinius, made it possible for him to continue as an independent political agent.[111] Setting himself against Pompey, Clodius moved to advance his support from the senators suspicious of the general.[112] Setting his target on Pompey's eastern settlements, Clodius promulgated a bill to upset Pompey's favour to Deiotarus, tetrarch of Galatia, who Pompey had appointed high priest at Pessinus; removing Deiotarus from the priest, Clodius instead elevated Brogitarus – Deiotarus' son-in-law and ruler of a separate Galatian kingdom – while also declaring Brogitarus a Roman ally.[113] This intervention did not reshape Roman policy in the east, which would have been unacceptable for such a junior magistrate to do. But the senate was happy to see Pompey's decisions unsettled; nor was a veto forthcoming from a tribune would be unable to find support to deny constituents their own popular sovereignty.[114]Clodius also kidnapped a princely hostage that Pompey had taken to Rome. The prince, the homonymous son of Tigranes II of Armenia, was taken by Clodius from the house of one of the praetors and put on a ship to Armenia. Driven back by a storm, a bloody clash between Clodius and the praetor's retinues occurred on the via Appia which saw the praetor's retinue defeated. After the clash, which resulted in at least one fatality,[115] Pompey and Clodius broke politically. Pleased by Pompey's embarrassment, the senate did nothing.[116] Pompey's response to Clodius relied on his ally in the consulship, Aulus Gabinius. But here, Clodius' gangs overreached when they fell on the consul's retinue and destroyed his fasces. With Clodius formally consecrating Gabinius' property to the plebeian goddess Ceres, he clearly approved of his attack on consular authority; this was unacceptable to the political class: \"too severe a threat to public order\";[117] \"a step too far\".[118] Ninnius consecrated Clodius' property in retaliation and on the first day of June brought a bill to recall Cicero from exile that was supported unanimously in the senate but promptly vetoed.[119] Through other men, a movement grew over the next year to lift Cicero's exile, of which Pompey eventually took the head.Later in the year, Clodius also signalled his support for Cato's faction in its continuing fight against Caesar's legislation, arguing publicly that Caesar's laws in 59 were religiously invalid. It is likely he did so in an attempt to induce members of Cato and Bibulus' group to support him in preventing Cicero's return. An event on 11 August 58 BC also saw one of Clodius' slaves confess to having been ordered to assassinate Pompey. Although it is not clear whether this attempt was real, Pompey, who was paranoid of attempts on his life, then shut himself in his villa. Clodius responded by having his gangs menace the villa for the rest of the year. The opposition to Clodius, led by Pompey and Cicero's friends with their leaders either shut in at home or shut out abroad, yet continued to gain ground through the year. Eight of the ten tribunes in October brought a bill to recall Cicero together – it was again vetoed – and eventually the opposition decided to wait Clodius out since his term ended in December.[120]","title":"Tribunate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shifting alliances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Spinther"},{"link_name":"Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Nepos_(consul_57_BC)"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999176%E2%80%9377-121"},{"link_name":"Sextus Atilius Serranus Gavianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Atilius_Serranus_Gavianus"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999178-122"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fabricius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabricius"},{"link_name":"Marcus Cispius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Cispius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quintus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Tullius_Cicero"},{"link_name":"Titus Annius Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Annius_Milo"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999178-122"},{"link_name":"lex Plautia de vi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lex_Plautia_de_vi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999179-123"},{"link_name":"Publius Sestius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Sestius"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999180-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999181%E2%80%9384-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999184-126"},{"link_name":"comitia centuriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitia_centuriata"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1998154%E2%80%9355-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999186%E2%80%9387-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999191%E2%80%9392-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999192%E2%80%9393-130"},{"link_name":"Publius Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Sulla"},{"link_name":"Quintus Hortensius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999194-131"}],"sub_title":"Opposition to recalling Cicero","text":"On 10 December 58 BC, Clodius returned to being a private citizen. Pompey's allies in the tribunate promptly proposed a bill to recall Cicero; eventually, all but two of the tribunes would support the bill. In January 57 BC, the two new consuls – Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos – announced in the senate that they supported or acceded to Cicero's return.[121] Seeing the senate again support Cicero, one of Clodius allies in the tribunate – Sextus Atilius Serranus Gavianus – exercised a veto in the senate which continued through January.[122] When the bill to lift Cicero's exile came to a vote on 23 January 57 BC, two tribunes – Quintus Fabricius and Marcus Cispius – occupied the forum to prevent a veto from being raised. Clodius' gangs, strengthened by gladiators borrowed from his brother, then drove the tribunes from the forum by force; Cicero's brother Quintus, attending to support his brother, narrowly escaped the fighting alive. Another tribune, Titus Annius Milo, had the gladiators arrested and procured confessions, but Serranus had them freed; Milo and Clodius from this point became rivals.[122]The political class unified against the Clodius' violent tactics on 23 January. Milo prosecuted Clodius under the lex Plautia de vi but Clodius' allies in office – Metellus Nepos as consul, Appius Claudius Pulcher as praetor, and one of the tribunes (Sextus Atilius Serranus or Quintus Numerius Rufus) – made it impossible for Clodius to be tried by reserving all days in the calendar for other business.[123] Clodius' tactical superiority in the streets was then lost when further violence against another tribune, Publius Sestius, saw multiple politicians assemble mobs to arm themselves.[124] Pompey, supporting Cicero, canvassed for support across Italy and procured through Spinther a senatorial decree that citizens should to assemble in Rome to vote for Cicero's recall. By the summer, with much of Italy supporting Cicero's recall, Clodius' last remaining tools to oppose the recall were food riots. When the senate voted on lifting Cicero's exile in July, the measure passed 416–1 with Clodius the lone dissenter. Against such overwhelming support, Clodius' allies in the tribunate became unwilling to veto the bill as it proceeded in the senate or the senate's later decree that anyone who blocked the bill would be declared public enemies.[125]On 4 August 57 BC, Clodius attempted to disrupt a public meeting where Quintus Cicero, brought by Pompey, was to speak in favour of lifting his brother's exile. Unsuccessful,[126] the bill passed later that day before the comitia centuriata amid a huge influx of Ciceronean supporters from across Italy.[127] Pompey's victory in recalling Cicero was made more complete when the senate, at Cicero's motion, gave Pompey a command to bring food to Rome to stop the riots. Clodius and Cicero again opposed each other over Cicero's attempt to have his Palatine house restored.[128] Before a pontifical hearing, Clodius and Cicero spoke, with Clodius arguing that removing the shrine to liberty would offend the gods. Cicero argued successfully that Clodius' law to take his house, in failing to explicitly authorise dedication, was null and void. After Cicero's victory before the pontiffs, Clodius first attempted to convince the public that the decree was actually in his favour before attempting to filibuster a senatorial debate on Cicero's house.[129] When the senatorial resolution was vetoed by Serranus after passing almost unanimously, the overwhelming senatorial response convinced Serranus to withdraw his veto. Unsuccessful lawfully, Clodius responded by mobilising his mobs to disrupt construction work on the site as well as harass Cicero, Milo, and others in the streets.[130] Clodius' defeats were, however, largely momentary. He retained the support of eminent men such as Publius Sulla and Quintus Hortensius; the ongoing political battle over the Egyptian command would again bring Clodius into political respectability.[131]","title":"Shifting alliances"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemy_XII,_called_%E2%80%9CAuletes%E2%80%9D_(the_%E2%80%9CFlute_Player%E2%80%9D),_1st_century_BC,_discovered_in_Egypt,_Louvre_Museum_(7462971734).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy XII Auletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes"},{"link_name":"Gaius Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Porcius_Cato_(tribune_56_BC)"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy XII Auletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes"},{"link_name":"Alexandrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999194%E2%80%9396-132"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Lentulus_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"campus Martius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Martius"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999197-133"},{"link_name":"Lucius Caninius Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Caninius_Gallus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Porcius Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Porcius_Cato_(tribune_56_BC)"},{"link_name":"quaestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"Lucius Marcius Philippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Marcius_Philippus_(consul_56_BC)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999197%E2%80%9398-134"}],"sub_title":"Egypt and political return","text":"Ptolemy XII Auletes came to Rome to lobby for his restoration to the Egyptian throne. Clodius joined an anti-Pompeian alliance with Gaius Cato to obstruct Pompey's attempts to secure the Egyptian command.Ptolemy XII Auletes was deposed in 57 BC. He personally pled at Rome for intervention to restore him to the Egyptian throne. An official friend of Rome and massively in debt to many senators, Roman political and economic interests aligned to support such an expedition. Even after Ptolemy tried to have some delegates from the new Alexandrine regime assassinated, Roman support for him remained firm. The senate decreed in September 57 that the consul Spinther, who was shortly be proconsul of Cilicia and Cyprus, should restore Ptolemy; Spinther, supported publicly by Pompey and earnestly by Cicero, left in November to take up his province. The next month, however, saw renewed wrangling over who would lead the Roman response, with Pompey's name floated, probably at his covert insistence. Pompey's enemies in the senate therefore found new use for Clodius' anti-Pompeian agitation.[132]Clodius' enemies, seeing that he would almost certainly win election as aedile and therefore imminently become immune from prosecution, sought to prosecute and convict him quickly for public violence. The consul-designate Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus tried to float a prosecution in the senate but it was filibustered; Titus Milo responded by indicting Clodius and announcing that he would delay elections by obnuntiation until Clodius was prosecuted. The consul Metellus Nepos attempted to hold elections on 19 November, supported by Clodius' gangs, but Milo's gangs won the battle and elections were postponed. The next day, Metellus Nepos attempted to sneak past Milo to the campus Martius so that Milo could not report obnuntiation in person; after Milo caught the consul sneaking on back streets and reported his bad omens, elections were again called off.[133]When the new tribunes came into office on 10 December, Lucius Caninius Gallus promulgated a bill to transfer Spinther's command to Pompey. This placed Clodius' political usefulness back to the fore, especially when Clodius had a friend among the tribunes, Gaius Porcius Cato. The issue of trying Clodius was forcibly dropped around the same time: the quaestors resigned without replacement on 4 December; because they appointed the jury, there could no trial. When Marcellinus, Lucius Marcius Philippus (also consul-elect in 57 BC), and Cicero attempted to have the senate direct the praetor to appoint the jury instead, Clodius' gangs disrupted the meeting. Metellus Nepos also directed as consul that no praetor could constitute a jury without the quaestors, a bar at least until 31 December. Eventually, into the new year with the political threat of Pompey looming, the senate approved elections that returned Clodius as aedile in 56 BC.[134]","title":"Shifting alliances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999198%E2%80%9399-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999200-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999201%E2%80%932Alexander1990Trial_266-138"},{"link_name":"Marcus Claudius Marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(consul_51_BC)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999204-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999206%E2%80%937,_believing_[[Publius_Vatinius]]'_claim_that_the_prosecution,_which_praised_Milo_to_blacken_Sestius,_was_''praevaricatio''-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999206-141"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Lentulus_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_54_BC)"},{"link_name":"renewed First Triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_Luca"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999207%E2%80%938,_213%E2%80%9315-142"},{"link_name":"Megalensian games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalesia"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999211-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999215%E2%80%9319-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999220%E2%80%9321-145"},{"link_name":"interreges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreges"},{"link_name":"lex Trebonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Trebonia_(55_BC)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999222%E2%80%9323-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999224%E2%80%9325-147"}],"sub_title":"Aedilate","text":"Elections for the aedilate of 56 BC were late, occurring on 20 January that year. Clodius, due to his popularity, was elected first. While many expected Clodius to repeat his largesse from his tribunician term, his financial resources seemed to have been largely exhausted, with his term seeing only the customary games and public works.[135]The early months of 56 were again consumed by the question of the Egyptian command. Early in the same year a religious sign came when lightning hit the statue of Jupiter on the Alban mount. Clodius, as one of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis, helped interpret this omen. The priests announced an oracle which warned against supporting or opposing the king of Egypt while also prohibiting the king's restoration \"with a crowd\". The allies of Pompey and Spinther denounced the oracle as a fraud; the senators generally, however, accepted it since it precluded both men from military glory.[136] The debate was eventually called off without settlement after a series of complex parliamentary manoeuvres from mid-January through to early February.[137]Clodius, as aedile, also prosecuted Milo in February for public violence before a iudicium populi:[138] a popular trial before the assembled people. Milo was defended in the trial by Cicero, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, and Pompey. When Pompey spoke on 7 February, the trial descended into disorder with Clodius' crowd chanting lewd slogans along with the claim that Crassus should be appointed to go to Alexandria instead of Pompey. The whole trial was then adjourned after the demonstrations became violent. The senate, in a meeting in the coming days, blamed Milo and Pompey for the disorder, which led Pompey to abandon the plan to commandeer the Egyptian expedition. Spinther, in Cilicia and warned by Cicero that consequences would be severe if he failed in restoring Ptolemy (as was his still-valid directive from August 57), chose inaction.[139] The senate also decreed legislation should be enacted against sodalitates, a form of political organisation which Clodius' collegia evidently were not, on 10 February 56 BC. The same day, a prosecution was started by one Marcus Tullius against Clodius' enemy Publius Sestius, which Cicero and others attributed to Clodius; whether that is the case is doubted.[140] Cicero, joined by Pompey and Crassus, spoke in defence of Sestius, which secured his acquittal.[141] The attacks by Cicero on Caesar, however, triggered a new re-balancing: with the consul Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus opposing Caesar and the possibility of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus being elected consul in 55 also against Caesar, Clodius' elder brother went north to treat with the Gallic proconsul, eventually producing a reconciliation between the Clodii Pulchri and the renewed First Triumvirate.[142]In the spring of 56, Clodius put on the Megalensian games amid food riots, which continued to embarrass Pompey's handling of the grain supply.[143] But the reconciliation between the Claudii and the triumvirs included a marriage between Pompey's son and Appius' daughter (Clodius' niece): tact was quickly changed to reflect this new relationship. Attacks on Cicero, however, did not end. After a series of prodigies forced the senate to consult haruspices, Clodius with his authority as a quindecimvir sacris faciundis gave speeches blaming the deconsecration of Clodius' shrine to Libertas (Cicero's house) for divine displeasure. Cicero responded by blaming Clodius instead.[144] In a political pause, Cicero with the support of Milo and one of the tribunes, removed and possibly destroyed the tablets recording Clodius' legislation. This, however, was a step too far: in a meeting of the senate shortly after Cato's return from Cyprus, few were willing to accept (especially the influential beneficiary Cato), Cicero's position that Clodius' adoption and thus entire tribunate were invalid.[145]The year closed with Gaius Cato, supported by Clodius, sustaining a months-long veto on the consular elections (and thus also elections for all the junior magistracies) as part of a ploy to secure the consulship of 55 BC for Pompey and Crassus. The protection of Clodius' gangs was necessary for Gaius Cato, who was repeatedly menaced for the outrageous obstructionism. Amid these extreme political tactics, Pompey and Crassus were able by violence to secure the election of interreges in early 55 and drive, with the help of soldiers on leave from Caesar, their enemies from the consular canvass. While it is not clear whether Clodius participated in the violence that year needed to win Pompey and Crassus their desired electoral outcomes as well as the lex Trebonia that gave them provincial commands, favours from the triumvirs followed.[146] A senatorially-sponsored embassy to the east for Clodius was funded, with Cicero's objections sidelined by a quid pro quo, allowing Clodius to visit the eastern provinces and clients. One of the suspected destinations was Byzantium or the court of Brogitarus, who were expected to pay generously for Clodius' services in 58. Enjoying hospitality befitting a senatorial embassy and replenishing his monetary reserves in the east, Clodius was likely absent from Rome for the rest of 55.[147]","title":"Shifting alliances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praetorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999227,_noting_%22on_balance,_then,_it_seem_best_to_accept_Badian's_explanation..._that_in_54_Clodius_was_beginning_to_position_himself_for_the_praetorian_elections_to_be_held_in_53_for_the_year_52%22Morrell2023''passim''-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999228%E2%80%9330Alexander1990Trials_283,_285%E2%80%9386-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999230%E2%80%9331,_citing_Val._Max._4.2.5-150"},{"link_name":"Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_54_BC)"},{"link_name":"Gaius Memmius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Memmius_(praetor_58_BC)"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Calvinus"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999231%E2%80%9332,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Att.|Cic._''Att.'']],_4.17.2,_[[#CITEREFCic._QFr.|Cic._''QFr.'']],_3.1.16-151"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Scaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Scaurus_(praetor_56_BC)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Valerius Messalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Rufus"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999232-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999231,_233,_noting_Appius_%22cooperated_with_the_Sardinians_in_encouraing_''repetundae''_proceedings_against_Scaurus%22_and_that_Clodius_criticised_his_brother_during_his_defence_speech-153"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Calvinus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Valerius Messalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Rufus"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952227%E2%80%9328Tatum1999233%E2%80%9334-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999234,_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._Mil.|Cic._''Mil.'']],_88ff-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999236%E2%80%9337,_noting_the_idea_was_not_novel:_Sulpicius_and_Cinna_had_passed_such_laws_before_they_were_annulled_by_Sulla,_[[Gaius_Manilius]]_as_tribune_in_66_similarly_had_brought_such_legislation,_ancestral_Claudians_%E2%80%93_censors_Appius_Claudius_Caecus_(312%E2%80%938_BC)_and_Gaius_Claudius_Pulcher_(169_BC)_%E2%80%93_had_also_supported_redistributing_the_freedmen-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Marcus Porcius Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999234,_noting_that_Pompey_had_opposed_Milo's_electoral_efforts_since_54 BC_and_citing_[[#CITEREFCic._QFr.|Cic._''QFr.'']],_3.6(8).6-159"},{"link_name":"Publius Plautius Hypsaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Plautius_Hypsaeus"},{"link_name":"Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio"},{"link_name":"voting pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovile"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999235%E2%80%9336,_citing_[[#CITEREFAsc.|Asc.]],_p._48C,_[[#CITEREFCic._Mil.|Cic._''Mil.'']],_40%E2%80%9343,_Cic._''Phil.''_2.21,_2.49-160"},{"link_name":"Titus Munatius Plancus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Munatius_Plancus"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999236Ramsey2016299-161"},{"link_name":"interreges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreges"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016299,_313,_citing_Asc._31C.9%E2%80%9312Gruen1995152-162"},{"link_name":"Aricia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariccia"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999239-163"}],"sub_title":"Praetorian campaign","text":"Clodius returned to Rome in 54 BC, possibly seeking a praetorship in 53. Whether Clodius actually sought the praetorship of 53 is unclear and debated, though many scholars side with Badian's belief that a delay actually occurred.[148] The ongoing censorship, which included many hearings for junior senators the censors wanted removed, cemented among the pedarii the fruits of Clodius' tribunate. Clodius was then involved in a series of trials against Gaius Cato and Marcus Nonius Sufenas, previous Clodian allies during their tribunates. While the sources are unclear as to whether Clodius participated in their defences, the three trials ended in acquittals.[149] Amid further activites in the courts, Clodius won support from defendants and – according to Valerius Maximus – defended one of his prosecutors during the Bona Dea affair; these actions showed a sound mind suitable for court presidency, ie a praetor.[150]54 BC saw Clodius' elder brother Appius elected consul with Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, only for them to be thrown into a serious corruption scandal that cut across all existing loyalties. Appius (a friend of the triumvirs) joined with Domitius (an enemy thereof) to support candidates Gaius Memmius (a friend thereof) and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus (an enemy thereof) as the only nominees for the consulship of 53 in exchange for the two candidates procuring fabricated legal documents to grant the two consuls lucrative proconsular postings.[151] When the plot became public, competing candidates Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and Marcus Valerius Messalla triggered a surge in interest rates as they borrowed to hand out bribes.[152] Distancing himself from his brother who was at the same time helping prosecuting candidate Scaurus for corruption, Clodius defended Scaurus, which saw him speak in Scaurus' defence alongside his enemy Cicero.[153] All four consular candidates were indicted for bribery and elections were delayed until July 53 BC. With none of the candidates withdrawing, Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Marcus Valerius Messalla were elected months into the consular term and found themselves with the unenviable task for arranging elections in this disturbed political environment for 52 BC.[154]Clodius now stood in the praetorian elections for 52 BC; letters from Cicero indicate his success was a foregone conclusion.[155] His campaign – very uncommonly for a republican politician – included a pledge to redistribute freedmen from the four urban tribes into the 31 rural tribes, which would give them far more political power.[156] A more poorly documented proposal, possibly to regulate the informal manumission of slaves, was also brought.[157]For personal and political reasons,[158] Clodius was part of the Pompeian effort to deny Titus Annius Milo, a candidate for 52 and friend of Marcus Porcius Cato, victory in the consular elections.[159] Clodius supported the other two candidates: Pompey's ally Publius Plautius Hypsaeus and the blue-blooded Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Clodius and Milo immediately came to fighting in the streets with their mobs: Clodius attempted to ambush Milo on the via Sacra forcing Milo to flee; Milo repulsed a violent Clodian attempt to seize the voting pens; a young Mark Antony was rumoured to have volunteered to assassinate Clodius to restore order.[160] The chaos of the street fighting, along with a persistent tribunician veto on elections from one of Pompey's tribunician allies (Titus Munatius Plancus), made it impossible to hold elections in 53: the two consuls, entering into office seven months late, abdicated on the last day of their terms without replacement.[161] Appointment of interreges was customary when all magistrates abdicated without replacement. Their appointment too was vetoed, on Pompey's initiative, as Milo's victory was clearly foreseeable.[162] Clodius' campaign for the praetorship continued into the new year, as did the campaigns of the other candidates. Part of his campaign included a visit to Aricia, a town on the via Appia, south of Rome.[163]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Italien_Latium.png"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Italien_Latium.png"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio"},{"link_name":"Quintus Asconius Pedianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus"},{"link_name":"Pro Milone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Milone"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008162%E2%80%9363-164"},{"link_name":"via Appia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Appia"},{"link_name":"Bovillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovillae"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016300Gruen1995152-165"},{"link_name":"Lanuvium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanuvium"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008164,_citing_[[#CITEREFAsc.|Asc.]],_p. 34C-166"},{"link_name":"Fulvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvia"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008164-167"},{"link_name":"Marcus Caelius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Caelius_Rufus"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008164%E2%80%9365-168"},{"link_name":"Marcus Porcius Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Marcus Favonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Favonius"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008165,_citing_[[#CITEREFAsc.|Asc.]],_p. 54C-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008165,_citing_[[#CITEREFAsc.|Asc.]],_p. 34%E2%80%9335C-170"},{"link_name":"Marcus Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008166-172"}],"sub_title":"Encounter with Milo","text":"BovillaeRomeAriciaclass=notpageimage| Location of Bovillae relative to Rome on modern relief map of LazioThe main source for information on Clodius' death is Quintus Asconius Pedianus' commentary on Cicero's Pro Milone; the evidence given in Cicero's speech itself is highly tendentious and should not be taken as a truthful accounting of events.[164] The events as presented by Asconius are broadly as follows. While travelling back from Aricia, Clodius and Milo encountered each other some 13 miles (21 km) south of Rome on the via Appia near Clodius' villa in Bovillae on around 1:30 pm on 18 January 52 BC.[165] Milo was travelling toward Lanuvium, where he was to install a priest. Both men travelled with armed entourages, but Clodius' entourage was smaller: some 26 men to Milo's 300.[166] After the two groups passed in silence, a fight broke out between Clodius and one of the last men in Milo's entourage, leading to Clodius being hit in the shoulder with a javelin. In the resulting fight, Clodius' men were defeated. Clodius was carried to roadside inn, but when Milo heard that Clodius had been wounded, Milo ordered his lieutenant Marcus Saufeius to kill Clodius: Clodius was dragged out of the inn and stabbed to death. The body was discovered by a senator also travelling on the via Appia, Sextus Teidius, who had it sent to Rome; arriving at Rome around 4:30 pm, the body was brought before Clodius' widow Fulvia.[167]The story of Clodius' death was almost immediately muddled by partisan invective. Days after the destruction of the curia in Clodius' funeral, Milo and his allies – including his tribunician ally Marcus Caelius Rufus – claimed that Clodius had planned to ambush Milo and that the fight was lawful self-defence. This narrative was the main one spread by Milo's defenders in the aftermath of Clodius' death and forms the core of Cicero's legal defence in Pro Milone.[168] Separately, it was also claimed by Clodius' enemy Marcus Porcius Cato that a senator Marcus Favonius had told Cato that Clodius had related to Favonius that Milo would shortly be dead.[169] A negative version of this narrative also emerged, for example, from Metellus Scipio, who declared in the senate about a month after Clodius' death that Milo had planned the murder.[170] Such narratives were compounded by the feeling among many that Milo was justified not by self-defence from a Clodian trap but also that Clodius' death was simply in the interest of the republic. A pamphlet to that effect was penned by, among others, Marcus Junius Brutus.[171][172]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curia_Hostilia,_Comitium,_Rostra_and_Lapis_Niger_layout.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pro Milone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Milone"},{"link_name":"Titus Munatius Plancus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Munatius_Plancus"},{"link_name":"Quintus Pompeius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Rufus_(grandson_of_Sulla)"},{"link_name":"contio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contio"},{"link_name":"curia Hostilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_Hostilia"},{"link_name":"basilica Porcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_Porcia"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008164-167"},{"link_name":"Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_hill"},{"link_name":"pomerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerium"},{"link_name":"Temple of Jupiter Stator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Stator_(3rd_century_BC)"},{"link_name":"interrex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrex"},{"link_name":"Marcus Lepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidus"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016301,_contra_Dio_40.49.3_and_citing_[[#CITEREFAsc.|Asc.]],_p. 33C.10%E2%80%9312-173"},{"link_name":"senatus consultum ultimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016302,_citing_App._''BCiv.'',_2.22.82%E2%80%9383;_[[#CITEREFAsc.|Asc.]],_p. 34C.5%E2%80%936-174"},{"link_name":"Bibulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Calpurnius_Bibulus"},{"link_name":"Servius Sulpicius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_Sulpicius_Rufus"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016304%E2%80%935-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008165-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008166,_noting_that_further_charges_were_bought_under_the_Pompeian_electoral_corruption_law_and_Crassus'_law_against_illegal_associations-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999241-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1998183,_noting_that_the_senate_condemned_as_''contra_rem_pulicam''_three_things:_the_death_of_Clodius,_the_burning_of_the_curia,_and_the_attack_on_interrex_Lepidus'_house-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008167,_citing_[[#CITEREFAsc.|Asc.]],_p. 41%E2%80%9342C;_Plut._''Cic.'',_35;_Dio,_40.54.2-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1990Trials_306,_309%E2%80%9312-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2008168Tatum1999241-182"}],"sub_title":"Funeral and political aftermath","text":"The curia Hostilia was destroyed by fire in Clodius' ad hoc funeral.See also: Pro MiloneThe next morning, 19 January, two tribunes aligned with Clodius, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus, held a contio in the forum lambasting Milo for the murder. The mob, at Sextus Cloelius' initiative, took Clodius' body into the curia Hostilia. There, with the senate's furniture and records, they cremated the body. The fire spread to the rest of the building, destroying it and the nearby basilica Porcia. Milo, who had fled the city for his safety, returned on news of this excess a few days later; the destruction of this senatorial symbol reversed the public mood; he therefore continued his consular campaign.[167]The same day, with Pompey and late-Clodius' tribunes away burning the senate house, the senate met on the Palatine within the pomerium at the Temple of Jupiter Stator: without tribunician veto they immediately elected an interrex, Marcus Lepidus. A mob stormed his house demanding immediate elections while Milo's chances were poor, but were refused.[173] As Rome deteriorated into a total breakdown of law and order, the interreges were unable to hold elections; the senate met on 1 February and passed the senatus consultum ultimum, instructing the interrex and Pompey (no normal magistrates in office) to levy and bring soldiers into the city to restore order.[174] After 12 interreges failed to hold elections, Cato and Bibulus brought a compromise, seeking Pompey to be elected as sole consul so to exclude Milo from any chance at victory. With Pompey and late-Clodius' tribunes holding off their vetoes, Pompey was elected by the comitia under interrex Servius Sulpicius Rufus' presidency.[175]Pompey immediately moved legislation to create a tribunal to try public violence under expedited procedures and to move against electoral corruption.[176] When order was restored, Milo was indicted by Clodius' nephews by his elder brother Gaius.[177] With the senate precluding the argument that Milo killed Clodius to save the republic by passing a resolution condemning the murder as contra rem publicam and in a trial atmosphere menaced by a mob,[178][179] Milo was found guilty by 38–13 votes in the jury – some sources describe Cicero, Milo's advocate, being unable to speak in the commotion – and went into exile.[180][181] Milo's lieutenant Saufeius, the man who committed the actual murder, was acquitted by one vote (26–25) later that year. Cloelius, whose idea it was to cremate Clodius in the curia, was prosecuted and convicted 46–5; the tribunes who helped were also convicted after their terms ended on 10 December 52 BC.[182]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Dolabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)"},{"link_name":"Tullia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullia_(daughter_of_Cicero)"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999241%E2%80%9342,_also_noting_Cicero's_exclamation_in_fury_to_his_friend_Atticus:_%22That_my_own_son-in-law_should_propose_this_[statue]_or_debt_cancellation!%22._[[#CITEREFCic._Att.|Cic._''Att.'']],_11.23.3-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundell1979325%E2%80%9326,_noting_%22one_would_think_reading_Cicero_that_Clodius_was_the_first..._to_use_violence_for_political_ends[,_]_clearly_this_is_nonsense%22_and_citing_Sulpicius'_tribunate_in_88_BC_as_well_as_Clodius'_defeat_by_Milo's_more_organised_forces-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999244%E2%80%9345-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundell1979301%E2%80%932-186"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundell1979301%E2%80%932-186"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar"},{"link_name":"Theodor Mommsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen1966120_n._1-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999ix-188"},{"link_name":"Erich Gruen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Gruen"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999x,_citing_[[#CITEREFGruen1966|Gruen_1966]]-189"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999ix-188"},{"link_name":"19th century party-political interpretations of Roman politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimates_and_populares"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundell1979302-190"}],"text":"In the aftermath of Clodius' death, his political legacy and tactics, which combined aristocratic connections with mass support from the poorer urban plebs, influenced later politicians. Publius Cornelius Dolabella, a patrician by birth and Cicero's son-in-law via Tullia, had himself adopted by a plebeian to stand for the tribunate, succeeding in 47 BC, and that year proposed the complete abolition of debts while raising statues of Clodius to great acclaim.[183] However, the use of political violence in Roman politics was not novel: Clodius was not the first nor the last to assemble mobs to disrupt or support political initiatives.[184] The grain dole which Clodius had legislated during his tribunate survived the fall of the republic and persisted through the Roman empire. Imperial self-representation as builders of public monuments as well as benefactors for freedmen and the urban plebs, \"perpetuat[ed] some aspect of [Clodius'] political style\".[185]Clodius' reputation in the later ancient and modern sources is predominantly negative due to the survival of and reliance on Ciceronean invective from around 56 BC.[186] Treatments in modern times have at various times called him \"a petty gangster\", \"an irresponsible demagogue\", and \"a demagogue of the wildest kind\".[186] Modern historiography largely viewed him as an agent of Caesar, an anarchic enigma – for Theodor Mommsen, \"an irrational anarchist\",[187] – or a revolutionary enemy of Cicero and the senatorial republic.[188] Scholarship since 1966, with the publication of Erich Gruen's P. Clodius: instrument or independent agent? has instead focused on Clodius as an independent agent attempting to play off different groupings in the late republic for personal gain.[189] This independent agent interpretation has been praised as \"incisive and penetrating\",[188] especially amid the general abandonment of 19th century party-political interpretations of Roman politics.[190]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tables and diagrams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Offices","title":"Tables and diagrams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Family","title":"Tables and diagrams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDermott 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcDermott1970"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 79 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_79_BC)"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_54_BC)"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200976-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Marcus Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200976-196"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200977-198"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 38 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_38_BC)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Barbatus_Appianus"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200977-198"},{"link_name":"Quintus Marcius Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Rex_(consul_68_BC)"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200975%E2%80%9376-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott197040,_noting_%22The_wife_of_Rex_[Clodia_Tertia]_was_certainly_the_oldest%22-200"},{"link_name":"Clodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodia_(wife_of_Metellus)"},{"link_name":"Metellus Celer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metellus_Celer"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200975-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200977%E2%80%9378-202"},{"link_name":"Claudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)"},{"link_name":"Octavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200978%E2%80%9379-203"},{"link_name":"Publius Clodius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Claudius_Pulcher_(son_of_Clodius)"},{"link_name":"Lucullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullus"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal200975-201"}],"sub_title":"Family - Immediate family","text":"Birth order follows McDermott 1970, pp. 39–41. Children which died young are omitted.Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 79 BC)\nAppius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC)[196]\nClaudia, wife of Pompey[197]\nClaudia, wife of Marcus Junius Brutus[196]\nGaius Claudius Pulcher[198]\nAppius Claudius Pulcher (consul 38 BC)\nMarcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus[198]\nGaius Claudius Pulcher\nClodia Tertia, wife of Quintus Marcius Rex[199][200]\nClodia, wife of Metellus Celer[201]\nPublius Clodius Pulcher[202]\nClaudia, wife of Octavian[203]\nPublius Clodius Pulcher\nClodia, wife of Lucullus[201]\nLicinia","title":"Tables and diagrams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Family - Stemma","title":"Tables and diagrams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8020-5787-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5787-X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41156621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41156621"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-953790-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953790-7"},{"link_name":"Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Clodius Pulcher, Publius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1686"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-07492-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07492-4"},{"link_name":"The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/?id=3yUkzNLiY4oC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-85073-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"121060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/121060"},{"link_name":"CAH2 9 (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCAH2_91994"},{"link_name":"CAH2 9 (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCAH2_91994"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-086902-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086902-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1086053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1086053"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0031-8299","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1086053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1086053"},{"link_name":"The last generation of the Roman republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8a4wDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-02238-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02238-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1089042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1089042"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0031-8299","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1089042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1089042"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0017-3835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-3835"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"642452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/642452"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1087402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1087402"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0031-8299","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1087402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1087402"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-472-10892-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10892-3"},{"link_name":"\"P Clodius Pulcher and the praetorship that never was\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biblioscout.net/article/10.25162/historia-2023-0002"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.25162/historia-2023-0002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2023-0002"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0018-2311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/9781108943260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108943260"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-108-83784-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83784-2"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2021024626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/2021024626"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"242729962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242729962"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0018-2311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45019234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/45019234"},{"link_name":"\"Review of \"The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000.03.18/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1055-7660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0018-2311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4436643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4436643"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-9475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1561827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1561827"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0018-2311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4435679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4435679"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8078-7206-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7206-2"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"98-37096","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/98-37096"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1695"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-938113-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-88849-304-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88849-304-1"}],"sub_title":"Modern sources","text":"Alexander, Michael Charles (1990). Trials in the late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5787-X. OCLC 41156621.\nBerry, Dominic (2008) [First published 2000]. \"Pro Milone, Introduction\". Cicero: Defence speeches. Oxford World Classics (Reissued with corrections ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 162–82. ISBN 978-0-19-953790-7.\nBroughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.\nChilver, Guy Edward Farquhar; Lintott, Andrew (7 March 2016). Clodius Pulcher, Publius. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.\nCrawford, Michael Hewson (1974). Roman republican coinage. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07492-4.\nCrook, John; et al., eds. (1994). The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.\nWiseman, T P (1994a). \"The senate and the populares, 69–60 BC\". In CAH2 9 (1994), pp. 327–67.\nWiseman, T P (1994b). \"Caesar, Pompey, and Rome, 59–50 BC\". In CAH2 9 (1994), pp. 368–423.\nDrogula, Fred K (2019). Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-086902-1.\nGruen, Erich S (1966). \"P Clodius: instrument or independent agent?\". Phoenix. 20 (2): 120–130. doi:10.2307/1086053. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1086053.\nGruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.\nHillard, Tom (2001). Phoenix. 55 (1/2): 189–193. doi:10.2307/1089042. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1089042.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)\nLintott, A W (1967). \"P Clodius Pulcher – \"Felix Catilina?\"\". Greece and Rome. 14 (2): 157–169. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642452.\nMcDermott, William C (1970). \"The sisters of P Clodius\". Phoenix. 24 (1): 39–47. doi:10.2307/1087402. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1087402.\nMillar, Fergus (1998). The crowd in Rome in the late republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10892-3.\nMorrell, Kit (2023). \"P Clodius Pulcher and the praetorship that never was\". Historia. 72 (1): 29–57. doi:10.25162/historia-2023-0002. ISSN 0018-2311.\nMorstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman people. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962.\nRamsey, John T (2016). \"How and why was Pompey Made sole consul in 52 BC?\". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (3): 298–324. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019234.\nRich, John (2000). \"Review of \"The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher\"\". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.\nRiggsby, Andrew M (2002). \"Clodius / Claudius\". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 51 (1): 117–123. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4436643.\nRosenstein, Nathan (2001). American Journal of Philology. 122 (4): 592–596. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 1561827.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)\nRundell, W M F (1979). \"Cicero and Clodius: the question of credibility\". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 28 (3): 301–328. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435679.\nTatum, W Jeffrey (1999). The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher. Studies in the history of Greece and Rome (Paperback ed.). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-7206-2. LCCN 98-37096.\nVerboven, Koenraad (22 December 2015). \"associations, Roman\". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1695. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.\nZmeskal, Klaus (2009). Adfinitas (in German). Vol. 1. Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz. ISBN 978-3-88849-304-1.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orationum Ciceronis quinque enarratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3491433"},{"link_name":"Epistulae ad Atticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Atticum"},{"link_name":"Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Quintum_fratrem"},{"link_name":"Quintus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Tullius_Cicero"},{"link_name":"Pro Milone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Milone"}],"sub_title":"Ancient sources","text":"Asconius (1907). Clark, Albert Curtis (ed.). Orationum Ciceronis quinque enarratio (in Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press – via HathiTrust.\nCicero. Epistulae ad Atticum [Letters to Atticus].\nCicero. Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem [Letters to brother Quintus].\nCicero. Pro Milone [For Milo].","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-515-04672-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-04672-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-420-8715-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-8715-1"},{"link_name":"\"Clodius 48\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Clodius_48"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-251-33103-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-33103-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-406-46697-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-46697-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-5063-001-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5063-001-6"}],"text":"Benner, Herbert (1987). Die Politik des P Clodius Pulcher (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-04672-5.\nFezzi, Luca (2008). Il tribuno Clodio. Biblioteca essenziale Laterza (in Italian). Roma: Laterza. ISBN 978-88-420-8715-1.\nFröhlich, Franz (1900). \"Clodius 48\" . Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. IV, 1. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 82–88 – via Wikisource.\nMoreau, Philippe (1982). Clodiana religio: un procès politique en 61 av. J.-C. Collection d'études anciennes (in French). Paris: Les belles lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-33103-4.\nNippel, Wilfried (2000). \"Publius Clodius Pulcher – \"der Achill der Straße\"\". In Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim; Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (eds.). Von Romulus zu Augustus: Grosse Gestalten der römischen Republik (in German). München: C H Beck. pp. 279–91. ISBN 978-3-406-46697-7.\nVanderbroeck, Paul J J (1987). Popular leadership and collective behavior in the late Roman republic (ca. 80-50 BC). J C Gieben. ISBN 978-90-5063-001-6.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Denarius attributed to, among others, Appius Claudius Pulcher, Clodius' father, minted in 111 or 110 BC. It depicts a helmeted Roma on the obverse with Victory leading a three-horse chariot (triga).[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roman_coin%2C_Republican_denarius_%28Ap._Claudius_et_al.%29_%28FindID_181800%29.jpg/220px-Roman_coin%2C_Republican_denarius_%28Ap._Claudius_et_al.%29_%28FindID_181800%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fictitious portrait of Catiline, the leader of the Catilinarian conspiracy, in the painting Cicero denounces Catiline in the Roman senate by Cesare Maccari (19th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_detail_of_Catilina.jpg/220px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_detail_of_Catilina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Cicero from the 1st century AD, currently in the Capitoline Museums. Clodius likely supported Lucius Licinius Murena and Cicero during the crisis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Bona Dea, the goddess whose rites in the pontifex maximus' house Clodius infiltrated","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bona_Dea_Marble_Statue_with_Epigraph.jpg/220px-Bona_Dea_Marble_Statue_with_Epigraph.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clodius at various times supported or opposed Pompey (pictured above). His activities late in his tribunate, however, generated sufficient backlash to place Pompey on firm political ground; Pompey struck back politically the next year, 57 BC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/220px-%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ptolemy XII Auletes came to Rome to lobby for his restoration to the Egyptian throne. Clodius joined an anti-Pompeian alliance with Gaius Cato to obstruct Pompey's attempts to secure the Egyptian command.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ptolemy_XII%2C_called_%E2%80%9CAuletes%E2%80%9D_%28the_%E2%80%9CFlute_Player%E2%80%9D%29%2C_1st_century_BC%2C_discovered_in_Egypt%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462971734%29.jpg/220px-Ptolemy_XII%2C_called_%E2%80%9CAuletes%E2%80%9D_%28the_%E2%80%9CFlute_Player%E2%80%9D%29%2C_1st_century_BC%2C_discovered_in_Egypt%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462971734%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The curia Hostilia was destroyed by fire in Clodius' ad hoc funeral.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Curia_Hostilia%2C_Comitium%2C_Rostra_and_Lapis_Niger_layout.jpg/220px-Curia_Hostilia%2C_Comitium%2C_Rostra_and_Lapis_Niger_layout.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Rosenstein, Nathan (1990). Imperatores victi: military defeat and aristocratic competition in the middle and late Republic. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-33400-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33400-7","url_text":"978-0-520-33400-7"}]},{"reference":"Balsdon, J P V D (1966). \"Fabula Clodiana\". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 15 (1): 65–73. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","url_text":"0018-2311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434911","url_text":"4434911"}]},{"reference":"Seager, Robin (1965). \"Clodius, Pompeius and the exile of Cicero\". Latomus. 24 (3): 519–531. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41523235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8856","url_text":"0023-8856"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41523235","url_text":"41523235"}]},{"reference":"Loposzko, T (1978–79). \"Gesetzentwürfe betreffs der Sklaven im Jahre 53 v.u.Z.\". Index. 8: 158–66.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tempest, Kathryn (2017). Brutus: the noble conspirator. Yale University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-300-18009-1. OCLC 982651923.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18009-1","url_text":"978-0-300-18009-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/982651923","url_text":"982651923"}]},{"reference":"\"P. Clodius (48) Ap. f. Pal. Pulcher\". Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic. Retrieved 15 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/2219/","url_text":"\"P. Clodius (48) Ap. f. Pal. Pulcher\""}]},{"reference":"Tatum, W Jeffrey (1991). \"The marriage of Pompey's son to the daughter of Ap Claudius Pulcher\". Klio. 73: 122–29.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alexander, Michael Charles (1990). Trials in the late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5787-X. OCLC 41156621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5787-X","url_text":"0-8020-5787-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41156621","url_text":"41156621"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Dominic (2008) [First published 2000]. \"Pro Milone, Introduction\". Cicero: Defence speeches. Oxford World Classics (Reissued with corrections ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 162–82. ISBN 978-0-19-953790-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953790-7","url_text":"978-0-19-953790-7"}]},{"reference":"Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton","url_text":"Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon"}]},{"reference":"Chilver, Guy Edward Farquhar; Lintott, Andrew (7 March 2016). Clodius Pulcher, Publius. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.","urls":[{"url":"http://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1686","url_text":"Clodius Pulcher, Publius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013","url_text":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). Roman republican coinage. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07492-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07492-4","url_text":"0-521-07492-4"}]},{"reference":"Crook, John; et al., eds. (1994). The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. OCLC 121060.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/?id=3yUkzNLiY4oC","url_text":"The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8","url_text":"0-521-85073-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/121060","url_text":"121060"}]},{"reference":"Drogula, Fred K (2019). Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-086902-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086902-1","url_text":"978-0-19-086902-1"}]},{"reference":"Gruen, Erich S (1966). \"P Clodius: instrument or independent agent?\". Phoenix. 20 (2): 120–130. doi:10.2307/1086053. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1086053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1086053","url_text":"10.2307/1086053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299","url_text":"0031-8299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086053","url_text":"1086053"}]},{"reference":"Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8a4wDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The last generation of the Roman republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02238-6","url_text":"0-520-02238-6"}]},{"reference":"Hillard, Tom (2001). Phoenix. 55 (1/2): 189–193. doi:10.2307/1089042. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1089042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1089042","url_text":"10.2307/1089042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299","url_text":"0031-8299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1089042","url_text":"1089042"}]},{"reference":"Lintott, A W (1967). \"P Clodius Pulcher – \"Felix Catilina?\"\". Greece and Rome. 14 (2): 157–169. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-3835","url_text":"0017-3835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/642452","url_text":"642452"}]},{"reference":"McDermott, William C (1970). \"The sisters of P Clodius\". Phoenix. 24 (1): 39–47. doi:10.2307/1087402. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1087402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1087402","url_text":"10.2307/1087402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299","url_text":"0031-8299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087402","url_text":"1087402"}]},{"reference":"Millar, Fergus (1998). The crowd in Rome in the late republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10892-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10892-3","url_text":"978-0-472-10892-3"}]},{"reference":"Morrell, Kit (2023). \"P Clodius Pulcher and the praetorship that never was\". Historia. 72 (1): 29–57. doi:10.25162/historia-2023-0002. ISSN 0018-2311.","urls":[{"url":"https://biblioscout.net/article/10.25162/historia-2023-0002","url_text":"\"P Clodius Pulcher and the praetorship that never was\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2023-0002","url_text":"10.25162/historia-2023-0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","url_text":"0018-2311"}]},{"reference":"Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). Julius Caesar and the Roman people. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108943260. ISBN 978-1-108-83784-2. LCCN 2021024626. S2CID 242729962.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108943260","url_text":"10.1017/9781108943260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83784-2","url_text":"978-1-108-83784-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2021024626","url_text":"2021024626"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242729962","url_text":"242729962"}]},{"reference":"Ramsey, John T (2016). \"How and why was Pompey Made sole consul in 52 BC?\". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (3): 298–324. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","url_text":"0018-2311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019234","url_text":"45019234"}]},{"reference":"Rich, John (2000). \"Review of \"The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher\"\". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.","urls":[{"url":"https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000.03.18/","url_text":"\"Review of \"The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660","url_text":"1055-7660"}]},{"reference":"Riggsby, Andrew M (2002). \"Clodius / Claudius\". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 51 (1): 117–123. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4436643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","url_text":"0018-2311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436643","url_text":"4436643"}]},{"reference":"Rosenstein, Nathan (2001). American Journal of Philology. 122 (4): 592–596. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 1561827.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475","url_text":"0002-9475"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1561827","url_text":"1561827"}]},{"reference":"Rundell, W M F (1979). \"Cicero and Clodius: the question of credibility\". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 28 (3): 301–328. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435679.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","url_text":"0018-2311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435679","url_text":"4435679"}]},{"reference":"Tatum, W Jeffrey (1999). The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher. Studies in the history of Greece and Rome (Paperback ed.). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-7206-2. LCCN 98-37096.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7206-2","url_text":"978-0-8078-7206-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/98-37096","url_text":"98-37096"}]},{"reference":"Verboven, Koenraad (22 December 2015). \"associations, Roman\". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1695. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1695","url_text":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1695"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5","url_text":"978-0-19-938113-5"}]},{"reference":"Zmeskal, Klaus (2009). Adfinitas (in German). Vol. 1. Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz. ISBN 978-3-88849-304-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88849-304-1","url_text":"978-3-88849-304-1"}]},{"reference":"Asconius (1907). Clark, Albert Curtis (ed.). Orationum Ciceronis quinque enarratio (in Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3491433","url_text":"Orationum Ciceronis quinque enarratio"}]},{"reference":"Cicero. Epistulae ad Atticum [Letters to Atticus].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Atticum","url_text":"Epistulae ad Atticum"}]},{"reference":"Cicero. Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem [Letters to brother Quintus].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Quintum_fratrem","url_text":"Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Tullius_Cicero","url_text":"Quintus"}]},{"reference":"Cicero. Pro Milone [For Milo].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Milone","url_text":"Pro Milone"}]},{"reference":"Benner, Herbert (1987). Die Politik des P Clodius Pulcher (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-04672-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-04672-5","url_text":"978-3-515-04672-5"}]},{"reference":"Fezzi, Luca (2008). Il tribuno Clodio. Biblioteca essenziale Laterza (in Italian). Roma: Laterza. ISBN 978-88-420-8715-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-8715-1","url_text":"978-88-420-8715-1"}]},{"reference":"Fröhlich, Franz (1900). \"Clodius 48\" . Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. IV, 1. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 82–88 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Clodius_48","url_text":"\"Clodius 48\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Moreau, Philippe (1982). Clodiana religio: un procès politique en 61 av. J.-C. Collection d'études anciennes (in French). Paris: Les belles lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-33103-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-33103-4","url_text":"978-2-251-33103-4"}]},{"reference":"Nippel, Wilfried (2000). \"Publius Clodius Pulcher – \"der Achill der Straße\"\". In Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim; Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (eds.). Von Romulus zu Augustus: Grosse Gestalten der römischen Republik (in German). München: C H Beck. pp. 279–91. ISBN 978-3-406-46697-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-46697-7","url_text":"978-3-406-46697-7"}]},{"reference":"Vanderbroeck, Paul J J (1987). Popular leadership and collective behavior in the late Roman republic (ca. 80-50 BC). J C Gieben. ISBN 978-90-5063-001-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5063-001-6","url_text":"978-90-5063-001-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","external_links_name":"0018-2311"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434911","external_links_name":"4434911"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8856","external_links_name":"0023-8856"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41523235","external_links_name":"41523235"},{"Link":"http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi020.perseus-eng1:54","external_links_name":"54"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/982651923","external_links_name":"982651923"},{"Link":"https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/2219/","external_links_name":"\"P. Clodius (48) Ap. f. Pal. Pulcher\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41156621","external_links_name":"41156621"},{"Link":"http://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1686","external_links_name":"Clodius Pulcher, Publius"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013","external_links_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/?id=3yUkzNLiY4oC","external_links_name":"The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/121060","external_links_name":"121060"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1086053","external_links_name":"10.2307/1086053"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299","external_links_name":"0031-8299"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086053","external_links_name":"1086053"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8a4wDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The last generation of the Roman republic"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1089042","external_links_name":"10.2307/1089042"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299","external_links_name":"0031-8299"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1089042","external_links_name":"1089042"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-3835","external_links_name":"0017-3835"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/642452","external_links_name":"642452"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1087402","external_links_name":"10.2307/1087402"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299","external_links_name":"0031-8299"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087402","external_links_name":"1087402"},{"Link":"https://biblioscout.net/article/10.25162/historia-2023-0002","external_links_name":"\"P Clodius Pulcher and the praetorship that never was\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2023-0002","external_links_name":"10.25162/historia-2023-0002"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","external_links_name":"0018-2311"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108943260","external_links_name":"10.1017/9781108943260"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2021024626","external_links_name":"2021024626"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242729962","external_links_name":"242729962"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","external_links_name":"0018-2311"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019234","external_links_name":"45019234"},{"Link":"https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000.03.18/","external_links_name":"\"Review of \"The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660","external_links_name":"1055-7660"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","external_links_name":"0018-2311"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436643","external_links_name":"4436643"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475","external_links_name":"0002-9475"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1561827","external_links_name":"1561827"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311","external_links_name":"0018-2311"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435679","external_links_name":"4435679"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/98-37096","external_links_name":"98-37096"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1695","external_links_name":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1695"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3491433","external_links_name":"Orationum Ciceronis quinque enarratio"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Clodius_48","external_links_name":"\"Clodius 48\""},{"Link":"https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/2219","external_links_name":"P. Clodius (48) Ap. f. Pal. Pulcher"},{"Link":"https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1812941/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116836388","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/16149366343385602521","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37151776814718012853","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/759144647703139724001","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/361149106356668492820","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/785159234455503371815","external_links_name":"5"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90329422","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/18730","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4791491","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954295x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954295x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118822187","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987009349358205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83045219","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/75kmmjwr115fjtq","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20091112005&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record82895","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070336393","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810602561605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/306054","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027520234","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundama | Tundama | ["1 Background","2 Biography","2.1 Spanish conquest and death","2.2 Tundama in Muisca history","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Tribal leader
For other uses, see Tundama (disambiguation).
TundamacaciqueReignuntil 1539PredecessorunknownSuccessorDon JuanBorn15th centuryMuisca ConfederationDiedend of December 1539Duitama,New Kingdom of Granada
Landscape of Duitama, seat of Tundama
Tundama or Saymoso (15th century – late December 1539 in Duitama) was a cacique of the Muisca Confederation, a loose confederation of different rulers of the Muisca who inhabited the central highlands (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) of the Colombian Andes. The city of Tundama, currently known as Duitama and part of the Tundama Province, Boyacá, were named after the cacique. Tundama ruled over the northernmost territories of the Muisca, submitted last by the Spanish conquistadores.
Tundama was killed late December 1539 with a large hammer by Spanish conquistador Baltasar Maldonado. His successor, Don Juan was killed shortly after, ending the reign of the Muisca in the New Kingdom of Granada, the name for present-day Colombia and a part of Venezuela in the Spanish Empire.
Knowledge about Tundama has been compiled by scholar Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita.
Background
Main article: Muisca Confederation
In the time before the Spanish conquest of central Colombia, there were several main rulers and several independent caciques who governed the Muisca. From south to north the psihipqua of Muyquytá, the hoa of Hunza, the iraca of Sugamuxi and the psihipqua of Tundama were the ruling elites of the area. Duitama in those ages was a lake surrounded by hilltops. On the hill La Tolosa the tundama lived in a bohío (hut) ornamented with golden figures.
Biography
Tundama was the last cacique of Duitama and the caciques of Cerinza, Chitagoto, Icabuco, Lupacoche, Sátiva, Soatá and Susacón were loyal to him. When a new iraca for Sugamuxi had to be elected alternating between the caciques of Firavitoba and Tobasía, the cacique of Tundama intervened in case of conflict.
Spanish conquest and death
See also: Spanish conquest of the Muisca
In 1536 the Spanish conquistadores led by Licentiate Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada set foot towards the interior of modern-day Colombia from Santa Marta. looking for the beginning of the Magdalena River, and a land path ro Peru, and equipped with approximately 800 soldiers, an unknown number of native companions, black slaves, and dozens of horses they started their march to the Andes along the Magdalena River. The Spanish troops arrived first in the southern Muisca territories, in the early March of 1537. From there they marched north and in August of that year they conquered Hunza, a capital of the northern Muisca. They were informed of the sacred Iraka Valley around Sugamuxi and found the Sun Temple which soldiers of De Quesada burned by accident in September 1537.
Saymoso got notice of the submission of the neighbouring indigenous groups, the Panche, Guane and others and told his guecha warriors not to bow for the Spanish invaders. When one of his warriors suggested surrender was the best option, Tundama cut off his ears and left hand. The cacique declared a "death war" against the Spanish and gathered an army of 10,000 guecha warriors.
To keep the conquistadores away, he sent a delegation of his people with emeralds, gold and mantles to offer the Spanish with the promise that Tundama would surrender bringing eight more of these. Gaining time, Tundama hid his treasures and prepared the defence of Tundama.
On December 15, 1539, captain Baltasar Maldonado, a companion of Jiménez de Quesada (who had already left for Europe, to give account in Spain), entered the territories of Tundama and offered him a peace proposal if he would surrender. Tundama, informed by the Spanish murders of psihipqua Tisquesusa and hoa Eucaneme, did not accept and Maldonado attacked Tundama and his army on the island in Vargas Swamp, where 280 years later the Battle of Vargas Swamp by Simón Bolívar would be fought. Maldonado, enforced with 2000 yanakunas; natives from Peru and allied people from Muyquytá and Ramiriquí, was accompanied by the Muisca whose ears and hand had been cut off by Tundama. The Spanish conquistador with his weapons, cavalry and the inside knowledge of the earless Muisca killed 4000 guecha warriors of Tundama. Seeing this battle was fruitless, Tundama fled to Cerinza to ally with the cacique from there and prepared a new attack on the Spanish and indigenous troops, losing again. The caciques of northern Boyacá convinced Tundama to not fight anymore and Tundama surrendered to the Spanish troops. Maldonado demanded huge quantities of gold and emeralds to pay his loss to the Spanish. When handing over the valuables, Maldonado deemed the payments not enough and before the end of the year Maldonado killed Tundama with a large hammer.
After Tundama was killed, according to the Muisca tradition of inheritance, his nephew Don Juan took over the role of cacique. He was killed shortly after, ending the era of the Muisca in northern Boyacá. The last independent of the Muisca, Aquiminzaque, was killed by public decapitation by Hernán Pérez de Quesada in January 1540. Native caciques continued ruling their towns, working together with a Spanish encomendero.
Tundama in Muisca history
History of the Muisca
Altiplano
Muisca
Art
Architecture
Astronomy
Cuisine
El Dorado
Subsistence
Women
Conquest
See also
Colombia portal
Spanish conquest of the Muisca
Muisca
Muisca Confederation
iraca
References
^ (in Spanish) Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita about Tundama
^ a b c d e f g (in Spanish) Biography Cacique Tundama - Pueblos Originarios
^ a b (in Spanish) Iraca rulers - Pueblos Originarios
^ a b (in Spanish) Biography Tundama
^ (in Spanish) Battle of Vargas Swamp, 1819
^ a b (in Spanish) Animated video about Tundama
^ (in Spanish) Public execution of Aquiminzaque in Tunja - Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
External links
(in Spanish) Animated video about Tundama
vteMuiscaTopicsGeneral
Agriculture
Architecture
Art
Astronomy
Calendar
Cuisine
Economy
Mummification
Music
Muysccubun
Mythology
Numerals
Religion
Society
Toponyms
Warfare
Women
Specific
Battle of Pasca (~1470)
Battle of Chocontá (~1490)
Chicha
Duit
Emeralds
Muisca raft
Ruana
Tejo
Tunjo
Zoratama
The Salt People
Zipaquirá
Nemocón
Tausa
Sesquilé
Geography and historyAltiplanoCundiboyacense
Bogotá River
Frío
Fucha
Juan Amarillo
Soacha
Teusacá
Torca
Tunjuelo
Bogotá savanna
Suba Hills
Wetlands
Eastern Hills
Flora & fauna
Suárez River
Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley
Neighbouring areas
Ocetá Páramo
Tenza Valley
HistoryPrehistory (<10,000 BP)
Lake Humboldt
El Abra
Tibitó
Sueva
Tequendama
Lithic (10,000 - 2800 BP)
Piedras del Tunjo
Checua
Galindo
Nemocón
Sáchica
Aguazuque
Lake Herrera
El Infiernito
Ceramic (>800 BC)
Herrera (800 BC - 800)
Early Muisca (800 - 1200)
Muisca Confederation (~1450 - 1540)
Cabildo Mayor (>2002)
Religion and mythologyDeities
Chiminigagua
Bachué
Chía
Sué
Bochica
Huitaca
Chibchacum
Cuchavira
Nencatacoa
Chaquén
Chibafruime
Guahaioque
Sacred sitesBuilt
Sun Temple
Moon Temple
Cojines del Zaque
Goranchacha Temple
Hunzahúa Well
Natural
Fúquene
Guasca
Guatavita
Iguaque
Siecha
Suesca
Tota
Ubaque
Tequendama Falls
MythologyMyths
El Dorado
Monster of Lake Tota
Mythological figures
Goranchacha
Idacansás
Pacanchique
Thomagata
Caciques and neighboursNorthern caciqueszaque of Hunza
Hunzahúa
Michuá
Quemuenchatocha
Aquiminzaque
iraca of Suamox
Nompanim
Sugamuxi
cacique of Tundama
Tundama
Southern caciqueszipa of Bacatá
Meicuchuca
Saguamanchica
Nemequene
Tisquesusa
Sagipa
cacique of Turmequé
Diego de Torres y Moyachoque
NeighboursChibcha-speaking
U'wa
Sutagao
Guane
Lache
Arawak-speaking
Achagua
Tegua
Guayupe
Cariban-speaking
Panche
Muzo
Yarigui
Spanish conquestConquistadorsMajor
Gonzalo de Quesada
Hernán de Quesada
Baltasar Maldonado
Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
Juan de Céspedes
Juan de San Martín
Minor
Antonio Díaz de Cardoso
Antonio de Lebrija
Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano
Gonzalo García Zorro
Gonzalo Macías
Hernán Venegas Carrillo
Juan de Albarracín
Juan del Junco
Juan Tafur
Lázaro Fonte
Luis Lanchero
Martín Galeano
Martín Yañéz Tafur
Miguel Holguín y Figueroa
Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela
Pedro Ruíz Corredor
Neighbouring conquests
Conquest of the Chibchan Nations
Conquest of the Muzo
Conquest of the Panche
Battle of Tocarema (1538)
Research and collectionsScholars
Acosta
Acosta Samper
De Aguado
Arango
Broadbent
De Castellanos
Celis
Correal
Duquesne
Freyle
Friede
Gamboa
Groot
Hammen
Humboldt
Izquierdo
Langebaek
De Lugo
Ocampo
De Piedrahita
De Quesada
Reichel-Dolmatoff
Schrimpff
Simón
Triana
Uricoechea
Zerda
Publications
Elegías (1589)
El Carnero (1638)
Epítome (1889)
Research institutes
ICANH
Universidad Nacional
Universidad de los Andes
Universidad La Javeriana
University of Pittsburgh
UPTC
Collections
Museo del Oro
Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
Archaeology Museum of Pasca
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tundama (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundama_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duitama_Sirata.JPG"},{"link_name":"Duitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitama"},{"link_name":"cacique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacique"},{"link_name":"Muisca Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_Confederation"},{"link_name":"rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_rulers"},{"link_name":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_people"},{"link_name":"Altiplano Cundiboyacense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Tundama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitama"},{"link_name":"Tundama Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundama_Province"},{"link_name":"Boyacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department"},{"link_name":"conquistadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"conquistador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Baltasar Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Maldonado"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_scholars"},{"link_name":"Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Piedrahita"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piedrahita-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Tundama (disambiguation).Landscape of Duitama, seat of TundamaTundama or Saymoso (15th century – late December 1539 in Duitama) was a cacique of the Muisca Confederation, a loose confederation of different rulers of the Muisca who inhabited the central highlands (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) of the Colombian Andes. The city of Tundama, currently known as Duitama and part of the Tundama Province, Boyacá, were named after the cacique. Tundama ruled over the northernmost territories of the Muisca, submitted last by the Spanish conquistadores.Tundama was killed late December 1539 with a large hammer by Spanish conquistador Baltasar Maldonado. His successor, Don Juan was killed shortly after, ending the reign of the Muisca in the New Kingdom of Granada, the name for present-day Colombia and a part of Venezuela in the Spanish Empire.Knowledge about Tundama has been compiled by scholar Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita.[1]","title":"Tundama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca"},{"link_name":"psihipqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipa"},{"link_name":"Muyquytá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"hoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaque"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunja"},{"link_name":"iraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca"},{"link_name":"Sugamuxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogamoso"},{"link_name":"Tundama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitama"},{"link_name":"golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"}],"text":"In the time before the Spanish conquest of central Colombia, there were several main rulers and several independent caciques who governed the Muisca. From south to north the psihipqua of Muyquytá, the hoa of Hunza, the iraca of Sugamuxi and the psihipqua of Tundama were the ruling elites of the area. Duitama in those ages was a lake surrounded by hilltops. On the hill La Tolosa the tundama lived in a bohío (hut) ornamented with golden figures.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cerinza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerinza"},{"link_name":"Chitagoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz_de_R%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Sátiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sativasur"},{"link_name":"Soatá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soat%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Susacón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susac%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosTundama-2"},{"link_name":"Firavitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firavitoba"},{"link_name":"Tobasía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresta,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosIraca-3"}],"text":"Tundama was the last cacique of Duitama and the caciques of Cerinza, Chitagoto, Icabuco, Lupacoche, Sátiva, Soatá and Susacón were loyal to him.[2] When a new iraca for Sugamuxi had to be elected alternating between the caciques of Firavitoba and Tobasía, the cacique of Tundama intervened in case of conflict.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish conquest of the Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Santa Marta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marta"},{"link_name":"Magdalena River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunja"},{"link_name":"Iraka Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca"},{"link_name":"Sun Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Temple_(Sogamoso)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosTundama-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosIraca-3"},{"link_name":"indigenous groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Panche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panche_people"},{"link_name":"Guane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guane_people"},{"link_name":"guecha warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guecha_warrior"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosTundama-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esencia-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosTundama-2"},{"link_name":"emeralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_emeralds"},{"link_name":"mantles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosTundama-2"},{"link_name":"Baltasar Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Maldonado"},{"link_name":"Tisquesusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisquesusa"},{"link_name":"Eucaneme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemuenchatocha"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vargas Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vargas_Swamp"},{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosTundama-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esencia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TodoColombia-5"},{"link_name":"yanakunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanakuna"},{"link_name":"Ramiriquí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiriqu%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PueblosTundama-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Video-6"},{"link_name":"according to the Muisca tradition of inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_rulers#Non-patrilineal_heritage_of_rule"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Video-6"},{"link_name":"Aquiminzaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiminzaque"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Spanish conquest and death","text":"See also: Spanish conquest of the MuiscaIn 1536 the Spanish conquistadores led by Licentiate Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada set foot towards the interior of modern-day Colombia from Santa Marta. looking for the beginning of the Magdalena River, and a land path ro Peru, and equipped with approximately 800 soldiers, an unknown number of native companions, black slaves, and dozens of horses they started their march to the Andes along the Magdalena River. The Spanish troops arrived first in the southern Muisca territories, in the early March of 1537. From there they marched north and in August of that year they conquered Hunza, a capital of the northern Muisca. They were informed of the sacred Iraka Valley around Sugamuxi and found the Sun Temple which soldiers of De Quesada burned by accident in September 1537.[2][3]Saymoso got notice of the submission of the neighbouring indigenous groups, the Panche, Guane and others and told his guecha warriors not to bow for the Spanish invaders.[2] When one of his warriors suggested surrender was the best option, Tundama cut off his ears and left hand.[4] The cacique declared a \"death war\" against the Spanish and gathered an army of 10,000 guecha warriors.[2]To keep the conquistadores away, he sent a delegation of his people with emeralds, gold and mantles to offer the Spanish with the promise that Tundama would surrender bringing eight more of these. Gaining time, Tundama hid his treasures and prepared the defence of Tundama.[2]On December 15, 1539, captain Baltasar Maldonado, a companion of Jiménez de Quesada (who had already left for Europe, to give account in Spain), entered the territories of Tundama and offered him a peace proposal if he would surrender. Tundama, informed by the Spanish murders of psihipqua Tisquesusa and hoa Eucaneme, did not accept and Maldonado attacked Tundama and his army on the island in Vargas Swamp, where 280 years later the Battle of Vargas Swamp by Simón Bolívar would be fought.[2][4][5] Maldonado, enforced with 2000 yanakunas; natives from Peru and allied people from Muyquytá and Ramiriquí, was accompanied by the Muisca whose ears and hand had been cut off by Tundama. The Spanish conquistador with his weapons, cavalry and the inside knowledge of the earless Muisca killed 4000 guecha warriors of Tundama. Seeing this battle was fruitless, Tundama fled to Cerinza to ally with the cacique from there and prepared a new attack on the Spanish and indigenous troops, losing again. The caciques of northern Boyacá convinced Tundama to not fight anymore and Tundama surrendered to the Spanish troops. Maldonado demanded huge quantities of gold and emeralds to pay his loss to the Spanish. When handing over the valuables, Maldonado deemed the payments not enough and before the end of the year Maldonado killed Tundama with a large hammer.[2][6]After Tundama was killed, according to the Muisca tradition of inheritance, his nephew Don Juan took over the role of cacique. He was killed shortly after, ending the era of the Muisca in northern Boyacá.[6] The last independent of the Muisca, Aquiminzaque, was killed by public decapitation by Hernán Pérez de Quesada in January 1540. Native caciques continued ruling their towns, working together with a Spanish encomendero.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tundama in Muisca history","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Landscape of Duitama, seat of Tundama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Duitama_Sirata.JPG/260px-Duitama_Sirata.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png/160px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png/145px-Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/100px-Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Templo_del_sol.jpg/100px-Templo_del_sol.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg/80px-Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Corncobs.jpg/110px-Corncobs.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Guatavita_desde_el_cielo.jpg/100px-Guatavita_desde_el_cielo.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg/100px-Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DiosaAguaBachue.jpg/100px-DiosaAguaBachue.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Conquest_of_Colombia.png/120px-Conquest_of_Colombia.png"}] | [{"title":"Colombia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colombia"},{"title":"Spanish conquest of the Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca"},{"title":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_people"},{"title":"Muisca Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_Confederation"},{"title":"iraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/hisgral/hisgral45.htm","external_links_name":"Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita about Tundama"},{"Link":"http://pueblosoriginarios.com/biografias/tundama.html","external_links_name":"Biography Cacique Tundama"},{"Link":"http://pueblosoriginarios.com/biografias/iraca.html","external_links_name":"Iraca rulers"},{"Link":"http://www.esencianativa.org/","external_links_name":"Biography Tundama"},{"Link":"http://www.todacolombia.com/historia-de-colombia/pantano-de-vargas.html","external_links_name":"Battle of Vargas Swamp, 1819"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtAsqL6KrSA","external_links_name":"Animated video about Tundama"},{"Link":"https://www.udistrital.edu.co/universidad/colombia/historia/prehispanica/muiscas/aquiminzaque/","external_links_name":"Public execution of Aquiminzaque in Tunja"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtAsqL6KrSA","external_links_name":"Animated video about Tundama"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricar | Three-wheeler | ["1 Overview","2 History","3 Configurations","3.1 Two front","3.2 Two rear","3.3 Lateral stability[7]","4 Tilting option","5 Electric three wheelers","5.1 Battery-powered three wheelers","5.2 Solar-powered three wheelers","6 Steam-powered three wheelers","7 Wind-powered three wheelers","8 All-terrain vehicles","9 Registration","10 Examples","10.1 Two front wheels","10.2 Two rear wheels","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"] | Vehicle with three wheels
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Three-wheeler" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Campagna T-Rex1932 Morgan Aero 2-Seater SportsFuldamobil three-wheeler (Postwar-era Germany)Tricycle truck in Poland (Gorzów Wlkp)Trihawk, a tadpole-type trike manufactured in California, United States during the 1980s
A three-wheeler is a vehicle with three wheels. Some are motorized tricycles, which may be legally classed as motorcycles, while others are tricycles without a motor, some of which are human-powered vehicles and animal-powered vehicles.
Overview
Many three-wheelers which exist in the form of motorcycle-based machines are often called trikes and often have the front single wheel and mechanics similar to that of a motorcycle and the rear axle similar to that of a car. Often such vehicles are owner-constructed using a portion of a rear-engine, rear-drive Volkswagen Beetle in combination with a motorcycle front end. Other trikes include All-terrain vehicles that are specially constructed for off-road use.
Three-wheelers can have either one wheel at the back and two at the front (2F1R), (for example: Morgan Motor Company) or one wheel at the front and two at the back (1F2R) (such as the Reliant Robin). Due to better safety when braking, an increasingly popular form is the front-steering "tadpole" or "reverse trike" sometimes with front drive but usually with rear drive. A variant on the 'one at the front' layout was the Scott Sociable, which resembled a four-wheeler with a front wheel missing.
Three-wheelers, including some cyclecars, bubble cars and microcars, are built for economic and legal reasons: in the UK for tax advantages, or in the US to take advantage of lower safety regulations, being classed as motorcycles. As a result of their light construction and potential better streamlining, three-wheeled cars are usually less expensive to operate.
Some inexpensive three-wheelers have been designed specifically to improve mobility for disabled people.
Three-wheeler transport vehicles known as auto rickshaws are a common means of public transportation in many countries in the world, and are an essential form of urban transport in many developing countries such as India and the Philippines.
History
Early automotive pioneer Karl Benz developed a number of three-wheeled models. One of these, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, is regarded as the first purpose-built automobile. It was made in 1885.
In 1896, John Henry Knight showed a tri-car at The Great Exhibition.
In 1897, Edward Butler made the Butler Petrol Cycle, another three-wheeled car.
A Conti 6 hp Tri-car competed in (but did not complete) a 1907 Peking to Paris race sponsored by a French newspaper, Le Matin.
1885 Benz Patent Motorwagen
Goliath pickup truck at a meeting for vintage cars in the 1990s
Davis D-2 Divan, at the National Automotive and Truck Museum, Auburn, Indiana, United States
Davis 494, at the National Automotive and Truck Museum, Auburn, Indiana, USA
Velorex was a manufacturing cooperative in Solnice, Czechoslovakia, formed in 1936 to satisfy demand for small, inexpensive city cars.
Mazda T2000 truck 1957–1974, length 6.08 m, width 1.84 m, max speed 100 km/h
An early Daihatsu Midget, which would serve as the basis for auto rickshaws that proliferate across South and Southeast Asia
Reliant Robin 3-wheeler car.
2016 Pembleton Supersports
Configurations
Diagram comparing delta and tadpole layouts
Two front
A configuration of two wheels in the front and one wheel at the back presents two advantages: it has improved aerodynamics, and that it readily enables the use of a small lightweight motorcycle powerplant and rear wheel. This approach was used by the Messerschmitt KR200 and BMW Isetta. Alternatively, a more conventional front-engine, front wheel drive layout as is common in four-wheeled cars can be used, with subsequent advantages for transversal stability (the center of mass is further to the front) and traction (two driven wheels instead of one). Some vehicles have a front engine driving the single rear wheel, similar to the rear engine driving the rear wheel. The wheel must support acceleration loads as well as lateral forces when in a turn, and loss of traction can be a challenge.
A new tadpole configuration has been proposed with a rear engine driving the front wheels. This concept (Dragonfly Three Wheeler) claims both stability and traction (two driven wheels), as well as a unique driving experience.
With two wheels in the front (the "tadpole" form or "reverse trike") the vehicle is far more stable in braking turns, but remains more prone to overturning in normal turns compared to an equivalent four-wheeled vehicle, unless the center of mass is lower and/or further forward. Motorcycle-derived designs suffer from most of the weight being toward the rear of the vehicle.
For lower wind resistance (which increases fuel efficiency), a teardrop shape is often used. A teardrop is wide and round at the front, tapering at the back. The three-wheel configuration allows the two front wheels to create the wide round surface of the vehicle. The single rear wheel allows the vehicle to taper at the back. Examples include the Aptera (solar electric vehicle) and Myers Motors NmG.
Two rear
Having one wheel in front and two in the rear for power reduces the cost of the steering mechanism but greatly decreases lateral stability when cornering while braking.
When the single wheel is in the front (the "delta" form, as in a child's pedal tricycle), the vehicle is inherently unstable in a braking turn, as the combined tipping forces at the center of mass from turning and braking can rapidly extend beyond the triangle formed by the contact patches of the wheels. This type, if not tipped, also has a greater tendency to spin out ("swap ends") when handled roughly.
Lateral stability
The disadvantage of a three-wheel configuration is that lateral stability is lower than with a four-wheeled vehicle.
With any vehicle, an imaginary line can be projected from the vehicles centre of mass to the ground, representing the force exerted on the vehicle by its mass. With the vehicle stationary, the line will be vertical. As the vehicle accelerates, that imaginary line tilts backward, remaining anchored to the centre of mass the point at which the line intersects the ground moves backward. As you brake it moves forward, with cornering it moves sideward.
Should the point at which this line intersects the ground move outside of the boundary formed by connecting the tyre contact patches together (a rectangle for a four-wheeled car, or a triangle for a trike) then the vehicle will tip and eventually fall over. This is true for any vehicle.
With all vehicles it is critical that the vehicle should be engineered to slide before this point of instability is reached.
This can be achieved in several ways:
by placing the center of mass closer to the ground
by placing the center of mass closer to the axle with two wheels (for three wheelers)
by increasing the track width
by limiting the grip provided by the tyres, such that the vehicle loses adhesion before it starts to tip.
By tilting some or all of the vehicle as it corners.
In the case of a three-wheeled ATV, tipping may be avoided by the rider leaning into turns.
Tilting option
Main article: Tilting three-wheeler
Tripendo recumbent tricycle, a tilting three-wheeler
Vandenbrink Carver
To improve stability some three-wheelers are designed to tilt while cornering like a motorcyclist would do. The tilt may be controlled manually, mechanically or by computer.
A tilting three-wheeler's body or wheels, or both, tilt in the direction of the turn. Such vehicles can corner safely even with a narrow track.
Some tilting three-wheelers could be considered to be forms of feet forward motorcycles or cabin motorcycles or both.
Electric three wheelers
Main article: Electric vehicle. See also: Electric tricycle (disambiguation)
Battery-powered three wheelers
Toyota i-Road, a three-wheeled battery powered personal mobility vehicle
Main articles: Battery electric vehicle and Electric rickshaw
Three-wheeled battery powered designs include:
Aptera (solar electric vehicle)
Arcimoto
CityEl
Commuter Cars Tango
Cree SAM
ElectraMeccanica SOLO
Myers Motors NmG (formerly Corbin Sparrow)
Nobe GT100
Toyota i-Road
Triac
Vanderhall Edison 2
ZAP Xebra
EWheels EW 36(mobility scooter)
Solar-powered three wheelers
Main article: Solar vehicle
Here are three notable examples of solar-powered three wheelers; two race cars, the Infinium and the Sky Ace TIGA, and a vehicle planned for production, the Aptera.
Infinium, winner of 2010 American Solar Challenge
The Infinium, built by the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, came in 3rd place in the 2009 World Solar Challenge held in Australia, and won the 2010 American Solar Challenge.
Ashiya University's Sky Ace TIGA achieved 91.332 kilometres per hour (56.751 mph) at Shimojishima Airport, in Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan, to win the Guinness World Record, on 20 August 2014. It took the record from another three-wheeler, Sunswift IV, designed and built at the University of New South Wales in Australia, by a margin of almost 3 km/h.
Solar panels on the hood, roof, dashboard and hatch of the Aptera EV
The Aptera solar electric vehicle uses a tadpole layout and is being designed to have a top speed of over 100 mph. The Aptera uses 42 KW in-wheel electric motors and can be ordered with two (front-wheel drive) or three (all-wheel drive) motors. The Aptera's roof and dashboard, and optionally its hood and hatch, are fitted with solar panels, with the full compliment being designed to add a range of up to 40 miles per day and 11,000 miles per year in the sunniest climates. First customer availability is planned for before the end of 2024.
Steam-powered three wheelers
Cugnot's fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
Main articles: Steam tricycle and Steamroller
The world's first full-size self-propelled land vehicle was a three-wheeler. French Army Captain Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's 1770 fardier à vapeur (steam dray), a steam tricycle with a top speed of around 3 km/h (2 mph), was intended for hauling artillery.
Another of the earliest preserved examples is the Long steam tricycle, built by George A. Long around 1880 and patented in 1883, now on display at the Smithsonian Institution.
Wind-powered three wheelers
The Whike is a recumbent tricycle with a sail, made in the Netherlands.
All-terrain vehicles
Further information: All-terrain vehicle § Three-wheeled ATVs
Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha all-terrain vehicles
Due to the incidence of injuries and deaths related to their use, a 10-year ban, entirely voluntary for manufacturers, was placed on the sale of new three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles in the United States in January 1988. More injuries were sustained by riders by not applying a proper riding technique, and lack of wearing proper safety gear such as helmets and riding boots. In a search conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, it was determined that "no inherent flaw was found in the three wheel design".
Registration
Bond Bug at Silverstone
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In the U.S, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration defines and regulates three-wheeled vehicles as motorcycles.
However, in 2015 a bill was introduced in Congress that would prevent some three wheeled vehicles from being classified as motorcycles in the United States, instead creating a new classification for "autocycles".
Driver's license and registration requirements vary on a state-by-state basis. Some states require drivers of three wheeled vehicles to have a motorcycle license and register the vehicle as a motorcycle. Some states, including Virginia, Kansas, and Indiana, classify some three wheeled vehicles as autocycles. Virginia defines an autocycle as "a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a steering wheel and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit astride and is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements for motorcycles." Indiana defines it as "a three (3) wheeled motor vehicle in which the operator and passenger ride in a completely or partially enclosed seating area that is equipped with:(1) a rollcage or roll hoops; (2) safety belts for each occupant; and (3) antilock brakes;and is designed to be controlled with a steering wheel and pedals." In other jurisdictions, such as British Columbia, Canada, and Connecticut, a three-wheeled vehicle with an enclosed passenger compartment or partially enclosed seat is considered an automobile.
Examples
Two front wheels
Name
Country
Years manufactured
Comments
Léon Bollée Voiturette
France
1895–?
TriPodCars Tripod 1
Australia
2012–?
400 kg Reverse Trike, Bandit 1250, ZX14R (200+ hp) and EV
Berkeley Cars Berkeley T60
England
1959
Egg
Switzerland
1896–99
Advance 6 hp air-cooled Tri Car and 9 hp water-cooled Tri Car
England
1902–12
Humber Tricar
England
1904
Riley Olympia Tricar
England
1904
Mars Carette
England
1904–05
Mars Motors Co existed in Finchley, London, White and Poppe water-cooled engine, Single-cylinder, 3.3 kW
Lagonda Tricar
England
1904–07
total production: 69 cars
Anglian
England
1905–07
Armadale
England
1906–07
Ranger Cub
England
1970–1980
Reverse Trike/Tadpole, A-Series engine 848-1275cc
Morgan V-Twin and F-Series
England
1911–39, 1932–52
Morgan Super Sports 2-Seater 1937
American Tri-Car
United States
1912
Birmingham Small Arms Company Three Wheeler
England
1929–36
1100cc engine
Zaschka
Germany
1929
Folding three-wheeler: Zaschka Three-wheeler 1929
Dymaxion car
United States
1933
Concept car designed by Buckminster Fuller
Mathis VEL 333
France
1946
3 seats, flat-twin front engine, aluminium body, production less than 10 units
Fend Flitzer
Germany
1948 - 1951
1 seat, Messerschmitt kabinenroller precursor, production about 250 units
1951 Hoffmann
Germany
1951
2 seats, aluminium body, engine mounted on the rear wheel steering pivot
Velorex Oskar and other models
Czechoslovakia
1951–71
Originally with leather bodies
Isetta
UK
1957–62
Three-wheeled version of the Isetta built in the UK to take advantage of tax and licensing regulations
Scootacar
UK
1957–64
Messerschmitt KR175
Germany
1953–55
Messerschmitt KR200
Germany
1955–64
Peel P50
Isle of Man
1963–64
Smallest production car ever built
HM Vehicles Free-way
United States
1979–82
Campagna T-Rex
Canada
1996–present
Malone Car Company F1000|Skunk SS|TAZR
United Kingdom
1999–present
High-power internal combustion and pure electric versions released November 2010
Cree SAM
Switzerland
2001
Electric, only 80 produced
Myers Motors NmG ("No more Gas")
United States
2006–present
Single-occupant all-electric plug-in
BRP Can-Am Spyder RoadsterCan-Am Spyder Roadster
Canada
2007–present
The Can-Am Spyder is a three-wheeled motorcycle manufactured by Bombardier Recreational Products.
Brudeli 645L
Norway
2008–
Moonbeam
United States
2008–present
100 mpg DIY, fabric-covered car based on parts from two Honda 150cc motorscooters
Triac
United States
2009–2011
Electric, never entered production
XR-3 Hybrid
United States
Plans–2008, Kit–2009
Front 3-cylinder diesel (125 mpg), rear electric 40 mile range (220 mpg when used as a hybrid)
Aptera (solar electric vehicle)
United States
2022 planned
Solar-powered Electric
Triton Trike
United States
2000–present
Gas-powered, 42+ mpg, front-wheel drive, custom builds and kits available
Nobe GT100
Estonia & United States
2021 planned
Electric, powered at all 3 wheels
Polaris Slingshot
United States
2015–present
Vanderhall Laguna Roadster
United States
2016–2018
Exotic Auto-cycle, mono-aluminum chassis, carbon fiber body, 200 HP, 1550 pounds dry weight, side-by-side seating, fwd. 1.4 liter turbo GM power plant. 6 speed Automatic with paddle shift option. Manufactured by Vanderhall Motor Works in Provo, Utah U.S.A
Vanderhall Venice
United States
2017–present
The mainstay of the Vanderhall line up, the Venice brings the soul of roadster motoring while extending effortless performance in kind.
Vanderhall Carmel
United States
2020–present
The Vanderhall Carmel brings more luxury and convenience to the Carmel lineup. With provisions to accommodate a removable capshade, the Carmel promises additional class and comfort for your journey.
Vanderhall Edison
United States
2020–present
The Edison2: A fully electric roadster that combines refined and eye-catching design while maintaining classic, elegant lines. Unplug and play has been redefined
Elio Motors
Shreveport, LA, United States
Awaiting funding
Two passenger fully enclosed cockpit with car controls
Girfalco Azkarra
Canada
2017
All-electric two-passenger three-wheeled vehicle, possibly the quickest three-wheeler
Go3Wheeler
United States
2014
single person three wheeler
Corbin Sparrow
Piaggio MP3
Tri-Magnum
United States
Tilting 3-wheeler capable of seating two people.
Volkswagen GX3
Morgan 3-Wheeler
England
2012–present
The power train is a 1983cc ‘V-twin’ fuel injected engine mated to a Mazda 5 speed (and reverse) gearbox
Fuel Vapours Alé
Canada
2005–present
Prototype. Gets 92 mpg.
Arcimoto FUV
United States
2019–present
Two passenger all-electric, 102 mile range City
Fiberfab Scarab STM
United States
1976
Kit car with canopy door manufactured by Fiberfab
Bricklin 3EV
United States
Planned
Two passenger electric vehicle from Malcolm Bricklin.
Two rear wheels
Name
Country
Years manufactured
Comments
Apino
Brazil
unknown
Mini Truck
Benz Patent Motorwagen
Germany
1886–93
Eco-Fueler
USA
2009–2011
2 seater built in Oregon.
La Va Bon Train
France
1904–10
50–100 believed built
Davis D-2 Divan
United States
1947–48
about 13–17 built, including the 494, a Jeep-like military vehicle
Scammell Scarab
England
1948–67
Autoette
United States
1948–70
Daihatsu Bee
Japan
1951–1952
Daihatsu Midget
Japan
1957–72
Mazda T-2000
Japan
1957–74
Mazda K360
Japan
1959–69
Mazda T600
Japan
1959–71
Kia K-360
South Korea
1962–1973
Kia's first truck (OEM Mazda K-360)
Kia T-1500
South Korea
1963–?
1484 cc, 60 hp, four cylinder and a maximum load of 1.5 tons. (OEM Mazda T-1500)
Kia T-600
South Korea
1969–1974
577cc, 20 HP and 500 kg load. Top speed of 75 km/h. 7726 produced (OEM Mazda T-600)
Kia T-2000
South Korea
1967–1981
1985 cc, 81 hp, four cylinder and a maximum load of 2 tons. 15952 produced (OEM Mazda T-2000)
Piaggio Ape
Italy
1948–present
Electra-King
United States
1964?–1980s?
Two-seater electric car
Bond 875
England
1965–70
Bond Bug
England
1970–74
Reliant Robin
England
1973–81, 1989–2002
Reliant Regal
England
1953–1973
An example of this vehicle is the iconic van belonging to Del Boy and Rodney Trotter in the long-running BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, though it is often incorrectly referred to as a Reliant Robin.
GM Lean Machine
United States
1980s
Tilt, concept car
TriVette
United States
1974–1976
Twike
Germany
1995–present
Electric-human-power hybrid, developed in Switzerland
ZAP Xebra
United States
2006–2009
electric power
eTuk
United States
2014–
re-designed tuk tuk for the US Market, including an all-electric motor
Snyder ST600-c
United States
2011–2012
Imported by Snyder Technologies / Wildfire Motors, this is a rebrand of the Fulu Motors 富路金骏马, Fulu Jinjunma in English. Referred to as the 09 golden horse internally.
Carver
Netherlands
2007–2009
Tilt
CityEl
Denmark
Mini-El, City-El
CLEVER
Harley-Davidson Servi-Car
United States
1932-1973
Harley-Davidson Tri Glide
United States
since 2009
See also
Four-wheeler
References
^ "Scott Sociable". Retrieved 2015-10-05.
^ Stańko-Pająk, K; Bursa, B; Seńko, J; Detka, T; Korczak, S; Nowak, R; Popiołek, K; Lisiecki, J; Paczkowski, A (2022-07-01). "A three-wheeled vehicle for the disabled people". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1247 (1): 012039. Bibcode:2022MS&E.1247a2039S. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1247/1/012039. ISSN 1757-8981. S2CID 250504234.
^ a b Elvis Payne (2012). "The History of the 3-Wheeled Vehicle". 3-wheelers.com. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
^ Chris Chong (July 2, 2006). "History in its magnificence". star-motoring.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ "History". pekingparisraid.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ Design. "Dragonfly three wheeler". www.dragonflythreewheeler.com. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
^ Riley, Robert Q. "The Dynamic Stability of Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Automotive-Type Applications". Robert Q. Riley Enterprises. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22.
^ "Fastest solar-powered vehicle". Guinness World Records.
^ "Aussie car breaks a world speed record". AAP. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
^ Voelcker, John (2019-08-28). "Exclusive: 3-Wheeled Aptera Reboots as World's Most Efficient Electric Car". IEEE Spectrum. IEEE. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
^ "Aptera solar EV Launch Edition: 400-mile range, no Supercharging yet". Green Car Reports. 2023-01-22. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
^ Chris (2023-01-27). "Aptera Announces Accelerator Program to Kick Off Production Plan". Aptera. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
^ "Fardier de Cugnot". Archived from the original on July 16, 2013.
^ "1880 Long Steam Tricycle - Pictures". Remarkablecars.com. 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
^ "America on the Move | Long steam tricycle". Americanhistory.si.edu. 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
^ "Highway Safety - Title 23, United States Code, Chapter 4 and Related Highway Safety Provisions" (PDF). December 2008. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
^ "Newly Introduced Federal Legislation Would Ensure That Three-Wheeled Automobiles Are Not Classified As Motorcycles". Motorcycle Law Group. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
^ "S.685 - Autocycle Safety Act". Congress. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
^ Va. Code Ann. § 46.2-100 (West)
^ Ind. Code Ann. § 9-13-2-6.1 (West)
^ "Tri Pod Cars".
^ "Advance Fore-Cars and Tri-Cars". oakingtonplane.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
^ "British Motor Manufacturers (1894-1960) Humber". britishmm.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ "Humber History". histomobile.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ "Rileys 1896 - 1939 The Pre-Nuffield Years". Rob's Riley Pages (ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob). Archived from the original on March 21, 2005. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ illustration Archived December 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "1904 Mars Carette - Franschhoek Motor Museum". 20 October 2017. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
^ "The History of Classic Cars: 1905 Lagonda Tricar". autoclassic.com. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ Peter Bowler, president The BSAFWD Club. "image and description". Bsafwdc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ Wilson, Mark (2006-09-24). "Moonbeam: 100mpg Homemade Car". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
^ "XR3 Hybrid Personal Transit Vehicle: A 125 mpg Plug-In Hybrid Three Wheeler You Build From Plans". Rqriley.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ "Venice". Vanderhall Motor Works. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
^ "Carmel". Vanderhall Motor Works. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
^ "Edison 2". Vanderhall Motor Works. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
^ "Project 32: A High-Performance Tilting Three-Wheel Vehicle". www.rqriley.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
^ "Meet The Bricklin 3EV". www.vvcars.com.
^ "Eco-Fueler". www.eco-fueler.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
^ Patton, Phil (September 24, 2009). "A Dreamer's Machine, More Promise Than Reality". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
^ Rob & Sharon McLellan. "advertising brochure". Mclellansautomotive.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ "General Motors Three Wheeled Cars". GM's Lean Machine (3-wheelers.com/gmlean). Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ "Lean Machines: Preliminary Investigation" (PDF). Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley (commutercars.com/downloads/studies/). Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ "illustration". Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ "eTuk USA". Retrieved 2014-07-01.
^ "Remembering the 1937 Harley-Davidson Servi-Car GE". March 2022.
External links
Complete A-Z list of three-wheelers since 1940 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campagna_T-Rex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Campagna T-Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_T-Rex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_3-Wheeler_193X.jpg"},{"link_name":"Morgan Aero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Aero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuldamobil_NWF_200,_Rare_German_Threewheeler.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fuldamobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuldamobil"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trajka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Gorzów Wlkp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trihawk.jpg"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle"},{"link_name":"wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel"},{"link_name":"motorized tricycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorized_tricycle"},{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"tricycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle"},{"link_name":"motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor"},{"link_name":"human-powered vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_vehicle"},{"link_name":"animal-powered vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-powered_vehicle"}],"text":"Campagna T-Rex1932 Morgan Aero 2-Seater SportsFuldamobil three-wheeler (Postwar-era Germany)Tricycle truck in Poland (Gorzów Wlkp)Trihawk, a tadpole-type trike manufactured in California, United States during the 1980sA three-wheeler is a vehicle with three wheels. Some are motorized tricycles, which may be legally classed as motorcycles, while others are tricycles without a motor, some of which are human-powered vehicles and animal-powered vehicles.","title":"Three-wheeler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volkswagen Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle"},{"link_name":"All-terrain vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#All-terrain_vehicles"},{"link_name":"Morgan Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Reliant Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliant_Robin"},{"link_name":"front drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_drive"},{"link_name":"Scott Sociable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sociable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cyclecars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclecar"},{"link_name":"bubble cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_car"},{"link_name":"microcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"auto rickshaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_rickshaw"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_rickshaw_(Philippines)"}],"text":"Many three-wheelers which exist in the form of motorcycle-based machines are often called trikes and often have the front single wheel and mechanics similar to that of a motorcycle and the rear axle similar to that of a car. Often such vehicles are owner-constructed using a portion of a rear-engine, rear-drive Volkswagen Beetle in combination with a motorcycle front end. Other trikes include All-terrain vehicles that are specially constructed for off-road use.Three-wheelers can have either one wheel at the back and two at the front (2F1R), (for example: Morgan Motor Company) or one wheel at the front and two at the back (1F2R) (such as the Reliant Robin). Due to better safety when braking, an increasingly popular form is the front-steering \"tadpole\" or \"reverse trike\" sometimes with front drive but usually with rear drive. A variant on the 'one at the front' layout was the Scott Sociable, which resembled a four-wheeler with a front wheel missing.[1]Three-wheelers, including some cyclecars, bubble cars and microcars, are built for economic and legal reasons: in the UK for tax advantages, or in the US to take advantage of lower safety regulations, being classed as motorcycles. As a result of their light construction and potential better streamlining, three-wheeled cars are usually less expensive to operate.[citation needed]Some inexpensive three-wheelers have been designed specifically to improve mobility for disabled people.[2]Three-wheeler transport vehicles known as auto rickshaws are a common means of public transportation in many countries in the world, and are an essential form of urban transport in many developing countries such as India and the Philippines.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elvis-3"},{"link_name":"Benz Patent Motorwagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Henry Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Knight_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"The Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elvis-3"},{"link_name":"Edward Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Butler_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"Peking to Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_to_Paris"},{"link_name":"Le Matin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Matin_(France)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1885Benz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benz Patent Motorwagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorry,_Threewheeler.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_(company)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davis_Divan,_NATMUS,_May_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Motorcar_Company"},{"link_name":"D-2 Divan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Divan"},{"link_name":"Auburn, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Indiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davis_Model_494,_NATMUS,_May_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velorex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Velorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velorex"},{"link_name":"Solnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solnice"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"city cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_car"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mazda_t2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda"},{"link_name":"truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1957_Daihatsu_Midget_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daihatsu Midget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Midget"},{"link_name":"auto rickshaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_rickshaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reliant_Robin_registered_July_1975_748cc_at_Knebworth_2013.JPG"},{"link_name":"Reliant Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliant_Robin"},{"link_name":"car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pembleton_Supersports_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pembleton Supersports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembleton_Supersports&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Early automotive pioneer Karl Benz developed a number of three-wheeled models.[3] One of these, the Benz Patent Motorwagen,[4] is regarded as the first purpose-built automobile. It was made in 1885.In 1896, John Henry Knight showed a tri-car at The Great Exhibition.[3]In 1897, Edward Butler made the Butler Petrol Cycle, another three-wheeled car.A Conti 6 hp Tri-car competed in (but did not complete) a 1907 Peking to Paris race sponsored by a French newspaper, Le Matin.[5]1885 Benz Patent Motorwagen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGoliath pickup truck at a meeting for vintage cars in the 1990s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDavis D-2 Divan, at the National Automotive and Truck Museum, Auburn, Indiana, United States\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDavis 494, at the National Automotive and Truck Museum, Auburn, Indiana, USA\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVelorex was a manufacturing cooperative in Solnice, Czechoslovakia, formed in 1936 to satisfy demand for small, inexpensive city cars.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMazda T2000 truck 1957–1974, length 6.08 m, width 1.84 m, max speed 100 km/h\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn early Daihatsu Midget, which would serve as the basis for auto rickshaws that proliferate across South and Southeast Asia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReliant Robin 3-wheeler car.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2016 Pembleton Supersports","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThreeWheeled.svg"}],"text":"Diagram comparing delta and tadpole layouts","title":"Configurations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aerodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt KR200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR200"},{"link_name":"Isetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"wind resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_resistance"},{"link_name":"fuel efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aptera (solar electric vehicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptera_(solar_electric_vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Myers Motors NmG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers_Motors_NmG"}],"sub_title":"Two front","text":"A configuration of two wheels in the front and one wheel at the back presents two advantages: it has improved aerodynamics, and that it readily enables the use of a small lightweight motorcycle powerplant and rear wheel. This approach was used by the Messerschmitt KR200 and BMW Isetta. Alternatively, a more conventional front-engine, front wheel drive layout as is common in four-wheeled cars can be used, with subsequent advantages for transversal stability (the center of mass is further to the front) and traction (two driven wheels instead of one). Some vehicles have a front engine driving the single rear wheel, similar to the rear engine driving the rear wheel. The wheel must support acceleration loads as well as lateral forces when in a turn, and loss of traction can be a challenge.A new tadpole configuration has been proposed with a rear engine driving the front wheels. This concept (Dragonfly Three Wheeler[6]) claims both stability and traction (two driven wheels), as well as a unique driving experience.With two wheels in the front (the \"tadpole\" form or \"reverse trike\") the vehicle is far more stable in braking turns, but remains more prone to overturning in normal turns compared to an equivalent four-wheeled vehicle, unless the center of mass is lower and/or further forward. Motorcycle-derived designs suffer from most of the weight being toward the rear of the vehicle.[citation needed]For lower wind resistance (which increases fuel efficiency), a teardrop shape is often used.[citation needed] A teardrop is wide and round at the front, tapering at the back. The three-wheel configuration allows the two front wheels to create the wide round surface of the vehicle. The single rear wheel allows the vehicle to taper at the back. Examples include the Aptera (solar electric vehicle) and Myers Motors NmG.","title":"Configurations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tricycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle"},{"link_name":"center of mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass"},{"link_name":"contact patches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_patch"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Two rear","text":"Having one wheel in front and two in the rear for power reduces the cost of the steering mechanism but greatly decreases lateral stability when cornering while braking.When the single wheel is in the front (the \"delta\" form, as in a child's pedal tricycle), the vehicle is inherently unstable in a braking turn, as the combined tipping forces at the center of mass from turning and braking can rapidly extend beyond the triangle formed by the contact patches of the wheels. This type, if not tipped, also has a greater tendency to spin out (\"swap ends\") when handled roughly.[citation needed]","title":"Configurations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability"},{"link_name":"center of mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass"},{"link_name":"track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle_track"}],"sub_title":"Lateral stability[7]","text":"The disadvantage of a three-wheel configuration is that lateral stability is lower than with a four-wheeled vehicle.With any vehicle, an imaginary line can be projected from the vehicles centre of mass to the ground, representing the force exerted on the vehicle by its mass. With the vehicle stationary, the line will be vertical. As the vehicle accelerates, that imaginary line tilts backward, remaining anchored to the centre of mass the point at which the line intersects the ground moves backward. As you brake it moves forward, with cornering it moves sideward. \nShould the point at which this line intersects the ground move outside of the boundary formed by connecting the tyre contact patches together (a rectangle for a four-wheeled car, or a triangle for a trike) then the vehicle will tip and eventually fall over. This is true for any vehicle.With all vehicles it is critical that the vehicle should be engineered to slide before this point of instability is reached.This can be achieved in several ways:by placing the center of mass closer to the ground\nby placing the center of mass closer to the axle with two wheels (for three wheelers)\nby increasing the track width\nby limiting the grip provided by the tyres, such that the vehicle loses adhesion before it starts to tip.\nBy tilting some or all of the vehicle as it corners.In the case of a three-wheeled ATV, tipping may be avoided by the rider leaning into turns.","title":"Configurations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TripendoTilted.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carver_one_06011701.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vandenbrink Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carver_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"feet forward motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feet_forward_motorcycle"},{"link_name":"cabin motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_motorcycle"}],"text":"Tripendo recumbent tricycle, a tilting three-wheelerVandenbrink CarverTo improve stability some three-wheelers are designed to tilt while cornering like a motorcyclist would do. The tilt may be controlled manually, mechanically or by computer.A tilting three-wheeler's body or wheels, or both, tilt in the direction of the turn. Such vehicles can corner safely even with a narrow track.Some tilting three-wheelers could be considered to be forms of feet forward motorcycles or cabin motorcycles or both.","title":"Tilting option"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electric three wheelers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-road_-_Grenoble.JPG"},{"link_name":"Toyota i-Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_i-Road"},{"link_name":"Aptera (solar electric vehicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptera_(solar_electric_vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Arcimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcimoto"},{"link_name":"CityEl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityEl"},{"link_name":"Commuter Cars Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_Cars_Tango"},{"link_name":"Cree SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_SAM"},{"link_name":"ElectraMeccanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ElectraMeccanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myers Motors NmG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers_Motors_NmG"},{"link_name":"Nobe GT100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobe_GT100"},{"link_name":"Toyota i-Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_i-Road"},{"link_name":"Triac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triac_(car)"},{"link_name":"Vanderhall Edison 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderhall_Motor_Works#Edison_2"},{"link_name":"ZAP Xebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAP_Xebra"},{"link_name":"EWheels EW 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/view/ewheels-ew36-mobility-scooter/"},{"link_name":"mobility scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_scooter"}],"sub_title":"Battery-powered three wheelers","text":"Toyota i-Road, a three-wheeled battery powered personal mobility vehicleThree-wheeled battery powered designs include:Aptera (solar electric vehicle)\nArcimoto\nCityEl\nCommuter Cars Tango\nCree SAM\nElectraMeccanica SOLO\nMyers Motors NmG (formerly Corbin Sparrow)\nNobe GT100\nToyota i-Road\nTriac\nVanderhall Edison 2\nZAP Xebra\nEWheels EW 36(mobility scooter)","title":"Electric three wheelers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InfiniumAtAirStrip.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Solar Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Solar_Challenge"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Solar Car Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Solar_Car_Team"},{"link_name":"World Solar Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Solar_Challenge"},{"link_name":"American Solar Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Solar_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Ashiya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashiya_University"},{"link_name":"Shimojishima Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimojishima_Airport"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sunswift IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunswift"},{"link_name":"University of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:APTERA2019_ASPHALT-DOORS-CLOSED_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aptera solar electric vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptera_(solar_electric_vehicle)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"in-wheel electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-wheel_electric_motor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"front-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"all-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Solar-powered three wheelers","text":"Here are three notable examples of solar-powered three wheelers; two race cars, the Infinium and the Sky Ace TIGA, and a vehicle planned for production, the Aptera.Infinium, winner of 2010 American Solar ChallengeThe Infinium, built by the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, came in 3rd place in the 2009 World Solar Challenge held in Australia, and won the 2010 American Solar Challenge.Ashiya University's Sky Ace TIGA achieved 91.332 kilometres per hour (56.751 mph) at Shimojishima Airport, in Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan, to win the Guinness World Record, on 20 August 2014.[8] It took the record from another three-wheeler, Sunswift IV, designed and built at the University of New South Wales in Australia,[9] by a margin of almost 3 km/h.Solar panels on the hood, roof, dashboard and hatch of the Aptera EVThe Aptera solar electric vehicle[10] uses a tadpole layout and is being designed to have a top speed of over 100 mph. The Aptera uses 42 KW in-wheel electric motors[11] and can be ordered with two (front-wheel drive) or three (all-wheel drive) motors. The Aptera's roof and dashboard, and optionally its hood and hatch, are fitted with solar panels, with the full compliment being designed to add a range of up to 40 miles per day and 11,000 miles per year in the sunniest climates. First customer availability is planned for before the end of 2024.[12]","title":"Electric three wheelers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers,_Paris_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Musée des Arts et Métiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Long steam tricycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_steam_tricycle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-15"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"}],"text":"Cugnot's fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, FranceThe world's first full-size self-propelled land vehicle was a three-wheeler. French Army Captain Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's 1770 fardier à vapeur (steam dray), a steam tricycle with a top speed of around 3 km/h (2 mph), was intended for hauling artillery.[13]Another of the earliest preserved examples is the Long steam tricycle, built by George A. Long around 1880 and patented in 1883,[14][15] now on display at the Smithsonian Institution.","title":"Steam-powered three wheelers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whike"}],"text":"The Whike is a recumbent tricycle with a sail, made in the Netherlands.","title":"Wind-powered three wheelers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-terrain vehicle § Three-wheeled ATVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle#Three-wheeled_ATVs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HONDA_ATC70_and_SUZUKI_ALT50_TRAILBUDDY_and_YAMAHA_TRI-ZINGER_YT60.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: All-terrain vehicle § Three-wheeled ATVsHonda, Suzuki and Yamaha all-terrain vehiclesDue to the incidence of injuries and deaths related to their use, a 10-year ban, entirely voluntary for manufacturers, was placed on the sale of new three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles in the United States in January 1988.[citation needed] More injuries were sustained by riders by not applying a proper riding technique, and lack of wearing proper safety gear such as helmets and riding boots. In a search conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, it was determined that \"no inherent flaw was found in the three wheel design\".[citation needed]","title":"All-terrain vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BondBugSilverstone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bond Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Bug"},{"link_name":"U.S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLG-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Driver's license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Virginia_Definition-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiana_Definintion-20"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bond Bug at SilverstoneIn the U.S, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration defines and regulates three-wheeled vehicles as motorcycles.[16]\nHowever, in 2015 a bill was introduced in Congress that would prevent some three wheeled vehicles from being classified as motorcycles in the United States, instead creating a new classification for \"autocycles\".[17][18]Driver's license and registration requirements vary on a state-by-state basis. Some states require drivers of three wheeled vehicles to have a motorcycle license and register the vehicle as a motorcycle. Some states, including Virginia, Kansas, and Indiana, classify some three wheeled vehicles as autocycles. Virginia defines an autocycle as \"a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a steering wheel and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit astride and is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements for motorcycles.\"[19] Indiana defines it as \"a three (3) wheeled motor vehicle in which the operator and passenger ride in a completely or partially enclosed seating area that is equipped with:(1) a rollcage or roll hoops; (2) safety belts for each occupant; and (3) antilock brakes;and is designed to be controlled with a steering wheel and pedals.\"[20] In other jurisdictions, such as British Columbia, Canada, and Connecticut, a three-wheeled vehicle with an enclosed passenger compartment or partially enclosed seat is considered an automobile.[citation needed]","title":"Registration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Two front wheels","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Two rear wheels","title":"Examples"}] | [{"image_text":"Diagram comparing delta and tadpole layouts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ThreeWheeled.svg/220px-ThreeWheeled.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Tripendo recumbent tricycle, a tilting three-wheeler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/TripendoTilted.jpg/220px-TripendoTilted.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vandenbrink Carver","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carver_one_06011701.jpg/220px-Carver_one_06011701.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toyota i-Road, a three-wheeled battery powered personal mobility vehicle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/I-road_-_Grenoble.JPG/220px-I-road_-_Grenoble.JPG"},{"image_text":"Infinium, winner of 2010 American Solar Challenge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/InfiniumAtAirStrip.jpg/220px-InfiniumAtAirStrip.jpg"},{"image_text":"Solar panels on the hood, roof, dashboard and hatch of the Aptera EV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/APTERA2019_ASPHALT-DOORS-CLOSED_crop.jpg/220px-APTERA2019_ASPHALT-DOORS-CLOSED_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cugnot's fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_2015.jpg/220px-Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha all-terrain vehicles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/HONDA_ATC70_and_SUZUKI_ALT50_TRAILBUDDY_and_YAMAHA_TRI-ZINGER_YT60.jpg/220px-HONDA_ATC70_and_SUZUKI_ALT50_TRAILBUDDY_and_YAMAHA_TRI-ZINGER_YT60.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bond Bug at Silverstone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BondBugSilverstone.jpg/220px-BondBugSilverstone.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Four-wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qooder"}] | [{"reference":"\"Scott Sociable\". Retrieved 2015-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorbase.com/manufacturer/by-id/1723096431","url_text":"\"Scott Sociable\""}]},{"reference":"Stańko-Pająk, K; Bursa, B; Seńko, J; Detka, T; Korczak, S; Nowak, R; Popiołek, K; Lisiecki, J; Paczkowski, A (2022-07-01). \"A three-wheeled vehicle for the disabled people\". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1247 (1): 012039. Bibcode:2022MS&E.1247a2039S. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1247/1/012039. ISSN 1757-8981. S2CID 250504234.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1247%2F1%2F012039","url_text":"\"A three-wheeled vehicle for the disabled people\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MS&E.1247a2039S","url_text":"2022MS&E.1247a2039S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1247%2F1%2F012039","url_text":"10.1088/1757-899X/1247/1/012039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1757-8981","url_text":"1757-8981"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250504234","url_text":"250504234"}]},{"reference":"Elvis Payne (2012). \"The History of the 3-Wheeled Vehicle\". 3-wheelers.com. Retrieved 2012-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3wheelers.com/history.html","url_text":"\"The History of the 3-Wheeled Vehicle\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Chong (July 2, 2006). \"History in its magnificence\". star-motoring.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024013740/http://star-motoring.com/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F7%2F2%2Fms_features%2F14249260&sec=ms_features","url_text":"\"History in its magnificence\""},{"url":"http://star-motoring.com/news/story.asp?file=/2006/7/2/ms_features/14249260&sec=ms_features","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". pekingparisraid.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070826192938/http://www.pekingparisraid.co.uk/History/index.asp","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.pekingparisraid.co.uk/History/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Design. \"Dragonfly three wheeler\". www.dragonflythreewheeler.com. Retrieved 2021-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dragonflythreewheeler.com/","url_text":"\"Dragonfly three wheeler\""}]},{"reference":"Riley, Robert Q. \"The Dynamic Stability of Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Automotive-Type Applications\". Robert Q. Riley Enterprises. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922022135/https://rqriley.com/the-dynamic-stability-of-three-wheeled-vehicles-in-automotive-type-applications/","url_text":"\"The Dynamic Stability of Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Automotive-Type Applications\""},{"url":"https://rqriley.com/the-dynamic-stability-of-three-wheeled-vehicles-in-automotive-type-applications/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fastest solar-powered vehicle\". Guinness World Records.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-solar-powered-vehicle","url_text":"\"Fastest solar-powered vehicle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussie car breaks a world speed record\". AAP. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/aussie-car-breaks-a-world-speed-record-20110107-19i7j.html","url_text":"\"Aussie car breaks a world speed record\""}]},{"reference":"Voelcker, John (2019-08-28). \"Exclusive: 3-Wheeled Aptera Reboots as World's Most Efficient Electric Car\". IEEE Spectrum. IEEE. Retrieved 2020-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/advanced-cars/exclusive-3wheeled-aptera-reboots-as-worlds-most-efficient-electric-car","url_text":"\"Exclusive: 3-Wheeled Aptera Reboots as World's Most Efficient Electric Car\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aptera solar EV Launch Edition: 400-mile range, no Supercharging yet\". Green Car Reports. 2023-01-22. Retrieved 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1138508_aptera-solar-ev-launch-edition-400-mile-range-no-supercharging-yet","url_text":"\"Aptera solar EV Launch Edition: 400-mile range, no Supercharging yet\""}]},{"reference":"Chris (2023-01-27). \"Aptera Announces Accelerator Program to Kick Off Production Plan\". Aptera. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://aptera.us/accelerate-blog/","url_text":"\"Aptera Announces Accelerator Program to Kick Off Production Plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fardier de Cugnot\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130716161426/http://www.tbauto.org/cars/cugnot.htm","url_text":"\"Fardier de Cugnot\""},{"url":"http://tbauto.org/cars/cugnot.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1880 Long Steam Tricycle - Pictures\". Remarkablecars.com. 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2010-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.remarkablecars.com/for-sale/steam-powered-cars/p19778-1880-long-steam-tricycle.html","url_text":"\"1880 Long Steam Tricycle - Pictures\""}]},{"reference":"\"America on the Move | Long steam tricycle\". Americanhistory.si.edu. 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2014-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_280.html","url_text":"\"America on the Move | Long steam tricycle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway Safety - Title 23, United States Code, Chapter 4 and Related Highway Safety Provisions\" (PDF). December 2008. Retrieved 2015-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/nhtsa/Cfc_title49/HighwaySafety.pdf","url_text":"\"Highway Safety - Title 23, United States Code, Chapter 4 and Related Highway Safety Provisions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newly Introduced Federal Legislation Would Ensure That Three-Wheeled Automobiles Are Not Classified As Motorcycles\". Motorcycle Law Group. Retrieved 26 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://motorcyclelawgroup.com/newly-introduced-federal-legislation-would-ensure-that-three-wheeled-automobiles-are-not-classified-as-motorcycles/","url_text":"\"Newly Introduced Federal Legislation Would Ensure That Three-Wheeled Automobiles Are Not Classified As Motorcycles\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.685 - Autocycle Safety Act\". Congress. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/685","url_text":"\"S.685 - Autocycle Safety Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tri Pod Cars\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tripodcars.com/","url_text":"\"Tri Pod Cars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advance Fore-Cars and Tri-Cars\". oakingtonplane.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2008-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080112070506/http://www.oakingtonplane.co.uk/advance/advance_tri-cars.php","url_text":"\"Advance Fore-Cars and Tri-Cars\""},{"url":"http://www.oakingtonplane.co.uk/advance/advance_tri-cars.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British Motor Manufacturers (1894-1960) Humber\". britishmm.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221043751/http://www.britishmm.co.uk/history.asp?id=465","url_text":"\"British Motor Manufacturers (1894-1960) Humber\""},{"url":"http://www.britishmm.co.uk/history.asp?id=465","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Humber History\". histomobile.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070608072246/http://www.histomobile.com/histomob/internet/289/histo02.htm","url_text":"\"Humber History\""},{"url":"http://www.histomobile.com/histomob/internet/289/histo02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rileys 1896 - 1939 The Pre-Nuffield Years\". Rob's Riley Pages (ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob). Archived from the original on March 21, 2005. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050321070053/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/history/1896-14.htm","url_text":"\"Rileys 1896 - 1939 The Pre-Nuffield Years\""},{"url":"http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/history/1896-14.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1904 Mars Carette - Franschhoek Motor Museum\". 20 October 2017. Retrieved 2020-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://steemit.com/cars/@cheeto.blue/1904-mars-carette-franschhoek-motor-museum","url_text":"\"1904 Mars Carette - Franschhoek Motor Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Classic Cars: 1905 Lagonda Tricar\". autoclassic.com. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoclassic.com/features/classic_car_history/lagonda_tricar.html","url_text":"\"The History of Classic Cars: 1905 Lagonda Tricar\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Bowler, president The BSAFWD Club. \"image and description\". Bsafwdc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205043648/http://www.bsafwdc.co.uk/page11.php","url_text":"\"image and description\""},{"url":"http://www.bsafwdc.co.uk/page11.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Mark (2006-09-24). \"Moonbeam: 100mpg Homemade Car\". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 2015-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/202834/moonbeam-100mpg-homemade-car","url_text":"\"Moonbeam: 100mpg Homemade Car\""}]},{"reference":"\"XR3 Hybrid Personal Transit Vehicle: A 125 mpg Plug-In Hybrid Three Wheeler You Build From Plans\". Rqriley.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rqriley.com/xr3.htm","url_text":"\"XR3 Hybrid Personal Transit Vehicle: A 125 mpg Plug-In Hybrid Three Wheeler You Build From Plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Venice\". Vanderhall Motor Works. Retrieved 2020-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://vanderhallusa.com/venice/","url_text":"\"Venice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carmel\". Vanderhall Motor Works. Retrieved 2020-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://vanderhallusa.com/carmel/","url_text":"\"Carmel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edison 2\". Vanderhall Motor Works. Retrieved 2020-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://vanderhallusa.com/edison-2-2020/","url_text":"\"Edison 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Project 32: A High-Performance Tilting Three-Wheel Vehicle\". www.rqriley.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060115210913/http://www.rqriley.com/slalom.htm","url_text":"\"Project 32: A High-Performance Tilting Three-Wheel Vehicle\""},{"url":"http://www.rqriley.com/slalom.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet The Bricklin 3EV\". www.vvcars.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vvcars.com/","url_text":"\"Meet The Bricklin 3EV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eco-Fueler\". www.eco-fueler.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207202930/http://www.eco-fueler.com/","url_text":"\"Eco-Fueler\""},{"url":"http://www.eco-fueler.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patton, Phil (September 24, 2009). \"A Dreamer's Machine, More Promise Than Reality\". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/automobiles/collectibles/27davis-divan.html","url_text":"\"A Dreamer's Machine, More Promise Than Reality\""}]},{"reference":"Rob & Sharon McLellan. \"advertising brochure\". Mclellansautomotive.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mclellansautomotive.com/literature/items/electra-king/b16883-electra-king-1964-1965-brochure.php","url_text":"\"advertising brochure\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Motors Three Wheeled Cars\". GM's Lean Machine (3-wheelers.com/gmlean). Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3wheelers.com/gmlean.html","url_text":"\"General Motors Three Wheeled Cars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lean Machines: Preliminary Investigation\" (PDF). Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley (commutercars.com/downloads/studies/). Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.commutercars.com/downloads/ucbleanmachinestudy.pdf","url_text":"\"Lean Machines: Preliminary Investigation\""}]},{"reference":"\"illustration\". Retrieved 2012-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schultzengineering.us/ptv-rnd/gmlean.jpg","url_text":"\"illustration\""}]},{"reference":"\"eTuk USA\". Retrieved 2014-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etukusa.com/","url_text":"\"eTuk USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering the 1937 Harley-Davidson Servi-Car GE\". March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://moneyinc.com/1937-harley-davidson-servi-car-ge","url_text":"\"Remembering the 1937 Harley-Davidson Servi-Car GE\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Three-wheeler%22","external_links_name":"\"Three-wheeler\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Three-wheeler%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Three-wheeler%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Three-wheeler%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Three-wheeler%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Three-wheeler%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/view/ewheels-ew36-mobility-scooter/","external_links_name":"EWheels EW 36"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-wheeler&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"http://www.brp.com/en-ca/vehicles/can-am-roadsters","external_links_name":"Can-Am Spyder Roadster"},{"Link":"https://www.tritontrikes.com/specifications","external_links_name":"Triton Trike"},{"Link":"https://vanderhallusa.com/","external_links_name":"Vanderhall Laguna Roadster"},{"Link":"https://vanderhallusa.com/models-venice-comparo/","external_links_name":"Vanderhall Venice"},{"Link":"https://vanderhallusa.com/carmel/","external_links_name":"Vanderhall Carmel"},{"Link":"https://vanderhallusa.com/edison-2-2020/","external_links_name":"Vanderhall Edison"},{"Link":"http://www.motorbase.com/manufacturer/by-id/1723096431","external_links_name":"\"Scott Sociable\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1247%2F1%2F012039","external_links_name":"\"A three-wheeled vehicle for the disabled people\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MS&E.1247a2039S","external_links_name":"2022MS&E.1247a2039S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1247%2F1%2F012039","external_links_name":"10.1088/1757-899X/1247/1/012039"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1757-8981","external_links_name":"1757-8981"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250504234","external_links_name":"250504234"},{"Link":"http://www.3wheelers.com/history.html","external_links_name":"\"The History of the 3-Wheeled Vehicle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024013740/http://star-motoring.com/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F7%2F2%2Fms_features%2F14249260&sec=ms_features","external_links_name":"\"History in its magnificence\""},{"Link":"http://star-motoring.com/news/story.asp?file=/2006/7/2/ms_features/14249260&sec=ms_features","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070826192938/http://www.pekingparisraid.co.uk/History/index.asp","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.pekingparisraid.co.uk/History/index.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dragonflythreewheeler.com/","external_links_name":"\"Dragonfly three wheeler\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922022135/https://rqriley.com/the-dynamic-stability-of-three-wheeled-vehicles-in-automotive-type-applications/","external_links_name":"\"The Dynamic Stability of Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Automotive-Type Applications\""},{"Link":"https://rqriley.com/the-dynamic-stability-of-three-wheeled-vehicles-in-automotive-type-applications/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-solar-powered-vehicle","external_links_name":"\"Fastest solar-powered vehicle\""},{"Link":"http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/aussie-car-breaks-a-world-speed-record-20110107-19i7j.html","external_links_name":"\"Aussie car breaks a world speed record\""},{"Link":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/advanced-cars/exclusive-3wheeled-aptera-reboots-as-worlds-most-efficient-electric-car","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: 3-Wheeled Aptera Reboots as World's Most Efficient Electric Car\""},{"Link":"https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1138508_aptera-solar-ev-launch-edition-400-mile-range-no-supercharging-yet","external_links_name":"\"Aptera solar EV Launch Edition: 400-mile range, no Supercharging yet\""},{"Link":"https://aptera.us/accelerate-blog/","external_links_name":"\"Aptera Announces Accelerator Program to Kick Off Production Plan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130716161426/http://www.tbauto.org/cars/cugnot.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fardier de Cugnot\""},{"Link":"http://tbauto.org/cars/cugnot.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.remarkablecars.com/for-sale/steam-powered-cars/p19778-1880-long-steam-tricycle.html","external_links_name":"\"1880 Long Steam Tricycle - Pictures\""},{"Link":"http://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_280.html","external_links_name":"\"America on the Move | Long steam tricycle\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/nhtsa/Cfc_title49/HighwaySafety.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Highway Safety - Title 23, United States Code, Chapter 4 and Related Highway Safety Provisions\""},{"Link":"http://motorcyclelawgroup.com/newly-introduced-federal-legislation-would-ensure-that-three-wheeled-automobiles-are-not-classified-as-motorcycles/","external_links_name":"\"Newly Introduced Federal Legislation Would Ensure That Three-Wheeled Automobiles Are Not Classified As Motorcycles\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/685","external_links_name":"\"S.685 - Autocycle Safety Act\""},{"Link":"http://www.tripodcars.com/","external_links_name":"\"Tri Pod Cars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080112070506/http://www.oakingtonplane.co.uk/advance/advance_tri-cars.php","external_links_name":"\"Advance Fore-Cars and Tri-Cars\""},{"Link":"http://www.oakingtonplane.co.uk/advance/advance_tri-cars.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221043751/http://www.britishmm.co.uk/history.asp?id=465","external_links_name":"\"British Motor Manufacturers (1894-1960) Humber\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishmm.co.uk/history.asp?id=465","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070608072246/http://www.histomobile.com/histomob/internet/289/histo02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Humber History\""},{"Link":"http://www.histomobile.com/histomob/internet/289/histo02.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050321070053/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/history/1896-14.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rileys 1896 - 1939 The Pre-Nuffield Years\""},{"Link":"http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/history/1896-14.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/","external_links_name":"illustration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229225758/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://steemit.com/cars/@cheeto.blue/1904-mars-carette-franschhoek-motor-museum","external_links_name":"\"1904 Mars Carette - Franschhoek Motor Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoclassic.com/features/classic_car_history/lagonda_tricar.html","external_links_name":"\"The History of Classic Cars: 1905 Lagonda Tricar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205043648/http://www.bsafwdc.co.uk/page11.php","external_links_name":"\"image and description\""},{"Link":"http://www.bsafwdc.co.uk/page11.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/202834/moonbeam-100mpg-homemade-car","external_links_name":"\"Moonbeam: 100mpg Homemade Car\""},{"Link":"http://www.rqriley.com/xr3.htm","external_links_name":"\"XR3 Hybrid Personal Transit Vehicle: A 125 mpg Plug-In Hybrid Three Wheeler You Build From Plans\""},{"Link":"https://vanderhallusa.com/venice/","external_links_name":"\"Venice\""},{"Link":"https://vanderhallusa.com/carmel/","external_links_name":"\"Carmel\""},{"Link":"https://vanderhallusa.com/edison-2-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Edison 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060115210913/http://www.rqriley.com/slalom.htm","external_links_name":"\"Project 32: A High-Performance Tilting Three-Wheel Vehicle\""},{"Link":"http://www.rqriley.com/slalom.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vvcars.com/","external_links_name":"\"Meet The Bricklin 3EV\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207202930/http://www.eco-fueler.com/","external_links_name":"\"Eco-Fueler\""},{"Link":"http://www.eco-fueler.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/automobiles/collectibles/27davis-divan.html","external_links_name":"\"A Dreamer's Machine, More Promise Than Reality\""},{"Link":"http://www.mclellansautomotive.com/literature/items/electra-king/b16883-electra-king-1964-1965-brochure.php","external_links_name":"\"advertising brochure\""},{"Link":"http://www.3wheelers.com/gmlean.html","external_links_name":"\"General Motors Three Wheeled Cars\""},{"Link":"http://www.commutercars.com/downloads/ucbleanmachinestudy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lean Machines: Preliminary Investigation\""},{"Link":"http://www.schultzengineering.us/ptv-rnd/gmlean.jpg","external_links_name":"\"illustration\""},{"Link":"http://www.etukusa.com/","external_links_name":"\"eTuk USA\""},{"Link":"https://moneyinc.com/1937-harley-davidson-servi-car-ge","external_links_name":"\"Remembering the 1937 Harley-Davidson Servi-Car GE\""},{"Link":"http://quillerprint.co.uk/a-z-list-of-three-wheelers.html","external_links_name":"Complete A-Z list of three-wheelers since 1940"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganosite | Manganosite | ["1 References"] | Rare manganese(II) oxide mineral: MnO
ManganositeBlack manganosite crystals with zincite and sonoliteGeneralCategoryOxide mineralFormula(repeating unit)Manganese oxide, MnOIMA symbolMngStrunz classification4.AB.25Crystal systemCubicCrystal classHexoctahedral (m3m) H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m)Space groupFm3mUnit cella = 4.44 Å; Z = 4IdentificationColorEmerald-green, becoming black on exposure to airCrystal habitGranular to massive; Octahedral crystals uncommonCleavagePerfect on , and FractureFibrousMohs scale hardness5–6LusterVitreous, adamantine to dullStreakBrownDiaphaneityTransparent to translucentSpecific gravity5.364Optical propertiesIsotropicRefractive indexn = 2.16–2.17References
Manganosite is a rare mineral composed of manganese(II) oxide MnO. It was first described in 1817 for an occurrence in the Harz Mountains, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It has also been reported from Langban and Nordmark, Sweden and at Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. It also occurs in Japan, Kyrgyzstan and Burkina Faso.
It occurs in manganese nodules. It also occurs as alteration of manganese minerals such as rhodocrosite during low oxygen metamorphism and metasomatism.
References
^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ Mineralienatlas
^ Manganosite data on Webmineral
^ a b Manganosite data from Mindat.org
^ a b c Manganosite in the Handbook of Mineralogy
vteManganese mineralsBorates
Sussexite
Tusionite
Carbonates
Ankerite
Kutnohorite
Rhodochrosite
Manganoan calcite
OxidesSimple
Hausmannite
Manganite
Manganosite
Nsutite
Pyrolusite
Mixed
Birnessite
Bixbyite
Ferrocolumbite
Ferrotantalite
Galaxite
Jacobsite
Manganotantalite
Psilomelane (calvonigrite)
Romanèchite
Tantalite
Todorokite
Umber
Phosphates
Childrenite
Graftonite
Lithiophilite
Natrophilite
Purpurite
Triplite
Triploidite
Zanazziite
Silicates
Babingtonite
Braunite
Brownleeite
Calderite
Chloritoid
Eudialyte
Glaucochroite
Jeffersonite
Knebelite
Ottrelite
Piemontite
Pyroxferroite
Rhodonite
Spessartine
Sugilite
Tephroite
Zakharovite
Zircophyllite
Sulfides
Alabandite
Hauerite
Rambergite
Other
Axinite (borosilicate)
Geigerite (arsenate)
Manganese nodule (various)
Samsonite (sulfosalt)
Zincobotryogen (sulfate)
Wolframite (tungstate)
Hübnerite (tungstate)
Minerals portal
This article about a specific oxide mineral is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manganese(II) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide"},{"link_name":"Harz Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-4"},{"link_name":"Langban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langban,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Nordmark, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordmark,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Franklin Furnace, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Furnace"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-5"},{"link_name":"manganese nodules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_nodule"},{"link_name":"rhodocrosite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodocrosite"},{"link_name":"metamorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphism"},{"link_name":"metasomatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-5"}],"text":"Manganosite is a rare mineral composed of manganese(II) oxide MnO. It was first described in 1817 for an occurrence in the Harz Mountains, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.[4] It has also been reported from Langban and Nordmark, Sweden and at Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. It also occurs in Japan, Kyrgyzstan and Burkina Faso.[5]It occurs in manganese nodules. It also occurs as alteration of manganese minerals such as rhodocrosite during low oxygen metamorphism and metasomatism.[5]","title":"Manganosite"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Warr, L.N. (2021). \"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","url_text":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","url_text":"235729616"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","external_links_name":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","external_links_name":"235729616"},{"Link":"https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Manganosite","external_links_name":"Mineralienatlas"},{"Link":"http://webmineral.com/data/Manganosite.shtml","external_links_name":"Manganosite data on Webmineral"},{"Link":"http://www.mindat.org/min-2503.html","external_links_name":"Manganosite data from Mindat.org"},{"Link":"http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/manganosite.pdf","external_links_name":"Manganosite in the Handbook of Mineralogy"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manganosite&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetrope_All-Story | Zoetrope: All-Story | ["1 Content","2 Contests","3 Writing workshops","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American literary magazine
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Zoetrope: All-Story" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Zoetrope: All-StoryVol. 9, No. 3EditorMichael RayCategoriesLiterary magazineFrequencyQuarterlyFounderFrancis Ford Coppola and Adrienne BrodeurFounded1997CompanyAmerican ZoetropeCountryUnited StatesBased inSan FranciscoWebsitewww.all-story.comISSN1091-2495
Zoetrope: All-Story is an American literary magazine that was launched in 1997 by Francis Ford Coppola and Adrienne Brodeur. All-Story intends to publish new short fiction. Zoetrope: All-Story has received the National Magazine Award for Fiction.
Content
The magazine has published first-time work by David Benioff, Adam Haslett, Pauls Toutonghi, and Daniyal Mueenuddin; published work by already emerging authors Chris Adrian, Ben Fountain, Miranda July, David Means, and Karen Russell; and published work by established authors Don DeLillo, David Mamet, Gabriel García Márquez, Cynthia Ozick, and Salman Rushdie.
Each All-Story issue includes a Classic Reprint. Alongside previously unpublished fiction and one-act plays, the Classic Reprint illustrates a piece of short fiction or drama that has been adapted to film or inspired a movie. Steven Millhauser's story "Eisenheim the Illusionist," which inspired Neil Burger's 2006 film The Illusionist, Alice Munro's story "The Bear Came Over The Mountain," which Sarah Polley adapted into the film Away From Her in 2006, and Wes Anderson's screenplay for the short film Hotel Chevalier in Winter 2007 are examples.
In addition, a guest designer constructs the quarterly's issues. Since Helmut Newton was invited to design the magazine in 1998, artists (Wayne Thiebaud), musicians (David Bowie, Tom Waits and Will Oldham), actors (Dennis Hopper), and directors (Gus Van Sant and Peter Greenaway) have contributed to the magazine's visual aesthetic as guest designers.
Contests
Zoetrope: All-Story sponsors an annual writing contest for short fiction. The contest has been judged by writers Joyce Carol Oates, Colum McCann Mary Gaitskill and Tommy Orange. The winner and finalists' stories are forwarded to leading literary agencies. The winning story is often published in an online supplement to the magazine.
Writing workshops
Main article: Zoetrope All-Story Workshop
Hosted by Francis Ford Coppola's Blancaneaux Lodge in Belize, Zoetrope: All-Story runs an annual writing workshop. A small group of writers spend a week studying and writing under the tutelage of professional authors and the magazine's editor, Michael Ray.
Zoetrope: All-Story also runs year-round online workshops through a partnership with Gotham Writers Workshop.
See also
List of literary magazines
References
^ Zachary Petit (May 12, 2010). "12 Literary Journals Your Future Agent is Reading". Writer's Digest. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ "ZOETROPE: ALL-STORY WINS ASME AWARD FOR FICTION". January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
^ "American Zoetrope".
^ "American Zoetrope".
External links
Zoetrope: All-Story website
Zoetrope Virtual Studio
Youth Without Youth Website
vteFrancis Ford Coppola
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Bibliography
Unrealized projects
Filmsdirected
Dementia 13 (1963)
You're a Big Boy Now (1966)
Finian's Rainbow (1968)
The Rain People (1969)
The Godfather (1972)
The Conversation (1974)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
Apocalypse Now (1979; Redux, 2001)
One from the Heart (1982)
The Outsiders (1983)
Rumble Fish (1983)
The Cotton Club (1984)
Captain EO (1986; short film)
Peggy Sue Got Married (1986)
Gardens of Stone (1987)
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
New York Stories (segment "Life Without Zoë", 1989)
The Godfather Part III (1990)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
Jack (1996)
The Rainmaker (1997)
Youth Without Youth (2007)
Tetro (2009)
Twixt (2011)
Megalopolis (2024)
Written only
Is Paris Burning? (1966)
This Property Is Condemned (1966)
Patton (1970)
The Great Gatsby (1974)
Produced only
American Graffiti (1973)
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994)
Don Juan DeMarco (1994)
The Florentine (1999)
The Virgin Suicides (1999)
Enterprises
American Zoetrope
Zoetrope: All-Story
Rubicon Estate Winery
Distant Vision | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literary magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Francis Ford Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola"},{"link_name":"National Magazine Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zoetrope: All-Story is an American literary magazine that was launched in 1997[1] by Francis Ford Coppola and Adrienne Brodeur. All-Story intends to publish new short fiction. Zoetrope: All-Story has received the National Magazine Award for Fiction.[2]","title":"Zoetrope: All-Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Benioff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Benioff"},{"link_name":"Adam Haslett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Haslett"},{"link_name":"Pauls Toutonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauls_Toutonghi"},{"link_name":"Daniyal Mueenuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniyal_Mueenuddin"},{"link_name":"Chris Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Adrian"},{"link_name":"Ben Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Miranda July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_July"},{"link_name":"David Means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Means"},{"link_name":"Karen Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Russell_(author)"},{"link_name":"Don DeLillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_DeLillo"},{"link_name":"David Mamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet"},{"link_name":"Gabriel García Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Ozick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Ozick"},{"link_name":"Salman Rushdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Steven Millhauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Millhauser"},{"link_name":"Neil Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Burger"},{"link_name":"The Illusionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illusionist_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Alice Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Munro"},{"link_name":"Sarah Polley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Polley"},{"link_name":"Away From Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_From_Her"},{"link_name":"Hotel Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"Helmut Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Newton"},{"link_name":"Wayne Thiebaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Thiebaud"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Will Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Dennis Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hopper"},{"link_name":"Gus Van Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant"},{"link_name":"Peter Greenaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Greenaway"}],"text":"The magazine has published first-time work by David Benioff, Adam Haslett, Pauls Toutonghi, and Daniyal Mueenuddin; published work by already emerging authors Chris Adrian, Ben Fountain, Miranda July, David Means, and Karen Russell; and published work by established authors Don DeLillo, David Mamet, Gabriel García Márquez, Cynthia Ozick, and Salman Rushdie.[citation needed]Each All-Story issue includes a Classic Reprint. Alongside previously unpublished fiction and one-act plays, the Classic Reprint illustrates a piece of short fiction or drama that has been adapted to film or inspired a movie. Steven Millhauser's story \"Eisenheim the Illusionist,\" which inspired Neil Burger's 2006 film The Illusionist, Alice Munro's story \"The Bear Came Over The Mountain,\" which Sarah Polley adapted into the film Away From Her in 2006, and Wes Anderson's screenplay for the short film Hotel Chevalier in Winter 2007 are examples.In addition, a guest designer constructs the quarterly's issues. Since Helmut Newton was invited to design the magazine in 1998, artists (Wayne Thiebaud), musicians (David Bowie, Tom Waits and Will Oldham), actors (Dennis Hopper), and directors (Gus Van Sant and Peter Greenaway) have contributed to the magazine's visual aesthetic as guest designers.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joyce Carol Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates"},{"link_name":"Colum McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colum_McCann"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mary Gaitskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gaitskill"},{"link_name":"Tommy Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Orange"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Zoetrope: All-Story sponsors an annual writing contest for short fiction. The contest has been judged by writers Joyce Carol Oates, Colum McCann[3] Mary Gaitskill and Tommy Orange.[4] The winner and finalists' stories are forwarded to leading literary agencies. The winning story is often published in an online supplement to the magazine.","title":"Contests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Ford Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola"},{"link_name":"Gotham Writers Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Writers%27_Workshop"}],"text":"Hosted by Francis Ford Coppola's Blancaneaux Lodge in Belize, Zoetrope: All-Story runs an annual writing workshop. A small group of writers spend a week studying and writing under the tutelage of professional authors and the magazine's editor, Michael Ray.Zoetrope: All-Story also runs year-round online workshops through a partnership with Gotham Writers Workshop.","title":"Writing workshops"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of literary magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_literary_magazines"}] | [{"reference":"Zachary Petit (May 12, 2010). \"12 Literary Journals Your Future Agent is Reading\". Writer's Digest. Retrieved December 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.writersdigest.com/writing-articles/by-writing-goal/improve-my-writing/12-literary-journals-your-future-agent-is-reading","url_text":"\"12 Literary Journals Your Future Agent is Reading\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZOETROPE: ALL-STORY WINS ASME AWARD FOR FICTION\". January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asme.media/zoetrope--all-story-wins-asme-award-for-fiction","url_text":"\"ZOETROPE: ALL-STORY WINS ASME AWARD FOR FICTION\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Zoetrope\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zoetrope.com/contests/stories-2018/","url_text":"\"American Zoetrope\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Zoetrope\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zoetrope.com/contests/stories-2019/","url_text":"\"American Zoetrope\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Zoetrope%3A+All-Story%22","external_links_name":"\"Zoetrope: All-Story\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Zoetrope%3A+All-Story%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Zoetrope%3A+All-Story%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Zoetrope%3A+All-Story%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Zoetrope%3A+All-Story%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Zoetrope%3A+All-Story%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.all-story.com/","external_links_name":"www.all-story.com"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1091-2495","external_links_name":"1091-2495"},{"Link":"http://www.writersdigest.com/writing-articles/by-writing-goal/improve-my-writing/12-literary-journals-your-future-agent-is-reading","external_links_name":"\"12 Literary Journals Your Future Agent is Reading\""},{"Link":"https://www.asme.media/zoetrope--all-story-wins-asme-award-for-fiction","external_links_name":"\"ZOETROPE: ALL-STORY WINS ASME AWARD FOR FICTION\""},{"Link":"https://www.zoetrope.com/contests/stories-2018/","external_links_name":"\"American Zoetrope\""},{"Link":"https://www.zoetrope.com/contests/stories-2019/","external_links_name":"\"American Zoetrope\""},{"Link":"http://www.all-story.com/","external_links_name":"Zoetrope: All-Story website"},{"Link":"http://www.zoetrope.com/","external_links_name":"Zoetrope Virtual Studio"},{"Link":"http://www.ywyfilm.com/","external_links_name":"Youth Without Youth Website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_New_Media | Viacom (1952–2005) | ["1 History","1.1 Expansion through acquisitions","1.2 Viacom Cable","1.3 Corporate spin-off","2 Former Viacom-owned stations","2.1 Radio stations","2.2 Television stations","3 Notes","4 References"] | American media conglomerate (1952–2005)
This article is about the original media conglomerate that existed until 2005. For its successors, see CBS Corporation and Viacom (2005–2019).
Viacom Inc.Final logo, used from 1990 to 2005Headquarters at One Astor Plaza in New York CityFormerly
CBS Television Film Sales (1952–1958)
CBS Films (1958–1968)
CBS Enterprises Inc. (1968–1970)
Company typePublicTraded asNYSE: VIAIndustryBroadcasting and publishingFoundedMarch 16, 1952; 72 years ago (1952-03-16)FounderRalph BaruchDefunctDecember 31, 2005; 18 years ago (2005-12-31)FateSplit into the second incarnations of CBS Corporation and ViacomSuccessors
CBS Corporation(legal successor)
Viacom(spun off)
HeadquartersOne Astor Plaza, New York City, United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey peopleSumner Redstone (chairman and CEO)Tom Freston (co-president and co-COO)Les Moonves (co-president and co-COO)ParentCBS(1952–1971)National Amusements(1987–2005)DivisionsCBS RadioViacom ProductionsViacom InternationalCBS NewsCBS SportsViacom OutdoorSubsidiariesCBSParamount PicturesMTV NetworksShowtime NetworksBET NetworksParamount ParksFamous PlayersSimon & SchusterKing World ProductionsUPNWestinghouse Licensing Corporation
The original phase of Viacom Inc. (derived from "Video & Audio Communications") was an American mass media and entertainment conglomerate based in New York City. It began as CBS Television Film Sales, the broadcast syndication division of the CBS television network in 1952; it was renamed CBS Films in 1958, renamed CBS Enterprises in 1968, renamed Viacom in 1970, and spun off into its own company in 1971. Viacom was a distributor of CBS television series throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and also distributed syndicated television programs. The company went under Sumner Redstone's control in 1987 through his cinema chain company National Amusements.
At the time of its split, Viacom's assets included the CBS and UPN broadcast networks, the Paramount Pictures film and television studio, local radio station operator CBS Radio, cable channels such as MTV, Nickelodeon, Comedy Central, BET and Showtime, outdoor media operator Viacom Outdoor, television production and distribution firm King World Productions, and book publisher Simon & Schuster. It also owned its IP holding subsidiary Viacom International and brand licensor Westinghouse Licensing Corporation.
In 2000, Viacom acquired the parent company of CBS, the former Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which had been renamed CBS Corporation in 1997. Viacom was split into the second incarnations of CBS Corporation and Viacom — both remained under National Amusements ownership — in 2005; the split was structured with the second CBS Corporation being the original Viacom's legal successor, and the second Viacom being an entirely new company. The two companies eventually re-merged in 2019, leading to the formation of ViacomCBS, now known as Paramount Global.
History
The evolution of Paramount1886Westinghouse Electric Corporation is founded1912Famous Players Film Company is founded1913Lasky Feature Play Company is founded1914Paramount Pictures is founded1916Famous Players and Lasky merge as Famous Players–Lasky and acquire Paramount1927Famous Players–Lasky renamed to Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation; CBS is founded1929Paramount acquires 49% of CBS1930Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation renamed to Paramount Publix Corporation1932Paramount sells back its shares of CBS1934Gulf+Western is founded as the Michigan Bumper Corporation1935Paramount Publix Corporation renamed to Paramount Pictures1950Desilu is founded and CBS distributes its television programs1952CBS creates the CBS Television Film Sales division1958CBS Television Film Sales renamed to CBS Films1966Gulf+Western acquires Paramount1967Gulf+Western acquires Desilu and renames it Paramount Television (now CBS Studios)1968CBS Films renamed to CBS Enterprises1970CBS Enterprises renamed to Viacom1971Viacom is spun off from CBS1987National Amusements acquires Viacom1989Gulf+Western renamed to Paramount Communications1994Viacom acquires Paramount Communications1995Westinghouse acquires CBS1997Westinghouse renamed to CBS Corporation2000Viacom acquires UPN and CBS Corporation2005Viacom splits into second CBS Corporation and Viacom2006CBS Corporation shuts down UPN and replaces it with The CW2017CBS Corporation sells CBS Radio to Entercom (now Audacy)2019CBS Corporation and Viacom re-merge as ViacomCBS2022ViacomCBS renamed to Paramount Globalvte
Viacom originated on March 16, 1952 — when CBS founded its broadcast syndication division, CBS Television Film Sales. It renamed as CBS Films in October 1958. On December 1, 1967, it again renamed as CBS Enterprises Inc.. On July 6, 1970, it announced that CBS Enterprises would be spin out from its parent company, and the same month the division was incorporated as Viacom, and spun off on January 1, 1971, amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies (the rules were later repealed).
Viacom expanded its activities throughout the decade with a launch of a production unit, and later acquired the rights to various features from various studios. The original Viacom logo used from 1971 to 1976
In addition to CBS TV series syndication rights, Viacom also held cable systems with 90,000 cable subscribers, at that time the largest in the US. In 1976, Viacom launched Showtime, a pay movie channel, with Warner-Amex taking a half-share ownership. The company went into original programming production starting in the late 1970s until the early 1980s with middling results. The company expanded in 1977 to launch a unit for program acquisitions and prime-time network programming.
Expansion through acquisitions
Viacom's first broadcast station acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, changing its call letters to WVIT. Two years later Viacom added the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, D.C., Houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST (now WNYT) in Albany, New York.
Logo from 1976 to 1989
In 1983 Viacom purchased KSLA in Shreveport, Louisiana, and WHEC-TV in Rochester, New York, in separate transactions. This was followed in 1986 with CBS-owned KMOX-TV in St. Louis; with the purchase, that station's call letters were changed to KMOV.
Also in 1983, Viacom reacquired its premium channel Showtime, and later merged it with Warner-Amex's The Movie Channel forming Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc.
Between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, Viacom syndicated several shows produced by Carsey-Werner Productions, namely The Cosby Show, A Different World and Roseanne.
In 1985, Viacom acquired Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc. from Warner-Amex, ending the joint venture. Around the same time, Viacom bought MTV Networks, which owned MTV, VH-1, and Nickelodeon. This led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company, and completed in 1986.
In 1987, Viacom sought to expand its horizons by launching the new Viacom Network Enterprises division, which was led by Ronald C. Bernard, in order to develop and exploit properties outside of the core cable business and the company would ride herd on diverse enterprises as Viacom's pay-per-view venture, Viewer's Choice, Satellite Direct, Inc. and SMA TV, and handle strategic planning and new business development for Viacom Networks Group, and would develop merchandising, licensing and home video business around the two Viacom subsidiaries it was currently operating, Showtime-The Movie Channel, Inc. and MTV Networks.
In 1989, the company had set up its own division Viacom Pictures, to produce its feature films for television, most notably Showtime.
Sumner Redstone, via his theater chain operator National Amusements, acquired a controlling interest in Viacom on June 10, 1987. Redstone made a string of large acquisitions in the early 1990s, announcing plans to merge with Paramount Communications (formerly Gulf+Western), parent of Paramount Pictures, in 1993, and buying the Blockbuster Video chain in 1994. The acquisition of Paramount Communications on July 7, 1994, made Viacom one of the world's largest entertainment companies. Also in 1993, WTXX entered into a part-time local marketing agreement with Viacom's NBC station WVIT.
The Paramount and Blockbuster acquisitions gave Viacom access to large television holdings: An archive of programming controlled by Aaron Spelling's company which included, along with his own productions, the pre-1973 ABC and NBC libraries under Worldvision Enterprises and Republic Pictures; and an expanded group of television stations which merged Viacom's five existing outlets into Paramount's seven-station group. Viacom used some of these stations to launch the UPN network, which started operations in January 1995 as a joint venture with Chris-Craft Industries. Shortly afterward, Viacom/Paramount spent the next two years selling off its non-UPN affiliated stations to various owners. In 1997, Viacom exited the broadcast radio business, albeit temporarily, when it sold the majority of its stations to Chancellor Media, a predecessor company of iHeartMedia.
On September 7, 1999, Viacom announced their acquisition of CBS Corporation in a $35.9 billion deal. In addition to being the largest media merger in history at the time, the purchase effectively reunited Viacom with its former parent, CBS. The merger was completed in May 2000, bringing CBS's cable channels TNN (now Paramount Network) and Country Music Television (CMT) under Viacom's MTV Networks wing, as well as CBS's production and distribution units Eyemark Entertainment (formerly Group W Productions) and King World under the main wing. The merger also folded Viacom's broadcast group, now consisting entirely of UPN stations, into CBS's owned-stations division.
In 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of BET Holdings, the owners of the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network. As with CBS Cable, it was immediately integrated into MTV Networks, causing some outcry among BET workers in the Washington, D.C., area (where BET was based before the merger). As a result, BET was separated from MTV Networks, into a division known as BET Networks.
Although a majority economic interest in Viacom was held by independent shareholders, the Redstone family maintained 71-percent voting control of the company through National Amusements' holdings of Viacom's stock.
In 2002, Viacom's MTV Networks International bought independently run Dutch music video channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, MTVNI bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV. The same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacom's interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer; the spinoff of Blockbuster was completed in October.
Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the remaining shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain, which resulted in Viacom's return to operating radio stations after it originally exited the broadcast radio business in 1997. In April 2003, Viacom acquired the remaining ownership shares of Comedy Central from then-AOL Time Warner, integrating Comedy Central into MTV Networks.
Viacom Cable
From its formation until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, Nashville and Seattle metropolitan areas. Several of these were originally independent systems that CBS acquired in the 1960s. The division was known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, when it was renamed to Viacom Cable. By 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers. Viacom sold the division to TCI in 1995. Viacom's cable assets are now part of Comcast.
Corporate spin-off
Main article: Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom
CBS Corporation logo (2005–2019)
In March 2005, Viacom announced that it would split into two companies – one would contain Viacom's "slow-growth" assets; the other would consist of the company's "high-growth" divisions – under National Amusements' control because of a stagnating stock price. The internal rivalry between CBS chairman Les Moonves and MTV Networks chief executive officer Tom Freston, and the controversy of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show were also seen as factors. After the departure of Mel Karmazin in 2004, Redstone, who served as chairman and CEO, decided to split the offices of president and chief operating officer between Moonves and Freston. Redstone was set to retire in the near future, and a split would be a creative solution to the matter of replacing him.
Logo of the spun-off Viacom (2005–2019), introduced on December 31, 2005
The existing Viacom would become the second CBS Corporation as it was headed by Moonves and kept CBS, Simon & Schuster, and Paramount Network Television (now known as CBS Studios), among other assets; while MTV Networks, BET Networks, and Paramount Pictures would spin-off to a sister company headed by Freston under the Viacom name. The split was approved by Viacom's board on June 14, 2005, and took effect on December 31. The second iterations of CBS Corporation and Viacom began trading on January 3, 2006.
Logo of ViacomCBS (2019–2022), introduced on December 4, 2019
On August 13, 2019, CBS and Viacom officially announced their re-merger deal; the combined company would be called ViacomCBS, with Bob Bakish as president and CEO and Shari Redstone as the chairwoman of the new company. The deal was closed on December 4.
Logo of Paramount Global, introduced on February 16, 2022
Despite ViacomCBS renaming itself to Paramount Global on February 16, 2022, several Paramount assets retain the Viacom name, such as Viacom International and Viacom18 (the latter of which Paramount holds a minority stake in).
Former Viacom-owned stations
Stations are arranged alphabetically by state and community of license.
Radio stations
Notes:
Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station that was purchased from Sonderling Broadcasting in 1980, which initiated Viacom's entry into radio station ownership (WAST television in Albany was also purchased through the Sonderling deal);
This list does not include stations owned by CBS Radio and its predecessors, Westinghouse Broadcasting and Infinity Broadcasting which were acquired by Viacom through its merger with CBS in 2000.
AM Stations
FM Stations
City of license/Market
Station
Years owned
Current status
Los Angeles, CA
KJOI/KXEZ/KYSR 98.7
1990–1997
owned by iHeartMedia
KQLZ/KXEZ/KIBB 100.3
1993–1997
KKLQ, owned by Educational Media Foundation
San Francisco, CA
KDIA 1310 **
1980–1993
KMKY, owned by Akai Broadcasting Corporation
KDBK/KSRY-FM–98.9
1990–1994
KSOL, owned by Univision Radio
KDBQ/KYLZ/KSRI 99.1
1990–1994
KSQL, owned by Univision Radio
Denver, CO
KHOW 630
1990–1993
owned by iHeartMedia
KHOW-FM/KSYY 95.7
1990–1993
KDHT, owned by iHeartMedia
Washington, DC–Arlington, VA
WMZQ/WZHF 1390
1984–1997
owned by Multicultural Broadcasting
WCPT 730
1993–1997
WTNT, owned by Metro Radio
WMZQ-FM 98.7 **
1980–1997
owned by iHeartMedia
WCXR-FM 105.9
1993–1997
WMAL-FM, owned by Cumulus Media
Chicago, IL
WLAK/WLIT-FM 93.9
1982–1997
owned by iHeartMedia
Detroit, MI
WLTI/WDRQ 93.1
1988–1997
WUFL, owned by Family Life Radio
New York City, NY
WWRL 1600 **
1980–1982
owned by iHeartMedia
WKHK/WLTW 106.7 **
1980–1997
owned by iHeartMedia
WAXQ 104.3
1996–1997
owned by iHeartMedia
Memphis, TN
WDIA 1070 **
1980–1983
owned by iHeartMedia
WRVR 680
1985–1988
WMFS, owned by Audacy, Inc.
WRVR-FM 104.5
1981–1988
owned by Audacy, Inc.
Houston, TX
KIKK 650 **
1980–1993
owned by Audacy, Inc.
KIKK-FM 95.7 **
1980–1993
KKHH, owned by Audacy, Inc.
Seattle–Tacoma, WA
KBSG 1210
1989–1996
KMIA, owned by Bustos Media Holdings, LLC
KBSG-FM 97.3
1987–1996
KIRO-FM, owned by Bonneville International
KNDD 107.7
1993–1996
owned by Audacy, Inc.
Television stations
This list does not include other stations owned by Paramount Stations Group which were acquired by Viacom through its acquisition of Paramount Pictures in 1994, nor any other station purchased by Viacom/Paramount following the Paramount acquisition and prior to its merger with CBS in 2000.
City of license / market
Station
Channel
Years owned
Current status
New Britain–Hartford–New Haven, CT
WVIT
30
1978–1997
NBC owned-and-operated (O&O)
WTXX 1
20
1993–1997
The CW affiliate WCCT, owned by Tegna Inc.
Shreveport, LA–Texarkana, TX
KSLA-TV
12
1983–1995
CBS affiliate owned by Gray Television
St. Louis, MO
KMOV
4
1986–1997
CBS affiliate owned by Gray Television
Albany– Schenectady–Troy, NY
WAST/WNYT
13
1980–1996
NBC affiliate owned by Hubbard Broadcasting
Rochester, NY
WHEC-TV
10
1983–1996
NBC affiliate owned by Hubbard Broadcasting
1 WTXX was owned by Counterpoint Communications, but Viacom operated the station through a part-time local marketing agreement.
Notes
^ The pronunciation /ˈviːəkɒm/ VEE-ə-kom was used by inaugural chairman Ralph Baruch. The pronunciation /ˈvaɪ.əkɒm/ VY-ə-kom was favored by Sumner Redstone and included in its audible identification marks following its purchase by National Amusements in 1987.
References
^ The Communicators (video). C-SPAN. November 2, 2007.
^ Hagey, Keach (2018). The King of Content: Sumner Redstone's Battle for Viacom, CBS, and Everlasting Control of His Media Empire. New York: HarperBusiness. p. 131. ISBN 9780062654090. In the beginning, Sumner's Viacom—which he had renamed VIE-uh-com during the first board meeting, in a nod to his fighting spirit
^ a b "Viacom Inc. acquires Viacom International Inc". Los Angeles Times. June 10, 1987. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
^ a b Wilkerson, David B. (October 18, 2005). "Viacom moves up split date". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
^ "Broadcasting Magazine, January 14, 1952 (page 94)" (PDF).
^ "Broadcasting Magazine, March 17, 1952 (page 88)" (PDF).
^ "Broadcasting Magazine, June 23, 1952 (page 80)" (PDF).
^ "Broadcasting Magazine, September 22, 1958 (pages 31-33)" (PDF).
^ "Broadcasting Magazine, October 13, 1958 (page 49)" (PDF).
^ "Name change at CBS" (PDF). December 4, 1967.
^ "Broadcasting Magazine, January 29, 1968 (page 8)" (PDF).
^ "Broadcasting Magazine, July 6, 1970 (page 19)" (PDF).
^ CBS transfers CATV to new public firm (page 50) at Broadcasting History
^ Viacom goes on big board at Broadcasting History
^ NYSE now trading Viacom shares at Broadcasting History
^ CBS Enterprises will sell time for Yankees at Broadcasting History
^ a b "History of Viacom Inc.". International Directory of Company Histories. St. James Press. 2005. Retrieved August 16, 2018 – via FundingUniverse.
^ Sudden halt to Viacom spin-off at Broadcasting History
^ "Viacom heats up" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 17, 1972. p. 46. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
^ "Viacom acquires rights to package of features" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 18, 1972. p. 44. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
^ "Viacom sets up group for prime-time shows" (PDF). Broadcasting Magazine. February 21, 1977. p. 47. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
^ "Viacom gets into station ownership" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 20, 1977. p. 28. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
^ "Viacom, Sonderling propose marriage." Broadcasting, March 20, 1978, pp. 33-34. Accessed January 8, 2019.
^ "In brief" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 17, 1983. p. 144. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
^ "Changing hands–Proposed" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 24, 1983. p. 74. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
^ "Changing hands–Proposed" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 25, 1983. p. 86. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
^ "In brief" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 9, 1985. p. 120. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
^ "Call letters–Grants–Existing TV's" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 30, 1986. p. 64. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
^ "Cosby in syndication: cash plus barter" (PDF). Broadcasting. October 20, 1986. p. 29. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (September 17, 1986). "VIACOM CHIEF LEADS GROUP'S BUYOUT BID (Published 1986)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2021. In November 1985, Viacom acquired MTV for $326 million in cash and warrants. One-third of MTV was publicly owned; the rest was owned by Warner Communications and the American Express Company. At the same time, Viacom bought the 50 percent of Showtime, the pay television service, that it did not already own for $184 million.
^ "Viacom Establishes Enterprise Division". Variety. February 11, 1987. pp. 49, 70.
^ "It's showtime for Viacom" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 24, 1989. p. 70. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
^ "75 Power Players: The Outsiders". Next Generation. No. 11. Imagine Media. November 1995. p. 61. Viacom completed acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994, creating one of the world's largest entertainment companies.
^ Lender, Jon (June 11, 1993). "WVIT Leases Time on WTXX as WTIC Protests". Hartford Courant. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^ "$35.9-billion merger links TV, radio, ad, film outlets". Detroit Free Press. Associated Press. September 8, 1999. pp. 1F–2F. Archived from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Sims, David (August 19, 2019). "Why Viacom and CBS Had to Merge to Survive". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
^ "CBS And Viacom Complete Merger". CBS News. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
^ Smyntek, John (September 8, 1999). "Viacom to buy CBS in record media deal: It might have impact on 2 stations in metro area". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1F–2F. Archived from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Smyntek, John (September 15, 1999). "Viacom can have 2 area stations". Detroit Free Press. p. 1E. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Viacom Completes BET Acquisition". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. January 24, 2001. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
^ Taylor, Chuck (December 29, 1994). "Viacom Expected To Sell Cable Franchises – TCI Group Would Gain 1.1 Million Subscribers". The Seattle Times.
^ Taylor, Chuck (January 22, 1995). "Cable Execs To Visit Viacom Sites In Seattle Area – Intermedia Partners Optimistic As They Face Regulatory Hurdles, Tax Scrutiny By Congress". The Seattle Times.
^ Teather, David (November 2, 2005). "Two-speed Viacom growth rates justify split". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
^ Friedman, Wayne (June 15, 2005). "Viacom, CBS Set To Split--Again". MediaPost. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
^ Lauer, Douglas; Busvine, Klaus (November 25, 2020). "Bertelsmann buys Simon & Schuster for $2.2 billion in U.S. publishing play". Reuters. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
^ Consoli, John (June 14, 2005). "Viacom Board Approves Split". Adweek. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
^ Alfano, Sean (January 3, 2006). "CBS, Viacom Formally Split". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
^ Gasparino, Charles; Moynihan, Lydia (August 13, 2019). "CBS, Viacom agree to merge, forming a $28B entertainment firm". Fox Business. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
^ Szalai, George; Bond, Paul; Vlessing, Etan (August 13, 2019). "CBS, Viacom Strike Deal to Recombine". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
^ "CBS and Viacom To Combine" (PDF). CBS. August 12, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2019.
^ "Viacom and CBS Corp. are officially back together again". CBS News. December 4, 2019.
^ Goldsmith, Jill (February 15, 2022). "ViacomCBS To Rebrand As Paramount Global". Deadline. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
Articles related to Viacom (1952–2006)
vteParamountCorporate directors
Shari Redstone (Non-Executive Chair)
CBSEntertainmentGroupFlagship assets
CBS
CBS Sports
CBS Sports HQ
CBS Sports Network
The CW (12.5%)
BET Media Group
BET
BET Her
BET Jams
BET Soul
VH1
CBS Newsand Stations
CBS News
CBS News Radio
CBS O&O
KCBS-TV
KCNC-TV
KDKA-TV
KOVR
KPIX-TV
KTVT
KYW-TV
WBBM-TV
WBZ-TV
WCBS-TV
WCCO-TV/KCCW-TV
WFOR-TV
WJZ-TV
WWJ-TV
Ind.
KCAL-TV
KMAX-TV
KPYX
KSTW
KTXA
WBFS-TV
WKBD-TV
WLNY-TV
WPKD-TV
WPSG
WSBK-TV
WTOG
WUPA
Start TV
WBXI-CD
Network
Fave TV
Production &distribution
CBS Studios
Big Ticket Entertainment
CBS Eye Animation Productions
Late Night Cartoons, Inc.
CBS Media Ventures
Dabl
CBS Home Entertainment
Paramount Television Studios
Digital media
CBS MoneyWatch
CBS Sports Digital
CBSSports.com
247Sports
MaxPreps
CBS Watch
Last.fm
Streaming
Paramount+
original programming
original films
Showtime
Pluto TV
BET+
Noggin
CBS News 24/7
CBS Sports HQ
U.S. medianetworksMTV Entertainment Group
Comedy Central
CMT
CMT Music
Logo TV
MTV
MTV2
MTVU
MTV Classic
MTV Live
Tr3s
MTV Entertainment Studios
MTV Animation
Paramount Network
Pop TV
Smithsonian Channel
Showtime Networks
Showtime
The Movie Channel
Flix
TV Land
Nickelodeon Group
Nickelodeon
Nick at Nite
Nick Jr. (block)
Nick Jr. Channel
NickMusic
Nicktoons
TeenNick
Production
Awesomeness
Nickelodeon Animation Studio
Nick Digital
Avatar Studios
Paws, Inc.
ParamountPictures
Paramount Animation
Paramount Players
Nickelodeon Movies
Paramount Home Entertainment
Paramount Music
United International Pictures (50%)
Miramax (49%)
Republic Pictures
InternationalnetworksvteParamount Networks AmericasPan-American
Comedy Central
MTV
Club MTV
MTV 00s
MTV 80s
MTV Hits Europe
MTV Live
Nickelodeon
Nick Jr.
NickMusic
TeenNick
Paramount Network
Telefe Internacional
Brazil
Comedy Central
MTV
MTV 00s
MTV Live
Nickelodeon
Nick Jr.
NickMusic
Paramount Network
Telefe Internacional
Argentina
Telefe
Córdoba
Rosario
Santa Fe
Production arms
Porta dos Fundos (51% JV)
TIS Productions (majority stake)
Defunct
MTV Brasil
MTV Hits Brazil
MTV Hits Latin America
MTV Jams
MTV Puerto Rico (licensed)
Nick 2
Nicktoons
Smithsonian Channel
VH1 Brazil
VH1 Classic Europe
VH1 Classic United States
VH1 Europe
VH1 HD
VH1 Latin America
VH1 MegaHits
VH1 Soul
See also
Paramount Global
Paramount Media Networks
Paramount International Networks
vteParamount Networks EMEAAMTV
MTV Africa
France and Francophone
Germany
Global
Club MTV
MTV 00s
MTV 80s
MTV 90s
MTV Hits
MTV Live
India
Israel
Italy
MTV Music
Japan
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Spain
Switzerland
Taiwan
UK
Ireland
MTV 80s
MTV 90s
MTV Hits
MTV Music
Nickelodeon
Arab world
Africa
Asia
Malaysia
Philippines
Central/Eastern Europe
Ukraine
Croatia
Serbian
Slovenia
Denmark
Europe
Flanders
France and French-speaking Switzerland
Nickelodeon Junior
Nickelodeon Teen
Germany
Austria
German-speaking Switzerland
Greece
Nickelodeon Plus
Iberia
Israel
Italy
Netherlands
NickMusic
Poland
Scandinavia
Sweden
Turkey
Wallonia
Pakistan
TeenNick
Nick Jr.
Arab world
Africa
CIS, Ukraine and Georgia (previously Russia and Belarus)
Germany, Austria and Switzerland
Greece
Israel
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Scandinavia
Southeast Asia
Turkey
Nicktoons
Arab world
Africa
Europe
Germany
Netherlands
Scandinavia
Comedy Central
CIS and Georgia
Flanders
France
Germany
Austrian subfeed
Swiss subfeed
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Polsat Comedy Central Extra
Romania
Spain
Paramount Network
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Spain
Other
BET
Ego
Game One
Hot Comedy Central
J-One
JVs with AMC Networks International
CBS Europa
CBS Reality
Super!
Defunct
5Spike
CBS Action Poland
Comedy Central
Extra
Family Netherlands
Sweden
Kindernet
MTV
Adria
Africa
Australia and New Zealand
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic and Slovakia
China
Denmark
Eesti
Finland
Greece
Hungary
Indonesia
Lithuania and Latvia
Middle East
New Zealand
Nordic
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Original
MTV Pinoy
MTVph
Romania
Russia, CIS and Georgia
Southeast Asia
Sweden
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
MTV Base
MTV Brand New
Italy
Netherlands
MTV Classic
Australia and New Zealand
Italy
Poland
Club MTV
Australia
MTV Hits
Australia and New Zealand
Italy
MTV Idol
MTV Music
Greece
Poland
MTV Music 24
MTV Plus
MTV Pulse
France
Italy
MTV Rocks
MTV2 Pop
Nickelodeon Russia
QOOB
The Box
The Music Factory
Flanders
Nederland
TMF Dance
TMF NL
TMF Pure
VH1
Denmark
Europe
Germany
Poland
Italy
VH1 Classic
VIVA
Austria
Germany
Hungary
See also
Paramount Global
Paramount Media Networks
Paramount International Networks
Paramount Networks UK & Australia
Rainbow S.p.A. (30%)
List of Paramount channels
vteParamount Networks UK & AustraliaUnited Kingdom& Ireland
Comedy Central1
Comedy Central Extra
Legend2
Legend Xtra
MTV
MTV 80s
MTV 90s
MTV Hits
MTV Music
Nickelodeon
Nicktoons
Nick Jr.
Nick Jr. Too
True Crime2
True Crime Xtra
UK-only
Channel 5
5Action
5Select
5Star
5USA
Milkshake!
My5
MTV Live
Ten Network Holdings(Australia &New Zealand)Network 10
Adelaide
Brisbane
Melbourne
Perth
Sydney
Multichannels
10 HD
10 Bold Drama
10 Peach Comedy
Nickelodeon
TVSN
gecko
Other
CMT
Comedy Central
MTV
Classic
Club
Hits
Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)
Nick Jr.
NickMusic
OzTAM3
Related
Canwest
Network 10 programs
Defunct
5Spike
10 daily
BET International
CBS Justice1
MTV
Base
Classic
Club
Extra
Flux
Music
OMG
Rocks
Shows
Nicktoonsters
Smithsonian Channel
Spike
Spree TV
Ten Guide
TMF
VH1
Classic
VH2
Viva
175% with Sky Group
2with AMC Networks International UK
333% with Seven Network & Nine Network
Miscellaneousholdings
Bellator MMA
CBS Broadcast Center
Ed Sullivan Theater
Paramount Consumer Products
Paramount Global Content Distribution
Philo (unknown stake)
Porta dos Fundos (51%)
VidCon
WhoSay
Defunct/formerholdings
AXS TV
Blockbuster
BNET
CBS Cable
CBS Eye on People
CBS Films
CBS Innertube
CBS Productions
CBS Radio
CBS Records
CBS Telenoticias
CNET
Chowhound
CNET Video
Download.com
UrbanBaby
ZDNET
SmartPlanet
TechRepublic
Comedy Central Films
DreamWorks
Epix
Famous Music
FindArticles
Free FM
GameSpot
GameFAQs
GameRankings
Giant Bomb
GameTrailers
Harmonix
HDNet Movies
IFilm
Infinity Broadcasting
Insurge Pictures
King World Productions
Metacritic
MetroLyrics
MovieTickets.com
Neopets
Nickelodeon on Sunset
Nick Records
onGamers
Paramount Digital Entertainment
Paramount Famous Productions
Paramount Parks
Paramount Stations Group
Paramount Vantage
Rainbow S.p.A. (30%)
Bardel Entertainment
Colorado Film
Republic Pictures
Scout.com
Simon & Schuster
Shockwave
Spelling Television
TV Guide
TV.com
Clicker.com
United Paramount Theatres
UPN
USA Network
VersionTracker
VH1 Uno
Viacom18 (13%)
Viacom Entertainment Store
Westinghouse Broadcasting
Westinghouse Licensing
Worldvision Enterprises
See also
CBS Corporation
Gulf and Western Industries
National Amusements
Viacom (1952–2005)
Viacom (2005–2019)
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
History of CBS
Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom
2019 merger of CBS and Viacom
Criticism
News
Television programs
Buildings and facilities
CBS Building
One Astor Plaza
Radford Studio Center
vtePrimetime Emmy Governors Award1970s
William S. Paley (1978)
Walter Cronkite (1979)
1980s
Johnny Carson (1980)
Elton Rule (1981)
Hallmark Cards, Inc. (1982)
Sylvester L. "Pat" Weaver (1983)
Bob Hope (1984)
Alistair Cooke (1985)
Red Skelton (1986)
Grant Tinker (1987)
William Hanna & Joseph Barbera (1988)
Lucille Ball (1989)
1990s
Leonard Goldenson (1990)
Masterpiece Theatre (1991)
Ted Turner (1992)
No Award (1993)
No Award (1994)
PBS (1995)
USA's Erase the Hate Campaign / Turner's Native American Initiative (1996)
ABC's March Against Drugs Campaign / Comic Relief USA / Jac Venza (1997)
National Geographic Channel / Great Books Literacy Project (1998)
MTV's "Fight for Your Rights: Take a Stand Against Violence" / Save Our History (1999)
2000s
A&E's The Biography Project for Schools / The Teen Files / VH1 Save the Music Foundation (2000)
CNN / Showtime (2001)
ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC for America: A Tribute to Heroes (2002)
Lifetime Network's "Stop the Violence Against Women" initiative (2003)
Viacom Inc. (2004)
Jerry Lewis (2005)
MTVu Campaign for Darfur (2006)
Idol Gives Back / The Addiction Project (2007)
Planet Earth (2008)
Sheila Nevins and her HBO documentary unit (2009)
2010s
Norman Brokaw / Ad Council (2010)
John Walsh (2011)
It Gets Better Project (co-founders Dan Savage and Terry Miller) (2012)
June Foray (2013)
Marion Dougherty (2014)
A+E Networks (2015)
American Idol (2016)
ITVS (2017)
Star Trek (2018)
No Award (2019)
2020s
Tyler Perry and The Perry Foundation (2020)
Debbie Allen (2021)
Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media (2022)
GLAAD (2023)
vteAnimated television series created for syndicationTelevisionblocks
Bohbot Kids Network
Cookie Jar Kids Network
The Disney Afternoon
The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera
The Marvel Action Hour
Marvel Action Universe
Anthologyseries
The Comic Strip
Force Five
Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10 (film series)
The Marvel Super Heroes
My Little Pony 'n Friends
Super Sunday
Syndicationdistributors
4Kids Entertainment
Associated Artists Productions
Claster Television
CBS Media Ventures
Coca-Cola Telecommunications
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Harmony Gold USA
Lexington Broadcast Services Company
Lorimar-Telepictures
Orbis Communications
The Program Exchange
Saban Entertainment
Sandy Frank Entertainment
Screen Gems
SFM Entertainment
Sony Pictures Television
Turner Program Services
Viacom
Westinghouse Broadcasting
World Events Productions
Worldvision Enterprises
Stationowners
Gaylord Entertainment Company
New World Communications
Taft Broadcasting
Relatedtopics
Weekday cartoon
Sunday morning cartoon
Toyetic (infomercial)
Animation in the United States in the television era
Modern animation in the United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Viacom (2005–2019)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"broadcast syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"spun off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_spin-off"},{"link_name":"Sumner Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Redstone"},{"link_name":"National Amusements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Amusements"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Television_(original)"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Viacom Outdoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_Outdoor"},{"link_name":"King World Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_World_Productions"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Viacom International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_International"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Licensing Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Licensing_Corporation"},{"link_name":"parent company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_company"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"},{"link_name":"split into the second incarnations of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_of_CBS_Corporation_and_Viacom"},{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"legal successor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_successor_(business)"},{"link_name":"re-merged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_merger_of_CBS_and_Viacom"},{"link_name":"Paramount Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Global"}],"text":"American media conglomerate (1952–2005)This article is about the original media conglomerate that existed until 2005. For its successors, see CBS Corporation and Viacom (2005–2019).The original phase of Viacom Inc.[a] (derived from \"Video & Audio Communications\") was an American mass media and entertainment conglomerate based in New York City. It began as CBS Television Film Sales, the broadcast syndication division of the CBS television network in 1952; it was renamed CBS Films in 1958, renamed CBS Enterprises in 1968, renamed Viacom in 1970, and spun off into its own company in 1971. Viacom was a distributor of CBS television series throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and also distributed syndicated television programs. The company went under Sumner Redstone's control in 1987 through his cinema chain company National Amusements.[3]At the time of its split, Viacom's assets included the CBS and UPN broadcast networks, the Paramount Pictures film and television studio, local radio station operator CBS Radio, cable channels such as MTV, Nickelodeon, Comedy Central, BET and Showtime, outdoor media operator Viacom Outdoor, television production and distribution firm King World Productions, and book publisher Simon & Schuster. It also owned its IP holding subsidiary Viacom International and brand licensor Westinghouse Licensing Corporation.In 2000, Viacom acquired the parent company of CBS, the former Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which had been renamed CBS Corporation in 1997. Viacom was split into the second incarnations of CBS Corporation and Viacom — both remained under National Amusements ownership — in 2005;[4] the split was structured with the second CBS Corporation being the original Viacom's legal successor, and the second Viacom being an entirely new company. The two companies eventually re-merged in 2019, leading to the formation of ViacomCBS, now known as Paramount Global.","title":"Viacom (1952–2005)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broadcast syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-18"},{"link_name":"spun off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_spin-off"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"television networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network"},{"link_name":"owning syndication companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Interest_and_Syndication_Rules"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viacom_Pinball_Logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Warner-Amex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner-Amex_Satellite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Viacom originated on March 16, 1952 — when CBS founded its broadcast syndication division, CBS Television Film Sales.[5][6][7] It renamed as CBS Films in October 1958.[8][9] On December 1, 1967, it again renamed as CBS Enterprises Inc..[10][11] On July 6, 1970, it announced that CBS Enterprises would be spin out from its parent company,[12] and the same month the division was incorporated as Viacom,[13][14][15][16][17] and spun off on January 1, 1971,[18] amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies (the rules were later repealed).Viacom expanded its activities throughout the decade with a launch of a production unit, and later acquired the rights to various features from various studios.[19][20]The original Viacom logo used from 1971 to 1976In addition to CBS TV series syndication rights, Viacom also held cable systems with 90,000 cable subscribers, at that time the largest in the US. In 1976, Viacom launched Showtime, a pay movie channel, with Warner-Amex taking a half-share ownership. The company went into original programming production starting in the late 1970s until the early 1980s with middling results.[17] The company expanded in 1977 to launch a unit for program acquisitions and prime-time network programming.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Britain, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"WVIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVIT"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"WNYT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYT_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viacom%27s_logo_from_1976-1990.svg"},{"link_name":"KSLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSLA"},{"link_name":"Shreveport, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"WHEC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHEC-TV"},{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"KMOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMOV"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Movie Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Movie_Channel"},{"link_name":"Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_Networks"},{"link_name":"Carsey-Werner Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carsey-Werner_Company"},{"link_name":"The Cosby Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cosby_Show"},{"link_name":"A Different World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Different_World"},{"link_name":"Roseanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"MTV Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"VH-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Showtime-The Movie Channel, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_Networks"},{"link_name":"MTV Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Networks"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sumner Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Redstone"},{"link_name":"National Amusements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Amusements"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Gulf+Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_Industries"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_LLC"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"WTXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCT-TV"},{"link_name":"WVIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVIT"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Aaron Spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Spelling"},{"link_name":"his own productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_Television"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Worldvision Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldvision_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Paramount's seven-station group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Stations_Group"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Paramount_Network"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Chris-Craft Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris-Craft_Industries"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Detroi19990908p56a2-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Paramount Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Network"},{"link_name":"Country Music Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Group W Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"King World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_World_Productions"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"owned-stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_and_Stations"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Detroi19990908p56-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Detr990915-40"},{"link_name":"Black Entertainment Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"BET Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Networks"},{"link_name":"TMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Factory"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"VIVA Media AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIVA_(German_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Infinity Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"AOL Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarnerMedia"}],"sub_title":"Expansion through acquisitions","text":"Viacom's first broadcast station acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, changing its call letters to WVIT.[22] Two years later Viacom added the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, D.C., Houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST (now WNYT) in Albany, New York.[23]Logo from 1976 to 1989In 1983 Viacom purchased KSLA in Shreveport, Louisiana,[24][25] and WHEC-TV in Rochester, New York,[26] in separate transactions. This was followed in 1986 with CBS-owned KMOX-TV in St. Louis; with the purchase, that station's call letters were changed to KMOV.[27][28]Also in 1983, Viacom reacquired its premium channel Showtime, and later merged it with Warner-Amex's The Movie Channel forming Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc.Between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, Viacom syndicated several shows produced by Carsey-Werner Productions, namely The Cosby Show, A Different World and Roseanne.[29]In 1985, Viacom acquired Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc. from Warner-Amex, ending the joint venture. Around the same time, Viacom bought MTV Networks, which owned MTV, VH-1, and Nickelodeon.[30] This led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company, and completed in 1986.In 1987, Viacom sought to expand its horizons by launching the new Viacom Network Enterprises division, which was led by Ronald C. Bernard, in order to develop and exploit properties outside of the core cable business and the company would ride herd on diverse enterprises as Viacom's pay-per-view venture, Viewer's Choice, Satellite Direct, Inc. and SMA TV, and handle strategic planning and new business development for Viacom Networks Group, and would develop merchandising, licensing and home video business around the two Viacom subsidiaries it was currently operating, Showtime-The Movie Channel, Inc. and MTV Networks.[31]In 1989, the company had set up its own division Viacom Pictures, to produce its feature films for television, most notably Showtime.[32]Sumner Redstone, via his theater chain operator National Amusements, acquired a controlling interest in Viacom on June 10, 1987.[3] Redstone made a string of large acquisitions in the early 1990s, announcing plans to merge with Paramount Communications (formerly Gulf+Western), parent of Paramount Pictures, in 1993, and buying the Blockbuster Video chain in 1994. The acquisition of Paramount Communications on July 7, 1994, made Viacom one of the world's largest entertainment companies.[33] Also in 1993, WTXX entered into a part-time local marketing agreement with Viacom's NBC station WVIT.[34]The Paramount and Blockbuster acquisitions gave Viacom access to large television holdings: An archive of programming controlled by Aaron Spelling's company which included, along with his own productions, the pre-1973 ABC and NBC libraries under Worldvision Enterprises and Republic Pictures; and an expanded group of television stations which merged Viacom's five existing outlets into Paramount's seven-station group. Viacom used some of these stations to launch the UPN network, which started operations in January 1995 as a joint venture with Chris-Craft Industries. Shortly afterward, Viacom/Paramount spent the next two years selling off its non-UPN affiliated stations to various owners. In 1997, Viacom exited the broadcast radio business, albeit temporarily, when it sold the majority of its stations to Chancellor Media, a predecessor company of iHeartMedia.On September 7, 1999, Viacom announced their acquisition of CBS Corporation in a $35.9 billion deal. In addition to being the largest media merger in history at the time, the purchase effectively reunited Viacom with its former parent, CBS.[35][36] The merger was completed in May 2000, bringing CBS's cable channels TNN (now Paramount Network) and Country Music Television (CMT) under Viacom's MTV Networks wing, as well as CBS's production and distribution units Eyemark Entertainment (formerly Group W Productions) and King World under the main wing.[37] The merger also folded Viacom's broadcast group, now consisting entirely of UPN stations, into CBS's owned-stations division.[38][39]In 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of BET Holdings, the owners of the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network.[40] As with CBS Cable, it was immediately integrated into MTV Networks, causing some outcry among BET workers in the Washington, D.C., area (where BET was based before the merger). As a result, BET was separated from MTV Networks, into a division known as BET Networks.Although a majority economic interest in Viacom was held by independent shareholders, the Redstone family maintained 71-percent voting control of the company through National Amusements' holdings of Viacom's stock.In 2002, Viacom's MTV Networks International bought independently run Dutch music video channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, MTVNI bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV. The same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacom's interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer; the spinoff of Blockbuster was completed in October.Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the remaining shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain, which resulted in Viacom's return to operating radio stations after it originally exited the broadcast radio business in 1997. In April 2003, Viacom acquired the remaining ownership shares of Comedy Central from then-AOL Time Warner, integrating Comedy Central into MTV Networks.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cable television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"TCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele-Communications_Inc."},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"}],"sub_title":"Viacom Cable","text":"From its formation until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, Nashville and Seattle metropolitan areas.[41] Several of these were originally independent systems that CBS acquired in the 1960s. The division was known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, when it was renamed to Viacom Cable. By 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers. Viacom sold the division to TCI in 1995.[42] Viacom's cable assets are now part of Comcast.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBS_Corporation_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Les Moonves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Moonves"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Tom Freston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Freston"},{"link_name":"the controversy of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy"},{"link_name":"Mel Karmazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Karmazin"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"chief operating officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viacom_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"the second CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"CBS Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Studios"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ViacomCBS.svg"},{"link_name":"re-merger deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_merger_of_CBS_and_Viacom"},{"link_name":"Bob Bakish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bakish"},{"link_name":"Shari Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari_Redstone"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramount_Global_Logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Paramount Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Global"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Viacom International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_International"},{"link_name":"Viacom18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom18"}],"sub_title":"Corporate spin-off","text":"CBS Corporation logo (2005–2019)In March 2005, Viacom announced that it would split into two companies – one would contain Viacom's \"slow-growth\" assets; the other would consist of the company's \"high-growth\" divisions[43] – under National Amusements' control because of a stagnating stock price. The internal rivalry between CBS chairman Les Moonves and MTV Networks chief executive officer Tom Freston, and the controversy of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show were also seen as factors. After the departure of Mel Karmazin in 2004, Redstone, who served as chairman and CEO, decided to split the offices of president and chief operating officer between Moonves and Freston. Redstone was set to retire in the near future, and a split would be a creative solution to the matter of replacing him.[44]Logo of the spun-off Viacom (2005–2019), introduced on December 31, 2005The existing Viacom would become the second CBS Corporation as it was headed by Moonves and kept CBS, Simon & Schuster,[45] and Paramount Network Television (now known as CBS Studios), among other assets; while MTV Networks, BET Networks, and Paramount Pictures would spin-off to a sister company headed by Freston under the Viacom name. The split was approved by Viacom's board on June 14, 2005,[46] and took effect on December 31.[4] The second iterations of CBS Corporation and Viacom began trading on January 3, 2006.[47]Logo of ViacomCBS (2019–2022), introduced on December 4, 2019On August 13, 2019, CBS and Viacom officially announced their re-merger deal; the combined company would be called ViacomCBS, with Bob Bakish as president and CEO and Shari Redstone as the chairwoman of the new company.[48][49][50] The deal was closed on December 4.[51]Logo of Paramount Global, introduced on February 16, 2022Despite ViacomCBS renaming itself to Paramount Global on February 16, 2022,[52] several Paramount assets retain the Viacom name, such as Viacom International and Viacom18 (the latter of which Paramount holds a minority stake in).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community of license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"}],"text":"Stations are arranged alphabetically by state and community of license.","title":"Former Viacom-owned stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Infinity Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting"}],"sub_title":"Radio stations","text":"Notes:Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station that was purchased from Sonderling Broadcasting in 1980, which initiated Viacom's entry into radio station ownership (WAST television in Albany was also purchased through the Sonderling deal);\nThis list does not include stations owned by CBS Radio and its predecessors, Westinghouse Broadcasting and Infinity Broadcasting which were acquired by Viacom through its merger with CBS in 2000.","title":"Former Viacom-owned stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramount Stations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Stations_Group"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"local marketing agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement"}],"sub_title":"Television stations","text":"This list does not include other stations owned by Paramount Stations Group which were acquired by Viacom through its acquisition of Paramount Pictures in 1994, nor any other station purchased by Viacom/Paramount following the Paramount acquisition and prior to its merger with CBS in 2000.1 WTXX was owned by Counterpoint Communications, but Viacom operated the station through a part-time local marketing agreement.","title":"Former Viacom-owned stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"/ˈviːəkɒm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"VEE-ə-kom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Ralph Baruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Baruch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"/ˈvaɪ.əkɒm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"VY-ə-kom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Sumner Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Redstone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"^ The pronunciation /ˈviːəkɒm/ VEE-ə-kom was used by inaugural chairman Ralph Baruch.[1] The pronunciation /ˈvaɪ.əkɒm/ VY-ə-kom was favored by Sumner Redstone and included in its audible identification marks following its purchase by National Amusements in 1987.[2]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The original Viacom logo used from 1971 to 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Viacom_Pinball_Logo.svg/220px-Viacom_Pinball_Logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Logo from 1976 to 1989","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Viacom%27s_logo_from_1976-1990.svg/125px-Viacom%27s_logo_from_1976-1990.svg.png"},{"image_text":"CBS Corporation logo (2005–2019)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CBS_Corporation_logo.svg/200px-CBS_Corporation_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Logo of the spun-off Viacom (2005–2019), introduced on December 31, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Viacom_logo.svg/220px-Viacom_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Logo of ViacomCBS (2019–2022), introduced on December 4, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ViacomCBS.svg/220px-ViacomCBS.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Logo of Paramount Global, introduced on February 16, 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Paramount_Global_Logo.svg/220px-Paramount_Global_Logo.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"The Communicators (video). C-SPAN. November 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?202027-1/television-tightrope","url_text":"The Communicators"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"}]},{"reference":"Hagey, Keach (2018). The King of Content: Sumner Redstone's Battle for Viacom, CBS, and Everlasting Control of His Media Empire. New York: HarperBusiness. p. 131. ISBN 9780062654090. In the beginning, Sumner's Viacom—which he had renamed VIE-uh-com during the first board meeting, in a nod to his fighting spirit […]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062654090","url_text":"9780062654090"}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom Inc. acquires Viacom International Inc\". Los Angeles Times. June 10, 1987. Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-10-fi-3671-story.html","url_text":"\"Viacom Inc. acquires Viacom International Inc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Wilkerson, David B. (October 18, 2005). \"Viacom moves up split date\". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220810053752/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/viacom-moves-up-split-date-to-end-of-2005","url_text":"\"Viacom moves up split date\""},{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/viacom-moves-up-split-date-to-end-of-2005","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, January 14, 1952 (page 94)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-01-14.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, January 14, 1952 (page 94)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, March 17, 1952 (page 88)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-03-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, March 17, 1952 (page 88)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, June 23, 1952 (page 80)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting-IDX/1952-Broadcasting/1952-06-23-Broadcasting-Page-0080.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, June 23, 1952 (page 80)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, September 22, 1958 (pages 31-33)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-09-22-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, September 22, 1958 (pages 31-33)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, October 13, 1958 (page 49)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-10-13-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, October 13, 1958 (page 49)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Name change at CBS\" (PDF). December 4, 1967.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/67-OCR/1967-12-04-BC-OCR-Page-0009.pdf#search=%22cbs%20enterprises%20inc%22","url_text":"\"Name change at CBS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, January 29, 1968 (page 8)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-01-29-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, January 29, 1968 (page 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, July 6, 1970 (page 19)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-07-06-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, July 6, 1970 (page 19)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Viacom Inc.\". International Directory of Company Histories. St. James Press. 2005. Retrieved August 16, 2018 – via FundingUniverse.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/viacom-inc-history/","url_text":"International Directory of Company Histories"}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom heats up\" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 17, 1972. p. 46. Retrieved October 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-07-17-BC-OCR-Page-0046.pdf","url_text":"\"Viacom heats up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom acquires rights to package of features\" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 18, 1972. p. 44. Retrieved October 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-08-14-BC-OCR-Page-0044.pdf","url_text":"\"Viacom acquires rights to package of features\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom sets up group for prime-time shows\" (PDF). Broadcasting Magazine. February 21, 1977. p. 47. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/77-OCR/BC-1977-02-21-OCR-Page-0047.pdf","url_text":"\"Viacom sets up group for prime-time shows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom gets into station ownership\" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 20, 1977. p. 28. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/77-OCR/BC-1977-06-20-OCR-Page-0028.pdf","url_text":"\"Viacom gets into station ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"In brief\" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 17, 1983. p. 144. Retrieved January 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-01-17-OCR-Page-0144.pdf","url_text":"\"In brief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changing hands–Proposed\" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 24, 1983. p. 74. Retrieved January 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-01-24-OCR-Page-0074.pdf","url_text":"\"Changing hands–Proposed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changing hands–Proposed\" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 25, 1983. p. 86. Retrieved January 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-07-25-OCR-Page-0086.pdf","url_text":"\"Changing hands–Proposed\""}]},{"reference":"\"In brief\" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 9, 1985. p. 120. Retrieved January 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/85-OCR/BC-1985-12-09-OCR-Page-0120.pdf","url_text":"\"In brief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call letters–Grants–Existing TV's\" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 30, 1986. p. 64. Retrieved January 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/86-OCR/BC-1986-06-30-OCR-Page-0062.pdf","url_text":"\"Call letters–Grants–Existing TV's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cosby in syndication: cash plus barter\" (PDF). Broadcasting. October 20, 1986. p. 29. Retrieved January 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/86-OCR/BC-1986-10-20-OCR-Page-0029.pdf","url_text":"\"Cosby in syndication: cash plus barter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"Fabrikant, Geraldine (September 17, 1986). \"VIACOM CHIEF LEADS GROUP'S BUYOUT BID (Published 1986)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2021. In November 1985, Viacom acquired MTV for $326 million in cash and warrants. One-third of MTV was publicly owned; the rest was owned by Warner Communications and the American Express Company. At the same time, Viacom bought the 50 percent of Showtime, the pay television service, that it did not already own for $184 million.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/17/business/viacom-chief-leads-group-s-buyout-bid.html","url_text":"\"VIACOM CHIEF LEADS GROUP'S BUYOUT BID (Published 1986)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom Establishes Enterprise Division\". Variety. February 11, 1987. pp. 49, 70.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"It's showtime for Viacom\" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 24, 1989. p. 70. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/89-OCR/BC-1989-07-24-OCR-Page-0070.pdf","url_text":"\"It's showtime for Viacom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"\"75 Power Players: The Outsiders\". Next Generation. No. 11. Imagine Media. November 1995. p. 61. Viacom completed acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994, creating one of the world's largest entertainment companies.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"Lender, Jon (June 11, 1993). \"WVIT Leases Time on WTXX as WTIC Protests\". Hartford Courant. Retrieved October 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1993-06-11-0000100900-story.html","url_text":"\"WVIT Leases Time on WTXX as WTIC Protests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"}]},{"reference":"\"$35.9-billion merger links TV, radio, ad, film outlets\". Detroit Free Press. Associated Press. September 8, 1999. pp. 1F–2F. Archived from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134138887/","url_text":"\"$35.9-billion merger links TV, radio, ad, film outlets\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134139131/","url_text":"2F"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231027021424/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134138887/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sims, David (August 19, 2019). \"Why Viacom and CBS Had to Merge to Survive\". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/why-viacom-and-cbs-had-merge-survive/596338/","url_text":"\"Why Viacom and CBS Had to Merge to Survive\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBS And Viacom Complete Merger\". CBS News. Retrieved December 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-and-viacom-complete-merger/","url_text":"\"CBS And Viacom Complete Merger\""}]},{"reference":"Smyntek, John (September 8, 1999). \"Viacom to buy CBS in record media deal: It might have impact on 2 stations in metro area\". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1F–2F. Archived from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138272/","url_text":"\"Viacom to buy CBS in record media deal: It might have impact on 2 stations in metro area\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138291/","url_text":"2F"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231027021424/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138272/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smyntek, John (September 15, 1999). \"Viacom can have 2 area stations\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1E. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93300634/viacom-can-have-2-area-stations/","url_text":"\"Viacom can have 2 area stations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129191113/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93300634/viacom-can-have-2-area-stations/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom Completes BET Acquisition\". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. January 24, 2001. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved August 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jan/24/business/fi-16227","url_text":"\"Viacom Completes BET Acquisition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Chuck (December 29, 1994). \"Viacom Expected To Sell Cable Franchises – TCI Group Would Gain 1.1 Million Subscribers\". The Seattle Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taylor, Chuck (January 22, 1995). \"Cable Execs To Visit Viacom Sites In Seattle Area – Intermedia Partners Optimistic As They Face Regulatory Hurdles, Tax Scrutiny By Congress\". The Seattle Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Teather, David (November 2, 2005). \"Two-speed Viacom growth rates justify split\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/02/citynews.business1","url_text":"\"Two-speed Viacom growth rates justify split\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Wayne (June 15, 2005). \"Viacom, CBS Set To Split--Again\". MediaPost. Retrieved March 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/31178/viacom-cbs-set-to-split-again.html","url_text":"\"Viacom, CBS Set To Split--Again\""}]},{"reference":"Lauer, Douglas; Busvine, Klaus (November 25, 2020). \"Bertelsmann buys Simon & Schuster for $2.2 billion in U.S. publishing play\". Reuters. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-viacomcbs-m-a-bertelsmann-idUSKBN2851E6","url_text":"\"Bertelsmann buys Simon & Schuster for $2.2 billion in U.S. publishing play\""}]},{"reference":"Consoli, John (June 14, 2005). \"Viacom Board Approves Split\". Adweek. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181212015435/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/viacom-board-approves-split-80080/","url_text":"\"Viacom Board Approves Split\""},{"url":"https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/viacom-board-approves-split-80080/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alfano, Sean (January 3, 2006). \"CBS, Viacom Formally Split\". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124526/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-viacom-formally-split/","url_text":"\"CBS, Viacom Formally Split\""},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-viacom-formally-split/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gasparino, Charles; Moynihan, Lydia (August 13, 2019). \"CBS, Viacom agree to merge, forming a $28B entertainment firm\". Fox Business. Retrieved August 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/media/cbs-viacom-merger-agreement","url_text":"\"CBS, Viacom agree to merge, forming a $28B entertainment firm\""}]},{"reference":"Szalai, George; Bond, Paul; Vlessing, Etan (August 13, 2019). \"CBS, Viacom Strike Deal to Recombine\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cbs-viacom-strike-deal-recombine-1075545","url_text":"\"CBS, Viacom Strike Deal to Recombine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS and Viacom To Combine\" (PDF). CBS. August 12, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190813190148/https://www.cbscorporation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ViacomCBS-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"CBS and Viacom To Combine\""},{"url":"https://www.cbscorporation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ViacomCBS-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Viacom and CBS Corp. are officially back together again\". CBS News. December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/viacom-cbs-merger-stock-companies-are-officially-back-together-again/","url_text":"\"Viacom and CBS Corp. are officially back together again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Goldsmith, Jill (February 15, 2022). \"ViacomCBS To Rebrand As Paramount Global\". Deadline. Retrieved April 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/02/viacomcbs-rebrand-paramount-shari-redstone-bob-bakish-1234934244/","url_text":"\"ViacomCBS To Rebrand As Paramount Global\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?202027-1/television-tightrope","external_links_name":"The Communicators"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-10-fi-3671-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Viacom Inc. acquires Viacom International Inc\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220810053752/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/viacom-moves-up-split-date-to-end-of-2005","external_links_name":"\"Viacom moves up split date\""},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/viacom-moves-up-split-date-to-end-of-2005","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-01-14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, January 14, 1952 (page 94)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-03-17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, March 17, 1952 (page 88)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting-IDX/1952-Broadcasting/1952-06-23-Broadcasting-Page-0080.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, June 23, 1952 (page 80)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-09-22-BC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, September 22, 1958 (pages 31-33)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-10-13-BC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, October 13, 1958 (page 49)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/67-OCR/1967-12-04-BC-OCR-Page-0009.pdf#search=%22cbs%20enterprises%20inc%22","external_links_name":"\"Name change at CBS\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-01-29-BC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, January 29, 1968 (page 8)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-07-06-BC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Magazine, July 6, 1970 (page 19)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-07-27-BC.pdf","external_links_name":"CBS transfers CATV to new public firm (page 50)"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/70-OCR/1970-11-23-BC-OCR-Page-0010.pdf#search=%22cbs%20viacom%20international%22","external_links_name":"Viacom goes on big board"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/70-OCR/1970-12-07-BC-OCR-Page-0054.pdf#search=%22viacom%22","external_links_name":"NYSE now trading Viacom shares"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/70-OCR/1970-10-26-BC-OCR-Page-0035.pdf#search=%22viacom%22","external_links_name":"CBS Enterprises will sell time for Yankees"},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/viacom-inc-history/","external_links_name":"International Directory of Company Histories"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/71-OCR/1971-01-11-BC-OCR-Page-0030.pdf#search=%22viacom%20international%22","external_links_name":"Sudden halt to Viacom spin-off"},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-07-17-BC-OCR-Page-0046.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Viacom heats up\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-08-14-BC-OCR-Page-0044.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Viacom acquires rights to package of features\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/77-OCR/BC-1977-02-21-OCR-Page-0047.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Viacom sets up group for prime-time shows\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/77-OCR/BC-1977-06-20-OCR-Page-0028.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Viacom gets into station ownership\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/78-OCR/1978-03-20-BC-OCR-Page-0033.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/78-OCR/1978-03-20-BC-OCR-Page-0034.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-01-17-OCR-Page-0144.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In brief\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-01-24-OCR-Page-0074.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Changing hands–Proposed\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-07-25-OCR-Page-0086.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Changing hands–Proposed\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/85-OCR/BC-1985-12-09-OCR-Page-0120.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In brief\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/86-OCR/BC-1986-06-30-OCR-Page-0062.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Call letters–Grants–Existing TV's\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/86-OCR/BC-1986-10-20-OCR-Page-0029.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cosby in syndication: cash plus barter\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/17/business/viacom-chief-leads-group-s-buyout-bid.html","external_links_name":"\"VIACOM CHIEF LEADS GROUP'S BUYOUT BID (Published 1986)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/89-OCR/BC-1989-07-24-OCR-Page-0070.pdf","external_links_name":"\"It's showtime for Viacom\""},{"Link":"https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1993-06-11-0000100900-story.html","external_links_name":"\"WVIT Leases Time on WTXX as WTIC Protests\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134138887/","external_links_name":"\"$35.9-billion merger links TV, radio, ad, film outlets\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134139131/","external_links_name":"2F"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231027021424/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134138887/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/why-viacom-and-cbs-had-merge-survive/596338/","external_links_name":"\"Why Viacom and CBS Had to Merge to Survive\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-and-viacom-complete-merger/","external_links_name":"\"CBS And Viacom Complete Merger\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138272/","external_links_name":"\"Viacom to buy CBS in record media deal: It might have impact on 2 stations in metro area\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138291/","external_links_name":"2F"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231027021424/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138272/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93300634/viacom-can-have-2-area-stations/","external_links_name":"\"Viacom can have 2 area stations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129191113/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93300634/viacom-can-have-2-area-stations/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jan/24/business/fi-16227","external_links_name":"\"Viacom Completes BET Acquisition\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","external_links_name":"0458-3035"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/02/citynews.business1","external_links_name":"\"Two-speed Viacom growth rates justify split\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/31178/viacom-cbs-set-to-split-again.html","external_links_name":"\"Viacom, CBS Set To Split--Again\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-viacomcbs-m-a-bertelsmann-idUSKBN2851E6","external_links_name":"\"Bertelsmann buys Simon & Schuster for $2.2 billion in U.S. publishing play\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181212015435/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/viacom-board-approves-split-80080/","external_links_name":"\"Viacom Board Approves Split\""},{"Link":"https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/viacom-board-approves-split-80080/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124526/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-viacom-formally-split/","external_links_name":"\"CBS, Viacom Formally Split\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-viacom-formally-split/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/media/cbs-viacom-merger-agreement","external_links_name":"\"CBS, Viacom agree to merge, forming a $28B entertainment firm\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cbs-viacom-strike-deal-recombine-1075545","external_links_name":"\"CBS, Viacom Strike Deal to Recombine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190813190148/https://www.cbscorporation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ViacomCBS-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CBS and Viacom To Combine\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbscorporation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ViacomCBS-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/viacom-cbs-merger-stock-companies-are-officially-back-together-again/","external_links_name":"\"Viacom and CBS Corp. are officially back together again\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/02/viacomcbs-rebrand-paramount-shari-redstone-bob-bakish-1234934244/","external_links_name":"\"ViacomCBS To Rebrand As Paramount Global\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_209 | China National Highway 209 | ["1 Route and distance","2 Image gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Road in China
National Highway 209209国道Route informationLength3,435 km (2,134 mi)Major junctionsFromSonid Left Banner, Inner MongoliaToBeihai, Guangxi
LocationCountryChina
Highway system
National Trunk Highway System
Primary
Auxiliary
← G208→ G210
Highway 209 climbing from the Liangtai River valley (Gaoqiao town) toward Wanchaoshan Mt (Wujiaping), in Xingshan County, Hubei
China National Highway 209 (G209) runs from Sonid Left Banner, Inner Mongolia to Beihai, Guangxi province. It is
3,435 kilometres in length and runs south from Huhhot towards Shanxi province, Henan province, Hubei province, Hunan province, and ends in Guangxi province.
Despite the "National Highway" designation, G209 is not of uniform quality throughout its length. For example, as of 2009, the 20-kilometer section north of Badong is nothing but a very poor dirt road. Nonetheless, even that section is of importance for the national highway system: it is used e.g. by long-distance buses plying the route between Badong and points east. Many parts of the Muyu to Hongping section (in Hubei's Shennongjia Forestry District) are not much better. On the other hand, the section from the Shennongjia National Park entry to Muyu to Baishahe Village (in Nanyang Town, Xingshan County) is part of a recently upgraded Yichang-Shennongjia Highway.
Route and distance
Near Wenshui village (Hongping Town, Shennongjia)
Junction with a Hubei provincial highway in Baishahe Village, Nanyang Town, Xingshan County, Hubei. For the next 52 km to the north (to Muyu) G209 will follow the Xiangping River, doubling as part of the Yichang-Shennongjia Highway; for the 72 km to the southwest, it will be crossing two mountain ranges to get to Badong
A not-yet-improved section of G209 just north of Badong
Crossing the Yangtze on the Badong Bridge
Route and distance
City
Distance (km)
Huhhot, Inner Mongolia
0
Horinger, Inner Mongolia
57
Qingshuihe, Inner Mongolia
136
Pianguan, Shanxi
231
Wuzhai, Shanxi
312
Kelan, Shanxi
351
Lanxian, Shanxi
419
Fangshan, Shanxi
485
Lishi, Shanxi
531
Zhongyang, Shanxi
558
Jiaokou, Shanxi
605
Xixian, Shanxi
652
Daning, Shanxi
692
Jixian, Shanxi
744
Xiangning, Shanxi
774
Hejin, Shanxi
836
Linyi County, Shanxi
891
Yuncheng, Shanxi
911
Pinglu, Shanxi
960
Sanmenxia, Henan
968
Lingbao, Henan
1028
Lushi, Henan
1109
Xixia, Henan
1230
Xixian, Henan
1304
Yunxian, Hubei
1366
Shiyan, Hubei
1398
Fangxian, Hubei
1501
Muyu, Hubei
Nanyang Town, Hubei
Badong, Hubei
1775
Jianshi, Hubei
1923
Enshi, Hubei
1978
Xuan'en, Hubei
2068
Laifeng, Hubei
2158
Longshan, Hunan
2167
Yongshun, Hunan
2224
Baojing, Hunan
2281
Huayuan, Hunan
2307
Jishou, Hunan
2377
Fenghuang, Hunan
2431
Mayang, Hunan
2466
Huaihua, Hunan
2525
Zhongfang, Hunan
2544
Hongjiang, Hunan
2575
Huitong, Hunan
2627
Jingzhou, Hunan
2667
Tongdao, Hunan
2748
Sanjiang, Guangxi
2826
Rong'an, Guangxi
2909
Liuzhou, Guangxi
3028
Wuxuan, Guangxi
3123
Lingshan, Guangxi
3286
Hepu, Guangxi
3407
Beihai, Guangxi
3435
Image gallery
Victory Bridge (built 1970, on the Yema He River, south of Hongping Town, Shennongjia) glorifies the victory of the Cultural Revolution
Improvements in progress ... (Wenshui Village)
Hairpin turns are equipped with mirrors on the well-maintained section south of Yazikou Junction (main access to Shennongjia National Nature Reserve)
See also
China National Highways
References
^ See e.g. the characterization of the
China National Highway 318 and China National Highway 209 as "unstable and unsafe" in: Yichang-Wanzhou Railway (SEIA) Archived 2009-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (Asian Development Bank, June 2003), p.6
External links
Official website of Ministry of Transport of PRC
vte China National Highways (CNH)Radial
G101
G102
G103
G104
G105
G106
G107
G108
G109
G110
G111
G112
North–south
G201
G202
G203
G204
G205
G206
G207
G208
G209
G210
G211
G212
G213
G214
G215
G216
G217
G218
G219
G220
G221
G222
G223
G224
G225
G226
G227
G228
East–west
G301
G302
G303
G304
G305
G306
G307
G308
G309
G310
G311
G312
G313
G314
G315
G316
G317
G318
G319
G320
G321
G322
G323
G324
G325
G326
G327
G328
G329
G330
Extended plan in 2013under construction/renovation
G228
G229
G230
G231
G232
G233
G234
G235
G236
G237
G238
G239
G240
G241
G242
G243
G244
G245
G246
G247
G248
G331
G332
G333
G334
G335
G336
G337
G338
G339
G340
G341
G342
G343
G344
G345
G346
G347
G348
G349
G350
G351
G352
G353
G354
G355
G356
G357
G358
G359
G360
G361
G501
G502
G503
G504
G505
G506
G507
G508
G509
G510
G511
G512
G513
G514
G515
G516
G517
G518
G519
G520
G521
G522
G523
G524
G525
G526
G527
G528
G529
G530
G531
G532
G533
G534
G535
G536
G537
G538
G539
G540
G541
G542
G543
G544
G545
G546
G547
G548
G549
G550
G551
G552
G553
G554
G555
G556
G557
G558
G559
G560
G561
G562
G563
G564
G565
G566
G567
G568
G569
G570
G571
G572
G573
G574
G575
G576
G577
G578
G579
G580
G581
Extended in 2022under planning
G601
G602
G603
G604
G605
G606
G607
G608
G609
G610
G611
G612
G613
G614
G615
G616
G617
G618
G619
G620
G621
G622
G623
G624
G625
G626
G627
G628
G629
G630
G631
G632
G633
G634
G635
G636
G637
G638
G639
G640
G641
G642
G643
G644
G645
G646
G647
G648
G649
G650
G651
G652
G653
G654
G655
G656
G657
G658
G659
G660
G661
G662
G663
G664
G665
G666
G667
G668
G669
G670
G671
G672
G673
G674
G675
G676
G677
G678
G679
G680
G681
G682
G683
G684
G685
G686
G687
G688
G689
G690
G691
G692
G693
G694
G695
G696
G697
G698
G699
G700
G701
Major routes(abolished and absorbed into NTHS)
G010
G1011
G1 (Shenyang-Harbin Section)
G15 (Shenyang-Shanghai)
G1503 (West Ring)
G15 (Shanghai-Haikou)
G98 (Haikou-Sanya Section)
G020
G3
G030
G4 (Beijing-Zhuhai Section)
G040
G55 (Erenhot-Taiyuan Section)
G5
G80 (Kunming-Kaiyuan Section)
G8011
G050
G75
G015
G10
G025
G1113
G1 (Beijing-Shenyang Section)
G6
G035
G20
G045
G30
G055
G42
G065
G60
G56 (Hangzhou-Ruili Section)
G075
G72 (Hengyang-Nanjing Section)
G80 (Nanning-Baise Section)
G78 (Baise-Kunming Section)
Note
China National Highway 112 runs around Beijing
Before 2013, Mainland China observed National Highway 228 as Taiwan Ring, composed of several National Expressway (Republic of China) and Taiwan provincial highways, this designation is not recognized by Republic of China (Taiwan). This observation was eventually dropped in new National Highway plans, replaced by Dandong-Dongxing Highway.
A extension plan of the highway system was announced in 2013, including extension of existing highways(101-112, 201-227, 301-330) and new highways (North-South 228-248, East-West 331-361, Connections 501-581). Only small portions of them needs to be constructed from scratch; most of the new highways would be upgraded provincial/county highways.
Another extension plan was announced in 2022, including new small purpose connection highways (601-701).
This People's Republic of China road-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VM_5133_G209_Gaoqiao_to_Wujiaping_(Xingshan_County).jpg"},{"link_name":"Xingshan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingshan_County"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Sonid Left Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonid_Left_Banner"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Beihai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beihai"},{"link_name":"Guangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi"},{"link_name":"Huhhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huhhot"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"Guangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Badong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badong"},{"link_name":"Muyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyu,_Hubei"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Shennongjia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennongjia"},{"link_name":"Nanyang Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanyang_Town,_Xingshan_County,_Hubei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xingshan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingshan_County"},{"link_name":"Yichang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichang"},{"link_name":"Shennongjia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennongjia"}],"text":"Highway 209 climbing from the Liangtai River valley (Gaoqiao town) toward Wanchaoshan Mt (Wujiaping), in Xingshan County, HubeiChina National Highway 209 (G209) runs from Sonid Left Banner, Inner Mongolia to Beihai, Guangxi province. It is\n3,435 kilometres in length and runs south from Huhhot towards Shanxi province, Henan province, Hubei province, Hunan province, and ends in Guangxi province.Despite the \"National Highway\" designation, G209 is not of uniform quality throughout its length.[1] For example, as of 2009, the 20-kilometer section north of Badong is nothing but a very poor dirt road. Nonetheless, even that section is of importance for the national highway system: it is used e.g. by long-distance buses plying the route between Badong and points east. Many parts of the Muyu to Hongping section (in Hubei's Shennongjia Forestry District) are not much better. On the other hand, the section from the Shennongjia National Park entry to Muyu to Baishahe Village (in Nanyang Town, Xingshan County) is part of a recently upgraded Yichang-Shennongjia Highway.","title":"China National Highway 209"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shennongjia-Wenshui-G209-5383.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VM_5169_Xingshan_County_Baishahe_Village.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xingshan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingshan_County"},{"link_name":"Yichang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichang"},{"link_name":"Shennongjia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennongjia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badong-G209-5061.jpg"},{"link_name":"Badong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:On-the-Badong-Bridge-going-north-5053.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yangtze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze"},{"link_name":"Badong Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badong_Bridge"}],"text":"Near Wenshui village (Hongping Town, Shennongjia)Junction with a Hubei provincial highway in Baishahe Village, Nanyang Town, Xingshan County, Hubei. For the next 52 km to the north (to Muyu) G209 will follow the Xiangping River, doubling as part of the Yichang-Shennongjia Highway; for the 72 km to the southwest, it will be crossing two mountain ranges to get to BadongA not-yet-improved section of G209 just north of BadongCrossing the Yangtze on the Badong Bridge","title":"Route and distance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G209-Yema-He-Shengli-Qiao-bridge-5459.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shennongjia-Hongping-zhen-Wenshui-cun-5379.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shennongjia-G209-hairpin-turn-mirror-5464.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shennongjia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennongjia"}],"text":"Victory Bridge (built 1970, on the Yema He River, south of Hongping Town, Shennongjia) glorifies the victory of the Cultural Revolution\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tImprovements in progress ... (Wenshui Village)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHairpin turns are equipped with mirrors on the well-maintained section south of Yazikou Junction (main access to Shennongjia National Nature Reserve)","title":"Image gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Highway 209 climbing from the Liangtai River valley (Gaoqiao town) toward Wanchaoshan Mt (Wujiaping), in Xingshan County, Hubei","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/VM_5133_G209_Gaoqiao_to_Wujiaping_%28Xingshan_County%29.jpg/220px-VM_5133_G209_Gaoqiao_to_Wujiaping_%28Xingshan_County%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Near Wenshui village (Hongping Town, Shennongjia)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Shennongjia-Wenshui-G209-5383.jpg/220px-Shennongjia-Wenshui-G209-5383.jpg"},{"image_text":"Junction with a Hubei provincial highway in Baishahe Village, Nanyang Town, Xingshan County, Hubei. For the next 52 km to the north (to Muyu) G209 will follow the Xiangping River, doubling as part of the Yichang-Shennongjia Highway; for the 72 km to the southwest, it will be crossing two mountain ranges to get to Badong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/VM_5169_Xingshan_County_Baishahe_Village.jpg/220px-VM_5169_Xingshan_County_Baishahe_Village.jpg"},{"image_text":"A not-yet-improved section of G209 just north of Badong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Badong-G209-5061.jpg/220px-Badong-G209-5061.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crossing the Yangtze on the Badong Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/On-the-Badong-Bridge-going-north-5053.jpg/220px-On-the-Badong-Bridge-going-north-5053.jpg"}] | [{"title":"China National Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highways"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/prc/yichang_wanzhou_railway.pdf","external_links_name":"Yichang-Wanzhou Railway (SEIA)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090807041154/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/prc/yichang_wanzhou_railway.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000303055423/http://www.moc.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"Official website of Ministry of Transport of PRC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_National_Highway_209&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_114 | List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (100–199) | ["1 FM 100","2 FM 101","3 FM 102","4 FM 103","5 FM 104","6 FM 105","7 FM 106","8 FM 107","9 FM 108","10 FM 109","11 FM 110","11.1 FM 110 (1944)","12 FM 111","12.1 FM 111 (1944)","13 FM 112","14 FM 113","15 FM 114","16 FM 115","17 FM 116","18 FM 117","19 FM 118","20 FM 119","21 FM 120","22 FM 121","23 FM 122","24 FM 123","25 FM 124","26 FM 125","27 FM 126","28 FM 127","29 FM 128","30 FM 129","31 FM 130","31.1 FM 130 (1945)","32 FM 131","33 FM 132","34 FM 133","35 FM 134","36 FM 135","36.1 FM 135 (1944)","37 FM 136","38 FM 137","39 FM 138","40 FM 139","41 FM 140","42 FM 141","43 FM 142","44 FM 143","44.1 FM 143 (1945)","45 FM 144","46 FM 145","47 FM 146","48 FM 147","49 FM 148","50 FM 149","51 RM 150","52 FM 151","52.1 FM 151 (1945)","53 RM 152","54 FM 153","55 FM 154","56 FM 155","57 FM 156","58 FM 157","59 FM 158","60 FM 159","61 FM 160","62 FM 161","62.1 FM 161 (1945)","63 FM 162","63.1 FM 162 (1945)","64 FM 163","65 FM 164","65.1 FM 164 (1945–1955)","65.2 FM 164 (1956–1967)","66 RM 165","67 FM 166","68 FM 167","68.1 FM 167 (1945)","69 FM 168","70 RM 169","71 FM 170","72 FM 171","73 FM 172","74 FM 173","75 FM 174","76 FM 175","77 FM 176","77.1 FM 176 (1945)","78 FM 177","78.1 FM 177 (1945)","79 FM 178","80 FM 179","81 FM 180","81.1 FM 180 (1945)","82 FM 181","83 FM 182","84 FM 183","85 FM 184","86 FM 185","87 FM 186","88 RM 187","89 FM 188","89.1 FM 188 (1945)","90 RM 189","91 FM 190","92 FM 191","93 FM 192","94 FM 193","95 FM 194","95.1 FM 194 (1945)","96 FM 195","97 FM 196","98 FM 197","99 FM 198","100 FM 199","101 Notes","102 References"] | This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 100–199 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links
Highways in Texas
Interstate
US
State
Toll
Loops
Spurs
FM/RM
Park
Rec
Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).
FM 100
Farm to Market Road 100LocationFannin CountyLength17.440 mi (28.067 km)Existed1944–present
Farm to Market Road 100 (FM 100) is located in Fannin County.
FM 100 begins at an intersection with SH 56 in Honey Grove. The highway travels in a northern direction through the town along 5th Street, turning west then back north near Oakwood Cemetery, leaving Honey Grove just north of US 82; the section of FM 100 between SH 56 and US 82 is overlapped with SH 34. North of Honey Grove, FM 100 travels near the eastern edge of Caddo National Grassland and Lake Crockett. The highway ends at County Road 2180, where the designation becomes FM 79.
FM 100 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Honey Grove north to Monkstown. On July 25, 1951, it was extended north to its current northern terminus. This was part of SH 34 before 1939.
Junction list
The entire route is in Fannin County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Honey Grove0.00.0 SH 34 south / SH 56 – Ladonia, Bonham, ParisSouth end of SH 34 overlap
1.11.8 US 82 / SH 34 – Bonham, ParisUS 82 exit 686; north end of SH 34 overlap
Sash10.416.7 FM 2216 east – Tigertown
10.917.5 FM 409 west – Lake Crockett, Coffee Mill Lake
Monkstown14.924.0 FM 273 west – Telephone
Riverby18.429.6 FM 79 east
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
FM 101
Farm to Market Road 101LocationEastland CountyLength8.397 mi (13.514 km)Existed1944–present
Farm to Market Road 101 (FM 101) is located in Eastland County. The road begins at SH 112 in Morton Valley and continues eastward to Loop 254 in Ranger.
FM 101 was designated on May 18, 1944, along the current route.
Junction list
The entire route is in Eastland County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Morton Valley0.00.0 SH 112 – Eastland
1.72.7 FM 1852 north
Ranger8.213.2 FM 717 north (Austin Street) – Caddo
8.413.5 Loop 254 – Weatherford, Eastland
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 102
Farm to Market Road 102LocationWharton and Colorado countiesLength38.845 mi (62.515 km)Existed1944–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 102
Farm to Market Road 102 (FM 102) is located in Wharton and Colorado counties. It runs from SH 60 in Wharton to I-10 near Alleyton.
FM 103
Farm to Market Road 103LocationMontague CountyLength19.975 mi (32.147 km)Existed1944–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 103KML is not from Wikidata
Farm to Market Road 103 (FM 103) is located in northern Montague County. Beginning at US 82 in Nocona, it runs north, east, and south to FM 2953 northeast of Lake Nocona. A 0.3-mile-long (0.5 km) spur connection is located in the unincorporated community of Spanish Fort.
FM 103 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Nocona northward 9.5 miles (15.3 km). The route was extended to Spanish Fort on November 23, 1948. On December 20, 1988, it was extended to the intersection with FM 2953. On April 25, 1996, the spur connection was added.
FM 104
Farm to Market Road 104LocationHardeman and Cottle countiesLength39.937 mi (64.272 km)Existed1944–present
Farm to Market Road 104 (FM 104) is located in Cottle and Hardeman counties. It begins east of Paducah at US 70 and runs north and then east to SH 6 at Quanah.
FM 104 was designated on May 18, 1944, along the current route.
FM 105
Farm to Market Road 105LocationJasper and Orange countiesLength37.098 mi (59.703 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 105 (FM 105) is located in Jasper and Orange counties. The road runs from US 96 to FM 1006.
FM 105 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Vidor north to the Jasper County line. On October 25, 1947, it was extended north to Evadale. On December 16, 1948, the designation was extended southeast to FM 408 and FM 409 at Orangefield. On January 29, 1953, FM 105 was extended east to SH 87, replacing FM 409. On December 19, 1962, the road was extended north over a former alignment of US 96 to that route's new location. On August 15, 1965, it was extended east and south to FM 1006.
FM 106
Farm to Market Road 106LocationCameron CountyLength14.829 mi (23.865 km)ExistedJune 22, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 106 (FM 106) is located in Cameron County. It runs from Loop 499 to FM 510.
FM 106 was designated on June 22, 1944, from Harlingen to Rio Hondo. On July 3, 1945, the road was extended east and north to the Arroyo Colorado. On December 10, 1946, the eastern terminus was shorted to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) south of Arroyo Colorado. On July 1, 1959, the section from FM 507 south to US 77 was transferred to FM 507, the section from FM 507 east to Harlingen Air Force Base Access Road was cancelled, and the section from Harlingen Air Force Base Access Road east to FM 1595 was transferred to new FM 1595, while FM 106 was routed over old FM 1595. On November 10, 1967, the road was extended to FM 1847, replacing a section of FM 803 and a section of FM 2358 (which was decommissioned as the other section was transferred to FM 1847); a section of FM 106 from FM 803 north 5 miles (8.0 km) was transferred to FM 2925. On August 4, 1988, the section from Loop 448 (now Bus. US 77) to Loop 499 was transferred to Spur 206. On August 29, 1989, the road was extended east and south to FM 510. On June 27, 1995, the section from Loop 499 to FM 509 was transferred to Urban Road 106 (UR 106). The designation reverted to FM 106 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 107
Farm to Market Road 107LocationCoryell, McLennan, and Falls countiesLength30.136 mi (48.499 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 107 (FM 107) is located in Coryell, McLennan, and Falls counties. The road begins at SH 36 southeast of Gatesville and heads southeastward via Moody to I-35 in Eddy.
FM 107 was designated on May 18, 1944, from SH 7 in Chilton to US 81 in Eddy. On June 11, 1945, FM 107 was extended west to SH 317 in Moody. On February 20, 1952, FM 107 was extended west and north to US 84, replacing FM 1742 (which replaced the section of SH 236 from Moody to Mother Neff State Park on November 20, 1951). On October 14, 1960, the section of FM 107 from US 84 south to what was then FM 1996 was renumbered as FM 1996. Old FM 1996 was cancelled and transferred to FM 107. On July 31, 1975, the section east of I-35 began to be signed (but not designated) as SH 7, and the section east of US 77 was signed as Bus. SH 7. On August 29, 1990, the section from I-35 to US 77 was officially transferred to SH 7. On October 25, 1990, the section from US 77 to SH 7 was officially redesignated as Bus. SH 7.
FM 108
Farm to Market Road 108LocationGonzales and DeWitt countiesLength35.007 mi (56.338 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 108 (FM 108) is located in Gonzales and DeWitt counties. It runs from SH 97 to SH 119.
FM 108 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Smiley to Gonzales to connect with SH 200 (now SH 97). On July 14, 1949, the road was extended southwest 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from Smiley. On September 28, 1950, the road was extended southeast to SH 119, replacing FM 1534.
FM 109
Farm to Market Road 109LocationWashington, Austin, and Colorado countiesLength34.245 mi (55.112 km)ExistedAugust 1, 1944–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 109
Farm to Market Road 109 (FM 109) is located in Washington, Austin, and Colorado counties. It runs from SH 36 near Brenham to SH 71 near Columbus.
FM 110
Farm to Market Road 110LocationCaldwell and Hays countiesLength13.586 mi (21.865 km)ExistedApril 1, 1986–present
Farm to Market Road 110 (FM 110) is located in Caldwell and Hays counties. The designation begins at I-35 northeast of San Marcos and heads southeastward and southwestward back to I-35 southwest of San Marcos.
The southern segment, from I-35 to SH 80, was completed by 2018. Construction of the northern segment began in March 2022, and the roadway opened to traffic in December 2023.
FM 110 (1944)
Farm to Market Road 110LocationJohnson CountyExistedAugust 1, 1944–February 25, 1985
A previous route numbered FM 110 was designated on August 1, 1944, from Cleburne to Grandview. FM 110 was cancelled on February 25, 1985, and transferred to FM 4.
FM 111
Farm to Market Road 111LocationBurleson CountyLength8.338 mi (13.419 km)ExistedDecember 19, 1969–present
Farm to Market Road 111 (FM 111) is located in Burleson County. The road was designated on December 19, 1969, from a county road south of Caldwell south across FM 60 at Deanville to a county road. The route was formerly FM 2618, a portion of which had been a spur off the original FM 111.
FM 111 (1944)
Farm to Market Road 111LocationBurleson CountyExistedAugust 1, 1944–December 19, 1969
A previous route numbered FM 111 was designated on August 1, 1944, from SH 21 west of Caldwell to Deanville. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended southeast to FM 976. On January 18, 1955, the road was shortened slightly when the section from the eastern terminus (at FM 976) to 0.4 miles (0.64 km) southwest was transferred to FM 976, and a spur connection to Deanville was added. This spur connection was transferred to FM 2618 on November 24, 1959. On May 2, 1962, the section that was lost in 1955 was added back and the road was extended southeast 2.7 miles (4.3 km) through Birch to a road intersection. FM 111 was cancelled on December 19, 1969, and transferred to FM 60.
FM 112
Farm to Market Road 112LocationWilliamson, Milam, and Lee countiesLength27.264 mi (43.877 km)ExistedOctober 24, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 112 (FM 112) is located in Williamson, Milam, and Lee counties. It runs from SH 95 in Taylor to FM 696 west of Lexington.
FM 112 was designated on October 24, 1944, from Lexington to Taylor as a replacement for SH 102. On September 27, 1960, the section from FM 696 to Loop 123 was transferred to FM 696.
FM 113
Farm to Market Road 113LocationParker CountyLength16.907 mi (27.209 km)Existed1944–present
Farm to Market Road 113 (FM 113) is located in Parker County. It runs from FM 1885 via Garner to US 180, and from another point on US 180 via Millsap to I-20.
FM 113 was designated on October 24, 1944, from US 180 to Millsap. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended south to US 80. On February 6, 1953, the road was extended north to Garner, replacing FM 1544. On May 2, 1962, the road was extended to FM 1885.
FM 114
Farm to Market Road 114LocationRed River and Bowie countiesLength22.207 mi (35.739 km)Existed1944–present
Farm to Market Road 114 (FM 114) is located in Red River and Bowie counties. It runs from US 82 east of Clarksville to US 259.
FM 114 was designated on December 12, 1944, from US 82 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Clarksville east to English and south to US 82 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Avery. On September 20, 1961, the section south of English was transferred to FM 1699; the road was rerouted east to end at FM 1326. On May 1, 1964, the road was extended east to US 259, replacing a section of FM 1326.
FM 115
Farm to Market Road 115LocationFranklin and Wood countiesLength16.746 mi (26.950 km)Existed1944–present
Farm to Market Road 115 (FM 115) is located in Franklin and Wood counties. It runs from I-30 south of Mount Vernon to SH 11.
FM 115 was designated on December 12, 1944, from FM 21 near Hopewell southward 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to a point opposite the main Tidewater Camp in the Clearwater Oil Field. On June 11, 1948, FM 115 was extended south to SH 11. On June 23, 1967, FM 115 was rerouted from 6.7 miles (10.8 km) miles north of SH 11 to I-30, replacing the old FM 2723. The old route from FM 21 southward 4.6 miles (7.4 km) was renumbered new FM 2723, the section from 6.3 miles (10.1 km) north of SH 11 northeast 1.3 miles (2.1 km) was renumbered FM 3007, and the remainder of the old route was inundated by the reservoir.
FM 116
Farm to Market Road 116LocationCoryell and Bell countiesLength27.852 mi (44.823 km)Existed1944–present
Farm to Market Road 116 (FM 116) is located in Coryell and Bell counties. It runs from US 84 west of Gatesville to I-14/US 190 in Copperas Cove, and from another point on I-14/US 190 in Copperas Cove to a county road.
FM 116 was designated on August 1, 1944, from US 84 west of Gatesville to US 190 (now Bus. US 190) in Copperas Cove. On May 5, 1966, FM 116 was extended south 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to the Coryell–Bell county line. On June 2, 1967, FM 116 was extended south 0.2 miles (0.32 km) miles into Bell County. On September 26, 1989, FM 116 was realigned to continue from FM 1113 south on North First and east on Avenue F in Copperas Cove to meet its old routing, while the old routing of FM 116 on North Main from FM 1113 to Avenue F was given to the city of Copperas Cove. On June 27, 1995, the section of FM 116 from FM 1113 to the current south end was transferred to Urban Road 116 (UR 116). The designation reverted to FM 116 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 117
Farm to Market Road 117LocationUvalde, Zavala, and Frio countiesLength59.202 mi (95.276 km)Existed1945–present
Farm to Market Road 117 (FM 117) is located in Uvalde, Zavala, and Frio counties. It runs from US 83 in Uvalde southeast to Business I-35, then concurrent with Business I-35 to SH 85, and concurrent with SH 85 0.5 miles (0.80 km), and then southeast from SH 85 to the Frio–LaSalle county line.
FM 117 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 83 in Uvalde southeastward via Batesville to the end of pavement 4.8 miles (7.7 km) miles southeast of Batesville, replacing part of SH 55, which was truncated to end in Uvalde. On August 25, 1949, FM 117 was extended southeast to US 81 (now Business I-35), replacing FM 471. On June 28, 1963, FM 117 was extended southeast 2.8 miles (4.5 km) to the Frio–LaSalle county line, its current terminus.
FM 118
Farm to Market Road 118LocationHunt CountyLength11.363 mi (18.287 km)ExistedJanuary 11, 1945–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 118KML is not from Wikidata
Farm to Market Road 118 (FM 118) is located in Hunt County. Its southern terminus is at FM 499 in eastern Greenville. It runs north and intersects FM 1566 before reaching its northern terminus at FM 512 in the community of South Sulphur, west of Commerce.
FM 118 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 67 east of Greenville at Ardis Heights north 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to SH 24 (now SH 224) northeast of Greenville. On June 25, 1945, the road was extended to Jacobia. On February 21, 1946, the section from SH 24 to US 67 was transferred to SH 355, but this section would again become part of FM 118 on July 1, 1947. On January 16, 1953, FM 118 was extended to FM 512, replacing FM 1738, and a spur connection in Jacobia was added.
FM 119
Farm to Market Road 119LocationSherman and Moore countiesLength45.937 mi (73.928 km)ExistedDecember 12, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 119 (FM 119) is located in Sherman and Moore counties. It runs from US 54 southwestward of Texhoma south to US 287 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Dumas.
FM 119 was designated on December 12, 1944, from US 287 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Dumas to Sunray. On July 11, 1945, the road was extended north from Sunray 2.5 miles (4.0 km). On February 11, 1946, it was extended 6.0 miles (9.7 km) north of the Moore–Sherman county line. On September 17, 1952, the road was extended north to Texhoma, replacing FM 845 and FM 1269 and creating concurrencies at FM 289 (now SH 15) and FM 1573. On May 6, 1964, the section of FM 119 from the Oklahoma state line south to FM 289 was transferred to FM 1290; FM 119 was extended north on a new route from FM 289 to US 54; however, signage was not changed until January 1, 1965.
FM 120
Farm to Market Road 120LocationGrayson CountyLength20.330 mi (32.718 km)ExistedJanuary 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 120 (FM 120) is located in Grayson County. It runs from Cooks Corner Road and Willow Springs Road west of Pottsboro to the Carpenter's Bluff bridge.
FM 120 was designated on January 11, 1945, from Carpenter's Bluff to Denison and then on to Pottsboro. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended north to Fink. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended north to the Government Property Line. On May 10, 1957, the road was extended west from old US 75 to SH 75A (now SH 91), eliminating a concurrency. On July 28, 1959, the road was extended east along old FM 84 to SH 75A. On February 25, 1968, the road was rerouted in Denison. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 1417 to FM 1753 was transferred to Urban Road 120 (UR 120). On December 17, 2009, the section from Elks Boulevard and Preston Bend junction north of Preston south 6.3 miles (10.1 km) was transferred to SH 289, the section from Worthington Lane in Pottsboro south 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to existing FM 120 was transferred to Spur 316, and FM 120 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to Cooks Corner Road/Willow Springs Road, replacing a section of FM 996. The designation of the section previously transferred to UR 120 reverted to FM 120 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 121
Farm to Market Road 121LocationGrayson CountyLength33.088 mi (53.250 km)ExistedJanuary 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 121 (FM 121) is located in Grayson County. It runs from US 377 in Tioga to SH 160 south of Whitewright. There is a concurrency with SH 5 in Van Alstyne.
Because of possible confusion between FM 121 and SH 121 (the main road to DFW Airport) approximately 15 miles (24 km) to the south, southbound US 75 in Van Alstyne has a sign saying "DFW Traffic Use Exit 38C" at the exit for FM 121.
FM 121 was designated on January 11, 1945, from Van Alstyne to Gunter. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended east to Cannon. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended east to SH 160 south of Whitewright. On January 16, 1953, the road was extended west to SH 10 (now US 377) at Tioga, replacing FM 1284 (connecting section designated December 17, 1952). On December 15, 1977, a break in the route was added at SH 5. On February 27, 2020, FM Spur 121 was designated along a portion of the proposed Dallas North Tollway extension from FM 121 4 miles (6.4 km) west of SH 289 to the tripoint of Grayson, Collin, and Denton counties.
Junction list
The entire route is in Grayson County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Tioga US 377 – Pilot Point, Whitesboro
Gunter SH 289 (Preston Road) – Southmayd, Celina
FM 3356 south – Weston
Van Alstyne US 75 (Collins Freeway) – Sherman, McKinneyUS 75 exit 51
SH 5 north – HoweWest end of SH 5 overlap
SH 5 south – AnnaEast end of SH 5 overlap
FM 2729 north – Tom Bean
SH 160 – Whitewright, Desert
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 122
Farm to Market Road 122LocationCrosby CountyLength0.130 mi (209 m)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 122 (FM 122) is located in Crosby County. It runs from SH 207 to Avenue G in Ralls.
FM 122 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 82 at Ralls south to Caprock as a replacement of a section of SH 207. On June 11, 1945, a section from Post north 8.0 miles (12.9 km) was added, creating a gap. On December 16, 1948, the northern section was extended south to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of the end of the southern section. On February 25, 1949, the sections were connected. On July 31, 1956, the road was extended north to the new location of US 62. On October 31, 1958, a spur was added in Ralls. On September 1, 1965, the entirety of mainline FM 122 was transferred back to SH 207, and the FM 122 designation was applied to the remaining spur route.
While TxDOT lists the 0.175-mile-long (0.282 km) FM 742 as the shortest route of the Farm to Market system, FM 122's certified mileage of 0.13 miles (0.21 km) is less.
FM 123
Farm to Market Road 123LocationPanola CountyLength10.712 mi (17.239 km)ExistedJanuary 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 123 (FM 123) is located in Panola County. It runs from US 79 northeast of Carthage to the Louisiana state line.
FM 123 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 79 east and southeast 10.2 miles (16.4 km) to Deadwood. On January 30, 1951, the road was extended southeast 10.2 miles (16.4 km) to the Louisiana state line. On January 7, 1952, the section from east of US 70 southeast to Louisiana became part of FM 31, and FM 123 was rerouted directly east to the Louisiana state line, replacing FM 998.
FM 124
Farm to Market Road 124LocationPanola CountyLength15.154 mi (24.388 km)ExistedJanuary 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 124 (FM 124) is located in Panola County. It runs from US 79 west of Carthage to US 59.
FM 124 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 79 northeast to SH 149 in Beckville. On October 29, 1953, the road was extended east to FM 959. On September 27, 1960, the road was extended east to US 59, creating a concurrency with FM 959. However, FM 959 was realigned on a new straight route, eliminating the concurrency with FM 959.
FM 125
Farm to Market Road 125LocationCass CountyLength24.667 mi (39.698 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market 125 (FM 125) is located in Cass County. It runs from SH 8 north of Linden southeast to the Louisiana state line with a spur connection to US 59 and SH 155 in Linden.
FM 125 was designated on February 28, 1945, from Linden to Kildare, then onward to SH 43, 2.0 miles (3.2 km) miles north of the Cass–Marion county line. On April 14, 1947, the road was extended via McLeod to the Louisiana state line. On June 2, 1964, the road was extended north 2.0 miles (3.2 km) miles over old SH 8; the section of old SH 8 from FM 125 south to US 59 became Spur 400, but this became FM Spur 125 nine days later.
FM 126
Farm to Market Road 126LocationJones, Taylor, and Nolan countiesLength59.808 mi (96.252 km)ExistedJanuary 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 126 (FM 126) is located in Jones, Taylor and Nolan counties. The highway begins at SH 153 near Nolan. It heads northwest towards Merkel in Taylor County and ends at US Highway 83 near Hamlin in Jones County.
FM 126 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 80 (later Loop 39, now Business I-20-P) northward 10.9 miles (17.5 km) to Noodle. On December 16, 1948, the road was extended southwest 10.4 miles (16.7 km) via Blair to Nubia, replacing FM 615. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended southwest to the Nolan County line. On December 13, 1951, the road was extended southwest to FM 53 (now SH 153), replacing FM 607. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended north to US 180. On October 22, 1954, the road was extended north to US 83, replacing FM 606.
FM 127
Farm to Market Road 127LocationTitus CountyLength10.374 mi (16.695 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 127 (FM 127) is located in Titus County. The highway begins at Farm to Market Road 21 (FM 21) in Blodgett in Titus County. It heads northeast and ends at State Highway 49 (SH 49) in Mt. Pleasant.
FM 127 was designated on February 28, 1945, from Spur 134 (later this section became part of rerouted US 271, now SH 49) in Mount Pleasant southwestward 8.2 miles (13.2 km) to a community. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended southwest 2.2 miles (3.5 km) to FM 21.
FM 128
Farm to Market Road 128LocationDelta CountyLength16.259 mi (26.166 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 128 (FM 128) is located in Delta County. The highway begins at Farm to Market 64 (FM 64) near Pecan Gap. It heads east through Ben Franklin and ends at State Highway 24 (SH 24) near Cooper.
FM 128 was designated on February 28, 1945, from SH 24 near Cooper northwest via Ben Franklin to FM 64 in Pecan Gap. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended west to Ladonia, but on February 16, 1949, this extension became part of FM 64 instead.
FM 129
Farm to Market Road 129LocationPalo Pinto CountyLength10.182 mi (16.386 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 129 (FM 129) is located in Palo Pinto County. The highway begins at FM 4 near Santo. It heads east through Brazos and ends at US 281.
FM 129 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 281 north 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to Brazos. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended southwest 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to FM 2265. On December 15, 1959, the road was extended southwest to FM 4, replacing FM 2265.
FM 130
Farm to Market Road 130LocationMorris County, Cass CountyLength21.368 mi (34.388 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 130 (FM 130) is located in Morris and Cass counties. The highway begins at US 259 in Daingerfield. It heads east and ends at SH 11 near Linden.
FM 130 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 11 northwest to Carterville. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended west to FM 250. On September 21, 1973, the road was extended west to US 259, replacing FM 2891 and part of FM 1400.
FM 130 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 130LocationPalo Pinto CountyExistedFebruary 28, 1945–September 26, 1945
A previous route numbered FM 130 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 180 at Palo Pinto south to Lone Camp. FM 130 was cancelled on September 26, 1945, and became a portion of FM 4.
FM 131
Farm to Market Road 131LocationGrayson CountyLength7.333 mi (11.801 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 131 (FM 131) is located in Grayson County.
FM 131 begins at a junction with US 75 in Sherman. The highway travels in a northern direction along Travis Street, crosses US 82, then leaves the city near Knollwood. FM 131 has an overlap with FM 691 in an unincorporated area of the county, then travels through the westernmost part of Denison, ending at an intersection with FM 120.
FM 131 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 75 at Sherman to Pottsboro. On December 5, 1958, the section from FM 691 to Pottsboro was transferred to FM 1417 and FM 996, although this section remained signed as FM 131 until the 1960 travel map was released. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended north to FM 120. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was transferred to Urban Road 131 (UR 131). The designation reverted to FM 131 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Grayson County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Sherman0.00.0 US 75 (Sam Rayburn Freeway)US 75 exit 60
1.72.7 US 82 (Buck Owens Freeway) – Gainesville, BonhamUS 82 exit 641 (east) / exit 642A (west)
3.96.3 FM 691 west – Grayson County College, AirportSouth end of FM 691 overlap
5.18.2 FM 691 eastNorth end of FM 691 overlap; access to Texoma Medical Center
Denison8.513.7 FM 120 – Pottsboro, Denison
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
FM 132
Farm to Market Road 132LocationHouston CountyLength7.180 mi (11.555 km)Existed1945–present
Farm to Market Road 132 (FM 132) is located in Houston County. It runs from CR 3120 east to SH 7 at Crockett.
FM 132 was designated on February 28, 1945, from SH 7 southwest 2.5 miles (4.0 km) miles to Porter Springs. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended southwest 2.3 miles (3.7 km). On May 2, 1962, the road was extended southwest 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to its current end.
FM 133
Farm to Market Road 133LocationDimmit and La Salle countiesLength20.632 mi (33.204 km)ExistedJanuary 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 133 (FM 133) is located in Dimmit and La Salle counties. It runs from US 83 at Catarina to I-35 at Artesia Wells.
FM 133 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 83 at or near Catarina to US 81 (present-day I-35) at or near Artesia Wells and then to Freer. This segment was part of SH 189 and SH 55 before 1939. On September 9, 1947, the route was modified to have a concurrency with US 81 from Artesia Wells to a point midway between Artesia Wells and Encinal; this concurrency was extended to Encinal on January 27, 1948. On October 28, 1953, the 46-mile (74 km) section of FM 133 east of US 81 was transferred to FM 863 (now SH 44).
FM 134
Farm to Market Road 134LocationMarion and Harrison countiesLength28.739 mi (46.251 km)ExistedJanuary 10, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 134 (FM 134) is located in Marion and Harrison counties. It runs from I-20 and US 80 near Waskom northwest to SH 49 in Jefferson.
FM 134 was designated on January 10, 1945, from US 59 near Jefferson to SH 43 near Karnack. On June 11, 1945, the road was extended southeast to Leigh, creating a concurrency with SH 43. On July 15, 1949, the road was extended south to US 80, while a short section of the old route in Leigh was redesignated as a spur connection. On August 30, 1950, the concurrency with SH 43 was removed as SH 43's southern section was truncated. On February 19, 1953, the spur connection to Leigh became part of FM 1999. On May 25, 1955, the road was extended northwest along the old route of US 59 to SH 49 in Jefferson. On August 13, 1962, the road was relocated in Karnack, creating a concurrency with FM 1915, which became part of SH 43 on June 1, 1967.
FM 135
Farm to Market Road 135LocationSan Jacinto CountyLength7.304 mi (11.755 km)ExistedMay 29, 1985–present
Farm to Market Road 135 (FM 135) is located in San Jacinto County. The road was designated on May 29, 1985, from FM 980 to near the Livingston Reservoir as a replacement for FM Spur 980 to avoid confusion with the other FM Spur 980.
FM 135 (1944)
Farm to Market Road 135LocationFloyd CountyLength7.304 mi (11.755 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–March 24, 1958
A previous route numbered FM 135 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Lockney east to SH 207. On December 3, 1951, the road was extended to Loop 75, replacing Spur 75. FM 135 was cancelled on March 24, 1958, and transferred to FM 97, but signage was not changed until 1959.
FM 136
Farm to Market Road 136LocationRefugio, Aransas, San Patricio countiesLength29.490 mi (47.460 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 136 (FM 136) is located in Refugio, Aransas, and San Patricio counties. It runs from US 77 in Woodsboro to SH 35 northeast of Gregory.
FM 136 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from US 77 in Woodsboro via Bayside to US 181 in Gregory. On September 24, 1952, the road was extended southeast 0.7 miles (1.1 km) along the old route of US 181 to SH 35/US 181. On July 30, 1976, FM 136 was rerouted over old FM 3284 to end at SH 35 northeast of Gregory, while the old route of FM 136 was redesignated as new FM 3284.
FM 137
Farm to Market Road 137LocationLamar CountyLength24.718 mi (39.780 km)ExistedFebruary 26, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 137 (FM 137) is located in Lamar County. It runs from US 82 Business in Paris to FM 38 in Roxton, and from another point on FM 38 to US 82 in Petty.
FM 137 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from SH 24 8.0 miles (12.9 km) south of Paris to FM 38 in Roxton. On April 30, 1945, the road was extended to Noble, replacing a portion of FM 38. On August 18, 1945, the road was corrected so that it ended at SH 24 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south of Paris. On August 1, 1946, the section from Atlas to SH 24 was cancelled, and the road was rerouted to end at US 82 (now Bus. US 82) in Paris. On August 25, 1949, the road was extended from Noble to US 82 in Petty.
FM 138
Farm to Market Road 138LocationShelby and Nacogdoches countiesLength21.620 mi (34.794 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 138 (FM 138) is located in Shelby and Nacogdoches counties. It runs from US 96 in Center to US 59 in Garrison.
FM 138 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from US 96 westward 5.0 miles (8.0 km) in the direction of Stockman. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended to FM 415 in Stockman. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended west 3.6 miles (5.8 km) to the Attoyac River. On November 28, 1958, the road was extended to US 59, replacing FM 2023.
FM 139
Farm to Market Road 139LocationShelby CountyLength29.971 mi (48.234 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 139 (FM 139) is located in Shelby County. It runs from SH 7 to SH 87, and from another point on SH 87 to Liberty School.
FM 139 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from SH 7 southeastward 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to the Sabine National Forest boundary. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended to 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to a road intersection at Ashton School. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to Pauls Store. On November 13, 1953, the road was extended to SH 87, replacing FM 1278 (connecting section designated October 28). On June 28, 1963, the road was extended to Liberty School.
FM 140
Farm to Market Road 140LocationUvalde, Zavala, Frio, and Atascosa countiesLength97.788 mi (157.375 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 140 (FM 140) is located in Uvalde, Zavala, Frio, and Atascosa counties. It runs from FM 117 near Uvalde to Business I-35 in Pearsall, and from another point on Business I-35 to US 281 north of Campbellton.
FM 140 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from US 81 (now Business I-35) in Pearsall eastward 11.0 miles (17.7 km) to the road intersection just eastward of San Miguel Creek. On July 9, 1945, another section from the Zavala–Frio county line to SH 85 at Charlotte was added. On December 16, 1948, the road was extended from the road intersection just eastward of San Miguel Creek to the Zavala–Frio county line, connecting the sections, and the road was extended southeast 3.8 miles (6.1 km) from Charlotte to a road intersection. On October 26, 1949, the road was extended southeast 2.9 miles (4.7 km) to 6.7 miles (10.8 km) southeast of Charlotte. On January 29, 1953, the road was extended southeast to Christine and extended west to Frio Town community, replacing FM 477 and FM 1465 (connecting section from east end to west end of FM 477 designated on December 17, 1952). On July 28, 1953, the road was relocated southeast of Charlotte. On March 24, 1954, the road was extended west 22.6 miles (36.4 km) to the end of FM 188. On May 26, 1954, the road was extended west to FM 117, replacing FM 188. On June 21, 1955, the road was extended east to US 281.
FM 141
Farm to Market Road 141LocationLee CountyLength20.119 mi (32.378 km)ExistedJanuary 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 141 (FM 141) is located in Lee County. It runs from SH 21 via Dime Box to US 290 in Giddings.
FM 141 was designated on January 11, 1945, from SH 21 near Old Dime Box to Dime Box and then on to a road intersection 2.1 miles (3.4 km) southeast of Dime Box. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended southwest to US 290 in Giddings, replacing FM 1985.
FM 142
Farm to Market Road 142LocationJones and Shackelford countiesLength9.2 mi (14.8 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 142 (FM 142) is located in Jones and Shackelford counties. It runs from SH 6 at Stamford eastward and southward to SH 6 near Lueders.
FM 142 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 380 (now SH 6) at Stamford eastward and southward 13.0 miles (20.9 km) to Bethel Lutheran Church. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended south and west to US 380 (now SH 6) at Avoca. On December 3, 1962, the section from FM 600 to Avoca became part of rerouted FM 600, and FM 142 was rerouted over the old route of FM 600 to US 380 (now SH 6) near Lueders.
FM 143
Farm to Market Road 143LocationBexar CountyLength0.805 mi (1,296 m)ExistedJuly 28, 1994–present
Farm to Market Road 143 (FM 143) is located in Bexar County. It runs from Cagnon Road near the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's Dominguez Unit southwest of San Antonio to Loop 1604.
The current FM 143 was designated on July 28, 1994. The Dominguez Unit opened in May 1995.
FM 143 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 143LocationKing and Knox countiesExistedFebruary 28, 1945–August 29, 1990
A previous route numbered FM 143 was designated on February 28, 1945, from SH 283 (now SH 6) at Knox City westward to the eastern side of the Brazos River. On September 9, 1947, the road was shortened 1.5 miles (2.4 km), shortening the length to 4.9 miles (7.9 km). On November 20, 1951, FM 143 was extended west 3.0 miles (4.8 km). It was extended west and northwest to the King County line on October 26, 1954. FM 143 was extended northwest to US 82 later that day. On September 5, 1973, FM 143 was signed (but not designated) as part of SH 222. On July 31, 1975, FM 143 was rerouted in Knox City. FM 143 was cancelled on August 29, 1990, as the SH 222 designation became official.
FM 144
Farm to Market Road 144LocationMorris CountyLength24.965 mi (40.177 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 144 (FM 144) is located in Morris County. It runs from US 259 to US 67 in Omaha, and from another point on US 67 in Omaha to SH 49, and from another point on SH 49 to FM 997 at Jenkins.
FM 144 was designated on February 28, 1945, from SH 11 at or near Cason northward to SH 49 near the Morris–Titus county line. On June 11, 1945, the road was extended north to SH 26 (later US 259; now Spur 284) at Omaha. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection near Boggy Creek. On October 13, 1954, the road was extended east to FM 997 at Jenkins. On May 31, 1965, the road was extended north along the old location of US 259 to US 67. On September 26, 1967, the road was extended further north along the old location of US 259.
FM 145
Farm to Market Road 145LocationParmer, Castro, Swisher, and Briscoe countiesLength107.108 mi (172.374 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 145 (FM 145) is located in Parmer, Castro, Swisher, and Briscoe counties. It runs from US 84 southeastward of Farwell east to FM 378, and from another point on FM 378 to SH 86.
FM 145 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 87 in Kress east 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On June 11, 1945, the road was extended west 5.0 miles (8.0 km). On December 16, 1948, the road was extended west 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a county road (now FM 1424) and east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to another road intersection. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended west 2.0 miles (3.2 km) to a road intersection and east 2.0 miles (3.2 km) to a road intersection. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended east 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to a road intersection. On November 1, 1954, the road was to extend west to FM 1175 at the Swisher–Castro county line and replace FM 1175 to SH 51 (now US 385) and to extend east to FM 409 at the Swisher–Briscoe county line and replace FM 409 to FM 598 (now FM 378) when construction on the extensions, FM 409, and FM 1175 were completed. On October 15, 1955, FM 145 was officially extended west to SH 51 (now US 385) and east to FM 598 (now FM 378), replacing FM 1175 and FM 409. On November 21, 1957, FM 145 was extended west to US 84, replacing FM 690, though the section west of FM 299 (signed as part of SH 214, which the road was officially designated as in 1966) was signed as FM 690 until 1958. On September 27, 1960, the road was extended east to FM 2464 and replaced a section of it to SH 86.
FM 146
Farm to Market Road 146LocationSwisher and Briscoe countiesLength25.957 mi (41.774 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 146 (FM 146) is located in Swisher and Briscoe counties. It runs from SH 86 in Tulia north and east to SH 207.
FM 146 was designated on February 28, 1945, from Tulia north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On November 28, 1945, the road's description was amended so that it went from SH 86 in Tulia north 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection. On December 17, 1947, the road was extended north and east 18.0 miles (29.0 km) to the Swisher–Briscoe county line. On September 29, 1948, the road was extended east 2.1 miles (3.4 km) to San Jacinto School. On December 16, 1948, the road was extended south 3.8 miles (6.1 km) to a road intersection. On August 6, 1951, the road was routed on Maxwell Street in Tulia, replacing a section of Loop 77. On November 16, 1953, the road was extended south 10.2 miles (16.4 km), replacing FM 1304 (connecting section designated October 28). On October 16, 1957, the section from then-FM 2272 to SH 86 was transferred to FM 284 (now SH 207), along with FM 2272 itself (FM 2272 was reassigned to the old route of FM 284). On September 24, 1963, the section from SH 86 to Sixth Street (then Loop 77) via Maxwell Avenue was given to the city of Tulia, the section from Maxwell Avenue via Sixth Street to FM 1318 became part of FM 1318 (as well as Loop 77 itself), and FM 146 was rerouted over FM Spur 1318 to SH 86.
FM 147
Farm to Market Road 147LocationLimestone and Falls countiesLength22.853 mi (36.778 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 147 (FM 147) is located in Limestone and Falls counties. It runs SH 14 approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Groesbeck southwest to SH 7 in Marlin.
FM 147 was designated on February 28, 1945, from Marlin northeast to the community of McClanahan. On June 30, 1945, the road was extended to the Limestone County line. On January 18, 1946, the road was extended to Odds in Limestone County. On December 17, 1947, the road was extended northeast to SH 14, replacing FM 340. On February 27, 1958, the road was extended from another point on SH 7 southwest 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to a road intersection. On December 19, 1959, the section southwest of SH 7 was relocated, and was renumbered FM 712 as a result.
FM 148
Farm to Market Road 148LocationKaufman CountyLength38.253 mi (61.562 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 148
Farm to Market Road 148 (FM 148) is located in Kaufman County. It runs from SH 274 near Kemp to US 80 in Terrell.
FM 149
Farm to Market Road 149LocationMontgomery and Grimes countiesLength48.238 mi (77.632 km)ExistedApril 20, 1945–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 149
Farm to Market Road 149 (FM 149) is located in Montgomery and Grimes counties. It runs from FM 3090 near Erwin Community east to SH 90 at Anderson. After a short concurrency with SH 90, FM 149 turns east and southeast through Richards and Montgomery to the intersection of FM 1774 and SH 249.
RM 150
Ranch to Market Road 150LocationHays CountyLength25.792 mi (41.508 km)ExistedMay 31, 1945–present
Ranch to Market Road 150 (RM 150) is located in Hays County. It begins at an intersection with RM 12 in Dripping Springs. The highway runs in a generally north–south direction to RM 3237 before turning to the east. RM 150 serves as the Main Street of Kyle, where it meets I-35. RM 150 ends at an intersection with SH 21 just east of Kyle.
RM 150 was designated as Farm to Market Road 150 (FM 150) on May 31, 1945, from Kyle to SH 21. On October 27, 1952, it was extended west to FM 966 in Hays City, replacing Spur 5 and FM 1078. On May 25, 1955, the FM 150 designation was extended to RM 12, replacing FM 966. The designation was changed to RM 150 on October 1, 1956.
Junction list
The entire route is in Hays County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Wimberley0.00.0 RM 12 – Wimberley, Dripping Springs
5.28.4 FM 1826 north
12.119.5 RM 3237 west (Old Kyle Road) – Wimberley
Kyle18.629.9 FM 2770 north (Jack C. Hays Trail)
20.933.6 I-35 – Austin, San AntonioI-35 exit 213
25.841.5 SH 21 – Bastrop, San Marcos
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 151
Farm to Market Road 151LocationGrayson and Fannin countiesLength7.758 mi (12.485 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1953–present
Farm to Market Road 151 (FM 151) is located in Grayson and Fannin counties. It runs from US 69 in Whitewright southeast to another point on US 69 in Trenton.
FM 151 was designated on March 26, 1953, along the current route. It is a former alignment of US 69 between Whitewright and Trenton.
FM 151 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 151LocationFloyd CountyExistedJune 4, 1945–February 24, 1953
FM 151 was designated on June 4, 1945, from US 70 five miles east of Floydada south 7.0 miles (11.3 km). On November 20, 1951, the road was extended south to the Crosby County line. FM 151 was canceled on February 24, 1953, and transferred to FM 651.
RM 152
Ranch to Market Road 152LocationMason and Llano countiesLength27.753 mi (44.664 km)ExistedJune 4, 1945–present
Ranch to Market Road 152 (RM 152) is located in Llano County. It runs from SH 16 in Llano southwest to US 87.
RM 152 was designated on June 4, 1945, as Farm to Market Road 152 (FM 152), running from SH 16 in Llano west to Castell as a replacement for a portion of SH 29, which was rerouted. On September 29, 1954, FM 152 was extended southwest to US 87, a spur connection in Castell was designated along the old route, and FM 152 was changed to RM 152. On May 24, 1962, the spur connection to Castell was transferred to RM 2768.
FM 153
Farm to Market Road 153LocationBastrop and Fayette countiesLength18.931 mi (30.466 km)ExistedJune 1, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 153 (FM 153) is located in Bastrop and Fayette counties. It runs from SH 71 north of Smithville east via Winchester to US 77 north of La Grange.
FM 153 was designated on June 1, 1945, from US 77, 7 miles (11 km) north of La Grange, to Winchester. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended west 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to the Fayette–Bastrop county line. On November 13, 1953, the road was extended west to SH 71, replacing FM 1870.
FM 154
Farm to Market Road 154LocationFayette CountyLength17.013 mi (27.380 km)ExistedJune 1, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 154 (FM 154) is located in Fayette County. It runs from Loop 543 in West Point south via Muldoon to SH 95.
FM 154 was designated on June 1, 1945, from SH 95, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Flatonia, to Muldoon. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended 4.0 miles (6.4 km) northeast from Muldoon. On July 22, 1949, the road was extended northeast to SH 71 (now Loop 543) at West Point.
FM 155
Farm to Market Road 155LocationFayette, Colorado, and Lavaca countiesLength32.498 mi (52.300 km)ExistedJune 1, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 155 (FM 155) is located in Fayette, Colorado, and Lavaca counties. It runs from US 77 near La Grange via Holman to US 90 in Weimar, and from US 90 in Weimar to US 90 Alt.
FM 155 was designated on June 1, 1945, from US 77, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of La Grange, south toward Holman to the Fayette–Colorado county line north of Weimar. Twelve days later, the section from Holman via Weimar to 6.4 miles (10.3 km) south of Weimar was added, creating a gap. On January 27, 1949, the road was extended south a further 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Weimar to SH 200. On November 20, 1951, the section from the Fayette–Colorado county line north of Weimar to Holman was added, closing the gap. On February 1, 1957, the route description was amended to indicate the break in the route at US 90.
FM 156
Main article: Farm to Market Road 156
Farm to Market Road 156LocationTarrant and Denton countiesLength38.822 mi (62.478 km)ExistedJune 4, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 156 (FM 156) is located in Tarrant and Denton counties. It runs from Bus. US 287 in Fort Worth to I-35 in Sanger.
FM 157
Farm to Market Road 157LocationTarrant, Johnson, and Ellis countiesLength40.099 mi (64.533 km)ExistedJune 4, 1945–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 157
Farm to Market Road 157 (FM 157) is located in Tarrant, Johnson, and Ellis counties. It runs from SH 121 in Euless to FM 66 in Maypearl.
FM 158
Farm to Market Road 158LocationBrazos CountyLength7.212 mi (11.607 km)ExistedJune 5, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 158 (FM 158) runs from FM 1687 and SH 21 eastward to SH 30 in Bryan. It is also known as William J. Bryan Parkway west of SH 6 and Boonville Road east of SH 6.
FM 158 was designated on June 5, 1945, from SH 6 at Bryan through Harvey to the Navasota River. The next day, another section was added from SH 90 north of Roans Prairie west 10 miles (16 km) to the Keith/Carlos Road, creating a gap. On October 26, 1954, FM 158 was extended from the Grimes–Brazos county line to FM 244 at Carlos, closing the gap. On December 15, 1960, the section of FM 158 from FM 60 at Harvey southeast to SH 90 was transferred to SH 30. On July 15, 1988, the section of FM 158 from Loop 507 (former SH 6; now BS 6) east and south to FM 158 was returned to the city of Bryan, and Loop 158 from SH 21 to FM 158 was transferred to FM 158. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was transferred to Urban Road 158 (UR 158). The designation reverted to FM 158 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 159
Farm to Market Road 159LocationBrazos CountyLength16.617 mi (26.742 km)ExistedJune 5, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 159 (FM 159) is located in Brazos County. It runs from SH 105 near Navasota north to SH 6 near Millican.
FM 159 was designated on June 5, 1945, from SH 90 (now SH 105) to Allen Farm. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended to SH 6.
FM 160
Farm to Market Road 160LocationLiberty CountyLength43.688 mi (70.309 km)ExistedJune 12, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 160 (FM 160) is located in Liberty County. It runs from FM 770 southwest to Ames and then southeast.
FM 160 was designated on June 12, 1945, from US 90 at Ames southeast 5.0 miles (8.0 km). On May 23, 1951, the road was extended northeast to FM 770.
FM 161
Farm to Market Road 161LocationMorris and Cass countiesLength25.538 mi (41.099 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 161 (FM 161) is located in Morris and Cass counties. It runs from US 67 in Naples to SH 155.
FM 161 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 338 southeast of Naples southeast 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to a road intersection. On October 13, 1954, the road was extended southeast to SH 11 in Hughes Springs, replacing FM 2150. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended south 4.9 miles (7.9 km) to Harris Chapel. On May 2, 1962, the road was extended south to SH 155, its current southern terminus. On April 2, 1964, the road was extended north along the old route of SH 338 to US 67, its current northern terminus.
FM 161 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 161LocationLiberty CountyExistedJune 12, 1945–May 15, 1946
A previous route numbered FM 161 was designated on June 12, 1945, from US 90 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Dayton north to East Gate Road. FM 161's destination was cancelled on May 15, 1946, when FM 686 was substituted for this road.
FM 162
Farm to Market Road 162LocationHidalgo CountyLength1.387 mi (2.232 km)ExistedMarch 31, 1994–present
Farm to Market Road 162 (FM 162) is located in Hidalgo County. It runs from I-69C/US 281 on El Cibolo Road, northeast of Faysville east to a prison site.
FM 162 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 162LocationLiberty and Hardin countiesExistedJune 12, 1945–December 21, 1984
A previous route numbered FM 162 was designated on June 12, 1945, from Moss Hill east 3.0 miles (4.8 km). On December 17, 1952, the road was extended east to FM 1935 at the Liberty–Hardin county line. On January 29, 1953, the road was extended east to FM 770 at Batson, replacing FM 1935. On September 27, 1960, FM 162 was extended 3.8 miles (6.1 km) northwest from SH 146. On June 26, 1962, FM 162 was extended west another 3.3 miles (5.3 km). On June 28, 1963, FM 162 was extended west to FM 2518. On June 22, 1964, FM 162 was extended to SH 321. FM 162 was cancelled on December 21, 1984, and transferred to SH 105.
FM 163
Farm to Market Road 163LocationLiberty CountyLength4.332 mi (6.972 km)ExistedJune 12, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 163 (FM 163) is located in Liberty County. It runs from the Oak Shade Fire Tower on SH 321 east and south 4.3 miles (6.9 km).
FM 163 was designated on June 12, 1945, from the Oak Shade Fire Tower on SH 321 to a point 2.3 miles (3.7 km). On November 30, 1949, the road was extended south 2.0 miles (3.2 km). On May 2, 1962, the road was extended to FM 1008, but on August 31, 1964, this extension was cancelled (the proposed extension is now CR 2285).
FM 164
Farm to Market Road 164LocationChildress CountyLength6.781 mi (10.913 km)ExistedSeptember 5, 1973–present
Farm to Market Road 164 (FM 164) is a designation that has been used three times. The current use is for a loop route in Childress County. It runs from US 287 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Childress south, east, and north 7 miles (11 km) to US 83 in Childress.
FM 164 was designated on September 5, 1973, from US 287 southeast to Childress Army Air Field. On October 9, 1973, the road was extended east to US 83, replacing Spur 184 and a section of FM 2042.
FM 164 (1945–1955)
Farm to Market Road 164LocationLiberty CountyExistedJune 12, 1945–October 3, 1955
The first use of the FM 164 designation was from SH 321 13 miles (21 km) north of Dayton east 2.2 miles (3.5 km) in Liberty County. FM 164 was cancelled on October 3, 1955, and transferred to FM 1008.
FM 164 (1956–1967)
Farm to Market Road 164LocationHopkins CountyExistedSeptember 19, 1956–April 27, 1967
The FM 164 designation was next used on a route from US 67 west of Sulphur Springs northeast to SH 19 and Loop 313 in western Sulphur Springs in Hopkins County along a former routing of US 67. Loop 313 replaced another part of the former route of US 67. FM 164 was cancelled on April 27, 1967, and transferred to Loop 313 (now Bus. US 67).
RM 165
Ranch to Market Road 165LocationBlanco and Hays countiesLength15.722 mi (25.302 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Ranch to Market Road 165 (RM 165) is located in Blanco and Hays counties.
RM 165 begins at Loop 163 (the former alignment of US 281) in Blanco. The route generally travels east to an intersection with RM 2325 and then to the northeast before ending at a junction with US 290 near Henly.
RM 165 (in conjunction with Loop 163) provides a bypass of Johnson City and the US 281/290 junction for traffic traveling between Blanco and points east of Henly, such as Dripping Springs and Austin.
RM 165 was designated on June 11, 1945 as Farm to Market Road 165 (FM 165), connecting US 281 (and, after its realignment, Loop 163) to Middle Creek Road, approximately 5.4 miles (8.7 km) to the east. The designation was changed to RM 165 on October 1, 1956. The designation was extended to the current eastern terminus of US 290 on November 21, 1956.
The bridge structure crossing the Blanco River (which had replaced the original low-water crossing) was washed out in a catastrophic flooding event on May 23–24, 2015, with road closure at that location until further notice. The bridge deck and support beams were displaced from the piers and washed downstream; the piers and bents may require some repair after inspection for damage, and completion of a replacement deck structure is not anticipated by the Texas Department of Transportation before October 2015.
FM 166
Farm to Market Road 166LocationBurleson CountyLength15.545 mi (25.017 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 166 (FM 166) is located in Burleson County. It runs from SH 36 in Caldwell to FM 50.
FM 166 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 36 in Caldwell east 5.0 miles (8.0 km) toward Tunis. On August 26, 1948, the designation was extended east through Tunis to its current terminus at FM 50.
FM 167
Farm to Market Road 167LocationHood CountyLength16.091 mi (25.896 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 167 (FM 167) is located in Hood County. It runs from FM 51 near the Parker County line east and south to US 377 in Granbury, and then from another point on US 377 south via Acton and DeCordova.
FM 167 was designated on May 23, 1951, from US 377 to the community of Waples. On September 20, 1961, it was extended north to FM 51. On December 20, 1984, it was extended south over part of FM 208 and all of FM 1190 to its current southern terminus at a county road.
FM 167 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 167LocationJohnson, Hill, and Bosque countiesExistedJune 11, 1945–September 27, 1946
A previous route numbered FM 167 was designated in Johnson County on June 11, 1945, from Cleburne to the Hill County line, as a replacement for SH 353. The same designation also added a segment in Bosque County, from Morgan to Meridian, creating a gap. This gap was closed on August 23, 1945. FM 167 was cancelled on September 27, 1946, and reassigned back to SH 353 (now SH 174).
FM 168
Farm to Market Road 168LocationWest TexasLength139.238 mi (224.082 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 168 (FM 168) is located in West Texas. It runs from FM 2219 to FM 1076. At 139 miles (224 km), FM 168 is the longest farm to market road in Texas; however RM 33 was 141 miles (227 km) before its truncations in 1977 and 1984.
FM 168 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Hart south to the Lamb County line. The same day the road was extended to Olton. On July 5, 1951, the road was extended north to a point 5.0 miles (8.0 km) from Nazareth, replacing FM 1056 (connecting section designated May 23). On November 20, 1951, FM 168 was extended north and east 8.3 miles (13.4 km) to a road intersection. On July 11, 1952, 3.0 miles (4.8 km) miles of FM 168 were transferred to FM 1075. On September 21, 1955, the road was extended north 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to the Randall County line. On December 14, 1956, the road was extended north to FM 1062, replacing FM 679. On October 24, 1958, the road was extended south to US 84 near Anton, replacing FM 304 (although it remained signed as FM 304 until 1959) and creating a concurrency at US 70. On January 13, 1960, FM 168 was extended south to FM 41, replacing FM 2395 and FM 1632 and creating a concurrency with SH 116 (now SH 114). On September 27, 1960, the road was extended north to FM 2219. On May 5, 1966, the section from FM 41 to US 380 was added. On May 25, 1976, the section from US 380 to FM 1076 was added.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Terry FM 1076 west / County Road 575
US 380 east – TahokaSouth end of US 380 overlap
US 380 west – BrownfieldNorth end of US 380 overlap
FM 1698 west
FM 211 – Meadow, New Home
HockleyRopesville FM 41 east – SlideSouth end of FM 41 overlap
US 62 / US 82 – Brownfield, Lubbock
FM 41 west – Sundown
FM 1585
Smyer SH 114 east – LubbockSouth end of SH 114 overlap
SH 114 west – LevellandNorth end of SH 114 overlap
FM 1294 – Shallowater
FM 597 westSouth end of FM 597 overlap
Anton US 84 – Littlefield, Lubbock
FM 597 east – AbernathyNorth end of FM 597 overlap
LambSpade FM 54 – Littlefield, Petersburg
FM 37 east – Cotton CenterSouth end of FM 37 overlap
FM 37 west – AmherstNorth end of FM 37 overlap
FM 1071 east
Olton US 70 east – PlainviewSouth end of US 70 overlap
US 70 west – MuleshoeNorth end of US 70 overlap
FM 1842 south
FM 2881 east
CastroHart FM 145 – Kress
SH 194 – Dimmitt, Plainview
FM 928 east
Nazareth SH 86 – Dimmitt, Tulia
FM 1075 – Happy
Randall FM 1714 east
Umbarger US 60 west – HerefordSouth end of US 60 overlap
US 60 east – Canyon
FM 1062 – Canyon
FM 2219 east / Sampson Road
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
RM 169
Ranch to Market Road 169LocationPresidio CountyLength25.028 mi (40.279 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 169KML is not from Wikidata
Ranch to Market Road 169 (RM 169) is located in Presidio County.
The southern terminus of RM 169 is at Casa Piedra Road near Plata. The route travels north near Alamito Creek and reaches its northern terminus at US 67 approximately 7 miles (11 km) south of Marfa.
The route was established on June 11, 1945, as Farm to Market Road 169 (FM 169), a 13.0-mile (20.9 km) road from US 67 towards Casa Piedra. FM 169 was extended 13.4 miles (21.6 km) southward on July 15, 1949, and redesignated RM 169 on June 29, 1967.
FM 170
Farm to Market Road 170LocationBrewster and Presidio countiesLength114.580 mi (184.399 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 170
FM 171
Farm to Market Road 171LocationWichita and Clay countiesLength37.212 mi (59.887 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 171
Farm to Market Road 171 (FM 171) is located in Wichita and Clay counties. It runs from Bus. US 287 in Wichita Falls to FM 2332.
FM 172
Farm to Market Road 172LocationArcher and Clay countiesLength23.145 mi (37.248 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 172 (FM 172) connects the farming areas of eastern Archer County and southern Clay County. It passes just south of and crosses a portion of Lake Arrowhead in Clay County. FM 172 terminates at SH 25 near Windthorst and at SH 148 near Bluegrove, between Henrietta and Jacksboro.
FM 172 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 148 west to Bluegrove. On May 23, 1951, it was extended west to Deer Creek. On November 20, 1951, the route from Bluegrove to Deer Creek was renumbered FM 1883. Instead, FM 172 was rerouted west to US 281 at Scotland, replacing FM 1783. On January 23, 1953, it was extended westward and southward 4.6 miles (7.4 km) to a road intersection. On October 28, 1953, it was extended to SH 25.
FM 173
Farm to Market Road 173LocationClay CountyLength0.944 mi (1,519 m)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 173 (FM 173) is located in Clay County. Its western terminus is in the unincorporated community of Joy, at an intersection with Old Joy–Shannon Road. It travels approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km) to the east before ending at SH 148.
FM 173 was designated on June 11, 1945, along the current route.
FM 174
Farm to Market Road 174LocationArcher, Clay, and Montague countiesLength35.492 mi (57.119 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 174 (FM 174) is located in Archer, Clay, and Montague counties. It runs from US 281 and SH 25 in Windthorst to US 81 in Bowie.
FM 174 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 148 east to Buffalo Springs. On May 26, 1949, it was extended east to the end of FM 176 at Vashti and replaced that route from Vashti to Bellevue. On February 6, 1953, the portion from Vashti to Bellevue was transferred to FM 1288, while FM 174 was instead extended east over old FM 1288 from Vashti to US 287 in Bowie. On September 29, 1954, it was extended west from SH 148 to US 281. On April 2, 1980, it was extended east along a former segment of US 287 to its current terminus at US 81 in Bowie.
FM 175
Farm to Market Road 175LocationJack and Clay countiesLength11.337 mi (18.245 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 175 (FM 175) is located in Jack and Clay counties. Its western terminus is in northwestern Jack County at Loop 187, the former alignment of US 281 through Antelope. The two-lane road travels to the east, then the north, and again to the east before entering Clay County. It passes through the community of Shannon before reaching its eastern terminus at SH 148.
FM 175 was designated from SH 148 to Shannon on June 11, 1945. The designation was extended to the Clay–Jack county line on October 29, 1954. On November 18, 1954, it was extended to US 281 (now Loop 187) in Antelope, replacing FM 2063.
FM 176
Farm to Market Road 176LocationConcho CountyLength5.631 mi (9.062 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 176 (FM 176) is located in western Concho County, beginning at an intersection with County Road 2332 (CR 2332) and CR 2335. The 5.7-mile (9.2 km) road continues north to terminate at an intersection with US 87 just west of Eden.
The entire highway has a speed limit of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), which is lowered to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) at night.
FM 176 was designated on May 23, 1951, along the current route.
FM 176 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 176LocationClay CountyExistedJune 11, 1945–May 26, 1949
A previous route numbered FM 176 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Bellevue to Vashti. FM 176 was cancelled on May 26, 1949, and became a portion of FM 174.
FM 177
Farm to Market Road 177LocationCherokee CountyLength4.983 mi (8.019 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 177 (FM 177) is located in Cherokee County.
The western terminus of FM 177 is at US 69. It has intersections with FM 2493 west of Mixon and FM 3052 in Mixon before reaching its eastern terminus at SH 135.
The current FM 177 was designated on May 23, 1951, along the current route.
FM 177 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 177LocationDawson CountyExistedJune 11, 1945–April 30, 1947
The first FM 177 was designated in Dawson County on June 11, 1945, from SH 137, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Lamesa, to Patricia. FM 177 was cancelled on April 30, 1947, and became a portion of SH 349.
FM 178
Farm to Market Road 178LocationDawson CountyLength25.004 mi (40.240 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 178 (FM 178) is located in Dawson County. It runs from US 87 northward through Midway and Key to FM 1210 at US 87.
FM 178 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 180 in Key southward 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to Midway. On September 29, 1948, the road was extended southward 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection. On September 21, 1955, the road was extended south to US 87. On May 5, 1966, the road was extended northward 1.9 miles (3.1 km) to FM 827, replaced a section of FM 827, and extended north from FM 827 to FM 1210 at US 87.
FM 179
Farm to Market Road 179LocationDawson, Lynn, Lubbock, and Hale countiesLength106.931 mi (172.089 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 179
Farm to Market Road 179 (FM 179) is located in Dawson, Lynn, Lubbock, and Hale counties. It runs from US 87 in Lamesa to SH 194 near Edmonson.
FM 180
Farm to Market Road 180LocationLee CountyLength13.131 mi (21.132 km)ExistedMay 5, 1966–present
Farm to Market Road 180 (FM 180) is located in Lee County. It runs from US 290 to the Nails Creek State Park entrance.
FM 180 was designated on May 5, 1966, from US 290, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) west of the Fayette County line, northeast 5.8 miles (9.3 km). On May 7, 1970, the road was extended to FM 1697. On November 3, 1972, the road was extended to the Nails Creek State Park entrance.
FM 180 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 180LocationDawson CountyExistedJune 11, 1945–April 8, 1964
A previous route numbered FM 180 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Arvana, north of Lamesa, to 3.0 miles (4.8 km) east. FM 180 was cancelled on April 8, 1964, and renumbered FM 2411 to eliminate confusion with US 180.
FM 181
Farm to Market Road 181LocationGaines, Andrews, and Ector countiesLength63.301 mi (101.873 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 181 (FM 181) is located in Gaines, Andrews, and Ector counties.
FM 181 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 51 (now US 385) in Seminole southwest to the Gaines–Andrews county line. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended southeast 7.4 miles (11.9 km). On July 25, 1951, the road was extended to FM 87 (now SH 176). On August 16, 1951, the road was extended to FM 703 (now SH 115), replacing FM 1303. On December 17, 1951, the road was extended to the Andrews–Ector county line. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended to SH 302.
On October 1, 1956, the designation was changed to Ranch to Market Road 181 (RM 181), but reverted to FM 181 on June 1, 1992.
FM 182
Farm to Market Road 182LocationBosque and Coryell countiesLength22.660 mi (36.468 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 182 (FM 182) is located in Bosque and Coryell counties. It begins at SH 36 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southeast of Ames, passes by Turnersville and Norse, and ends 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Norse.
FM 182 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 36 to Turnersville. On July 14, 1949, it was extended north to its current northern terminus, replacing FM 928.
FM 183
Farm to Market Road 183LocationCoryell CountyLength17.502 mi (28.167 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 183 (FM 183) is located in Coryell County. The road begins at US 84 and continues southwestward and northwestward, passing through Pearl and Bee House before ending at US 84 east of Evant.
FM 183 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Purmela south across US 84 via Pearl to Bee House. On July 14, 1949, FM 183 was extended north 7.6 miles (12.2 km) to the Coryell–Hamilton county line. On January 14, 1952, the section north of US 84 was transferred to FM 932. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended west 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to FM 2306. On January 15, 1957, the road was extended to US 84 near Evant, replacing FM 2306. When the alignment was constructed, FM 183 was rerouted to bypass Bee House, and the old route to Bee House became a spur connection.
FM 184
Farm to Market Road 184LocationCoryell CountyLength6.115 mi (9.841 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 184 (FM 184) is located in Coryell County. The road begins at SH 36 and continues southeast to the Coryell–Bell county line.
FM 184 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 36 southward 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to Seattle. On February 20, 1946, the road was extended northeast to the Bell County line. On May 5, 1964, FM 184 was relocated due to the expansion of the Fort Hood Military Reservation; the old route is now Range Road and Cold Springs Road.
FM 185
Farm to Market Road 185LocationCoryell and McLennan countiesLength30.860 mi (49.664 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 185 (FM 185) is located in Coryell County. It runs from US 84 northward and eastward via Osage and Crawford to FM 1637.
FM 185 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 84 to Osage. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended east to Crawford. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended east to SH 6. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended northeast to FM 1637. On July 27, 1995, the section from SH 6 to FM 1637 was redesignated Urban Road 185 (UR 185). The designation reverted to FM 185 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 186
Farm to Market Road 186LocationDimmit CountyLength14.220 mi (22.885 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 186 (FM 186) is located in Dimmit County. It runs from Loop 225 in Carrizo Springs southwest 14.2 miles (22.9 km) to a county road that continues to Dentonio.
FM 186 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 83 (this section became Loop 225 on November 18, 1947) in Carrizo Springs southwest 11.2 miles (18.0 km) toward Dentonio. On November 5, 1971, the road was extended southwest 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to its current terminus.
RM 187
Ranch to Market Road 187LocationZavala, Uvalde, Bandera, and Kerr countiesLength81.930 mi (131.854 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Main article: Ranch to Market Road 187
Ranch to Market Road 187 (RM 187) is located in Zavala, Uvalde, Bandera, and Kerr counties. It runs from US 57 near Batesville to SH 39.
FM 188
Farm to Market Road 188LocationGalveston CountyLength0.424 mi (682 m)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present
Farm to Market Road 188 (FM 188) is located in Galveston. It runs along Teichman Road, from 89th Street and Blume Drive to I-45 at SH 275.
FM 188 was designated on October 31, 1958, from I-45 at Teichman's Point southwest to the Moody State School. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was transferred to Urban Road 188 (UR 188). The designation reverted to FM 188 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 188 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 188LocationUvalde CountyExistedJune 11, 1945–May 26, 1954
A previous FM 188 was designated on June 11, 1945, from FM 117, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Uvalde, southeast 8 miles (13 km) by way of Fort Inge. FM 188 was cancelled on May 26, 1954, and transferred to FM 140.
RM 189
Ranch to Market Road 189LocationVal Verde and Sutton countiesLength33.728 mi (54.280 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Ranch to Market Road 189 (RM 189) is located in Val Verde and Sutton counties. It runs from SH 163 to US 277.
RM 189 was designated as on July 11, 1945, from SH 163 near Juno to the Val Verde–Sutton county line. On October 29, 1948, it was extended to US 277. The road is shown as Farm to Market Road 189 (FM 189) on the October 29, 1948 minute order document (probably in error).
FM 190
Farm to Market Road 190LocationDimmit CountyLength13.278 mi (21.369 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 190 (FM 190) is located in Dimmit County. It runs from US 83 through Asherton to SH 85.
FM 190 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 83 through Asherton to SH 85. On May 22, 1958, it was extended northwest over the old route of US 83.
FM 191
Farm to Market Road 191LocationZavala and Dimmit countiesLength6.291 mi (10.124 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 191 (FM 191) is located in Dimmit and Zavala counties. It runs from US 277 to US 83 north of Carrizo Springs.
FM 191 was designated on June 11, 1945, along the current route.
FM 192
Farm to Market Road 192LocationHudspeth CountyLength25.447 mi (40.953 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 192KML is not from Wikidata
Farm to Market Road 192 (FM 192) is located in Hudspeth County. It generally parallels the Rio Grande for its entire length.
The southern terminus of FM 192 is along the Rio Grande in unincorporated Hudspeth County. From here, the road proceeds northwestward, paralleling the river and passing Fort Quitman and Esperanza, before ending at SH 20 at McNary.
FM 192 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 80 (present-day SH 20) at McNary, via Esperanza, to the Arroyo Balluco, at a distance of approximately 12.0 miles (19.3 km). On July 21, 1949, the route was extended 13.8 miles (22.2 km) further down the river to the Cox School, at its present southern terminus.
Junction list
The entire route is in Hudspeth County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0Ranch Road – Indian Hot SpringsSouthern terminus
FM 34
FM 2217
McNary SH 20 – Fort HancockFormer US 80
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 193
Farm to Market Road 193LocationCrosby, Dickens, and King countiesLength78.753 mi (126.741 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 193 (FM 193) is located in Crosby, Dickens, and King counties. It runs from FM 378 eastward through Dumont to US 83.
FM 193 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 83 westward 6.0 miles (9.7 km) toward Dumont. On July 15, 1949, it was extended west 3.0 miles (4.8 km). On May 23, 1951, the designation was extended west and south 3.7 miles (6.0 km) though Dumont to a road intersection. On October 15, 1955, the road was extended west to FM 265. On November 1, 1960, it was extended west to FM 378, replacing part of FM 265 and all of FM 1441 and FM 1063.
FM 194
Farm to Market Road 194LocationLamar and Red River countiesLength6.716 mi (10.808 km)ExistedJuly 22, 1952–present
Farm to Market Road 194 (FM 194) is located in Lamar and Red River counties. It runs from US 82 in Blossom southeastward to FM 410 south of Detroit.
FM 194 was designated on July 22, 1952, along the current route.
FM 194 (1945)
Farm to Market Road 194LocationMotley CountyExistedJune 11, 1945–November 20, 1951
A previous route numbered FM 194 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Flomot to a point 2.0 miles (3.2 km) miles north. On November 20, 1951, FM 194 was extended north to the Briscoe County line. On January 3, 1952, FM 194 was cancelled and transferred to FM 599.
FM 195
Farm to Market Road 195LocationLamar and Red River countiesLength36.005 mi (57.944 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 195 (FM 195) is located in Lamar and Red River counties. It runs from US 82 in Paris northeastward to SH 37 near Albion.
FM 195 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Paris to Novice. On April 30, 1947, the road was extended 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to the Red River County line. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended 2.2 miles (3.5 km) to Woodland. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended 8.2 miles (13.2 km) to Manchester. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended 5.9 miles (9.5 km) to FM 862 (now FM 410). On November 9, 1960, the road was extended east to SH 37 near Albion, replacing a section of FM 862.
FM 196
Farm to Market Road 196LocationLamar and Red River countiesLength33.038 mi (53.170 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 196 (FM 196) is located in Lamar and Red River counties. The road begins at FM 195 at Faught, and from FM 194 in Blossom, the road heads southward via Pattonville and eastward via Cunningham to SH 37 near Bogata.
FM 196 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Pattonville to Cunningham. On December 17, 1952, FM 196 was extended north to FM 194 in Blossom. On January 16, 1953, FM 196 was extended north to FM 195, replacing FM 1185. On October 31, 1958, FM 196 was extended east from Cunningham to SH 37.
FM 197
Farm to Market Road 197LocationLamar CountyLength19.920 mi (32.058 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 197 (FM 197) is located in Lamar County. The road begins at FM 79 near Direct, and heads northward and eastward via Ragtown and Forest Chapel to US 271 in Arthur City.
FM 197 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Arthur City to Forest Chapel. On August 25, 1949, FM 197 was extended 8.8 miles (14.2 km) to Ragtown. On January 8, 1952, FM 197 was extended to FM 79.
FM 198
FM 198 in Enloe
Farm to Market Road 198LocationDelta CountyLength13.348 mi (21.482 km)ExistedJune 11, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 198 (FM 198) is located in Delta County.
FM 198 was designated on June 11, 1945, from FM 128 east to Enloe. On November 23, 1948, FM 198 was extended northeast to SH 154 in Lake Creek. On September 28, 1949, FM 198 was extended southeast to its current terminus at FM 895.
FM 199
Farm to Market Road 199LocationSomervell CountyLength7.976 mi (12.836 km)ExistedJune 12, 1945–present
Farm to Market Road 199 (FM 199) is located in Somervell County.
FM 199 was designated on June 12, 1945, from Nemo northward across US 67 to Alta Vista School. On October 23, 1948, FM 199 was extended southwest 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from Nemo. On December 17, 1952, FM 199 was extended west 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Alta Vista School.
Junction list
The entire route is in Somervell County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0County Road 403 / County Road 409
0.71.1 FM 200 eastSouth end of FM 200 overlap
Nemo1.42.3 FM 200 west / County Road 407North end of FM 200 overlap
2.33.7 US 67 south – Glen RoseSouth end of US 67 overlap
2.54.0 US 67 north – CleburneNorth end of US 67 overlap
3.96.3 FM 2174 north
7.211.6County Road 307 / County Road 319
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
Notes
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 100 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 34.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 131 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 691.
^ RM 150 was originally designated as FM 150 from 1945 to 1956.
^ RM 152 was originally designated as FM 152 from 1945 to 1959.
^ RM 169 was originally designated as FM 169 from 1945 to 1967.
^ FM 170 was designated as RM 170 from 1958 to by 1981.
^ FM 181 was designated as RM 181 from 1956 to 1992.
^ RM 187 was originally designated as FM 187 from 1945 to 1962
References
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 100". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ Google (July 15, 2018). "Route of FM 100" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 101". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ Google (July 15, 2018). "Route of FM 101" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 102". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 103". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 370. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 334. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 335. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 104". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 105". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 106". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 107". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676428.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003674298.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 108". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 109". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 110". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1739. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ Flores, Zara (March 3, 2022). "Hays County, San Marcos, TxDOT break ground on FM 110 North project to connect SH 80 and I-35". Community Impact. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ Castro, Johann; Coutu, Matt (December 28, 2023). "Alternative route to I-35 in San Marcos now open". KVUE. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 111". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 112". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 113". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 114". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 115". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 116". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 117". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 118". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 585. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 543. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 119". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 120". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 121". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2020/0227/12e1.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 122". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676391.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676616.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Farm/Ranch to Market Facts". Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 123". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 124". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 125". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 126". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 127". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 128". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 129". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 130". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 131". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ "February 28, 1945 Minute Orders (see 21063)" (PDF).
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1417". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 996". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ Google (July 15, 2018). "Route of FM 131" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 132". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 133". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2081. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2082. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 134". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 135". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 136". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 137". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 138". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 139". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 140". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 141". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ "Lee, Hays F-M Roads Given State's Approval". Austin American. November 8, 1953. ProQuest 1609910867. (subscription required)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 142". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 143". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ "Unit Directory". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ "Minutes of the Seven Hundred and Forty-Second Meeting" (PDF). September 4, 1973.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 222". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 144". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 145". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 146". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 147". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 148". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 149". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 150". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1078". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ "Map of RM 150". Google Maps. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 151". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 152". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 153". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 154". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 155". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 156". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 157". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 158". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 158". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 159". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 160". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 161". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 162". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 163". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676602.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 164". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 165". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1637. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1638. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676359.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676491.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 166". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b c d e f Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 167". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 745. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 787. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
^ Minor, David: Waples, TX from the Handbook of Texas Online (September 1, 1995)
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676422.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 168". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 169". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1712. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1662. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1612. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 170". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 171". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 172". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 173". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 407. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 174". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 448. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 450. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 175". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 187". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 449. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 176". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Google (September 7, 2014). "Farm to Market Road 176" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 177". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 882. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 178". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 179". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 180". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 181". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 182". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 183". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 184". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 185". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 186". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 187". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676397.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 188". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1923. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 189". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 190". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 191". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2038. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 192". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1291. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1236. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1235. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1179. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 193". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 194". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 195". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 196". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 197". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 198". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 199". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Google (July 15, 2018). "Route of FM 199" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (100–199)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_56"},{"link_name":"Honey Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Grove,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Caddo National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_National_Grassland"},{"link_name":"FM 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_79"},{"link_name":"Fannin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 100 (FM 100) is located in Fannin County.FM 100 begins at an intersection with SH 56 in Honey Grove. The highway travels in a northern direction through the town along 5th Street, turning west then back north near Oakwood Cemetery, leaving Honey Grove just north of US 82; the section of FM 100 between SH 56 and US 82 is overlapped with SH 34. North of Honey Grove, FM 100 travels near the eastern edge of Caddo National Grassland and Lake Crockett. The highway ends at County Road 2180, where the designation becomes FM 79.FM 100 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Honey Grove north to Monkstown. On July 25, 1951, it was extended north to its current northern terminus. This was part of SH 34 before 1939.Junction listThe entire route is in Fannin County.","title":"FM 100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_112"},{"link_name":"Morton Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Valley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Eastland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 101 (FM 101) is located in Eastland County. The road begins at SH 112 in Morton Valley and continues eastward to Loop 254 in Ranger.FM 101 was designated on May 18, 1944, along the current route.Junction listThe entire route is in Eastland County.","title":"FM 101"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_60"},{"link_name":"Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"Alleyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleyton,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 102 (FM 102) is located in Wharton and Colorado counties. It runs from SH 60 in Wharton to I-10 near Alleyton.","title":"FM 102"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_103&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_103&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_103"},{"link_name":"Montague County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nocona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocona,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2953"},{"link_name":"Lake Nocona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nocona"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_370-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_334-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_335-10"},{"link_name":"Spanish Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Fort,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2953"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 103KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 103 (FM 103) is located in northern Montague County. Beginning at US 82 in Nocona, it runs north, east, and south to FM 2953 northeast of Lake Nocona.[7][8][9] A 0.3-mile-long (0.5 km) spur connection is located in the unincorporated community of Spanish Fort.FM 103 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Nocona northward 9.5 miles (15.3 km). The route was extended to Spanish Fort on November 23, 1948. On December 20, 1988, it was extended to the intersection with FM 2953. On April 25, 1996, the spur connection was added.","title":"FM 103"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottle_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hardeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Paducah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Quanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanah,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 104 (FM 104) is located in Cottle and Hardeman counties. It begins east of Paducah at US 70 and runs north and then east to SH 6 at Quanah.FM 104 was designated on May 18, 1944, along the current route.","title":"FM 104"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"FM 1006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1006"},{"link_name":"Vidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidor,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Evadale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadale,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 408","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_408"},{"link_name":"FM 409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_409"},{"link_name":"Orangefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangefield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 105 (FM 105) is located in Jasper and Orange counties. The road runs from US 96 to FM 1006.FM 105 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Vidor north to the Jasper County line. On October 25, 1947, it was extended north to Evadale. On December 16, 1948, the designation was extended southeast to FM 408 and FM 409 at Orangefield. On January 29, 1953, FM 105 was extended east to SH 87, replacing FM 409. On December 19, 1962, the road was extended north over a former alignment of US 96 to that route's new location. On August 15, 1965, it was extended east and south to FM 1006.","title":"FM 105"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cameron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_510"},{"link_name":"FM 507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_507"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77"},{"link_name":"FM 1595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1595"},{"link_name":"FM 1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1847"},{"link_name":"FM 803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_803"},{"link_name":"FM 2358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2358"},{"link_name":"FM 2925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2925"},{"link_name":"FM 509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_509"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 106 (FM 106) is located in Cameron County. It runs from Loop 499 to FM 510.FM 106 was designated on June 22, 1944, from Harlingen to Rio Hondo. On July 3, 1945, the road was extended east and north to the Arroyo Colorado. On December 10, 1946, the eastern terminus was shorted to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) south of Arroyo Colorado. On July 1, 1959, the section from FM 507 south to US 77 was transferred to FM 507, the section from FM 507 east to Harlingen Air Force Base Access Road was cancelled, and the section from Harlingen Air Force Base Access Road east to FM 1595 was transferred to new FM 1595, while FM 106 was routed over old FM 1595. On November 10, 1967, the road was extended to FM 1847, replacing a section of FM 803 and a section of FM 2358 (which was decommissioned as the other section was transferred to FM 1847); a section of FM 106 from FM 803 north 5 miles (8.0 km) was transferred to FM 2925. On August 4, 1988, the section from Loop 448 (now Bus. US 77) to Loop 499 was transferred to Spur 206. On August 29, 1989, the road was extended east and south to FM 510. On June 27, 1995, the section from Loop 499 to FM 509 was transferred to Urban Road 106 (UR 106). The designation reverted to FM 106 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 106"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coryell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLennan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Gatesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Chilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"FM 1742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1742"},{"link_name":"SH 236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_236"},{"link_name":"Mother Neff State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Neff_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"FM 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1996"},{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 107 (FM 107) is located in Coryell, McLennan, and Falls counties. The road begins at SH 36 southeast of Gatesville and heads southeastward via Moody to I-35 in Eddy.FM 107 was designated on May 18, 1944, from SH 7 in Chilton to US 81 in Eddy. On June 11, 1945, FM 107 was extended west to SH 317 in Moody. On February 20, 1952, FM 107 was extended west and north to US 84, replacing FM 1742 (which replaced the section of SH 236 from Moody to Mother Neff State Park on November 20, 1951).[15] On October 14, 1960, the section of FM 107 from US 84 south to what was then FM 1996 was renumbered as FM 1996. Old FM 1996 was cancelled and transferred to FM 107. On July 31, 1975, the section east of I-35 began to be signed (but not designated) as SH 7, and the section east of US 77 was signed as Bus. SH 7.[16] On August 29, 1990, the section from I-35 to US 77 was officially transferred to SH 7. On October 25, 1990, the section from US 77 to SH 7 was officially redesignated as Bus. SH 7.","title":"FM 107"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"DeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_97"},{"link_name":"SH 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_119"},{"link_name":"FM 1534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1534"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 108 (FM 108) is located in Gonzales and DeWitt counties. It runs from SH 97 to SH 119.FM 108 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Smiley to Gonzales to connect with SH 200 (now SH 97). On July 14, 1949, the road was extended southwest 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from Smiley. On September 28, 1950, the road was extended southeast to SH 119, replacing FM 1534.","title":"FM 108"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Brenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 109 (FM 109) is located in Washington, Austin, and Colorado counties. It runs from SH 36 near Brenham to SH 71 near Columbus.","title":"FM 109"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_80"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1739-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flores2022-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CastroCoutu2023-23"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 110 (FM 110) is located in Caldwell and Hays counties. The designation begins at I-35 northeast of San Marcos and heads southeastward and southwestward back to I-35 southwest of San Marcos.The southern segment, from I-35 to SH 80, was completed by 2018.[20] Construction of the northern segment began in March 2022,[21] and the roadway opened to traffic in December 2023.[22]","title":"FM 110"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleburne,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Grandview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_4"}],"sub_title":"FM 110 (1944)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 110 was designated on August 1, 1944, from Cleburne to Grandview. FM 110 was cancelled on February 25, 1985, and transferred to FM 4.","title":"FM 110"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burleson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2618"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 111 (FM 111) is located in Burleson County. The road was designated on December 19, 1969, from a county road south of Caldwell south across FM 60 at Deanville to a county road. The route was formerly FM 2618, a portion of which had been a spur off the original FM 111.","title":"FM 111"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 111 (1944)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 111 was designated on August 1, 1944, from SH 21 west of Caldwell to Deanville. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended southeast to FM 976. On January 18, 1955, the road was shortened slightly when the section from the eastern terminus (at FM 976) to 0.4 miles (0.64 km) southwest was transferred to FM 976, and a spur connection to Deanville was added. This spur connection was transferred to FM 2618 on November 24, 1959. On May 2, 1962, the section that was lost in 1955 was added back and the road was extended southeast 2.7 miles (4.3 km) through Birch to a road intersection. FM 111 was cancelled on December 19, 1969, and transferred to FM 60.","title":"FM 111"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Milam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milam_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_102"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 112 (FM 112) is located in Williamson, Milam, and Lee counties. It runs from SH 95 in Taylor to FM 696 west of Lexington.FM 112 was designated on October 24, 1944, from Lexington to Taylor as a replacement for SH 102. On September 27, 1960, the section from FM 696 to Loop 123 was transferred to FM 696.","title":"FM 112"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1544"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 113 (FM 113) is located in Parker County. It runs from FM 1885 via Garner to US 180, and from another point on US 180 via Millsap to I-20.FM 113 was designated on October 24, 1944, from US 180 to Millsap. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended south to US 80. On February 6, 1953, the road was extended north to Garner, replacing FM 1544. On May 2, 1962, the road was extended to FM 1885.","title":"FM 113"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1699"},{"link_name":"FM 1326","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1326"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 114 (FM 114) is located in Red River and Bowie counties. It runs from US 82 east of Clarksville to US 259.FM 114 was designated on December 12, 1944, from US 82 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Clarksville east to English and south to US 82 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Avery. On September 20, 1961, the section south of English was transferred to FM 1699; the road was rerouted east to end at FM 1326. On May 1, 1964, the road was extended east to US 259, replacing a section of FM 1326.","title":"FM 114"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2723","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2723"},{"link_name":"FM 3007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3007"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 115 (FM 115) is located in Franklin and Wood counties. It runs from I-30 south of Mount Vernon to SH 11.FM 115 was designated on December 12, 1944, from FM 21 near Hopewell southward 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to a point opposite the main Tidewater Camp in the Clearwater Oil Field. On June 11, 1948, FM 115 was extended south to SH 11. On June 23, 1967, FM 115 was rerouted from 6.7 miles (10.8 km) miles north of SH 11 to I-30, replacing the old FM 2723. The old route from FM 21 southward 4.6 miles (7.4 km) was renumbered new FM 2723, the section from 6.3 miles (10.1 km) north of SH 11 northeast 1.3 miles (2.1 km) was renumbered FM 3007, and the remainder of the old route was inundated by the reservoir.","title":"FM 115"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coryell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 116 (FM 116) is located in Coryell and Bell counties. It runs from US 84 west of Gatesville to I-14/US 190 in Copperas Cove, and from another point on I-14/US 190 in Copperas Cove to a county road.FM 116 was designated on August 1, 1944, from US 84 west of Gatesville to US 190 (now Bus. US 190) in Copperas Cove. On May 5, 1966, FM 116 was extended south 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to the Coryell–Bell county line. On June 2, 1967, FM 116 was extended south 0.2 miles (0.32 km) miles into Bell County. On September 26, 1989, FM 116 was realigned to continue from FM 1113 south on North First and east on Avenue F in Copperas Cove to meet its old routing, while the old routing of FM 116 on North Main from FM 1113 to Avenue F was given to the city of Copperas Cove. On June 27, 1995, the section of FM 116 from FM 1113 to the current south end was transferred to Urban Road 116 (UR 116). The designation reverted to FM 116 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 116"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavala_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Frio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frio_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_55"},{"link_name":"FM 471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_471"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 117 (FM 117) is located in Uvalde, Zavala, and Frio counties. It runs from US 83 in Uvalde southeast to Business I-35, then concurrent with Business I-35 to SH 85, and concurrent with SH 85 0.5 miles (0.80 km), and then southeast from SH 85 to the Frio–LaSalle county line.FM 117 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 83 in Uvalde southeastward via Batesville to the end of pavement 4.8 miles (7.7 km) miles southeast of Batesville, replacing part of SH 55, which was truncated to end in Uvalde. On August 25, 1949, FM 117 was extended southeast to US 81 (now Business I-35), replacing FM 471. On June 28, 1963, FM 117 was extended southeast 2.8 miles (4.5 km) to the Frio–LaSalle county line, its current terminus.","title":"FM 117"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_118&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_118&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_118"},{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_499"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_585-32"},{"link_name":"FM 1566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1566"},{"link_name":"FM 512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_512"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_543-33"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24"},{"link_name":"SH 224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_224"},{"link_name":"Jacobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_355"},{"link_name":"FM 1738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1738"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 118KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 118 (FM 118) is located in Hunt County. Its southern terminus is at FM 499 in eastern Greenville.[31] It runs north and intersects FM 1566 before reaching its northern terminus at FM 512 in the community of South Sulphur, west of Commerce.[32]FM 118 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 67 east of Greenville at Ardis Heights north 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to SH 24 (now SH 224) northeast of Greenville. On June 25, 1945, the road was extended to Jacobia. On February 21, 1946, the section from SH 24 to US 67 was transferred to SH 355, but this section would again become part of FM 118 on July 1, 1947. On January 16, 1953, FM 118 was extended to FM 512, replacing FM 1738, and a spur connection in Jacobia was added.","title":"FM 118"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287"},{"link_name":"FM 845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_845"},{"link_name":"FM 1269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1269"},{"link_name":"SH 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_15"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"FM 1290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1290"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 119 (FM 119) is located in Sherman and Moore counties. It runs from US 54 southwestward of Texhoma south to US 287 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Dumas.FM 119 was designated on December 12, 1944, from US 287 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Dumas to Sunray. On July 11, 1945, the road was extended north from Sunray 2.5 miles (4.0 km). On February 11, 1946, it was extended 6.0 miles (9.7 km) north of the Moore–Sherman county line. On September 17, 1952, the road was extended north to Texhoma, replacing FM 845 and FM 1269 and creating concurrencies at FM 289 (now SH 15) and FM 1573. On May 6, 1964, the section of FM 119 from the Oklahoma state line south to FM 289 was transferred to FM 1290; FM 119 was extended north on a new route from FM 289 to US 54; however, signage was not changed until January 1, 1965.","title":"FM 119"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pottsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottsboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_91"},{"link_name":"SH 289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_289"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 120 (FM 120) is located in Grayson County. It runs from Cooks Corner Road and Willow Springs Road west of Pottsboro to the Carpenter's Bluff bridge.FM 120 was designated on January 11, 1945, from Carpenter's Bluff to Denison and then on to Pottsboro. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended north to Fink. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended north to the Government Property Line. On May 10, 1957, the road was extended west from old US 75 to SH 75A (now SH 91), eliminating a concurrency. On July 28, 1959, the road was extended east along old FM 84 to SH 75A. On February 25, 1968, the road was rerouted in Denison. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 1417 to FM 1753 was transferred to Urban Road 120 (UR 120). On December 17, 2009, the section from Elks Boulevard and Preston Bend junction north of Preston south 6.3 miles (10.1 km) was transferred to SH 289, the section from Worthington Lane in Pottsboro south 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to existing FM 120 was transferred to Spur 316, and FM 120 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to Cooks Corner Road/Willow Springs Road, replacing a section of FM 996. The designation of the section previously transferred to UR 120 reverted to FM 120 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 120"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tioga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioga,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_160"},{"link_name":"Whitewright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewright,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"Van Alstyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Alstyne,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_121"},{"link_name":"DFW Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFW_Airport"},{"link_name":"importance?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"FM 1284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1284"},{"link_name":"Dallas North Tollway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_North_Tollway"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 121 (FM 121) is located in Grayson County. It runs from US 377 in Tioga to SH 160 south of Whitewright. There is a concurrency with SH 5 in Van Alstyne.Because of possible confusion between FM 121 and SH 121 (the main road to DFW Airport) approximately 15 miles (24 km) to the south, southbound US 75 in Van Alstyne has a sign saying \"DFW Traffic Use Exit 38C\" at the exit for FM 121.[importance?][citation needed]FM 121 was designated on January 11, 1945, from Van Alstyne to Gunter. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended east to Cannon. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended east to SH 160 south of Whitewright. On January 16, 1953, the road was extended west to SH 10 (now US 377) at Tioga, replacing FM 1284 (connecting section designated December 17, 1952). On December 15, 1977, a break in the route was added at SH 5. On February 27, 2020, FM Spur 121 was designated along a portion of the proposed Dallas North Tollway extension from FM 121 4 miles (6.4 km) west of SH 289 to the tripoint of Grayson, Collin, and Denton counties.[36]Junction listThe entire route is in Grayson County.","title":"FM 121"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_207"},{"link_name":"Ralls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Caprock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"FM 742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_742"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FMFacts-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_122-38"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 122 (FM 122) is located in Crosby County. It runs from SH 207 to Avenue G in Ralls.FM 122 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 82 at Ralls south to Caprock as a replacement of a section of SH 207. On June 11, 1945, a section from Post north 8.0 miles (12.9 km) was added, creating a gap. On December 16, 1948, the northern section was extended south to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of the end of the southern section. On February 25, 1949, the sections were connected.[38] On July 31, 1956, the road was extended north to the new location of US 62. On October 31, 1958, a spur was added in Ralls. On September 1, 1965, the entirety of mainline FM 122 was transferred back to SH 207, and the FM 122 designation was applied to the remaining spur route.[39]While TxDOT lists the 0.175-mile-long (0.282 km) FM 742 as the shortest route of the Farm to Market system,[40] FM 122's certified mileage of 0.13 miles (0.21 km) is less.[37]","title":"FM 122"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panola County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_31"},{"link_name":"FM 998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_998"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 123 (FM 123) is located in Panola County. It runs from US 79 northeast of Carthage to the Louisiana state line.FM 123 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 79 east and southeast 10.2 miles (16.4 km) to Deadwood. On January 30, 1951, the road was extended southeast 10.2 miles (16.4 km) to the Louisiana state line. On January 7, 1952, the section from east of US 70 southeast to Louisiana became part of FM 31, and FM 123 was rerouted directly east to the Louisiana state line, replacing FM 998.","title":"FM 123"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panola County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_149"},{"link_name":"Beckville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_959"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 124 (FM 124) is located in Panola County. It runs from US 79 west of Carthage to US 59.FM 124 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 79 northeast to SH 149 in Beckville. On October 29, 1953, the road was extended east to FM 959. On September 27, 1960, the road was extended east to US 59, creating a concurrency with FM 959. However, FM 959 was realigned on a new straight route, eliminating the concurrency with FM 959.","title":"FM 124"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"}],"text":"Farm to Market 125 (FM 125) is located in Cass County. It runs from SH 8 north of Linden southeast to the Louisiana state line with a spur connection to US 59 and SH 155 in Linden.FM 125 was designated on February 28, 1945, from Linden to Kildare, then onward to SH 43, 2.0 miles (3.2 km) miles north of the Cass–Marion county line. On April 14, 1947, the road was extended via McLeod to the Louisiana state line. On June 2, 1964, the road was extended north 2.0 miles (3.2 km) miles over old SH 8; the section of old SH 8 from FM 125 south to US 59 became Spur 400, but this became FM Spur 125 nine days later.","title":"FM 125"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Business I-20-P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_Business_(Merkel,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Noodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 615","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_615"},{"link_name":"FM 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_53"},{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"},{"link_name":"FM 607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_607"},{"link_name":"US 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_180_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_606"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 126 (FM 126) is located in Jones, Taylor and Nolan counties. The highway begins at SH 153 near Nolan. It heads northwest towards Merkel in Taylor County and ends at US Highway 83 near Hamlin in Jones County.FM 126 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 80 (later Loop 39, now Business I-20-P) northward 10.9 miles (17.5 km) to Noodle. On December 16, 1948, the road was extended southwest 10.4 miles (16.7 km) via Blair to Nubia, replacing FM 615. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended southwest to the Nolan County line. On December 13, 1951, the road was extended southwest to FM 53 (now SH 153), replacing FM 607. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended north to US 180. On October 22, 1954, the road was extended north to US 83, replacing FM 606.","title":"FM 126"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titus County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_49"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Pleasant,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_21"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 127 (FM 127) is located in Titus County. The highway begins at Farm to Market Road 21 (FM 21) in Blodgett in Titus County. It heads northeast and ends at State Highway 49 (SH 49) in Mt. Pleasant.FM 127 was designated on February 28, 1945, from Spur 134 (later this section became part of rerouted US 271, now SH 49) in Mount Pleasant southwestward 8.2 miles (13.2 km) to a community. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended southwest 2.2 miles (3.5 km) to FM 21.","title":"FM 127"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delta County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ben Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Franklin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_64"},{"link_name":"Pecan Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan_Gap,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_64"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 128 (FM 128) is located in Delta County. The highway begins at Farm to Market 64 (FM 64) near Pecan Gap. It heads east through Ben Franklin and ends at State Highway 24 (SH 24) near Cooper.FM 128 was designated on February 28, 1945, from SH 24 near Cooper northwest via Ben Franklin to FM 64 in Pecan Gap. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended west to Ladonia, but on February 16, 1949, this extension became part of FM 64 instead.","title":"FM 128"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palo Pinto County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_4"},{"link_name":"Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2265"},{"link_name":"FM 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_4"},{"link_name":"FM 2265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2265"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 129 (FM 129) is located in Palo Pinto County. The highway begins at FM 4 near Santo. It heads east through Brazos and ends at US 281.FM 129 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 281 north 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to Brazos. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended southwest 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to FM 2265. On December 15, 1959, the road was extended southwest to FM 4, replacing FM 2265.","title":"FM 129"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Daingerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daingerfield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Carterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carterville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_250"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2891"},{"link_name":"FM 1400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1400"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 130 (FM 130) is located in Morris and Cass counties. The highway begins at US 259 in Daingerfield. It heads east and ends at SH 11 near Linden.FM 130 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 11 northwest to Carterville. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended west to FM 250. On September 21, 1973, the road was extended west to US 259, replacing FM 2891 and part of FM 1400.","title":"FM 130"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_4"}],"sub_title":"FM 130 (1945)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 130 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 180 at Palo Pinto south to Lone Camp. FM 130 was cancelled on September 26, 1945, and became a portion of FM 4.","title":"FM 130"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Knollwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_691"},{"link_name":"Denison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_120"},{"link_name":"FM 1417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1417"},{"link_name":"FM 996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_996"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"},{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 131 (FM 131) is located in Grayson County.FM 131 begins at a junction with US 75 in Sherman. The highway travels in a northern direction along Travis Street, crosses US 82, then leaves the city near Knollwood. FM 131 has an overlap with FM 691 in an unincorporated area of the county, then travels through the westernmost part of Denison, ending at an intersection with FM 120.FM 131 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 75 at Sherman to Pottsboro. On December 5, 1958, the section from FM 691 to Pottsboro was transferred to FM 1417 and FM 996, although this section remained signed as FM 131 until the 1960 travel map was released.[51][52] On November 24, 1959, the road was extended north to FM 120. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was transferred to Urban Road 131 (UR 131). The designation reverted to FM 131 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]Junction listThe entire route is in Grayson County.","title":"FM 131"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Porter Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Springs,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 132 (FM 132) is located in Houston County. It runs from CR 3120 east to SH 7 at Crockett.FM 132 was designated on February 28, 1945, from SH 7 southwest 2.5 miles (4.0 km) miles to Porter Springs. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended southwest 2.3 miles (3.7 km). On May 2, 1962, the road was extended southwest 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to its current end.","title":"FM 132"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Salle_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarina,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Artesia Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artesia_Wells,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2081-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2082-59"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Freer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_189"},{"link_name":"SH 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_55"},{"link_name":"Encinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encinal,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_863"},{"link_name":"SH 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_44"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 133 (FM 133) is located in Dimmit and La Salle counties. It runs from US 83 at Catarina to I-35 at Artesia Wells.[56][57]FM 133 was designated on January 11, 1945, from US 83 at or near Catarina to US 81 (present-day I-35) at or near Artesia Wells and then to Freer. This segment was part of SH 189 and SH 55 before 1939. On September 9, 1947, the route was modified to have a concurrency with US 81 from Artesia Wells to a point midway between Artesia Wells and Encinal; this concurrency was extended to Encinal on January 27, 1948. On October 28, 1953, the 46-mile (74 km) section of FM 133 east of US 81 was transferred to FM 863 (now SH 44).","title":"FM 133"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_43"},{"link_name":"Karnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnack,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leigh,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1999"},{"link_name":"SH 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_49"},{"link_name":"FM 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1915"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 134 (FM 134) is located in Marion and Harrison counties. It runs from I-20 and US 80 near Waskom northwest to SH 49 in Jefferson.FM 134 was designated on January 10, 1945, from US 59 near Jefferson to SH 43 near Karnack. On June 11, 1945, the road was extended southeast to Leigh, creating a concurrency with SH 43. On July 15, 1949, the road was extended south to US 80, while a short section of the old route in Leigh was redesignated as a spur connection. On August 30, 1950, the concurrency with SH 43 was removed as SH 43's southern section was truncated. On February 19, 1953, the spur connection to Leigh became part of FM 1999. On May 25, 1955, the road was extended northwest along the old route of US 59 to SH 49 in Jefferson. On August 13, 1962, the road was relocated in Karnack, creating a concurrency with FM 1915, which became part of SH 43 on June 1, 1967.","title":"FM 134"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Jacinto County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 135 (FM 135) is located in San Jacinto County. The road was designated on May 29, 1985, from FM 980 to near the Livingston Reservoir as a replacement for FM Spur 980 to avoid confusion with the other FM Spur 980.","title":"FM 135"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 135 (1944)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 135 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Lockney east to SH 207. On December 3, 1951, the road was extended to Loop 75, replacing Spur 75. FM 135 was cancelled on March 24, 1958, and transferred to FM 97, but signage was not changed until 1959.","title":"FM 135"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Refugio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugio_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Aransas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aransas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Patricio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Woodsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodsboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_35"},{"link_name":"Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayside,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_181_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3284"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 136 (FM 136) is located in Refugio, Aransas, and San Patricio counties. It runs from US 77 in Woodsboro to SH 35 northeast of Gregory.FM 136 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from US 77 in Woodsboro via Bayside to US 181 in Gregory. On September 24, 1952, the road was extended southeast 0.7 miles (1.1 km) along the old route of US 181 to SH 35/US 181. On July 30, 1976, FM 136 was rerouted over old FM 3284 to end at SH 35 northeast of Gregory, while the old route of FM 136 was redesignated as new FM 3284.","title":"FM 136"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_routes_of_U.S._Route_82#Paris_business_route"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_38"},{"link_name":"Roxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24"},{"link_name":"Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noble,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 137 (FM 137) is located in Lamar County. It runs from US 82 Business in Paris to FM 38 in Roxton, and from another point on FM 38 to US 82 in Petty.FM 137 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from SH 24 8.0 miles (12.9 km) south of Paris to FM 38 in Roxton. On April 30, 1945, the road was extended to Noble, replacing a portion of FM 38. On August 18, 1945, the road was corrected so that it ended at SH 24 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south of Paris. On August 1, 1946, the section from Atlas to SH 24 was cancelled, and the road was rerouted to end at US 82 (now Bus. US 82) in Paris. On August 25, 1949, the road was extended from Noble to US 82 in Petty.","title":"FM 137"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2023"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 138 (FM 138) is located in Shelby and Nacogdoches counties. It runs from US 96 in Center to US 59 in Garrison.FM 138 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from US 96 westward 5.0 miles (8.0 km) in the direction of Stockman. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended to FM 415 in Stockman. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended west 3.6 miles (5.8 km) to the Attoyac River. On November 28, 1958, the road was extended to US 59, replacing FM 2023.","title":"FM 138"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"SH 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 139 (FM 139) is located in Shelby County. It runs from SH 7 to SH 87, and from another point on SH 87 to Liberty School.FM 139 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from SH 7 southeastward 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to the Sabine National Forest boundary. On May 23, 1951, the road was extended to 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to a road intersection at Ashton School. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to Pauls Store. On November 13, 1953, the road was extended to SH 87, replacing FM 1278 (connecting section designated October 28). On June 28, 1963, the road was extended to Liberty School.","title":"FM 139"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_117"},{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Business I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_routes_of_Interstate_35#Pearsall_business_loop"},{"link_name":"Pearsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearsall,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Campbellton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbellton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_85"},{"link_name":"Christine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 477","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_477"},{"link_name":"FM 1465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1465"},{"link_name":"FM 188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_188"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 140 (FM 140) is located in Uvalde, Zavala, Frio, and Atascosa counties. It runs from FM 117 near Uvalde to Business I-35 in Pearsall, and from another point on Business I-35 to US 281 north of Campbellton.FM 140 was designated on February 28, 1945, to go from US 81 (now Business I-35) in Pearsall eastward 11.0 miles (17.7 km) to the road intersection just eastward of San Miguel Creek. On July 9, 1945, another section from the Zavala–Frio county line to SH 85 at Charlotte was added. On December 16, 1948, the road was extended from the road intersection just eastward of San Miguel Creek to the Zavala–Frio county line, connecting the sections, and the road was extended southeast 3.8 miles (6.1 km) from Charlotte to a road intersection. On October 26, 1949, the road was extended southeast 2.9 miles (4.7 km) to 6.7 miles (10.8 km) southeast of Charlotte. On January 29, 1953, the road was extended southeast to Christine and extended west to Frio Town community, replacing FM 477 and FM 1465 (connecting section from east end to west end of FM 477 designated on December 17, 1952). On July 28, 1953, the road was relocated southeast of Charlotte. On March 24, 1954, the road was extended west 22.6 miles (36.4 km) to the end of FM 188. On May 26, 1954, the road was extended west to FM 117, replacing FM 188. On June 21, 1955, the road was extended east to US 281.","title":"FM 140"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1985"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-american1953leehays-68"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 141 (FM 141) is located in Lee County. It runs from SH 21 via Dime Box to US 290 in Giddings.FM 141 was designated on January 11, 1945, from SH 21 near Old Dime Box to Dime Box and then on to a road intersection 2.1 miles (3.4 km) southeast of Dime Box. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended southwest to US 290 in Giddings, replacing FM 1985.[66]","title":"FM 141"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackelford_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_600"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 142 (FM 142) is located in Jones and Shackelford counties. It runs from SH 6 at Stamford eastward and southward to SH 6 near Lueders.FM 142 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 380 (now SH 6) at Stamford eastward and southward 13.0 miles (20.9 km) to Bethel Lutheran Church. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended south and west to US 380 (now SH 6) at Avoca. On December 3, 1962, the section from FM 600 to Avoca became part of rerouted FM 600, and FM 142 was rerouted over the old route of FM 600 to US 380 (now SH 6) near Lueders.","title":"FM 142"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bexar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Criminal Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Loop 1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_1604"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 143 (FM 143) is located in Bexar County. It runs from Cagnon Road near the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's Dominguez Unit southwest of San Antonio to Loop 1604.The current FM 143 was designated on July 28, 1994. The Dominguez Unit opened in May 1995.[69]","title":"FM 143"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_222"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"FM 143 (1945)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 143 was designated on February 28, 1945, from SH 283 (now SH 6) at Knox City westward to the eastern side of the Brazos River. On September 9, 1947, the road was shortened 1.5 miles (2.4 km), shortening the length to 4.9 miles (7.9 km). On November 20, 1951, FM 143 was extended west 3.0 miles (4.8 km). It was extended west and northwest to the King County line on October 26, 1954. FM 143 was extended northwest to US 82 later that day. On September 5, 1973, FM 143 was signed (but not designated) as part of SH 222.[70] On July 31, 1975, FM 143 was rerouted in Knox City. FM 143 was cancelled on August 29, 1990, as the SH 222 designation became official.[71]","title":"FM 143"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 144 (FM 144) is located in Morris County. It runs from US 259 to US 67 in Omaha, and from another point on US 67 in Omaha to SH 49, and from another point on SH 49 to FM 997 at Jenkins.FM 144 was designated on February 28, 1945, from SH 11 at or near Cason northward to SH 49 near the Morris–Titus county line. On June 11, 1945, the road was extended north to SH 26 (later US 259; now Spur 284) at Omaha. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection near Boggy Creek. On October 13, 1954, the road was extended east to FM 997 at Jenkins. On May 31, 1965, the road was extended north along the old location of US 259 to US 67. On September 26, 1967, the road was extended further north along the old location of US 259.","title":"FM 144"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1175"},{"link_name":"FM 409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_409"},{"link_name":"FM 690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_690"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 145 (FM 145) is located in Parmer, Castro, Swisher, and Briscoe counties. It runs from US 84 southeastward of Farwell east to FM 378, and from another point on FM 378 to SH 86.FM 145 was designated on February 28, 1945, from US 87 in Kress east 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On June 11, 1945, the road was extended west 5.0 miles (8.0 km). On December 16, 1948, the road was extended west 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a county road (now FM 1424) and east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to another road intersection. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended west 2.0 miles (3.2 km) to a road intersection and east 2.0 miles (3.2 km) to a road intersection. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended east 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to a road intersection. On November 1, 1954, the road was to extend west to FM 1175 at the Swisher–Castro county line and replace FM 1175 to SH 51 (now US 385) and to extend east to FM 409 at the Swisher–Briscoe county line and replace FM 409 to FM 598 (now FM 378) when construction on the extensions, FM 409, and FM 1175 were completed. On October 15, 1955, FM 145 was officially extended west to SH 51 (now US 385) and east to FM 598 (now FM 378), replacing FM 1175 and FM 409. On November 21, 1957, FM 145 was extended west to US 84, replacing FM 690, though the section west of FM 299 (signed as part of SH 214, which the road was officially designated as in 1966) was signed as FM 690 until 1958. On September 27, 1960, the road was extended east to FM 2464 and replaced a section of it to SH 86.","title":"FM 145"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisher_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscoe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1304"},{"link_name":"FM 2272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2272"},{"link_name":"FM 284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_284"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 146 (FM 146) is located in Swisher and Briscoe counties. It runs from SH 86 in Tulia north and east to SH 207.FM 146 was designated on February 28, 1945, from Tulia north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On November 28, 1945, the road's description was amended so that it went from SH 86 in Tulia north 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection. On December 17, 1947, the road was extended north and east 18.0 miles (29.0 km) to the Swisher–Briscoe county line. On September 29, 1948, the road was extended east 2.1 miles (3.4 km) to San Jacinto School. On December 16, 1948, the road was extended south 3.8 miles (6.1 km) to a road intersection. On August 6, 1951, the road was routed on Maxwell Street in Tulia, replacing a section of Loop 77. On November 16, 1953, the road was extended south 10.2 miles (16.4 km), replacing FM 1304 (connecting section designated October 28). On October 16, 1957, the section from then-FM 2272 to SH 86 was transferred to FM 284 (now SH 207), along with FM 2272 itself (FM 2272 was reassigned to the old route of FM 284). On September 24, 1963, the section from SH 86 to Sixth Street (then Loop 77) via Maxwell Avenue was given to the city of Tulia, the section from Maxwell Avenue via Sixth Street to FM 1318 became part of FM 1318 (as well as Loop 77 itself), and FM 146 was rerouted over FM Spur 1318 to SH 86.","title":"FM 146"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_340"},{"link_name":"FM 712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_712"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 147 (FM 147) is located in Limestone and Falls counties. It runs SH 14 approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Groesbeck southwest to SH 7 in Marlin.FM 147 was designated on February 28, 1945, from Marlin northeast to the community of McClanahan. On June 30, 1945, the road was extended to the Limestone County line. On January 18, 1946, the road was extended to Odds in Limestone County. On December 17, 1947, the road was extended northeast to SH 14, replacing FM 340. On February 27, 1958, the road was extended from another point on SH 7 southwest 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to a road intersection. On December 19, 1959, the section southwest of SH 7 was relocated, and was renumbered FM 712 as a result.","title":"FM 147"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaufman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_274"},{"link_name":"Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 148 (FM 148) is located in Kaufman County. It runs from SH 274 near Kemp to US 80 in Terrell.","title":"FM 148"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 149 (FM 149) is located in Montgomery and Grimes counties. It runs from FM 3090 near Erwin Community east to SH 90 at Anderson. After a short concurrency with SH 90, FM 149 turns east and southeast through Richards and Montgomery to the intersection of FM 1774 and SH 249.","title":"FM 149"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hays County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_12"},{"link_name":"Dripping Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dripping_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 3237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_3237"},{"link_name":"Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"FM 966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_966"},{"link_name":"Spur 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_5"},{"link_name":"FM 1078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1078"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"RM 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_12"},{"link_name":"Hays County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 150 (RM 150) is located in Hays County. It begins at an intersection with RM 12 in Dripping Springs. The highway runs in a generally north–south direction to RM 3237 before turning to the east. RM 150 serves as the Main Street of Kyle, where it meets I-35. RM 150 ends at an intersection with SH 21 just east of Kyle.RM 150 was designated as Farm to Market Road 150 (FM 150) on May 31, 1945, from Kyle to SH 21. On October 27, 1952, it was extended west to FM 966 in Hays City, replacing Spur 5 and FM 1078.[79] On May 25, 1955, the FM 150 designation was extended to RM 12, replacing FM 966. The designation was changed to RM 150 on October 1, 1956.Junction listThe entire route is in Hays County.","title":"RM 150"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Whitewright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewright,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 151 (FM 151) is located in Grayson and Fannin counties. It runs from US 69 in Whitewright southeast to another point on US 69 in Trenton.FM 151 was designated on March 26, 1953, along the current route. It is a former alignment of US 69 between Whitewright and Trenton.","title":"FM 151"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 151 (1945)","text":"FM 151 was designated on June 4, 1945, from US 70 five miles east of Floydada south 7.0 miles (11.3 km). On November 20, 1951, the road was extended south to the Crosby County line. FM 151 was canceled on February 24, 1953, and transferred to FM 651.","title":"FM 151"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Llano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Llano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Castell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_29"},{"link_name":"RM 2768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2768"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 152 (RM 152) is located in Llano County. It runs from SH 16 in Llano southwest to US 87.RM 152 was designated on June 4, 1945, as Farm to Market Road 152 (FM 152), running from SH 16 in Llano west to Castell as a replacement for a portion of SH 29, which was rerouted. On September 29, 1954, FM 152 was extended southwest to US 87, a spur connection in Castell was designated along the old route, and FM 152 was changed to RM 152. On May 24, 1962, the spur connection to Castell was transferred to RM 2768.","title":"RM 152"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bastrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1870"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 153 (FM 153) is located in Bastrop and Fayette counties. It runs from SH 71 north of Smithville east via Winchester to US 77 north of La Grange.FM 153 was designated on June 1, 1945, from US 77, 7 miles (11 km) north of La Grange, to Winchester. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended west 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to the Fayette–Bastrop county line. On November 13, 1953, the road was extended west to SH 71, replacing FM 1870.","title":"FM 153"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fayette County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 154 (FM 154) is located in Fayette County. It runs from Loop 543 in West Point south via Muldoon to SH 95.FM 154 was designated on June 1, 1945, from SH 95, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Flatonia, to Muldoon. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended 4.0 miles (6.4 km) northeast from Muldoon. On July 22, 1949, the road was extended northeast to SH 71 (now Loop 543) at West Point.","title":"FM 154"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lavaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavaca_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 155 (FM 155) is located in Fayette, Colorado, and Lavaca counties. It runs from US 77 near La Grange via Holman to US 90 in Weimar, and from US 90 in Weimar to US 90 Alt.FM 155 was designated on June 1, 1945, from US 77, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of La Grange, south toward Holman to the Fayette–Colorado county line north of Weimar. Twelve days later, the section from Holman via Weimar to 6.4 miles (10.3 km) south of Weimar was added, creating a gap. On January 27, 1949, the road was extended south a further 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Weimar to SH 200. On November 20, 1951, the section from the Fayette–Colorado county line north of Weimar to Holman was added, closing the gap. On February 1, 1957, the route description was amended to indicate the break in the route at US 90.","title":"FM 155"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_Business_(Mansfield%E2%80%93Fort_Worth,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 156 (FM 156) is located in Tarrant and Denton counties. It runs from Bus. US 287 in Fort Worth to I-35 in Sanger.","title":"FM 156"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_121"},{"link_name":"Euless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euless,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_66"},{"link_name":"Maypearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypearl,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 157 (FM 157) is located in Tarrant, Johnson, and Ellis counties. It runs from SH 121 in Euless to FM 66 in Maypearl.","title":"FM 157"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1687"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"SH 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_30"},{"link_name":"Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"FM 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_60"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_158-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_158-93"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 158 (FM 158) runs from FM 1687 and SH 21 eastward to SH 30 in Bryan. It is also known as William J. Bryan Parkway west of SH 6 and Boonville Road east of SH 6.FM 158 was designated on June 5, 1945, from SH 6 at Bryan through Harvey to the Navasota River. The next day, another section was added from SH 90 north of Roans Prairie west 10 miles (16 km) to the Keith/Carlos Road, creating a gap. On October 26, 1954, FM 158 was extended from the Grimes–Brazos county line to FM 244 at Carlos, closing the gap. On December 15, 1960, the section of FM 158 from FM 60 at Harvey southeast to SH 90 was transferred to SH 30. On July 15, 1988, the section of FM 158 from Loop 507 (former SH 6; now BS 6) east and south to FM 158 was returned to the city of Bryan, and Loop 158 from SH 21 to FM 158 was transferred to FM 158. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was transferred to Urban Road 158 (UR 158).[88][89] The designation reverted to FM 158 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 158"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazos County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 159 (FM 159) is located in Brazos County. It runs from SH 105 near Navasota north to SH 6 near Millican.FM 159 was designated on June 5, 1945, from SH 90 (now SH 105) to Allen Farm. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended to SH 6.","title":"FM 159"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 160 (FM 160) is located in Liberty County. It runs from FM 770 southwest to Ames and then southeast.FM 160 was designated on June 12, 1945, from US 90 at Ames southeast 5.0 miles (8.0 km). On May 23, 1951, the road was extended northeast to FM 770.","title":"FM 160"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2150"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 161 (FM 161) is located in Morris and Cass counties. It runs from US 67 in Naples to SH 155.FM 161 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 338 southeast of Naples southeast 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to a road intersection. On October 13, 1954, the road was extended southeast to SH 11 in Hughes Springs, replacing FM 2150. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended south 4.9 miles (7.9 km) to Harris Chapel. On May 2, 1962, the road was extended south to SH 155, its current southern terminus. On April 2, 1964, the road was extended north along the old route of SH 338 to US 67, its current northern terminus.","title":"FM 161"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 161 (1945)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 161 was designated on June 12, 1945, from US 90 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Dayton north to East Gate Road. FM 161's destination was cancelled on May 15, 1946, when FM 686 was substituted for this road.","title":"FM 161"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 162 (FM 162) is located in Hidalgo County. It runs from I-69C/US 281 on El Cibolo Road, northeast of Faysville east to a prison site.","title":"FM 162"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1935"},{"link_name":"SH 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_105"}],"sub_title":"FM 162 (1945)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 162 was designated on June 12, 1945, from Moss Hill east 3.0 miles (4.8 km). On December 17, 1952, the road was extended east to FM 1935 at the Liberty–Hardin county line. On January 29, 1953, the road was extended east to FM 770 at Batson, replacing FM 1935. On September 27, 1960, FM 162 was extended 3.8 miles (6.1 km) northwest from SH 146. On June 26, 1962, FM 162 was extended west another 3.3 miles (5.3 km). On June 28, 1963, FM 162 was extended west to FM 2518. On June 22, 1964, FM 162 was extended to SH 321. FM 162 was cancelled on December 21, 1984, and transferred to SH 105.","title":"FM 162"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 163 (FM 163) is located in Liberty County. It runs from the Oak Shade Fire Tower on SH 321 east and south 4.3 miles (6.9 km).FM 163 was designated on June 12, 1945, from the Oak Shade Fire Tower on SH 321 to a point 2.3 miles (3.7 km). On November 30, 1949, the road was extended south 2.0 miles (3.2 km). On May 2, 1962, the road was extended to FM 1008, but on August 31, 1964, this extension was cancelled (the proposed extension is now CR 2285).[95]","title":"FM 163"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Farm to Market Road 164 (FM 164) is a designation that has been used three times. The current use is for a loop route in Childress County. It runs from US 287 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Childress south, east, and north 7 miles (11 km) to US 83 in Childress.FM 164 was designated on September 5, 1973, from US 287 southeast to Childress Army Air Field. On October 9, 1973, the road was extended east to US 83, replacing Spur 184 and a section of FM 2042.","title":"FM 164"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1008"}],"sub_title":"FM 164 (1945–1955)","text":"The first use of the FM 164 designation was from SH 321 13 miles (21 km) north of Dayton east 2.2 miles (3.5 km) in Liberty County. FM 164 was cancelled on October 3, 1955, and transferred to FM 1008.","title":"FM 164"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loop 313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_highway_loops_in_Texas_(300%E2%80%93399)#Loop_313"}],"sub_title":"FM 164 (1956–1967)","text":"The FM 164 designation was next used on a route from US 67 west of Sulphur Springs northeast to SH 19 and Loop 313 in western Sulphur Springs in Hopkins County along a former routing of US 67. Loop 313 replaced another part of the former route of US 67. FM 164 was cancelled on April 27, 1967, and transferred to Loop 313 (now Bus. US 67).","title":"FM 164"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_163"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_281"},{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1637-102"},{"link_name":"RM 2325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2325"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_290"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_165-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1638-103"},{"link_name":"Johnson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dripping Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dripping_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_165-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_165-101"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 165 (RM 165) is located in Blanco and Hays counties.RM 165 begins at Loop 163 (the former alignment of US 281) in Blanco.[98] The route generally travels east to an intersection with RM 2325 and then to the northeast before ending at a junction with US 290 near Henly.[97][99]RM 165 (in conjunction with Loop 163) provides a bypass of Johnson City and the US 281/290 junction for traffic traveling between Blanco and points east of Henly, such as Dripping Springs and Austin.[97]RM 165 was designated on June 11, 1945 as Farm to Market Road 165 (FM 165),[100] connecting US 281 (and, after its realignment, Loop 163) to Middle Creek Road, approximately 5.4 miles (8.7 km) to the east. The designation was changed to RM 165 on October 1, 1956.[101] The designation was extended to the current eastern terminus of US 290 on November 21, 1956.[97]The bridge structure crossing the Blanco River (which had replaced the original low-water crossing) was washed out in a catastrophic flooding event on May 23–24, 2015, with road closure at that location until further notice. The bridge deck and support beams were displaced from the piers and washed downstream; the piers and bents may require some repair after inspection for damage, and completion of a replacement deck structure is not anticipated by the Texas Department of Transportation before October 2015.[citation needed][needs update]","title":"RM 165"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burleson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_50"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 166 (FM 166) is located in Burleson County. It runs from SH 36 in Caldwell to FM 50.FM 166 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 36 in Caldwell east 5.0 miles (8.0 km) toward Tunis. On August 26, 1948, the designation was extended east through Tunis to its current terminus at FM 50.","title":"FM 166"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hood County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_51"},{"link_name":"Parker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Granbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granbury,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"DeCordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeCordova,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_167-107"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_745-108"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_787-109"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Waples-110"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"FM 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_208"},{"link_name":"FM 1190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1190"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_167-107"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 167 (FM 167) is located in Hood County. It runs from FM 51 near the Parker County line east and south to US 377 in Granbury, and then from another point on US 377 south via Acton and DeCordova.[103][104][105]FM 167 was designated on May 23, 1951, from US 377 to the community of Waples.[106][107] On September 20, 1961, it was extended north to FM 51. On December 20, 1984, it was extended south over part of FM 208 and all of FM 1190 to its current southern terminus at a county road.[103]","title":"FM 167"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cleburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleburne,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_353"},{"link_name":"Bosque County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_174"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_167-107"}],"sub_title":"FM 167 (1945)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 167 was designated in Johnson County on June 11, 1945, from Cleburne to the Hill County line, as a replacement for SH 353. The same designation also added a segment in Bosque County, from Morgan to Meridian, creating a gap. This gap was closed on August 23, 1945. FM 167 was cancelled on September 27, 1946, and reassigned back to SH 353 (now SH 174).[103]","title":"FM 167"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1056"},{"link_name":"FM 679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_679"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_304"},{"link_name":"FM 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_41"},{"link_name":"FM 2395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2395"},{"link_name":"FM 1632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1632"},{"link_name":"SH 116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_116"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 168 (FM 168) is located in West Texas. It runs from FM 2219 to FM 1076. At 139 miles (224 km), FM 168 is the longest farm to market road in Texas; however RM 33 was 141 miles (227 km) before its truncations in 1977 and 1984.FM 168 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Hart south to the Lamb County line. The same day the road was extended to Olton. On July 5, 1951, the road was extended north to a point 5.0 miles (8.0 km) from Nazareth, replacing FM 1056 (connecting section designated May 23). On November 20, 1951, FM 168 was extended north and east 8.3 miles (13.4 km) to a road intersection. On July 11, 1952, 3.0 miles (4.8 km) miles of FM 168 were transferred to FM 1075. On September 21, 1955, the road was extended north 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to the Randall County line. On December 14, 1956, the road was extended north to FM 1062, replacing FM 679. On October 24, 1958, the road was extended south to US 84 near Anton, replacing FM 304 (although it remained signed as FM 304 until 1959) and creating a concurrency at US 70. On January 13, 1960, FM 168 was extended south to FM 41, replacing FM 2395 and FM 1632 and creating a concurrency with SH 116 (now SH 114). On September 27, 1960, the road was extended north to FM 2219. On May 5, 1966, the section from FM 41 to US 380 was added. On May 25, 1976, the section from US 380 to FM 1076 was added.Junction list","title":"FM 168"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_169&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_169&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_169"},{"link_name":"Presidio County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plata,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1712-115"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1662-116"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Marfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_169-113"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1612-117"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_169-113"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 169KML is not from WikidataRanch to Market Road 169 (RM 169) is located in Presidio County.The southern terminus of RM 169 is at Casa Piedra Road near Plata.[110] The route travels north near Alamito Creek[111] and reaches its northern terminus at US 67 approximately 7 miles (11 km) south of Marfa.[109][112]The route was established on June 11, 1945, as Farm to Market Road 169 (FM 169), a 13.0-mile (20.9 km) road from US 67 towards Casa Piedra. FM 169 was extended 13.4 miles (21.6 km) southward on July 15, 1949, and redesignated RM 169 on June 29, 1967.[109]","title":"RM 169"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 170"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wichita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_Business_(Wichita_Falls,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Wichita Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2332"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 171 (FM 171) is located in Wichita and Clay counties. It runs from Bus. US 287 in Wichita Falls to FM 2332.","title":"FM 171"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clay County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Windthorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windthorst,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bluegrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrove,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henrietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jacksboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_148"},{"link_name":"Bluegrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrove,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1883"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1783"},{"link_name":"SH 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_25"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_172-121"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 172 (FM 172) connects the farming areas of eastern Archer County and southern Clay County. It passes just south of and crosses a portion of Lake Arrowhead in Clay County. FM 172 terminates at SH 25 near Windthorst and at SH 148 near Bluegrove, between Henrietta and Jacksboro.FM 172 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 148 west to Bluegrove. On May 23, 1951, it was extended west to Deer Creek. On November 20, 1951, the route from Bluegrove to Deer Creek was renumbered FM 1883. Instead, FM 172 was rerouted west to US 281 at Scotland, replacing FM 1783. On January 23, 1953, it was extended westward and southward 4.6 miles (7.4 km) to a road intersection. On October 28, 1953, it was extended to SH 25.[115]","title":"FM 172"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clay County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_148"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_407-123"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_173-122"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 173 (FM 173) is located in Clay County. Its western terminus is in the unincorporated community of Joy, at an intersection with Old Joy–Shannon Road. It travels approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km) to the east before ending at SH 148.[117]FM 173 was designated on June 11, 1945, along the current route.[116]","title":"FM 173"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_25"},{"link_name":"Windthorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windthorst,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_448-125"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_450-126"},{"link_name":"SH 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_148"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_176"},{"link_name":"Vashti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashti,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1288"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_148"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_174-124"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 174 (FM 174) is located in Archer, Clay, and Montague counties. It runs from US 281 and SH 25 in Windthorst to US 81 in Bowie.[119][120]FM 174 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 148 east to Buffalo Springs. On May 26, 1949, it was extended east to the end of FM 176 at Vashti and replaced that route from Vashti to Bellevue. On February 6, 1953, the portion from Vashti to Bellevue was transferred to FM 1288, while FM 174 was instead extended east over old FM 1288 from Vashti to US 287 in Bowie. On September 29, 1954, it was extended west from SH 148 to US 281. On April 2, 1980, it was extended east along a former segment of US 287 to its current terminus at US 81 in Bowie.[118]","title":"FM 174"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_175-127"},{"link_name":"Loop 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_187"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Antelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL_187-128"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_448-125"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_148"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_175-127"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_449-129"},{"link_name":"FM 2063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2063"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_175-127"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 175 (FM 175) is located in Jack and Clay counties.[121] Its western terminus is in northwestern Jack County at Loop 187, the former alignment of US 281 through Antelope.[122][119] The two-lane road travels to the east, then the north, and again to the east before entering Clay County. It passes through the community of Shannon before reaching its eastern terminus at SH 148.[121][123]FM 175 was designated from SH 148 to Shannon on June 11, 1945. The designation was extended to the Clay–Jack county line on October 29, 1954. On November 18, 1954, it was extended to US 281 (now Loop 187) in Antelope, replacing FM 2063.[121]","title":"FM 175"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concho County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concho_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ggm-176-131"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 176 (FM 176) is located in western Concho County, beginning at an intersection with County Road 2332 (CR 2332) and CR 2335. The 5.7-mile (9.2 km) road continues north to terminate at an intersection with US 87 just west of Eden.The entire highway has a speed limit of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), which is lowered to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) at night.[125]FM 176 was designated on May 23, 1951, along the current route.","title":"FM 176"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 176 (1945)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 176 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Bellevue to Vashti. FM 176 was cancelled on May 26, 1949, and became a portion of FM 174.","title":"FM 176"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2493"},{"link_name":"Mixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3052","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3052"},{"link_name":"SH 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_135"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_177-132"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_882-133"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 177 (FM 177) is located in Cherokee County.The western terminus of FM 177 is at US 69. It has intersections with FM 2493 west of Mixon and FM 3052 in Mixon before reaching its eastern terminus at SH 135.[126][127]The current FM 177 was designated on May 23, 1951, along the current route.","title":"FM 177"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_137"},{"link_name":"Lamesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamesa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Patricia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_349"}],"sub_title":"FM 177 (1945)","text":"The first FM 177 was designated in Dawson County on June 11, 1945, from SH 137, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Lamesa, to Patricia. FM 177 was cancelled on April 30, 1947, and became a portion of SH 349.","title":"FM 177"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_827"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 178 (FM 178) is located in Dawson County. It runs from US 87 northward through Midway and Key to FM 1210 at US 87.FM 178 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 180 in Key southward 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to Midway. On September 29, 1948, the road was extended southward 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection. On September 21, 1955, the road was extended south to US 87. On May 5, 1966, the road was extended northward 1.9 miles (3.1 km) to FM 827, replaced a section of FM 827, and extended north from FM 827 to FM 1210 at US 87.","title":"FM 178"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamesa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_194"},{"link_name":"Edmonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonson,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 179 (FM 179) is located in Dawson, Lynn, Lubbock, and Hale counties. It runs from US 87 in Lamesa to SH 194 near Edmonson.","title":"FM 179"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 180 (FM 180) is located in Lee County. It runs from US 290 to the Nails Creek State Park entrance.FM 180 was designated on May 5, 1966, from US 290, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) west of the Fayette County line, northeast 5.8 miles (9.3 km). On May 7, 1970, the road was extended to FM 1697. On November 3, 1972, the road was extended to the Nails Creek State Park entrance.","title":"FM 180"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 2411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2411"}],"sub_title":"FM 180 (1945)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 180 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Arvana, north of Lamesa, to 3.0 miles (4.8 km) east. FM 180 was cancelled on April 8, 1964, and renumbered FM 2411 to eliminate confusion with US 180.","title":"FM 180"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaines_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ector_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_51"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_87"},{"link_name":"SH 176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_176"},{"link_name":"FM 703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_703"},{"link_name":"SH 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_115"},{"link_name":"FM 1303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1303"},{"link_name":"SH 302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_302"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 181 (FM 181) is located in Gaines, Andrews, and Ector counties.FM 181 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 51 (now US 385) in Seminole southwest to the Gaines–Andrews county line. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended southeast 7.4 miles (11.9 km). On July 25, 1951, the road was extended to FM 87 (now SH 176). On August 16, 1951, the road was extended to FM 703 (now SH 115), replacing FM 1303. On December 17, 1951, the road was extended to the Andrews–Ector county line. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended to SH 302.On October 1, 1956, the designation was changed to Ranch to Market Road 181 (RM 181), but reverted to FM 181 on June 1, 1992.","title":"FM 181"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coryell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Turnersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnersville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_928"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 182 (FM 182) is located in Bosque and Coryell counties. It begins at SH 36 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southeast of Ames, passes by Turnersville and Norse, and ends 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Norse.FM 182 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 36 to Turnersville. On July 14, 1949, it was extended north to its current northern terminus, replacing FM 928.","title":"FM 182"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coryell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Bee House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_House,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Evant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evant,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Purmela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purmela,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_932"},{"link_name":"FM 2306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2306"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 183 (FM 183) is located in Coryell County. The road begins at US 84 and continues southwestward and northwestward, passing through Pearl and Bee House before ending at US 84 east of Evant.FM 183 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Purmela south across US 84 via Pearl to Bee House. On July 14, 1949, FM 183 was extended north 7.6 miles (12.2 km) to the Coryell–Hamilton county line. On January 14, 1952, the section north of US 84 was transferred to FM 932. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended west 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to FM 2306. On January 15, 1957, the road was extended to US 84 near Evant, replacing FM 2306. When the alignment was constructed, FM 183 was rerouted to bypass Bee House, and the old route to Bee House became a spur connection.","title":"FM 183"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coryell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 184 (FM 184) is located in Coryell County. The road begins at SH 36 and continues southeast to the Coryell–Bell county line.FM 184 was designated on June 11, 1945, from SH 36 southward 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to Seattle. On February 20, 1946, the road was extended northeast to the Bell County line. On May 5, 1964, FM 184 was relocated due to the expansion of the Fort Hood Military Reservation; the old route is now Range Road and Cold Springs Road.","title":"FM 184"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coryell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Osage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage,_Coryell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1637"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 185 (FM 185) is located in Coryell County. It runs from US 84 northward and eastward via Osage and Crawford to FM 1637.FM 185 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 84 to Osage. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended east to Crawford. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended east to SH 6. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended northeast to FM 1637. On July 27, 1995, the section from SH 6 to FM 1637 was redesignated Urban Road 185 (UR 185). The designation reverted to FM 185 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 185"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimmit County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 186 (FM 186) is located in Dimmit County. It runs from Loop 225 in Carrizo Springs southwest 14.2 miles (22.9 km) to a county road that continues to Dentonio.FM 186 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 83 (this section became Loop 225 on November 18, 1947) in Carrizo Springs southwest 11.2 miles (18.0 km) toward Dentonio. On November 5, 1971, the road was extended southwest 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to its current terminus.","title":"FM 186"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavala_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bandera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_57"},{"link_name":"Batesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_39"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 187 (RM 187) is located in Zavala, Uvalde, Bandera, and Kerr counties. It runs from US 57 near Batesville to SH 39.","title":"RM 187"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45"},{"link_name":"SH 275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_275"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1923-148"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 188 (FM 188) is located in Galveston. It runs along Teichman Road, from 89th Street and Blume Drive to I-45 at SH 275.[140]FM 188 was designated on October 31, 1958, from I-45 at Teichman's Point southwest to the Moody State School. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was transferred to Urban Road 188 (UR 188). The designation reverted to FM 188 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[13]","title":"FM 188"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_117"},{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_140"}],"sub_title":"FM 188 (1945)","text":"A previous FM 188 was designated on June 11, 1945, from FM 117, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Uvalde, southeast 8 miles (13 km) by way of Fort Inge. FM 188 was cancelled on May 26, 1954, and transferred to FM 140.","title":"FM 188"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Val Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_163"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 189 (RM 189) is located in Val Verde and Sutton counties. It runs from SH 163 to US 277.RM 189 was designated as on July 11, 1945, from SH 163 near Juno to the Val Verde–Sutton county line. On October 29, 1948, it was extended to US 277. The road is shown as Farm to Market Road 189 (FM 189) on the October 29, 1948 minute order document (probably in error).[143]","title":"RM 189"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimmit County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 190 (FM 190) is located in Dimmit County. It runs from US 83 through Asherton to SH 85.FM 190 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 83 through Asherton to SH 85. On May 22, 1958, it was extended northwest over the old route of US 83.","title":"FM 190"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavala_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Carrizo Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrizo_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_191-153"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2016-154"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2038-155"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_191-153"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 191 (FM 191) is located in Dimmit and Zavala counties. It runs from US 277 to US 83 north of Carrizo Springs.[145][146][147]FM 191 was designated on June 11, 1945, along the current route.[145]","title":"FM 191"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_192&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_192&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_192"},{"link_name":"Hudspeth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1291-157"},{"link_name":"Fort Quitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Quitman"},{"link_name":"Esperanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza,_Hudspeth_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1236-158"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1235-159"},{"link_name":"SH 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"McNary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNary,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_192-156"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1179-160"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_192-156"},{"link_name":"Hudspeth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 192KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 192 (FM 192) is located in Hudspeth County. It generally parallels the Rio Grande for its entire length.The southern terminus of FM 192 is along the Rio Grande in unincorporated Hudspeth County.[149] From here, the road proceeds northwestward, paralleling the river and passing Fort Quitman and Esperanza,[150][151] before ending at SH 20 at McNary.[148][152]FM 192 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 80 (present-day SH 20) at McNary, via Esperanza, to the Arroyo Balluco, at a distance of approximately 12.0 miles (19.3 km). On July 21, 1949, the route was extended 13.8 miles (22.2 km) further down the river to the Cox School, at its present southern terminus.[148]Junction listThe entire route is in Hudspeth County.","title":"FM 192"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickens_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_378"},{"link_name":"Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_265"},{"link_name":"FM 1441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1441"},{"link_name":"FM 1063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1063"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 193 (FM 193) is located in Crosby, Dickens, and King counties. It runs from FM 378 eastward through Dumont to US 83.FM 193 was designated on June 11, 1945, from US 83 westward 6.0 miles (9.7 km) toward Dumont. On July 15, 1949, it was extended west 3.0 miles (4.8 km). On May 23, 1951, the designation was extended west and south 3.7 miles (6.0 km) though Dumont to a road intersection. On October 15, 1955, the road was extended west to FM 265. On November 1, 1960, it was extended west to FM 378, replacing part of FM 265 and all of FM 1441 and FM 1063.","title":"FM 193"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82"},{"link_name":"Blossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_410"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 194 (FM 194) is located in Lamar and Red River counties. It runs from US 82 in Blossom southeastward to FM 410 south of Detroit.FM 194 was designated on July 22, 1952, along the current route.","title":"FM 194"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 194 (1945)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 194 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Flomot to a point 2.0 miles (3.2 km) miles north. On November 20, 1951, FM 194 was extended north to the Briscoe County line. On January 3, 1952, FM 194 was cancelled and transferred to FM 599.","title":"FM 194"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_37"},{"link_name":"Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 195 (FM 195) is located in Lamar and Red River counties. It runs from US 82 in Paris northeastward to SH 37 near Albion.FM 195 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Paris to Novice. On April 30, 1947, the road was extended 4.2 miles (6.8 km) to the Red River County line. On November 23, 1948, the road was extended 2.2 miles (3.5 km) to Woodland. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended 8.2 miles (13.2 km) to Manchester. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended 5.9 miles (9.5 km) to FM 862 (now FM 410). On November 9, 1960, the road was extended east to SH 37 near Albion, replacing a section of FM 862.","title":"FM 195"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Blossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pattonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattonville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogata,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1185"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 196 (FM 196) is located in Lamar and Red River counties. The road begins at FM 195 at Faught, and from FM 194 in Blossom, the road heads southward via Pattonville and eastward via Cunningham to SH 37 near Bogata.FM 196 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Pattonville to Cunningham. On December 17, 1952, FM 196 was extended north to FM 194 in Blossom. On January 16, 1953, FM 196 was extended north to FM 195, replacing FM 1185. On October 31, 1958, FM 196 was extended east from Cunningham to SH 37.","title":"FM 196"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_79"},{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271"},{"link_name":"Arthur City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_City,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 197 (FM 197) is located in Lamar County. The road begins at FM 79 near Direct, and heads northward and eastward via Ragtown and Forest Chapel to US 271 in Arthur City.FM 197 was designated on June 11, 1945, from Arthur City to Forest Chapel. On August 25, 1949, FM 197 was extended 8.8 miles (14.2 km) to Ragtown. On January 8, 1952, FM 197 was extended to FM 79.","title":"FM 197"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enloe_October_2015_2_(Farm_to_Market_Road_198).jpg"},{"link_name":"Enloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enloe,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Delta County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_128"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"Lake Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Creek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_895"}],"text":"FM 198 in EnloeFarm to Market Road 198 (FM 198) is located in Delta County.FM 198 was designated on June 11, 1945, from FM 128 east to Enloe. On November 23, 1948, FM 198 was extended northeast to SH 154 in Lake Creek. On September 28, 1949, FM 198 was extended southeast to its current terminus at FM 895.","title":"FM 198"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somervell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somervell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Somervell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somervell_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 199 (FM 199) is located in Somervell County.FM 199 was designated on June 12, 1945, from Nemo northward across US 67 to Alta Vista School. On October 23, 1948, FM 199 was extended southwest 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from Nemo. On December 17, 1952, FM 199 was extended west 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Alta Vista School.Junction listThe entire route is in Somervell County.","title":"FM 199"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100-concur_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-131-concur_51-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_150_81-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_152_86-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RM_169_note_114-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RM_170_119-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RM_150_138-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FM_187_146-0"}],"text":"^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 100 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 34.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 131 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 691.\n\n^ RM 150 was originally designated as FM 150 from 1945 to 1956.\n\n^ RM 152 was originally designated as FM 152 from 1945 to 1959.\n\n^ RM 169 was originally designated as FM 169 from 1945 to 1967.\n\n^ FM 170 was designated as RM 170 from 1958 to by 1981.\n\n^ FM 181 was designated as RM 181 from 1956 to 1992.\n\n^ RM 187 was originally designated as FM 187 from 1945 to 1962","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"FM 198 in Enloe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Enloe_October_2015_2_%28Farm_to_Market_Road_198%29.jpg/220px-Enloe_October_2015_2_%28Farm_to_Market_Road_198%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 100\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0100.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 100\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 15, 2018). \"Route of FM 100\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.5829398,-95.9098775/33.8408934,-95.9276671/@33.7362253,-95.9411,11.46z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 100\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 101\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0101.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 101\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (July 15, 2018). \"Route of FM 101\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.4716495,-98.8190618/32.4697938,-98.6790534/@32.4702564,-98.7809236,13.29z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 101\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 102\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0102.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 102\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 103\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0103.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 103\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 370. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/370.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 334. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/334.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 335. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/335.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 104\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0104.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 104\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 105\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0105.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 105\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 106\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0106.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 106\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 107\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0107.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 107\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676428.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676428.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676428.pdf"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003674298.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003674298.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003674298.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 108\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0108.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 108\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 109\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0109.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 109\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 110\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0110.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 110\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1739. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1739.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Flores, Zara (March 3, 2022). \"Hays County, San Marcos, TxDOT break ground on FM 110 North project to connect SH 80 and I-35\". Community Impact. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://communityimpact.com/austin/san-marcos-buda-kyle/transportation/2022/03/03/hays-county-san-marcos-txdot-break-ground-on-fm-110-north-project-to-connect-sh-80-and-i-35/","url_text":"\"Hays County, San Marcos, TxDOT break ground on FM 110 North project to connect SH 80 and I-35\""}]},{"reference":"Castro, Johann; Coutu, Matt (December 28, 2023). \"Alternative route to I-35 in San Marcos now open\". KVUE. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kvue.com/article/money/economy/boomtown-2040/san-marcos-i-35-alternative-boomtown/269-bff49dae-e4d8-4894-9595-1963fd722e3a","url_text":"\"Alternative route to I-35 in San Marcos now open\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVUE","url_text":"KVUE"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 111\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0111.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 111\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 112\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0112.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 112\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 113\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0113.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 113\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 114\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0114.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 114\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 115\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0115.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 116\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0116.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 116\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 117\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0117.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 117\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 118\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0118.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 118\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 585. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/585.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 543. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/543.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 119\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0119.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 119\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 120\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0120.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 120\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 121\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0121.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 121\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2020/0227/12e1.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2020/0227/12e1.pdf","url_text":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2020/0227/12e1.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 122\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0122.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 122\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676391.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676391.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676391.pdf"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676616.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676616.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676616.pdf"}]},{"reference":"\"Farm/Ranch to Market Facts\". Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/TPP/hwy/fmfacts.htm","url_text":"\"Farm/Ranch to Market Facts\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 123\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0123.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 123\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 124\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0124.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 124\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 125\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0125.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 125\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 126\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0126.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 126\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 127\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0127.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 127\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 128\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0128.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 128\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 129\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0129.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 129\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 130\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0130.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 130\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 131\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0131.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 131\""}]},{"reference":"\"February 28, 1945 Minute Orders (see 21063)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676343.pdf","url_text":"\"February 28, 1945 Minute Orders (see 21063)\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1417\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1417.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1417\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 996\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0996.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 996\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 15, 2018). \"Route of FM 131\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.6465162,-96.6123684/33.7567991,-96.6046076/@33.7054656,-96.6469381,12.75z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-96.6229579!2d33.6982706!3s0x864c8928774ac621:0x250da4a5932e217f!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 131\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 132\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0132.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 132\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 133\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0133.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 133\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2081. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2081.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2082. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2082.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 134\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0134.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 134\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 135\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0135.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 135\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 136\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0136.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 136\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 137\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0137.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 137\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 138\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0138.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 138\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 139\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0139.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 139\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 140\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0140.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 140\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 141\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0141.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 141\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Lee, Hays F-M Roads Given State's Approval\". Austin American. November 8, 1953. ProQuest 1609910867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1609910867","url_text":"1609910867"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 142\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0142.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 142\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 143\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0143.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 143\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unit Directory\". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/unit_directory/bx.html","url_text":"\"Unit Directory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice","url_text":"Texas Department of Criminal Justice"}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Seven Hundred and Forty-Second Meeting\" (PDF). September 4, 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003674271.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Seven Hundred and Forty-Second Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 222\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0222.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 222\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 144\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0144.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 144\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 145\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0145.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 145\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 146\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0146.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 146\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 147\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0147.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 147\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 148\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0148.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 148\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 149\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0149.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 149\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 150\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0150.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 150\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1078\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1078.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1078\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of RM 150\". Google Maps. Retrieved August 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.1677495,-98.0862638/29.934716,-97.818142/@29.9490778,-97.8541164,14z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-98.0319603!2d30.1319458!3s0x865b448e574529ab:0xcb23f22b3f1636f0!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Map of RM 150\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 151\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0151.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 151\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 152\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0152.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 152\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 153\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0153.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 153\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 154\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0154.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 154\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 155\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0155.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 155\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 156\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0156.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 156\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 157\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0157.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 157\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 158\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0158.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 158\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 158\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR0158.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 158\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 159\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0159.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 159\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 160\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0160.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 160\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 161\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0161.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 161\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 162\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0162.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 162\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 163\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0163.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 163\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676602.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676602.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676602.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 164\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0164.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 164\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 165\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0165.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 165\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1637. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1637.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1638. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1638.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676359.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676359.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676359.pdf"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676491.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676491.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676491.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 166\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0166.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 166\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 167\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0167.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 167\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 745. Retrieved June 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/745.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 787. Retrieved June 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/787.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676422.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676422.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676422.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 168\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0168.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 168\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 169\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0169.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 169\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1712. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1712.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1662. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1662.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1612. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1612.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 170\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0170.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 170\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 171\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0171.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 171\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 172\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0172.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 172\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 173\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0173.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 173\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 407. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/407.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 174\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0174.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 174\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 448. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/448.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 450. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/450.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 175\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0175.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 175\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 187\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0187.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 187\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 449. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/449.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 176\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0176.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 176\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 7, 2014). \"Farm to Market Road 176\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/gBc44","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road 176\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 177\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0177.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 177\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 882. Retrieved December 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/882.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 178\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0178.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 178\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 179\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0179.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 179\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 180\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0180.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 180\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 181\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0181.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 181\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 182\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0182.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 182\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 183\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0183.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 183\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 184\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0184.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 184\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 185\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0185.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 185\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 186\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0186.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 186\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 187\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0187.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 187\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676397.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676397.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676397.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 188\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0188.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 188\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1923. Retrieved December 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1923.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 189\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0189.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 189\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 190\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0190.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 190\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 191\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0191.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 191\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2016.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2038. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2038.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 192\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0192.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 192\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1291. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1291.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1236. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1236.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1235. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1235.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1179. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1179.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 193\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0193.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 193\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 194\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0194.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 194\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 195\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0195.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 195\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 196\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0196.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 196\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 197\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0197.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 197\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 198\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0198.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 198\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 199\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0199.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 199\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 15, 2018). \"Route of FM 199\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.2441255,-97.659596/32.3085504,-97.7068386/@32.2773767,-97.6849244,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 199\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+100%E2%80%93199","external_links_name":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas\" 100–199"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+100%E2%80%93199+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+100%E2%80%93199&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+100%E2%80%93199+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+100%E2%80%93199","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+100%E2%80%93199&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_103&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_103&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_118&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_118&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_169&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_169&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_192&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_192&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0100.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.5829398,-95.9098775/33.8408934,-95.9276671/@33.7362253,-95.9411,11.46z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0101.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 101\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.4716495,-98.8190618/32.4697938,-98.6790534/@32.4702564,-98.7809236,13.29z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 101\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0102.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 102\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0103.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 103\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/370.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/334.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/335.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0104.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 104\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0105.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 105\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0106.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 106\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 115371\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0107.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 107\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676428.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676428.pdf"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003674298.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003674298.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0108.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 108\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0109.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 109\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0110.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 110\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1739.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://communityimpact.com/austin/san-marcos-buda-kyle/transportation/2022/03/03/hays-county-san-marcos-txdot-break-ground-on-fm-110-north-project-to-connect-sh-80-and-i-35/","external_links_name":"\"Hays County, San Marcos, TxDOT break ground on FM 110 North project to connect SH 80 and I-35\""},{"Link":"https://www.kvue.com/article/money/economy/boomtown-2040/san-marcos-i-35-alternative-boomtown/269-bff49dae-e4d8-4894-9595-1963fd722e3a","external_links_name":"\"Alternative route to I-35 in San Marcos now open\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0111.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 111\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0112.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 112\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0113.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 113\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0114.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 114\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0115.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 115\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0116.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 116\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0117.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 117\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0118.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 118\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/585.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/543.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0119.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 119\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0120.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 120\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0121.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 121\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2020/0227/12e1.pdf","external_links_name":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2020/0227/12e1.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0122.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 122\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676391.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676391.pdf"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676616.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676616.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/TPP/hwy/fmfacts.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm/Ranch to Market Facts\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0123.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 123\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0124.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 124\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0125.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 125\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0126.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 126\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0127.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 127\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0128.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 128\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0129.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 129\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0130.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 130\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0131.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 131\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676343.pdf","external_links_name":"\"February 28, 1945 Minute Orders (see 21063)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1417.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1417\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0996.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 996\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.6465162,-96.6123684/33.7567991,-96.6046076/@33.7054656,-96.6469381,12.75z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-96.6229579!2d33.6982706!3s0x864c8928774ac621:0x250da4a5932e217f!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 131\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0132.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 132\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0133.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 133\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2081.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2082.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0134.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 134\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0135.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 135\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0136.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 136\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0137.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 137\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0138.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 138\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0139.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 139\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0140.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 140\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0141.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 141\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1609910867","external_links_name":"1609910867"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0142.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 142\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0143.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 143\""},{"Link":"https://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/unit_directory/bx.html","external_links_name":"\"Unit Directory\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003674271.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Seven Hundred and Forty-Second Meeting\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0222.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 222\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0144.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 144\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0145.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 145\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0146.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 146\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0147.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 147\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0148.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 148\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0149.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 149\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0150.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 150\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1078.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1078\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.1677495,-98.0862638/29.934716,-97.818142/@29.9490778,-97.8541164,14z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-98.0319603!2d30.1319458!3s0x865b448e574529ab:0xcb23f22b3f1636f0!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Map of RM 150\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0151.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 151\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0152.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 152\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0153.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 153\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0154.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 154\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0155.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 155\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0156.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 156\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0157.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 157\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0158.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 158\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR0158.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 158\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0159.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 159\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0160.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 160\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0161.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 161\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0162.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 162\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0163.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 163\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676602.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676602.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0164.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 164\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0165.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 165\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1637.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1638.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676359.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676359.pdf"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676491.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676491.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0166.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 166\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0167.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 167\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/745.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/787.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HRW03","external_links_name":"Waples, TX"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676422.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676422.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0168.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 168\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0169.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 169\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1712.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1662.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1612.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0170.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 170\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0171.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 171\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0172.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 172\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0173.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 173\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/407.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0174.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 174\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/448.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/450.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0175.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 175\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0187.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 187\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/449.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0176.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 176\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/gBc44","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road 176\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0177.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 177\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/882.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0178.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 178\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0179.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 179\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0180.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 180\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0181.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 181\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0182.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 182\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0183.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 183\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0184.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 184\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0185.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 185\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0186.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 186\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0187.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 187\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676397.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676397.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0188.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 188\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1923.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0189.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 189\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0190.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 190\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0191.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 191\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2016.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2038.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0192.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 192\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1291.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1236.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1235.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1179.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0193.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 193\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0194.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 194\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0195.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 195\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0196.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 196\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0197.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 197\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0198.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 198\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0199.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 199\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.2441255,-97.659596/32.3085504,-97.7068386/@32.2773767,-97.6849244,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 199\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrego_Island | Maule River | ["1 Upper reach","2 Middle reach","3 Lower reach","4 Ecology","5 Literary allusions","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°19′00″S 72°24′30″W / 35.31667°S 72.40833°W / -35.31667; -72.40833For other uses, see Maule.
River in ChileMaule RiverAerial view of the Maule RiverLocationCountryChilePhysical characteristicsSource • locationLaguna del Maule • elevation2,200 m (7,200 ft)
Mouth • locationPacific OceanLength240 km (150 mi)Basin size20,600 km2 (8,000 sq mi)
Another aerial view of Maule River
The Maule river or Río Maule (Mapudungun: rainy) is one of the most important rivers of Chile. It is inextricably linked to the country's pre-Hispanic (Inca) times, the country's conquest, colonial period, wars of Independence, modern history, agriculture (wine, traditional crops), culture (literature, poetry, folklore), religion, economy and politics. The Maule River marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire. Many famous men and women in Chile's history have been born in the Region named after the river. The river has also lent its name to one of the viticultural regions of the country (also known as appellations), the Valley of Maule, a subregion of the Central Valley.
Upper reach
The river is 240 km long and its basin covers around 20,600 km2. Thirty percent of the basin is located in the Andean range. It is born in Laguna del Maule in Talca Province, at an altitude of 2,200 mt in the vicinity of the border with Argentina. From that point the rivers flows westwardly and is soon joined on its left bank by one of its main tributaries, the Melado River, which is born in Laguna Dial, in Linares Province. Further on, and still in its upper course, the Maule is joined, this time on its right bank by rivers Colorado, Claro, Puelche and Cipreses.
Middle reach
Before arriving at the central valley, the Maule is dammed into the Colbún dam lake that feeds the hydroelectric power station of the same name.
Further on, the Maule is joined by the Claro (another river named Claro) and the Loncomilla. The latter flows from the south and receives several tributaries: the Putagán, the Achibueno - Ancoa system, the Perquilauquén, the Purapel and the Cauquenes.
Lower reach
In its lower reaches, the river receives only one modest tributary, the Estero de los Puercos and, after flowing for nearly 250 kilometers, the Maule ends at the Pacific Ocean, north of the city of Constitución.
Ecology
The Maule River basin contains a number of significant flora and fauna of Chile. Historically the Chilean Wine Palm, Jubaea chilensis, was present in the Maule River basin; however, due to expansion of the human population in this region, this endangered tree has a more restricted range that still includes some of the northern portion of the Maule Region.
Literary allusions
The Maule has been considered as Chile's literary river par excellence. The number of poets, writers, historians, orators, playwrights, journalists as well as composers and folk musicians that have been born or have settled in the Maule Region, to which "the river of the fogs" has given its name, is quite staggering. Many Latin American stories have had the river as the main background or protagonist. Several anthologies, author's dictionaries and essays have given vivid accounts of the vast cultural wealth of the region around river Maule.
See also
Battle of the Maule
Ramal Talca-Constitución
Founding of Talca
Notes
^ a b "Faluchos (30 Poetas Maulinos) Selección de Mario Meléndez. Editorial Magisterio, 2004". Archived from the original on 2009-11-18. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ "Singularidad hispana de Linares | Diario La Prensa". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
^ Cuenca del río Maule, 2004
^ Oasis de la Campana, 2008
^ C. Michael Hogan, 2008
^ "Escritores del Maule - Memoria Chilena".
^ "Diccionario de autores de la región del Maule : Bio-bibliográfico y crítico - Memoria Chilena".
References
Universidad de Talca PDF file.
Cuenca del río Maule PDF file. (2004) Government of Chile publication.
C. Michael Hogan (2008) Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
Oasis de la Campana: Wine Palm (2008)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maule River.
Maule River and bridges (Pan American Highway and railway), Maule Region of Chile, north of San Javier
Maule River and Colbún dam lake, in the center
Upper reaches of the Maule basin, Chile
Lower course of Maule river, with the city of Constitución to the west
Railway bridge over the Maule River, near Constitución
vteHydrography of Maule RegionRivers
Achibueno
Ancoa
Cauquenes
Loncomilla
Longaví
Lontué
Mataquito
Maule
Claro (Maule)
Lircay
Melado
Perquilauquén
Purapel
Putagán
Teno
Claro (Teno)
Waterfalls
El Velo de la Novia
La Leona
Lakes
Colbún
Del Maule
Dial
La Invernada
Vichuquén
Authority control databases
VIAF
35°19′00″S 72°24′30″W / 35.31667°S 72.40833°W / -35.31667; -72.40833 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maule_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio_Maule_aerial1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mapudungun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapudungun"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"wars of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Independence"},{"link_name":"modern history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_wine"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Chile's history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maule_Region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faluchos_(30_Poetas_Maulinos)_Selecci%C3%B3n_de_Mario_Mel%C3%A9ndez._Editorial_Magisterio,_2004-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"viticultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_wine"},{"link_name":"appellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"Central Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_(Chilean_wine_region)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Maule.River in ChileAnother aerial view of Maule RiverThe Maule river or Río Maule (Mapudungun: rainy) is one of the most important rivers of Chile. It is inextricably linked to the country's pre-Hispanic (Inca) times, the country's conquest, colonial period, wars of Independence, modern history, agriculture (wine, traditional crops), culture (literature, poetry, folklore), religion, economy and politics. The Maule River marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire. Many famous men and women in Chile's history have been born in the Region[1][2] named after the river. The river has also lent its name to one of the viticultural regions of the country (also known as appellations), the Valley of Maule, a subregion of the Central Valley.","title":"Maule River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean"},{"link_name":"Talca Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talca_Province"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Melado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Melado"},{"link_name":"Linares Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares_Province"}],"text":"The river is 240 km long and its basin covers around 20,600 km2. Thirty percent of the basin is located in the Andean range. It is born in Laguna del Maule in Talca Province, at an altitude of 2,200 mt in the vicinity of the border with Argentina. From that point the rivers flows westwardly and is soon joined on its left bank by one of its main tributaries, the Melado River, which is born in Laguna Dial, in Linares Province. Further on, and still in its upper course, the Maule is joined, this time on its right bank by rivers Colorado, Claro, Puelche and Cipreses.","title":"Upper reach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"central valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Central_Valley"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colb%C3%BAn_Hydroelectric_Plant"},{"link_name":"Loncomilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loncomilla"},{"link_name":"Putagán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Putag%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Achibueno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achibueno"},{"link_name":"Ancoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancoa"},{"link_name":"Perquilauquén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perquilauqu%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Purapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purapel_river"},{"link_name":"Cauquenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cauquenes"}],"text":"Before arriving at the central valley, the Maule is dammed into the Colbún dam lake that feeds the hydroelectric power station of the same name.Further on, the Maule is joined by the Claro (another river named Claro) and the Loncomilla. The latter flows from the south and receives several tributaries: the Putagán, the Achibueno - Ancoa system, the Perquilauquén, the Purapel and the Cauquenes.","title":"Middle reach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Estero de los Puercos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estero_de_los_Puercos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Constitución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n,_Chile"}],"text":"In its lower reaches, the river receives only one modest tributary, the Estero de los Puercos and, after flowing for nearly 250 kilometers, the Maule ends at the Pacific Ocean, north of the city of Constitución.","title":"Lower reach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"fauna of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chilean Wine Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Wine_Palm"},{"link_name":"Jubaea chilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaea_chilensis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"expansion of the human population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Maule River basin contains a number of significant flora and fauna of Chile.[3] Historically the Chilean Wine Palm, Jubaea chilensis, was present in the Maule River basin;[4] however, due to expansion of the human population in this region, this endangered tree has a more restricted range that still includes some of the northern portion of the Maule Region.[5]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"orators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator"},{"link_name":"playwrights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"folk musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Maule Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maule_Region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faluchos_(30_Poetas_Maulinos)_Selecci%C3%B3n_de_Mario_Mel%C3%A9ndez._Editorial_Magisterio,_2004-1"},{"link_name":"essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Maule has been considered as Chile's literary river par excellence. The number of poets, writers, historians, orators, playwrights, journalists as well as composers and folk musicians that have been born or have settled in the Maule Region, to which \"the river of the fogs\" has given its name, is quite staggering.[1] Many Latin American stories have had the river as the main background or protagonist. Several anthologies, author's dictionaries and essays have given vivid accounts of the vast cultural wealth of the region around river Maule.[6][7]","title":"Literary allusions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Faluchos_(30_Poetas_Maulinos)_Selecci%C3%B3n_de_Mario_Mel%C3%A9ndez._Editorial_Magisterio,_2004_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Faluchos_(30_Poetas_Maulinos)_Selecci%C3%B3n_de_Mario_Mel%C3%A9ndez._Editorial_Magisterio,_2004_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Faluchos (30 Poetas Maulinos) Selección de Mario Meléndez. Editorial Magisterio, 2004\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091118082339/http://letras.s5.com/mm211106.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.letras.s5.com/mm211106.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Singularidad hispana de Linares | Diario La Prensa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304105325/http://www.diariolaprensa.cl/actualidad/singularidad-hispana-de-linares/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diariolaprensa.cl/actualidad/singularidad-hispana-de-linares/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Escritores del Maule - Memoria Chilena\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=esritoresdelmaule"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Diccionario de autores de la región del Maule : Bio-bibliográfico y crítico - Memoria Chilena\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0037551"}],"text":"^ a b \"Faluchos (30 Poetas Maulinos) Selección de Mario Meléndez. Editorial Magisterio, 2004\". Archived from the original on 2009-11-18. Retrieved 2012-02-11.\n\n^ \"Singularidad hispana de Linares | Diario La Prensa\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.\n\n^ Cuenca del río Maule, 2004\n\n^ Oasis de la Campana, 2008\n\n^ C. Michael Hogan, 2008\n\n^ \"Escritores del Maule - Memoria Chilena\".\n\n^ \"Diccionario de autores de la región del Maule : Bio-bibliográfico y crítico - Memoria Chilena\".","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Another aerial view of Maule River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rio_Maule_aerial1.jpg/300px-Rio_Maule_aerial1.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Battle of the Maule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Maule"},{"title":"Ramal Talca-Constitución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramal_Talca-Constituci%C3%B3n"},{"title":"Founding of Talca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_Talca"}] | [{"reference":"\"Faluchos (30 Poetas Maulinos) Selección de Mario Meléndez. Editorial Magisterio, 2004\". Archived from the original on 2009-11-18. Retrieved 2012-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091118082339/http://letras.s5.com/mm211106.htm","url_text":"\"Faluchos (30 Poetas Maulinos) Selección de Mario Meléndez. Editorial Magisterio, 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.letras.s5.com/mm211106.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Singularidad hispana de Linares | Diario La Prensa\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105325/http://www.diariolaprensa.cl/actualidad/singularidad-hispana-de-linares/","url_text":"\"Singularidad hispana de Linares | Diario La Prensa\""},{"url":"http://www.diariolaprensa.cl/actualidad/singularidad-hispana-de-linares/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Escritores del Maule - Memoria Chilena\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=esritoresdelmaule","url_text":"\"Escritores del Maule - Memoria Chilena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diccionario de autores de la región del Maule : Bio-bibliográfico y crítico - Memoria Chilena\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0037551","url_text":"\"Diccionario de autores de la región del Maule : Bio-bibliográfico y crítico - Memoria Chilena\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maule_River¶ms=35_19_00_S_72_24_30_W_region:CL_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"35°19′00″S 72°24′30″W / 35.31667°S 72.40833°W / -35.31667; -72.40833"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091118082339/http://letras.s5.com/mm211106.htm","external_links_name":"\"Faluchos (30 Poetas Maulinos) Selección de Mario Meléndez. Editorial Magisterio, 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.letras.s5.com/mm211106.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105325/http://www.diariolaprensa.cl/actualidad/singularidad-hispana-de-linares/","external_links_name":"\"Singularidad hispana de Linares | Diario La Prensa\""},{"Link":"http://www.diariolaprensa.cl/actualidad/singularidad-hispana-de-linares/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=esritoresdelmaule","external_links_name":"\"Escritores del Maule - Memoria Chilena\""},{"Link":"http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/documento_detalle.asp?id=MC0037551","external_links_name":"\"Diccionario de autores de la región del Maule : Bio-bibliográfico y crítico - Memoria Chilena\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130706174845/http://mavut.utalca.cl//archivos/pdf/pedro_zamorano.pdf","external_links_name":"Universidad de Talca"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306000502/http://www.sinia.cl/1292/articles-31018_Maule.pdf","external_links_name":"Cuenca del río Maule"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121017013207/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82831","external_links_name":"Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080616093425/http://www.palms.cl/novedades-eng.php","external_links_name":"Oasis de la Campana: Wine Palm (2008)"},{"Link":"http://local.google.com/local?f=q&hl=en&q=Maule,+Chile&ie=UTF8&ll=-35.553108,-71.693516&spn=0.016969,0.039654&t=k&om=1","external_links_name":"Maule River and bridges (Pan American Highway and railway), Maule Region of Chile, north of San Javier"},{"Link":"http://local.google.com/local?f=q&hl=en&q=Maule,+Chile&ie=UTF8&ll=-35.698013,-71.267624&spn=0.135503,0.31723&t=k&om=1","external_links_name":"Maule River"},{"Link":"http://local.google.com/local?f=q&hl=en&q=Maule,+Chile&ie=UTF8&t=k&om=1&ll=-35.781057,-70.793152&spn=0.541448,1.268921","external_links_name":"Upper reaches of the Maule basin"},{"Link":"http://local.google.com/local?f=q&hl=en&q=Constituci%C3%B3n,+Chile&ie=UTF8&ll=-35.338514,-72.372608&spn=0.068056,0.158615&t=k&om=1","external_links_name":"Lower course of Maule river"},{"Link":"http://local.google.com/local?f=q&hl=en&q=Constituci%C3%B3n,+Chile&ie=UTF8&t=k&om=1&ll=-35.366586,-72.374539&spn=0.008504,0.019827","external_links_name":"Railway bridge over the Maule River"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315147693","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maule_River¶ms=35_19_00_S_72_24_30_W_region:CL_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"35°19′00″S 72°24′30″W / 35.31667°S 72.40833°W / -35.31667; -72.40833"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernbird | New Zealand fernbird | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Ecology","4 Breeding","5 Place in Māori culture","6 Conservation status","7 Notes","8 Gallery","9 References","10 External links"] | Species of bird
New Zealand fernbird
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Locustellidae
Genus:
Poodytes
Species:
P. punctatus
Binomial name
Poodytes punctatus(Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
Synonyms
Bowdleria punctataMegalurus punctatus
The New Zealand fernbird or simply fernbird (Poodytes punctatus) is an insectivorous bird endemic to New Zealand. In the Māori language, it is named kōtātā or mātātā.
Taxonomy
The New Zealand fernbird, Poodytes punctatus, was described by the French zoologists Jean Quoy and Joseph Gaimard in 1832 from a specimen collected in Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere, South Island, New Zealand. They coined the binomial name, Synallaxis punctata.
In the past, this species had the binomial names Bowdleria punctatus, and more recently, Megalurus punctatus. Recent moluecular phylogenetic studies of the grassbird family Locustellidae have shown that the genus Megalurus was not monophyletic, resulting in the New Zealand fernbird, and four other Australasian species, now considered to be in the genus Poodytes.
There are five subspecies of New Zealand fernbird present on different islands. They differ in extent of reddish-brown and intensity of streaking, as well as size:
Poodytes punctatus vealeae (Kemp, R, 1912) – North Island (New Zealand)
Poodytes punctatus punctatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) – South Island (New Zealand)
Poodytes punctatus stewartianus (Oliver, 1930) – Stewart Island (New Zealand)
Poodytes punctatus wilsoni (Stead, 1936) – Codfish Island (=Whenua Hou, west of Stewart Island, New Zealand)
Poodytes punctatus caudatus (Buller, 1894) – Snares Island (south of South Island, New Zealand)
The related Chatham fernbird (Poodytes rufescens), which became extinct around 1900, was sometimes treated as a subspecies of this species.
Description
The adult has a brown plumage streaked in black. The head, the upperparts and the brown wings are streaked blackish. The long graduated tail is a duller brown, with the rectrices darker. On the underparts, the chin, throat, breast and abdomen are whitish, finely mottled and also streaked blackish on the breast. The flanks, the sides of the chest and the subcaudal covers are brown and streaked blackish, more clearly on the flanks. On the head, the forehead and cap are brown.
The presence of a whitish eyebrow may be more or less clear. The auricular coverts are grey-brown with darker fine streaks that blend into the brown of the upperparts on the sides of the neck.
The beak is blackish, with the lower mandible more gray. The eyes are dark brown. Legs and toes are pinkish-brown. Both sexes are similar and the juvenile also looks like the adults.
The New Zealand fernbird is a rich brown above and white below, with brown spots on both the throat and breast. Early settlers called it the "swamp sparrow", no doubt because of its colouration. The tail feathers are thin, dark brown, and spine-like. The birds reach a length of 18 cm (7 in) ― as measured from tip of beak to end of tail. However, almost half of that is tail.
Ecology
New Zealand fernbird nest from the collection of Auckland Museum
The New Zealand fernbird is a ground-dwelling bird, and is a reluctant flier, travelling mainly on foot or in occasional short flights of less than 15 metres. In the 19th century, Walter Buller described it as "one of our most common" birds, but it has been adversely affected by the subsequent widespread destruction of its natural wetland habitat following European settlement and is now rare.
The New Zealand fernbird is present in Oceania, mainly in wet shrubby environments with swamps, peat bogs or ponds, plantation areas, temperate shrublands. It occupies an extremely wide area of occurrence at 657,000 km².
Field studies of the South Island fernbird showed they preferred shrubby habitats with low dense ground vegetation near an estuary margin.
The New Zealand fernbird is insectivorous. It feeds on caterpillars, larvae, beetles, flies and moths, as well as small spiders emerging from the cocoon. It sometimes consumes seeds and fruits.
Its song is a series of rapid whistles and clicks. The contact between the two partners is a duet, a characteristic "u-tick", that is, a sonorous "uu" for the male, to which the female answers with a high-pitched "tick". The calls are metallic. When disturbed or threatened, the male emits a typical "too-lit" and "di,di,di,di" repeated at a rapid pace.
Breeding
The birds nest in sedges or other vegetation close to the ground, making a deep woven cup of dried rushes lined with feathers. Breeding occurs from September to February, producing clutches of 2–3 pinkish-white eggs with brown or purple speckles. The Māori phrase "te whare o te mātātā" (a fernbird's house) describes a woven flax cape, made to keep out the weather; a testament to the design and strength of the nest.
Both adults incubate for about 13 days. The chicks are fed small insects by the parents. They leave the nest after 15–17 days and sometimes at 20–21 days after hatching. They can breed as early as 9 months of age. Pairs raise between 1 and 3 broods. Juveniles still depend on the parents for food for a few weeks after leaving the nest.
In a two-year field study, South Island fernbirds strongly defended their territories during the preebreeding and breeding seasons.
Place in Māori culture
Māori revered the fernbird as an "oracle" or "wise bird" (Manu tohu). The calls of the bird were interpreted as heralding success or failure in daily activities such as fishing, but on a more serious level they could also portend prosperity and health or disaster and death.
Conservation status
Although the population is in decline, it is considered by the IUCN as a species of Least Concern. According to the most recent Conservation status of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand, the subspecies have the following threat status:
Poodytes punctatus vealeae – North Island – Declining
Poodytes punctatus punctatus – South Island – Declining
Poodytes punctatus stewartianus – Stewart Island – Nationally Vulerable
Poodytes punctatus wilsoni – Codfish Island | Whenua Hou – Naturally Uncommon
Poodytes punctatus caudatus – Snares Island – Naturally Uncommon
New Zealand fernbird populations are affected by wetland drainage and rat predation. Positive short-term affects on fernbird breeding, and no negative affects, were documented in a 2021 study to control introduced mammalian predators.
Notes
^ Although the volume of the Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe has 1830 on the title page it was not published until 1832.
Gallery
References
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Poodytes punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103798407A118851189. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103798407A118851189.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "Megalurus punctatus". ITIS.
^ Quoy, Jean; Gaimard, Joseph Paul (1830). Dumont d'Urville, Jules (ed.). Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829: Zoologie (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: J. Tastu. p. 255.
^ Mlíkovský, Jiří (2012). "The dating of the ornithological part of Quoy and Gaimard's "Voyage de l'Astrolabe"". Zoological Bibliography. 2 (2&3): 59–69.
^ Olson, Storrs L. (1990-01-01). "Osteology and systematics of the fernbirds (Bowdleria; Sylviidae)". Notornis. 37 (3–4): 161–171.
^ Sibley, Charles G.; Ahlquist, Jon E. (1987-03-01). "The Relationships of Four Species of New Zealand Passerine Birds". Emu. 87 (1): 63–66. doi:10.1071/MU9870063.
^ Alström, Per; Cibois, Alice; Irestedt, Martin; Zuccon, Dario; Gelang, Magnus; Fjeldså, Jon; Andersen, Michael J.; Moyle, Robert G.; Pasquet, Éric; Olsson, Urban (2018-04-03). "Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (Locustellidae) reveals extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 367–375. doi:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2018.03.029. PMID 29625229.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Grassbirds, Donacobius, Malagasy warblers, cisticolas, allies". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^ a b c d "Fernbird | Mātātā | New Zealand Birds Online". nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
^ "New Zealand Fernbird". oiseaux-birds.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Poodytes rufescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728902A95000164. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728902A95000164.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "Mégalure matata Megalurus punctatus". oiseaux-birds.
^ "Mégalure matata". ebird.org.
^ a b c d e f "Wetlands of New Zealand; A Bitter-Sweet story", Janet Hunt, Random House, 2007
^ "Mégalure matata". aerien.ch.
^ "New Zealand Fernbird Poodytes punctatus". datazone.birdlife.
^ a b Barlow, Maida (1983-01-01). "Territories of South Island fernbirds". Notornis. 30 (3): 199–216.
^ "Mégalure matata". ebird.org.
^ "Poodytes punctatus". xeno-canto.
^ Christina, Troup (24 September 2007). "Wetland birds – Kingfishers and fernbirds – wetland margins". Te ara Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
^ "Mégalure matata Megalurus punctatus". oiseaux-birds.
^ "The Fernbird and the Kingfisher: | NZETC". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
^ "New Zealand Fernbird Poodytes punctatus". datazone.birdlife.
^ "New Zealand Fernbird". iucnredlist.
^ Robertson, Hugh Alexander; Baird, Karen A.; Elliott, Graeme; Hitchmough, Rod; McArthur, Nikki J.; Makan, Troy D.; Miskelly, Colin M.; O'Donnell, Colin; Sagar, Paul; Scofield, Richard Paul; Taylor, Graeme Arthur; Michel, Pascale (2021-12-01). "Conservation status of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2021". New Zealand Threat Classification Series.
^ "Fernbird/mātātā". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
^ Kilner, Claire; Kemp, Josh; Elliott, Graeme (2022-01-01). "Short term effects of an aerial 1080 operation on mātātā (South Island fernbird, Poodytes punctatus punctatus) in a South Island wetland". Notornis. 69 (4): 203–210.
Falla, R.A., Sibson, R.B., and Turbott, E.G. (1970). A Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-212022-4
Marshall, J., Kinsky, F.C., and Robinson, C.J.R. (1982). The Fiat Book of Common birds in New Zealand. Wellington: A.H. and A.W. Reed. ISBN 0-589-00759-9
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Megalurus punctatus.
http://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/fernbird
Poodytes punctatus discussed on RNZ Critter of the Week, 8 September 2023
vteBirds of New ZealandCommonbirds
Bellbird (korimako)
Black-billed gull (tarāpuka)
Brown creeper (pipipi)
Brown teal (pāteke)
Buff-banded rail (moho-pererū)
Dabchick (weweia)
Double-banded plover (pohowera)
New Zealand falcon (kārearea)
Fantail (pīwakawaka)
Grey warbler (riroriro)
Grey-faced petrel (ōi)
Sacred kingfisher (kōtare)
Long-tailed cuckoo (koekoeā)
Kererū
Pipit (pīhoihoi)
New Zealand dotterel (tūturiwhatu)
South Island robin
North Island robin
New Zealand scaup (pāpango)
Paradise shelduck (pūtangitangi)
Pūkeko
Rifleman (tītipounamu)
New Zealand rock wren (pīwauwau)
Shining cuckoo (pīpīwharauroa)
Silvereye (tauhou)
South Island oystercatcher (tōrea)
Spotted shag (pārekareka)
Tomtit (miromiro)
Tūī
Variable oystercatcher (tōrea pango)
White-fronted tern (tara)
Whitehead (pōpokotea)
Wrybill (ngutuparore)
Flightlessbirds
Great spotted kiwi (roroa)
Little spotted kiwi (kiwi pukupuku)
North Island brown kiwi (roroa)
Okarito kiwi (rowi)
Southern brown kiwi (tokoeka)
Yellow-eyed penguin (hoiho)
Kākāpō
South Island takahē
Fiordland penguin (tawaki)
Weka
Blue penguin (kororā)
Endangeredendemic birds(flying)
Black-fronted tern (tarapiroe)
Black stilt (kakī)
Blue duck (whio)
Fernbird (mātātā)
Foveaux shag
Kākā
Kea
North Island kōkako
South Island kōkako
New Zealand fairy tern (tara-iti)
New Zealand king shag (kawau tūī)
New Zealand storm petrel (takahikare)
Northern royal albatross
Otago shag (Matapo)
Orange-fronted parakeet (kākāriki karaka)
Red-billed gull (tarāpunga)
North Island saddleback (tīeke)
South Island saddleback (tīeke)
Shore plover (tūturuatu)
Stitchbird (hihi)
Yellowhead (mōhua)
Chatham Islands birds
Black robin (karure)
Chatham albatross (toroa)
Chatham gerygone
Chatham oystercatcher (tōrea)
Chatham parakeet
Chatham petrel (ranguru)
Chatham pigeon (parea)
Chatham shag (papua)
Chatham snipe
Magenta petrel (tāiko)
Pitt shag (kawau o rangihaute)
Subantarctic islands birds
Antipodean albatross (Toroa)
Auckland rail
Auckland shag
Auckland teal (tētē kākāriki)
Antipodes parakeet
Bounty shag
Campbell albatross
Campbell shag
Campbell teal
Erect-crested penguin (tawaki nana hī)
Reischek's parakeet
Snares snipe
Snares penguin (pokotiwha)
Subantarctic snipe (tutukiwi)
Extinctbirds
South Island piopio (piopio)
New Zealand bittern (kaoriki)
New Zealand quail (koreke)
Huia
Haast's eagle
Moa
North Island adzebill
South Island adzebill
Auckland Island merganser (rakiraki maungahuka)
Chatham Island merganser
Bushwren (mātuhituhi)
Long-billed wren
South Island stout-legged wren
North Island stout-legged wren
Lyall's wren
Chatham kākā
Laughing owl (whēkau)
Chatham penguin
Waitaha penguin
Eyles' harrier (kērangi)
North Island little spotted kiwi
North Island snipe
South Island snipe
Forbes's snipe
Snipe-rail
Imber's petrel
Scarlett's shearwater (ōiruki)
North Island takahē (moho)
New Zealand goose
Finsch's duck (manutahora)
New Zealand owlet-nightjar (ruru hinapō)
New Zealand musk duck
New Zealand swan (poūwa)
Portals: Birds New Zealand
Taxon identifiersMegalurus punctatus
Wikidata: Q25245111
BOW: fernbi1
eBird: fernbi1
GBIF: 5231391
iNaturalist: 144934
IRMNG: 11095567
ITIS: 561018
NZBO: fernbird
NZOR: cc528170-9a38-4761-ae32-62786e9cf308
Open Tree of Life: 964912
Paleobiology Database: 372526
Synallaxis punctata
Wikidata: Q25245108
GBIF: 11292335 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insectivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivore"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"Māori language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The New Zealand fernbird or simply fernbird (Poodytes punctatus) is an insectivorous bird endemic to New Zealand. In the Māori language, it is named kōtātā or mātātā.[2]","title":"New Zealand fernbird"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Jean Quoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Constant_Quoy"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gaimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul_Gaimard"},{"link_name":"Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Bay_/_Te_Tai-o-Aorere"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"moluecular phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"Locustellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locustellidae"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Stewart Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Island"},{"link_name":"Stead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_George_Stead"},{"link_name":"Codfish Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codfish_Island_/_Whenua_Hou"},{"link_name":"Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Buller"},{"link_name":"Snares Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snares_Islands_/_Tini_Heke"},{"link_name":"Chatham fernbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_fernbird"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The New Zealand fernbird, Poodytes punctatus, was described by the French zoologists Jean Quoy and Joseph Gaimard in 1832 from a specimen collected in Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere, South Island, New Zealand. They coined the binomial name, Synallaxis punctata.[3][a]In the past, this species had the binomial names Bowdleria punctatus,[5] and more recently, Megalurus punctatus.[6] Recent moluecular phylogenetic studies of the grassbird family Locustellidae have shown that the genus Megalurus was not monophyletic, resulting in the New Zealand fernbird, and four other Australasian species, now considered to be in the genus Poodytes.[7]There are five subspecies of New Zealand fernbird present on different islands.[8][9] They differ in extent of reddish-brown and intensity of streaking, as well as size:[10]Poodytes punctatus vealeae (Kemp, R, 1912) – North Island (New Zealand)\nPoodytes punctatus punctatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) – South Island (New Zealand)\nPoodytes punctatus stewartianus (Oliver, 1930) – Stewart Island (New Zealand)\nPoodytes punctatus wilsoni (Stead, 1936) – Codfish Island (=Whenua Hou, west of Stewart Island, New Zealand)\nPoodytes punctatus caudatus (Buller, 1894) – Snares Island (south of South Island, New Zealand)The related Chatham fernbird (Poodytes rufescens), which became extinct around 1900, was sometimes treated as a subspecies of this species.[11]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLONZ-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLONZ-15"}],"text":"The adult has a brown plumage streaked in black. The head, the upperparts and the brown wings are streaked blackish. The long graduated tail is a duller brown, with the rectrices darker. On the underparts, the chin, throat, breast and abdomen are whitish, finely mottled and also streaked blackish on the breast. The flanks, the sides of the chest and the subcaudal covers are brown and streaked blackish, more clearly on the flanks. On the head, the forehead and cap are brown.The presence of a whitish eyebrow may be more or less clear. The auricular coverts are grey-brown with darker fine streaks that blend into the brown of the upperparts on the sides of the neck.The beak is blackish, with the lower mandible more gray. The eyes are dark brown. Legs and toes are pinkish-brown. Both sexes are similar and the juvenile also looks like the adults.[12] [13]The New Zealand fernbird is a rich brown above and white below, with brown spots on both the throat and breast. Early settlers called it the \"swamp sparrow\", no doubt because of its colouration.[14] The tail feathers are thin, dark brown, and spine-like. The birds reach a length of 18 cm (7 in) ― as measured from tip of beak to end of tail. However, almost half of that is tail.[14]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowdleria_punctata_(AM_LB10379)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Auckland Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Walter Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Buller"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLONZ-15"},{"link_name":"destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLONZ-15"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"},{"link_name":"insectivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivore"},{"link_name":"caterpillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"},{"link_name":"moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"New Zealand fernbird nest from the collection of Auckland MuseumThe New Zealand fernbird is a ground-dwelling bird, and is a reluctant flier, travelling mainly on foot or in occasional short flights of less than 15 metres. In the 19th century, Walter Buller described it as \"one of our most common\"[14] birds, but it has been adversely affected by the subsequent widespread destruction of its natural wetland habitat following European settlement and is now rare.[14]The New Zealand fernbird is present in Oceania, mainly in wet shrubby environments with swamps, peat bogs or ponds, plantation areas, temperate shrublands.[15][9] It occupies an extremely wide area of occurrence at 657,000 km².[16]Field studies of the South Island fernbird showed they preferred shrubby habitats with low dense ground vegetation near an estuary margin.[17]The New Zealand fernbird is insectivorous. It feeds on caterpillars, larvae, beetles, flies and moths, as well as small spiders emerging from the cocoon. It sometimes consumes seeds and fruits.Its song is a series of rapid whistles and clicks. The contact between the two partners is a duet, a characteristic \"u-tick\",[9] that is, a sonorous \"uu\" for the male, to which the female answers with a high-pitched \"tick\". The calls are metallic. When disturbed or threatened, the male emits a typical \"too-lit\" and \"di,di,di,di\" repeated at a rapid pace.[18][19]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"incubate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_incubation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"}],"text":"The birds nest in sedges or other vegetation close to the ground, making a deep woven cup of dried rushes lined with feathers. Breeding occurs from September to February, producing clutches of 2–3 pinkish-white eggs with brown or purple speckles. The Māori phrase \"te whare o te mātātā\" (a fernbird's house) describes a woven flax cape, made to keep out the weather;[20] a testament to the design and strength of the nest.Both adults incubate for about 13 days. The chicks are fed small insects by the parents. They leave the nest after 15–17 days and sometimes at 20–21 days after hatching. They can breed as early as 9 months of age. Pairs raise between 1 and 3 broods. Juveniles still depend on the parents for food for a few weeks after leaving the nest.[21]In a two-year field study, South Island fernbirds strongly defended their territories during the preebreeding and breeding seasons.[17]","title":"Breeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLONZ-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLONZ-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Māori revered the fernbird as an \"oracle\" or \"wise bird\" (Manu tohu).[14] The calls of the bird were interpreted as heralding success or failure in daily activities such as fishing, but on a more serious level they could also portend prosperity and health or disaster and death.[14][22]","title":"Place in Māori culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"Least Concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-concern_species"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"drainage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage"},{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Although the population is in decline,[9] it is considered by the IUCN as a species of Least Concern.[23][24] According to the most recent Conservation status of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand,[25] the subspecies have the following threat status:Poodytes punctatus vealeae – North Island – Declining\nPoodytes punctatus punctatus – South Island – Declining\nPoodytes punctatus stewartianus – Stewart Island – Nationally Vulerable\nPoodytes punctatus wilsoni – Codfish Island | Whenua Hou – Naturally Uncommon\nPoodytes punctatus caudatus – Snares Island – Naturally UncommonNew Zealand fernbird populations are affected by wetland drainage and rat predation.[26] Positive short-term affects on fernbird breeding, and no negative affects, were documented in a 2021 study to control introduced mammalian predators.[27]","title":"Conservation status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"^ Although the volume of the Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe has 1830 on the title page it was not published until 1832.[4]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Fernbird_0A2A6479.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Fernbird_-_Okarito,_New_Zealand.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nest_of_Fern-bird_(Sphenaeacus_punctatus).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernbird.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowdleria_punctata_(Fernbird;_M%C4%81t%C4%81t%C4%81)_(48719489222).jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"New Zealand fernbird nest from the collection of Auckland Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bowdleria_punctata_%28AM_LB10379%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bowdleria_punctata_%28AM_LB10379%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Poodytes punctatus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103798407A118851189. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103798407A118851189.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103798407/118851189","url_text":"\"Poodytes punctatus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103798407A118851189.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103798407A118851189.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Megalurus punctatus\". ITIS.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=561018#null","url_text":"\"Megalurus punctatus\""}]},{"reference":"Quoy, Jean; Gaimard, Joseph Paul (1830). Dumont d'Urville, Jules (ed.). Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829: Zoologie (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: J. Tastu. p. 255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Constant_Quoy","url_text":"Quoy, Jean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul_Gaimard","url_text":"Gaimard, Joseph Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville","url_text":"Dumont d'Urville, Jules"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2064311","url_text":"Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829: Zoologie"}]},{"reference":"Mlíkovský, Jiří (2012). \"The dating of the ornithological part of Quoy and Gaimard's \"Voyage de l'Astrolabe\"\". Zoological Bibliography. 2 (2&3): 59–69.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54038142","url_text":"\"The dating of the ornithological part of Quoy and Gaimard's \"Voyage de l'Astrolabe\"\""}]},{"reference":"Olson, Storrs L. (1990-01-01). \"Osteology and systematics of the fernbirds (Bowdleria; Sylviidae)\". Notornis. 37 (3–4): 161–171.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308736","url_text":"\"Osteology and systematics of the fernbirds (Bowdleria; Sylviidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Sibley, Charles G.; Ahlquist, Jon E. (1987-03-01). \"The Relationships of Four Species of New Zealand Passerine Birds\". Emu. 87 (1): 63–66. doi:10.1071/MU9870063.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308727","url_text":"\"The Relationships of Four Species of New Zealand Passerine Birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU9870063","url_text":"10.1071/MU9870063"}]},{"reference":"Alström, Per; Cibois, Alice; Irestedt, Martin; Zuccon, Dario; Gelang, Magnus; Fjeldså, Jon; Andersen, Michael J.; Moyle, Robert G.; Pasquet, Éric; Olsson, Urban (2018-04-03). \"Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (Locustellidae) reveals extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 367–375. doi:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2018.03.029. PMID 29625229.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51670374","url_text":"\"Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (Locustellidae) reveals extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.YMPEV.2018.03.029","url_text":"10.1016/J.YMPEV.2018.03.029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29625229","url_text":"29625229"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). \"Grassbirds, Donacobius, Malagasy warblers, cisticolas, allies\". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/grassbirds/","url_text":"\"Grassbirds, Donacobius, Malagasy warblers, cisticolas, allies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fernbird | Mātātā | New Zealand Birds Online\". nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Retrieved 2024-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/fernbird","url_text":"\"Fernbird | Mātātā | New Zealand Birds Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Fernbird\". oiseaux-birds.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-new-zealand-fernbird.html","url_text":"\"New Zealand Fernbird\""}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Poodytes rufescens\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728902A95000164. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728902A95000164.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22728902/95000164","url_text":"\"Poodytes rufescens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728902A95000164.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728902A95000164.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Mégalure matata Megalurus punctatus\". oiseaux-birds.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/fiche-megalure-matata.html","url_text":"\"Mégalure matata Megalurus punctatus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mégalure matata\". ebird.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://ebird.org/species/fernbi1?siteLanguage=fr","url_text":"\"Mégalure matata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mégalure matata\". aerien.ch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aerien.ch/oiseaux/Megalurus_punctatus.php","url_text":"\"Mégalure matata\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Fernbird Poodytes punctatus\". datazone.birdlife.","urls":[{"url":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/103798407","url_text":"\"New Zealand Fernbird Poodytes punctatus\""}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Maida (1983-01-01). \"Territories of South Island fernbirds\". Notornis. 30 (3): 199–216.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308746","url_text":"\"Territories of South Island fernbirds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mégalure matata\". ebird.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://ebird.org/species/fernbi1?siteLanguage=fr","url_text":"\"Mégalure matata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poodytes punctatus\". xeno-canto.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xeno-canto.org/explore?query=Poodytes+punctatus","url_text":"\"Poodytes punctatus\""}]},{"reference":"Christina, Troup (24 September 2007). \"Wetland birds – Kingfishers and fernbirds – wetland margins\". Te ara Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/wetland-birds/page-11","url_text":"\"Wetland birds – Kingfishers and fernbirds – wetland margins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mégalure matata Megalurus punctatus\". oiseaux-birds.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/fiche-megalure-matata.html","url_text":"\"Mégalure matata Megalurus punctatus\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fernbird and the Kingfisher: | NZETC\". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 2024-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BesFore-t1-body-d2-d6-d22.html","url_text":"\"The Fernbird and the Kingfisher: | NZETC\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Fernbird Poodytes punctatus\". datazone.birdlife.","urls":[{"url":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/103798407","url_text":"\"New Zealand Fernbird Poodytes punctatus\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Fernbird\". iucnredlist.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103798407/118851189","url_text":"\"New Zealand Fernbird\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Hugh Alexander; Baird, Karen A.; Elliott, Graeme; Hitchmough, Rod; McArthur, Nikki J.; Makan, Troy D.; Miskelly, Colin M.; O'Donnell, Colin; Sagar, Paul; Scofield, Richard Paul; Taylor, Graeme Arthur; Michel, Pascale (2021-12-01). \"Conservation status of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2021\". New Zealand Threat Classification Series.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308704","url_text":"\"Conservation status of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fernbird/mātātā\". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2024-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/fernbird-matata/","url_text":"\"Fernbird/mātātā\""}]},{"reference":"Kilner, Claire; Kemp, Josh; Elliott, Graeme (2022-01-01). \"Short term effects of an aerial 1080 operation on mātātā (South Island fernbird, Poodytes punctatus punctatus) in a South Island wetland\". Notornis. 69 (4): 203–210.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308758","url_text":"\"Short term effects of an aerial 1080 operation on mātātā (South Island fernbird, Poodytes punctatus punctatus) in a South Island wetland\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103798407/118851189","external_links_name":"\"Poodytes punctatus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103798407A118851189.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103798407A118851189.en"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=561018#null","external_links_name":"\"Megalurus punctatus\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2064311","external_links_name":"Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829: Zoologie"},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54038142","external_links_name":"\"The dating of the ornithological part of Quoy and Gaimard's \"Voyage de l'Astrolabe\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308736","external_links_name":"\"Osteology and systematics of the fernbirds (Bowdleria; Sylviidae)\""},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308727","external_links_name":"\"The Relationships of Four Species of New Zealand Passerine Birds\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU9870063","external_links_name":"10.1071/MU9870063"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51670374","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (Locustellidae) reveals extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.YMPEV.2018.03.029","external_links_name":"10.1016/J.YMPEV.2018.03.029"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29625229","external_links_name":"29625229"},{"Link":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/grassbirds/","external_links_name":"\"Grassbirds, Donacobius, Malagasy warblers, cisticolas, allies\""},{"Link":"https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/fernbird","external_links_name":"\"Fernbird | Mātātā | New Zealand Birds Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-new-zealand-fernbird.html","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Fernbird\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22728902/95000164","external_links_name":"\"Poodytes rufescens\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728902A95000164.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728902A95000164.en"},{"Link":"http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/fiche-megalure-matata.html","external_links_name":"\"Mégalure matata Megalurus punctatus\""},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/fernbi1?siteLanguage=fr","external_links_name":"\"Mégalure matata\""},{"Link":"https://www.aerien.ch/oiseaux/Megalurus_punctatus.php","external_links_name":"\"Mégalure matata\""},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/103798407","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Fernbird Poodytes punctatus\""},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308746","external_links_name":"\"Territories of South Island fernbirds\""},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/fernbi1?siteLanguage=fr","external_links_name":"\"Mégalure matata\""},{"Link":"https://www.xeno-canto.org/explore?query=Poodytes+punctatus","external_links_name":"\"Poodytes punctatus\""},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/wetland-birds/page-11","external_links_name":"\"Wetland birds – Kingfishers and fernbirds – wetland margins\""},{"Link":"http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/fiche-megalure-matata.html","external_links_name":"\"Mégalure matata Megalurus punctatus\""},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BesFore-t1-body-d2-d6-d22.html","external_links_name":"\"The Fernbird and the Kingfisher: | NZETC\""},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/103798407","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Fernbird Poodytes punctatus\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103798407/118851189","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Fernbird\""},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308704","external_links_name":"\"Conservation status of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/fernbird-matata/","external_links_name":"\"Fernbird/mātātā\""},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124308758","external_links_name":"\"Short term effects of an aerial 1080 operation on mātātā (South Island fernbird, Poodytes punctatus punctatus) in a South Island wetland\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/fernbird","external_links_name":"http://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/fernbird"},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/collections/critter-of-the-week/audio/2018906111/critter-of-the-week-matata-nz-fernbird","external_links_name":"8 September 2023"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/fernbi1","external_links_name":"fernbi1"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/fernbi1","external_links_name":"fernbi1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5231391","external_links_name":"5231391"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/144934","external_links_name":"144934"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11095567","external_links_name":"11095567"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=561018","external_links_name":"561018"},{"Link":"https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/fernbird","external_links_name":"fernbird"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/cc528170-9a38-4761-ae32-62786e9cf308","external_links_name":"cc528170-9a38-4761-ae32-62786e9cf308"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=964912","external_links_name":"964912"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=372526","external_links_name":"372526"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/11292335","external_links_name":"11292335"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shree_Swami_ji_of_Pitambara_Peeth | Shree Swami ji of Pitambara Peeth | ["1 References"] | Shree Swami Ji Of Peetamabara Peetha was a Hindu ascetic who lived for most part of his life(??-1979) at the temple complex of Pitambara Peeth of Datia, in the Madhya Pradesh state of the central India.
His real name was Amriteshwar. There is a saying about him that he is from Uttar Pradesh,India.
There is no knowledge with certainty about his birth,community, native place and other information nor did he reveal it to any one symbolizing the greatest sort of sacrifice (a practice very common within Indian Ascetics). He was a devotee of the Goddess Bagalamukhi and is said to have performed a great many miracles for his devotees and others. He stopped in Datia on 9 July 1929 after a nationwide journey. He then established the main deity, Bhagwati Baglamukhi, in 1935 and observed penance for a period of 50 years until he left his earthly body (samadhi) on 2 June 1979, this time period was marked by a large number of events that showed his extraordinary knowledge way far over and above any intellectual human capacities. He is also famously remembered for the organization of the Brahm Yagna, a vaidik ritual which is believed to be performed on earth after Yudhishthir. His affection for the country was openly observed during the Sino-Indian War of 1962 to save India from a foreign attack.
Shree Swami Ji Maharaj was a scholar of music. Shastriya Sangeet or the Eastern music was well known to him.
He presented the real form of Shakt Sadhana before the world.
He was well versed in Vedas and upnishads.
References
www.shripitambarapeeth.in | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bagalamukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagalamukhi"},{"link_name":"Datia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datia"},{"link_name":"Yudhishthir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudhishthir"},{"link_name":"Sino-Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War"},{"link_name":"upnishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upnishads"}],"text":"His real name was Amriteshwar. There is a saying about him that he is from Uttar Pradesh,India.\nThere is no knowledge with certainty about his birth,community, native place and other information nor did he reveal it to any one symbolizing the greatest sort of sacrifice (a practice very common within Indian Ascetics). He was a devotee of the Goddess Bagalamukhi and is said to have performed a great many miracles for his devotees and others. He stopped in Datia on 9 July 1929 after a nationwide journey. He then established the main deity, Bhagwati Baglamukhi, in 1935 and observed penance for a period of 50 years until he left his earthly body (samadhi) on 2 June 1979, this time period was marked by a large number of events that showed his extraordinary knowledge way far over and above any intellectual human capacities. He is also famously remembered for the organization of the Brahm Yagna, a vaidik ritual which is believed to be performed on earth after Yudhishthir. His affection for the country was openly observed during the Sino-Indian War of 1962 to save India from a foreign attack.\nShree Swami Ji Maharaj was a scholar of music. Shastriya Sangeet or the Eastern music was well known to him.\nHe presented the real form of Shakt Sadhana before the world.\nHe was well versed in Vedas and upnishads.","title":"Shree Swami ji of Pitambara Peeth"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.shripitambarapeeth.in/","external_links_name":"www.shripitambarapeeth.in"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Miss_Fortune | Little Miss Fortune | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | For the video game, see Little Misfortune.
1917 American filmLittle Miss FortuneDirected byJoseph LeveringWritten byClarence J. HarrisProduced byLudwig G.B. ErbStarringMarian Swayne Lucile Dorrington Hugh Thompson Anna Day-PerryCinematographyJames RobertsonProductioncompanyErbograph CompanyDistributed byArt DramasRelease date
May 10, 1917 (1917-05-10)
Running time50 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilent English intertitles
Little Miss Fortune is a 1917 American silent comedy drama film directed by Joseph Levering and starring Marian Swayne, Lucile Dorrington and Hugh Thompson.
Cast
Marian Swayne as Sis
Lucile Dorrington as Flossie
Hugh Thompson as Jim
Bradley Barker as Ned
Anna Day-Perry
References
^ Connelly p.377
Bibliography
Robert B. Connelly. The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2. December Press, 1998.
External links
Little Miss Fortune at IMDb
This article related to an American film of the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Misfortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Misfortune"},{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Joseph Levering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levering"},{"link_name":"Marian Swayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Swayne"},{"link_name":"Lucile Dorrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucile_Dorrington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugh Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Thompson_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the video game, see Little Misfortune.1917 American filmLittle Miss Fortune is a 1917 American silent comedy drama film directed by Joseph Levering and starring Marian Swayne, Lucile Dorrington and Hugh Thompson.[1]","title":"Little Miss Fortune"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marian Swayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Swayne"},{"link_name":"Lucile Dorrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucile_Dorrington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugh Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Thompson_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Bradley Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Barker"},{"link_name":"Anna Day-Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Day-Perry&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Marian Swayne as Sis\nLucile Dorrington as Flossie\nHugh Thompson as Jim\nBradley Barker as Ned\nAnna Day-Perry","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Robert B. Connelly. The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2. December Press, 1998.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0176939/","external_links_name":"Little Miss Fortune"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Miss_Fortune&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hammitt | Matt Hammitt | ["1 Career","1.1 Solo album: Every Falling Tear","1.2 Compilations","1.3 Children's book","1.4 Podcast","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 EPs","3.3 Singles","4 References","5 External links"] | American musician
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Matt Hammitt" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Matt HammittHammitt in 2008Background informationBirth nameMatthew Daniel HammittBorn (1979-10-19) October 19, 1979 (age 44)Toledo, Ohio, U.S.GenresContemporary ChristianOccupation(s)Singer, songwriterInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active1996–presentLabelsFCMWebsitematthammitt.comMusical artist
Matt Hammitt (born October 19, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, speaker and author. He was the lead singer for Sanctus Real, which has released seven studio albums with Sparrow Records, toured internationally and released 14 top five and number one singles to Christian radio. Hammitt left Sanctus Real effective December 2015 to spend more time with his family. He also pursued a solo career. He has since released one solo album, Every Falling Tear.
Career
Hammitt has been the recipient of three Dove Awards, has been nominated for two Grammys for his work with Sanctus Real, and has received multiple awards from SESAC and ASCAP for radio chart performance. He has also co-written songs for other artists, including for King & Country, Francesca Battistelli, Jamie Grace, Newsong, Hawk Nelson, Moriah Peters, Jason Gray, Citizen Way and Love and the Outcome.
Hammitt is also currently a partner with FamilyLife Ministries out of Little Rock, Arkansas, as a speaker for their "Weekend to Remember" marriage retreats.
In July 2016, Hammitt partnered with Seth Mosley's Full Circle Music Company (FCM Records). Hammitt was first signed as a writer for FCM songs, followed by an album deal with FCM Records. His second solo album will be his debut for FCM and was to be released in early 2017.
Solo album: Every Falling Tear
In September 2010, Hammitt's wife gave birth to their third child, Bowen, who had a life-threatening heart defect. Leading up to Bowen's birth, Hammitt wrote his first solo album, Every Falling Tear (Sparrow Records). The album was released in September 2011, carrying the theme of trusting God in the darkest seasons of life.
Compilations
In Christ Alone: Modern Hymns of Worship with Bethany Dillon (2008) Sparrow
Empty (Disciples) - Dan Haseltine/ Matt Hammitt
Children's book
In March 2012, Tyndale House Publishers released a hardcover children's book, I Couldn't Love You More, which is based on a song from Hammitt's album Every Falling Tear and co-written by Jason Ingram.
Podcast
After leaving Sanctus Real, he and his wife launched a podcast called The Lead Me Lifecast, along with "LEAD ME LIVE" conferences and concert events. The events focused on building men, marriages and family. The Lead Me Lifecast is a podcast produced and hosted by Hammitt.
Personal life
Hammitt married Sarah Schooler in mid-2001. They have four children: Emerson Mae Hammitt, Claire Hammitt, Bowen Hammitt, and Luis Hammitt.
Discography
Albums
Year
Album details
Peak chart positions
USChrist.
USHeat
2011
Every Falling Tear
Release date: September 13, 2011
Label: Sparrow
Format: CD, digital download
26
29
2017
Matt Hammitt
Release date: November 17, 2017
Label: Full Circle Music
Format: CD, digital download
—
—
2020
Treetop
Release date: September 25, 2020
—
—
EPs
Living Room Sessions (Acoustic) - EP (January 25, 2019, Full Circle Music)
Singles
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
USChristian
USChristAirplay
2011
"All of Me"
11
11
Every Falling Tear
2017
"Tears"
40
31
Matt Hammitt
2019
"Whole Heart"(featuring Bowen Hammitt)
—
—
non-album single
References
^ Jesus Freak Hideout. "Matt Hammitt biography". Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ "The Best of the Lead Me Lifecast". MATT HAMMITT. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
^ Hammitt, Matt (2017). "Matt Hammitt Tears". daily.plaympe.com.
^ Hammitt, Matt (2017). "Matt Hammitt Signs with FCM Records". newreleasetoday.com.
^ McDonald, Madeline (2010). "Story Behind The Album". youtube.com.
^ Matt Hammitt and Bethany Dillon (March 11, 2008). "In Christ Alone: Modern Hymns Of Worship". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ McDonald, Madeline (2011). ""Empty" Compilation". youtube.com.
^ McDonald, Madeline (2012). Hard Copy "I Couldn't Love You More". Tyndale House Publishers. ISBN 978-1414367392.
^ Hammitt, Matt. "Lead Me Lifecast". matthammittmusic.com.
^ "Every Falling Tear". AllMusic. September 13, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ Wallace, Jerold (September 13, 2011). "Every Falling Tear". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ a b Billboard (January 27, 2012). "Matt Hammitt Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
^ Tremaine, Chase (November 16, 2017). "Matt Hammitt". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
^ "Treetop by Matt Hammitt". Retrieved October 15, 2020.
^ "Matt Hammitt Chart History - Hot Christian Songs". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
^ "Matt Hammitt - JesusFreakHideout Artist Profile". JesusFreakHideout. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Korea
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanctus Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctus_Real"},{"link_name":"Sparrow Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistMatt Hammitt (born October 19, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, speaker and author. He was the lead singer for Sanctus Real, which has released seven studio albums with Sparrow Records, toured internationally and released 14 top five and number one singles to Christian radio. Hammitt left Sanctus Real effective December 2015 to spend more time with his family. He also pursued a solo career. [2] He has since released one solo album, Every Falling Tear.","title":"Matt Hammitt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SESAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SESAC"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP"},{"link_name":"for King & Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_King_%26_Country_(band)"},{"link_name":"Francesca Battistelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Battistelli"},{"link_name":"Jamie Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Grace"},{"link_name":"Newsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsong"},{"link_name":"Hawk Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Moriah Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriah_Peters"},{"link_name":"Jason Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Gray_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Citizen Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Way"},{"link_name":"Love and the Outcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_the_Outcome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hammitt has been the recipient of three Dove Awards, has been nominated for two Grammys for his work with Sanctus Real, and has received multiple awards from SESAC and ASCAP for radio chart performance. He has also co-written songs for other artists, including for King & Country, Francesca Battistelli, Jamie Grace, Newsong, Hawk Nelson, Moriah Peters, Jason Gray, Citizen Way and Love and the Outcome.Hammitt is also currently a partner with FamilyLife Ministries out of Little Rock, Arkansas, as a speaker for their \"Weekend to Remember\" marriage retreats.[3][non-primary source needed]In July 2016, Hammitt partnered with Seth Mosley's Full Circle Music Company (FCM Records).[4] Hammitt was first signed as a writer for FCM songs, followed by an album deal with FCM Records. His second solo album will be his debut for FCM and was to be released in early 2017.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Solo album: Every Falling Tear","text":"In September 2010, Hammitt's wife gave birth to their third child, Bowen, who had a life-threatening heart defect. Leading up to Bowen's birth, Hammitt wrote his first solo album, Every Falling Tear (Sparrow Records).[5] The album was released in September 2011, carrying the theme of trusting God in the darkest seasons of life.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In Christ Alone: Modern Hymns of Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Christ_Alone:_Modern_Hymns_of_Worship"},{"link_name":"Bethany Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"In Christ Alone: Modern Hymns of Worship with Bethany Dillon (2008) Sparrow[6]\nEmpty (Disciples) - Dan Haseltine/ Matt Hammitt [7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ingram"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"Children's book","text":"In March 2012, Tyndale House Publishers released a hardcover children's book, I Couldn't Love You More, which is based on a song from Hammitt's album Every Falling Tear and co-written by Jason Ingram.[8][non-primary source needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"Podcast","text":"After leaving Sanctus Real, he and his wife launched a podcast called The Lead Me Lifecast, along with \"LEAD ME LIVE\" conferences and concert events. The events focused on building men, marriages and family. The Lead Me Lifecast is a podcast produced and hosted by Hammitt.[9][non-primary source needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hammitt married Sarah Schooler in mid-2001. They have four children: Emerson Mae Hammitt, Claire Hammitt, Bowen Hammitt, and Luis Hammitt.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Living Room Sessions (Acoustic) - EP (January 25, 2019, Full Circle Music)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jesus Freak Hideout. \"Matt Hammitt biography\". Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/MattHammitt.asp","url_text":"\"Matt Hammitt biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of the Lead Me Lifecast\". MATT HAMMITT. Retrieved September 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://matthammittmusic.com/lml","url_text":"\"The Best of the Lead Me Lifecast\""}]},{"reference":"Hammitt, Matt (2017). \"Matt Hammitt Tears\". daily.plaympe.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://daily.plaympe.com/matt-hammitt-tears/","url_text":"\"Matt Hammitt Tears\""}]},{"reference":"Hammitt, Matt (2017). \"Matt Hammitt Signs with FCM Records\". newreleasetoday.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newreleasetoday.com/news_detail.php?newsid=2009","url_text":"\"Matt Hammitt Signs with FCM Records\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Madeline (2010). \"Story Behind The Album\". youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_ELQl10OJs","url_text":"\"Story Behind The Album\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Hammitt and Bethany Dillon (March 11, 2008). \"In Christ Alone: Modern Hymns Of Worship\". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Dillon","url_text":"Bethany Dillon"},{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/InChristAloneModernHymnsOfWorship.asp","url_text":"\"In Christ Alone: Modern Hymns Of Worship\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Madeline (2011). \"\"Empty\" Compilation\". youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQbAJt95XCo","url_text":"\"\"Empty\" Compilation\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Madeline (2012). Hard Copy \"I Couldn't Love You More\". Tyndale House Publishers. ISBN 978-1414367392.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1414367392","url_text":"978-1414367392"}]},{"reference":"Hammitt, Matt. \"Lead Me Lifecast\". matthammittmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matthammittmusic.com/lml/","url_text":"\"Lead Me Lifecast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Every Falling Tear\". AllMusic. September 13, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://allmusic.com/album/every-falling-tear-r2231963","url_text":"\"Every Falling Tear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Jerold (September 13, 2011). \"Every Falling Tear\". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/EveryFallingTear.asp","url_text":"\"Every Falling Tear\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard (January 27, 2012). \"Matt Hammitt Album & Song Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved January 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/matt-hammitt/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Matt Hammitt Album & Song Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Tremaine, Chase (November 16, 2017). \"Matt Hammitt\". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/MattHammitt.asp","url_text":"\"Matt Hammitt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treetop by Matt Hammitt\". Retrieved October 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newreleasetoday.com/albumdetail.php?album_id=24277","url_text":"\"Treetop by Matt Hammitt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Hammitt Chart History - Hot Christian Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/matt-hammitt/chart-history/ico/","url_text":"\"Matt Hammitt Chart History - Hot Christian Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Hammitt - JesusFreakHideout Artist Profile\". JesusFreakHideout. Retrieved August 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/MattHammitt.asp","url_text":"\"Matt Hammitt - JesusFreakHideout Artist Profile\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Matt+Hammitt%22","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hammitt\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Matt+Hammitt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Matt+Hammitt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Matt+Hammitt%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Matt+Hammitt%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Matt+Hammitt%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://matthammitt.com/","external_links_name":"matthammitt.com"},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/MattHammitt.asp","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hammitt biography\""},{"Link":"http://matthammittmusic.com/lml","external_links_name":"\"The Best of the Lead Me Lifecast\""},{"Link":"http://daily.plaympe.com/matt-hammitt-tears/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hammitt Tears\""},{"Link":"http://www.newreleasetoday.com/news_detail.php?newsid=2009","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hammitt Signs with FCM Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_ELQl10OJs","external_links_name":"\"Story Behind The Album\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/InChristAloneModernHymnsOfWorship.asp","external_links_name":"\"In Christ Alone: Modern Hymns Of Worship\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQbAJt95XCo","external_links_name":"\"\"Empty\" Compilation\""},{"Link":"http://matthammittmusic.com/lml/","external_links_name":"\"Lead Me Lifecast\""},{"Link":"http://allmusic.com/album/every-falling-tear-r2231963","external_links_name":"\"Every Falling Tear\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/EveryFallingTear.asp","external_links_name":"\"Every Falling Tear\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/matt-hammitt/chart-history/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hammitt Album & Song Chart History\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/MattHammitt.asp","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hammitt\""},{"Link":"https://www.newreleasetoday.com/albumdetail.php?album_id=24277","external_links_name":"\"Treetop by Matt Hammitt\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/matt-hammitt/chart-history/ico/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hammitt Chart History - Hot Christian Songs\""},{"Link":"https://jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/MattHammitt.asp","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hammitt - JesusFreakHideout Artist Profile\""},{"Link":"http://matthammitt.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000356884098","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/187053959","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhtywhymGQrM3kDkWhpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011167673","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201301197","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/88619db7-56b5-47ea-911e-909fe200bf56","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_1._Slovensk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_hokejov%C3%A1_liga_season | 1969–70 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season | ["1 Regular season","1.1 Standings","2 Qualification to 1970–71 Czechoslovak Extraliga","3 References","4 External links"] | Sports season1969–70 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga seasonLeague 1. SNHLSportIce hockeyNumber of teams8Regular seasonLeague ChampionTJ LVS PopradSeasons1970–71 →
The 1969–70 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season was the 1st season of the 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga, the second level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia alongside the 1. Česká národní hokejová liga. 8 teams participated in the league, and TJ LVS Poprad won the championship.
Regular season
Standings
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
TJ LVS Poprad
28
21
3
4
117
67
+50
45
Champion
2
ŠK Liptovský Mikuláš
28
16
4
8
104
81
+23
36
3
VTJ Dukla Trenčín
28
13
2
13
121
99
+22
28
4
TJ ZVL Žilina
28
11
6
11
119
117
+2
28
5
TJ Slovan ChZJD Bratislava B
28
12
3
13
111
110
+1
27
6
TJ Spartak BEZ Bratislava
28
9
4
15
109
113
−4
22
7
TJ Iskra Smrečina Banská Bystrica
28
8
5
15
81
134
−53
21
8
VTJ Dukla Trnava
28
7
3
18
97
138
−41
17
Source: 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga
Qualification to 1970–71 Czechoslovak Extraliga
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
TJ Motor České Budějovice
6
5
1
0
31
9
+22
11
Qualify
2
TJ Baník ČSA Karviná
6
2
2
2
22
22
0
6
3
VTJ Dukla Písek
6
2
1
3
19
21
−2
5
4
TJ LVS Poprad
6
1
0
5
11
31
−20
2
Source: 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga
References
Drevený, Daniel (1995). Hokej 95 - Sprievodca hokejovou sezónou 1995/96. Šport press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 9788085742022.
External links
Season Archived 2010-02-15 at the Wayback Machine on avlh.sweb.cz (PDF)
Season on hokejpoprad.sk
vteSecond-level Czechoslovak ice hockey seasons2nd. Czechoslovak Hockey League
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1st. Czech National Hockey League
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1st. Slovak National Hockey League
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Slovensk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_hokejov%C3%A1_liga"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"1. Česká národní hokejová liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_hokejov%C3%A1_liga"},{"link_name":"TJ LVS Poprad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK_Poprad"}],"text":"The 1969–70 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season was the 1st season of the 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga, the second level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia alongside the 1. Česká národní hokejová liga. 8 teams participated in the league, and TJ LVS Poprad won the championship.","title":"1969–70 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//avlh.sweb.cz/CZ-1969-70-DS.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Standings","text":"Source: 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//avlh.sweb.cz/CZ-1969-70-DS.pdf"}],"text":"Source: 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga","title":"Qualification to 1970–71 Czechoslovak Extraliga"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Drevený, Daniel (1995). Hokej 95 - Sprievodca hokejovou sezónou 1995/96. Šport press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 9788085742022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788085742022","url_text":"9788085742022"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://avlh.sweb.cz/CZ-1969-70-DS.pdf","external_links_name":"1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga"},{"Link":"http://avlh.sweb.cz/CZ-1969-70-DS.pdf","external_links_name":"1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga"},{"Link":"http://avlh.sweb.cz/CZ-1969-70-DS.pdf","external_links_name":"Season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215055004/http://avlh.sweb.cz/CZ-1969-70-DS.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hokejpoprad.sk/historia/1969-1970_a.html","external_links_name":"Season"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcavelos_wine | Carcavelos DOC | ["1 History","2 Climate and geography","3 Grapes and winemaking","4 See also","5 References"] | Portuguese wine region
Wine regions of Portugal. Carcavelos is highlighted as region #4
Carcavelos is a Portuguese wine region centered on the Carcavelos municipality in Estremadura region and includes land near the cities of Cascais and Oeiras. The region has Portugal's highest wine classification as a Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC). Located at the very southern tip of the Estremadura region, the region has a long winemaking history dating back to the 18th century when Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal owned vineyards here. The region is known for its fortified wine production, creating off dry, topaz colored wines that have nutty aromas and flavors. While once a thriving wine region, world-renowned in the 19th century for its tawny colored fortified wine, in the modern era Carcavelos has been devastated by real estate development in the suburbs of the capital city of Lisbon and nearby coastal city of Estoril.
History
Despite establishing the mandate that Port wine should only come from the Douro, the Marquis of Pombal allowed grapes grown from his own estate in Carcavelos to be used by Port producers
While viticulture has likely existed in this region since Roman times, it was not until the Marquis of Pombal established the region as a winemaking center in the 18th century that Carcavelos came to be associated with wine. Pombal's actions were perhaps self-serving since he owned extensive vineyard on his estate in Oeiras. Prior to this, Pombal would sell his grapes to Port wine producers in the Douro, in violation of his own 1756 regulations establishing the Companhia Geral da Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro (General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro or C.G.A.V.A.D.) which aimed to guarantee the authenticity of Port by mandating that it be made completely from Douro grapes.
Pombal's estate eventually built a reputation for Carcavelos of fortified wine production. In the early 19th century, the wines were very popular with the British market in London, particularly at the auction houses. In 1908, the region was officially demarcated as Região Demarcada (an early precursor to the Denominação de Origem Controlada appellation system). However the 20th century has seen a rapid decline in viticulture in the region because of the urban sprawl expansion of the capital city of Lisbon and the nearby city of Estoril. By the turn of the 21st century only 25 acres (10 hectares) of vines remain, consisting mostly of what is left of Pombal's estate and two independent vineyards. In a fate similar to the other principal regions of the Lisboa VR-the Colares DOC and Bucelas DOC-there has been some spark of interest on the part of small independent winemakers to revive the historic legacy and indigenous grapes of the region so Carcavelos' fortunes may change in the future.
Climate and geography
Typical of the Estremadura, Carcavelos has a Mediterranean climate that is moderated by its close proximity to the mouth of the Tagus river.
Grapes and winemaking
Carcavelos can be a blend of up to nine different grapes. The principal grapes of the Carcavelos region includes Arinto, Boal, Galego Dourado, Negra Mole, Trincadeira and Torneiro . The wines are usually fermented completely dry with some fermenting must known as the vinho abafado containing some residual sugar set aside prior to the fermentation's completion. The wine is fortified with a distilled grape spirit to bring the wine up to an alcohol level of 18-20% and the vinho abafado is added back in to add sweetness to the wine. Carcavelos wines are then aged in oak barrels for three to five years to give the wines a tawny color and nutty flavor.
See also
List of Portuguese wine regions
References
^ a b T. Stevenson "The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" pg 330 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0-7566-1324-8
^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 203 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1-84000-332-4
^ a b c d J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 138 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
^ a b A. Domine (ed.) Wine, pg 676 Ullmann Publishing, 2008 ISBN 978-3-8331-4611-4. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_wine_map_highlight_Carcavelos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portuguese wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_wine"},{"link_name":"Carcavelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcavelos"},{"link_name":"Estremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisboa_VR"},{"link_name":"Cascais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascais"},{"link_name":"Oeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeiras_Municipality,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"Denominação de Origem Controlada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denomina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Origem_Controlada"},{"link_name":"winemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaking"},{"link_name":"Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_Marquis_of_Pombal"},{"link_name":"fortified wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_wine"},{"link_name":"off dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_dry_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sotheby_pg_330-1"},{"link_name":"development in the suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Estoril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoril"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_atlas_pg_203-2"}],"text":"Wine regions of Portugal. Carcavelos is highlighted as region #4Carcavelos is a Portuguese wine region centered on the Carcavelos municipality in Estremadura region and includes land near the cities of Cascais and Oeiras. The region has Portugal's highest wine classification as a Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC). Located at the very southern tip of the Estremadura region, the region has a long winemaking history dating back to the 18th century when Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal owned vineyards here. The region is known for its fortified wine production, creating off dry, topaz colored wines that have nutty aromas and flavors.[1] While once a thriving wine region, world-renowned in the 19th century for its tawny colored fortified wine, in the modern era Carcavelos has been devastated by real estate development in the suburbs of the capital city of Lisbon and nearby coastal city of Estoril.[2]","title":"Carcavelos DOC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O_marques_de_pombal,_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg"},{"link_name":"viticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Oeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeiras_Municipality,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Port wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"Douro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_138-3"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_(people)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"},{"link_name":"demarcated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcated"},{"link_name":"Região Demarcada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_Demarcada"},{"link_name":"appellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"viticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_138-3"},{"link_name":"Lisboa VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisboa_VR"},{"link_name":"Colares DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colares_DOC"},{"link_name":"Bucelas DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucelas_DOC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_pg_676-4"}],"text":"Despite establishing the mandate that Port wine should only come from the Douro, the Marquis of Pombal allowed grapes grown from his own estate in Carcavelos to be used by Port producersWhile viticulture has likely existed in this region since Roman times, it was not until the Marquis of Pombal established the region as a winemaking center in the 18th century that Carcavelos came to be associated with wine. Pombal's actions were perhaps self-serving since he owned extensive vineyard on his estate in Oeiras. Prior to this, Pombal would sell his grapes to Port wine producers in the Douro, in violation of his own 1756 regulations establishing the Companhia Geral da Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro (General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro or C.G.A.V.A.D.) which aimed to guarantee the authenticity of Port by mandating that it be made completely from Douro grapes.[3]Pombal's estate eventually built a reputation for Carcavelos of fortified wine production. In the early 19th century, the wines were very popular with the British market in London, particularly at the auction houses. In 1908, the region was officially demarcated as Região Demarcada (an early precursor to the Denominação de Origem Controlada appellation system). However the 20th century has seen a rapid decline in viticulture in the region because of the urban sprawl expansion of the capital city of Lisbon and the nearby city of Estoril. By the turn of the 21st century only 25 acres (10 hectares) of vines remain, consisting mostly of what is left of Pombal's estate and two independent vineyards.[3] In a fate similar to the other principal regions of the Lisboa VR-the Colares DOC and Bucelas DOC-there has been some spark of interest on the part of small independent winemakers to revive the historic legacy and indigenous grapes of the region so Carcavelos' fortunes may change in the future.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Tagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_pg_676-4"}],"text":"Typical of the Estremadura, Carcavelos has a Mediterranean climate that is moderated by its close proximity to the mouth of the Tagus river.[4]","title":"Climate and geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_138-3"},{"link_name":"Arinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arinto"},{"link_name":"Boal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boal_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Galego Dourado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galego_Dourado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Negra Mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negra_Mole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trincadeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincadeira"},{"link_name":"Torneiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torneiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sotheby_pg_330-1"},{"link_name":"fermented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermented_(wine)"},{"link_name":"residual sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_sugar"},{"link_name":"fortified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"distilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation"},{"link_name":"grape spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_spirit"},{"link_name":"alcohol level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_level"},{"link_name":"sweetness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness"},{"link_name":"oak barrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_barrels"},{"link_name":"tawny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_(color)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_138-3"}],"text":"Carcavelos can be a blend of up to nine different grapes.[3] The principal grapes of the Carcavelos region includes Arinto, Boal, Galego Dourado, Negra Mole, Trincadeira and Torneiro .[1] The wines are usually fermented completely dry with some fermenting must known as the vinho abafado containing some residual sugar set aside prior to the fermentation's completion. The wine is fortified with a distilled grape spirit to bring the wine up to an alcohol level of 18-20% and the vinho abafado is added back in to add sweetness to the wine. Carcavelos wines are then aged in oak barrels for three to five years to give the wines a tawny color and nutty flavor.[3]","title":"Grapes and winemaking"}] | [{"image_text":"Wine regions of Portugal. Carcavelos is highlighted as region #4","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Portuguese_wine_map_highlight_Carcavelos.jpg/300px-Portuguese_wine_map_highlight_Carcavelos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Despite establishing the mandate that Port wine should only come from the Douro, the Marquis of Pombal allowed grapes grown from his own estate in Carcavelos to be used by Port producers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/220px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Portuguese wine regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_wine_regions"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe_Award_for_Best_Play_winners | Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Play | ["1 Winners","1.1 1950-1999","1.2 2000-2012","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Play:
Winners
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2022)
1950-1999
Year
Writer(s)
Title
1950
Sidney Kingsley
Detective Story
1953
Frederick Knott
Dial M for Murder
1955
Agatha Christie
Witness for the Prosecution
1962
Frederick Knott
Write Me a Murder
1971
Anthony Shaffer
Sleuth
1980
Ira Levin
Deathtrap
1981
Paul Nathan
Ricochet
1982
Jerome Chodorov and Norman Panama
A Talent for Murder
1986
Rupert Holmes
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
1990
Larry Gelbart
City of Angels
1991
Rupert Holmes
Accomplice
1998
David Barr III
The Red Death
1999
John Pielmeier
Voices in the Dark
2000-2012
Year
Writer(s)
Title
Result
Ref.
2000
Joe DiPietro
The Art of Murder
Winner
2003
Philip DePoy
Easy
Winner
2005
Neal Bell
Spatter Pattern (Or, How I Got Away With It)
Winner
2006
Gary Earl Ross
Matter of Intent
Winner
2007
Steven Dietz
Sherlock Holmes: The Final Adventure
Winner
2008
Joseph Goodrich
Panic
Winner
2009
Ifa Bayeza
The Ballad of Emmett Till
Winner
2011
Sam Bobrick
The Psychic
Winner
2012
Ken Ludwig
The Game's Afoot
Winner
Jeffrey Hatcher
Sherlock Holmes and the Adventure of the Suicide Club
Shortlist
See also
Edgar Award
Mystery Writers of America
Category:Edgar Award winners
Category:Edgar Award winning works
References
^ "Prizes: The Edgar Winners". Shelf Awareness. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
^ "Awards: The Edgars; L.A. Times; Yale Drama Series". Shelf Awareness . 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
^ "Awards: The Edgars; Arthur C. Clarke Prize". Shelf Awareness. 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
^ "Awards: Edgars; Arthur C. Clarke". Shelf Awareness. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
^ "Mystery Writers of America Announces the 2009 Edgar Award Winners" (PDF). 2009-04-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
^ a b Cogdill, Oline. "2012 Edgar Award Winners". Mystery Scene Magazine. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
External links
The official website of Edgar Awards | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Play:","title":"Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Play"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1950-1999","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000-2012","title":"Winners"}] | [] | [{"title":"Edgar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Award"},{"title":"Mystery Writers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America"},{"title":"Category:Edgar Award winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Edgar_Award_winners"},{"title":"Category:Edgar Award winning works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Edgar_Award_winning_works"}] | [{"reference":"\"Prizes: The Edgar Winners\". Shelf Awareness. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2022-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=200","url_text":"\"Prizes: The Edgar Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_Awareness","url_text":"Shelf Awareness"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards: The Edgars; L.A. Times; Yale Drama Series\". Shelf Awareness . 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2022-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=426","url_text":"\"Awards: The Edgars; L.A. Times; Yale Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_Awareness","url_text":"Shelf Awareness"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards: The Edgars; Arthur C. Clarke Prize\". Shelf Awareness. 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2022-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=668","url_text":"\"Awards: The Edgars; Arthur C. Clarke Prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_Awareness","url_text":"Shelf Awareness"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards: Edgars; Arthur C. Clarke\". Shelf Awareness. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2022-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=913","url_text":"\"Awards: Edgars; Arthur C. Clarke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_Awareness","url_text":"Shelf Awareness"}]},{"reference":"\"Mystery Writers of America Announces the 2009 Edgar Award Winners\" (PDF). 2009-04-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2009-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120827143408/http://www.mysterywriters.org/files/2009_Edgar_Winners.pdf","url_text":"\"Mystery Writers of America Announces the 2009 Edgar Award Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.mysterywriters.org/files/2009_Edgar_Winners.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cogdill, Oline. \"2012 Edgar Award Winners\". Mystery Scene Magazine. Retrieved 2022-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mysteryscenemag.com/blog-article/2559-2012-edgar-award-winners","url_text":"\"2012 Edgar Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Scene_Magazine","url_text":"Mystery Scene Magazine"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Allan_Poe_Award_for_Best_Play&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=200","external_links_name":"\"Prizes: The Edgar Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=426","external_links_name":"\"Awards: The Edgars; L.A. Times; Yale Drama Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=668","external_links_name":"\"Awards: The Edgars; Arthur C. Clarke Prize\""},{"Link":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=913","external_links_name":"\"Awards: Edgars; Arthur C. Clarke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120827143408/http://www.mysterywriters.org/files/2009_Edgar_Winners.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mystery Writers of America Announces the 2009 Edgar Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.mysterywriters.org/files/2009_Edgar_Winners.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mysteryscenemag.com/blog-article/2559-2012-edgar-award-winners","external_links_name":"\"2012 Edgar Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://theedgars.com/","external_links_name":"The official website of Edgar Awards"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiara_scabra | Mieniplotia | ["1 Distribution and habitat","2 Description","3 References"] | Genus of gastropods
Mieniplotia
Shell of Mieniplotia scabra (specimen at MNHN, Paris)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Superfamily:
Cerithioidea
Family:
Thiaridae
Genus:
MieniplotiaLow & Tan, 2014
Type species
Buccinum scabrum O. F. Müller, 1774
Synonyms
Pseudoplotia Forcart, 1950 – not available: no description
Species:Buccinum scabrum O.F. Müller, 1774
Melania granum Branca, 1908
Plotia scabra (Müller, 1774)
Thiara scabra (Müller, 1774)
Tiara scabra Preston, 1915
Mieniplotia is a genus of freshwater snails in the family Thiaridae. It is monotypic, the sole species being Mieniplotia scabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).
Distribution and habitat
Mieniplotia scabra is coastal freshwater species that can also occur in brackish water. It occurs from the east coast of Africa to the south Pacific; it is considered invasive in parts of its range.
Description
Mieniplotia scabra has a rather small, somewhat ovoid-conical shell measuring 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in).
References
^ a b c Low, M.E.Y. & Tan, S.K. (2014). "Mieniplotia gen. nov. for Buccinum scabrum O.F. Müller, 1774, with comments on the nomenclature of Pseudoplotia Forcart, 1950, and Tiaropsis Brot, 1870 (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae)". Occasional Molluscan Papers. 3: 15–17.
^ a b Van Damme, D.; Budha, P.B. (2016). "Mieniplotia scabra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T166759A95546904. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T166759A95546904.en. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2023). "Mieniplotia Low & Tan, 2014". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
Lozouet, P. & Plaziat, J.-C., 2008 - Mangrove environments and molluscs, Abatan river, Bohol and Panglao islands, central Philippines, p. 1-160, 38 pls
Taxon identifiersMieniplotia
Wikidata: Q71775449
AFD: Mieniplotia
BOLD: 903946
CoL: 7P8YM
GBIF: 8167467
IRMNG: 11903426
NCBI: 2184159
Open Tree of Life: 7497179
WoRMS: 828966
Mieniplotia scabra
Wikidata: Q71775652
AFD: Mieniplotia_scabra
BOLD: 903947
CoL: 73KPB
GBIF: 7843893
iNaturalist: 781418
IUCN: 166759
NAS: 2644
NCBI: 2184160
Open Tree of Life: 6354209
WoRMS: 828967
This Thiaridae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"freshwater snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_snail"},{"link_name":"Thiaridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaridae"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-3"}],"text":"Mieniplotia is a genus of freshwater snails in the family Thiaridae. It is monotypic, the sole species being Mieniplotia scabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).[3]","title":"Mieniplotia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-2"}],"text":"Mieniplotia scabra is coastal freshwater species that can also occur in brackish water. It occurs from the east coast of Africa to the south Pacific; it is considered invasive in parts of its range.[2]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Low_&_Tan_2014-1"}],"text":"Mieniplotia scabra has a rather small, somewhat ovoid-conical shell measuring 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in).[1]","title":"Description"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Low, M.E.Y. & Tan, S.K. (2014). \"Mieniplotia gen. nov. for Buccinum scabrum O.F. Müller, 1774, with comments on the nomenclature of Pseudoplotia Forcart, 1950, and Tiaropsis Brot, 1870 (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae)\". Occasional Molluscan Papers. 3: 15–17.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/MieniplotiaGen.Nov.ForBuccinumScabrumO.f.Mller1774WithCommentsOn","url_text":"\"Mieniplotia gen. nov. for Buccinum scabrum O.F. Müller, 1774, with comments on the nomenclature of Pseudoplotia Forcart, 1950, and Tiaropsis Brot, 1870 (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae)\""}]},{"reference":"Van Damme, D.; Budha, P.B. (2016). \"Mieniplotia scabra\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T166759A95546904. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T166759A95546904.en. Retrieved 28 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/166759/95546904","url_text":"\"Mieniplotia scabra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T166759A95546904.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T166759A95546904.en"}]},{"reference":"Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2023). \"Mieniplotia Low & Tan, 2014\". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 28 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=828966","url_text":"\"Mieniplotia Low & Tan, 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/MieniplotiaGen.Nov.ForBuccinumScabrumO.f.Mller1774WithCommentsOn","external_links_name":"\"Mieniplotia gen. nov. for Buccinum scabrum O.F. Müller, 1774, with comments on the nomenclature of Pseudoplotia Forcart, 1950, and Tiaropsis Brot, 1870 (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae)\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/166759/95546904","external_links_name":"\"Mieniplotia scabra\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T166759A95546904.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T166759A95546904.en"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=828966","external_links_name":"\"Mieniplotia Low & Tan, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Mieniplotia","external_links_name":"Mieniplotia"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=903946","external_links_name":"903946"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7P8YM","external_links_name":"7P8YM"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8167467","external_links_name":"8167467"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11903426","external_links_name":"11903426"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2184159","external_links_name":"2184159"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7497179","external_links_name":"7497179"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=828966","external_links_name":"828966"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Mieniplotia_scabra","external_links_name":"Mieniplotia_scabra"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=903947","external_links_name":"903947"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/73KPB","external_links_name":"73KPB"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7843893","external_links_name":"7843893"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/781418","external_links_name":"781418"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/166759","external_links_name":"166759"},{"Link":"https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=2644","external_links_name":"2644"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2184160","external_links_name":"2184160"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6354209","external_links_name":"6354209"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=828967","external_links_name":"828967"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieniplotia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius_Montanus | Benito Arias Montano | ["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"] | Spanish orientalist, editor and polymath (1527–1598)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Arias and the second or maternal family name is Montano.
Benito Arias MontanoPortrait of Benito Arias Montano, by RubensBornBenedictus Arias Montanus1527Fregenal de la Sierra, Extremadura, SpainDied1598 (71 years)Seville, SpainResting placeIglesia del Priorato de Santiago de la Espada, SevilleNationalitySpanishEducationUniversities of Seville and AlcaláKnown forScholar, writerMovementOrientalist
Benito Arias Montano (or Benedictus Arias Montanus; 1527–1598) was a Spanish orientalist and polymath who was active mostly in Spain. He was also editor of the Antwerp Polyglot. He reached the high rank of Royal Chaplain to King Philip II of Spain. His work was censured by the Spanish Inquisition when rabbinical references were included into his Antwerp Polyglot Bible.
Biography
He was born at Fregenal de la Sierra, in Extremadura, and died at Seville. After studying at the universities of Seville and Alcalá, he took orders about the year 1559. He became a clerical member of the Military Order of St. James, and accompanied the Bishop of Segovia to the Council of Trent (1562) where he won great distinction.
On his return, he retired to a hermitage at Aracena whence he was summoned by King Philip II of Spain (1568) to supervise a new polyglot edition of the Bible, with the collaboration of many learned men. The work was issued from the Plantin Press (1572, 8 volumes) under the title Biblia sacra hebraice chaldaice, graece et latine, Philippi II regis catholici pietate et studio ad sacrosanctae Ecclesiae usum, several volumes being devoted to a scholarly apparatus biblicus. Arias was responsible for a large part of the actual matter, besides the general superintendence, and in obedience to the command of the king took the work to Rome for the approbation of Pope Gregory XIII.
Final Judgement by Johannes Wierix, illustration of the 'Humanae Salutis Monumenta' (1571)
León de Castro, professor of Semitic languages at Salamanca, to whose translation of the Vulgate Arias had opposed the original Hebrew text, denounced Arias to the Roman, and later to the Spanish Inquisition for having altered the Biblical text, making too liberal use of the rabbinical writings, in disregard of the decree of the Council of Trent concerning the authenticity of the Vulgate, and confirming the Jews in their beliefs by his Chaldaic paraphrases. After several journeys to Rome Arias was freed of the charges (1580) and returned to his hermitage, refusing the episcopal honours offered him by the king. He accepted, however, the post of a royal chaplain, but was only induced to leave his retirement for the purpose of superintending the Escorial library and of teaching Semitic languages.
He designed a world map which was included into his Antwerp Polyglot Bible which included texts in Greek, Latin and Hebrew. The map was influential in the history of Cartography as one of the first maps to include Tierra del Fuego as an island on South America.
Montano led the life of an ascetic, dividing his time between prayer and study. In addition to the works written in connection with the polyglot, the most celebrated of which is Antiquitatum judaicarum libri IX (Leyden, 1593), Arias left many commentaries on various books of the Bible; also: Humanae salutis monumenta (Antwerp, 1571); a Latin translation of the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, and other works on widely varying subjects. He was also celebrated as a poet, his verses being chiefly of a religious nature.
See also
History of theology
Orientalism
References
^ a b c Brown, Kevin J. Maps Through the Ages. White Star Publishers. p. 40.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Benedictus Arias Montanus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Rekers, B., Benito Arias Montano (1527–1598). Studies of the Warburg Institute, 33. London: Warburg Institute, University of London, 1972.
External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Arias Montano, Benito".
Arias Montano Bible 1571
Jewish Encyclopedia article
Benito Arias Montano. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi
Bibliography on Benito Arias Montano
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Australia
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Artists
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Polyglot"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Arias and the second or maternal family name is Montano.Benito Arias Montano (or Benedictus Arias Montanus; 1527–1598) was a Spanish orientalist and polymath who was active mostly in Spain. He was also editor of the Antwerp Polyglot. He reached the high rank of Royal Chaplain to King Philip II of Spain. His work was censured by the Spanish Inquisition when rabbinical references were included into his Antwerp Polyglot Bible.","title":"Benito Arias Montano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fregenal de la Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregenal_de_la_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Alcalá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares"},{"link_name":"Military Order of St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Segovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Segovia"},{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aracena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracena"},{"link_name":"polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot_(book)"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Plantin Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantin_Press"},{"link_name":"Biblia sacra hebraice chaldaice, graece et latine, Philippi II regis catholici pietate et studio ad sacrosanctae Ecclesiae usum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantin_Polyglot"},{"link_name":"approbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approbation_(Catholic_canon_law)"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johan_wierix-Humanae_salutis_monumenta-juicio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johannes Wierix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Wierix"},{"link_name":"León de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le%C3%B3n_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"rabbinical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"history of Cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascetic"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Benjamin of Tudela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He was born at Fregenal de la Sierra, in Extremadura, and died at Seville. After studying at the universities of Seville and Alcalá, he took orders about the year 1559. He became a clerical member of the Military Order of St. James, and accompanied the Bishop of Segovia to the Council of Trent (1562) where he won great distinction.[citation needed]On his return, he retired to a hermitage at Aracena whence he was summoned by King Philip II of Spain (1568) to supervise a new polyglot edition of the Bible, with the collaboration of many learned men. The work was issued from the Plantin Press (1572, 8 volumes) under the title Biblia sacra hebraice chaldaice, graece et latine, Philippi II regis catholici pietate et studio ad sacrosanctae Ecclesiae usum, several volumes being devoted to a scholarly apparatus biblicus. Arias was responsible for a large part of the actual matter, besides the general superintendence, and in obedience to the command of the king took the work to Rome for the approbation of Pope Gregory XIII.[citation needed]Final Judgement by Johannes Wierix, illustration of the 'Humanae Salutis Monumenta' (1571)León de Castro, professor of Semitic languages at Salamanca, to whose translation of the Vulgate Arias had opposed the original Hebrew text, denounced Arias to the Roman, and later to the Spanish Inquisition for having altered the Biblical text, making too liberal use of the rabbinical writings,[1] in disregard of the decree of the Council of Trent concerning the authenticity of the Vulgate, and confirming the Jews in their beliefs by his Chaldaic paraphrases. After several journeys to Rome Arias was freed of the charges (1580) and returned to his hermitage, refusing the episcopal honours offered him by the king. He accepted, however, the post of a royal chaplain, but was only induced to leave his retirement for the purpose of superintending the Escorial library and of teaching Semitic languages.[1]He designed a world map which was included into his Antwerp Polyglot Bible which included texts in Greek, Latin and Hebrew. The map was influential in the history of Cartography as one of the first maps to include Tierra del Fuego as an island on South America.[1]Montano led the life of an ascetic, dividing his time between prayer and study. In addition to the works written in connection with the polyglot, the most celebrated of which is Antiquitatum judaicarum libri IX (Leyden, 1593), Arias left many commentaries on various books of the Bible; also: Humanae salutis monumenta (Antwerp, 1571); a Latin translation of the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, and other works on widely varying subjects. He was also celebrated as a poet, his verses being chiefly of a religious nature.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Benedictus Arias Montanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Benedictus_Arias_Montanus"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Benedictus Arias Montanus\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nRekers, B., Benito Arias Montano (1527–1598). Studies of the Warburg Institute, 33. London: Warburg Institute, University of London, 1972.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Final Judgement by Johannes Wierix, illustration of the 'Humanae Salutis Monumenta' (1571)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Johan_wierix-Humanae_salutis_monumenta-juicio.jpg/220px-Johan_wierix-Humanae_salutis_monumenta-juicio.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History of theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_theology"},{"title":"Orientalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"}] | [{"reference":"Brown, Kevin J. Maps Through the Ages. White Star Publishers. p. 40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Benedictus Arias Montanus\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Benedictus_Arias_Montanus","url_text":"Benedictus Arias Montanus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bibelarchiv-vegelahn.de/griechisch.htm#Montanus_Arias","external_links_name":"Arias Montano Bible 1571"},{"Link":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1759-arias-montanus-benedictus","external_links_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151030082238/http://www.larramendi.es/i18n/consulta_aut/registro.cmd?id=3139","external_links_name":"Benito Arias Montano. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28205947_Bibliografia_sobre_el_humanista_Benito_Arias_Montano","external_links_name":"Bibliography on Benito Arias Montano"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/181391/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122760789","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7399844","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbCJ6rXV7ccRqvkTcXGHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2077283","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX980877","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11989535q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11989535q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511496806706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119049392","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV044365","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257972205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14069879","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86068040","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/xv8b5s2g0b457p7","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2008458720&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35924546","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000710618&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069936196","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810616520205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/7015","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/25713","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500313519","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119049392.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1147971","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dz0dks","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027965406","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski | Koźmin Wielkopolski | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Gallery","4 People","5 References"] | Coordinates: 51°49′26″N 17°27′19″E / 51.82389°N 17.45528°E / 51.82389; 17.45528Place in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandKoźmin WielkopolskiChurch of Saint Stanislaus
FlagCoat of armsKoźmin WielkopolskiCoordinates: 51°49′26″N 17°27′19″E / 51.82389°N 17.45528°E / 51.82389; 17.45528Country PolandVoivodeshipGreater PolandCountyKrotoszynGminaKoźmin WielkopolskiFirst mentioned1232Town rightsca. 1251-1283Area • Total5.86 km2 (2.26 sq mi)Population (2010) • Total6,678 • Density1,100/km2 (3,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code63-720ClimateCfbWebsitehttp://www.kozminwlkp.pl/
Koźmin Wielkopolski () is a town in Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 6,678 inhabitants according to the 2010 census. It is the seat of the Koźmin Wielkopolski urban-rural gmina, which has a population of 13,739 people as of 2010. Until January 1, 1997, the town's official name was "Koźmin"; "Wielkopolski" was then added to the name.
History
Koźmin Wielkopolski Castle, now a museum
A medieval Polish settlement existed at the site as early as the 12th century. The oldest known mention of Koźmin comes from 1232, it was a village owned by the Knights Templar. It was granted town rights between 1251 and 1283. In 1338, King Casimir III the Great gave the town to Maćko Borowiec, who built a castle there. The castle, located along present-day Zamkowa Street, is still in use today; it houses a school and the Muzeum Ziemi Koźminskiej (Museum of the Koźmin Land).
Koźmin was a private town located in the Pyzdry County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. The town changed owners several times; it was the property of the Górkas, a prominent Greater Poland family, in the 16th century, and later belonged to the Sapieha family. It was considered one of the most powerful towns in Greater Poland in the 15th and 16th century. Koźmin prospered through trade and crafts. In the 17th century it was a local Reformation center.
After the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793, it was annexed by Prussia. Regained by Poles after the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was included in the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, in 1815 it was re-annexed by Prussia. The Poles took part both in the unsuccessful Greater Poland uprising of 1848 and the victorious Greater Poland uprising of 1918–1919, after which Kobylin was integrated with Poland, shortly after it regained independence.
During World War II, Koźmin Wielkopolski was under German occupation from 6 September 1939 to 23 January 1945. In 1939–1940, the German gendarmerie carried out expulsions of Poles, who were deported to the General Government in the more-eastern part of German-occupied Poland, while their houses, shops and workshops were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. The occupiers operated a Nazi prison for women in the town. The Polish resistance was active in Koźmin. The Orły ("Eagles") Polish underground newspaper was printed in Koźmin, and distributed in Koźmin and other nearby towns. Janusz Podlewski, commander of the local unit of the Home Army, was arrested by the Gestapo in July 1944, and then imprisoned in various prisons and the Mauthausen concentration camp, where he was liberated by American troops.
One of the best-preserved Jewish cemeteries in Greater Poland is located in Koźmin Wielkopolski, along Wierzbowa Street. It includes more than 250 graves, dating back as far as 1806. The cemetery is maintained by a local teacher, Jerzy Fornalik, who is also the author of a multicultural education program, "Anty-Schematy," for students from Poland, Israel, Germany, and other countries.
A former women's prison from World War II, which housed female political prisoners under the Nazi occupation, is located along present-day Klasztorna Street. Currently a youth education center is located in the building. Some of the prisoners are buried in a mass grave, commemorated by a monument, in the cemetery along Poznańska Street.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%18112,039— 18373,439+68.7%18433,406−1.0%18713,595+5.5%18804,183+16.4%18904,358+4.2%19004,651+6.7%YearPop.±%19105,091+9.5%19214,999−1.8%19315,450+9.0%19395,650+3.7%19505,396−4.5%19605,890+9.2%20106,678+13.4%Source:
Gallery
Holy Cross church
Saint Lawrence church
Palace
Municipal Park
Historic bank building
People
Stanislaus von Kalckreuth (1820-1894), German painter
References
^ a b Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym w 2010 r. (PDF) (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2011. p. 104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011.
^ "Rocznik Demograficzny/Demographic Yearbook 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13.
^ a b c d e "Koźmin Wielkopolski - Dzieje Miast". Region Wielkopolska (in Polish). Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ D. Bandosz, ed. (2006). Monografia Koźmina Wielkopolskiego i okolic (in Polish). Poznań.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Muzeum Ziemi Koźmińskiej" (in Polish).
^ Atlas historyczny Polski. Wielkopolska w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 2017. p. 1b.
^ a b "Local History". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 152, 192. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.
^ Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945 (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. 1998. p. 73. ISBN 83-85003-97-5.
^ Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945. p. 409.
^ Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945. p. 446.
^ "Local History" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
^ "Koźmin Wielkopolski" (in Polish).
^ "Antyschematy" (in Polish).
^ "Herb i flaga" (in Polish).
^ Plater, Leon (1846). Opisanie historyczno-statystyczne Wielkiego Księztwa Poznańskiego (in Polish). Lipsk: Księgarnia Zagraniczna. p. 239.
^ Wiadomości Statystyczne Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (in Polish). Vol. X. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1932. p. 196.
^ Dokumentacja Geograficzna (in Polish). Vol. 3/4. Warszawa: Instytut Geografii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 1967. p. 22.
vteGmina Koźmin WielkopolskiTown and seat
Koźmin Wielkopolski
Villages
Biały Dwór
Borzęcice
Borzęciczki
Cegielnia
Czarny Sad
Dębiogóra
Dębówiec
Dymacz
Gałązki
Góreczki
Gościejew
Józefów
Kaniew
Klatka
Lipowiec
Mogiłka
Mokronos
Mycielin
Nowa Obra
Orla
Orlinka
Paniwola
Pogorzałki Małe
Pogorzałki Wielkie
Psie Pole
Sapieżyn
Serafinów
Skałów
Staniew
Stara Obra
Suśnia
Szymanów
Tatary
Walerianów
Wałków
Wrotków
Wyrębin
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈkɔʑmʲin vʲɛlkɔˈpɔlskʲi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Krotoszyn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krotoszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Koźmin Wielkopolski urban-rural gmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Place in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandKoźmin Wielkopolski ([ˈkɔʑmʲin vʲɛlkɔˈpɔlskʲi]) is a town in Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 6,678 inhabitants according to the 2010 census. It is the seat of the Koźmin Wielkopolski urban-rural gmina, which has a population of 13,739 people as of 2010[update].[2] Until January 1, 1997, the town's official name was \"Koźmin\"; \"Wielkopolski\" was then added to the name.","title":"Koźmin Wielkopolski"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kozmin2_(js).jpg"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-3"},{"link_name":"town rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_rights"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-3"},{"link_name":"Casimir III the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"private town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_town"},{"link_name":"Kalisz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisz_Voivodeship_(1314%E2%80%931793)"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Province,_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapieha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-3"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vs-7"},{"link_name":"Second Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland uprising of 1806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-3"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland uprising of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland uprising of 1918–1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%9319)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vs-7"},{"link_name":"expulsions of Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Lebensraum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Polish resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Polish underground newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_underground_press"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Koźmin Wielkopolski Castle, now a museumA medieval Polish settlement existed at the site as early as the 12th century. The oldest known mention of Koźmin comes from 1232, it was a village owned by the Knights Templar.[3] It was granted town rights between 1251 and 1283.[3] In 1338, King Casimir III the Great gave the town to Maćko Borowiec, who built a castle there.[4] The castle, located along present-day Zamkowa Street, is still in use today; it houses a school and the Muzeum Ziemi Koźminskiej (Museum of the Koźmin Land).[5]Koźmin was a private town located in the Pyzdry County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.[6] The town changed owners several times; it was the property of the Górkas, a prominent Greater Poland family, in the 16th century, and later belonged to the Sapieha family. It was considered one of the most powerful towns in Greater Poland in the 15th and 16th century.[3] Koźmin prospered through trade and crafts. In the 17th century it was a local Reformation center.[7]After the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793, it was annexed by Prussia. Regained by Poles after the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was included in the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, in 1815 it was re-annexed by Prussia.[3] The Poles took part both in the unsuccessful Greater Poland uprising of 1848 and the victorious Greater Poland uprising of 1918–1919, after which Kobylin was integrated with Poland, shortly after it regained independence.[3]During World War II, Koźmin Wielkopolski was under German occupation from 6 September 1939 to 23 January 1945.[7] In 1939–1940, the German gendarmerie carried out expulsions of Poles, who were deported to the General Government in the more-eastern part of German-occupied Poland, while their houses, shops and workshops were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.[8] The occupiers operated a Nazi prison for women in the town.[9] The Polish resistance was active in Koźmin. The Orły (\"Eagles\") Polish underground newspaper was printed in Koźmin, and distributed in Koźmin and other nearby towns.[10] Janusz Podlewski, commander of the local unit of the Home Army, was arrested by the Gestapo in July 1944, and then imprisoned in various prisons and the Mauthausen concentration camp, where he was liberated by American troops.[11]One of the best-preserved Jewish cemeteries in Greater Poland is located in Koźmin Wielkopolski, along Wierzbowa Street. It includes more than 250 graves, dating back as far as 1806.[12][13] The cemetery is maintained by a local teacher, Jerzy Fornalik, who is also the author of a multicultural education program, \"Anty-Schematy,\" for students from Poland, Israel, Germany, and other countries.[14]A former women's prison from World War II, which housed female political prisoners under the Nazi occupation, is located along present-day Klasztorna Street. Currently a youth education center is located in the building. Some of the prisoners are buried in a mass grave, commemorated by a monument, in the cemetery along Poznańska Street.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski._Greater_Poland._the_Holy_Cross_church.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_par._p.w._NMP_i_%C5%9Bw._Wawrzy%C5%84ca.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Widok_od_strony_wej%C5%9Bcia_na_strzelnic%C4%99..JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski_park_im._Wojska_Polskiego_fragment_25._08._2013_p.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski_ul._Borecka_22_25._08._2013_p2.jpg"}],"text":"Holy Cross church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Lawrence church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMunicipal Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHistoric bank building","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanislaus von Kalckreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_von_Kalckreuth"}],"text":"Stanislaus von Kalckreuth (1820-1894), German painter","title":"People"}] | [{"image_text":"Koźmin Wielkopolski Castle, now a museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kozmin2_%28js%29.jpg/170px-Kozmin2_%28js%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym w 2010 r. (PDF) (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2011. p. 104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152513/https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_l_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2010.pdf","url_text":"Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym w 2010 r."},{"url":"https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_l_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rocznik Demograficzny/Demographic Yearbook 2011\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120813022320/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/sy_demographic_yearbook_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Rocznik Demograficzny/Demographic Yearbook 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/sy_demographic_yearbook_2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Koźmin Wielkopolski - Dzieje Miast\". Region Wielkopolska (in Polish). Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://regionwielkopolska.pl/dzieje-wielkopolski/dzieje-miast/kozmin-wielkopolski.html","url_text":"\"Koźmin Wielkopolski - Dzieje Miast\""}]},{"reference":"D. Bandosz, ed. (2006). Monografia Koźmina Wielkopolskiego i okolic (in Polish). Poznań.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Muzeum Ziemi Koźmińskiej\" (in Polish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kozminwlkp.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40&Itemid=152","url_text":"\"Muzeum Ziemi Koźmińskiej\""}]},{"reference":"Atlas historyczny Polski. Wielkopolska w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 2017. p. 1b.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"Polskiej Akademii Nauk"}]},{"reference":"\"Local History\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112940/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/kozmin-wielkopolski/3,local-history/","url_text":"\"Local History\""},{"url":"http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/kozmin-wielkopolski/3,local-history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 152, 192. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"IPN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-174-4","url_text":"978-83-8098-174-4"}]},{"reference":"Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945 (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. 1998. p. 73. ISBN 83-85003-97-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85003-97-5","url_text":"83-85003-97-5"}]},{"reference":"Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945. p. 409.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945. p. 446.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Local History\" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202338/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/kozmin-wielkopolski/12,cemeteries/25622,nowy-cmentarz-w-kozminie-wielkopolskim/","url_text":"\"Local History\""},{"url":"http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/kozmin-wielkopolski/12,cemeteries/25622,nowy-cmentarz-w-kozminie-wielkopolskim/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Koźmin Wielkopolski\" (in Polish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kirkuty.xip.pl/kozminwlkp.htm","url_text":"\"Koźmin Wielkopolski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antyschematy\" (in Polish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antyschematy.pl/","url_text":"\"Antyschematy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herb i flaga\" (in Polish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kozminwlkp.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=141","url_text":"\"Herb i flaga\""}]},{"reference":"Plater, Leon (1846). Opisanie historyczno-statystyczne Wielkiego Księztwa Poznańskiego (in Polish). Lipsk: Księgarnia Zagraniczna. p. 239.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wiadomości Statystyczne Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (in Polish). Vol. X. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1932. p. 196.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dokumentacja Geograficzna (in Polish). Vol. 3/4. Warszawa: Instytut Geografii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 1967. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"Polskiej Akademii Nauk"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski¶ms=51_49_26_N_17_27_19_E_region:PL_type:city(6678)","external_links_name":"51°49′26″N 17°27′19″E / 51.82389°N 17.45528°E / 51.82389; 17.45528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski¶ms=51_49_26_N_17_27_19_E_region:PL_type:city(6678)","external_links_name":"51°49′26″N 17°27′19″E / 51.82389°N 17.45528°E / 51.82389; 17.45528"},{"Link":"http://www.kozminwlkp.pl/","external_links_name":"http://www.kozminwlkp.pl/"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152513/https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_l_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym w 2010 r."},{"Link":"https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_l_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120813022320/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/sy_demographic_yearbook_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rocznik Demograficzny/Demographic Yearbook 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/sy_demographic_yearbook_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://regionwielkopolska.pl/dzieje-wielkopolski/dzieje-miast/kozmin-wielkopolski.html","external_links_name":"\"Koźmin Wielkopolski - Dzieje Miast\""},{"Link":"http://www.kozminwlkp.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40&Itemid=152","external_links_name":"\"Muzeum Ziemi Koźmińskiej\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112940/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/kozmin-wielkopolski/3,local-history/","external_links_name":"\"Local History\""},{"Link":"http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/kozmin-wielkopolski/3,local-history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202338/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/kozmin-wielkopolski/12,cemeteries/25622,nowy-cmentarz-w-kozminie-wielkopolskim/","external_links_name":"\"Local History\""},{"Link":"http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/kozmin-wielkopolski/12,cemeteries/25622,nowy-cmentarz-w-kozminie-wielkopolskim/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kirkuty.xip.pl/kozminwlkp.htm","external_links_name":"\"Koźmin Wielkopolski\""},{"Link":"http://www.antyschematy.pl/","external_links_name":"\"Antyschematy\""},{"Link":"http://www.kozminwlkp.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=141","external_links_name":"\"Herb i flaga\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158442144","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGR4VWVw7vKmJyc7VV4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5195132-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533330505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96093554","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/fcbf5992-fe98-4297-aac7-d193a16b33db","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurica_%C5%BDu%C5%BEa | Jurica Žuža | ["1 Professional career","2 Coaching career","3 References","4 External links"] | Croatian basketball player and coach
Jurica ŽužaŽuža with Lietkabelis in 2015PBC Lokomotiv KubanPositionAssistant coachLeagueVTB United LeaguePersonal informationBorn (1978-04-04) 4 April 1978 (age 46)Podgradina near Zadar, SR Croatia, SFR YugoslaviaNationalityCroatianListed height6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)Career informationNBA draft2000: undraftedPlaying career1996–2016PositionCenterCareer historyAs player:1996–1998Zadar1998–1999Svjetlost Brod1999–2000Zadar2000–2001Šanac Karlovac2001–2002Iraklio2002–2003Panathinaikos2003–2004Ionikos2004–2005Crabs Rimini2005–2007Cibona2007Rethymno2007–2008Cedevita2008–2009Poltava2009–2011Kryvbasbasket2011Zadar2011–2012Tofaş2012–2013Trabzonspor2013–2014Al Rayan2014–2016Lietkabelis PanevėžysAs coach:2016–2017Lietkabelis Panevėžys (assistant)2017–2020Neptūnas Klaipėda (assistant)2020Neptūnas Klaipėda2021–2022Nymburk (assistant)2022–presentLokomotiv Kuban (assistant)
Career highlights and awards
Greek League champion (2003)
2× Croatian League champion (2006, 2007)
Turkish Second League champion (2013)
2× Croatian Cup winner (1998, 2000)
Greek Cup winner (2003)
Croatian League rebound leader (2001)
Medals
Men’s basketball
Representing Croatia
European U-18 Championship
1996 France
Under-18
Jurica Žuža (born April 4, 1978) is a Croatian basketball coach and former basketball player serving as assistant coach for Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League.
Professional career
Žuža started his professional career at Zadar under coach Danijel Jusup. After two years spent in the club and winning the 1998 Croatian Cup (first trophy for Zadar in independent Croatia), he played in Svjetlost Brod and then again in Zadar winning another Cup in 2000. After spending a season in Šanac Karlovac Žuža moved abroad to the Greek Iraklio. After that he spent a season in Panathinaikos coached by Željko Obradović during which he won the Greek League and Cup. He later spent a season in the Greek Ionikos and Italian Crabs Rimini before playing two and a half seasons for Cibona during which he became the Croatian League champion twice. After playing for the Greek Rethymno, Croatian Cedevita, Polish Poltava and Ukrainian Kryvbasbasket, during the 2010–11 season Žuža shortly again played for Zadar. Then he went to the Turkish Tofaş from Bursa and then to Trabzonspor, with whom he won the Turkish Second League. From there Žuža went to the Qatari Al Rayan, and in 2014 he made his final transfer to Lietkabelis where he played the last two seasons of his professional career. In the last season of his 20-year professional playing career Žuža helped his club win third place in the 2015–16 Baltic League.
Coaching career
He began his coaching career as assistant coach for Lietkabelis, the same club he finished his playing career. Lietkabelis achieved its best result in history, finishing as runners-up in the 2016–17 Lithuanian League. The next season he was assistant coach for Neptūnas who came third in the 2017–18 Lithuanian League.
On July 20, 2022, he signed with Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League.
References
^ "Jurica Žuža u Cedeviti" (in Croatian). 057info.hr. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ "Jurica Žuža nakon 20 godina završio karijeru" (in Croatian). zadarskilist.hr. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ "Jurica Žuža-košarkaško dijete rata" (in Croatian). basketball.hr. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ "Biti treći u zemlji košarke - za to se treba boriti, to je čast!" (in Croatian). basketball.hr. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ "Lokomotiv-Kuban was headed by the reigning European champion, head coach of one of the best national teams in the world". Sportando. December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
External links
Euroleague Profile
RealGM Profile
fiba.com Profile
vteLokomotiv Kuban current roster
0 Barford
1 Shcherbenev
2 Akoon-Purcell
6 Horton
9 Martiuk
12 Kirill Elatontsev
13 Uzinskii
18 Kalinov
23 Dolinin
24 Sorokin
31 Paunić
33 Vedischev
34 Sychkov
35 Emchenko
Head coach: Sekulić
Assistant coaches: Žuža
Zbarskiy
Semerninov | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Kuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban"},{"link_name":"VTB United League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTB_United_League"}],"text":"Jurica Žuža (born April 4, 1978) is a Croatian basketball coach and former basketball player serving as assistant coach for Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League.","title":"Jurica Žuža"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Zadar"},{"link_name":"Danijel Jusup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danijel_Jusup"},{"link_name":"Croatian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_%C4%86osi%C4%87_Cup"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Svjetlost Brod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Svjetlost_Brod"},{"link_name":"Iraklio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraklio_B.C."},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C."},{"link_name":"Željko Obradović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Obradovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Greek League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ionikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionikos_N.F._B.C."},{"link_name":"Crabs Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabs_Rimini"},{"link_name":"Cibona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Cibona"},{"link_name":"Croatian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Rethymno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethymno_Cretan_Kings_B.C."},{"link_name":"Cedevita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Cedevita"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kryvbasbasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Kryvbas"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Zadar"},{"link_name":"Tofaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofa%C5%9F_S.K."},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"Trabzonspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonspor_B.K."},{"link_name":"Turkish Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Basketball_First_League"},{"link_name":"Al Rayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rayan_SC_Basketball_Team"},{"link_name":"Lietkabelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietkabelis"},{"link_name":"2015–16 Baltic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Baltic_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Žuža started his professional career at Zadar under coach Danijel Jusup. After two years spent in the club and winning the 1998 Croatian Cup (first trophy for Zadar in independent Croatia), he played in Svjetlost Brod and then again in Zadar winning another Cup in 2000. After spending a season in Šanac Karlovac Žuža moved abroad to the Greek Iraklio. After that he spent a season in Panathinaikos coached by Željko Obradović during which he won the Greek League and Cup. He later spent a season in the Greek Ionikos and Italian Crabs Rimini before playing two and a half seasons for Cibona during which he became the Croatian League champion twice. After playing for the Greek Rethymno, Croatian Cedevita,[1] Polish Poltava and Ukrainian Kryvbasbasket, during the 2010–11 season Žuža shortly again played for Zadar. Then he went to the Turkish Tofaş from Bursa and then to Trabzonspor, with whom he won the Turkish Second League. From there Žuža went to the Qatari Al Rayan, and in 2014 he made his final transfer to Lietkabelis where he played the last two seasons of his professional career. In the last season of his 20-year professional playing career Žuža helped his club win third place in the 2015–16 Baltic League.[2]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lietkabelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietkabelis"},{"link_name":"2016–17 Lithuanian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_LKL_season"},{"link_name":"Neptūnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Nept%C5%ABnas"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Lithuanian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_LKL_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Kuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban"},{"link_name":"VTB United League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTB_United_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He began his coaching career as assistant coach for Lietkabelis, the same club he finished his playing career. Lietkabelis achieved its best result in history, finishing as runners-up in the 2016–17 Lithuanian League. The next season he was assistant coach for Neptūnas who came third in the 2017–18 Lithuanian League.[3][4]On July 20, 2022, he signed with Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League.[5]","title":"Coaching career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jurica Žuža u Cedeviti\" (in Croatian). 057info.hr. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.057info.hr/sport/2007-12-29/jurica-zuza-u-cedeviti","url_text":"\"Jurica Žuža u Cedeviti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jurica Žuža nakon 20 godina završio karijeru\" (in Croatian). zadarskilist.hr. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zadarskilist.hr/clanci/05052016/jurica-zuza--nakon-20--godina--zavrsio--karijeru","url_text":"\"Jurica Žuža nakon 20 godina završio karijeru\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jurica Žuža-košarkaško dijete rata\" (in Croatian). basketball.hr. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.hr/vijesti/jurica-zuza-kosarkasko-dijete-rata/1034","url_text":"\"Jurica Žuža-košarkaško dijete rata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biti treći u zemlji košarke - za to se treba boriti, to je čast!\" (in Croatian). basketball.hr. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.hr/vijesti/biti-treci-u-zemlji-kosarke-za-se-treba-boriti-je-cast/5457","url_text":"\"Biti treći u zemlji košarke - za to se treba boriti, to je čast!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lokomotiv-Kuban was headed by the reigning European champion, head coach of one of the best national teams in the world\". Sportando. December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lokobasket.com/en/news/193304/","url_text":"\"Lokomotiv-Kuban was headed by the reigning European champion, head coach of one of the best national teams in the world\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.057info.hr/sport/2007-12-29/jurica-zuza-u-cedeviti","external_links_name":"\"Jurica Žuža u Cedeviti\""},{"Link":"https://www.zadarskilist.hr/clanci/05052016/jurica-zuza--nakon-20--godina--zavrsio--karijeru","external_links_name":"\"Jurica Žuža nakon 20 godina završio karijeru\""},{"Link":"https://basketball.hr/vijesti/jurica-zuza-kosarkasko-dijete-rata/1034","external_links_name":"\"Jurica Žuža-košarkaško dijete rata\""},{"Link":"https://basketball.hr/vijesti/biti-treci-u-zemlji-kosarke-za-se-treba-boriti-je-cast/5457","external_links_name":"\"Biti treći u zemlji košarke - za to se treba boriti, to je čast!\""},{"Link":"https://lokobasket.com/en/news/193304/","external_links_name":"\"Lokomotiv-Kuban was headed by the reigning European champion, head coach of one of the best national teams in the world\""},{"Link":"http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=BEY&seasoncode=e2006#!biography","external_links_name":"Euroleague Profile"},{"Link":"https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Jurica-Zuza/Summary/29164","external_links_name":"RealGM Profile"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/25068/sid/2345/tid/2168/tid2//_/1996_European_Championship_for_Junior_Men/index.html","external_links_name":"fiba.com Profile"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_spinal_cord | Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cordSpinal cord (Ventrolateral sulcus is "s5")DetailsIdentifiersLatinsulcus anterolateralis medullae spinalisTA98A14.1.02.010TA26054FMA79877Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
The Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord is a landmark on the anterior side of the spinal cord. It denotes the location at which the ventral fibers leave the spinal cord.
The anterolateral sulcus is less visible than the posterolateral sulcus.
See also
Anterolateral sulcus of medulla
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 768 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
^ Vernon W. Lin; Diana D. Cardenas (2003). Spinal cord medicine: principles and practice. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-1-888799-61-3. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
vteSpinal cordGeneral features
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina
Meninges
Central canal
Terminal ventricle
Grey columnsPosterior grey column
Marginal nucleus
Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
Nucleus proprius
Rexed lamina V
Rexed lamina VI
Lateral grey column
Intermediolateral nucleus
Posterior thoracic nucleus
Anterior grey column
Interneuron
Alpha motor neuron
Onuf's nucleus
Gamma motor neuron
Other
Rexed laminae
Central gelatinous substance
Gray commissure
White matterSensoryPosterior
Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
Gracile
Cuneate
Lateral
Spinocerebellar
dorsal
ventral
Spinothalamic
lateral
anterior
Posterolateral
Spinotectal
Anterior
Spinoreticular tract
Spino-olivary tract
MotorLateral
Corticospinal
Lateral
Extrapyramidal
Rubrospinal
Raphespinal
Reticulospinal
Hypothalamospinal
Anterior
Corticospinal
Anterior
Extrapyramidal
Vestibulospinal
Reticulospinal
Tectospinal
Raphespinal
Olivospinal
Both
Anterior white commissure
External features
Ventral
Anterior median fissure
Anterolateral sulcus
Dorsal
Posterior median sulcus
Posterolateral sulcus
Portal: Anatomy
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
This neuroanatomy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"posterolateral sulcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinCardenas2003-1"}],"text":"The Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord is a landmark on the anterior side of the spinal cord. It denotes the location at which the ventral fibers leave the spinal cord.The anterolateral sulcus is less visible than the posterolateral sulcus.[1]","title":"Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord"}] | [] | [{"title":"Anterolateral sulcus of medulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla"}] | [{"reference":"Vernon W. Lin; Diana D. Cardenas (2003). Spinal cord medicine: principles and practice. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-1-888799-61-3. Retrieved 19 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3anl3G4No_oC&pg=PA17","url_text":"Spinal cord medicine: principles and practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888799-61-3","url_text":"978-1-888799-61-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.02.010%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A14.1.02.010"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6054","external_links_name":"6054"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma79877","external_links_name":"79877"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/768/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 768"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3anl3G4No_oC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Spinal cord medicine: principles and practice"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.02.010","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anterolateral_sulcus_of_spinal_cord&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RSCT | IBM RSCT | ["1 External links","2 See also"] | IBM Reliable Scalable Cluster Technology (RSCT) is a set of software components that together provide a comprehensive clustering environment for AIX, Linux, Solaris, and Windows operating systems. RSCT is the infrastructure used by a variety of IBM products to provide clusters with improved system availability, scalability, and ease of use. It follows a list of main RSCT components:
the Resource Monitoring and Control (RMC) subsystem. This is the scalable, reliable backbone of RSCT. It runs on a single machine or on each node (operating system image) of a cluster and provides a common abstraction for the resources of the individual system or the cluster of nodes. You can use RMC for single system monitoring, or for monitoring nodes in a cluster. In a cluster, however, RMC provides global access to subsystems and resources throughout the cluster, thus providing a single monitoring/management infrastructure for clusters. It is used for HMC DLPAR, sfp, invscout ...
the RSCT core resource managers. A resource manager is a software layer between a resource (a hardware or software entity that provides services to some other component) and RMC. A resource manager maps programmatic abstractions in RMC into the actual calls and commands of a resource.
the RSCT cluster security services, which provide the security infrastructure that enables RSCT components to authenticate the identity of other parties.
the Topology Services subsystem, which, on some cluster configurations, provides node/network failure detection.
the Group Services subsystem, which, on some cluster configurations, provides cross node/process coordination.
Management Domains and Peer Domains
The set of nodes that is configured for manageability or monitoring is called a management domain of your cluster. The set of nodes that is configured for high availability is called an RSCT peer domain of your cluster.
A peer domain is a set of nodes that have a consistent knowledge of the existence of each other and of the resources shared among them. On each node within the peer domain, RMC depends on a core set of cluster services, which include Topology Services, Group Services and cluster security services.
A management domain is a set of nodes with resources that can be managed and monitored from one of the nodes, which is designated as the management control point (MCP). All other nodes are considered to be managed nodes. Topology Services and Group Services are not used in a management domain.
In order to understand how the various RSCT components are used in a cluster, be aware that nodes of a cluster can be configured for manageability, high availability or both.
External links
IBM RSCT documentation
See also
IBM PowerHA (formerly HACMP), IBM clustering software for AIX and Linux
IBM Cluster System Management (CSM)
This Unix-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Hardware_Management_Console"},{"link_name":"DLPAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLPAR"}],"text":"the Resource Monitoring and Control (RMC) subsystem. This is the scalable, reliable backbone of RSCT. It runs on a single machine or on each node (operating system image) of a cluster and provides a common abstraction for the resources of the individual system or the cluster of nodes. You can use RMC for single system monitoring, or for monitoring nodes in a cluster. In a cluster, however, RMC provides global access to subsystems and resources throughout the cluster, thus providing a single monitoring/management infrastructure for clusters. It is used for HMC DLPAR, sfp, invscout ...\nthe RSCT core resource managers. A resource manager is a software layer between a resource (a hardware or software entity that provides services to some other component) and RMC. A resource manager maps programmatic abstractions in RMC into the actual calls and commands of a resource.\nthe RSCT cluster security services, which provide the security infrastructure that enables RSCT components to authenticate the identity of other parties.\nthe Topology Services subsystem, which, on some cluster configurations, provides node/network failure detection.\nthe Group Services subsystem, which, on some cluster configurations, provides cross node/process coordination.Management Domains and Peer Domains \nThe set of nodes that is configured for manageability or monitoring is called a management domain of your cluster. The set of nodes that is configured for high availability is called an RSCT peer domain of your cluster.A peer domain is a set of nodes that have a consistent knowledge of the existence of each other and of the resources shared among them. On each node within the peer domain, RMC depends on a core set of cluster services, which include Topology Services, Group Services and cluster security services.A management domain is a set of nodes with resources that can be managed and monitored from one of the nodes, which is designated as the management control point (MCP). All other nodes are considered to be managed nodes. Topology Services and Group Services are not used in a management domain.In order to understand how the various RSCT components are used in a cluster, be aware that nodes of a cluster can be configured for manageability, high availability or both.","title":"IBM RSCT"}] | [] | [{"title":"IBM PowerHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_High_Availability_Cluster_Multiprocessing"},{"title":"Cluster System Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cluster_System_Management&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poundexclam.svg"},{"title":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_RSCT&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Unix-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Unix-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix-stub"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SGVKBA/welcome","external_links_name":"IBM RSCT documentation"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_RSCT&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Th._Bj%C3%B6rnsson | Björn Th. Björnsson | ["1 See also","2 External links"] | Icelandic writer
This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Björn.
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Icelandic. (March 2024) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Icelandic Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|is|Björn Th. Björnsson}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Björn Theodor Björnsson (September 3, 1922 – August 25, 2007) was an Icelandic writer born in Reykjavík. He attended the University of London, University of Edinburgh, and the University of Copenhagen. He was President of the Icelandic writers union for a time. He was married to an artist, Ásgerður Búadóttir, and has written several popular historical novels.
See also
Iceland portal
List of Icelandic writers
Icelandic literature
External links
Iceland literature site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
This article about an Icelandic writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Ásgerður Búadóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81sger%C3%B0ur_B%C3%BAad%C3%B3ttir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"historical novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_novel"}],"text":"This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Björn.Björn Theodor Björnsson (September 3, 1922 – August 25, 2007) was an Icelandic writer born in Reykjavík. He attended the University of London, University of Edinburgh, and the University of Copenhagen. He was President of the Icelandic writers union for a time. He was married to an artist, Ásgerður Búadóttir, and has written several popular historical novels.","title":"Björn Th. Björnsson"}] | [] | [{"title":"Iceland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iceland"},{"title":"List of Icelandic writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_writers"},{"title":"Icelandic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_literature"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060218063931/http://bokmenntir.is/rithofundar.asp?cat_id=12","external_links_name":"Iceland literature site"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079720852","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24698349","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90356787","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124576909","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124576909","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/105359440","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88075144","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p129032026","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/033740267","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B6rn_Th._Bj%C3%B6rnsson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_of_line_bundles | Tensor product bundle | ["1 Variants","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"] | Not to be confused with a tensor bundle, a vector bundle whose section is a tensor field.
In differential geometry, the tensor product of vector bundles E, F (over same space
X
{\displaystyle X}
) is a vector bundle, denoted by E ⊗ F, whose fiber over a point
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
is the tensor product of vector spaces Ex ⊗ Fx.
Example: If O is a trivial line bundle, then E ⊗ O = E for any E.
Example: E ⊗ E ∗ is canonically isomorphic to the endomorphism bundle End(E), where E ∗ is the dual bundle of E.
Example: A line bundle L has tensor inverse: in fact, L ⊗ L ∗ is (isomorphic to) a trivial bundle by the previous example, as End(L) is trivial. Thus, the set of the isomorphism classes of all line bundles on some topological space X forms an abelian group called the Picard group of X.
Variants
One can also define a symmetric power and an exterior power of a vector bundle in a similar way. For example, a section of
Λ
p
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{p}T^{*}M}
is a differential p-form and a section of
Λ
p
T
∗
M
⊗
E
{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{p}T^{*}M\otimes E}
is a differential p-form with values in a vector bundle E.
See also
Tensor product of modules
Notes
^ To construct a tensor-product bundle over a paracompact base, first note the construction is clear for trivial bundles. For the general case, if the base is compact, choose E' such that E ⊕ E' is trivial. Choose F' in the same way. Then let E ⊗ F be the subbundle of (E ⊕ E') ⊗ (F ⊕ F') with the desired fibers. Finally, use the approximation argument to handle a non-compact base. See Hatcher for a general direct approach.
References
Hatcher, Vector Bundles and K-Theory
This differential geometry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tensor field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_field"},{"link_name":"differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"vector bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_bundle"},{"link_name":"tensor product of vector spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_of_vector_spaces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"endomorphism bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomorphism_bundle"},{"link_name":"dual bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_bundle"},{"link_name":"line bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_bundle"},{"link_name":"Picard group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_group"}],"text":"Not to be confused with a tensor bundle, a vector bundle whose section is a tensor field.In differential geometry, the tensor product of vector bundles E, F (over same space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n) is a vector bundle, denoted by E ⊗ F, whose fiber over a point \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X}\n \n is the tensor product of vector spaces Ex ⊗ Fx.[1]Example: If O is a trivial line bundle, then E ⊗ O = E for any E.Example: E ⊗ E ∗ is canonically isomorphic to the endomorphism bundle End(E), where E ∗ is the dual bundle of E.Example: A line bundle L has tensor inverse: in fact, L ⊗ L ∗ is (isomorphic to) a trivial bundle by the previous example, as End(L) is trivial. Thus, the set of the isomorphism classes of all line bundles on some topological space X forms an abelian group called the Picard group of X.","title":"Tensor product bundle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symmetric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_power"},{"link_name":"exterior power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_power"},{"link_name":"differential p-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_form"},{"link_name":"differential p-form with values in a vector bundle E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector-valued_differential_form"}],"text":"One can also define a symmetric power and an exterior power of a vector bundle in a similar way. For example, a section of \n \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n p\n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda ^{p}T^{*}M}\n \n is a differential p-form and a section of \n \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n p\n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n ⊗\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda ^{p}T^{*}M\\otimes E}\n \n is a differential p-form with values in a vector bundle E.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ To construct a tensor-product bundle over a paracompact base, first note the construction is clear for trivial bundles. For the general case, if the base is compact, choose E' such that E ⊕ E' is trivial. Choose F' in the same way. Then let E ⊗ F be the subbundle of (E ⊕ E') ⊗ (F ⊕ F') with the desired fibers. Finally, use the approximation argument to handle a non-compact base. See Hatcher for a general direct approach.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Tensor product of modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_of_modules"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://pi.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/VBKT/VB.pdf","external_links_name":"Vector Bundles and K-Theory"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tensor_product_bundle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm_Kl_105 | Klemm Kl 105 | [] | Kl 105
Role
Sports aircraftType of aircraft
National origin
Germany
Manufacturer
Klemm
First flight
1938
The Klemm Kl 105 was a two-seat sport aircraft developed in Germany in 1938. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional design with fixed, tailskid undercarriage, and side-by-side seating for two within an enclosed cockpit. Construction throughout was of wood, with the fuselage built using a new semi-monocoque technique which Klemm patented. Plans to produce the design in series were abandoned with the outbreak of the Second World War.
Development
In January 1937 Major Werner Junck, chief of the LC II, the technical wing of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium responsible for the development of new aircraft, informed various minor aircraft manufacturers such as Bücker, Fieseler, Gothaer Waggonfabrik, Flugzeugwerke Halle and Klemm that they would not get any contracts for the development of military aircraft. He therefore advised them to concentrate in the development of a Volksflugzeug or a small twin-engined plane. As a result, Klemm developed the Kl 105, while the other companies produced the Fi 253, the Si 202, the Bü 180 and the Go 150.
Specifications
General characteristics
Crew: One pilot
Capacity: 1 passenger
Length: 7.35 m (24 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 10.92 m (35 ft 10 in)
Height: 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in)
Wing area: 15.00 m2 (161 sq ft)
Empty weight: 340 kg (750 lb)
Gross weight: 560 kg (1,230 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × Zündapp Z 9 , 37 kW (50 hp)
Performance
Maximum speed: 150 km/h (90 mph, 78 kn)
Range: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi)
Service ceiling: 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
Rate of climb: 1.8 m/s (350 ft/min)
References
Notes
^ Luftarchiv – Fieseler Fi 253
Bibliography
Nowarra, Heinz (1983). Die deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945. Bonn: Bernard and Graefe. pp. Teil 3, p.158–59.
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 561.
World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. pp. File 899 Sheet 09.
vteKlemm aircraft
L20
Kl 25
Kl 26
Kl 27
Kl 28
Kl 30
Kl 31
Kl 32
Kl 33
Kl 35
Kl 36
Kl 105
Kl 106
Kl 107
Kl 151
Kl 152
Alpha
vteReich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations (list)1 to 100
8-11
Fi 2
8-31
8-41
Fi 5
DFS 6
8-71
Gö 8
Gö 9
Do 10
Do 11/Wn 11
8-124/Do 12
Do 13
Do 14
Do 15
Do 16/Wn 16
Do 17
Do 18
Do 19
Do 20
8-211
Do 22
Do 23
Do 24
Do 253/Kl 25
Do 26/Kl 26
8-27/Do 273/Kl 275
8-281
8-29/Do 29
Fw 30
Kl 31
Kl 32
Ju 33
Ju 34
Kl 35
Kl 36
He 373
He 38/Ju 38
DFS 39
BV 40/DFS 40
He 413
Fw 42/He 42
Fw 43
Fw 44
He 45
He 46/Ju 46
Fw 47/He 47
Ju 48
He 49/Ju 49
He 50/Ju 50
He 51
He 52/Ju 52
Ju 53
DFS 54/NR 54
Fw 55/NR 55
Fw 56
8-574/Fw 57
Fw 58/He 58
He 59
He 60/Ju 60
Fa 61/Fw 61/He 61
Fw 62/He 62
8-634/He 63
Ar 64/He 64
Ar 65/He 65
Ar 66/He 66
Ar 67
Ar 68
Ar 69
He 70
8-714/He 71
He 72
He 733
He 74
Al 75
Ar 76/FZG 766
Ar 77
Ar 783
Ar 79
Ar 80
Ar 81
8-824
8-831
Al 84
Ju 85
Ju 86
Ju 87
Ju 88
Ju 89
Ju 90
Ju 913
Ju 92
Ju 933
Ju 943
Ar 95
Ar 96
Fi 97
Fi 98
Fi 99
Fi 1003/He 100
101 to 200
Al 101
Al 102
Al 103/Fi 103
R
Fh 104
Kl 105
Kl 106
Kl 107
Bf 108
Bf 109/Bf 109R6
Bf 110
He 111/He 111U6
He 112
He 1136
He 114
He 115
He 116
He 1173/Hs 117
He 118
He 119
He 120
Hs 121
Hs 122
Hs 123
Hs 124
Hs 125
Hs 126
Hs 127
Hs 128
Hs 129
Hs 130
Bü 131
Bü 1323/Hs 132
Bü 133
Bü 134
Ha 135
Ha 136/Hü 136
Ha 137
BV 138
Ha 139
Ha 140
BV 141
BV 142
BV 143
BV 144
Go 145
Go 146
Go 147/Ju 147
Go 1483
Go 149
Go 150
Kl 151
Kl 152/Ta 152
Kl 1533/Ta 153
Kl 1543/Ta 154
BV 155/Kl 1553/Me 155
Fi 156
Fi 157
Fi 158
Fw 159
Ju 160
Bf 161
Bf 162/He 162
Bf 163/Li 163/Me 163
Me 164/MeC 164
Bf 165
Fi 166/FK 166
Fi 167
Fi 168
Fi 1693
He 170
He 1713
He 172
He 1733
He 1743
8-1754
He 176
He 177
He 178
He 1795
Bü 180/He 180
Bü 181
Bü 182
Bü 1833/Ta 183
Fl 184
Fl 185
Fw 186/Ju 186
Fw 187/Ju 1872
Fw 1883/Ju 188
Fw 189
Fw 190
Fw 191
Ao 192
Ao 1933/DFS 193
DFS 194/Me 194
Ar 195
Ar 196
Ar 197
Ar 198
Ar 199
Do 2004,6/Fw 200
201 to 300
Si 201
Si 202
DFS 203
Si 204
8-2051
Fw 206
8-2071
Me 208
Me 209 (I)/Me 209 (II)
Me 210
Hü 211
8-2124/Do 212
8-2131
Do 214
Do 215
Do 216
Do 217/Hs 217
Do 2183
He 219
He 220
Do 2213
BV 222
Fa 223
Fa 224
Ao 225/Fa 225
BV 226/Ho 226
FGP 227
DFS 228
Go 229/Ho 229
8-230/DFS 230
Ar 231
Ar 232
Ar 233
Ar 234
Do 2355
Fa 2363
BV 237
BV 238
8-2391
Ar 240
Go 241
Go 242
Me 2433
Go 244
Go 2453
BV 246
8-2471
Ju 248
BV 250/Ho 250
Ho 251
Ho 252
Ju 252
Fi 253/Ho 253
Ho 254/Ta 254
8-2551
Fi 256
SK 257
8-2581
Fw 259
8-2601
Me 261/Me 261w
Me 262
Me 263 (1941)/Me 263 (1942)/Me 263 (1945)
Me 264
Fl 265/Me 265
Fa 266/Go 2663
Ho 267
Ju 268
Fa 269
He 270
We 271
He 2723
He 2733
He 274
He 2755
He 2763
He 277
He 278
He 2793
He 280
He 2813
Fl 282
Fa 283
Fa 284
Fl 285
Ju 286
Ju 287
Do 2884,6/Ju 288
Ju 2893
Ju 290
Hs 291
As 292/Hs 2923
Hs 293
Hs 294
Hs 295
Ar 296/Hs 296
Hs 297
Hs 298
Ju 2993
Fw 300
301 to 349
DFS 301
8-3021
8-3031
8-3041
8-3051
8-3061
8-3071
8-3081
Me 309
Zwilling
Me 310
8-3111
8-3121
8-3134
8-3141
Hs 315
8-3161
Do 317
Do 318
He 319
Me 3203
Me 321
Ju 322
Me 323/ZMe 323
8-3241
Fa 325/Fw 3253
8-3261
Me 327
Me 328
Me 329
Fa 330
DFS 331
DFS 332
Fi 333
Ar 3343/Me 334
Do 335
Fa 336
Ju 3373
8-3381
Fl 339
Ar 340
8-341
WNF 342
He 343
Rk 344/So 3445
Go 345
DFS 346
Rk 347
8-3481
Ba 349
Post-349 (non-sequential)
Ju 352
Fi 356/Ju 356
Me 362
Me 3642
Me 3683
Ju 388
Ju 390
Fw 391
Ar 3933
Ar 396
Ta 400
Me 409
Me 410
Do 417
He 419
ZMe 423
Ar 430/Ka 430
Ar 432
Do 435
Ar 440
8-4454
DFS 446
Ju 452
Me 4622
DFS 468
Ju 488
Fw 491
He 500
Me 509
Me 510
He 519
8-5204
ZSO 523
Ar 532
8-5344
Do 535/He 535
Me 6002
Me 609
Ar 632
Do 635/He 635/Ju 635
1 Not assigned
2 Unofficial/proposed
3 Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved
4 Assigned to captured aircraft
5 Unconfirmed
6 Propaganda/cover designation
Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Klemm Kl 105"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Werner Junck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Junck"},{"link_name":"Reichsluftfahrtministerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Bücker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCcker"},{"link_name":"Fieseler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler"},{"link_name":"Gothaer Waggonfabrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothaer_Waggonfabrik"},{"link_name":"Flugzeugwerke Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugzeugwerke_Halle"},{"link_name":"Klemm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm"},{"link_name":"Volksflugzeug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksflugzeug"},{"link_name":"Fi 253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi_253"},{"link_name":"Si 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebel_Si_202"},{"link_name":"Bü 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_180"},{"link_name":"Go 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_150"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In January 1937 Major Werner Junck, chief of the LC II, the technical wing of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium responsible for the development of new aircraft, informed various minor aircraft manufacturers such as Bücker, Fieseler, Gothaer Waggonfabrik, Flugzeugwerke Halle and Klemm that they would not get any contracts for the development of military aircraft. He therefore advised them to concentrate in the development of a Volksflugzeug or a small twin-engined plane. As a result, Klemm developed the Kl 105, while the other companies produced the Fi 253, the Si 202, the Bü 180 and the Go 150.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zündapp Z 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCndapp_Z_9"}],"text":"General characteristicsCrew: One pilot\nCapacity: 1 passenger\nLength: 7.35 m (24 ft 1 in)\nWingspan: 10.92 m (35 ft 10 in)\nHeight: 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in)\nWing area: 15.00 m2 (161 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 340 kg (750 lb)\nGross weight: 560 kg (1,230 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × Zündapp Z 9 , 37 kW (50 hp)PerformanceMaximum speed: 150 km/h (90 mph, 78 kn)\nRange: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi)\nService ceiling: 3,000 m (9,800 ft)\nRate of climb: 1.8 m/s (350 ft/min)","title":"Specifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Nowarra, Heinz (1983). Die deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945. Bonn: Bernard and Graefe. pp. Teil 3, p.158–59.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 561.","urls":[]},{"reference":"World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. pp. File 899 Sheet 09.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.luftarchiv.de/index.htm?/flugzeuge/fieseler/fi253.htm","external_links_name":"Luftarchiv – Fieseler Fi 253"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savadkuh | Savadkuh County | ["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Language","2.2 Population","2.3 Administrative divisions","3 Geography","4 Economy","5 Natural attractions","6 Historical sites and landmarks","6.1 Veresk Bridge","6.2 Lajim Tower","6.3 Kangelo Castle","6.4 Espahbod Khorshid Cave","6.5 Balu Bridge","6.6 Urim Rudbar Church","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"] | Coordinates: 36°06′N 52°56′E / 36.100°N 52.933°E / 36.100; 52.933County in Mazandaran province, Iran
Not to be confused with North Savadkuh County.
County in Mazandaran, IranSavadkuh County
Persian: شهرستان سوادكوهCountyKangelo, SavadkuhLocation of Savadkuh County in Mazandaran province (bottom, yellow)Location of Mazandaran province in IranCoordinates: 36°06′N 52°56′E / 36.100°N 52.933°E / 36.100; 52.933CountryIranProvinceMazandaranCapitalPol-e SefidDistrictsCentral, ZirabArea • Total2,078.00 km2 (802.32 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total43,913 • Density21/km2 (55/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)Savadkuh County can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "9207257" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
Savadkuh County (Persian: شهرستان سوادكوه) is in Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Pol-e Sefid.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Darius I, the great Achaemenid Persian monarch in his famous inscription in Behistun, mentions Pâtišvâreš as one of the territories under his rule. This Old Persian form subsequently became Middle Persian Pateŝxârgar and, following the Arab conquest, Perso-Arabic Faršavâdjar. The Greek historiographer Strabo records this name as Prâxovâtrâs.
In his inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, the second Sassanid Persian monarch Shapur I, refers to the region as Pâdešxâr. In the Book of Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Babag, it is Patešxâr again. Ibn Isfandiyar and Mir Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi – the old geographers of Mazandaran – give its name as Patešxârgar as a large area in present-day Mazandaran, including Azerbaijan, Gilan, Tabaristan, Kumesh and Damghan.
Mohammad Hassan Khan (Etemad Saltaneh's Tadvin Fi Ahval Jebal Shervin, History of Savadkuh) mentions it as the old name of the ancient area of Savâdkuh. They believe that the word "Savad" was distorted and changed to Faršavât. Savadkuh enjoyed great importance in the history of Tabaristan and even in Iran.
Its tall mountains were the feudal seats of the Bavand dynasty, with which the Karan-Vands were allied. They defended the area against the invasions of the Amawid and Abbasids and tried to preserve their Zoroastrian religion and culture. The existence of numerous fortresses and military fortifications that date to the 8th–10th centuries vindicate this claim. In addition, Lajim tower with its 10th century brick-face inscription in Pahlavi script demonstrates the attention of the Savâdkuhs to the script, language and customs of their ancestors. The population of this region composed many poems, describing the heroic efforts and bravery of their notables.
Demographics
Language
The languages spoken in Savadkuh are Mazandarani and Persian, for the major part; and Mazandarani and Persian for the inhabitants of the villages. Its native inhabitants are Shiite Muslims.
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the county's population was 66,430 in 17,918 households. The following census in 2011 counted 64,378 people in 19,506 households. At the 2016 census, Savadkuh County's population was 43,913 in 14,956 households, by which time Shirgah District had been separated from the county in the establishment of North Savadkuh County.
Administrative divisions
Savadkuh County's population history and administrative structure over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
Savadkuh County Population
Administrative Divisions
2006
2011
2016
Central District
42,679
40,969
22,537
Kaseliyan RD
3,872
4,064
Rastupey RD
7,084
7,557
7,529
Sorkhkola RD
520
552
Valupey RD
3,538
4,535
5,521
Alasht (city)
976
874
1,193
Pol-e Sefid (city)
8,473
7,708
8,294
Zirab (city)
18,216
15,679
Shirgah District
23,751
23,409
Lafur RD
4,826
4,493
Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah RD
10,396
10,787
Shirgah (city)
8,529
8,129
Zirab District
21,376
Kaseliyan RD
4,217
Sorkhkola RD
968
Zirab (city)
16,191
Total
66,430
64,378
43,913
RD = Rural District
Geography
Derasele, Savadkuh
Covering an area of 2,441 square kilometres (942 sq mi), Savadkuh is at the centre of Mazandaran Province. It is limited northwestward by North Savadkuh County, westward by Babol County, eastward by Sari County, southward by the Alborz mountain range and Tehran province, and southeast by Semnan province. The main part of this county is located in a valley, in the central Alborz region, where the Tâlâr river passes through it. There are 250 seasonal and permanent villages.
The tallest summit of Savadkuh, is Khero-Naru, with a height of 3,620 metres (11,880 ft). The most important rivers flowing in this city are Tâlâr and Babol-rud, which originate from the Alborz mountain range standing southeast and southwest of Savadkuh. These rivers irrigate the farmlands in Babol, Babolsar and Qaemŝahr. Including two areas of mountain in the north and foothill in the south, the mountainous area has a temperate and humid climate, and the weather in the south is dry and cold.
Economy
The farmlands in Savadkuh are limited because of its large forests and mountainous areas. So the farmers use their crops themselves, including rice, wheat, barley and sugar cane. According to geographical features, the economy of this city is based on apiculture and animal husbandry, more than agriculture.
Natural attractions
The most important natural attractions of Savadkuh are: Ŝur Mast lake, near a village by the same name, Gazu waterfall in Lafur hamlet, waterfalls of Shirga and Gaduk, the mountains of Arfa Kuh, Sangar and Qadamgah, in Rassto Pei hamlet and Shervin mountain in Valu Pei hamlet; and Alasht city.
Historical sites and landmarks
Lajim Tower
Veresk Bridge
Veresk Bridge
The Veresk Bridge is a masonry arch bridge in northern Iran. It was constructed mostly by Austrians before World War II by leadership of an engineer named Walter Aigner, constructed during the reign of Reza Shah. It is located in the Veresk district of Savadkuh County, in Mazandaran province.
During World War II, it was known as the Pol-e Piroozi ("The bridge of victory"). The bridge stands 110 metres (360 ft) tall and its arch measures 66 metres (217 ft) long. The bridge serves the Trans-Iranian Railway network in Northern Iran.
The Veresk bridge connects the railway between Tehran and the Caspian Sea region. It is located in Mazandaran Veresk district of Savadkuh, 85 kilometers south of Ghaemshahr and connects two of the mountains in the Abbas Abad region. The bridge is one of the masterpieces of the Danish engineering firm Kampsax, (consisting of Danish, German and Austrian engineers) serving the Trans-Iranian Railway network in Northern Iran. The construction of this bridge included craftsmen of many nationalities, including many Italian. The Master Carpenter for the construction of the lumber concrete forms was Giacomo Di Marco, from the Friuli region of Italy, and detailed in the book he authored. It has been said after finishing the bridge, people had a fear that the train wouldn't be able to pass the narrow bridge and that it would break. As a result, the engineer and his family stood under it when the first train passed the bridge (local accounts claim that Reza Shah had asked them to do so anyway).
Lajim Tower
Lajim Tower, also known as Tomb Tower of Lajim, is a tall cylindrical tower in the village of Lajim in the province of Mazandaran, Iran. The tower was built around AD 1022. The Lajim inscriptions includes the first documented example of the word qubba referring to the domed structure of the building. There is no doubt that the Lajim Tower was the mausoleum of an unknown Persian prince of Tabaristan.
Kangelo Castle
Kangelo Castle is a historical fortress located in the Savadkuh and in the village of Kangelo. The Kangelo Castle during the time The Sassanian Empire was built. According to historians, the castle of Kangelo was used as a place to worship the mirta.
Espahbod Khorshid Cave
This cave is located between the railway station of Pol-e Sefid and Surkh Abad, in the vicinity of Do Ab. It was discovered in the year 1956.
The cave has a simple area or hall, with a ceiling 80 m. in width and height, and is considered spectacular in the world. Near this cave is a remnant of a ruined castle and tower, which was once a beautiful structure of stone and mortar. This cave is also known as Dej-e-Afsanehie, and this was most probably the defense center of the House of Ispahbudhan of Mazandaran in the past.
Balu Bridge
Located along the Shirgah-Zirab road, near Talar river, it was made of fired bricks and mortar. The main part of this bridge was destroyed because of breaking, and now two herring-bone-shaped arches remained intact. One of them is 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide and 4.75 metres (15.6 ft) high, and another is 4.5 metres (15 ft) wide and 5.50 metres (18.0 ft) high. According to its architectural features, it probably dates back to before the Safavid dynasty.
Urim Rudbar Church
This monument was built, following the erection of the northern Iranian railway. It was used for religious ceremonies by foreign personnel. The church consists of a chamber, measuring 4.20 by 5.20 metres (13.8 by 17.1 ft). With a height of 4 metres (13 ft), it houses a prayer niche and four cement candlesticks. The construction was made of stone and cement.
Notable people
Savadkuh is the birthplace of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty
See also
Media related to Savadkuh County at Wikimedia Commons
Iran portal
Notes
^ Also romanized as Ŝahrestāne Sawādkuh, Savadkooh, and Savadkouh
^ Transferred to North Savadkuh County
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (30 May 2023). "Savadkuh County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
^ Management and Planning Organization of Mazandaran, 2006
^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ a b Rahimi, Mohammadreza (20 April 2012). "With the approval of the Cabinet, Northern Savadkuh County was created". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ Veresk Bridge, the Born of the World War
^ Veresk Bridge / SeeIran
^ Veresk bridge in Mazandaran / Mehr News Agency
^ Veresk Bridge / itto
^ Fritz Leonhardt: Brücken. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-421-02590-8; Marcel Prade: Les grands ponts du monde. Deuxième partie, Hors d'Europe. Brissaud à Poitiers, ISBN 2-902170-68-8
^ Veresk Bridge Safe auf FinancialTribune.com
^ a b Michailidis, Melanie (2003). "Tomb Tower of Lajim". Aga Khan Visual Archive.
^ a b c Blair, Sheila (1992). The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. pp. 88–90.
vteMazandaran Province, IranCapital
Sari
Counties and citiesAbbasabad County
Abbasabad
Kelarabad
Salman Shahr
Amol County
Amol
Dabudasht
Gazanak
Rineh
Babol County
Babol
Amirkola
Galugah
Gatab
Khush Rudpey
Marzikola
Zargarmahalleh
Babolsar County
Babolsar
Bahnemir
Kalleh Bast
Behshahr County
Behshahr
Khalil Shahr
Rostamkola
Chalus County
Chalus
Kelardasht
Marzanabad
Fereydunkenar County
Fereydunkenar
Galugah County
Galugah
Juybar County
Juybar
Kuhi Kheyl
Mahmudabad County
Mahmudabad
Sorkhrud
Miandorud County
Surak
Neka County
Neka
North Savadkuh County
Shirgah
Nowshahr County
Nowshahr
Nur County
Nur
Baladeh
Chamestan
Izadshahr
Royan
Qaem Shahr County
Qaem Shahr
Ramsar County
Ramsar
Ketalem and Sadat Shahr
Sari County
Sari
Farim
Kiasar
Savadkuh County
Zirab
Alasht
Pol-e Sefid
Simorgh County
Kiakola
Tonekabon County
Tonekabon
Khorramabad
Nashtarud
Sights
Mount Damavand
Abbas Abad Historical Complex
Lar National Park
Badab-e Surt
Mausoleum of Mir Bozorg
Davazdah Cheshmeh
Dasht-e Naz National Park
Gohar Tepe
Larijan Hot Spring
Imamzadeh Abbas of Sari
Resket Tower
Shahandasht Waterfall
Tomb of Haydar Amuli
Miankaleh peninsula
Farahabad Complex
Watchtower of Babol
Mollana Mosque
Dohezar Forest
Lajim Tower
Kangelo Castle
Sisangan Forest Park
Challdareh National Park
Veresk Bridge
Mohammad Hassan Khan Bridge
Chaikhoran Palace
Namakabrood Aerial tramway
Javaher Deh
Nima Yooshij House
Sefid Chah Cemetery
Ab Pari Waterfall
Kolbadi House
Lake of Ghosts
Mijran Lake
Safi Abad Palace
Gharmerez spa
Avidar Lake
Alendan lake
Lar Dam
Azad Kuh
Alasht
Kolakchal
Deryuok
Sari Clock Square
Tamishan Palace
Gerdkooh Hills
Filband
Alam-Kuh
Jameh Mosque of Amol
Jameh Mosque of Babol
Jameh Mosque of Sari
Palaeolithic Hotu and Kamarband Caves
Markuh Castle
Galehgardan
Vaziri Bath of Sari
Ramsar Palace
Dalkhani Jungle
Paein Lamouk Park
Babol Museum
Khoshedaran Museum of natural history
Kandolus
Sari's clock square
Palace of Behshahr
Churat Lake
Gol-e Zard Cave
Tirkan Waterfall
Danial Cave
Babolsar Boating Pier
Elimalat Lake
Gabri Tonekabon
Espahbod Khorshid Cave
Mirza Kuchak Khan Forest Park
Alimastan Village
Imamzadeh Kati Hill
Moalagh Bridge
Ramsar Hotel
Nassereddin Shah relief
Kashpel Forest Park
Shur Mast Lake
Baliran Jungle
Kheshtpol Bridge
Valasht lake of Kelardasht
Tomb of Sultan Mohammad Taher
Takor Tekyeh
Sorkh Roud Wetland
Dokhaharan lake
Qaleh Gardan
Malek Bahman Castle
Chehel dar Castle
Gazou Waterfall
Cheshmeh Kileh Bridge
Sangeno Waterfall
DD Center Amir Abad
Ecobiology Garden Nowshahr
Saghanefar
populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Mazandaran Province
vte Savadkuh CountyCapital
Zirab
DistrictsCentralCities
Alasht
Pol-e Sefid
Zirab
Rural Districts and villagesKaseliyan
Amir Kola
Atu
Bahmanan
Kochid
Lajim
Lowlak-e Kaslian
Mateh Kola
Pasha Kola
Pir Naim
Sang Nisht
Si Pey
Sukhteh Sara
Valila
Valu Kash
Rastupey
Aleban
Anarom
Arfa Deh
Arim
Arzhang Rudbar
Asadabad
Aseh
Azan Deh
Bagh-e Sorkhabad
Bala Do Ab
Baye Kola
Bernat
Darka Rudbar
Deh Mian
Dehkhoda
Do Ab Training Camp
Dowgol Station
Emaft
Esas
Estakhr Sar
Folurd
Garzin Kheyl
Kalim
Kamar Posht
Kangolu
Kuh-e Estel
Laluk
Lamzer
Mali Darreh
Melerd
Owrim
Owrim Rudbar
Pain Do Ab
Pelpa
Pit Sara
Posht-e Gol
Rajeh
Sang Sarag
Sar Chaleshk
Sartangeh
Sefiddar Goleh
Shur Ab
Shur Mast
Shur Mast-e Rudbar
Shurek Chal
Simet
Tale
Tale-e Rudbar
Varpey
Veresk
Vesiyeh Sar
Zal Darreh
Ziarat Sar
Sorkhkola
Javarem
Kanij Kola
Kar Salar
Madan-e Zirab
Seyyedabad
Vachad
Valupey
Allah Band
Anand
Arat Bon
Baraniganun
Cherat
Deraseleh
Esparz
Espu Kola
Evat
Garm Khani
Garrudbar
Gelian
Kakerun
Kalarijan
Kari Kola
Karmozd
Lakowm
Larazneh
Lind
Memshi
Mumej Kheyl
Paland
Parsi
Pishin Valeh
Savad Rudbar
Serin
Shesh Rudbar
Shir Darreh
Shir Kola
Tilam
Valeh
Vasyeh Kash
Zangian | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Savadkuh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Savadkuh_County"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mazandaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Pol-e Sefid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol-e_Sefid,_Mazandaran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazandaran_Province_Structure-5"}],"text":"County in Mazandaran province, IranNot to be confused with North Savadkuh County.County in Mazandaran, IranSavadkuh County (Persian: شهرستان سوادكوه)[a] is in Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Pol-e Sefid.[4]","title":"Savadkuh County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_I"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"Behistun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun"},{"link_name":"Old Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Ka'ba-ye Zartosht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht"},{"link_name":"Sassanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"Shapur I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I"},{"link_name":"Book of Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Babag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnamag-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan"},{"link_name":"Ibn Isfandiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Isfandiyar"},{"link_name":"Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_al-Din_Mar%27ashi"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Gilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan"},{"link_name":"Tabaristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaristan"},{"link_name":"Kumesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumis_(region)"},{"link_name":"Bavand dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavand_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Karan-Vands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Karen"},{"link_name":"Abbasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Pahlavi script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_script"}],"text":"Darius I, the great Achaemenid Persian monarch in his famous inscription in Behistun, mentions Pâtišvâreš as one of the territories under his rule. This Old Persian form subsequently became Middle Persian Pateŝxârgar and, following the Arab conquest, Perso-Arabic Faršavâdjar. The Greek historiographer Strabo records this name as Prâxovâtrâs.In his inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, the second Sassanid Persian monarch Shapur I, refers to the region as Pâdešxâr. In the Book of Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Babag, it is Patešxâr again. Ibn Isfandiyar and Mir Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi – the old geographers of Mazandaran – give its name as Patešxârgar as a large area in present-day Mazandaran, including Azerbaijan, Gilan, Tabaristan, Kumesh and Damghan.Mohammad Hassan Khan (Etemad Saltaneh's Tadvin Fi Ahval Jebal Shervin, History of Savadkuh) mentions it as the old name of the ancient area of Savâdkuh. They believe that the word \"Savad\" was distorted and changed to Faršavât. Savadkuh enjoyed great importance in the history of Tabaristan and even in Iran.Its tall mountains were the feudal seats of the Bavand dynasty, with which the Karan-Vands were allied. They defended the area against the invasions of the Amawid and Abbasids and tried to preserve their Zoroastrian religion and culture. The existence of numerous fortresses and military fortifications that date to the 8th–10th centuries vindicate this claim. In addition, Lajim tower with its 10th century brick-face inscription in Pahlavi script demonstrates the attention of the Savâdkuhs to the script, language and customs of their ancestors. The population of this region composed many poems, describing the heroic efforts and bravery of their notables.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazandarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazanderani_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"The languages spoken in Savadkuh are Mazandarani and Persian, for the major part; and Mazandarani and Persian for the inhabitants of the villages. Its native inhabitants are Shiite Muslims.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-3"},{"link_name":"North Savadkuh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Savadkuh_County"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-North_Savadkuh-8"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the county's population was 66,430 in 17,918 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 64,378 people in 19,506 households.[6] At the 2016 census, Savadkuh County's population was 43,913 in 14,956 households,[3] by which time Shirgah District had been separated from the county in the establishment of North Savadkuh County.[7]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","text":"Savadkuh County's population history and administrative structure over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derasele,_Savadkuh.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Savadkuh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Savadkuh_County"},{"link_name":"Babol County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babol_County"},{"link_name":"Sari County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari_County"},{"link_name":"Alborz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborz"},{"link_name":"Tehran province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_province"},{"link_name":"Semnan province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnan_province"},{"link_name":"Alborz region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborz_region"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Derasele, SavadkuhCovering an area of 2,441 square kilometres (942 sq mi), Savadkuh is at the centre of Mazandaran Province. It is limited northwestward by North Savadkuh County, westward by Babol County, eastward by Sari County, southward by the Alborz mountain range and Tehran province, and southeast by Semnan province. The main part of this county is located in a valley, in the central Alborz region, where the Tâlâr river passes through it. There are 250 seasonal and permanent villages.[citation needed]The tallest summit of Savadkuh, is Khero-Naru, with a height of 3,620 metres (11,880 ft). The most important rivers flowing in this city are Tâlâr and Babol-rud, which originate from the Alborz mountain range standing southeast and southwest of Savadkuh. These rivers irrigate the farmlands in Babol, Babolsar and Qaemŝahr. Including two areas of mountain in the north and foothill in the south, the mountainous area has a temperate and humid climate, and the weather in the south is dry and cold.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The farmlands in Savadkuh are limited because of its large forests and mountainous areas. So the farmers use their crops themselves, including rice, wheat, barley and sugar cane. According to geographical features, the economy of this city is based on apiculture and animal husbandry, more than agriculture.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The most important natural attractions of Savadkuh are: Ŝur Mast lake, near a village by the same name, Gazu waterfall in Lafur hamlet, waterfalls of Shirga and Gaduk, the mountains of Arfa Kuh, Sangar and Qadamgah, in Rassto Pei hamlet and Shervin mountain in Valu Pei hamlet; and Alasht city.[citation needed]","title":"Natural attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davood_Zand_14.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veresk_Bridge,_Iran.jpg"}],"text":"Lajim TowerVeresk Bridge","title":"Historical sites and landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veresk Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veresk_Bridge"},{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Reza Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Veresk district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veresk,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Mazandaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Trans-Iranian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mazandaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran"},{"link_name":"Ghaemshahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaemshahr"},{"link_name":"Kampsax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampsax"},{"link_name":"Trans-Iranian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Veresk Bridge","text":"The Veresk Bridge is a masonry arch bridge in northern Iran. It was constructed mostly by Austrians before World War II by leadership of an engineer named Walter Aigner, constructed during the reign of Reza Shah.[8] It is located in the Veresk district of Savadkuh County, in Mazandaran province.[9][10]During World War II, it was known as the Pol-e Piroozi (\"The bridge of victory\").[11] The bridge stands 110 metres (360 ft) tall and its arch measures 66 metres (217 ft) long. The bridge serves the Trans-Iranian Railway network in Northern Iran.\nThe Veresk bridge connects the railway between Tehran and the Caspian Sea region. It is located in Mazandaran Veresk district of Savadkuh, 85 kilometers south of Ghaemshahr and connects two of the mountains in the Abbas Abad region. The bridge is one of the masterpieces of the Danish engineering firm Kampsax, (consisting of Danish, German and Austrian engineers) serving the Trans-Iranian Railway network in Northern Iran.[12] The construction of this bridge included craftsmen of many nationalities, including many Italian. The Master Carpenter for the construction of the lumber concrete forms was Giacomo Di Marco, from the Friuli region of Italy, and detailed in the book he authored. It has been said after finishing the bridge, people had a fear that the train wouldn't be able to pass the narrow bridge and that it would break. As a result, the engineer and his family stood under it when the first train passed the bridge (local accounts claim that Reza Shah had asked them to do so anyway).[13]","title":"Historical sites and landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Lajim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajim"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"Mazandaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran_Province"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"qubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubba"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"Tabaristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaristan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"}],"sub_title":"Lajim Tower","text":"Lajim Tower, also known as Tomb Tower of Lajim,[14] is a tall cylindrical tower in the village of Lajim[15] in the province of Mazandaran, Iran. The tower was built around AD 1022.[14] The Lajim inscriptions includes the first documented example of the word qubba referring to the domed structure of the building.[15] There is no doubt that the Lajim Tower was the mausoleum of an unknown Persian prince of Tabaristan.[15]","title":"Historical sites and landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangelo"},{"link_name":"Kangelo Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangelo_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sassanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanian_Empire"}],"sub_title":"Kangelo Castle","text":"Kangelo Castle is a historical fortress located in the Savadkuh and in the village of Kangelo. The Kangelo Castle during the time The Sassanian Empire was built. According to historians, the castle of Kangelo was used as a place to worship the mirta.","title":"Historical sites and landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Ispahbudhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ispahbudhan"},{"link_name":"Mazandaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran"}],"sub_title":"Espahbod Khorshid Cave","text":"This cave is located between the railway station of Pol-e Sefid and Surkh Abad, in the vicinity of Do Ab. It was discovered in the year 1956.\nThe cave has a simple area or hall, with a ceiling 80 m. in width and height, and is considered spectacular in the world. Near this cave is a remnant of a ruined castle and tower, which was once a beautiful structure of stone and mortar. This cave is also known as Dej-e-Afsanehie, and this was most probably the defense center of the House of Ispahbudhan of Mazandaran in the past.","title":"Historical sites and landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Safavid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"}],"sub_title":"Balu Bridge","text":"Located along the Shirgah-Zirab road, near Talar river, it was made of fired bricks and mortar. The main part of this bridge was destroyed because of breaking, and now two herring-bone-shaped arches remained intact. One of them is 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide and 4.75 metres (15.6 ft) high, and another is 4.5 metres (15 ft) wide and 5.50 metres (18.0 ft) high. According to its architectural features, it probably dates back to before the Safavid dynasty.","title":"Historical sites and landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prayer niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_niche"}],"sub_title":"Urim Rudbar Church","text":"This monument was built, following the erection of the northern Iranian railway. It was used for religious ceremonies by foreign personnel. The church consists of a chamber, measuring 4.20 by 5.20 metres (13.8 by 17.1 ft). With a height of 4 metres (13 ft), it houses a prayer niche and four cement candlesticks. The construction was made of stone and cement.","title":"Historical sites and landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reza Shah Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Pahlavi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty"}],"text":"Savadkuh is the birthplace of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"North Savadkuh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Savadkuh_County"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-North_Savadkuh-8"}],"text":"^ Also romanized as Ŝahrestāne Sawādkuh, Savadkooh, and Savadkouh\n\n^ Transferred to North Savadkuh County[7]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Derasele, Savadkuh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Derasele%2C_Savadkuh.jpg/220px-Derasele%2C_Savadkuh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lajim Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Davood_Zand_14.jpg/220px-Davood_Zand_14.jpg"},{"image_text":"Veresk Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Veresk_Bridge%2C_Iran.jpg/220px-Veresk_Bridge%2C_Iran.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"Savadkuh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Savadkuh_County"},{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}] | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (30 May 2023). \"Savadkuh County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 30 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=36.1&mlon=52.933333&zoom=11#map=11/36.1000/52.9333","url_text":"\"Savadkuh County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007110909/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_02.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_02.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). \"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city\". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240114003543/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113042","url_text":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city\""},{"url":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113042","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920090640/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119182058/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Mazandaran.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Mazandaran.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rahimi, Mohammadreza (20 April 2012). \"With the approval of the Cabinet, Northern Savadkuh County was created\". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145314/https://dolat.ir/detail/225915","url_text":"\"With the approval of the Cabinet, Northern Savadkuh County was created\""},{"url":"https://dolat.ir/detail/225915","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michailidis, Melanie (2003). \"Tomb Tower of Lajim\". Aga Khan Visual Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/50049","url_text":"\"Tomb Tower of Lajim\""}]},{"reference":"Blair, Sheila (1992). The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. pp. 88–90.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Savadkuh_County¶ms=36_06_N_52_56_E_dim:30km_type:city(43913)_region:IR-02","external_links_name":"36°06′N 52°56′E / 36.100°N 52.933°E / 36.100; 52.933"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Savadkuh_County¶ms=36_06_N_52_56_E_dim:30km_type:city(43913)_region:IR-02","external_links_name":"36°06′N 52°56′E / 36.100°N 52.933°E / 36.100; 52.933"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=36.1&mlon=52.933333&zoom=11#map=11/36.1000/52.9333","external_links_name":"\"Savadkuh County\""},{"Link":"http://www.ensani.ir/storage/Files/20120329165549-5117-23.pdf","external_links_name":"Management and Planning Organization of Mazandaran, 2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007110909/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_02.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_02.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240114003543/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113042","external_links_name":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city\""},{"Link":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113042","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920090640/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119182058/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Mazandaran.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Mazandaran.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145314/https://dolat.ir/detail/225915","external_links_name":"\"With the approval of the Cabinet, Northern Savadkuh County was created\""},{"Link":"https://dolat.ir/detail/225915","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tasteiran.net/stories/20/veresk-bridge","external_links_name":"Veresk Bridge, the Born of the World War"},{"Link":"http://seeiran.ir/en/veresk-bridge/","external_links_name":"Veresk Bridge / SeeIran"},{"Link":"https://en.mehrnews.com/photo/115907/Veresk-bridge-in-Mazandaran","external_links_name":"Veresk bridge in Mazandaran / Mehr News Agency"},{"Link":"https://www.itto.org/iran/attraction/2103-Veresk-Bridge/","external_links_name":"Veresk Bridge / itto"},{"Link":"http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/2936/veresk-bridge-safe","external_links_name":"Veresk Bridge Safe"},{"Link":"https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/50049","external_links_name":"\"Tomb Tower of Lajim\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancylus_fluviatilis | Ancylus fluviatilis | ["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Habitat","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Species of gastropod
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (April 2016) Click for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the German article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Ancylus fluviatilis}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Ancylus fluviatilis
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Heterobranchia
Superorder:
Hygrophila
Family:
Planorbidae
Genus:
Ancylus
Species:
A. fluviatilis
Binomial name
Ancylus fluviatilisO. F. Müller, 1774
The river limpet (Ancylus fluviatilis) is a species of very small, freshwater, air-breathing limpet, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the tribe Ancylini within the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.
Different views of the shell of Ancylus fluviatilis
Description
The 5–8 mm.limpet-like shell has a backwardly directed, conical apex. The shell shape is higher than Acroloxus and Ferrissia.The apex is blunt when seen from above, but appears more pointed from the side. The shell is bent backwards and very weakly to the right side. It is thin and translucent, with reticulate sculpture and fine growth lines. In colour it is light yellowish to reddish brown or dull pale brown. The animal is grey with black dots near the head and almost entirely covered by the shell. The tentacles are triangular with eyes at their base. The genital pore and pneumostome are very small and located at the right side.
Distribution
The distribution type is Eurosiberian Southern-temperate (the delimitation of various southern and eastern forms which may be given independent species status is not yet understood).
This species occurs in northern, western and central Europe in the following areas:
Great Britain and Ireland
Czech Republic
Germany
Netherlands
Poland
Slovakia
France
for other areas see Fauna Europaea.
not found in the north of Norway, southern Sweden, Finland
In large parts of the Mediterranean area (Iberian Peninsula, Italy, etc.) there are marked forms which according to molecular genetics are so far not named as separate species. Such forms are also found in northeastern Africa (coastal areas of Morocco to Tunisia, Hoggar mountains in Algeria), as well as in the Highlands up to 2240 m above sea level in Ethiopia. It was found in Saudi Arabia (Brown and Wright 1980, Neubert 1998) and Yemen (Al-Safadi 1990) and in Caucasus (Armenia), but it is not known in the Afrotropical region.
Habitat
This freshwater limpet is a rheophile, which lives in oxygen-rich fast-running waters and also in karst springs. It does not occur in waters which freeze in winter. They need a hard substrate with suitable (not too low and not too rich) algae growth, which is why they are frequent in fresh water in Central Europe especially in rivers and streams. In North America and Western Europe they also occur in lakes. In contrast to many other freshwater snails, the animals tolerate a base-poor acidic environment. Southern European, North African and Middle East representative of the species group can survive exposure due to low water levels, to a certain extent, by forming a protective layer on the underside of the shell. In Central European forms, this is possible only to a limited extent, but they may survive low water levels by adhering firmly on the stone surface.
References
^ a b Seddon, M.; Albrecht, C. & Van Damme, D. (2012). "Ancylus fluviatilis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. IUCN: e.T156181A17196933. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T156181A17196933.en. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ Müller O. F. 1774. Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. pp. I-XXVI , 1-214, . Havniae & Lipsiae. (Heineck & Faber).
^ "BioLib: Biological library".
^ Albrecht C., Kuhn K. & Streit B.: A molecular phylogeny of Planorboidea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): insights from enhanced taxon sampling. Zoologica Scripta, 36: 27–39, Oxford, 2007.
^ Hubendick, B.: Studies on Ancylidae, the Palearctic and Oriental species and formgroups. In: Acta Zool. 5: 5-52 (1970)
^ David S. Brown: Fresh Water Snails of Africa and their Medical Importance. 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis 1994.
Further reading
Streit B. (1981). "Food searching and exploitation by a primary consumer (Ancylus fluviatilis) in a stochastic environment: Nonrandom movement pattern". Revue Suisse Zoologie 88: 887-895.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancylus fluviatilis.
Ancylus fluviatilis at Animalbase taxonomy, short description, distribution, biology, status (threats), images
Ancylus fluviatilis images at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
photo 1
photo 2
Taxon identifiersAncylus fluviatilis
Wikidata: Q1434354
ADW: Ancylus_fluviatilis
BioLib: 2611
BOLD: 29499
CoL: DPMC
EoL: 452812
EPPO: ANCUFL
EUNIS: 286018
Fauna Europaea: 430535
Fauna Europaea (new): e9f696ab-11d2-4a8e-8514-8f100a0a8e10
GBIF: 5189830
iNaturalist: 150049
IRMNG: 10724041
ITIS: 76581
IUCN: 156181
NBN: NHMSYS0020528096
NCBI: 153587
Observation.org: 19852
Open Tree of Life: 168298
Paleobiology Database: 307499
SeaLifeBase: 7383
WoRMS: 821985
ZooBank: F7B1D084-CDEE-431C-975F-E8BCA474C735 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"limpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpet"},{"link_name":"aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal"},{"link_name":"pulmonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonate"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"Ancylini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancylini"},{"link_name":"Planorbidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planorbidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancylus_fluviatilis_01.JPG"}],"text":"The river limpet[1][3] (Ancylus fluviatilis) is a species of very small, freshwater, air-breathing limpet, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the tribe Ancylini within the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.Different views of the shell of Ancylus fluviatilis","title":"Ancylus fluviatilis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limpet-like shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpet"},{"link_name":"Acroloxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acroloxus"},{"link_name":"Ferrissia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrissia"}],"text":"The 5–8 mm.limpet-like shell has a backwardly directed, conical apex. The shell shape is higher than Acroloxus and Ferrissia.The apex is blunt when seen from above, but appears more pointed from the side. The shell is bent backwards and very weakly to the right side. It is thin and translucent, with reticulate sculpture and fine growth lines. In colour it is light yellowish to reddish brown or dull pale brown. The animal is grey with black dots near the head and almost entirely covered by the shell. The tentacles are triangular with eyes at their base. The genital pore and pneumostome are very small and located at the right side.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_France"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"molecular genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hoggar mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoggar_mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Afrotropical region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotropical_realm"}],"text":"The distribution type is Eurosiberian Southern-temperate (the delimitation of various southern and eastern forms which may be given independent species status is not yet understood).This species occurs in northern, western and central Europe in the following areas:Great Britain and Ireland\nCzech Republic\nGermany\nNetherlands\nPoland\nSlovakia\nFrance\nfor other areas see Fauna Europaea.\nnot found in the north of Norway, southern Sweden, FinlandIn large parts of the Mediterranean area (Iberian Peninsula, Italy, etc.) there are marked forms which according to molecular genetics[4] are so far not named as separate species. Such forms are also found in northeastern Africa (coastal areas of Morocco to Tunisia, Hoggar mountains in Algeria), as well as in the Highlands up to 2240 m above sea level in Ethiopia.[5][6] It was found in Saudi Arabia (Brown and Wright 1980, Neubert 1998) and Yemen (Al-Safadi 1990) and in Caucasus (Armenia), but it is not known in the Afrotropical region.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rheophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheophile"}],"text":"This freshwater limpet is a rheophile, which lives in oxygen-rich fast-running waters and also in karst springs. It does not occur in waters which freeze in winter. They need a hard substrate with suitable (not too low and not too rich) algae growth, which is why they are frequent in fresh water in Central Europe especially in rivers and streams. In North America and Western Europe they also occur in lakes. In contrast to many other freshwater snails, the animals tolerate a base-poor acidic environment. Southern European, North African and Middle East representative of the species group can survive exposure due to low water levels, to a certain extent, by forming a protective layer on the underside of the shell. In Central European forms, this is possible only to a limited extent, but they may survive low water levels by adhering firmly on the stone surface.","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Streit B. (1981). \"Food searching and exploitation by a primary consumer (Ancylus fluviatilis) in a stochastic environment: Nonrandom movement pattern\". Revue Suisse Zoologie 88: 887-895.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Different views of the shell of Ancylus fluviatilis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ancylus_fluviatilis_01.JPG/220px-Ancylus_fluviatilis_01.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Seddon, M.; Albrecht, C. & Van Damme, D. (2012). \"Ancylus fluviatilis\". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. IUCN: e.T156181A17196933. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T156181A17196933.en. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/156181/0","url_text":"\"Ancylus fluviatilis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species","url_text":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN","url_text":"IUCN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T156181A17196933.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T156181A17196933.en"}]},{"reference":"\"BioLib: Biological library\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2611/","url_text":"\"BioLib: Biological library\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAncylus_fluviatilis&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/156181/0","external_links_name":"\"Ancylus fluviatilis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T156181A17196933.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T156181A17196933.en"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2611/","external_links_name":"\"BioLib: Biological library\""},{"Link":"http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1197","external_links_name":"Ancylus fluviatilis"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=6039","external_links_name":"Ancylus fluviatilis images"},{"Link":"http://www.hlasek.com/ancylus_fluviatilis_10863.html","external_links_name":"photo 1"},{"Link":"http://www.hlasek.com/ancylus_fluviatilis_ag4174.html","external_links_name":"photo 2"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ancylus_fluviatilis/","external_links_name":"Ancylus_fluviatilis"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2611","external_links_name":"2611"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=29499","external_links_name":"29499"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/DPMC","external_links_name":"DPMC"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/452812","external_links_name":"452812"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ANCUFL","external_links_name":"ANCUFL"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/286018","external_links_name":"286018"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:430535","external_links_name":"430535"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e9f696ab-11d2-4a8e-8514-8f100a0a8e10","external_links_name":"e9f696ab-11d2-4a8e-8514-8f100a0a8e10"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5189830","external_links_name":"5189830"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/150049","external_links_name":"150049"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10724041","external_links_name":"10724041"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=76581","external_links_name":"76581"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/156181","external_links_name":"156181"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020528096","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0020528096"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=153587","external_links_name":"153587"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/19852/","external_links_name":"19852"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=168298","external_links_name":"168298"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=307499","external_links_name":"307499"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7383","external_links_name":"7383"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=821985","external_links_name":"821985"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/F7B1D084-CDEE-431C-975F-E8BCA474C735","external_links_name":"F7B1D084-CDEE-431C-975F-E8BCA474C735"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stanyan_Bigg | John Stanyan Bigg | ["1 References","2 External links"] | English poet
John Stanyan Bigg (1828–1865) was an English poet of the Spasmodic School.
His major works are The Sea-King; A metrical romance, in six cantos (1848), Night and the soul. A dramatic poem (1854), Shifting Scenes and Other Poems (1862).
In 1858 Stanyan Bigg submitted an entry to the 'Burns Centenary Poetry Competition', organised by the directors of the Crystal Palace Company in London to mark the centenary of the birth of Robert Burns.
References
Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Bigg, John Stanyan" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to John Stanyan Bigg.
His poem - placed 7th out of over 600 entries - together with details of the Competition can be found at
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
IdRef
This article about an English poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Spasmodic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_School"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"centenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"}],"text":"John Stanyan Bigg (1828–1865) was an English poet of the Spasmodic School.His major works are The Sea-King; A metrical romance, in six cantos (1848), Night and the soul. A dramatic poem (1854), Shifting Scenes and Other Poems (1862).In 1858 Stanyan Bigg submitted an entry to the 'Burns Centenary Poetry Competition', organised by the directors of the Crystal Palace Company in London to mark the centenary of the birth of Robert Burns.","title":"John Stanyan Bigg"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). \"Bigg, John Stanyan\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Bigg,_John_Stanyan","url_text":"\"Bigg, John Stanyan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Bigg,_John_Stanyan","external_links_name":"\"Bigg, John Stanyan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051204091648/http://www.gerald-massey.org.uk/dmc_burns_centenary2.htm#7","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000082117608","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/28429933","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcwFtWVFMtYcRfdvXc3wC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82201379","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/193473100","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Stanyan_Bigg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rain_King_(The_X-Files) | The Rain King | ["1 Plot","2 Production","2.1 Writing","2.2 Filming","2.3 Effects","3 Broadcast and reception","4 Footnotes","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | 8th episode of the 6th season of The X-Files
"The Rain King"The X-Files episodeDaryl Mootz, the self-proclaimed "Rain King", attaches a prosthetic leg. The harness, which pulled Clayton Rohner's actual leg out of the camera's sight, was later described as "painful".Episode no.Season 6Episode 8Directed byKim MannersWritten byJeffrey BellProduction code6ABX07Original air dateJanuary 10, 1999 (1999-01-10)Running time45 minutesGuest appearances
Clayton Rohner as Daryl Mootz
David Manis as Holman Hardt
Victoria Jackson as Sheila Fontaine
Dirk Blocker as Mayor Gilmore
Frankie Ingrassia as Cindy Culpepper
Sharon Madden as Motel Manager
Tom McFadden as Doctor
Dan Gifford as Local News Anchor
Brian D. Johnson as Chainsaw Man
Episode chronology
← Previous"Terms of Endearment"
Next →"S.R. 819"
The X-Files season 6List of episodes
"The Rain King" is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. It premiered on the Fox network on January 10, 1999. "The Rain King" was written by Jeffrey Bell and directed by Kim Manners. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. "The Rain King" earned a Nielsen household rating of 12.5, being watched by 21.2 million people in its initial broadcast. Critical reception to the episode was mostly mixed, with reactions ranging from negative to positive.
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In the episode, Mulder and Scully are asked to investigate the strange weather phenomena occurring in a small town. They find a man, Daryl Mootz, who claims to produce the rain.
"The Rain King" was written by Jeffrey Bell, his first script for the show. The episode was originally purchased as a freelance script, but Bell was later hired on as a full-time writer. Grapevine, Piru, and Culver City, California stood in for the fictional town of Kroner, Kansas during filming. The episode required several elaborate special effect sequences to create heart-shaped hail as well as to simulate a flying cow.
Plot
On Valentine's Day in Kroner, Kansas, Sheila Fontaine and Daryl Mootz get into an argument. Fontaine had put their engagement news in the paper, but Mootz had wanted to keep it a secret for as long as the drought makes business poor. After the argument, Mootz goes for a drunken drive but crashes after heart-shaped hailstones wreck his car.
Six months later, Mulder and Scully arrive in Kroner by request of the mayor. For several months a terrible drought has plagued the region. However, Mootz, now styling himself as "The Rain King", seems to have the power to control the weather. For a hefty sum, he is able to make it rain. Mulder and Scully obtain a client list and head to the local television station to talk to the weatherman, Holman Hardt. Hardt admits that while Mootz's talents are odd, he appears to truly have the power to control the weather. Mulder and Scully, both skeptical, attend one of Mootz's rituals. Despite their preconceived notions, Mulder and Scully witness Mootz apparently bring rain to a dry farm.
Mulder and Scully check into a motel, where a cow crashes through the roof of Mulder's room. After the incident, a tearful Sheila confesses that the cow might have been her fault. She admits that she's experienced a strange history of weather-related phenomena, and believes that she can unconsciously control the weather. Mulder assures her otherwise. During the conversation, Hardt overhears that Mootz was drunk the night of the accident, and is relieved. Immediately, Mootz's rain powers seem to disappear.
It is revealed that Holman Hardt is actually the one controlling the weather. All of the bizarre weather was the side-effect of his long-silent love for Sheila. He felt guilty that his weather-related problem caused Mootz to crash his car, so he would cause it to rain for Mootz. Once he realized Mootz had been drunk the night of the accident, however, he stopped. Unfortunately, Mulder begins to unintentionally attract Sheila, resulting in a massive thunderstorm that materializes due to the meteorologist's emotions. At the town's high school reunion, however, Hardt admits his love for Sheila, who accepts him. The storm stops, and Hardt and Sheila live happily ever after.
Production
Writing
"The Rain King" was the first episode written by Jeffrey Bell for the series. Bell had never intended to work in television, but after he wrote three script ideas, he sent them to the producers of the show. The writing staff was impressed with the stories and agreed to buy one—which eventually became "The Rain King"—as a freelance script. While developing the final script, Bell was assisted by Frank Spotnitz, John Shiban, and Vince Gilligan; the three X-Files veterans taught Bell the process of "boarding", whereby note cards are used to flesh out a story. The three pitched the story idea to series creator Chris Carter in August, and Bell was later hired as a permanent show writer.
The script went through considerable changes. Initially, Bell was unaware that Daryl Mootz would "steal the show" and so the episode did not feature him as much. In early drafts the relationship between Holman and the FBI agents was not as strong. In the final draft, Bell attempted to parallel the emotional state of Mulder and Scully with Hardt's characterization, noting, "Here you have a guy who's affecting the weather because he's repressing his emotions and who better to help him than two people whose emotions are repressed and never express their feelings for each other?"
Filming
The episode was set in the fictional town of Kroner, Kansas (Kansas prairie pictured).
The scene in which Daryl Mootz crashes his car into a pole after being pummeled by heart-shaped hail was filmed on a "lonely road" near Grapevine, California. The road was so seldom used that the California Department of Transportation had no problem shutting down the entire road so that the crew could film the scene. Director Kim Manners was happy with the way the filming turned out, although he did note that filming the actual crash was difficult, because the car kept crashing into the pole at an undesired angle.
Ilt Jones, the series' location manager, decided to use Piru, California as a stand-in for Kroner, Kansas—a fictitious city named after Bell's college roommate. Exterior shots for "How the Ghosts Stole Christmas" would later be filmed in the same town. The climactic scenes in Kroner's high school were filmed at an abandoned high school in Culver City, California. Corey Kaplan and her art team were tasked with turning the derelict gym into a believable reunion set.
Effects
I stepped onto the stage just in time to see a brown cow falling through the roof of the set. It was a spectacularly good shot, but it had nothing to do with the script, which said a black and white cow falls through the ceiling. All I knew was that I had to go back and re-render my own into a brown one. And in a hurry.
—Bill Millar on the color of the cow
Property master Tom Day and costume designer Christine Peters were tasked with designing the fake prosthetic leg that Clayton Rohner wears in the episode. Because Rohner has both of his legs, Peters had to create a unique harness that pulled Rohner's actual leg out of the camera's sightline. Rohner later described the harness as "painful".
An actual motel called the Sierra Palona Motel was used to film the scene in which a cow crashes through Mulder's motel room roof. To secure permission, Jones struck a deal with the owners: if the production staff was allowed to cut a hole in the motel's roof, the show would pay for an entirely new roof afterwards. Duke Tomasick, The X-Files construction coordinator, later said that the "fun part" was "calling local roofers and explaining just what kind of damage they'd be repairing for us".
Special effects producer Bill Millar was tasked with creating a shot of the cow being sucked up into a storm. To do this, he photographed a number of cows in a field for reference. Then, using digital technology he animated the desire effect. This footage was then combined with a shot of a "cow puppet" being dropped on a re-creation of Mulder's motel room at Fox Studios. At the last minute, Millar noticed that the cow puppet's color was different than his computer-generated cow, which necessitated him to quickly change the color. Kim Manners later stated that his biggest regret with the episode is that he did not have David Duchovny respond "Got milk?" after the cow crashed through his roof.
Broadcast and reception
"The Rain King" premiered on the Fox network on January 10, 1999. Following its initial American broadcast, the episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12.5, with an 18 share—meaning that roughly 12.5 percent of all television-equipped households, and 18 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was viewed by 21.20 million viewers. "The Rain King" was both the highest rated episode of Season 6 and the last episode of The X-Files to be viewed by more than 20 million viewers. The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on April 25, 1999 and received 0.75 million viewers, making it the third most watched episode that week. Fox promoted the episode with the tagline "Mulder's been abducted, infected, and discredited. Tonight, he faces his greatest peril ever... a woman in love."
Critical reception was mixed. Tom Kessenich, in his book Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files wrote positively of the episode, saying, "'The Rain King' was cute. Very cute. And yet I never found myself suffering from cuteness overload. In fact, I laughed and smiled the entire way through." Starpulse named "The Rain King" as the ninth best X-Files episode and praised the lighter approach to the paranormal, saying that the episode was an "ingenious way to use the paranormal motif of the show for something other than thrills". Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B+" grade. Despite criticizing the show for "filming in the land of sunshine and lemon drops" and "border on that overly twee independent movie vibe", Handlen noted that "the episode’s essential sweetness has enough snarky asides from our heroes that it never goes completely off the rails." He did, however, note that the episode's placement, after a string of several humorous episodes, hurt its reception; he argued that, had it appeared in an earlier, darker season, the entry would now be viewed as "a cock-eyed classic".
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, gave the episode a mixed review and rated the episode three out of five. The two praised the scene featuring the cow getting sucked up by the tornado, calling it "really, very funny" and "comic genius", but noted that "a romantic comedy cannot work by flying cows alone." Shearman and Pearson cited casting flaws as to why the episodes was not able to live up to its potential. Other reviews were more negative. In a review of the seventh season episode "Brand X", Sarah Kendzior from 11th Hour Magazine cited "The Rain King" as one of the worst episodes of The X-Files. Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four. Vitaris heavily criticized the "flying cow" scene—noting that the scene was both "poorly executed" and "offensive" for turning the death of a creature into a joke—as well as the final scene, which, according to her, featured a "false pastel sky". Andy Meisler, in The End and the Beginning, noted that the episode was poorly received by fans on the Internet. Rolling Stone ranked it at #179 of all 217 episodes on their "Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best" list, calling it "a silly little mess."
Footnotes
^ a b Meisler, pp. 80–89
^ a b c Meisler, p. 89
^ a b c d e f g h Meisler, p. 90
^ a b c d e f g h Meisler, p. 91
^ Meisler, p. 105
^ The X-Files: The Complete Sixth Season (booklet). Kim Manners, et al. Fox.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b Meisler, p. 294
^ "BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes". barb.co.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Note: Information is in the section titled "w/e April 19–25, 1999", listed under Sky 1
^ The Rain King (Promotional Flyer). Los Angeles, California: Fox Broadcasting Company. 1999.
^ Kessenich, p. 30
^ Payne, Andrew (25 July 2008). "'X-Files' 10 Best Episodes". Starpulse. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
^ a b Handeln, Zack (28 July 2012). "'The Rain King'/'Human Essence' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
^ a b Shearman and Pearson, p. 174–175
^ Kendzior, Sarah (16 April 2000). "Brand X". 11th Hour Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
^ a b Vitaris, Paula (October 1999). "Sixth Season Episode Guide". Cinefantastique. 31 (8): 26–42.
^ Francis, Jack (September 10, 2023). "'The X-Files': Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
Bibliography
Kessenich, Tom (2002). Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-812-6.
Meisler, Andy (2000). The End and the Beginning: The Official Guide to the X-Files Season 6. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-107595-7.
Shearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0-9759446-9-1.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to TXF Season 6.
"The Rain King" at IMDb
vteThe X-Files episodes
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
The X-Files
6
7
8
9
I Want to Believe
10
11
Season 6
"The Beginning"
"Drive"
"Triangle"
"Dreamland"
"How the Ghosts Stole Christmas"
"Terms of Endearment"
"The Rain King"
"S.R. 819"
"Tithonus"
"Two Fathers"
"One Son"
"Agua Mala"
"Monday"
"Arcadia"
"Alpha"
"Trevor"
"Milagro"
"The Unnatural"
"Three of a Kind"
"Field Trip"
"Biogenesis"
Unmade episodes
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sixth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_6"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bell"},{"link_name":"Kim Manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Manners"},{"link_name":"\"Monster-of-the-Week\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain_of_the_week"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_of_The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Fox Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Mulder"},{"link_name":"David Duchovny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duchovny"},{"link_name":"Dana Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Scully"},{"link_name":"Gillian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-File"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bell"},{"link_name":"Grapevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapevine,_California"},{"link_name":"Piru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piru,_California"},{"link_name":"Culver City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"}],"text":"8th episode of the 6th season of The X-Files\"The Rain King\" is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. It premiered on the Fox network on January 10, 1999. \"The Rain King\" was written by Jeffrey Bell and directed by Kim Manners. The episode is a \"Monster-of-the-Week\" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. \"The Rain King\" earned a Nielsen household rating of 12.5, being watched by 21.2 million people in its initial broadcast. Critical reception to the episode was mostly mixed, with reactions ranging from negative to positive.The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In the episode, Mulder and Scully are asked to investigate the strange weather phenomena occurring in a small town. They find a man, Daryl Mootz, who claims to produce the rain.\"The Rain King\" was written by Jeffrey Bell, his first script for the show. The episode was originally purchased as a freelance script, but Bell was later hired on as a full-time writer. Grapevine, Piru, and Culver City, California stood in for the fictional town of Kroner, Kansas during filming. The episode required several elaborate special effect sequences to create heart-shaped hail as well as to simulate a flying cow.","title":"The Rain King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Kroner, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"hailstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plot-1"}],"text":"On Valentine's Day in Kroner, Kansas, Sheila Fontaine and Daryl Mootz get into an argument. Fontaine had put their engagement news in the paper, but Mootz had wanted to keep it a secret for as long as the drought makes business poor. After the argument, Mootz goes for a drunken drive but crashes after heart-shaped hailstones wreck his car.Six months later, Mulder and Scully arrive in Kroner by request of the mayor. For several months a terrible drought has plagued the region. However, Mootz, now styling himself as \"The Rain King\", seems to have the power to control the weather. For a hefty sum, he is able to make it rain. Mulder and Scully obtain a client list and head to the local television station to talk to the weatherman, Holman Hardt. Hardt admits that while Mootz's talents are odd, he appears to truly have the power to control the weather. Mulder and Scully, both skeptical, attend one of Mootz's rituals. Despite their preconceived notions, Mulder and Scully witness Mootz apparently bring rain to a dry farm.Mulder and Scully check into a motel, where a cow crashes through the roof of Mulder's room. After the incident, a tearful Sheila confesses that the cow might have been her fault. She admits that she's experienced a strange history of weather-related phenomena, and believes that she can unconsciously control the weather. Mulder assures her otherwise. During the conversation, Hardt overhears that Mootz was drunk the night of the accident, and is relieved. Immediately, Mootz's rain powers seem to disappear.It is revealed that Holman Hardt is actually the one controlling the weather. All of the bizarre weather was the side-effect of his long-silent love for Sheila. He felt guilty that his weather-related problem caused Mootz to crash his car, so he would cause it to rain for Mootz. Once he realized Mootz had been drunk the night of the accident, however, he stopped. Unfortunately, Mulder begins to unintentionally attract Sheila, resulting in a massive thunderstorm that materializes due to the meteorologist's emotions. At the town's high school reunion, however, Hardt admits his love for Sheila, who accepts him. The storm stops, and Hardt and Sheila live happily ever after.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffrey Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m89-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m89-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m90-3"},{"link_name":"freelance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m90-3"},{"link_name":"Frank Spotnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spotnitz"},{"link_name":"John Shiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shiban"},{"link_name":"Vince Gilligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gilligan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m90-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m90-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m90-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m90-3"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"\"The Rain King\" was the first episode written by Jeffrey Bell for the series.[2] Bell had never intended to work in television, but after he wrote three script ideas, he sent them to the producers of the show.[2][3] The writing staff was impressed with the stories and agreed to buy one—which eventually became \"The Rain King\"—as a freelance script.[3] While developing the final script, Bell was assisted by Frank Spotnitz, John Shiban, and Vince Gilligan; the three X-Files veterans taught Bell the process of \"boarding\", whereby note cards are used to flesh out a story.[3] The three pitched the story idea to series creator Chris Carter in August, and Bell was later hired as a permanent show writer.[3]The script went through considerable changes. Initially, Bell was unaware that Daryl Mootz would \"steal the show\" and so the episode did not feature him as much.[3] In early drafts the relationship between Holman and the FBI agents was not as strong. In the final draft, Bell attempted to parallel the emotional state of Mulder and Scully with Hardt's characterization, noting, \"Here you have a guy who's affecting the weather because he's repressing his emotions [...] and who better to help him than two people whose emotions are repressed and never express their feelings for each other?\"[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kansas_Windmills.JPG"},{"link_name":"Grapevine, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapevine,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m90-3"},{"link_name":"California Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m90-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m91-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m91-4"},{"link_name":"Piru, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piru,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m91-4"},{"link_name":"How the Ghosts Stole Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Ghosts_Stole_Christmas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m105-5"},{"link_name":"Culver City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m91-4"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The episode was set in the fictional town of Kroner, Kansas (Kansas prairie pictured).The scene in which Daryl Mootz crashes his car into a pole after being pummeled by heart-shaped hail was filmed on a \"lonely road\" near Grapevine, California.[3] The road was so seldom used that the California Department of Transportation had no problem shutting down the entire road so that the crew could film the scene.[3][4] Director Kim Manners was happy with the way the filming turned out, although he did note that filming the actual crash was difficult, because the car kept crashing into the pole at an undesired angle.[4]Ilt Jones, the series' location manager, decided to use Piru, California as a stand-in for Kroner, Kansas—a fictitious city named after Bell's college roommate.[4] Exterior shots for \"How the Ghosts Stole Christmas\" would later be filmed in the same town.[5] The climactic scenes in Kroner's high school were filmed at an abandoned high school in Culver City, California. Corey Kaplan and her art team were tasked with turning the derelict gym into a believable reunion set.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m91-4"},{"link_name":"sightline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sightline"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m91-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m91-4"},{"link_name":"digital technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"Got milk?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got_milk%3F"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m91-4"}],"sub_title":"Effects","text":"I stepped onto the stage just in time to see a brown cow falling through the roof of the set. It was a spectacularly good shot, but it had nothing to do with the script, which said a black and white cow falls through the ceiling. [...] All I knew was that I had to go back and re-render my own [cow] into a brown one. And in a hurry.\n\n\n—Bill Millar on the color of the cow[4]Property master Tom Day and costume designer Christine Peters were tasked with designing the fake prosthetic leg that Clayton Rohner wears in the episode. Because Rohner has both of his legs, Peters had to create a unique harness that pulled Rohner's actual leg out of the camera's sightline. Rohner later described the harness as \"painful\".[4]An actual motel called the Sierra Palona Motel was used to film the scene in which a cow crashes through Mulder's motel room roof. To secure permission, Jones struck a deal with the owners: if the production staff was allowed to cut a hole in the motel's roof, the show would pay for an entirely new roof afterwards. Duke Tomasick, The X-Files construction coordinator, later said that the \"fun part\" was \"calling local roofers and explaining just what kind of damage they'd be repairing for us\".[4]Special effects producer Bill Millar was tasked with creating a shot of the cow being sucked up into a storm. To do this, he photographed a number of cows in a field for reference. Then, using digital technology he animated the desire effect. This footage was then combined with a shot of a \"cow puppet\" being dropped on a re-creation of Mulder's motel room at Fox Studios. At the last minute, Millar noticed that the cow puppet's color was different than his computer-generated cow, which necessitated him to quickly change the color. Kim Manners later stated that his biggest regret with the episode is that he did not have David Duchovny respond \"Got milk?\" after the cow crashed through his roof.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVD-6"},{"link_name":"Nielsen household rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_rating"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comp-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comp-7"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sky1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barb2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mess-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abvclub-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abvclub-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Shearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shearman"},{"link_name":"Lars Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Pearson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shearman-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shearman-13"},{"link_name":"seventh season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_7"},{"link_name":"Brand X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_X_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Kendzior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Kendzior"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cinefantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinefantastique"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinepaula-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinepaula-15"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m89-2"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"\"The Rain King\" premiered on the Fox network on January 10, 1999.[6] Following its initial American broadcast, the episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12.5, with an 18 share—meaning that roughly 12.5 percent of all television-equipped households, and 18 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was viewed by 21.20 million viewers.[7] \"The Rain King\" was both the highest rated episode of Season 6 and the last episode of The X-Files to be viewed by more than 20 million viewers.[7] The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on April 25, 1999 and received 0.75 million viewers, making it the third most watched episode that week.[8] Fox promoted the episode with the tagline \"Mulder's been abducted, infected, and discredited. Tonight, he faces his greatest peril ever... a woman in love.\"[9]Critical reception was mixed. Tom Kessenich, in his book Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files wrote positively of the episode, saying, \"'The Rain King' was cute. Very cute. […] And yet I never found myself suffering from cuteness overload. In fact, I laughed and smiled the entire way through.\"[10] Starpulse named \"The Rain King\" as the ninth best X-Files episode and praised the lighter approach to the paranormal, saying that the episode was an \"ingenious way to use the paranormal motif of the show for something other than thrills\".[11] Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a \"B+\" grade. Despite criticizing the show for \"filming in the land of sunshine and lemon drops\" and \"border[ing] on that overly twee independent movie vibe\", Handlen noted that \"the episode’s essential sweetness has enough snarky asides from our heroes […] that it never goes completely off the rails.\"[12] He did, however, note that the episode's placement, after a string of several humorous episodes, hurt its reception; he argued that, had it appeared in an earlier, darker season, the entry would now be viewed as \"a cock-eyed classic\".[12]Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, gave the episode a mixed review and rated the episode three out of five. The two praised the scene featuring the cow getting sucked up by the tornado, calling it \"really, very funny\" and \"comic genius\", but noted that \"a romantic comedy cannot work by flying cows alone.\"[13] Shearman and Pearson cited casting flaws as to why the episodes was not able to live up to its potential.[13] Other reviews were more negative. In a review of the seventh season episode \"Brand X\", Sarah Kendzior from 11th Hour Magazine cited \"The Rain King\" as one of the worst episodes of The X-Files.[14] Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four.[15] Vitaris heavily criticized the \"flying cow\" scene—noting that the scene was both \"poorly executed\" and \"offensive\" for turning the death of a creature into a joke—as well as the final scene, which, according to her, featured a \"false pastel sky\".[15] Andy Meisler, in The End and the Beginning, noted that the episode was poorly received by fans on the Internet.[2] Rolling Stone ranked it at #179 of all 217 episodes on their \"Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best\" list, calling it \"a silly little mess.\"[16]","title":"Broadcast and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-plot_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-plot_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m89_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m89_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m89_2-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m90_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m90_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m90_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m90_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m90_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m90_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m90_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m90_3-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m91_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m91_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m91_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m91_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m91_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m91_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m91_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m91_4-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m105_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DVD_6-0"},{"link_name":"The X-Files: The Complete Sixth Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_6"},{"link_name":"Kim Manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Manners"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"cite AV media notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-comp_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-comp_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barb2_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-10/?"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Rain King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//i550.photobucket.com/albums/ii421/maurisap/xfiles%20forum/95mulderfaceswoman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Fox Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mess_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"'X-Files' 10 Best Episodes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111219002540/http://www.starpulse.com/news/Andrew_Payne/2008/07/25/x_files_10_best_episodes"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.starpulse.com/news/Andrew_Payne/2008/07/25/x_files_10_best_episodes"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-abvclub_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-abvclub_12-1"},{"link_name":"\"'The Rain King'/'Human Essence' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club | TV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.avclub.com/articles/the-rain-kinghuman-essence,82750/"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"The Onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shearman_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shearman_13-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Brand X\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081012113028/http://www.the11thhour.com/archives/052000/tvreviews/xf_brandx.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.the11thhour.com/archives/052000/tvreviews/xf_brandx.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cinepaula_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cinepaula_15-1"},{"link_name":"Cinefantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinefantastique"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"'The X-Files': Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/the-x-files-every-episode-ranked-from-worst-to-best-1234809514/season-six-episode-eight-the-rain-king-1234813378/"}],"text":"^ a b Meisler, pp. 80–89\n\n^ a b c Meisler, p. 89\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Meisler, p. 90\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Meisler, p. 91\n\n^ Meisler, p. 105\n\n^ The X-Files: The Complete Sixth Season (booklet). Kim Manners, et al. Fox.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)\n\n^ a b Meisler, p. 294\n\n^ \"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\". barb.co.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Note: Information is in the section titled \"w/e April 19–25, 1999\", listed under Sky 1\n\n^ The Rain King (Promotional Flyer). Los Angeles, California: Fox Broadcasting Company. 1999.\n\n^ Kessenich, p. 30\n\n^ Payne, Andrew (25 July 2008). \"'X-Files' 10 Best Episodes\". Starpulse. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.\n\n^ a b Handeln, Zack (28 July 2012). \"'The Rain King'/'Human Essence' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club | TV\". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved 28 July 2012.\n\n^ a b Shearman and Pearson, p. 174–175\n\n^ Kendzior, Sarah (16 April 2000). \"Brand X\". 11th Hour Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2012.\n\n^ a b Vitaris, Paula (October 1999). \"Sixth Season Episode Guide\". Cinefantastique. 31 (8): 26–42.\n\n^ Francis, Jack (September 10, 2023). \"'The X-Files': Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 3, 2024.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/examinationsunau0000kess"},{"link_name":"Trafford Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafford_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55369-812-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55369-812-6"},{"link_name":"The End and the Beginning: The Official Guide to the X-Files Season 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/endbeginning00meis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-107595-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-107595-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9759446-9-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759446-9-1"}],"text":"Kessenich, Tom (2002). Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-812-6.\nMeisler, Andy (2000). The End and the Beginning: The Official Guide to the X-Files Season 6. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-107595-7.\nShearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0-9759446-9-1.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The episode was set in the fictional town of Kroner, Kansas (Kansas prairie pictured).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kansas_Windmills.JPG/300px-Kansas_Windmills.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"The X-Files: The Complete Sixth Season (booklet). Kim Manners, et al. Fox.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_6","url_text":"The X-Files: The Complete Sixth Season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Manners","url_text":"Kim Manners"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Fox"}]},{"reference":"\"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\". barb.co.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-10/?","url_text":"\"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\""}]},{"reference":"The Rain King (Promotional Flyer). Los Angeles, California: Fox Broadcasting Company. 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://i550.photobucket.com/albums/ii421/maurisap/xfiles%20forum/95mulderfaceswoman.jpg","url_text":"The Rain King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California","url_text":"Los Angeles, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Fox Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Andrew (25 July 2008). \"'X-Files' 10 Best Episodes\". Starpulse. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111219002540/http://www.starpulse.com/news/Andrew_Payne/2008/07/25/x_files_10_best_episodes","url_text":"\"'X-Files' 10 Best Episodes\""},{"url":"http://www.starpulse.com/news/Andrew_Payne/2008/07/25/x_files_10_best_episodes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Handeln, Zack (28 July 2012). \"'The Rain King'/'Human Essence' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club | TV\". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved 28 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-rain-kinghuman-essence,82750/","url_text":"\"'The Rain King'/'Human Essence' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club | TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion","url_text":"The Onion"}]},{"reference":"Kendzior, Sarah (16 April 2000). \"Brand X\". 11th Hour Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012113028/http://www.the11thhour.com/archives/052000/tvreviews/xf_brandx.html","url_text":"\"Brand X\""},{"url":"http://www.the11thhour.com/archives/052000/tvreviews/xf_brandx.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vitaris, Paula (October 1999). \"Sixth Season Episode Guide\". Cinefantastique. 31 (8): 26–42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinefantastique","url_text":"Cinefantastique"}]},{"reference":"Francis, Jack (September 10, 2023). \"'The X-Files': Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/the-x-files-every-episode-ranked-from-worst-to-best-1234809514/season-six-episode-eight-the-rain-king-1234813378/","url_text":"\"'The X-Files': Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best\""}]},{"reference":"Kessenich, Tom (2002). Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-812-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/examinationsunau0000kess","url_text":"Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafford_Publishing","url_text":"Trafford Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55369-812-6","url_text":"1-55369-812-6"}]},{"reference":"Meisler, Andy (2000). The End and the Beginning: The Official Guide to the X-Files Season 6. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-107595-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/endbeginning00meis","url_text":"The End and the Beginning: The Official Guide to the X-Files Season 6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-107595-7","url_text":"0-06-107595-7"}]},{"reference":"Shearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0-9759446-9-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759446-9-1","url_text":"978-0-9759446-9-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-10/?","external_links_name":"\"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\""},{"Link":"http://i550.photobucket.com/albums/ii421/maurisap/xfiles%20forum/95mulderfaceswoman.jpg","external_links_name":"The Rain King"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111219002540/http://www.starpulse.com/news/Andrew_Payne/2008/07/25/x_files_10_best_episodes","external_links_name":"\"'X-Files' 10 Best Episodes\""},{"Link":"http://www.starpulse.com/news/Andrew_Payne/2008/07/25/x_files_10_best_episodes","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-rain-kinghuman-essence,82750/","external_links_name":"\"'The Rain King'/'Human Essence' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club | TV\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012113028/http://www.the11thhour.com/archives/052000/tvreviews/xf_brandx.html","external_links_name":"\"Brand X\""},{"Link":"http://www.the11thhour.com/archives/052000/tvreviews/xf_brandx.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/the-x-files-every-episode-ranked-from-worst-to-best-1234809514/season-six-episode-eight-the-rain-king-1234813378/","external_links_name":"\"'The X-Files': Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/examinationsunau0000kess","external_links_name":"Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/endbeginning00meis","external_links_name":"The End and the Beginning: The Official Guide to the X-Files Season 6"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0751233/","external_links_name":"\"The Rain King\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nelken | David Nelken | ["1 Selected publications","1.1 Monographs","1.2 Edited volumes","2 References"] | British political scientist
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. The reason given is: there is close to none refs about the person, no any text about his work. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "David Nelken" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article is missing information about bio and achievements. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (July 2020)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
David Nelken FBA is a Distinguished Professor of Legal Institutions and Social Change (Professore Ordinario, di chiara fama) Faculty of Political Science, University of Macerata and the Distinguished Visiting Research Professor, Faculty of Law, Cardiff University. His work focuses primarily on comparative criminal justice and comparative sociology of law. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2023.
Selected publications
Monographs
Comparative Criminal Justice: Making Sense of Difference, Sage, 2010
Beyond Law in Context: Developing a Sociological Understanding of Law, Ashgate, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7546-2802-6
The Limits of the Legal Process. A Study of Landlords, Law and Crime, Academic Press, 1983
Edited volumes
Comparative Criminal Justice and Globalization, edited, Ashgate, 2011
European Ways of Law: Towards a European Sociology of Law, edited with Volkmar Gessner, Hart Publishing, 2007
Explorations in Legal Cultures, edited with Fred Bruinsma, Elsevier, 2007
Law's New Boundaries: The consequences of Legal Autopoiesis, edited with Jiří Přibáň, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 2001, ISBN 0-7546-2202-9
Adapting Legal Cultures, edited with Johannes Feest, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2001, ISBN 1-84113-291-8
Contrasting Criminal Justice: Getting from Here to There, edited, Ashgate, 2000
Comparing Legal Cultures, edited, Dartmouth 1997, Nelken D, Tsinghua university Press, Peking, China (2003) ISBN 7-302-07249-3.
Italian Politics: The Center-Left in Power, edited with Roberto D'Alimonte, Westview, 1997
The Futures of Criminology, edited, Sage, 1994
References
^ "David Nelken". University of Miami. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ "David Nelken". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ "Professor David Nelken FBA". The British Academy. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
^ Reviews of Comparative Criminal Justice:
Linz, Helmut Hirtenlehner (April 2011). Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform. 94 (2): 144–146. doi:10.1515/mks-2011-940208. S2CID 201015834.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Calderoni, Francesco (July 2011). European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 17 (3): 247–248. doi:10.1007/s10610-011-9153-z. S2CID 145673565.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Nolan, Jr., James L. (December 2011). Law & Society Review. 45 (4): 1070–1072. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00467.x. JSTOR 41475246.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Reviews of Beyond Law in Context:
Ribeiro, Tiago (2009). "Review". Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. 87: 197–200. doi:10.4000/rccs.1619. hdl:10316/33632.
King, Michael (May 2010). International Journal of Law in Context. 6 (2): 198–200. doi:10.1017/s1744552310000108. S2CID 145080642.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Reviews of The Limits of the Legal Process:
Hawkins, Keith (January 1985). The British Journal of Criminology. 25 (1): 85–87. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047498. JSTOR 23636778.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Reviews of Comparative Criminal Justice and Globalization:
Pakes, Francis (May 2012). The British Journal of Criminology. 52 (3): 679–681. doi:10.1093/bjc/azs007. JSTOR 44173517.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Sauerman, Adri (June 2012). International Criminal Justice Review. 22 (2): 221–223. doi:10.1177/1057567712439064. S2CID 145636655.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Reviews of European Ways of Law:
Parmentier, Stephan (December 2008). Law & Society Review. 42 (4): 939–942. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00364_4.x. JSTOR 29734163.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Petersen, Hanne (March 2010). Social & Legal Studies. 19 (1): 137–139. doi:10.1177/09646639100190010705. S2CID 145221579.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Review of Explorations in Legal Cultures:
Fredette, Jennifer (March 2009). Law & Society Review. 43 (1): 233–235. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00371_6.x. JSTOR 29734182.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Review of Law's New Boundaries:
Christodoulidis, Emilios (September 2003). Edinburgh Law Review. 7 (3): 415–417. doi:10.3366/elr.2003.7.3.415a.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Review of Adapting Legal Cultures:
Bell, John (January 2003). The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 52 (1): 270–272. doi:10.1093/iclq/52.1.270. JSTOR 3663219.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Reviews of Contrasting Criminal Justice:
Banakar, Reza (September 2001). Journal of Law and Society. 28 (3): 451–454. JSTOR 3657991.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Karstedt, Susanne (Fall 2001). The British Journal of Criminology. 41 (4): 752–754. doi:10.1093/bjc/41.4.752. JSTOR 23654295.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Roberts, Paul (Fall 2002). "On method: The ascent of comparative criminal justice". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 22 (3): 539–561. doi:10.1093/ojls/22.3.539. JSTOR 3600659.
^ Reviews of Comparing Legal Cultures:
Legrand, Pierre (November 1997). The Cambridge Law Journal. 56 (3): 646–649. doi:10.1017/S0008197300098718. JSTOR 4508391.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Bell, John (January 1998). The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 47 (1): 246–248. doi:10.1017/S0020589300061741. JSTOR 761501.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Ojwang, J. B. (December 1999). Netherlands International Law Review. 46 (3): 406. doi:10.1017/s0165070x00002606. S2CID 144448748.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Review of Italian Politics:
Donovan, Mark (April 1998). International Affairs. 74 (2): 460–461. JSTOR 2623964.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
^ Reviews of The Futures of Criminology:
Ruggiero, Vincenzo (Fall 1995). The British Journal of Criminology. 35 (4): 636–639. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048551. JSTOR 23637994.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Downes, David (June 1996). "The future of criminologies". The British Journal of Sociology. 47 (2): 360–365. doi:10.2307/591732. JSTOR 591732.
Vos, Jaco (September 1996). Journal of Law and Society. 23 (3): 446–453. doi:10.2307/1410723. JSTOR 1410723.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
This biography article of a United Kingdom academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Macerata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Macerata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cardiff University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"David Nelken FBA is a Distinguished Professor of Legal Institutions and Social Change (Professore Ordinario, di chiara fama) Faculty of Political Science, University of Macerata[1] and the Distinguished Visiting Research Professor, Faculty of Law, Cardiff University.[2] His work focuses primarily on comparative criminal justice and comparative sociology of law. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2023.[3]","title":"David Nelken"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7546-2802-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2802-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Monographs","text":"Comparative Criminal Justice: Making Sense of Difference, Sage, 2010[4]\nBeyond Law in Context: Developing a Sociological Understanding of Law, Ashgate, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7546-2802-6[5]\nThe Limits of the Legal Process. A Study of Landlords, Law and Crime, Academic Press, 1983[6]","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jiří Přibáň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_P%C5%99ib%C3%A1%C5%88"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7546-2202-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-2202-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84113-291-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84113-291-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7-302-07249-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-302-07249-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Edited volumes","text":"Comparative Criminal Justice and Globalization, edited, Ashgate, 2011[7]\nEuropean Ways of Law: Towards a European Sociology of Law, edited with Volkmar Gessner, Hart Publishing, 2007[8]\nExplorations in Legal Cultures, edited with Fred Bruinsma, Elsevier, 2007[9]\nLaw's New Boundaries: The consequences of Legal Autopoiesis, edited with Jiří Přibáň, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 2001, ISBN 0-7546-2202-9[10]\nAdapting Legal Cultures, edited with Johannes Feest, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2001, ISBN 1-84113-291-8[11]\nContrasting Criminal Justice: Getting from Here to There, edited, Ashgate, 2000[12]\nComparing Legal Cultures, edited, Dartmouth 1997, Nelken D, Tsinghua university Press, Peking, China (2003) ISBN 7-302-07249-3.[13]\nItalian Politics: The Center-Left in Power, edited with Roberto D'Alimonte, Westview, 1997[14]\nThe Futures of Criminology, edited, Sage, 1994[15]","title":"Selected publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"David Nelken\". University of Miami. Retrieved 5 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law.miami.edu/facadmin/visiting/dnelken.php","url_text":"\"David Nelken\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami","url_text":"University of Miami"}]},{"reference":"\"David Nelken\". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100122034858/http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/visitingfellows/NelkenDavid.htm","url_text":"\"David Nelken\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford","url_text":"University of Oxford"},{"url":"http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/visitingfellows/NelkenDavid.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor David Nelken FBA\". The British Academy. Retrieved 21 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/david-nelken-fba/","url_text":"\"Professor David Nelken FBA\""}]},{"reference":"Linz, Helmut Hirtenlehner (April 2011). Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform. 94 (2): 144–146. doi:10.1515/mks-2011-940208. S2CID 201015834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmks-2011-940208","url_text":"10.1515/mks-2011-940208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201015834","url_text":"201015834"}]},{"reference":"Calderoni, Francesco (July 2011). European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 17 (3): 247–248. doi:10.1007/s10610-011-9153-z. S2CID 145673565.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10610-011-9153-z","url_text":"10.1007/s10610-011-9153-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145673565","url_text":"145673565"}]},{"reference":"Nolan, Jr., James L. (December 2011). Law & Society Review. 45 (4): 1070–1072. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00467.x. JSTOR 41475246.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5893.2011.00467.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00467.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41475246","url_text":"41475246"}]},{"reference":"Ribeiro, Tiago (2009). \"Review\". Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. 87: 197–200. doi:10.4000/rccs.1619. hdl:10316/33632.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.openedition.org/rccs/1619","url_text":"\"Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frccs.1619","url_text":"10.4000/rccs.1619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10316%2F33632","url_text":"10316/33632"}]},{"reference":"King, Michael (May 2010). International Journal of Law in Context. 6 (2): 198–200. doi:10.1017/s1744552310000108. S2CID 145080642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1744552310000108","url_text":"10.1017/s1744552310000108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145080642","url_text":"145080642"}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Keith (January 1985). The British Journal of Criminology. 25 (1): 85–87. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047498. JSTOR 23636778.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjc.a047498","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23636778","url_text":"23636778"}]},{"reference":"Pakes, Francis (May 2012). The British Journal of Criminology. 52 (3): 679–681. doi:10.1093/bjc/azs007. JSTOR 44173517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjc%2Fazs007","url_text":"10.1093/bjc/azs007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44173517","url_text":"44173517"}]},{"reference":"Sauerman, Adri (June 2012). International Criminal Justice Review. 22 (2): 221–223. doi:10.1177/1057567712439064. S2CID 145636655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1057567712439064","url_text":"10.1177/1057567712439064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145636655","url_text":"145636655"}]},{"reference":"Parmentier, Stephan (December 2008). Law & Society Review. 42 (4): 939–942. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00364_4.x. JSTOR 29734163.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5893.2008.00364_4.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00364_4.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29734163","url_text":"29734163"}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Hanne (March 2010). Social & Legal Studies. 19 (1): 137–139. doi:10.1177/09646639100190010705. S2CID 145221579.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09646639100190010705","url_text":"10.1177/09646639100190010705"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145221579","url_text":"145221579"}]},{"reference":"Fredette, Jennifer (March 2009). Law & Society Review. 43 (1): 233–235. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00371_6.x. JSTOR 29734182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5893.2009.00371_6.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00371_6.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29734182","url_text":"29734182"}]},{"reference":"Christodoulidis, Emilios (September 2003). Edinburgh Law Review. 7 (3): 415–417. doi:10.3366/elr.2003.7.3.415a.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Felr.2003.7.3.415a","url_text":"10.3366/elr.2003.7.3.415a"}]},{"reference":"Bell, John (January 2003). The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 52 (1): 270–272. doi:10.1093/iclq/52.1.270. JSTOR 3663219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficlq%2F52.1.270","url_text":"10.1093/iclq/52.1.270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3663219","url_text":"3663219"}]},{"reference":"Banakar, Reza (September 2001). Journal of Law and Society. 28 (3): 451–454. JSTOR 3657991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657991","url_text":"3657991"}]},{"reference":"Karstedt, Susanne (Fall 2001). The British Journal of Criminology. 41 (4): 752–754. doi:10.1093/bjc/41.4.752. JSTOR 23654295.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjc%2F41.4.752","url_text":"10.1093/bjc/41.4.752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654295","url_text":"23654295"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Paul (Fall 2002). \"On method: The ascent of comparative criminal justice\". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 22 (3): 539–561. doi:10.1093/ojls/22.3.539. JSTOR 3600659.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fojls%2F22.3.539","url_text":"10.1093/ojls/22.3.539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600659","url_text":"3600659"}]},{"reference":"Legrand, Pierre (November 1997). The Cambridge Law Journal. 56 (3): 646–649. doi:10.1017/S0008197300098718. JSTOR 4508391.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008197300098718","url_text":"10.1017/S0008197300098718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4508391","url_text":"4508391"}]},{"reference":"Bell, John (January 1998). The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 47 (1): 246–248. doi:10.1017/S0020589300061741. JSTOR 761501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020589300061741","url_text":"10.1017/S0020589300061741"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/761501","url_text":"761501"}]},{"reference":"Ojwang, J. B. (December 1999). Netherlands International Law Review. 46 (3): 406. doi:10.1017/s0165070x00002606. S2CID 144448748.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0165070x00002606","url_text":"10.1017/s0165070x00002606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144448748","url_text":"144448748"}]},{"reference":"Donovan, Mark (April 1998). International Affairs. 74 (2): 460–461. JSTOR 2623964.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2623964","url_text":"2623964"}]},{"reference":"Ruggiero, Vincenzo (Fall 1995). The British Journal of Criminology. 35 (4): 636–639. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048551. JSTOR 23637994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjc.a048551","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048551"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23637994","url_text":"23637994"}]},{"reference":"Downes, David (June 1996). \"The future of criminologies\". The British Journal of Sociology. 47 (2): 360–365. doi:10.2307/591732. JSTOR 591732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F591732","url_text":"10.2307/591732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/591732","url_text":"591732"}]},{"reference":"Vos, Jaco (September 1996). Journal of Law and Society. 23 (3): 446–453. doi:10.2307/1410723. JSTOR 1410723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1410723","url_text":"10.2307/1410723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1410723","url_text":"1410723"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22David+Nelken%22","external_links_name":"\"David Nelken\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22David+Nelken%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22David+Nelken%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22David+Nelken%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22David+Nelken%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22David+Nelken%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.law.miami.edu/facadmin/visiting/dnelken.php","external_links_name":"\"David Nelken\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100122034858/http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/visitingfellows/NelkenDavid.htm","external_links_name":"\"David Nelken\""},{"Link":"http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/visitingfellows/NelkenDavid.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/david-nelken-fba/","external_links_name":"\"Professor David Nelken FBA\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmks-2011-940208","external_links_name":"10.1515/mks-2011-940208"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201015834","external_links_name":"201015834"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10610-011-9153-z","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10610-011-9153-z"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145673565","external_links_name":"145673565"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5893.2011.00467.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00467.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41475246","external_links_name":"41475246"},{"Link":"https://journals.openedition.org/rccs/1619","external_links_name":"\"Review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frccs.1619","external_links_name":"10.4000/rccs.1619"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10316%2F33632","external_links_name":"10316/33632"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1744552310000108","external_links_name":"10.1017/s1744552310000108"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145080642","external_links_name":"145080642"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjc.a047498","external_links_name":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047498"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23636778","external_links_name":"23636778"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjc%2Fazs007","external_links_name":"10.1093/bjc/azs007"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44173517","external_links_name":"44173517"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1057567712439064","external_links_name":"10.1177/1057567712439064"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145636655","external_links_name":"145636655"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5893.2008.00364_4.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00364_4.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29734163","external_links_name":"29734163"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09646639100190010705","external_links_name":"10.1177/09646639100190010705"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145221579","external_links_name":"145221579"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5893.2009.00371_6.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00371_6.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29734182","external_links_name":"29734182"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Felr.2003.7.3.415a","external_links_name":"10.3366/elr.2003.7.3.415a"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficlq%2F52.1.270","external_links_name":"10.1093/iclq/52.1.270"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3663219","external_links_name":"3663219"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657991","external_links_name":"3657991"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjc%2F41.4.752","external_links_name":"10.1093/bjc/41.4.752"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654295","external_links_name":"23654295"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fojls%2F22.3.539","external_links_name":"10.1093/ojls/22.3.539"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600659","external_links_name":"3600659"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008197300098718","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0008197300098718"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4508391","external_links_name":"4508391"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020589300061741","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0020589300061741"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/761501","external_links_name":"761501"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0165070x00002606","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0165070x00002606"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144448748","external_links_name":"144448748"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2623964","external_links_name":"2623964"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjc.a048551","external_links_name":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048551"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23637994","external_links_name":"23637994"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F591732","external_links_name":"10.2307/591732"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/591732","external_links_name":"591732"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1410723","external_links_name":"10.2307/1410723"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1410723","external_links_name":"1410723"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000375177479","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/233391711","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90263484","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124809399","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124809399","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516726806706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131778587","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007598760505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83198799","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000000329&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20231176354&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36384642","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p120942186","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01602417?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1252730","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034010475","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Nelken&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_Innitzer_Prize | Theodor Innitzer | ["1 Early life","2 Ecclesiastical career","3 Political activity and assessment","3.1 The Anschluss","3.2 Nazi intimidation","3.3 World War II","4 Writings","5 Kardinal Innitzer Prize","6 Cultural references","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Austrian cardinal and politician
His EminenceTheodor InnitzerCardinal, Archbishop of ViennaArchdioceseViennaSeeViennaAppointed19 September 1932Installed16 October 1932Term ended9 October 1955PredecessorFriedrich Gustav PifflSuccessorFranz KönigOther post(s)Cardinal-Priest of San CrisogonoOrdersOrdination25 July 1902Consecration16 October 1932by Enrico SibiliaCreated cardinal13 March 1933by Pius XIRankCardinal-PriestPersonal detailsBorn(1875-12-25)25 December 1875Neugeschrei-Weipert, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austria-HungaryDied9 December 1955(1955-12-09) (aged 79)DenominationRoman CatholicCoat of arms
Theodor Innitzer (25 December 1875 – 9 October 1955) was Archbishop of Vienna and a cardinal of the Catholic Church.
Early life
Innitzer was born in Neugeschrei (Nové Zvolání), part of the town Weipert (Vejprty) in Bohemia, at that time Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic). He was the son of a passementier Wilhelm Innitzer in Vejprty, later a textile factory worker, and his wife Maria born Seidl, daughter of a mining clerk. After completing the minimum mandatory school, Innitzer became an apprentice in a textile factory. The dean of his home parish supported young Theodor, thus paving the way for him to attend higher schools (Gymnasium) in Kaaden.
Ecclesiastical career
Styles ofTheodor InnitzerReference styleHis EminenceSpoken styleYour EminenceInformal styleCardinalSeeVienna
1898 – entered the seminary in Vienna
1902 – priestly ordination
1906 – doctorate in theology
1908 to 1911 Privatdozent at the University of Vienna
1911 to 1932 professor and (from 1913) chair for New Testament Exegesis
1928 to 1929 rector of the University of Vienna
1929 to 1930 Minister of Social Affairs in the third government of Chancellor Johann Schober
1932 consecrated archbishop of Vienna
1933 name a cardinal
Political activity and assessment
The Anschluss
Innitzer's role in early 20th century Austrian history remains disputed because of his involvement in politics. Despite early support for the Anschluss, Innitzer became a critic of National Socialism and was subject to further violent intimidation.
This assessment stems from his cooperation with the Austro-fascist government of Engelbert Dollfuß and Kurt Schuschnigg from 1934 to 1938, which based many of its economic and social policies on the teachings of the Catholic Church. He and the other Austrian Catholic bishops signed a declaration endorsing the Anschluss, set up by Gauleiter Josef Bürckel, and signed by Innitzer with "Heil Hitler!". Without the bishops' consent, the Nazi regime disseminated this statement throughout the German Reich.
Vatican Radio had recently broadcast a vehement denunciation of the Nazi action, and Cardinal Pacelli (soon to become Pope Pius XII) ordered Innitzer to report to the Vatican. Before meeting with Pius XI, Innitzer met with Pacelli, who had been outraged by Innitzer's statement. He made it clear that Innitzer needed to retract and was made to sign a new statement, issued on behalf of all the Austrian bishops, which asserted that "the solemn declaration of the Austrian bishops ... was clearly not intended to be an approval of something that was not and is not compatible with God's law." The Vatican newspaper also reported that the bishops' earlier statement had been issued without the approval of the Holy See.
Nazi intimidation
In April 1938, in honour of Hitler's birthday, Cardinal Innitzer had ordered that all Austrian churches fly the swastika flag, ring bells, and pray for Hitler. Innitzer also called a day of prayer in the Cathedral of St. Stephen of Vienna for 7 October 1938, which was attended by almost 9,000 people, mostly young people. In the sermon, Innitzer declared that "we must confess our faith in our Führer, for there is just one Führer: Jesus Christ." Nazi leaders were angered: about 100 Nazis, among them many older members of the Hitler Youth, ransacked the archbishop's residence the next day. In Britain, the Catholic Herald provided the following contemporary account on 14 October 1938:
The invasion was a reply to a courageous sermon the Cardinal had preached in the Cathedral earlier in the evening, in which the Cardinal told his packed congregation that "in the last few months, you have lost everything!' This sermon marked the end of Cardinal Innitzer's attempt to establish a religious peace with the Nazis. The attempt has failed. Cardinal Innitzer is now in line with his German brothers, openly urging Catholics to resist anti-Catholic measures. Nazi mobs have penetrated into the Archbishop's Palace on St. Stephen's Square in Vienna and have demolished part of the furniture. Other furniture, as well as files and documents were thrown through the windows and set on fire. Hostile cries like "down with the clergy," "send the Cardinal into a concentration camp," "traitor bishop" and so on were heard.
World War II
Innitzer's ambiguous relationship with the Nazi regime brought him a lot of criticism after World War II (he was referred to as the "Heil Hitler Cardinal"). During the war, Innitzer was critical of the anti-Semitic and racist policies of the Nazis towards the Austrian Jews and the Catholic gypsies of the Austrian countryside.
He openly, though moderately, supported the war effort against the Soviet Union, however. Years before, he had campaigned against Soviet policies. In 1933, based on data collected by undercover investigation and photographs, Innitzer sought to raise awareness in the West of the Holodomor and even cases of cannibalism that were occurring in Ukraine and the North Caucasus at that time.
In October 1944, Innitzer preached in the parish of Vienna-Reindorf, which also included members of the NSDAP local group who listened and wrote a report about it. They reported that Innitzer attributed the war to God directly; he saw it as a punishment for lukewarm participation in church life: children not receiving Communion, absolution in confession, or religious instruction at school. Seminaries were closing, and only one sixth of Catholics attended Holy Mass. The report understood this as indirect criticism of the National Socialist government, since their measures had suppressed the church's influence.
Writings
John the Baptist. Illustrated according to the scriptures and tradition by Theodor Innitzer. Mayer, Vienna 1908.
Commentary on the Gospel of Healing Luke, excluding the story of suffering. (Revised by Franz Xaver Pölzl. 2nd edition, especially by Theodor Innitzer.) Graz u. Vienna 1912.
Court Councilor Dr. Ms. X. Pölzl. Styria, Graz 1915.
Commentary on the Gospel of St. Mark, excluding the history of suffering. (Founded by Franz Xaver Pölzl. 3rd revised edition, especially by Theodor Innitzer.) Graz u. Vienna 1916.
Brief commentary on the Four Holy Gospels. (Founded by Franz Xaver Poelzl continued by Theodor Innitzer. 4 verb. Edition) Graz 1928.
The Religion of the Earth in detail. (Together with Fritz Wilke.) Leipzig u. Vienna 1929.
The Holy Year and Peace. In: Hermann Hoffmann: The Church and Peace. 1,933th
He is risen! Pictures by Josef von Führich. Statement by Theodor Innitzer. Bernina, Vienna 1949.
Letter of Faith. Herder, Vienna 1939–40
"What are we doing ourselves?" Cardinal Archbishop Theodor Innitzer u. Archbishop coadjutor Franz Jachym call for help for young families. Catholic family work of the Archdiocese of Vienna, Vienna 1951.
Kardinal Innitzer Prize
The Archdiocese of Vienna annually awards the Kardinal-Innitzer-Preis to scientists and scholars.
Cultural references
In the 1963 movie The Cardinal, Innitzer was played by Josef Meinrad. The film portrays the Anschluss, the bishops' statement, and Nazis looting Innitzer's residence.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theodor Innitzer.
List of Austrians
List of Austrian Politicians
References
^ Baptismal matrix of Vejprty
^ Krieger, Walter (1980). Kardinal Dr. Theodor Innitzer und der Nationalsozialismus (in German). pp. 7–8.
^ "Theodor Innitzer – Austrian cardinal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
^ a b "Cardinal Innitzer May See Hitler". Catholic Herald Archive. 14 October 1938. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
^ Gajewski, Karol Jozef (November 1999). "Nazi Policy and the Catholic Church". Inside the Vatican. Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.
^ "US Holocaust Archives to cooperate with Vienna Diocese - Innitzer as Cardinal "Heil Hitler"". jewishnews.at. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
^ Starvation & Surplus, TIME Magazine, 22 January 1934
^ "Innitzer, Theodor". Religion Past and Present. doi:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_10439. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
External links
Speech by Innitzer in 1933
Newspaper clippings about Theodor Innitzer in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Political offices
Preceded byJosef Resch
Austrian Minister of Social Affairs 1929–1930
Succeeded byRichard Schmitz(acting)
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byFriedrich Gustav Piffl
Archbishop of Vienna 1932–1955
Succeeded byFranz König
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"cardinal of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"}],"text":"Theodor Innitzer (25 December 1875 – 9 October 1955) was Archbishop of Vienna and a cardinal of the Catholic Church.","title":"Theodor Innitzer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weipert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejprty"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"passementier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"textile factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"Kaaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kada%C5%88"}],"text":"Innitzer was born in Neugeschrei (Nové Zvolání), part of the town Weipert (Vejprty) in Bohemia, at that time Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic). He was the son of a passementier Wilhelm Innitzer in Vejprty, later a textile factory worker, and his wife Maria born Seidl, daughter of a mining clerk.[1] After completing the minimum mandatory school, Innitzer became an apprentice in a textile factory. The dean of his home parish supported young Theodor, thus paving the way for him to attend higher schools (Gymnasium) in Kaaden.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Privatdozent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatdozent"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Exegesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Johann Schober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Schober"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"}],"text":"1898 – entered the seminary in Vienna\n1902 – priestly ordination\n1906 – doctorate in theology\n1908 to 1911 Privatdozent at the University of Vienna\n1911 to 1932 professor and (from 1913) chair for New Testament Exegesis\n1928 to 1929 rector of the University of Vienna\n1929 to 1930 Minister of Social Affairs in the third government of Chancellor Johann Schober\n1932 consecrated archbishop of Vienna\n1933 name a cardinal","title":"Ecclesiastical career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political activity and assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krieger-2"},{"link_name":"National Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicherald.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"Austro-fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrofascism"},{"link_name":"Engelbert Dollfuß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfu%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schuschnigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg"},{"link_name":"social policies on the teachings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Gauleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter"},{"link_name":"Josef Bürckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BCrckel"},{"link_name":"Heil Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heil_Hitler"},{"link_name":"German Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Vatican Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Radio"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The Anschluss","text":"Innitzer's role in early 20th century Austrian history remains disputed because of his involvement in politics. Despite early support for the Anschluss,[2] Innitzer became a critic of National Socialism and was subject to further violent intimidation.[3][4]This assessment stems from his cooperation with the Austro-fascist government of Engelbert Dollfuß and Kurt Schuschnigg from 1934 to 1938, which based many of its economic and social policies on the teachings of the Catholic Church. He and the other Austrian Catholic bishops signed a declaration endorsing the Anschluss, set up by Gauleiter Josef Bürckel, and signed by Innitzer with \"Heil Hitler!\". Without the bishops' consent, the Nazi regime disseminated this statement throughout the German Reich.Vatican Radio had recently broadcast a vehement denunciation of the Nazi action, and Cardinal Pacelli (soon to become Pope Pius XII) ordered Innitzer to report to the Vatican. Before meeting with Pius XI, Innitzer met with Pacelli, who had been outraged by Innitzer's statement. He made it clear that Innitzer needed to retract and was made to sign a new statement, issued on behalf of all the Austrian bishops, which asserted that \"the solemn declaration of the Austrian bishops ... was clearly not intended to be an approval of something that was not and is not compatible with God's law.\" The Vatican newspaper also reported that the bishops' earlier statement had been issued without the approval of the Holy See.[citation needed]","title":"Political activity and assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hitler's birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_50th_birthday"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St. Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephansdom"},{"link_name":"Führer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Catholic Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Herald"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholicherald.co.uk-4"}],"sub_title":"Nazi intimidation","text":"In April 1938, in honour of Hitler's birthday, Cardinal Innitzer had ordered that all Austrian churches fly the swastika flag, ring bells, and pray for Hitler. Innitzer also called a day of prayer in the Cathedral of St. Stephen of Vienna for 7 October 1938, which was attended by almost 9,000 people, mostly young people. In the sermon, Innitzer declared that \"we must confess our faith in our Führer, for there is just one Führer: Jesus Christ.\" Nazi leaders were angered: about 100 Nazis, among them many older members of the Hitler Youth, ransacked the archbishop's residence the next day.[5] In Britain, the Catholic Herald provided the following contemporary account on 14 October 1938:[4]The invasion was a reply to a courageous sermon the Cardinal had preached in the Cathedral earlier in the evening, in which the Cardinal told his packed congregation that \"in the last few months, you have lost everything!' This sermon marked the end of Cardinal Innitzer's attempt to establish a religious peace with the Nazis. The attempt has failed. Cardinal Innitzer is now in line with his German brothers, openly urging Catholics to resist anti-Catholic measures. [...] Nazi mobs have penetrated into the Archbishop's Palace on St. Stephen's Square in Vienna and have demolished part of the furniture. Other furniture, as well as files and documents were thrown through the windows and set on fire. Hostile cries like \"down with the clergy,\" \"send the Cardinal into a concentration camp,\" \"traitor bishop\" and so on were heard.","title":"Political activity and assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Austrian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria#The_Holocaust_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"gypsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"war effort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_effort"},{"link_name":"against","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Holodomor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor"},{"link_name":"cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Innitzer's ambiguous relationship with the Nazi regime brought him a lot of criticism after World War II (he was referred to as the \"Heil Hitler Cardinal\").[6] During the war, Innitzer was critical of the anti-Semitic and racist policies of the Nazis towards the Austrian Jews and the Catholic gypsies of the Austrian countryside.[citation needed]He openly, though moderately, supported the war effort against the Soviet Union, however. Years before, he had campaigned against Soviet policies. In 1933, based on data collected by undercover investigation and photographs, Innitzer sought to raise awareness in the West of the Holodomor and even cases of cannibalism that were occurring in Ukraine and the North Caucasus at that time.[7]In October 1944, Innitzer preached in the parish of Vienna-Reindorf, which also included members of the NSDAP local group who listened and wrote a report about it. They reported that Innitzer attributed the war to God directly; he saw it as a punishment for lukewarm participation in church life: children not receiving Communion, absolution in confession, or religious instruction at school. Seminaries were closing, and only one sixth of Catholics attended Holy Mass. The report understood this as indirect criticism of the National Socialist government, since their measures had suppressed the church's influence.[8]","title":"Political activity and assessment"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"John the Baptist. Illustrated according to the scriptures and tradition by Theodor Innitzer. Mayer, Vienna 1908.\nCommentary on the Gospel of Healing Luke, excluding the story of suffering. (Revised by Franz Xaver Pölzl. 2nd edition, especially by Theodor Innitzer.) Graz u. Vienna 1912.\nCourt Councilor Dr. Ms. X. Pölzl. Styria, Graz 1915.\nCommentary on the Gospel of St. Mark, excluding the history of suffering. (Founded by Franz Xaver Pölzl. 3rd revised edition, especially by Theodor Innitzer.) Graz u. Vienna 1916.\nBrief commentary on the Four Holy Gospels. (Founded by Franz Xaver Poelzl continued by Theodor Innitzer. 4 verb. Edition) Graz 1928.\nThe Religion of the Earth in detail. (Together with Fritz Wilke.) Leipzig u. Vienna 1929.\nThe Holy Year and Peace. In: Hermann Hoffmann: The Church and Peace. 1,933th\nHe is risen! Pictures by Josef von Führich. Statement by Theodor Innitzer. Bernina, Vienna 1949.\nLetter of Faith. Herder, Vienna 1939–40\n\"What are we doing ourselves?\" Cardinal Archbishop Theodor Innitzer u. Archbishop coadjutor Franz Jachym call for help for young families. Catholic family work of the Archdiocese of Vienna, Vienna 1951.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Vienna"}],"text":"The Archdiocese of Vienna annually awards the Kardinal-Innitzer-Preis to scientists and scholars.","title":"Kardinal Innitzer Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cardinal"},{"link_name":"Josef Meinrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Meinrad"}],"text":"In the 1963 movie The Cardinal, Innitzer was played by Josef Meinrad. The film portrays the Anschluss, the bishops' statement, and Nazis looting Innitzer's residence.","title":"Cultural references"}] | [] | [{"title":"Theodor Innitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theodor_Innitzer"},{"title":"List of Austrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Austrians"},{"title":"List of Austrian Politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Austrian_Politicians"}] | [{"reference":"Krieger, Walter (1980). Kardinal Dr. Theodor Innitzer und der Nationalsozialismus (in German). pp. 7–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastoral.at/dl/MtlKJKJKLKKMnJqx4KJK/Theodor_Innitzer_und_der_Nationalsozialismus_pdf","url_text":"Kardinal Dr. Theodor Innitzer und der Nationalsozialismus"}]},{"reference":"\"Theodor Innitzer – Austrian cardinal\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodor-Innitzer","url_text":"\"Theodor Innitzer – Austrian cardinal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopedia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardinal Innitzer May See Hitler\". Catholic Herald Archive. 14 October 1938. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012335/http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/14th-october-1938/9/cardinal-innitzer-may-see-hitler","url_text":"\"Cardinal Innitzer May See Hitler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Herald","url_text":"Catholic Herald"},{"url":"http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/14th-october-1938/9/cardinal-innitzer-may-see-hitler","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gajewski, Karol Jozef (November 1999). \"Nazi Policy and the Catholic Church\". Inside the Vatican. Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019105228/http://catholiceducation.org/articles/history/world/wh0033.html","url_text":"\"Nazi Policy and the Catholic Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_the_Vatican","url_text":"Inside the Vatican"},{"url":"http://catholiceducation.org/articles/history/world/wh0033.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Holocaust Archives to cooperate with Vienna Diocese - Innitzer as Cardinal \"Heil Hitler\"\". jewishnews.at. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishnews.at/jewish-news-from-austria-iss/2014/4/11/us-holocaust-archives-to-cooperate-with-vienna-diocese","url_text":"\"US Holocaust Archives to cooperate with Vienna Diocese - Innitzer as Cardinal \"Heil Hitler\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Innitzer, Theodor\". Religion Past and Present. doi:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_10439. Retrieved 21 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_10439","url_text":"\"Innitzer, Theodor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_sim_10439","url_text":"10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_10439"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://vademecum.soalitomerice.cz/vademecum/permalink?xid=09ddd7cea03b9b8d:4e496e4e:12216bae987:-6be3&scan=177#scan177","external_links_name":"Baptismal matrix of Vejprty"},{"Link":"https://www.pastoral.at/dl/MtlKJKJKLKKMnJqx4KJK/Theodor_Innitzer_und_der_Nationalsozialismus_pdf","external_links_name":"Kardinal Dr. Theodor Innitzer und der Nationalsozialismus"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodor-Innitzer","external_links_name":"\"Theodor Innitzer – Austrian cardinal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012335/http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/14th-october-1938/9/cardinal-innitzer-may-see-hitler","external_links_name":"\"Cardinal Innitzer May See Hitler\""},{"Link":"http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/14th-october-1938/9/cardinal-innitzer-may-see-hitler","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019105228/http://catholiceducation.org/articles/history/world/wh0033.html","external_links_name":"\"Nazi Policy and the Catholic Church\""},{"Link":"http://catholiceducation.org/articles/history/world/wh0033.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jewishnews.at/jewish-news-from-austria-iss/2014/4/11/us-holocaust-archives-to-cooperate-with-vienna-diocese","external_links_name":"\"US Holocaust Archives to cooperate with Vienna Diocese - Innitzer as Cardinal \"Heil Hitler\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125074740/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746864,00.html","external_links_name":"Starvation & Surplus"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_10439","external_links_name":"\"Innitzer, Theodor\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_sim_10439","external_links_name":"10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_10439"},{"Link":"http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.film.data.film/f059a.mpg","external_links_name":"Speech by Innitzer in 1933"},{"Link":"http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/008534","external_links_name":"Newspaper clippings about Theodor Innitzer"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/238927/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006120485X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41888984","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxhjFGXmy9QTvPHmRFrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12211828t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12211828t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555634","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277504805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88105343","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kpwa5428&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074532243","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810704061905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/125301","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118555634.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12315","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/030768462","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres | 2007 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres | ["1 Medalists","2 Schedule","3 Results","3.1 Heats","3.2 Semifinals","3.3 Final","4 References"] | Events at the2007 World ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemenwomen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomenRoad eventsMarathonmenwomen20 km walkmenwomen50 km walkmenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenCombined eventsHeptathlonwomenDecathlonmenvte
The women's 400 metres at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Nagai Stadium on 26, 27 and 29 August.
Medalists
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain
Nicola Sanders Great Britain
Novlene Williams Jamaica
Schedule
Date
Time
Round
August 26, 2007
10:50
Heats
August 27, 2007
21:10
Semifinals
August 29, 2007
21:50
Final
Results
KEY:
q
Fastest non-qualifiers
Q
Qualified
WR
World record
AR
Area record
NR
National record
PB
Personal best
SB
Seasonal best
Heats
Qualification: First 4 in each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) advance to the semifinals.
Rank
Heat
Name
Nationality
Time
Notes
1
4
Novlene Williams
Jamaica
50.21
Q
2
5
Christine Ohuruogu
Great Britain
50.46
Q, SB
3
5
Ilona Usovich
Belarus
50.53
Q, NR
4
4
Ana Guevara
Mexico
50.85
Q
5
1
Natalya Antyukh
Russia
50.88
Q
6
5
Natasha Hastings
United States
51.07
Q
7
1
Mary Wineberg
United States
51.25
Q
8
2
DeeDee Trotter
United States
51.27
Q
9
1
Shereefa Lloyd
Jamaica
51.42
Q
10
1
Lee McConnell
Great Britain
51.44
Q, SB
11
2
Nicola Sanders
Great Britain
51.45
Q
12
2
Joanne Cuddihy
Ireland
51.55
Q, SB
12
2
Christine Amertil
Bahamas
51.55
Q
14
4
Ionela Târlea-Manolache
Romania
51.59
Q
15
3
Tatyana Veshkurova
Russia
51.67
Q
16
3
Shericka Williams
Jamaica
51.72
Q
17
4
Aymée Martínez
Cuba
51.74
Q, PB
18
5
Indira Terrero
Cuba
51.76
Q
19
3
Barbara Petráhn
Hungary
51.86
Q, SB
20
3
Amantle Montsho
Botswana
51.87
Q
21
4
Aliann Pompey
Guyana
51.95
q
22
5
Daniela Reina
Italy
52.02
q, SB
23
4
Christy Ekpukhon Ihunaegbo
Nigeria
52.05
q
24
5
Asami Tanno
Japan
52.13
q, SB
25
2
Zuzanna Radecka
Poland
52.19
26
4
Makelesi Bulikiobo
Fiji
52.23
SB
27
1
Oksana Shcherbak
Ukraine
52.39
28
3
Kineke Alexander
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
52.51
29
2
Folashade Abugan
Nigeria
52.58
30
5
Gabriela Medina
Mexico
53.16
31
1
Justine Bayigga
Uganda
53.25
32
2
Maria Laura Almirão
Brazil
53.68
33
1
Joy Eze
Nigeria
53.83
34
3
Ginou Etienne
Haiti
53.89
35
4
Solen Désert
France
54.03
36
1
Olga Tereshkova
Kazakhstan
54.09
37
5
Sandrine Thiébaud-Kangni
Togo
54.11
38
3
Amy Mbacké Thiam
Senegal
54.31
39
2
Hazel-Ann Regis
Grenada
54.78
SB
40
3
Nawal El Jack
Sudan
55.29
41
5
Temalangeni Dlamini
Swaziland
58.27
PB
42
2
Vera Barbosa
Cape Verde
58.56
Semifinals
First 2 in each semifinal(Q) and the next 2 fastest(q) advance to the final.
Rank
Heat
Name
Nationality
Time
Notes
1
1
Novlene Williams
Jamaica
49.66
Q, SB
2
2
Nicola Sanders
Great Britain
49.77
Q, PB
3
2
Natalya Antyukh
Russia
49.93
Q, SB
4
3
Christine Ohuruogu
Great Britain
50.16
Q, PB
5
1
Ana Guevara
Mexico
50.19
Q, SB
6
3
Mary Wineberg
United States
50.27
Q
7
2
DeeDee Trotter
United States
50.31
q
7
1
Ilona Usovich
Belarus
50.31
q, NR
9
2
Shericka Williams
Jamaica
50.37
SB
10
3
Tatyana Veshkurova
Russia
50.71
11
1
Joanne Cuddihy
Ireland
50.73
NR
12
3
Amantle Montsho
Botswana
50.90
NR
13
3
Shereefa Lloyd
Jamaica
51.00
PB
14
1
Lee McConnell
Great Britain
51.07
SB
15
1
Indira Terrero
Cuba
51.08
16
2
Christine Amertil
Bahamas
51.18
17
1
Natasha Hastings
United States
51.45
18
3
Christy Ekpukhon Ihunaegbo
Nigeria
51.60
19
3
Ionela Târlea-Manolache
Romania
51.62
20
1
Asami Tanno
Japan
51.81
SB
21
2
Daniela Reina
Italy
51.99
SB
22
2
Barbara Petráhn
Hungary
52.12
23
2
Aliann Pompey
Guyana
53.58
24
3
Aymée Martínez
Cuba
57.77
Final
The final
Rank
Lane
Name
Nationality
Time
Notes
6
Christine Ohuruogu
Great Britain
49.61
PB
4
Nicola Sanders
Great Britain
49.65
PB
7
Novlene Williams
Jamaica
49.66
SB
4
9
Ana Guevara
Mexico
50.16
SB
5
8
DeeDee Trotter
United States
50.17
6
5
Natalya Antyukh
Russia
50.33
7
3
Ilona Usovich
Belarus
50.54
8
2
Mary Wineberg
United States
50.96
References
Heats Results
Semifinals Results
Final Results
vte400 metres at the World Athletics ChampionshipsComplete event overviewMen
1983
1987
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2022
2023
Women
1983
1987
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2022
2023 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"400 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_metres"},{"link_name":"2007 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Nagai Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagai_Stadium"}],"text":"The women's 400 metres at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Nagai Stadium on 26, 27 and 29 August.","title":"2007 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semifinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Semifinals"}],"sub_title":"Heats","text":"Qualification: First 4 in each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) advance to the semifinals.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Final"}],"sub_title":"Semifinals","text":"First 2 in each semifinal(Q) and the next 2 fastest(q) advance to the final.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osaka07_D5A_W400m_race.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"The final","title":"Results"}] | [{"image_text":"The final","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Osaka07_D5A_W400m_race.jpg/400px-Osaka07_D5A_W400m_race.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120906150011/http://osaka2007.iaaf.org/documents/pdf/3653/AT-400-W-h----.RS4.pdf","external_links_name":"Heats Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120906150044/http://osaka2007.iaaf.org/documents/pdf/3653/AT-400-W-sf----.RS6.pdf","external_links_name":"Semifinals Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090816103922/http://osaka2007.iaaf.org/documents/pdf/3653/AT-400-W-f--1--.RS1.pdf","external_links_name":"Final Results"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_(catamaran) | Venta (catamaran) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | VentaDevelopmentLocationLatviaYear1973RoleracerNameVentaHullTypecatamaranLOA11 m (36 ft)Beam7 m (23 ft)SailsTotal sail area80 m2 (860 sq ft)
Venta was a catamaran designed in Latvia in 1973. At the time it was considered "comfortable, secure, moderately priced and faster than the best single hull yachts", became popular and won all the local races.
See also
List of multihulls
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Latian Multihull Association: Year 1973". Latvian Multihull Association. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catamaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"}],"text":"Venta was a catamaran designed in Latvia in 1973. At the time it was considered \"comfortable, secure, moderately priced and faster than the best single hull yachts\", became popular and won all the local races.","title":"Venta (catamaran)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of multihulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multihulls"}] | [{"reference":"\"Latian Multihull Association: Year 1973\". Latvian Multihull Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ldja.lv/en/history_1973.html","url_text":"\"Latian Multihull Association: Year 1973\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_Multihull_Association&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Latvian Multihull Association"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ldja.lv/en/history_1973.html","external_links_name":"\"Latian Multihull Association: Year 1973\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeu_railway_station | Bartolomeu railway station | ["1 Name and etymology","2 History","3 Industrial junctions","4 Current status","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References"] | Coordinates: 45°39′45″N 25°34′28″E / 45.6626°N 25.5745°E / 45.6626; 25.5745BartolomeuCăile Ferate RomâneNew station buildingGeneral informationLocationCalea Făgărașului nr. 2, Brașov, RomaniaCoordinates45°39′45″N 25°34′28″E / 45.6626°N 25.5745°E / 45.6626; 25.5745Owned byCFRLine(s)200 Brașov–Făgăraș–Sibiu 203 Brașov–ZărneștiPlatforms4Tracks10ConstructionStructure typejunctionPlatform levels1ParkingyesHistoryOpened1891Rebuilt~1966ElectrifiednoServices
Preceding station
CFR
Following station
Ghimbavtowards Arad
CFR Intercity 200
Brașovtowards București Nord
Cristiantowards Zărnești
CFR Intercity 203
BrașovTerminus
LocationBartolomeuLocation in RomaniaShow map of RomaniaBartolomeuLocation in EuropeShow map of Europe
Bartolomeu railway station (Romanian: Gara Bartolomeu) is a railway station in the North-West part of Brașov, Romania.
Name and etymology
The station takes its name from the surrounding neighborhood, which in turn was named after Saint Bartholomew Church , the oldest standing church in Brașov, dedicated to one of the twelve apostles. In other languages it is called:
Hungarian: Bertalan/Brassó-Bertalan
German: Bartholomä/(Kronstädter) Westbahnhof
History
The station's history is closely tied to the establishment and exploitation of the Brașov–Zărnești local railway. The line and its dependencies were built by a company named "Brassó-Háromszéki Helyi Érdekű Vasutak" (BHHÉV), established in 1890. The station was inaugurated on 6 June 1891 and the first official train passed through it on 13 June 1891.
From the very beginning, the exploitation of the line and thus the station was undertaken by MÁV, the Hungarian Royal State Railways. From 1919 on, it was continued by CFR, the Romanian State Railway Company, who nationalized the line in 1932.
Between 7 March 1892 and 16 mai 1933 it was also the terminus station of the Brașov–Satulung Suburban Railway and, from 27 September 1908 on, a station on the Brașov–Făgăraș–Sibiu railway.
In its first years, the station had only three-four tracks, a small warehouse with a platform and a small locomotive depot, with water supply and a turntable. The main building had a hallway, a waiting room for the first and second classes, a ticket sales office, and two rooms for the personnel's office. In 1908 it was extended sideways to include a third class waiting room and an apartment for the station master. The latrines were outside. The personnel consisted of a station master, a station supervisor and two switchmen.
On 9 October 1916, during the World War I Battle of Brașov, a Romanian company from the 24th Infantry Regiment defending the railway station was surprised by a machine gun section of the German 189th Regiment and completely wiped out.
In 1964–1966 a new, larger station building was erected to the South-West of the old one and the tracks were extended to 10 in 1972–1973. Centralized traffic control was also introduced in 1964.
Starting in 2005, private rail company Regiotrans was granted exclusivity on the Brașov–Zărnești Railway.
Industrial junctions
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2020)
Current status
As of 2017, 29 passenger trains are stopping in this station, all but one being low speed local trains. Of those, 18 belong to Regiotrans, the rest to CFR. Seven CFR InterRegio passenger trains pass through the station without stopping. There is also goods traffic present.
Gallery
Old station and St Bartholomew church
Old station and St Bartholomew church
New Bartolomeu station with a CFR train
Overview of the station towards its exit to Brașov Railway Station
Diesel locomotive in Bartolomeu station, 2007
Fallen Romanian soldiers at the Bartolomeu railway station, during the Battle of Brașov (1916)
See also
Brașov railway station
List of railway stations in Romania
References
^ a b Bellu 1995, p. 82.
^ Law nr. 1396, published in "Monitorul Oficial" nr. 94 from 20 April 1932.
^ Bellu 1995, p. 103.
^ Adressenbuch der Stadt Kronstadt Band 1896.
^ Arhivele Naționale ale României. Direcția județeană Brașov. Fond Primăria Brașov, 1908.
^ Kirițescu, Constantin (December 1925). Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României (1916–1919). Vol. 1. pp. 337–338.
^ Bellu 1995, pp. 83–84.
^ Onciu, Camelia (16 May 2006). "Glasul roților de tren particular". Monitorul Expres.
^ "Primul patron de tren de călători". Libertatea. 19 April 2006.
^ "(home)". Informatica Feroviară.
Bellu, Radu (1995). Mică monografie a căilor ferate din România (in Romanian). Vol. I. București: Filaret. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"Bartolomeu railway station (Romanian: Gara Bartolomeu) is a railway station in the North-West part of Brașov, Romania.","title":"Bartolomeu railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Bartholomew Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Bartholomew_Church,_Bra%C8%99ov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Bartolomeu_din_Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"twelve apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"The station takes its name from the surrounding neighborhood, which in turn was named after Saint Bartholomew Church [ro], the oldest standing church in Brașov, dedicated to one of the twelve apostles. In other languages it is called:Hungarian: Bertalan/Brassó-Bertalan\nGerman: Bartholomä/(Kronstädter) Westbahnhof","title":"Name and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zărnești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%83rne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellu199582-1"},{"link_name":"MÁV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_State_Railways"},{"link_name":"CFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne"},{"link_name":"nationalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brașov–Satulung Suburban Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra%C8%99ov%E2%80%93Satulung_Suburban_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Făgăraș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellu1995103-3"},{"link_name":"locomotive depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_depot"},{"link_name":"turntable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_turntable"},{"link_name":"latrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrine"},{"link_name":"station master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_master"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellu199582-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brass%C3%B3_(1916)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiritescu-6"},{"link_name":"Centralized traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellu199583%E2%80%9384-7"},{"link_name":"Regiotrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiotrans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The station's history is closely tied to the establishment and exploitation of the Brașov–Zărnești local railway. The line and its dependencies were built by a company named \"Brassó-Háromszéki Helyi Érdekű Vasutak\" (BHHÉV), established in 1890. The station was inaugurated on 6 June 1891 and the first official train passed through it on 13 June 1891.[1]From the very beginning, the exploitation of the line and thus the station was undertaken by MÁV, the Hungarian Royal State Railways. From 1919 on, it was continued by CFR, the Romanian State Railway Company, who nationalized the line in 1932.[2]Between 7 March 1892 and 16 mai 1933 it was also the terminus station of the Brașov–Satulung Suburban Railway and, from 27 September 1908 on, a station on the Brașov–Făgăraș–Sibiu railway.[3]In its first years, the station had only three-four tracks, a small warehouse with a platform and a small locomotive depot, with water supply and a turntable. The main building had a hallway, a waiting room for the first and second classes, a ticket sales office, and two rooms for the personnel's office. In 1908 it was extended sideways to include a third class waiting room and an apartment for the station master. The latrines were outside. The personnel consisted of a station master, a station supervisor and two switchmen.[1][4][5]On 9 October 1916, during the World War I Battle of Brașov, a Romanian company from the 24th Infantry Regiment defending the railway station was surprised by a machine gun section of the German 189th Regiment and completely wiped out.[6]In 1964–1966 a new, larger station building was erected to the South-West of the old one and the tracks were extended to 10 in 1972–1973. Centralized traffic control was also introduced in 1964.[7]Starting in 2005, private rail company Regiotrans was granted exclusivity on the Brașov–Zărnești Railway.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Industrial junctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"InterRegio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterRegio"}],"text":"As of 2017,[10] 29 passenger trains are stopping in this station, all but one being low speed local trains. Of those, 18 belong to Regiotrans, the rest to CFR. Seven CFR InterRegio passenger trains pass through the station without stopping. There is also goods traffic present.","title":"Current status"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartolomeu_train_station,_Brasov_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartolomeu_train_station,_Brasov_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartolomeu_train_station,_Brasov_(4).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Overview_Brasov.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brașov Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra%C8%99ov_Railway_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:81-0146-1-Bv.Bartolomeu-001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1916_-_Soldati_romani_morti_in_lupta_de_la_Bartolomeu_-_foto_din_revista_La_Grande_Guerre.png"},{"link_name":"Battle of Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brass%C3%B3_(1916)"}],"text":"Old station and St Bartholomew church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld station and St Bartholomew church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNew Bartolomeu station with a CFR train\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOverview of the station towards its exit to Brașov Railway Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDiesel locomotive in Bartolomeu station, 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFallen Romanian soldiers at the Bartolomeu railway station, during the Battle of Brașov (1916)","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Brașov railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_railway_station"},{"title":"List of railway stations in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Romania"}] | [{"reference":"Kirițescu, Constantin (December 1925). Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României (1916–1919). Vol. 1. pp. 337–338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Kiri%C8%9Bescu","url_text":"Kirițescu, Constantin"}]},{"reference":"Onciu, Camelia (16 May 2006). \"Glasul roților de tren particular\". Monitorul Expres.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monitorulexpres.ro/?mod=monitorulexpres&a=citeste&p=Viata%20cetatii&s_id=25373","url_text":"\"Glasul roților de tren particular\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primul patron de tren de călători\". Libertatea. 19 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libertatea.ro/ultima-ora/primul-patron-de-tren-de-calatori-133756","url_text":"\"Primul patron de tren de călători\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertatea","url_text":"Libertatea"}]},{"reference":"\"(home)\". Informatica Feroviară.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infofer.ro/","url_text":"\"(home)\""}]},{"reference":"Bellu, Radu (1995). Mică monografie a căilor ferate din România (in Romanian). Vol. I. București: Filaret.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bartolomeu_railway_station¶ms=45.6626_N_25.5745_E_type:railwaystation_region:RO","external_links_name":"45°39′45″N 25°34′28″E / 45.6626°N 25.5745°E / 45.6626; 25.5745"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bartolomeu_railway_station¶ms=45.6626_N_25.5745_E_type:railwaystation_region:RO","external_links_name":"45°39′45″N 25°34′28″E / 45.6626°N 25.5745°E / 45.6626; 25.5745"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeu_railway_station&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.monitorulexpres.ro/?mod=monitorulexpres&a=citeste&p=Viata%20cetatii&s_id=25373","external_links_name":"\"Glasul roților de tren particular\""},{"Link":"http://www.libertatea.ro/ultima-ora/primul-patron-de-tren-de-calatori-133756","external_links_name":"\"Primul patron de tren de călători\""},{"Link":"http://www.infofer.ro/","external_links_name":"\"(home)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda_(watchmaker) | Ronda (watchmaker) | ["1 References"] | RondaIndustryWatchmakingFounded1946; 78 years ago (1946)FounderWilliam MossetHeadquartersLausen, Basel-Landschaft, SwitzerlandNumber of employees1'400 (2019)WebsiteOfficial Page in English
A Ronda Startech 5040F quartz movement
Ronda AG is a Swiss manufacturer of quartz and mechanical watch movements. The company was founded in 1946 by William Mosset and the current headquarters are located in Lausen, Basel-Landschaft.
Their movements are used in a variety of watches around the world, including RSC pilot's watches, Shinola and Mondaine watches.
References
^ RONDA R150 – THE MOST IMPORTANT NEWS OUT OF BASELWORLD 2016 WornAndWound.com by Ilya Ravin; MARCH 24, 2016
^ About Ronda.Ch retrieved Aug 23, 2016
^ Shinola stands by 'Built in Detroit,' edits Swiss claim JC Reindl, Detroit Free Press Dec 16, 2015
^ SWISS FROM SHINOLA Shinola’s “Built in Detroit” watches may not be American enough for the US government by Jenni Avins Quartz.com; December 03, 2015
^ Mondaine-USA.com retrieved Sept 2, 2016
This Swiss corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronda_startech_quartz_movement_5040.F.tif"},{"link_name":"quartz movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_movement"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock"},{"link_name":"mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_watch"},{"link_name":"movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausen"},{"link_name":"Basel-Landschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel-Landschaft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pilot's watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_watches"},{"link_name":"Shinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinola"},{"link_name":"Mondaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondaine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A Ronda Startech 5040F quartz movementRonda AG is a Swiss manufacturer of quartz and mechanical watch movements.[1] The company was founded in 1946 by William Mosset and the current headquarters are located in Lausen, Basel-Landschaft.[2]Their movements are used in a variety of watches around the world, including RSC pilot's watches, Shinola and Mondaine watches.[3][4][5]","title":"Ronda (watchmaker)"}] | [{"image_text":"A Ronda Startech 5040F quartz movement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ronda_startech_quartz_movement_5040.F.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Ronda_startech_quartz_movement_5040.F.tif.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.ronda.ch/en/ronda","external_links_name":"Official Page in English"},{"Link":"http://wornandwound.com/ronda-r150-the-most-important-news-out-of-baselworld-2016/","external_links_name":"RONDA R150 – THE MOST IMPORTANT NEWS OUT OF BASELWORLD 2016"},{"Link":"http://www.ronda.ch/en/about-ronda/","external_links_name":"About"},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/story/money/business/michigan/2015/12/16/shinola-stands-by-built-detroit-edits-swiss-claim/77092374/","external_links_name":"Shinola stands by 'Built in Detroit,' edits Swiss claim"},{"Link":"http://qz.com/564838/shinolas-built-in-detroit-watches-may-not-be-american-enough-for-the-us-government/","external_links_name":"SWISS FROM SHINOLA Shinola’s “Built in Detroit” watches may not be American enough for the US government"},{"Link":"https://mondaine-usa.com/search?type=product&q=ronda","external_links_name":"Mondaine-USA.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronda_(watchmaker)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_G18 | EMD G18 | ["1 A1A-A1A Version Original Owners","1.1 Chile","1.2 Indonesia","2 B-B Version Original Owners","2.1 Chile","2.2 Iran","2.3 Israel","2.4 Peru","2.5 Saudi Arabia","2.6 South Africa","2.7 Spain","3 G18B Original Owners","3.1 Algeria","4 References"] | EMD G18Ferronor G18U 72 (Former Andes Copper Mining)Type and originPower typeDiesel-electricBuilderGM-EMD La Grange, Illinois, USA, MACOSA, SpainModelG18Build dateMarch 1968-October 1978Total produced59SpecificationsConfiguration: • AARA1A-A1A or B-BGauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Driver dia.40 in (1,016 mm)Wheelbase8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) (Each truck B-B) 10 ft 05 in (3.18 m) (Each truck A1A-A1A)Length38 ft 0 in (11.58 m)Width9 ft 8+3⁄4 in (2.97 m)Height12 ft 2+11⁄16 in (3.73 m)Loco weight124,000 lb (56,250 kg) (62T, G18U6) 134,100 lb (60,830 kg) (67.5T, G18U) 142,900 lb (64,820 kg) (71.45T, G18W)Fuel capacity500 US gal(1,900 L; 420 imp gal)Lubricant cap.130 US gal(490 L; 110 imp gal)Water cap.126 US gal(480 L; 105 imp gal)Sandbox cap.9 cu ft(0.25 m3)Prime moverGM 8-645EEngine typeV8 2-stroke dieselAspirationRoots blowerGeneratorGM D25Traction motorsGM D29 (4)Cylinders8Loco brakeStraight airTrain brakesAir or Vacuum schedule 26-LAPerformance figuresPower output1,000 hp (750 kW)CareerLocaleSouth America, Middle East, Africa, AsiaDispositionSome scrapped, many still operating
The EMD G18 was an export locomotive introduced by GM-EMD in the late 1960s. The standard EMD suffixes applied after the G18 designation to indicate if the customer purchased locomotives with specific traction motors to fit narrow gauge (U) or broad gauge (W) rails. An (L) indicates a locomotive built with a lightweight frame, and (6) indicates A1A-A1A trucks. The similar EMD GA18 was a G18 designed as an extremely light locomotive with low axle loading and used freight car trucks driven by a cardan shaft and underframe mounted traction motors like its predecessor, the EMD GA8. A further variation was the G18B. They are powered by an EMD 8-645E prime mover rated at 1100 bhp and 1000 hp for traction and were produced with A1A-A1A or B-B trucks.
Several countries have purchased these locomotives.
A1A-A1A Version Original Owners
PT Kereta Api Indonesia GL18U6 BB202 01 pulling a freight train
Chile
1 FCAB 954
Indonesia
8 Indonesian Railways BB202 01-BB202 08 (Note: BB202 01 - BB202 03 are GL18U6)
B-B Version Original Owners
Chile
2 Andes Copper Mining 71-72
Iran
2 Rah E Ahan 40451-40452
Israel
1 Rotem Amfert Negev Ltd company in Mishore Rotem (former company name: Negev Phosphates Ltd)
Peru
1 Cerro de Pasco 24
Sheltam G18U 1001 (Former Anglo American Corp.)
Saudi Arabia
16 Saudi Govt. Railway 1006-1021
South Africa
19 Anglo American Corp. (1 unit no #); 1–3; 21–25; Iron & Steel Corp. 36–42; 661.42-661.44
Spain
4 Minero Siderúrgica de Ponferrada 1001-1004
G18B Original Owners
Algeria
5 SNTF 040DH1-040DH5 (Built by GMD)
References
^ Zurnamer, Bernard (1987). Electric And Diesel Locomotives of South Africa. p. 74.
^ "G18 Order Summary". The UNofficial EMD Homepage.
vteLimited production, export and EMD engined locomotives by Electro-Motive DieselElectrics
SW1200MG
AEM-7
GM6C
GM10B
GF6C
Industrial, experimentals and military
1800 hp B-B
Model 40
DH1
DH2
GMDH-1
GMDH-3
MRS-1
Exportand narrow gauge
NF110
NF210
G8
GL8
GA8
G12
G16
G18
GA18
GT18LC-2
FGC 254
G22 Series
G22C Series
GT22 series (GT22HW-2)
G26
GT26 series (GT26CW-2)
DDM45
GT38ACe
JT42CWR (Class 66)
GT46MAC
GT46PAC
JT56ACe (China HXN3)
Streamliners
M-10000
M-10001
M-10002
M-10003 to M-10006
Pioneer Zephyr
Mark Twain Zephyr
General Pershing Zephyr
Green Diamond
Flying Yankee
LWT 12
SAL 2027–2028
EMD-engined andlicense-built unitsBritish Rail
Class 57
Class 67
Córas Iompair Éireann
Class 001
Class 071
Class 121
Class 141
Class 181
CFL (Luxembourg)
Class 1600
Danish State Railways
Class ME
Class MX
Class MY
Class MZ
Iarnród Éireann
Class 201
Indian Railways
WDM-4
YDM-3
YDM-5
WDP-4
WDG-4
Israel Railways
JT 42BW
JT 42CW
Korail
Class 7000
MotivePower Industries
MPXpress
NI Railways
Class 110
NJ Transit
Alstom PL42AC
Renfe (Spain)
Class 310
Class 319 (early versions)
Class 319 (later versions)
Class 333
Class 334
SNCB (Belgium)
HLD 51
HLD 52
HLD 53
HLD 54
HLD 55
HLD 61
HLD 62
HLD 65
Stadler Rail Valencia
Euro
SJ Norge
NSB Di 4
Swedish State Railways
T41
T43
T44
Yugoslav Railways (now Serbian Railways)
JŽ series 666
See also
List of EMD locomotives
vte Kereta Api Indonesia locomotives and multiple unitsDiesel locomotivesDiesel-mechanical
B100 (Bima Kunting 1)
B101 (Pelita 1)
Diesel-electric
B200
Bima Kunting series
BB200
BB201
BB202
BB203
BB204
CC200
CC201
CC202
CC203
CC204
CC205
CC206
Diesel-hydraulic
Kebo Kuning
C300
C301
D300
D301
BB300
BB301
BB302
BB303
BB304
BB305
BB306
CC300
DD55
Electric locomotives
3000
3100
3200
3300
4000
Multiple unitsDiesel-hydraulic
MCW300
MCW301
MCW302
MH201
Diesel-electric
ME201
ME202
ME203
ME204
This diesel locomotive-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GM-EMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM-EMD"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"broad gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gauge"},{"link_name":"EMD GA18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_GA18"},{"link_name":"EMD GA8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_GA8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The EMD G18 was an export locomotive introduced by GM-EMD in the late 1960s. The standard EMD suffixes applied after the G18 designation to indicate if the customer purchased locomotives with specific traction motors to fit narrow gauge (U) or broad gauge (W) rails. An (L) indicates a locomotive built with a lightweight frame, and (6) indicates A1A-A1A trucks. The similar EMD GA18 was a G18 designed as an extremely light locomotive with low axle loading and used freight car trucks driven by a cardan shaft and underframe mounted traction motors like its predecessor, the EMD GA8. A further variation was the G18B. They are powered by an EMD 8-645E prime mover rated at 1100 bhp and 1000 hp for traction[1] and were produced with A1A-A1A or B-B trucks.Several countries have purchased these locomotives.[2]","title":"EMD G18"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ptkabb202_(202_01_A).jpg"},{"link_name":"PT Kereta Api Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT_Kereta_Api_Indonesia"}],"text":"PT Kereta Api Indonesia GL18U6 BB202 01 pulling a freight train","title":"A1A-A1A Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FCAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCAB"}],"sub_title":"Chile","text":"1 FCAB 954","title":"A1A-A1A Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_Api_Indonesia"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"8 Indonesian Railways BB202 01-BB202 08 (Note: BB202 01 - BB202 03 are GL18U6)","title":"A1A-A1A Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"B-B Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chile","text":"2 Andes Copper Mining 71-72","title":"B-B Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Iran","text":"2 Rah E Ahan 40451-40452","title":"B-B Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"1 Rotem Amfert Negev Ltd company in Mishore Rotem (former company name: Negev Phosphates Ltd)","title":"B-B Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheltam_G18U.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sheltam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheltam"}],"sub_title":"Peru","text":"1 Cerro de Pasco 24Sheltam G18U 1001 (Former Anglo American Corp.)","title":"B-B Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saudi Arabia","text":"16 Saudi Govt. Railway 1006-1021","title":"B-B Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"19 Anglo American Corp. (1 unit no #); 1–3; 21–25; Iron & Steel Corp. 36–42; 661.42-661.44","title":"B-B Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"4 Minero Siderúrgica de Ponferrada 1001-1004","title":"B-B Version Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"G18B Original Owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SNTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNTF"},{"link_name":"GMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Diesel"}],"sub_title":"Algeria","text":"5 SNTF 040DH1-040DH5 (Built by GMD)","title":"G18B Original Owners"}] | [{"image_text":"PT Kereta Api Indonesia GL18U6 BB202 01 pulling a freight train","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ptkabb202_%28202_01_A%29.jpg/220px-Ptkabb202_%28202_01_A%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sheltam G18U 1001 (Former Anglo American Corp.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sheltam_G18U.jpg/220px-Sheltam_G18U.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Zurnamer, Bernard (1987). Electric And Diesel Locomotives of South Africa. p. 74.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"G18 Order Summary\". The UNofficial EMD Homepage.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trainweb.org/emdloco/g18.htm","url_text":"\"G18 Order Summary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.trainweb.org/emdloco/g18.htm","external_links_name":"\"G18 Order Summary\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMD_G18&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Convent | St. Ann's Presentation Convent High School, Rawalpindi | ["1 History","2 History","3 Affiliations and accreditation","4 Notable alumni","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°35′03″N 73°03′23″E / 33.58417°N 73.05639°E / 33.58417; 73.05639For other uses, see Presentation High School (disambiguation).
Private elementary and secondary school in PakistanSt. Ann's Presentation Convent High School, RawalpindiLocationTufail Road, Lalkurti, RawalpindiPakistanCoordinates33°35′03″N 73°03′23″E / 33.58417°N 73.05639°E / 33.58417; 73.05639InformationTypePrivate elementary and secondary schoolReligious affiliation(s)CatholicismDenominationPresentation SistersEstablished1 October 1895; 128 years ago (1895-10-01)PrincipalSr. Akhtar ButaGrades1-10Color(s)Royal blue and white Website<pcsrwp.edu.pk
St. Ann's Presentation Convent High School, Rawalpindi, is a private Catholic missionary school located in Lalkurti area of Rawalpindi Cantonment, Pakistan. In spite of its name, the school caters for students seeking an elementary and high school education.
History
In 1895 Presentation Sisters' Mother Ignatius McDermott, Sr. Xavier Lonergan, and Sr. Evangelist Coatsworth arrived in Rawalpindi from Madras. The first Mass was celebrated on 8 September 1895 and the school was opened on 1 October, with ‘three sisters, three pupils’. The school was for children of Christian parents, the sons and daughters of army personnel, British and Irish. Since then, thousands have attended Presentation Convent, belonging to all religious denominations.
History
In Pakistan there are branches of this school catering for the educational needs of a total of around thirteen thousand children in Urdu and English-medium schools. These schools, which are managed by Pakistani and Irish sisters, are under the administration of the original Rawalpindi school. There are Presentation schools in Rawalpindi, Murree, Jhelum, Sargodha, Khushab District, Wah, Peshawar, Risalpur, Mingora (Swat), Hassanabdal, Tando Allah Yar, Khipro and Tando Adam.
The Presentation Convent Schools of Pakistan had their origin and inspiration in the Ireland of the 18th Century where the first Presentation Convent was founded by Nano Nagle in 1775. Nagle attempted to redress the societal ills she perceived by opening schools to teach the children the rudiments of education, thereby becoming one of the pioneers of popular education in Ireland. To ensure the continuity of her work Nano founded the Congregation of Presentation Sisters.
On 1 October 1995, the school celebrated its centennial with Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, an alumna of the school, as chief guest. She unveiled a centenary plaque and planted an evergreen tree. The Pakistan Post Office honored the centenary with a stamp depicting the school.
Rahul Rathı student of the school secured third position in a speech contest and children's art competition organised at the National Art Gallery as part of the Japan-Pakistan Friendship Fest 2007 by the Japanese Embassy in Islamabad.
At a ceremony at the Pakistan National Council Auditorium in Islamabad, Prime Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani on 16 December 2008 presented a check for Rs. 50,000 to Sr. RAHUL RATHI, the Principal of the Presentation Convent to celebrate the Christmas season.
On 2 November 2009 the school was shaken when a bomb planted by terrorists exploded 100 metres from the school. The window panes of most of the buildings were broken.
In 2020, the school celebrated the 125th anniversary of its foundation day on October 1.
Affiliations and accreditation
Rawalpindi Board
Notable alumni
Nilofar Bakhtiar, politician
Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan; assassinated in 2007
Nigar Johar, three-star general in the Pakistan Army and Surgeon General of the Pakistan Army Medical Corp
Maleeha Lodhi, diplomat, military strategist, and political scientist
Shahida Malik, retired and high-ranking two-star general officer of the Pakistan Army Medical Corp
See also
Pakistan portalPunjab portalSchools portalCatholicism portal
Catholic Church in Pakistan
Presentation Sisters
List of schools in Pakistan
References
^ a b "Celebrating 125 years of excellence in education". The News International.
^ a b c Yasin, Aamir (14 October 2018). "Presentation Convent — a witness to over a century of history". Dawn. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
^ "Presentation Sisters Union - Home". Archived from the original on 13 June 2008.
^ "UCANews.com March 22, 1996".
^ "ASSIST News Service 22 December 2008". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
^ "elections.com.pk". ww38.elections.com.pk.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Convent School Rawalpindi.
wikimapia
vteSchools in RawalpindiPublic
Government Christian Higher Secondary School, Rawalpindi
Government College Asghar Mall Rawalpindi
Government Gordon College
Private
Grammar School Rawalpindi
St. Ann's Presentation Convent High School, Rawalpindi
St Mary's Cambridge School | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presentation High School (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_High_School_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"Lalkurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalkurti"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Presentation High School (disambiguation).Private elementary and secondary school in PakistanSt. Ann's Presentation Convent High School, Rawalpindi, is a private Catholic missionary school located in Lalkurti area of Rawalpindi Cantonment, Pakistan.[1] In spite of its name, the school caters for students seeking an elementary and high school education.[2]","title":"St. Ann's Presentation Convent High School, Rawalpindi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presentation Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1895 Presentation Sisters' Mother Ignatius McDermott, Sr. Xavier Lonergan, and Sr. Evangelist Coatsworth arrived in Rawalpindi from Madras. The first Mass was celebrated on 8 September 1895 and the school was opened on 1 October, with ‘three sisters, three pupils’. The school was for children of Christian parents, the sons and daughters of army personnel, British and Irish.[3] Since then, thousands have attended Presentation Convent, belonging to all religious denominations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree"},{"link_name":"Jhelum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum"},{"link_name":"Sargodha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargodha"},{"link_name":"Khushab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushab"},{"link_name":"Wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Risalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risalpur"},{"link_name":"Mingora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingora"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Nano Nagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_Nagle"},{"link_name":"Presentation Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Benazir Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Yousaf_Raza_Gilani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"In Pakistan there are branches of this school catering for the educational needs of a total of around thirteen thousand children in Urdu and English-medium schools. These schools, which are managed by Pakistani and Irish sisters, are under the administration of the original Rawalpindi school. There are Presentation schools in Rawalpindi, Murree, Jhelum, Sargodha, Khushab District, Wah, Peshawar, Risalpur, Mingora (Swat), Hassanabdal, Tando Allah Yar, Khipro and Tando Adam.The Presentation Convent Schools of Pakistan had their origin and inspiration in the Ireland of the 18th Century where the first Presentation Convent was founded by Nano Nagle in 1775. Nagle attempted to redress the societal ills she perceived by opening schools to teach the children the rudiments of education, thereby becoming one of the pioneers of popular education in Ireland. To ensure the continuity of her work Nano founded the Congregation of Presentation Sisters.On 1 October 1995, the school celebrated its centennial with Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, an alumna of the school, as chief guest. She unveiled a centenary plaque and planted an evergreen tree. The Pakistan Post Office honored the centenary with a stamp depicting the school.[4]Rahul Rathı student of the school secured third position in a speech contest and children's art competition organised at the National Art Gallery as part of the Japan-Pakistan Friendship Fest 2007 by the Japanese Embassy in Islamabad.At a ceremony at the Pakistan National Council Auditorium in Islamabad, Prime Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani on 16 December 2008 presented a check for Rs. 50,000 to Sr. RAHUL RATHI, the Principal of the Presentation Convent to celebrate the Christmas season.[5]On 2 November 2009 the school was shaken when a bomb planted by terrorists exploded 100 metres from the school. The window panes of most of the buildings were broken.In 2020, the school celebrated the 125th anniversary of its foundation day on October 1.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rawalpindi Board","title":"Affiliations and accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nilofar Bakhtiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilofar_Bakhtiar"},{"link_name":"Benazir Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nigar Johar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigar_Johar"},{"link_name":"Maleeha Lodhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleeha_Lodhi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-2"},{"link_name":"Shahida Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahida_Malik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-2"}],"text":"Nilofar Bakhtiar, politician\nBenazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan; assassinated in 2007[6]\nNigar Johar, three-star general in the Pakistan Army and Surgeon General of the Pakistan Army Medical Corp\nMaleeha Lodhi, diplomat, military strategist, and political scientist[2]\nShahida Malik, retired and high-ranking two-star general officer of the Pakistan Army Medical Corp[2]","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [] | [{"title":"Pakistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan"},{"title":"Punjab portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Punjab"},{"title":"Schools portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"title":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"title":"Catholic Church in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"Presentation Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Sisters"},{"title":"List of schools in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Pakistan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Celebrating 125 years of excellence in education\". The News International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/727694-celebrating-125-years-of-excellence-in-education","url_text":"\"Celebrating 125 years of excellence in education\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_International","url_text":"The News International"}]},{"reference":"Yasin, Aamir (14 October 2018). \"Presentation Convent — a witness to over a century of history\". Dawn. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1438839","url_text":"\"Presentation Convent — a witness to over a century of history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presentation Sisters Union - Home\". Archived from the original on 13 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613112320/http://www.presentationsistersunion.org/whereweare/default.cfm?loadref=6","url_text":"\"Presentation Sisters Union - Home\""},{"url":"http://www.presentationsistersunion.org/whereweare/default.cfm?loadref=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UCANews.com March 22, 1996\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucanews.com/1996/03/22/bhuttos-catholic-alma-mater-has-served-100-years/?key=peshawar","url_text":"\"UCANews.com March 22, 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASSIST News Service 22 December 2008\". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133637/http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2008/s08120124.htm","url_text":"\"ASSIST News Service 22 December 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2008/s08120124.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"elections.com.pk\". ww38.elections.com.pk.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww38.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6877","url_text":"\"elections.com.pk\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Ann%27s_Presentation_Convent_High_School,_Rawalpindi¶ms=33_35_03_N_73_03_23_E_type:edu_region:PK_source:wikimapia","external_links_name":"33°35′03″N 73°03′23″E / 33.58417°N 73.05639°E / 33.58417; 73.05639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Ann%27s_Presentation_Convent_High_School,_Rawalpindi¶ms=33_35_03_N_73_03_23_E_type:edu_region:PK_source:wikimapia","external_links_name":"33°35′03″N 73°03′23″E / 33.58417°N 73.05639°E / 33.58417; 73.05639"},{"Link":"https://pcsrwp.edu.pk/","external_links_name":"pcsrwp.edu.pk"},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/727694-celebrating-125-years-of-excellence-in-education","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating 125 years of excellence in education\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1438839","external_links_name":"\"Presentation Convent — a witness to over a century of history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613112320/http://www.presentationsistersunion.org/whereweare/default.cfm?loadref=6","external_links_name":"\"Presentation Sisters Union - Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.presentationsistersunion.org/whereweare/default.cfm?loadref=6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ucanews.com/1996/03/22/bhuttos-catholic-alma-mater-has-served-100-years/?key=peshawar","external_links_name":"\"UCANews.com March 22, 1996\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133637/http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2008/s08120124.htm","external_links_name":"\"ASSIST News Service 22 December 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2008/s08120124.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ww38.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6877","external_links_name":"\"elections.com.pk\""},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/#lat=33.5842804&lon=73.056491&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2","external_links_name":"wikimapia"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophthalmichthys | Hypophthalmichthys | ["1 Species","2 References"] | Hypophthalmichthys
Bighead carp
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cypriniformes
Family:
Cyprinidae
Subfamily:
Xenocyprinae
Genus:
HypophthalmichthysBleeker, 1860
Type species
Leuciscus molitrixValenciennes, 1844
Species
see text
Synonyms
Abramocephalus Steindachner, 1869
Aristichthys Ōshima, 1919
Cephalus Basilewsky, 1855
Onychodon Dybowski, 1872
Hypophthalmichthys is a genus of large cyprinid fish consisting of three species. The name comes from Greek ὑπό, (hypó) "below"; ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós), "eye"; ἰχθῦς (ichthŷs), "fish", thus "fish with eyes below", referring to the fact that the fish has its eyes below the mouth line. Members of this genus are native to fresh water in East Asia, ranging from Siberia to Vietnam, but have been widely introduced outside their native range, where often considered invasive.
The genus is also known as Bighead carp, though that term is also used for individual species, particularly Hypophthalmichthys nobilis. The Russian language has a special word for the genus - tolstolób(ik) (literally thickforehead).
Species
The three currently recognized species in the genus are:
H. harmandi Sauvage, 1884 (largescale silver carp)
H. molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) (silver carp)
H. nobilis (J. Richardson, 1845) (bighead carp)
References
^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). Species of Hypophthalmichthys in FishBase. June 2014 version.
Taxon identifiersHypophthalmichthys
Wikidata: Q133689
Wikispecies: Hypophthalmichthys
ADW: Hypophthalmichthys
BOLD: 152847
CoL: 638GC
GBIF: 2362472
iNaturalist: 89019
IRMNG: 1028257
ITIS: 163690
NBN: NHMSYS0000544681
NCBI: 7963
NZOR: 014008d8-73d9-49da-93e2-a2918ee1fd43
Open Tree of Life: 429092
WoRMS: 154318
Authority control databases: National
Israel
This article relating to Xenocyprinae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyprinid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"invasive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"Bighead carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighead_carp"},{"link_name":"Hypophthalmichthys nobilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophthalmichthys_nobilis"}],"text":"Hypophthalmichthys is a genus of large cyprinid fish consisting of three species. The name comes from Greek ὑπό, (hypó) \"below\"; ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós), \"eye\"; ἰχθῦς (ichthŷs), \"fish\", thus \"fish with eyes below\", referring to the fact that the fish has its eyes below the mouth line. Members of this genus are native to fresh water in East Asia, ranging from Siberia to Vietnam, but have been widely introduced outside their native range, where often considered invasive.The genus is also known as Bighead carp, though that term is also used for individual species, particularly Hypophthalmichthys nobilis. The Russian language has a special word for the genus - tolstolób(ik) (literally thickforehead).","title":"Hypophthalmichthys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sauvage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_%C3%89mile_Sauvage"},{"link_name":"largescale silver carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largescale_silver_carp"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"silver carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_carp"},{"link_name":"J. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"bighead carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighead_carp"}],"text":"The three currently recognized species in the genus are:[1]H. harmandi Sauvage, 1884 (largescale silver carp)\nH. molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) (silver carp)\nH. nobilis (J. Richardson, 1845) (bighead carp)","title":"Species"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Hypophthalmichthys","external_links_name":"Species of Hypophthalmichthys"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hypophthalmichthys/","external_links_name":"Hypophthalmichthys"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=152847","external_links_name":"152847"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/638GC","external_links_name":"638GC"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2362472","external_links_name":"2362472"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/89019","external_links_name":"89019"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1028257","external_links_name":"1028257"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=163690","external_links_name":"163690"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000544681","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000544681"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7963","external_links_name":"7963"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/014008d8-73d9-49da-93e2-a2918ee1fd43","external_links_name":"014008d8-73d9-49da-93e2-a2918ee1fd43"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=429092","external_links_name":"429092"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154318","external_links_name":"154318"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548826705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypophthalmichthys&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefawr_Track | Trefawr Track | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 52°02′32″N 3°41′42″W / 52.0422°N 3.695°W / 52.0422; -3.695This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)UK road-demarcated geological boundary
52°02′32″N 3°41′42″W / 52.0422°N 3.695°W / 52.0422; -3.695
Trefawr Track, a forestry road north of Cwm-coed-Aeron Farm, Llandovery, Wales, is the location of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) which marks the boundary between the Rhuddanian and Aeronian stages of the Silurian period on the geologic time scale. The GSSP was ratified in 1984.
The boundary is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite Monograptus austerus sequens (the base of the Monograptus triangulatus biozone). The section is primarily mudstone, which yields an abundance of shelly faunas. The graptolite Diplograptus elongatus occurs immediately below the boundary.
References
Ogg, James. "GSSP for the Base of Aeronian". Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 1 July 2006.
This Carmarthenshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This paleontological site article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"52°02′32″N 3°41′42″W / 52.0422°N 3.695°W / 52.0422; -3.695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trefawr_Track¶ms=52.0422_N_3.695_W_region:GB_scale:50000"},{"link_name":"Llandovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandovery"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point"},{"link_name":"Rhuddanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhuddanian"},{"link_name":"Aeronian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronian"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"geologic time scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale"},{"link_name":"first appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_appearance_datum"},{"link_name":"graptolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graptolite"},{"link_name":"mudstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone"},{"link_name":"faunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"}],"text":"UK road-demarcated geological boundary52°02′32″N 3°41′42″W / 52.0422°N 3.695°W / 52.0422; -3.695\nTrefawr Track, a forestry road north of Cwm-coed-Aeron Farm, Llandovery, Wales, is the location of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) which marks the boundary between the Rhuddanian and Aeronian stages of the Silurian period on the geologic time scale. The GSSP was ratified in 1984.The boundary is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite Monograptus austerus sequens (the base of the Monograptus triangulatus biozone). The section is primarily mudstone, which yields an abundance of shelly faunas. The graptolite Diplograptus elongatus occurs immediately below the boundary.","title":"Trefawr Track"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ogg, James. \"GSSP for the Base of Aeronian\". Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 1 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060618103740/http://www.stratigraphy.org/aeron.htm","url_text":"\"GSSP for the Base of Aeronian\""},{"url":"http://www.stratigraphy.org/aeron.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trefawr_Track¶ms=52.0422_N_3.695_W_region:GB_scale:50000","external_links_name":"52°02′32″N 3°41′42″W / 52.0422°N 3.695°W / 52.0422; -3.695"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trefawr_Track¶ms=52.0422_N_3.695_W_region:GB_scale:50000","external_links_name":"52°02′32″N 3°41′42″W / 52.0422°N 3.695°W / 52.0422; -3.695"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060618103740/http://www.stratigraphy.org/aeron.htm","external_links_name":"\"GSSP for the Base of Aeronian\""},{"Link":"http://www.stratigraphy.org/aeron.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trefawr_Track&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trefawr_Track&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clio_Cosmetics | Clio Cosmetics | ["1 Brands","2 History","3 Spokespersons and models","4 References","5 External links"] | Clio CosmeticsNative name㈜클리오IndustryCosmeticsFounded1993FounderHan Hyun-oakHeadquartersSeongdong, Seoul, South KoreaNumber of employees297Websitecompany.cliocosmetic.com
Clio Cosmetics is a South Korean cosmetics company based in Seongdong District, Seoul, South Korea.
Brands
Clio Professional is a professional make up brand since 1993 with the philosophy of "Practical Professional" providing easy-use products but excellent performance.
Peripera is a make up brand for young girls since 2005 with fun, pop, trendy images of "Instant Beauty"
Goodal is a Korean natural skin care brand since 2011 using fermented ingredients and infused water.
Healing bird is a botanical hair and body care brand with silicone free ingredients and various fragrance experiences of flower garden.
History
Clio Cosmetics is a Korean cosmetic company founded in 1993 starting a professional make-up brand "Clio Professional".
Over time, the company branched out into other make-up, skin care, hair and body care products. CLIO cosmetics launched Peripera in 2005, Goodal in 2011 and Healing bird in 2017.
In 2012, Clio cosmetics opened the stand alone shop Club Clio selling all of its own brands (95 stores as of year end 2016).
In 2016, CLIO cosmetics successfully received funding of 50 million USD from L-capital Asia, a private equity investment firm which is affiliated with LVMH
In July 2016, CLIO Cosmetics went public on the KOSDAQ.
Spokespersons and models
Tomorrow X Together (2023–)
An Yu-jin (2022–)
Aespa (2021–)
Go Min-si (2021–)
Stray Kids (2021)
Kim Woo-seok (2020–2021)
Krystal Jung (2018–2020)
Gong Hyo-jin (2015–2017)
Sandara Park (2013–2014)
Lee Hyo-ri (2011–2012)
Kim Ha-neul (2010)
References
^ "::CLUB CLIO:: Shop Korean Beauty Products". CLUBCLIO KO (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ "LVMH invests $50m in Korean cosmetics maker CLIO". The Korea Herald. 2016-07-25.
^ "CLIO". www.cliocosmetic.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ CosmeticsDesign-Europe.com. "LVMH to invest in Korean cosmetic company Clio". CosmeticsDesign-Europe.com. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ "Kosdaq IPOs this year largest in 16 years - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea". pulsenews.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ Komalasari, Dewi (2023-02-10). "TXT Jadi Global Ambassador Brand Kecantikan Korea 'Clio'" . Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
^ Lee, Yunjeong (December 24, 2022). "클리오, 아이브(IVE) '안유진' 브랜드 앰버서더로 발탁" . Naver (in Korean). Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ "에스파, 클리오 새 얼굴 됐다 ". Daum (in Korean). August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
^ Cho, Yeon-gyeong (January 29, 2021). "잘나가는 고민시, 메이크업 브랜드 모델 발탁". Naver (in Korean). Ilgan Sports. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
^ "CLIO X SKZ". Facebook (in Korean). Clio. February 1, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
^ Yong, Won-joong (February 1, 2021). "스트레이 키즈, 뷰티돌 등극...클리오 뮤즈 발탁". Single List (in Korean). Retrieved February 1, 2021.
^ "클리오 '첫 남성모델' 김우석 화보 공개 "이 미모 실화?" 24일부터 신상 출시". Korea Dutyfree News (in Korean). February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
^ "클리오 X 김우석 지난 1년간 많은 사랑 정말 감사합니다!". Twitter. Clio. February 21, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^ Dimaandal, Red (20 February 2018). "Krystal Jung Is CLIO Cosmetics' New Brand Ambassador". Metro Style.
^ "Gong Hyo Jin is both sweet and sexy as 'CLIO's model | allkpop.com". allkpop. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ KpopStarz (2013-09-14). "2NE1 Dara as Gothic Princess for Cosmetic Brand CLIO". KpopStarz. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ "CLIO COSMETICS". company.cliocosmetic.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ "K-beauty attracts investment from international big shots". The Korea Herald. 2016-07-22. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Companies portalSouth Korea portal
External links
Clio Cosmetics (in Korean)
Clio Professional (in Korean)
Peripera (in Korean)
Goodal (in Korean) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seongdong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongdong_District"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"}],"text":"Clio Cosmetics is a South Korean cosmetics company based in Seongdong District, Seoul, South Korea.","title":"Clio Cosmetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Clio Professional is a professional make up brand since 1993 with the philosophy of \"Practical Professional\" providing easy-use products but excellent performance.\nPeripera is a make up brand for young girls since 2005 with fun, pop, trendy images of \"Instant Beauty\"\nGoodal is a Korean natural skin care brand since 2011 using fermented ingredients and infused water.\nHealing bird[1] is a botanical hair and body care brand with silicone free ingredients and various fragrance experiences of flower garden.","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KOSDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOSDAQ"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Clio Cosmetics is a Korean cosmetic company founded in 1993 starting a professional make-up brand \"Clio Professional\".[2]Over time, the company branched out into other make-up, skin care, hair and body care products. CLIO cosmetics launched Peripera in 2005, Goodal in 2011 and Healing bird in 2017.[3][better source needed]In 2012, Clio cosmetics opened the stand alone shop Club Clio selling all of its own brands (95 stores as of year end 2016).In 2016, CLIO cosmetics successfully received funding of 50 million USD from L-capital Asia, a private equity investment firm which is affiliated with LVMH[4]In July 2016, CLIO Cosmetics went public on the KOSDAQ.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomorrow X Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_X_Together"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"An Yu-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Yu-jin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aespa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Go Min-si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Min-si"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Stray Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_Kids"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kim Woo-seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Woo-seok_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Krystal Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystal_Jung"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gong Hyo-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sandara Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandara_Park"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lee Hyo-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hyo-ri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kim Ha-neul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ha-neul"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Tomorrow X Together (2023–)[6]\nAn Yu-jin (2022–)[7]\nAespa (2021–)[8]\nGo Min-si (2021–)[9]\nStray Kids (2021)[10][11]\nKim Woo-seok (2020–2021)[12][13]\nKrystal Jung (2018–2020)[14]\nGong Hyo-jin (2015–2017)[15]\nSandara Park (2013–2014)[16]\nLee Hyo-ri (2011–2012)[17]\nKim Ha-neul (2010)[18]","title":"Spokespersons and models"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"::CLUB CLIO:: Shop Korean Beauty Products\". CLUBCLIO KO (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://clubclio.co.kr/shop/brandsList/all/brand/4","url_text":"\"::CLUB CLIO:: Shop Korean Beauty Products\""}]},{"reference":"\"LVMH invests $50m in Korean cosmetics maker CLIO\". The Korea Herald. 2016-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160725000695","url_text":"\"LVMH invests $50m in Korean cosmetics maker CLIO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"CLIO\". www.cliocosmetic.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cliocosmetic.com/en/about/clio.asp","url_text":"\"CLIO\""}]},{"reference":"CosmeticsDesign-Europe.com. \"LVMH to invest in Korean cosmetic company Clio\". CosmeticsDesign-Europe.com. Retrieved 2017-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Business-Financial/LVMH-to-invest-in-Korean-cosmetic-company-Clio","url_text":"\"LVMH to invest in Korean cosmetic company Clio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kosdaq IPOs this year largest in 16 years - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea\". pulsenews.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2016&no=891929","url_text":"\"Kosdaq IPOs this year largest in 16 years - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea\""}]},{"reference":"Komalasari, Dewi (2023-02-10). \"TXT Jadi Global Ambassador Brand Kecantikan Korea 'Clio'\" [TXT Become Global Ambassadors for Korean Beauty Brand 'Clio']. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbg.id/hiburan/pr-9447452133/txt-jadi-global-ambassador-brand-kecantikan-korea-clio","url_text":"\"TXT Jadi Global Ambassador Brand Kecantikan Korea 'Clio'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230210090848/https://www.rbg.id/hiburan/pr-9447452133/txt-jadi-global-ambassador-brand-kecantikan-korea-clio","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Yunjeong (December 24, 2022). \"클리오, 아이브(IVE) '안유진' 브랜드 앰버서더로 발탁\" [Clio selected as IVE's 'Ahn Yujin' brand ambassador]. Naver (in Korean). Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/article/018/0005393372","url_text":"\"클리오, 아이브(IVE) '안유진' 브랜드 앰버서더로 발탁\""}]},{"reference":"\"에스파, 클리오 새 얼굴 됐다 [공식]\". Daum (in Korean). August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.v.daum.net/v/20210806092243499","url_text":"\"에스파, 클리오 새 얼굴 됐다 [공식]\""}]},{"reference":"Cho, Yeon-gyeong (January 29, 2021). \"잘나가는 고민시, 메이크업 브랜드 모델 발탁\". Naver (in Korean). Ilgan Sports. Retrieved February 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=241&aid=0003089637","url_text":"\"잘나가는 고민시, 메이크업 브랜드 모델 발탁\""}]},{"reference":"\"CLIO X SKZ\". Facebook (in Korean). Clio. February 1, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/cliokr/posts/1346595079027344","url_text":"\"CLIO X SKZ\""}]},{"reference":"Yong, Won-joong (February 1, 2021). \"스트레이 키즈, 뷰티돌 등극...클리오 뮤즈 발탁\". Single List (in Korean). Retrieved February 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=223015","url_text":"\"스트레이 키즈, 뷰티돌 등극...클리오 뮤즈 발탁\""}]},{"reference":"\"클리오 '첫 남성모델' 김우석 화보 공개 \"이 미모 실화?\" 24일부터 신상 출시\". Korea Dutyfree News (in Korean). February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kdfnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=42776","url_text":"\"클리오 '첫 남성모델' 김우석 화보 공개 \"이 미모 실화?\" 24일부터 신상 출시\""}]},{"reference":"\"클리오 X 김우석 지난 1년간 많은 사랑 정말 감사합니다!\". Twitter. Clio. February 21, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/official_CLIO/status/1363292354577240068","url_text":"\"클리오 X 김우석 지난 1년간 많은 사랑 정말 감사합니다!\""}]},{"reference":"Dimaandal, Red (20 February 2018). \"Krystal Jung Is CLIO Cosmetics' New Brand Ambassador\". Metro Style.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.style/beauty-health-wellness/makeup/1482/krystal-jung-is-clio-cosmetics-new-brand-ambass","url_text":"\"Krystal Jung Is CLIO Cosmetics' New Brand Ambassador\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gong Hyo Jin is both sweet and sexy as 'CLIO's model | allkpop.com\". allkpop. Retrieved 2017-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/01/gong-hyo-jin-is-both-sweet-and-sexy-as-clios-model","url_text":"\"Gong Hyo Jin is both sweet and sexy as 'CLIO's model | allkpop.com\""}]},{"reference":"KpopStarz (2013-09-14). \"2NE1 Dara as Gothic Princess for Cosmetic Brand CLIO\". KpopStarz. Retrieved 2017-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/41468/20130914/gothic-princess-2ne1-dara.htm","url_text":"\"2NE1 Dara as Gothic Princess for Cosmetic Brand CLIO\""}]},{"reference":"\"CLIO COSMETICS\". company.cliocosmetic.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://company.cliocosmetic.com/","url_text":"\"CLIO COSMETICS\""}]},{"reference":"\"K-beauty attracts investment from international big shots\". The Korea Herald. 2016-07-22. Retrieved 2017-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160722000667","url_text":"\"K-beauty attracts investment from international big shots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://company.cliocosmetic.com/","external_links_name":"company.cliocosmetic.com"},{"Link":"https://clubclio.co.kr/shop/brandsList/all/brand/4","external_links_name":"\"::CLUB CLIO:: Shop Korean Beauty Products\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160725000695","external_links_name":"\"LVMH invests $50m in Korean cosmetics maker CLIO\""},{"Link":"http://www.cliocosmetic.com/en/about/clio.asp","external_links_name":"\"CLIO\""},{"Link":"http://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Business-Financial/LVMH-to-invest-in-Korean-cosmetic-company-Clio","external_links_name":"\"LVMH to invest in Korean cosmetic company Clio\""},{"Link":"http://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2016&no=891929","external_links_name":"\"Kosdaq IPOs this year largest in 16 years - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea\""},{"Link":"https://www.rbg.id/hiburan/pr-9447452133/txt-jadi-global-ambassador-brand-kecantikan-korea-clio","external_links_name":"\"TXT Jadi Global Ambassador Brand Kecantikan Korea 'Clio'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230210090848/https://www.rbg.id/hiburan/pr-9447452133/txt-jadi-global-ambassador-brand-kecantikan-korea-clio","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://n.news.naver.com/article/018/0005393372","external_links_name":"\"클리오, 아이브(IVE) '안유진' 브랜드 앰버서더로 발탁\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.v.daum.net/v/20210806092243499","external_links_name":"\"에스파, 클리오 새 얼굴 됐다 [공식]\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=241&aid=0003089637","external_links_name":"\"잘나가는 고민시, 메이크업 브랜드 모델 발탁\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/cliokr/posts/1346595079027344","external_links_name":"\"CLIO X SKZ\""},{"Link":"http://m.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=223015","external_links_name":"\"스트레이 키즈, 뷰티돌 등극...클리오 뮤즈 발탁\""},{"Link":"https://www.kdfnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=42776","external_links_name":"\"클리오 '첫 남성모델' 김우석 화보 공개 \"이 미모 실화?\" 24일부터 신상 출시\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/official_CLIO/status/1363292354577240068","external_links_name":"\"클리오 X 김우석 지난 1년간 많은 사랑 정말 감사합니다!\""},{"Link":"https://metro.style/beauty-health-wellness/makeup/1482/krystal-jung-is-clio-cosmetics-new-brand-ambass","external_links_name":"\"Krystal Jung Is CLIO Cosmetics' New Brand Ambassador\""},{"Link":"http://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/01/gong-hyo-jin-is-both-sweet-and-sexy-as-clios-model","external_links_name":"\"Gong Hyo Jin is both sweet and sexy as 'CLIO's model | allkpop.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/41468/20130914/gothic-princess-2ne1-dara.htm","external_links_name":"\"2NE1 Dara as Gothic Princess for Cosmetic Brand CLIO\""},{"Link":"http://company.cliocosmetic.com/","external_links_name":"\"CLIO COSMETICS\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160722000667","external_links_name":"\"K-beauty attracts investment from international big shots\""},{"Link":"http://company.cliocosmetic.com/","external_links_name":"Clio Cosmetics"},{"Link":"http://www.cliocosmetic.com/","external_links_name":"Clio Professional"},{"Link":"http://www.periperacosmetic.com/","external_links_name":"Peripera"},{"Link":"http://www.goodalcosmetic.com/","external_links_name":"Goodal"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hitotoribashi | Battle of Hitotoribashi | ["1 Background","2 Battle","3 References"] | Coordinates: 37°31′N 140°24′E / 37.517°N 140.400°E / 37.517; 140.400Battle of HitotoribashiPart of Sengoku periodDateJanuary 6, 1586LocationNear Hitodori Bridge in Adachi County of Mutsu Province, modern-day Motomiya, FukushimaResult
Date Masamune retreat
Nihonmatsu and allies withdrewBelligerents
Date clan Katakura clan
Nihonmatsu clan Sōma clan Satake clan Ashina clan Nikaido clan Iwaki clanCommanders and leaders
Date Masamune Date ShigezaneKatakura KagetsunaOniniwa Yoshinao †
OnamihimeSōma YoshitaneSatake YoshishigeSatake YoshinobuIwaki TsunetakaStrength
7,000
30,000Casualties and losses
380
963
vteCampaigns of Date MasamuneHitotoribashiKurokawaSuriageharaOshuKunoheKoreaShiroishiHasedōOsaka
The Battle of Hitotoribashi (Japanese: 人取橋の戦い) or Battle of Hitadori Bridge was a battle during the Azuchi-Momoyama period (16th century) of Japan. Due to the death of Date Masamune's father, Date Terumune by the hands of Nihonmatsu Yoshitsugu, Masamune swore vengeance.
After succeeding to the throne of the Date clan, Masamune would effectively have his revenge by launching an attack against the Nihonmatsu clan and their allies at Hitotoribashi in January 1586. Despite a large imbalance between the forces (Date: 7,000; Nihonmatsu: 30,000), the alliance assembled in support of the Nihonmatsu forces disintegrated and withdrew after beating Masamune back into the Motomiya Castle.
Background
After Terumune was abducted and killed near Abukuma river, a general war proceeded between the Date clan and their traditional rivals the Nihonmatsu clan. The Nihonmatsu allied with the Sōma, Satake, Nikaido and Ashina clans. The allies marched with their 30,000 troops toward Motomiya Castle. Masamune with only 7,000 troops prepared a defensive strategy, including forts that were on the way to Motomiya Castle.
Battle
At the opening of battle on the 6th January, Masamune led his forces from Motomiya Castle, crossed the Adatara River, and encamped at Mount Kannondō. Three of Masamune's forts were taken, and although Masamune tried to force back the Satake allies from the Seto River, he failed.
Two Date's detachments were left to protect the rearguard and east flank, under chief retainers Oniniwa Yoshinao and Date Shigezane; both slowed the Satake allies long enough for Masamune to escape to Motomiya. Shigezane survived, but Yoshinao was killed in action, Yoshinao troops killed many of Iwaki clan's men but finally was killed by Iwaki Tsunetaka's general, Kubota Jūrō.
The next morning, the Date forces found that the Satake clan had withdrawn and its allies had scattered. In the Satake armies' absence from their home territory in Hitachi Province, Hōjō clan partisans Edo Yoshimichi and Satomi Yoshiyori had attacked; further, in the encampment near Motomiya castle, Satake vassal and senior commander Onozaki Yoshimasa was assassinated. In the midst of this crisis, the clan forces thus withdrew.
References
^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. p. 236. ISBN 9781854095237.
^ a b ""人取橋合戦跡"". Motomiya City. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ ""茂庭氏"". Harimaya.com. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ ""茂庭氏"". Harimaya.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
37°31′N 140°24′E / 37.517°N 140.400°E / 37.517; 140.400 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Date_Masamune"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Date_Masamune"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Date_Masamune"},{"link_name":"Date Masamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Masamune"},{"link_name":"Hitotoribashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kurokawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kurokawa_Castle"},{"link_name":"Suriagehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suriagehara"},{"link_name":"Kunohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunohe_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)"},{"link_name":"Shiroishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Shiroishi"},{"link_name":"Hasedō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hased%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Azuchi-Momoyama period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuchi-Momoyama_period"},{"link_name":"Date Masamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Masamune"},{"link_name":"Date Terumune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Terumune"},{"link_name":"Nihonmatsu Yoshitsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonmatsu_Yoshitsugu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turnbull-1"},{"link_name":"Date clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_clan"}],"text":"vteCampaigns of Date MasamuneHitotoribashiKurokawaSuriageharaOshuKunoheKoreaShiroishiHasedōOsakaThe Battle of Hitotoribashi (Japanese: 人取橋の戦い) or Battle of Hitadori Bridge was a battle during the Azuchi-Momoyama period (16th century) of Japan. Due to the death of Date Masamune's father, Date Terumune by the hands of Nihonmatsu Yoshitsugu, Masamune swore vengeance.[1]After succeeding to the throne of the Date clan, Masamune would effectively have his revenge by launching an attack against the Nihonmatsu clan and their allies at Hitotoribashi in January 1586. Despite a large imbalance between the forces (Date: 7,000; Nihonmatsu: 30,000), the alliance assembled in support of the Nihonmatsu forces disintegrated and withdrew after beating Masamune back into the Motomiya Castle.","title":"Battle of Hitotoribashi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terumune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Terumune"},{"link_name":"Date clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_clan"},{"link_name":"Nihonmatsu clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatakeyama_clan"},{"link_name":"Sōma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dma_clan"},{"link_name":"Satake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satake_clan"},{"link_name":"Nikaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaido_clan"},{"link_name":"Ashina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina_clan_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hitodoribashi_kassen_ato-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hitodoribashi_kassen_ato-2"}],"text":"After Terumune was abducted and killed near Abukuma river, a general war proceeded between the Date clan and their traditional rivals the Nihonmatsu clan. The Nihonmatsu allied with the Sōma, Satake, Nikaido and Ashina clans. The allies marched with their 30,000 troops toward Motomiya Castle.[2] Masamune with only 7,000 troops prepared a defensive strategy, including forts that were on the way to Motomiya Castle.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seto River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seto_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oniniwa Yoshinao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniniwa_Yoshinao"},{"link_name":"Date Shigezane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Shigezane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moniwa-3"},{"link_name":"Iwaki clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwaki_clan"},{"link_name":"Iwaki Tsunetaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iwaki_Tsunetaka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kubota Jūrō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kubota_J%C5%ABr%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Satake clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satake_clan"},{"link_name":"Hitachi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Province"},{"link_name":"Hōjō clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan"},{"link_name":"Edo Yoshimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edo_Yoshimichi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Satomi Yoshiyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satomi_Yoshiyori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onozaki Yoshimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onozaki_Yoshimasa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"At the opening of battle on the 6th January, Masamune led his forces from Motomiya Castle, crossed the Adatara River, and encamped at Mount Kannondō. Three of Masamune's forts were taken, and although Masamune tried to force back the Satake allies from the Seto River, he failed. \nTwo Date's detachments were left to protect the rearguard and east flank, under chief retainers Oniniwa Yoshinao and Date Shigezane; both slowed the Satake allies long enough for Masamune to escape to Motomiya. Shigezane survived, but Yoshinao was killed in action,[3] Yoshinao troops killed many of Iwaki clan's men but finally was killed by Iwaki Tsunetaka's general, Kubota Jūrō.[4]The next morning, the Date forces found that the Satake clan had withdrawn and its allies had scattered. In the Satake armies' absence from their home territory in Hitachi Province, Hōjō clan partisans Edo Yoshimichi and Satomi Yoshiyori had attacked; further, in the encampment near Motomiya castle, Satake vassal and senior commander Onozaki Yoshimasa was assassinated. In the midst of this crisis, the clan forces thus withdrew.","title":"Battle"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. p. 236. ISBN 9781854095237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854095237","url_text":"9781854095237"}]},{"reference":"\"\"人取橋合戦跡\"\". Motomiya City. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.motomiya.lg.jp/site/kanko/230-1.html","url_text":"\"\"人取橋合戦跡\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"茂庭氏\"\". Harimaya.com. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.harimaya.com/sengoku/html/moniwa.html","url_text":"\"\"茂庭氏\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"茂庭氏\"\". Harimaya.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.harimaya.com/sengoku/html/moniwa.html","url_text":"\"\"茂庭氏\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Hitotoribashi¶ms=37_31_N_140_24_E_","external_links_name":"37°31′N 140°24′E / 37.517°N 140.400°E / 37.517; 140.400"},{"Link":"https://www.city.motomiya.lg.jp/site/kanko/230-1.html","external_links_name":"\"\"人取橋合戦跡\"\""},{"Link":"http://www2.harimaya.com/sengoku/html/moniwa.html","external_links_name":"\"\"茂庭氏\"\""},{"Link":"http://www2.harimaya.com/sengoku/html/moniwa.html","external_links_name":"\"\"茂庭氏\"\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Hitotoribashi¶ms=37_31_N_140_24_E_","external_links_name":"37°31′N 140°24′E / 37.517°N 140.400°E / 37.517; 140.400"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Ellingworth | Rod Ellingworth | ["1 Career","2 Major results","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | English cyclist and cycling coach
Rod EllingworthPersonal informationFull nameRodney Francis EllingworthBorn (1972-08-11) 11 August 1972 (age 51)Burnley, Lancashire, EnglandHeight180 cm (5 ft 11 in)Team informationCurrent teamIneos GrenadiersDisciplinesRoadTrackRoleRider (retired)Directeur sportifGeneral managerAmateur teams?Witham WheelersEarly 1990sCherry Valley RT1995/1996Delta Racing Team/Dyna-Tech
Professional teams1995Ambrosia/Dyna-Tech1996Ambrosia1997UV Aube (France)
Managerial teams2008100% Me2010–2019Team Sky2020Bahrain–McLaren2021–Ineos Grenadiers
Rodney Francis Ellingworth (born 11 August 1972) is a British former professional cyclist, who currently works as the racing director of UCI WorldTeam Ineos Grenadiers. Previously, he worked as a coach for the Team Sky professional cycling team, and from January 2013 their performance manager, responsible for overseeing the sports directors and race coaches. He was also the general manager of Bahrain–McLaren in 2020.
Career
Born in Burnley, Lancashire, Ellingworth competed as a professional cyclist between 1995 and 1997 and represented his country several times at international events.
He was the coach for British Cycling's U23 Academy '100% ME' team based in Tuscany, Italy. At the end of 2008 he was promoted to the role of senior endurance coach, with the aim to creating a team and a rider strong enough to win the men's world road race championships.
Mark Cavendish is one of the riders who has been influenced by Ellingworth with Cavendish stating in several interviews that he had learnt a lot from Ellingworth, and not only about cycling. Ellingworth has also led the National team to several stage victories in the Tour of Britain in 2007.
Major results
1995
2nd Tom Simpson Memorial Race
9th Girvan 3 day 'Premier Calendar' race
1st Stage 2
1996
1st Points classification Girvan 3 day 'Premier Calendar'
2000
1st Overall Tour of the Kingdom
1st Stage 1
2nd Overall East Riding of Yorkshire Classic (2 day) 'Premier Calendar' race
3rd Overall Girvan 3 day 'Premier Calendar' race
References
^ Witham Wheelers' Press release, 16 December 2003
^ Old Photographs on Cherry Valley RT's website
^ Benson, Daniel (7 December 2020). "Rod Ellingworth rejoins Ineos as Director of Racing". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
^ "Performance Manager". Team Sky. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
^ Ostanek, Daniel (26 December 2019). "2020 Team Preview: Bahrain McLaren". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ Cycling sets gold standard BBC 12 March 2007
^ Cavendish takes twin-track approach to Tour de France and Olympic success, Simon Hart The Telegraph, 3 June 2007
^ List of ToB Teams, 2007
Bibliography
Ellingworth, Rod (2013). Project Rainbow: How British Cycling Reached the Top of the World. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-30349-6. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
External links
Rod Ellingworth at ProCyclingStats
Rod Ellingworth at Cycling Archives
Rod Ellingworth at Team Sky
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"UCI WorldTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam"},{"link_name":"Ineos Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"cycling team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_team"},{"link_name":"sports directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directeur_sportif"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bahrain–McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Bahrain_Victorious"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Rodney Francis Ellingworth (born 11 August 1972) is a British former professional cyclist, who currently works as the racing director of UCI WorldTeam Ineos Grenadiers.[3] Previously, he worked as a coach for the Team Sky professional cycling team, and from January 2013 their performance manager, responsible for overseeing the sports directors and race coaches.[4] He was also the general manager of Bahrain–McLaren in 2020.[5]","title":"Rod Ellingworth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"British Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Mark Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tour of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born in Burnley, Lancashire, Ellingworth competed as a professional cyclist between 1995 and 1997 and represented his country several times at international events.He was the coach for British Cycling's U23 Academy '100% ME' team based in Tuscany, Italy.[when?] At the end of 2008 he was promoted to the role of senior endurance coach, with the aim to creating a team and a rider strong enough to win the men's world road race championships.Mark Cavendish is one of the riders who has been influenced by Ellingworth with Cavendish stating in several interviews that he had learnt a lot from Ellingworth, and not only about cycling.[6][7] Ellingworth has also led the National team to several stage victories in the Tour of Britain in 2007.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Premier Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Calendar"}],"text":"1995\n2nd Tom Simpson Memorial Race\n9th Girvan 3 day 'Premier Calendar' race\n1st Stage 2\n1996\n1st Points classification Girvan 3 day 'Premier Calendar'\n2000\n1st Overall Tour of the Kingdom\n1st Stage 1\n2nd Overall East Riding of Yorkshire Classic (2 day) 'Premier Calendar' race\n3rd Overall Girvan 3 day 'Premier Calendar' race","title":"Major results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project Rainbow: How British Cycling Reached the Top of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tmTcmwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Faber & Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-571-30349-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30349-6"}],"text":"Ellingworth, Rod (2013). Project Rainbow: How British Cycling Reached the Top of the World. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-30349-6. Retrieved 1 November 2013.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Benson, Daniel (7 December 2020). \"Rod Ellingworth rejoins Ineos as Director of Racing\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 3 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/ellingworth-rejoins-ineos-as-director-of-racing/","url_text":"\"Rod Ellingworth rejoins Ineos as Director of Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Performance Manager\". Team Sky. Retrieved 18 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teamsky.com/profile/0,27291,17543_8342908,00.html","url_text":"\"Performance Manager\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Sky","url_text":"Team Sky"}]},{"reference":"Ostanek, Daniel (26 December 2019). \"2020 Team Preview: Bahrain McLaren\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/2020-team-preview-bahrain-mclaren/","url_text":"\"2020 Team Preview: Bahrain McLaren\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"Ellingworth, Rod (2013). Project Rainbow: How British Cycling Reached the Top of the World. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-30349-6. Retrieved 1 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tmTcmwEACAAJ","url_text":"Project Rainbow: How British Cycling Reached the Top of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber","url_text":"Faber & Faber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30349-6","url_text":"978-0-571-30349-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://withamwheelers.co.uk/social/press_releases_2003.html","external_links_name":"Witham Wheelers' Press release, 16 December 2003"},{"Link":"http://www.cherryvalley-rt.net/about.htm#picsupdated","external_links_name":"Old Photographs on Cherry Valley RT's website"},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/ellingworth-rejoins-ineos-as-director-of-racing/","external_links_name":"\"Rod Ellingworth rejoins Ineos as Director of Racing\""},{"Link":"http://www.teamsky.com/profile/0,27291,17543_8342908,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Performance Manager\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/2020-team-preview-bahrain-mclaren/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Team Preview: Bahrain McLaren\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/6426233.stm","external_links_name":"Cycling sets gold standard"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/06/03/socycl103.xml","external_links_name":"Cavendish takes twin-track approach to Tour de France and Olympic success, Simon Hart"},{"Link":"http://www.tourofbritain.com/results_pages/stage_p_list_of_competitors.asp","external_links_name":"List of ToB Teams, 2007"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tmTcmwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Project Rainbow: How British Cycling Reached the Top of the World"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/212119","external_links_name":"Rod Ellingworth"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=12506","external_links_name":"Rod Ellingworth"},{"Link":"http://www.teamsky.com/profile/0,27291,17543_8342908,00.html","external_links_name":"Rod Ellingworth"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/310520513","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCDpK3yq9MwxhHx7DDv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2014013189","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haale | Haale | ["1 Education","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"] | American singer
For the city in Schleswig-Holstein, see Haale, Germany.
HaaleHaale, July 2007Background informationBirth nameHaale GaforiBornBronx, New YorkGenresWorldOccupation(s)Singer, PoetInstrument(s)GuitarMusical artistHaale Gafori is a singer, composer, and poet living in New York City. She was born in the Bronx, to Persian parents.
Haale released two five-song EP recordings, Morning and Paratrooper, on January 3, 2007, on the Darya Records imprint, produced by Dougie Bowne. She released the full-length album, "No Ceiling," on March 18, 2008, produced by percussionist Matt Kilmer. On these albums, Haale sings in both English and Persian, her own poetry as well the poetry of poets such as Rumi, Attar, and Forugh Farokhzad. The Boston Globe called "No Ceiling" one of 2008's "most memorable releases." Haale and bandmates Matt Kilmer, John Shannon, and Brent Arnold toured across the United States, Canada and Europe in 2007 and 2008, performing at the Bonnaroo Festival, the David Byrne-curated series at Carnegie Hall, the Mimi Festival in Marseilles France, Memorial Hall at University of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the NuMoon festival in Rotterdam, and SXSW in Austin.
Haale and Matt Kilmer later launched a new project called The Mast, releasing two albums and an EP.
Education
Haale graduated from Tenafly High School in New Jersey where she appeared in several musical and dramatic productions.
Haale attended Stanford University in California, earning a BS in Biology. She completed a semester at Oxford University, during which she studied race relations in the UK.
Haale also attended the Jack Kerouac School for Disembodied Poetics in Boulder, Colorado, where Anne Waldman taught. She earned her MFA in poetry at the City College of New York, where she worked closely with poet Marilyn Hacker.
In 2014 Haale Gafori played a poet in a film based around the Palestine-Israeli conflict.
Discography
Albums
No Ceiling (Channel A Music—March 18, 2008)
EPs
Paratrooper (Darya—January 3, 2007)
Morning (Darya—January 3, 2007)
Compilation appearances
One Giant Leap (2008)
Caravan of Light (2007)
Sandinista! – The Clash Tribute album
References
^ Catsoulis, Jeannette (2014-02-07). "Dreamscapes of a Nightmarish Conflict". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
External links
Web site of Haale
Boston Globe article on Haale
Scan of New York Times photo and article on Haale's Carnegie Hall appearance
The Second Supper Review of "No Ceiling"
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haale, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haale,_Germany"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Persian parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Dougie Bowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dougie_Bowne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matt Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Kilmer&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"For the city in Schleswig-Holstein, see Haale, Germany.Musical artistHaale Gafori is a singer, composer, and poet living in New York City. She was born in the Bronx, to Persian parents.Haale released two five-song EP recordings, Morning and Paratrooper, on January 3, 2007, on the Darya Records imprint, produced by Dougie Bowne. She released the full-length album, \"No Ceiling,\" on March 18, 2008, produced by percussionist Matt Kilmer. On these albums, Haale sings in both English and Persian, her own poetry as well the poetry of poets such as Rumi, Attar, and Forugh Farokhzad. The Boston Globe called \"No Ceiling\" one of 2008's \"most memorable releases.\" Haale and bandmates Matt Kilmer, John Shannon, and Brent Arnold toured across the United States, Canada and Europe in 2007 and 2008, performing at the Bonnaroo Festival, the David Byrne-curated series at Carnegie Hall, the Mimi Festival in Marseilles France, Memorial Hall at University of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the NuMoon festival in Rotterdam, and SXSW in Austin.Haale and Matt Kilmer later launched a new project called The Mast, releasing two albums and an EP.","title":"Haale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tenafly High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenafly_High_School"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Jack Kerouac School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_School"},{"link_name":"Anne Waldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Waldman"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Hacker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Haale graduated from Tenafly High School in New Jersey where she appeared in several musical and dramatic productions.\nHaale attended Stanford University in California, earning a BS in Biology. She completed a semester at Oxford University, during which she studied race relations in the UK.Haale also attended the Jack Kerouac School for Disembodied Poetics in Boulder, Colorado, where Anne Waldman taught. She earned her MFA in poetry at the City College of New York, where she worked closely with poet Marilyn Hacker.In 2014 Haale Gafori played a poet in a film based around the Palestine-Israeli conflict.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"AlbumsNo Ceiling (Channel A Music—March 18, 2008)EPsParatrooper (Darya—January 3, 2007)\nMorning (Darya—January 3, 2007)Compilation appearancesOne Giant Leap (2008)\nCaravan of Light (2007)\nSandinista! – The Clash Tribute album","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Catsoulis, Jeannette (2014-02-07). \"Dreamscapes of a Nightmarish Conflict\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/movies/mars-at-sunrise-directed-by-jessica-habie.html","url_text":"\"Dreamscapes of a Nightmarish Conflict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/movies/mars-at-sunrise-directed-by-jessica-habie.html","external_links_name":"\"Dreamscapes of a Nightmarish Conflict\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.haale.com/","external_links_name":"Web site of Haale"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2008/05/06/haales_sound_stretches_from_new_york_to_iran/","external_links_name":"Boston Globe article on Haale"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110817150032/http://haale.com/img/Haale.pdf","external_links_name":"Scan of New York Times photo and article on Haale's Carnegie Hall appearance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080408081942/http://secondsupper.com/Music/Reviews/Article.aspx?ArticleID=392","external_links_name":"Review of \"No Ceiling\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c3a30599-a8b1-449b-948a-1bcf2be6aa8e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_(disambiguation) | APC | ["1 Computing and technology","2 Science","2.1 General","2.2 Biology and medicine","2.3 Chemistry","3 Military","4 Organizations","5 Places","6 Other uses","7 See also"] | Look up APC in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
APC most often refers to:
Armoured personnel carrier, an armoured fighting vehicle
APC or Apc may also refer to:
Computing and technology
Auto Power Control, a system of powering e.g. laser diodes
Adaptive predictive coding, an analog-to-digital conversion system
Advanced process control, a concept in control theory
Alternative PHP Cache, a PHP accelerator program
Angled physical contact, a technique used in optical fiber connections
APC (magazine), Australian Personal Computer magazine
APC III or Advanced Personal Computer, a 1983 NEC microcomputer
American Power Conversion Corporation or simply APC, a manufacturer of uninterruptible power supplies, electronics peripherals and data center products, nowadays called APC by Schneider Electric
APC-7 connector, a coaxial connector used for high frequency applications
Application Program Command, a C1 control code
Asynchronous procedure call, a function that executes asynchronously in the context of a specific thread on Microsoft Windows
Atari Punk Console, a simple DIY noisemaker circuit
VIA APC, a low-cost Android PC computer
Science
General
Article processing charge, a fee charged to authors for publication in an open access journal
Biology and medicine
Activated protein C, an anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory protein
Adenomatous polyposis coli, a tumor suppressor protein encoded by the APC gene, mutations in which can cause colon cancer
Anaphase-promoting complex, a ubiquitin ligase cell cycle protein
Antigen-presenting cell, a type of cell that displays foreign antigens
Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation (APC) Family of transport proteins
APC Superfamily, a superfamily of transport proteins
APC tablet, analgesic compound of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine
Argon plasma coagulation, an endoscopic technique for controlling hemorrhage
Atrial premature complexes, a type of premature heart beat or irregular heart beat or arrhythmia which start in the upper two chambers of the heart
Chemistry
Allophycocyanin, a protein from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family
Allylpalladium chloride dimer, a chemical compound
Ammonium perchlorate, a powerful oxidizer used in solid rocket motors
Military
Armoured personnel carrier, type of armoured military vehicle
Armour-piercing capped, an anti-armor shell type
Army Proficiency Certificate, the training syllabus of the Army Cadet Force
B&T APC9 (Advanced Police Carbine), a submachine gun produced by B&T AG
B&T APC45, a variant of the B&T APC9
Two US Navy hull classification symbols: Coastal transport (APC) and Small coastal transport (APc)
Organizations
Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory, a research laboratory located in Paris
A.P.C., A French design group and clothing retailer
African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, a group of countries
African Paralympic Committee, a sports organization based in Cairo, Egypt
African People's Convention, a South African political party
Alianza Popular Conservadora, a political party in Nicaragua
Alien Property Custodian, a former office within the Government of the United States
All People's Congress, a political party in Sierra Leone
All Progressives Congress, a political party in Nigeria
Alternativa Popular Canaria, a separatist political party of the Canary Islands
American Pie Council, an organization committed to preserving America's pie heritage
American Plastics Council, a major trade association for the U.S. plastics industry
Americas Paralympic Committee, an umbrella organization of National Paralympic Committees
Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, a defunct American petroleum exploration company
Animal Procedures Committee, a UK public body and task force
Anti-Poverty Committee, a direct action organization in Vancouver, Canada
Apocalypse Production Crew, an MP3 warez organization
Arab Potash Company, a potash production company headquartered in Jordan
Armed Proletarians for Communism, an Italian far-left terrorist group of the 1970s
Arrangers' Publishing Company, a sheet music publishing company in the United States
Asia Pacific College, a joint venture between IBM Philippines and the SM Foundation
Asian Paralympic Committee, an umbrella organisation of National Paralympic Committees
Associated Presbyterian Churches, a Scottish Christian denomination
Association for Progressive Communications, a worldwide network of organisations helping others use the internet to promote social justice and sustainable development
Association of Professional Chaplains, internationally certified hospice chaplains
Atlantic-Pacific Capital, a US-based independent investment bank
Australian Paralympic Committee
Australian Polling Council, a polling industry body
Patriotic Alliance for Change, a Paraguayan political alliance (Alianza Patriótica por el Cambio)
Places
Apc, Hungary, a village in the Heves County of Hungary
Napa County Airport (IATA airport code APC), near Napa, California
Other uses
A Perfect Circle, an American rock supergroup
Alkali Pozzolan Cement, an alternative cement developed at Curtin University, Australia
Ambulatory Payment Classification
Attoparsec, an unusual minuscule unit of astronomic distance
Australian Provincial Championship, a rugby union competition in Australia
Automatic Performance Control, a system that was used on some Saab H engines
Average propensity to consume, the proportion of income spent
Levantine Arabic, by ISO 639-3 code
North Levantine Arabic, by a previously separate ISO 639-3 code, which has now been broadened to include Levantine Arabic
Vincent's APC, a discontinued analgesic compound of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine, once popular in Australia
See also
APCR (disambiguation)
APCS (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title APC.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"APC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/APC"},{"link_name":"Armoured personnel carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"}],"text":"Look up APC in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.APC most often refers to:Armoured personnel carrier, an armoured fighting vehicleAPC or Apc may also refer to:","title":"APC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adaptive predictive coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_predictive_coding"},{"link_name":"Advanced process control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_process_control"},{"link_name":"Alternative PHP Cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_PHP_Cache"},{"link_name":"optical fiber connections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector#Optical_fiber_connector#Contact"},{"link_name":"APC (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"APC III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_III"},{"link_name":"APC by Schneider Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_by_Schneider_Electric"},{"link_name":"APC-7 connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC-7_connector"},{"link_name":"C1 control code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1_control_code"},{"link_name":"Asynchronous procedure call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_procedure_call"},{"link_name":"Atari Punk Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Punk_Console"},{"link_name":"VIA APC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_APC"}],"text":"Auto Power Control, a system of powering e.g. laser diodes\nAdaptive predictive coding, an analog-to-digital conversion system\nAdvanced process control, a concept in control theory\nAlternative PHP Cache, a PHP accelerator program\nAngled physical contact, a technique used in optical fiber connections\nAPC (magazine), Australian Personal Computer magazine\nAPC III or Advanced Personal Computer, a 1983 NEC microcomputer\nAmerican Power Conversion Corporation or simply APC, a manufacturer of uninterruptible power supplies, electronics peripherals and data center products, nowadays called APC by Schneider Electric\nAPC-7 connector, a coaxial connector used for high frequency applications\nApplication Program Command, a C1 control code\nAsynchronous procedure call, a function that executes asynchronously in the context of a specific thread on Microsoft Windows\nAtari Punk Console, a simple DIY noisemaker circuit\nVIA APC, a low-cost Android PC computer","title":"Computing and technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Article processing charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_processing_charge"},{"link_name":"open access journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_journal"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"Article processing charge, a fee charged to authors for publication in an open access journal","title":"Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Activated protein C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_protein_C"},{"link_name":"Adenomatous polyposis coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli"},{"link_name":"Anaphase-promoting complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase-promoting_complex"},{"link_name":"Antigen-presenting cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell"},{"link_name":"(APC) Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_Family"},{"link_name":"APC Superfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_Superfamily"},{"link_name":"phenacetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacetin#Uses"},{"link_name":"Argon plasma coagulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon_plasma_coagulation"},{"link_name":"Atrial premature complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_premature_complexes"}],"sub_title":"Biology and medicine","text":"Activated protein C, an anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory protein\nAdenomatous polyposis coli, a tumor suppressor protein encoded by the APC gene, mutations in which can cause colon cancer\nAnaphase-promoting complex, a ubiquitin ligase cell cycle protein\nAntigen-presenting cell, a type of cell that displays foreign antigens\nAmino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation (APC) Family of transport proteins\nAPC Superfamily, a superfamily of transport proteins\nAPC tablet, analgesic compound of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine\nArgon plasma coagulation, an endoscopic technique for controlling hemorrhage\nAtrial premature complexes, a type of premature heart beat or irregular heart beat or arrhythmia which start in the upper two chambers of the heart","title":"Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allophycocyanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophycocyanin"},{"link_name":"Allylpalladium chloride dimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylpalladium_chloride_dimer"},{"link_name":"Ammonium perchlorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate"}],"sub_title":"Chemistry","text":"Allophycocyanin, a protein from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family\nAllylpalladium chloride dimer, a chemical compound\nAmmonium perchlorate, a powerful oxidizer used in solid rocket motors","title":"Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armoured personnel carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"Armour-piercing capped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_capped"},{"link_name":"Army Cadet Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force"},{"link_name":"B&T APC9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26T_APC9"},{"link_name":"B&T APC45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26T_APC45"},{"link_name":"Coastal transport (APC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy#Coastal_transports_(APC)"},{"link_name":"Small coastal transport (APc)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy#Small_coastal_transports_(APc)"}],"text":"Armoured personnel carrier, type of armoured military vehicle\nArmour-piercing capped, an anti-armor shell type\nArmy Proficiency Certificate, the training syllabus of the Army Cadet Force\nB&T APC9 (Advanced Police Carbine), a submachine gun produced by B&T AG\nB&T APC45, a variant of the B&T APC9\nTwo US Navy hull classification symbols: Coastal transport (APC) and Small coastal transport (APc)","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroparticle_and_Cosmology_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"A.P.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P.C."},{"link_name":"African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States"},{"link_name":"African Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"African People's Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_People%27s_Convention"},{"link_name":"Alianza Popular Conservadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Popular_Conservadora"},{"link_name":"Alien Property Custodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Property_Custodian"},{"link_name":"All People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"All Progressives Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress"},{"link_name":"Alternativa Popular Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativa_Popular_Canaria"},{"link_name":"American Pie Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_Council"},{"link_name":"American Plastics Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Plastics_Council"},{"link_name":"Americas Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Anadarko Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Animal Procedures Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Procedures_Committee"},{"link_name":"Anti-Poverty Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Poverty_Committee"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse Production Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_Production_Crew"},{"link_name":"Arab Potash Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Potash_Company"},{"link_name":"Armed Proletarians for Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Proletarians_for_Communism"},{"link_name":"Arrangers' Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangers%27_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"Asia Pacific College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_College"},{"link_name":"Asian Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Associated Presbyterian Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Presbyterian_Churches"},{"link_name":"Association for Progressive Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Progressive_Communications"},{"link_name":"Association of Professional Chaplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Professional_Chaplains"},{"link_name":"Atlantic-Pacific Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic-Pacific_Capital"},{"link_name":"Australian Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Australian Polling Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Polling_Council"},{"link_name":"Patriotic Alliance for Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_for_Change"}],"text":"Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory, a research laboratory located in Paris\nA.P.C., A French design group and clothing retailer\nAfrican, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, a group of countries\nAfrican Paralympic Committee, a sports organization based in Cairo, Egypt\nAfrican People's Convention, a South African political party\nAlianza Popular Conservadora, a political party in Nicaragua\nAlien Property Custodian, a former office within the Government of the United States\nAll People's Congress, a political party in Sierra Leone\nAll Progressives Congress, a political party in Nigeria\nAlternativa Popular Canaria, a separatist political party of the Canary Islands\nAmerican Pie Council, an organization committed to preserving America's pie heritage\nAmerican Plastics Council, a major trade association for the U.S. plastics industry\nAmericas Paralympic Committee, an umbrella organization of National Paralympic Committees\nAnadarko Petroleum Corporation, a defunct American petroleum exploration company\nAnimal Procedures Committee, a UK public body and task force\nAnti-Poverty Committee, a direct action organization in Vancouver, Canada\nApocalypse Production Crew, an MP3 warez organization\nArab Potash Company, a potash production company headquartered in Jordan\nArmed Proletarians for Communism, an Italian far-left terrorist group of the 1970s\nArrangers' Publishing Company, a sheet music publishing company in the United States\nAsia Pacific College, a joint venture between IBM Philippines and the SM Foundation\nAsian Paralympic Committee, an umbrella organisation of National Paralympic Committees\nAssociated Presbyterian Churches, a Scottish Christian denomination\nAssociation for Progressive Communications, a worldwide network of organisations helping others use the internet to promote social justice and sustainable development\nAssociation of Professional Chaplains, internationally certified hospice chaplains\nAtlantic-Pacific Capital, a US-based independent investment bank\nAustralian Paralympic Committee\nAustralian Polling Council, a polling industry body\nPatriotic Alliance for Change, a Paraguayan political alliance (Alianza Patriótica por el Cambio)","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apc, Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apc,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Napa County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_County_Airport"}],"text":"Apc, Hungary, a village in the Heves County of Hungary\nNapa County Airport (IATA airport code APC), near Napa, California","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Perfect Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Perfect_Circle"},{"link_name":"Alkali Pozzolan Cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_Pozzolan_Cement"},{"link_name":"Ambulatory Payment Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulatory_Payment_Classification"},{"link_name":"Attoparsec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attoparsec"},{"link_name":"Australian Provincial Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Provincial_Championship"},{"link_name":"Automatic Performance Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Performance_Control"},{"link_name":"Average propensity to consume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_propensity_to_consume"},{"link_name":"Levantine Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic"},{"link_name":"North Levantine Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Vincent's APC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%27s_APC"}],"text":"A Perfect Circle, an American rock supergroup\nAlkali Pozzolan Cement, an alternative cement developed at Curtin University, Australia\nAmbulatory Payment Classification\nAttoparsec, an unusual minuscule unit of astronomic distance\nAustralian Provincial Championship, a rugby union competition in Australia\nAutomatic Performance Control, a system that was used on some Saab H engines\nAverage propensity to consume, the proportion of income spent\nLevantine Arabic, by ISO 639-3 code\nNorth Levantine Arabic, by a previously separate ISO 639-3 code, which has now been broadened to include Levantine Arabic\nVincent's APC, a discontinued analgesic compound of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine, once popular in Australia","title":"Other uses"}] | [] | [{"title":"APCR (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCR_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"APCS (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCS_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/APC&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/APC&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.K.O._Abiola | Moshood Abiola | ["1 Early life","2 Business career","2.1 ITT","2.2 Other ventures","3 Involvement in politics","4 Presidential election","4.1 Primaries and campaign","4.2 Election","5 Imprisonment","6 Death","6.1 Investigation","7 Legacy","7.1 12 June declared Democracy Day","8 Awards and honours","9 Personal life","9.1 Philanthropy","10 Notes","11 References","12 Sources","13 External links"] | Nigerian businessman and politician (1937–1998)
ChiefMoshoodGCFRM.K.O. Abiola in 1993Personal detailsBorn(1937-08-24)24 August 1937Abeokuta, Southern Region, British Nigeria (now in Ogun State, Nigeria)Died7 July 1998(1998-07-07) (aged 60)Abuja, NigeriaSpouses
Simbiat Shoaga
(m. 1960; died 1992)
Kudirat Adeyemi
(m. 1973; died 1996)
Adebisi Oshin (m. 1974)
Doyinsola Aboaba (m. 1981)
Modupe Onitiri
Remi Abiola
OccupationBusiness tycoonpoliticianpublisherphilanthropist
Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola GCFR, also known as M. K. O. Abiola (// ⓘ; 24 August 1937 – 7 July 1998) was a Nigerian businessman, publisher, and politician. He was the honorary supreme military commander of the Oyo Empire and an aristocrat of the Egba clan.
Abiola ran for the presidency in 1993, for which the election results were annulled by then military president Ibrahim Babangida because of allegations that they were corrupt and unfair. Abiola was awarded the National honour Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR), an honour awarded to only Nigerian heads of state, posthumously on 6 June 2018, by President Muhammadu Buhari and Nigeria's democracy day was changed to from 29 May to 12 June in his honour.
Abiola was a personal friend of Ibrahim Babangida and he is believed to have supported Babangida's coming to power.
Abiola's support in the June 1993 presidential election cut across all geo-political zones and religious divisions. He was among a few politicians to accomplish such influence during his time. By the time of his death, he had become an unexpected symbol of democracy.
Early life
M. K. O. Abiola was born in Abeokuta, Ogun State to the family of Salawu and Suliat Wuraola Abiola. His father was a produce trader who primarily traded cocoa, and his mother traded in kola nuts. His name, Kashimawo, means "Let us wait and see". Moshood Abiola was his father's twenty-third child, but the first of them to survive infancy, hence the name 'Kashimawo'. It was not until he was fifteen that he was properly named Moshood by his parents.
Abiola attended African Central School, Abeokuta for his primary education. As a young boy, he assisted his father in the cocoa trade, but by the end of 1946, his father's business venture was failing, precipitated by the destruction of a cocoa consignment declared by a produce inspector to be of poor quality grade and unworthy for export and to be destroyed immediately.
At the age of nine, he started his first business selling firewood gathered in the forest at dawn before school, to support his father and siblings. Abiola founded a band at the age of fifteen and would perform at various ceremonies in exchange for food. Abiola was eventually able to require payment for his performances, and used the money to support his family and his secondary education at the Baptist Boys High School Abeokuta. Abiola was the editor of the school magazine The Trumpeter, Olusegun Obasanjo was deputy editor. At the age of 19, he joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons ostensibly because of its stronger pan-Nigerian origin compared with the Obafemi Awolowo-led Action Group.
In 1960, he obtained a government scholarship to study at the University of Glasgow, where he later earned a degree in accountancy and qualified as a chartered accountant. He later became a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN).
Business career
In 1956 Moshood Abiola started his professional life as a bank clerk with Barclays Bank in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. After two years he joined the Western Region Finance Corporation as an executive accounts officer, before leaving for Glasgow, Scotland, to pursue his higher education. From Glasgow University he received a first class degree in accountancy, and he also gained a distinction from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. On his return to Nigeria, Abiola worked as a senior accountant at the University of Lagos Teaching Hospital, then went on to US firm Pfizer, before joining the ITT Corporation, where he later rose to the position of vice-president, Africa and Middle East. Abiola spent a lot of his time, and made most of his money, in the United States, while retaining the post of chairman of the corporation's Nigerian subsidiary.
ITT
While Abiola worked at the Nigerian subsidiary of Pfizer smile pharmaceuticals, his desire was to own some equity in the firm but the options available to him were not appealing. He then applied to a job listing seeking a trained accountant, it was during the interview that he found out the firm was ITT Corporation. Abiola was employed by the firm and one of his immediate responsibilities was to clear the backlog of debt owed to the firm by the military. An office meeting with the army's Inspector of Signals, Murtala Mohammed, to seek a resolution of the debts resulted in verbal argument heard by the Chief of Army Staff Hassan Usman Katsina. The intervention of Katsina ended up being favorable to Abiola as he was given a check to cover the debt. Abiola used his determination to clear the debts as a bargaining tool for more role in the company, initially he was able to remove the expatriate manager but was unable to get a requested 50% equity in the Nigerian arm of ITT. Abiola subsequently established Radio Communication (RCN) as a side business, new employees were trained in marketing of telecoms equipment and Abiola targeted the military who were replacing civil war-era equipment as business clients. His marketing strategy proposed training of military personnel in the use of equipment so as to reduce reliance on outside vendors for maintenance, this strategy gained favor in a security conscious armed forces. Abiola soon received a contract to supply hardware to the military that got the attention of ITT and he was offered 49% equity ownership of its Nigerian arm.
RCN went on to develop a static communications network for the armed forces signal unit and Nigeria's domestic satellite communications. In 1975, ITT and partners secured a major contract to supply automatic telephone exchanges in a number of locations within the country.
Other ventures
See also: Concord Group (Nigeria)
In addition to his duties throughout the Middle-East and Africa, Abiola invested heavily in Nigeria and West Africa. He set up Abiola Farms, Abiola Bookshops, Radio Communications Nigeria, Wonder Bakeries, Concord Press, Concord Airlines, Summit Oil International Ltd, Africa Ocean Lines, Habib Bank, Decca W.A. Ltd, and Abiola football club. He was also Chairman of the G15 business council, President of the Nigerian Stock Exchange, Patron of the Kwame Nkrumah Foundation, Patron of the WEB Du Bois foundation, trustee of the Martin Luther King Foundation, and director of the International Press Institute. In 1983, he teamed up with Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Bamanga Tukur and Raymond Dokpesi to establish Africa Ocean Lines. The firm began operations in 1984 using chartered vessels before acquiring two cargo ships in 1986 with a capacity for 958 TEUs. The shipping firm's route linked the major shipping ports along the West African coast with United Kingdom and Northern Europe.
Involvement in politics
Abiola's involvement in politics started early on in life when he joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) at age 19. In 1979, the military government kept its word and handed over power to the civilians. As Abiola was already involved in politics, he joined the ruling National Party of Nigeria (NPN) in 1980 and was elected the state chairman of his party. Re-election was done in 1983 and everything looked promising since the re-elected president was from Abiola's party and based on the true transition to power in 1979; Abiola was eligible to go for the post of presidential candidate after the tenure of the re-elected president. However, his hope to become the president was shortly dashed away for the first time in 1983 when a military coup d'état swept away the re-elected president of his party and ended civilian rule in the country.
Abiola was a member of Ansar Ud Deen organization in Nigeria. In the 1980s, through his National Concord Newspaper Abiola supported Islamic causes including introduction of a Sharia Court of Appeal in Southwestern Nigeria and Nigeria's entry to the Organization of Islamic Countries. The support given the latter received less favorable response from some readers of the National Concord. Notwithstanding, he was actively involved in the formation and activities of the National Sharia Committee. In 1984, he was given a title of Baba Adinni of Yorubaland by a committee of Muslim clerics. His support of Islam in Southern Nigeria earned him some recognition in the Northern region of the country. In his hometown of Abeokuta, Abiola built a Quran training center which was named after his mother Zulihat Abiola. After a decade of military rule, General Ibrahim Babangida came under pressure to return democratic rule to Nigeria. After an aborted initial primary, Abiola stood for the presidential nomination of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and beat Ambassador Baba Gana Kingibe and Alhaji Atiku Abubakar to secure the presidential nomination of the SDP ahead of the 12 June 1993, presidential elections. Abiola had managed to work his way out of poverty through hard work. He established Abiola bookshops to provide affordable, locally produced textbooks in the 1980s when imported textbooks became out of the reach of ordinary Nigerians as the naira was devalued. He also made available daily necessities such as rice and soap at affordable prices in the market.
Presidential election
Primaries and campaign
Abiola announced his candidacy for president in February 1993, this was after a previous round of presidential primaries had been cancelled by military President Babangida. His party of choice was SDP, though he was an outsider who was new to the partisan politics within the party which at the time was dominated by two major factions, People's Front(PF) and PSP. Both SDP and its opposition, NRC held presidential primaries in March 1993. SDP's primaries was held in Jos and was largely a three-way contest between Abiola, Kingibe and Atiku even though there were more aspirants. Abiola was heavily supported by the People's Solidarity faction (PSP) within SDP while Atiku was supported by PF faction led by Yar'Adua and Kingibe was supported by a loose coalition of party members. During the first ballot, Abiola was able to score a slim majority vote of 3,617 to Kingibe's 3,225. A second round was contested two days later and Abiola again emerged victorious with a slim margin and he became the party's presidential candidate for the 12 June election.
Abiola's political message was an optimistic future for Nigeria with slogans such as "Farewell to poverty", " At last! Our rays of Hope" and the "Burden of Schooling". His economic policy included negotiations with foreign creditors and better management of the country's international debts, in addition, increased cooperation with the foreign community while presenting himself as someone the international community can trust.
Election
Moshood Abiola's Hope '93 political manifesto
For the 12 June 1993, presidential elections, Abiola's running mate was his primary opponent Baba Gana Kingibe. He defeated his rival, Bashir Tofa of the National Republican Convention. The election was declared Nigeria's freeest and fairest presidential election by national and international observers, with Abiola even winning in his Northern opponent's home state of Kano. Abiola won at the national capital, Abuja, the military polling stations, and over two-thirds of Nigerian states. Men of Northern descent had largely dominated Nigeria's political landscape since independence; Moshood Abiola, a Western Muslim, was able to secure a national mandate freely and fairly, unprecedented in Nigeria's history. However, the election was annulled by Ibrahim Babangida, causing a political crisis which led to General Sani Abacha seizing power later that year. During preparations for the 2011 Nigerian Presidential elections there were calls from several quarters to remember MKO Abiola.
Unofficial results
These are the unofficial results:
State
SDP (Abiola)
NRC (Tofa)
State
SDP (Abiola)
NRC (Tofa)
State
SDP (Abiola)
NRC (Tofa)
Abia
105,273
151,227
Enugu
263,101
284,050
Niger
136,350
221,437
Adamawa
140,875
167,239
Imo
159,350
195,836
Ogun
425,725
59,246
Akwa Ibom
214,787
199,342
Jigawa
138,552
89,836
Ondo
883,024
162,994
Anambra
212,024
159,258
Kaduna
389,713
356,860
Osun
365,266
72,068
Bauchi
339,339
524,836
Kano
169,619
154,809
Oyo
536,011
105,788
Benue
246,830
186,302
Katsina
171,162
271,077
Plateau
417,565
259,394
Borno
153,496
128,684
Kebbi
70,219
144,808
Rivers
370,578
640,973
Cross River
189,303
153,452
Kogi
222,760
265,732
Sokoto
97,726
372,250
Delta
327,277
145,001
Kwara
272,270
80,209
Taraba
101,887
64,001
Edo
205,407
103,572
Lagos
883,965
149,432
Yobe
111,887
64,061
sub-total
2,134,611
1,918,913
2,740,611
1,992,649
FCT
19,968
18,313
3,465,987
2,040,525
Cumulative
8,341,309
5,952,087
Imprisonment
Moshood Abiola leaving a Black Maria van under heavy armed guard
In 1994 Moshood Abiola, M.K.O. declared himself the lawful president of Nigeria in the Epetedo area of Lagos island, an area mainly populated by (Yoruba) Lagos Indigenes. He had recently returned from a trip to win the support of the international community for his mandate. After declaring himself president he was declared wanted and was accused of treason and arrested on the orders of military President General Sani Abacha, who sent 200 police vehicles to bring him into custody. M.K.O. Abiola has been referred to as Nigeria's greatest statesman. His second wife Alhaja Kudirat Abiola was assassinated in Lagos in 1996 after declaring public support for her husband.
Moshood Abiola was detained for four years, largely in solitary confinement with a Bible, Qur'an, and fourteen guards as companions. During that time, Pope John Paul II, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and human rights activists from all over the world lobbied the Nigerian government for his release. The sole condition attached to the release of Chief Abiola was that he renounce his mandate, something that he refused to do, although the military government offered to compensate him and refund his extensive election expenses. For this reason Chief Abiola became extremely troubled when Kofi Annan and Emeka Anyaoku reported to the world that he had agreed to renounce his mandate after they met with him to tell him that the world would not recognise a five-year-old election.
Death
Moshood Abiola died unexpectedly, shortly after the death of General Abacha, on the day that he was due to be released. While meeting group of American diplomats including Thomas Pickering and Susan Rice at a government guesthouse in Abuja, Abiola fell ill and died. Rice had served tea to Abiola shortly before his collapse; despite evidence to the contrary there remains an enduring belief in Nigeria that she had poisoned Abiola.
Independent autopsy carried out and witnessed by physicians and pathologists from the Nigerian government, Nigerian Medical Association, Canada, UK and the US found substantial evidence of longstanding heart disease. General Abacha's Chief Security Officer, Hamza al-Mustapha has alleged that Moshood Abiola was in fact beaten to death and although Al-Mustapha claims to have video and audiotapes showing how Abiola was beaten to death, he has yet to come forward with the release of such tapes or how it was procured in the first place. Regardless of the exact circumstances of his death, it is clear that Chief Abiola received insufficient medical attention for his existing health conditions.
Investigation
A number of different perspectives exist on Abiola's death. Renowned writer and playwright Wole Soyinka in his autobiography You Must Set Forth at Dawn, categorically asserted that Abiola was presented with a poisoned cup of tea during his final interview with the BBC. He was certain about the fact that Abiola was poisoned, although information on what entities were behind the poisoning, have yet to come to light.
Kofi Annan, the seventh Secretary General of the United Nations who had been in a meeting with Abiola at Abuja on 29 June 1998, mentioned that Abiola had been denied adequate medical care throughout his incarceration. This was in some corroboration with the findings of an international team of pathologists who posited a heart condition as the cause of death.
The Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission of Nigeria, conducted a series of hearings aiming to discover the truth of events leading to the Abiola's death, concluding that the Abubakar regime probably knew more than it revealed.
Legacy
Chief M.K.O. Abiola's memory is celebrated in Nigeria and internationally. Since his death, the Lagos State Government declares 12 June as a public holiday. In 2018, other states including Ogun, Oyo and Osun, announced 12 June as a public holiday to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the annulled 1993 presidential election. 12 June remains a public holiday in Nigeria beginning 12 June 2019, it will be celebrated as democracy day, replacing 29 May. Remembrance events are arranged across Nigeria. MKO Abiola Stadium and Moshood Abiola Polytechnic were named in his honour, and there were calls for posthumous presidential recognition. A statue, MKO Abiola Statue was erected in his honour.
M.K.O. Abiola was criticised by political activists and detractors. Controversy was caused by a song by Nigerian musician, Fela Kuti, a charismatic multi-instrumentalist musician, composer and human rights activist, famed for being the pioneer of Afrobeat music and a controversial figure due to his unusual lifestyle and apparent drug use. It is believed that Kuti had entered into an acrimonious dispute relating to a contract with M.K.O. Abiola's record label. He used the abbreviation of International Telephone & Telegraph (IT&T) in a song criticising big multinational corporations. The song, ITT, accuses such companies of draining Africa's resources and says "they start to steal money Like Obasanjo and Abiola".
On 29 May 2012, former president Goodluck Jonathan, announced that the famous University of Lagos will be renamed in memory of Abiola as Moshood Abiola University of Lagos (MAULAG). This received a negative reaction by both students, Alumni and members of public resulting in an abrupt reversal.
12 June declared Democracy Day
On 6 June 2018, Muhammadu Buhari, President of Nigeria declared 12 June as the new date for the celebration of Democracy Day. Nigeria's Democracy Day was formally celebrated every 29 May, the day in 1999 that former military Head of State, Abdulsalami Abubakar, handed over power to an elected president, Olusegun Obasanjo of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the date when, for the second time in the history of Nigeria, an elected civilian administration took over from a military government.
On 6 June 2018, Muhammadu Buhari in a public statement changed the Democracy Day to 12 June in honor of the 12 June 1993, presidential election and it's winner, Moshood Abiola, who died in prison. Buhari's statement partly read: "for the past 18 years, Nigerians have been celebrating May 29, as Democracy Day. That was the date when, for the second time in our history, an elected civilian administration took over from a military government. The first time this happened was on 1 October 1979. But in the view of Nigerians, as shared by his administration, June 12, 1993, was far more symbolic of democracy in the Nigerian context than May 29 or even the October 1. June 12, 1993 was the day when Nigerians in millions expressed their democratic will in what was undisputedly the freeest, fairest and most peaceful elections since our independence. The fact that the outcome of that election was not upheld by the then military government doesn't distract from the democratic credential of that process. Accordingly, after due consultation, the Federal Government has decided, henceforth, June 12 will be celebrated as Democracy Day. Therefore, the government has decided to award posthumously the highest honour of the land GCFR, to the late Chief M.K.O. Abiola, the presumed winner of the June 12, 1993 cancelled election".
On 11 June 2019, Muhammadu Buhari assented to a Bill amending 29 May previously set aside as a public holiday for the celebration. The public holiday amendment Act was passed by the National Assembly of Nigeria following a Bill introduced and sponsored by Kayode Oladele, Human Rights Lawyer and Member of the House of Representatives ( Eighth Assembly) representing Yewa North/Imeko-Afon Federal Constituency of Ogun State.
Awards and honours
Moshood Abiola was twice voted international businessman of the year, and received numerous honorary doctorates from universities all over the world. In 1987 he was bestowed with the golden key to the city of Washington, D.C., and he was bestowed with awards from the NAACP and the King center in the US, as well as the International Committee on Education for Teaching in Paris, among many others.
In Nigeria, the Oloye Abiola was made the Aare Ona Kakanfo of Yorubaland, the highest
chieftaincy title available to commoners among the Yoruba. At the point when he was elevated, the title had only been conferred by the tribe thirteen times in its long history. This in effect rendered Abiola the ceremonial War Viceroy of all of his tribespeople. According to the folklore of the tribe as recounted by the Yoruba elders, the Aare Ona Kakanfo is expected to die a warrior in the defence of his nation to prove himself in the eyes of both the divine and the mortal as having been worthy of his title.
He was posthumously awarded the third highest national honour, the Commander of the Federal Republic, in 1998.
He was also awarded the highest national honor, the Grand Commander of the Federal Republic – or GCFR – in 2018. The date of the annulled election, 12 June, was also made Nigeria's Democracy Day.
Personal life
Moshood Abiola married many wives; notable among them are Simbiat Atinuke Shoaga in 1960, Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi in 1973, Adebisi Olawunmi Oshin in 1974, Doyinsola (Doyin) Abiola Aboaba in 1981, Modupe Onitiri-Abiola and Remi Abiola. He fathered many children.
Philanthropy
Moshood Abiola with H.E. Pankratiy, Metropolitan of Stara Zagora and head of the Department for Ecumenical relations of the Bulgarian Orthodox church
Moshood Abiola sprang to national and international prominence as a result of his philanthropic activities. The Congressional Black Caucus of the United States of America issued the following tribute to Moshood Abiola:
Because of this man, there is both cause for hope and certainty that the agony and protests of those who suffer injustice shall give way to peace and human dignity. The children of the world shall know the great work of this extraordinary leader and his fervent mission to right wrong, to do justice, and to serve mankind. The enemies which imperil the future of generations to come: poverty, ignorance, disease, hunger, and racism have each seen effects of the valiant work of Chief Abiola. Through him and others like him, never again will freedom rest in the domain of the few. We, the members of the Congressional Black Caucus salute him this day as a hero in the global pursuit to preserve the history and the legacy of the African diaspora.
From 1972 until his death, Moshood Abiola had been conferred with 197 traditional titles by 68 different communities in Nigeria, in response to his having provided financial assistance in the construction of 63 secondary schools, 121 mosques and churches, 41 libraries, 21 water projects in 24 states of Nigeria, and he was grand patron to 149 societies or associations in Nigeria. In addition to his work in Nigeria, Moshood Abiola supported the Southern African Liberation movements from the 1970s, and he sponsored the campaign to win reparations for slavery and colonialism in Africa and the diaspora. He personally communicated with every African head of state, and every head of state in the black diaspora to ensure that Africans would speak with one voice on the issues.
Notes
^ "Aare Ona Kankafo" was the title of the supreme military commander of the Oyo Empire
References
^ a b c d e The International Who's Who, 1997–98. Vol. 61. Europa Publications. 1997. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-857-4302-26.
^ a b c "Moshood Abiola". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ a b c d Alex Duval Smith (10 July 1998). "Abiola's warring wives mirror Nigeria's divides". The Guardian. The United Kingdom. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^ a b "REMEMBERING ABIOLA, 15 YEARS AFTER". National Mirror. 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Are Ona Kakanfo's origin, myth and power by Prof. Banji Akintoye – Vanguard News". Vanguard News. 22 October 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
^ "Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola | Nigerian entrepreneur and politician". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Hamilton, Janice. Nigeria in Pictures, p. 70.
^ "UPDATED: Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day, honours MKO Abiola with GCFR". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^ "BREAKING: Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day to honour Abiola". Premium Times Nigeria. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^ "Posts tagged as #mkoabiola". picbabun.com. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ a b Rufai, Misbahu. (11 May 1990). A man called MKO. Muslim Journal.
^ Maier, Karl (2002). This house has fallen : Nigeria in crisis. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 9780786730612. OCLC 813166032.
^ Holman, Michael, and Michela Wrong. "Chief Moshood Abiola Presumed Poll Winner Managed to Straddle the Regional and Religious Split in a Way Few Nigerian Politicians Can Do Today." Financial Times, 8 July 1998, p. 3. Financial Times Historical Archive.
^ "A thread written by @JoyLydia10". threader.app. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^ Nigeria, Guardian (12 June 2019). "The legend called M.K.O". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^ Adenekan, Sulaiman. "President Muhammadu Buhari receives elders, leaders from Ogun State on gratitude visit over honour bestowed on M.K.O Abiola". Trade Newswire. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^ Abiola 1992, p. 127.
^ "Kashimawo - Nigerian.Name". www.nigerian.name. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
^ a b Nigeria: transport, aviation & tourism : information handbook directory & who's who. Lagos: Media Research Publications. 1988. OCLC 26830979.
^ Nigeria, Guardian (3 January 2016). "Victory In Death... MKO Abiola's Travails, Triumphs In Retrospect". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^ Abiola 1992, p. 128.
^ Abiola 1993, pp. 429–433.
^ a b Abiola 1993, pp. 7–8.
^ Ogunbiyi and Amuta (eds), Legend of our Time: The Thoughts of M.K.O. Abiola, Tanus Press, p. 5.
^ "JUNE 12 SPECIAL: Short Profile of Late Chief MKO Abiola". Sahara Reporters. 12 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola | Nigerian entrepreneur and politician". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^ Moshood Abiola at aaregistry.org
^ a b c d Forrest, Tom (1994). The advance of African capital : the growth of Nigerian private enterprise. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. pp. 99–103. ISBN 0813915627. OCLC 30355123.
^ a b Abiola 1992, p. 145.
^ Abiola 1992, p. 147.
^ Abiola 1992, p. 150.
^ "Curriculum Vitae". Hope-rises.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ Reichmuth, Stefan (January 1996). "Education and the Growth of Religious Associations among Yoruba Muslims: The Ansar-Ud-Deen Society of Nigeria". Journal of Religion in Africa.
^ Dominic, Okereke (July 2012). Africa's quiet revolution : (observed from Nigeria). Northampton, UK. p. 312. ISBN 9781908341877. OCLC 932127559.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Loimeier, Roman (1997). Islamic reform and political change in northern Nigeria. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. pp. 321–322. ISBN 0810113465. OCLC 35792337.
^ University of Connecticut: Summer advance, July 1994.
^ Emelifeonwu 1999, p. 237.
^ Emelifeonwu 1999, p. 239.
^ Emelifeonwu 1999, p. 240.
^ Opeibi, Olusola Babatunde (2011). Discourse strategies in political campaigns in Nigeria. ]: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. pp. 55–57, 277. ISBN 978-3845416779. OCLC 991643499.
^ "Democracy Day: MKO Abiola in eyes of history 27 years later". 12 June 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
^ "Abeokuta | Location, History, Facts, & Population". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
^ "Chief Moshood Abiola Memorial Service". David-kilgour.com. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ "MKO: Is June 12 also Dead? ~ South Elevation: Viewpoint". Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
^ Okogba, Emmanuel (19 June 2018). "Anniversary of June 12 presidential election (5)". Vanguard News Nigeria. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
^ Emelifeonwu, David C. (1999). "Anatomy of a failed democratic transition : the case of Nigeria, 1985–1993". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Dibie, Robert A. Public Management and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Military-bureaucracy Relationship, Page 51.
^ "CNN – Vatican presses Nigeria for dissidents' release – March 21, 1998". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ "BBC News | Africa | Annan 'to meet Abiola'". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ "BBC News | Africa | Abiola letter accuses Annan". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ "Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa 1993–1999", Wayne Madsen, Edwin Meller Press
^ "BBC News – Africa – Abiola's death – an eyewitness account". news.bbc.co.uk.
^ a b Bourne, Richard (2015). Nigeria : a new history of a turbulent century. London: Zed Books. p. 201. ISBN 9781780329062.
^ Rice, Susan E. (2019). Tough love : my story of the things worth fighting for. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1501189975.
^ a b "7/11/98: Nigeria: Autopsy Results-Chief M.K.O. Abiola". 1997-2001.state.gov. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ Soyinka, Wole (2006). You Must Set Forth at Dawn. USA: Random House. pp. 59–69. ISBN 9780375503658.
^ Annan, Kofi (2012). Interventions: A Life in War and Peace. USA: The Penguin Press. pp. 340–345. ISBN 9781846142970.
^ Tay (24 July 2021). "Oputa Panel: Major Aliyu Recounts Eye Witness Events Leading To MKO Abiola's Death Under His Watch". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
^ "Speech in honour of MKO Abiola". Board of African Studies Association.
^ "Lagos, Oyo, Osun govts declare June 12 public holiday". Tribune Online. 10 June 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
^ Kanu, Daniel (13 June 2000). "Nigeria: June 12 Holiday to Honour Abiola, Says Tinubu". The Post Express (Lagos). Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ "June 12 Remembrance 2011 | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
^ Kazeem Ugbodaga, "12 Years After: Nigerians Celebrate MKO Abiola", PM News, 7 July 2010.
^ "Fela Kuti's Nigeria: 10 years on", BBC News, 2 August 2007.
^ Iruemobe, Busayo (12 June 2018). "MKO Abiola: Why Fela Kuti no gree see eye to eye wit Bashorun". BBC Pidgin. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
^ "Fela Kuti – I.T.T. (International Thief Thief) Lyrics | SongMeanings". SongMeanings. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ Adekunle (21 February 2013). "UNILAG name change: Jonathan makes u-turn". Vanguard News Nigeria. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
^ "Democracy Day: FG declares Friday, June 12, public holiday". 8 June 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
^ "Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day, honours Abiola with GCFR". Punch Newspapers. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
^ "Reps passes Bill to make June 12, Democracy Day". Vanguard News. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
^ "Fresh pressure as Buhari signs bill declaring June 12 Democracy Day". guardian.ng. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
^ 10 Quick Facts About M.K.O Abiola • Channels Television, retrieved 11 June 2018
^ "The Contemporary Politics and its". Yoruba.org. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ news bbc, world/Africa.
^ "Nigerian national awards | Nigerian Muse". www.nigerianmuse.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ "Buhari honours MKO Abiola, declares June 12 Democracy Day". Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ Tunde Rahnan. "Nigeria: MKO Abiola's Will – 25 Children Fail DNA Test". Allafrica. Thisday. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^ Ogunbiyi and Amuta (eds), p. 16.
^ "June 12: Full speech of M.K.O Abiola that got him imprisoned, killed – Daily Post Nigeria". Daily Post Nigeria. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ "eliesmith: Senator A.S. Yarima: Reparation For Africa Have To Be Review". Eliesmith.blogspot.com. 10 August 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
Sources
Abiola, M. K. O. (1992). Reparations : a collection of speeches. Lome, Togo: Linguist Service. ISBN 9783175505. OCLC 28212732.
Abiola, Moshood Kashimawo Olawale (1993). Yemi Ogunbiyi; Chidi Amuta (eds.). Legend of Our Time: The Thoughts of M.K.O. Abiola. Tanus Communications. ISBN 978-978-31824-1-7.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
External links
Media related to Moshood Abiola at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieftain"},{"link_name":"GCFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Federal_Republic"},{"link_name":"//","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Yo-Moshood_Kashimawo_Olawale_2.ogg/Yo-Moshood_Kashimawo_Olawale_2.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yo-Moshood_Kashimawo_Olawale_2.ogg"},{"link_name":"Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Egba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"presidency in 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Nigerian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Babangida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-born-8"},{"link_name":"Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Federal_Republic"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_award"},{"link_name":"Muhammadu Buhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"June 1993 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Nigerian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"geo-political zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola GCFR, also known as M. K. O. Abiola (// ⓘ; 24 August 1937 – 7 July 1998) was a Nigerian businessman, publisher, and politician. He was the honorary supreme military commander of the Oyo Empire[a] and an aristocrat of the Egba clan.[5][6]Abiola ran for the presidency in 1993, for which the election results were annulled by then military president Ibrahim Babangida because of allegations that they were corrupt and unfair.[7] Abiola was awarded the National honour Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR), an honour awarded to only Nigerian heads of state, posthumously on 6 June 2018, by President Muhammadu Buhari and Nigeria's democracy day was changed to from 29 May to 12 June in his honour.[8][9][10]Abiola was a personal friend of Ibrahim Babangida[11] and he is believed to have supported Babangida's coming to power.[12]Abiola's support in the June 1993 presidential election cut across all geo-political zones and religious divisions. He was among a few politicians to accomplish such influence during his time.[13] By the time of his death, he had become an unexpected symbol of democracy.[14]","title":"Moshood Abiola"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"Ogun State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_State"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopedia-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"cocoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean"},{"link_name":"kola nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_nuts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola1992127-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola1992128-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola1993429%E2%80%93433-23"},{"link_name":"Baptist Boys High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Boys%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"Olusegun Obasanjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola19937%E2%80%938-24"},{"link_name":"National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons"},{"link_name":"Obafemi Awolowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo"},{"link_name":"Action Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Group_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"chartered accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_accountant"},{"link_name":"Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"M. K. O. Abiola was born in Abeokuta, Ogun State[2] to the family of Salawu[15] and Suliat Wuraola Abiola.[16] His father was a produce trader who primarily traded cocoa, and his mother traded in kola nuts.[17] His name, Kashimawo, means \"Let us wait and see\".[18] Moshood Abiola was his father's twenty-third child, but the first of them to survive infancy, hence the name 'Kashimawo'. It was not until he was fifteen that he was properly named Moshood by his parents.[citation needed]Abiola attended African Central School, Abeokuta for his primary education.[19] As a young boy, he assisted his father in the cocoa trade,[20] but by the end of 1946, his father's business venture was failing, precipitated by the destruction of a cocoa consignment declared by a produce inspector to be of poor quality grade and unworthy for export and to be destroyed immediately.[21]At the age of nine, he started his first business selling firewood gathered in the forest at dawn before school, to support his father and siblings.[22] Abiola founded a band at the age of fifteen and would perform at various ceremonies in exchange for food. Abiola was eventually able to require payment for his performances, and used the money to support his family and his secondary education at the Baptist Boys High School Abeokuta. Abiola was the editor of the school magazine The Trumpeter, Olusegun Obasanjo was deputy editor.[23] At the age of 19, he joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons ostensibly because of its stronger pan-Nigerian origin compared with the Obafemi Awolowo-led Action Group.[24]In 1960, he obtained a government scholarship to study at the University of Glasgow,[25] where he later earned a degree in accountancy and qualified as a chartered accountant. He later became a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN).[26]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barclays Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"South-West Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola19937%E2%80%938-24"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"University of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lagos"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"ITT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corporation"}],"text":"In 1956 Moshood Abiola started his professional life as a bank clerk with Barclays Bank in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria.[23] After two years he joined the Western Region Finance Corporation as an executive accounts officer, before leaving for Glasgow, Scotland, to pursue his higher education. From Glasgow University he received a first class degree in accountancy,[27] and he also gained a distinction from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. On his return to Nigeria, Abiola worked as a senior accountant at the University of Lagos Teaching Hospital, then went on to US firm Pfizer, before joining the ITT Corporation, where he later rose to the position of vice-president, Africa and Middle East. Abiola spent a lot of his time, and made most of his money, in the United States, while retaining the post of chairman of the corporation's Nigerian subsidiary.","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nigerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerians"},{"link_name":"Pfizer smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pfizer_smile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Murtala Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala_Mohammed"},{"link_name":"Hassan Usman Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Katsina"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"},{"link_name":"Radio Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola1992145-30"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafran_War"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola1992145-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola1992147-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbiola1992150-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"}],"sub_title":"ITT","text":"While Abiola worked at the Nigerian subsidiary of Pfizer smile pharmaceuticals, his desire was to own some equity in the firm but the options available to him were not appealing.[28] He then applied to a job listing seeking a trained accountant, it was during the interview that he found out the firm was ITT Corporation. Abiola was employed by the firm and one of his immediate responsibilities was to clear the backlog of debt owed to the firm by the military. An office meeting with the army's Inspector of Signals, Murtala Mohammed, to seek a resolution of the debts resulted in verbal argument heard by the Chief of Army Staff Hassan Usman Katsina.[28] The intervention of Katsina ended up being favorable to Abiola as he was given a check to cover the debt. Abiola used his determination to clear the debts as a bargaining tool for more role in the company, initially he was able to remove the expatriate manager but was unable to get a requested 50% equity in the Nigerian arm of ITT. Abiola subsequently established Radio Communication (RCN) as a side business,[29] new employees were trained in marketing of telecoms equipment and Abiola targeted the military who were replacing civil war-era equipment as business clients.[29] His marketing strategy proposed training of military personnel in the use of equipment so as to reduce reliance on outside vendors for maintenance, this strategy gained favor in a security conscious armed forces.[30] Abiola soon received a contract to supply hardware to the military that got the attention of ITT and he was offered 49% equity ownership of its Nigerian arm.[28]RCN went on to develop a static communications network for the armed forces signal unit and Nigeria's domestic satellite communications.[31] In 1975, ITT and partners secured a major contract to supply automatic telephone exchanges in a number of locations within the country.[28]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concord Group (Nigeria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Group_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"G15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G15"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Kwame Nkrumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah"},{"link_name":"WEB Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEB_Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"International Press Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Press_Institute"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Shehu Musa Yar'Adua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Musa_Yar%27Adua"},{"link_name":"Bamanga Tukur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamanga_Tukur"},{"link_name":"Raymond Dokpesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Dokpesi"},{"link_name":"TEUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"}],"sub_title":"Other ventures","text":"See also: Concord Group (Nigeria)In addition to his duties throughout the Middle-East and Africa, Abiola invested heavily in Nigeria and West Africa. He set up Abiola Farms, Abiola Bookshops, Radio Communications Nigeria, Wonder Bakeries, Concord Press, Concord Airlines, Summit Oil International Ltd, Africa Ocean Lines, Habib Bank, Decca W.A. Ltd, and Abiola football club. He was also Chairman of the G15 business council, President of the Nigerian Stock Exchange, Patron of the Kwame Nkrumah Foundation, Patron of the WEB Du Bois foundation, trustee of the Martin Luther King Foundation, and director of the International Press Institute.[32] In 1983, he teamed up with Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Bamanga Tukur and Raymond Dokpesi to establish Africa Ocean Lines. The firm began operations in 1984 using chartered vessels before acquiring two cargo ships in 1986 with a capacity for 958 TEUs. The shipping firm's route linked the major shipping ports along the West African coast with United Kingdom and Northern Europe.[19]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons"},{"link_name":"National Party of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ansar Ud Deen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_Ud_Deen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sharia Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland"},{"link_name":"Organization of Islamic Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"naira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naira"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Abiola's involvement in politics started early on in life when he joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) at age 19. In 1979, the military government kept its word and handed over power to the civilians. As Abiola was already involved in politics, he joined the ruling National Party of Nigeria (NPN) in 1980 and was elected the state chairman of his party. Re-election was done in 1983 and everything looked promising since the re-elected president was from Abiola's party and based on the true transition to power in 1979; Abiola was eligible to go for the post of presidential candidate after the tenure of the re-elected president. However, his hope to become the president was shortly dashed away for the first time in 1983 when a military coup d'état swept away the re-elected president of his party and ended civilian rule in the country.Abiola was a member of Ansar Ud Deen organization in Nigeria. In the 1980s,[33] through his National Concord Newspaper Abiola supported Islamic causes including introduction of a Sharia Court of Appeal in Southwestern Nigeria and Nigeria's entry to the Organization of Islamic Countries. The support given the latter received less favorable response from some readers of the National Concord.[34] Notwithstanding, he was actively involved in the formation and activities of the National Sharia Committee. In 1984, he was given a title of Baba Adinni of Yorubaland by a committee of Muslim clerics. His support of Islam in Southern Nigeria earned him some recognition in the Northern region of the country.[35] In his hometown of Abeokuta, Abiola built a Quran training center which was named after his mother Zulihat Abiola.[11] After a decade of military rule, General Ibrahim Babangida came under pressure to return democratic rule to Nigeria. After an aborted initial primary, Abiola stood for the presidential nomination of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and beat Ambassador Baba Gana Kingibe and Alhaji Atiku Abubakar to secure the presidential nomination of the SDP ahead of the 12 June 1993, presidential elections. Abiola had managed to work his way out of poverty through hard work. He established Abiola bookshops to provide affordable, locally produced textbooks in the 1980s when imported textbooks became out of the reach of ordinary Nigerians as the naira was devalued. He also made available daily necessities such as rice and soap at affordable prices in the market.[36]","title":"Involvement in politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidential election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmelifeonwu1999237-38"},{"link_name":"NRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Convention"},{"link_name":"Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos"},{"link_name":"Atiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiku_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Yar'Adua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Musa_Yar%27Adua"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmelifeonwu1999239-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmelifeonwu1999240-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Primaries and campaign","text":"Abiola announced his candidacy for president in February 1993, this was after a previous round of presidential primaries had been cancelled by military President Babangida. His party of choice was SDP, though he was an outsider who was new to the partisan politics within the party which at the time was dominated by two major factions, People's Front(PF) and PSP.[37] Both SDP and its opposition, NRC held presidential primaries in March 1993. SDP's primaries was held in Jos and was largely a three-way contest between Abiola, Kingibe and Atiku even though there were more aspirants. Abiola was heavily supported by the People's Solidarity faction (PSP) within SDP while Atiku was supported by PF faction led by Yar'Adua and Kingibe was supported by a loose coalition of party members.[38] During the first ballot, Abiola was able to score a slim majority vote of 3,617 to Kingibe's 3,225.[39] A second round was contested two days later and Abiola again emerged victorious with a slim margin and he became the party's presidential candidate for the 12 June election.Abiola's political message was an optimistic future for Nigeria with slogans such as \"Farewell to poverty\", \" At last! Our rays of Hope\" and the \"Burden of Schooling\". His economic policy included negotiations with foreign creditors and better management of the country's international debts, in addition, increased cooperation with the foreign community while presenting himself as someone the international community can trust.[40]","title":"Presidential election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope%2793_front_cover_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"12 June 1993, presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Nigerian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"running mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_mate"},{"link_name":"Baba Gana Kingibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Gana_Kingibe"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Bashir Tofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Tofa"},{"link_name":"National Republican Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Convention"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Babangida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida"},{"link_name":"Sani Abacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Election","text":"Moshood Abiola's Hope '93 political manifestoFor the 12 June 1993, presidential elections, Abiola's running mate was his primary opponent Baba Gana Kingibe.[41] He defeated his rival, Bashir Tofa of the National Republican Convention. The election was declared Nigeria's freeest and fairest presidential election by national and international observers, with Abiola even winning in his Northern opponent's home state of Kano. Abiola won at the national capital, Abuja, the military polling stations, and over two-thirds of Nigerian states. Men of Northern descent had largely dominated Nigeria's political landscape since independence; Moshood Abiola, a Western[42] Muslim, was able to secure a national mandate freely and fairly, unprecedented in Nigeria's history. However, the election was annulled by Ibrahim Babangida, causing a political crisis which led to General Sani Abacha seizing power later that year.[43] During preparations for the 2011 Nigerian Presidential elections there were calls from several quarters to remember MKO Abiola.[44]Unofficial resultsThese are the unofficial results:[45][46]","title":"Presidential election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MKO_arrest.jpg"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"Sani Abacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election-48"},{"link_name":"Alhaja Kudirat Abiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaja_Kudirat_Abiola"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"Emeka Anyaoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeka_Anyaoku"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Moshood Abiola leaving a Black Maria van under heavy armed guardIn 1994 Moshood Abiola, M.K.O. declared himself the lawful president of Nigeria in the Epetedo area of Lagos island, an area mainly populated by (Yoruba) Lagos Indigenes. He had recently returned from a trip to win the support of the international community for his mandate. After declaring himself president he was declared wanted and was accused of treason and arrested on the orders of military President General Sani Abacha, who sent 200 police vehicles to bring him into custody. M.K.O. Abiola has been referred to as Nigeria's greatest statesman.[47] His second wife Alhaja Kudirat Abiola was assassinated in Lagos in 1996 after declaring public support for her husband.Moshood Abiola was detained for four years, largely in solitary confinement with a Bible, Qur'an, and fourteen guards as companions. During that time, Pope John Paul II, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and human rights activists from all over the world lobbied the Nigerian government for his release.[48] The sole condition attached to the release of Chief Abiola was that he renounce his mandate, something that he refused to do, although the military government offered to compensate him and refund his extensive election expenses. For this reason Chief Abiola became extremely troubled when Kofi Annan and Emeka Anyaoku reported to the world that he had agreed to renounce his mandate after they met with him to tell him that the world would not recognise a five-year-old election.[49][50]","title":"Imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Pickering"},{"link_name":"Susan Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Rice"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOURNE-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997-2001.state.gov-56"},{"link_name":"Hamza al-Mustapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_al-Mustapha"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997-2001.state.gov-56"}],"text":"Moshood Abiola died unexpectedly, shortly after the death of General Abacha, on the day that he was due to be released.[51] While meeting group of American diplomats including Thomas Pickering and Susan Rice at a government guesthouse in Abuja, Abiola fell ill and died. Rice had served tea to Abiola shortly before his collapse; despite evidence to the contrary there remains an enduring belief in Nigeria that she had poisoned Abiola.[52][53][54]Independent autopsy carried out and witnessed by physicians and pathologists from the Nigerian government, Nigerian Medical Association, Canada, UK and the US found substantial evidence of longstanding heart disease.[55] General Abacha's Chief Security Officer, Hamza al-Mustapha has alleged that Moshood Abiola was in fact beaten to death and although Al-Mustapha claims to have video and audiotapes showing how Abiola was beaten to death, he has yet to come forward with the release of such tapes or how it was procured in the first place. Regardless of the exact circumstances of his death, it is clear that Chief Abiola received insufficient medical attention for his existing health conditions.[55]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wole Soyinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka"},{"link_name":"You Must Set Forth at Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Must_Set_Forth_at_Dawn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"Secretary General of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"The Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Rights_Violation_Investigation_Commission_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOURNE-54"}],"sub_title":"Investigation","text":"A number of different perspectives exist on Abiola's death. Renowned writer and playwright Wole Soyinka in his autobiography You Must Set Forth at Dawn, categorically asserted that Abiola was presented with a poisoned cup of tea during his final interview with the BBC. He was certain about the fact that Abiola was poisoned, although information on what entities were behind the poisoning, have yet to come to light.[56]Kofi Annan, the seventh Secretary General of the United Nations who had been in a meeting with Abiola at Abuja on 29 June 1998, mentioned that Abiola had been denied adequate medical care throughout his incarceration. This was in some corroboration with the findings of an international team of pathologists who posited a heart condition as the cause of death.[57]The Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission of Nigeria, conducted a series of hearings aiming to discover the truth of events leading to the Abiola's death,[58] concluding that the Abubakar regime probably knew more than it revealed.[53]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"MKO Abiola Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKO_Abiola_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Moshood Abiola Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshood_Abiola_Polytechnic"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"MKO Abiola Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKO_Abiola_Statue"},{"link_name":"Fela Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"International Telephone & Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telephone_%26_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Goodluck Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan"},{"link_name":"University of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lagos"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Chief M.K.O. Abiola's memory is celebrated in Nigeria and internationally.[59] Since his death, the Lagos State Government declares 12 June as a public holiday. In 2018, other states including Ogun, Oyo and Osun, announced 12 June as a public holiday to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the annulled 1993 presidential election.[60] 12 June remains a public holiday in Nigeria beginning 12 June 2019, it will be celebrated as democracy day, replacing 29 May.[61] Remembrance events are arranged across Nigeria.[62] MKO Abiola Stadium and Moshood Abiola Polytechnic were named in his honour, and there were calls for posthumous presidential recognition.[63] A statue, MKO Abiola Statue was erected in his honour.M.K.O. Abiola was criticised by political activists and detractors. Controversy was caused by a song by Nigerian musician, Fela Kuti, a charismatic multi-instrumentalist musician, composer and human rights activist, famed for being the pioneer of Afrobeat music and a controversial figure due to his unusual lifestyle and apparent drug use.[64] It is believed that Kuti had entered into an acrimonious dispute relating to a contract with M.K.O. Abiola's record label.[65] He used the abbreviation of International Telephone & Telegraph (IT&T) in a song criticising big multinational corporations. The song, ITT, accuses such companies of draining Africa's resources and says \"they start to steal money Like Obasanjo and Abiola\".[66]On 29 May 2012, former president Goodluck Jonathan, announced that the famous University of Lagos will be renamed in memory of Abiola as Moshood Abiola University of Lagos (MAULAG). This received a negative reaction by both students, Alumni and members of public resulting in an abrupt reversal.[67]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammadu Buhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari"},{"link_name":"Democracy Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Day_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Abdulsalami Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Olusegun Obasanjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo"},{"link_name":"People's Democratic Party (PDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Kayode Oladele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayode_Oladele"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"12 June declared Democracy Day","text":"On 6 June 2018, Muhammadu Buhari, President of Nigeria declared 12 June as the new date for the celebration of Democracy Day. Nigeria's Democracy Day was formally celebrated every 29 May, the day in 1999 that former military Head of State, Abdulsalami Abubakar, handed over power to an elected president, Olusegun Obasanjo of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the date when, for the second time in the history of Nigeria, an elected civilian administration took over from a military government.[68]On 6 June 2018, Muhammadu Buhari in a public statement changed the Democracy Day to 12 June in honor of the 12 June 1993, presidential election and it's winner, Moshood Abiola, who died in prison. Buhari's statement partly read: \"for the past 18 years, Nigerians have been celebrating May 29, as Democracy Day. That was the date when, for the second time in our history, an elected civilian administration took over from a military government. The first time this happened was on 1 October 1979. But in the view of Nigerians, as shared by his administration, June 12, 1993, was far more symbolic of democracy in the Nigerian context than May 29 or even the October 1. June 12, 1993 was the day when Nigerians in millions expressed their democratic will in what was undisputedly the freeest, fairest and most peaceful elections since our independence. The fact that the outcome of that election was not upheld by the then military government doesn't distract from the democratic credential of that process. Accordingly, after due consultation, the Federal Government has decided, henceforth, June 12 will be celebrated as Democracy Day. Therefore, the government has decided to award posthumously the highest honour of the land GCFR, to the late Chief M.K.O. Abiola, the presumed winner of the June 12, 1993 cancelled election\".[69]On 11 June 2019, Muhammadu Buhari assented to a Bill amending 29 May previously set aside as a public holiday for the celebration. The public holiday amendment Act was passed by the National Assembly of Nigeria following a Bill introduced and sponsored by Kayode Oladele, Human Rights Lawyer and Member of the House of Representatives ( Eighth Assembly) representing Yewa North/Imeko-Afon Federal Constituency of Ogun State.[70][71]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"Oloye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oloye"},{"link_name":"Aare Ona Kakanfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire#Are_Ona_Kakanfo"},{"link_name":"chieftaincy title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"GCFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Federal_Republic"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Moshood Abiola was twice voted international businessman of the year,[72] and received numerous honorary doctorates from universities all over the world. In 1987 he was bestowed with the golden key to the city of Washington, D.C., and he was bestowed with awards from the NAACP and the King center in the US, as well as the International Committee on Education for Teaching in Paris, among many others.In Nigeria, the Oloye Abiola was made the Aare Ona Kakanfo of Yorubaland, the highest \nchieftaincy title available to commoners among the Yoruba. At the point when he was elevated, the title had only been conferred by the tribe thirteen times in its long history. This in effect rendered Abiola the ceremonial War Viceroy of all of his tribespeople. According to the folklore of the tribe as recounted by the Yoruba elders, the Aare Ona Kakanfo is expected to die a warrior in the defence of his nation to prove himself in the eyes of both the divine and the mortal as having been worthy of his title.[73][74]He was posthumously awarded the third highest national honour, the Commander of the Federal Republic, in 1998.[75]He was also awarded the highest national honor, the Grand Commander of the Federal Republic – or GCFR – in 2018. The date of the annulled election, 12 June, was also made Nigeria's Democracy Day.[76]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"many wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wives-3"},{"link_name":"Simbiat Atinuke Shoaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simbiat_Abiola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wives-3"},{"link_name":"Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudirat_Abiola"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-international-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memorial-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wives-3"},{"link_name":"Remi Abiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remi_Abiola"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopedia-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-international-1"}],"text":"Moshood Abiola married many wives;[77][3] notable among them are Simbiat Atinuke Shoaga in 1960,[3] Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi in 1973, Adebisi Olawunmi Oshin in 1974,[1] Doyinsola (Doyin) Abiola Aboaba in 1981, Modupe Onitiri-Abiola[4][3] and Remi Abiola. He fathered many children.[2][1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mkobulgaria_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Congressional Black Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"reparations for slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Philanthropy","text":"Moshood Abiola with H.E. Pankratiy, Metropolitan of Stara Zagora and head of the Department for Ecumenical relations of the Bulgarian Orthodox churchMoshood Abiola sprang to national and international prominence as a result of his philanthropic activities. The Congressional Black Caucus of the United States of America issued the following tribute to Moshood Abiola:[78]Because of this man, there is both cause for hope and certainty that the agony and protests of those who suffer injustice shall give way to peace and human dignity. The children of the world shall know the great work of this extraordinary leader and his fervent mission to right wrong, to do justice, and to serve mankind. The enemies which imperil the future of generations to come: poverty, ignorance, disease, hunger, and racism have each seen effects of the valiant work of Chief Abiola. Through him and others like him, never again will freedom rest in the domain of the few. We, the members of the Congressional Black Caucus salute him this day as a hero in the global pursuit to preserve the history and the legacy of the African diaspora.[79]From 1972 until his death, Moshood Abiola had been conferred with 197 traditional titles by 68 different communities in Nigeria, in response to his having provided financial assistance in the construction of 63 secondary schools, 121 mosques and churches, 41 libraries, 21 water projects in 24 states of Nigeria, and he was grand patron to 149 societies or associations in Nigeria. In addition to his work in Nigeria, Moshood Abiola supported the Southern African Liberation movements from the 1970s, and he sponsored the campaign to win reparations for slavery and colonialism in Africa and the diaspora. He personally communicated with every African head of state, and every head of state in the black diaspora to ensure that Africans would speak with one voice on the issues.[80]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ \"Aare Ona Kankafo\" was the title of the supreme military commander of the Oyo Empire","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783175505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783175505"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28212732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/28212732"},{"link_name":"Legend of Our Time: The Thoughts of M.K.O. Abiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4_oEAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-978-31824-1-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-31824-1-7"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1528125#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/310453/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000050584973"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/9925303"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhGWtqFRGFMj3HYfgFdwC"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123574928"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123574928"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1326634801"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92033843"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p120739321"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jj74gw"}],"text":"Abiola, M. K. O. (1992). Reparations : a collection of speeches. Lome, Togo: Linguist Service. ISBN 9783175505. OCLC 28212732.\nAbiola, Moshood Kashimawo Olawale (1993). Yemi Ogunbiyi; Chidi Amuta (eds.). Legend of Our Time: The Thoughts of M.K.O. Abiola. Tanus Communications. ISBN 978-978-31824-1-7.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Moshood Abiola's Hope '93 political manifesto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hope%2793_front_cover_%282%29.jpg/220px-Hope%2793_front_cover_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moshood Abiola leaving a Black Maria van under heavy armed guard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MKO_arrest.jpg/220px-MKO_arrest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moshood Abiola with H.E. Pankratiy, Metropolitan of Stara Zagora and head of the Department for Ecumenical relations of the Bulgarian Orthodox church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mkobulgaria_%282%29.jpg/220px-Mkobulgaria_%282%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"The International Who's Who, 1997–98. Vol. 61. Europa Publications. 1997. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-857-4302-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4XNtwLEbl7wC&q=moshood+kashimawo+abiola+kudirat+simbiat+adebisi+doyinsola","url_text":"The International Who's Who, 1997–98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-857-4302-26","url_text":"978-1-857-4302-26"}]},{"reference":"\"Moshood Abiola\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Moshood_Abiola.aspx","url_text":"\"Moshood Abiola\""}]},{"reference":"Alex Duval Smith (10 July 1998). \"Abiola's warring wives mirror Nigeria's divides\". The Guardian. The United Kingdom. Retrieved 25 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/jul/10/1","url_text":"\"Abiola's warring wives mirror Nigeria's divides\""}]},{"reference":"\"REMEMBERING ABIOLA, 15 YEARS AFTER\". National Mirror. 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080631/http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/remembering-abiola-15-years-after/","url_text":"\"REMEMBERING ABIOLA, 15 YEARS AFTER\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are Ona Kakanfo's origin, myth and power by Prof. Banji Akintoye – Vanguard News\". Vanguard News. 22 October 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/10/ona-kakanfos-origin-myth-power-prof-banji-akintoye/","url_text":"\"Are Ona Kakanfo's origin, myth and power by Prof. Banji Akintoye – Vanguard News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola | Nigerian entrepreneur and politician\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moshood-Kashimawo-Olawale-Abiola","url_text":"\"Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola | Nigerian entrepreneur and politician\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day, honours MKO Abiola with GCFR\". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://punchng.com/breaking-buhari-declares-june-12-democracy-day-honours-abiola-with-gcfr/","url_text":"\"UPDATED: Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day, honours MKO Abiola with GCFR\""}]},{"reference":"\"BREAKING: Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day to honour Abiola\". Premium Times Nigeria. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/271397-breaking-buhari-declares-june-12-democracy-day-to-honour-abiola.html","url_text":"\"BREAKING: Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day to honour Abiola\""}]},{"reference":"\"Posts tagged as #mkoabiola\". picbabun.com. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://picbabun.com/tag/mkoabiola","url_text":"\"Posts tagged as #mkoabiola\""}]},{"reference":"Maier, Karl (2002). This house has fallen : Nigeria in crisis. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 9780786730612. OCLC 813166032.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813340456","url_text":"This house has fallen : Nigeria in crisis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786730612","url_text":"9780786730612"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/813166032","url_text":"813166032"}]},{"reference":"\"A thread written by @JoyLydia10\". threader.app. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://threader.app/thread/1138359978950090752","url_text":"\"A thread written by @JoyLydia10\""}]},{"reference":"Nigeria, Guardian (12 June 2019). \"The legend called M.K.O\". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://editor.guardian.ng/opinion/the-legend-called-m-k-o/","url_text":"\"The legend called M.K.O\""}]},{"reference":"Adenekan, Sulaiman. \"President Muhammadu Buhari receives elders, leaders from Ogun State on gratitude visit over honour bestowed on M.K.O Abiola\". Trade Newswire. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tradenewswire.net/president-muhammadu-buhari-receives-elders-leaders-from-ogun-state-on-gratitude-visit-over-honour-bestowed-on-m-k-o-abiola/","url_text":"\"President Muhammadu Buhari receives elders, leaders from Ogun State on gratitude visit over honour bestowed on M.K.O Abiola\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kashimawo - Nigerian.Name\". www.nigerian.name. Retrieved 19 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nigerian.name/w/index.php?title=Kashimawo","url_text":"\"Kashimawo - Nigerian.Name\""}]},{"reference":"Nigeria: transport, aviation & tourism : information handbook directory & who's who. Lagos: Media Research Publications. 1988. OCLC 26830979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26830979","url_text":"26830979"}]},{"reference":"Nigeria, Guardian (3 January 2016). \"Victory In Death... MKO Abiola's Travails, Triumphs In Retrospect\". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://editor.guardian.ng/art/c74-arts/victory-in-death-mko-abiolas-travails-triumphs-in-retrospect/","url_text":"\"Victory In Death... MKO Abiola's Travails, Triumphs In Retrospect\""}]},{"reference":"\"JUNE 12 SPECIAL: Short Profile of Late Chief MKO Abiola\". Sahara Reporters. 12 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://saharareporters.com/2021/06/12/june-12-special-short-profile-late-chief-mko-abiola","url_text":"\"JUNE 12 SPECIAL: Short Profile of Late Chief MKO Abiola\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola | Nigerian entrepreneur and politician\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moshood-Kashimawo-Olawale-Abiola","url_text":"\"Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola | Nigerian entrepreneur and politician\""}]},{"reference":"Forrest, Tom (1994). The advance of African capital : the growth of Nigerian private enterprise. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. pp. 99–103. ISBN 0813915627. OCLC 30355123.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813915627","url_text":"0813915627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30355123","url_text":"30355123"}]},{"reference":"\"Curriculum Vitae\". Hope-rises.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215806/http://www.hope-rises.com/curriculum-vitae.htm","url_text":"\"Curriculum Vitae\""},{"url":"http://www.hope-rises.com/curriculum-vitae.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reichmuth, Stefan (January 1996). \"Education and the Growth of Religious Associations among Yoruba Muslims: The Ansar-Ud-Deen Society of Nigeria\". Journal of Religion in Africa.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Reichmuth_(academic)","url_text":"Reichmuth, Stefan"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/7425307","url_text":"\"Education and the Growth of Religious Associations among Yoruba Muslims: The Ansar-Ud-Deen Society of Nigeria\""}]},{"reference":"Dominic, Okereke (July 2012). Africa's quiet revolution : (observed from Nigeria). Northampton, UK. p. 312. ISBN 9781908341877. OCLC 932127559.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908341877","url_text":"9781908341877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932127559","url_text":"932127559"}]},{"reference":"Loimeier, Roman (1997). Islamic reform and political change in northern Nigeria. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. pp. 321–322. ISBN 0810113465. OCLC 35792337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810113465","url_text":"0810113465"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35792337","url_text":"35792337"}]},{"reference":"Opeibi, Olusola Babatunde (2011). Discourse strategies in political campaigns in Nigeria. ]: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. pp. 55–57, 277. ISBN 978-3845416779. OCLC 991643499.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3845416779","url_text":"978-3845416779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/991643499","url_text":"991643499"}]},{"reference":"\"Democracy Day: MKO Abiola in eyes of history 27 years later\". 12 June 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/397331-democracy-day-mko-abiola-in-eyes-of-history-27-years-later.html","url_text":"\"Democracy Day: MKO Abiola in eyes of history 27 years later\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abeokuta | Location, History, Facts, & Population\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Abeokuta","url_text":"\"Abeokuta | Location, History, Facts, & Population\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Moshood Abiola Memorial Service\". David-kilgour.com. Retrieved 27 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.david-kilgour.com/secstate/abiola.htm","url_text":"\"Chief Moshood Abiola Memorial Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"MKO: Is June 12 also Dead? ~ South Elevation: Viewpoint\". Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101001035754/http://www.southelevation.com/2010/08/mko-is-june-12-also-dead.html","url_text":"\"MKO: Is June 12 also Dead? ~ South Elevation: Viewpoint\""},{"url":"http://www.southelevation.com/2010/08/mko-is-june-12-also-dead.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Okogba, Emmanuel (19 June 2018). \"Anniversary of June 12 presidential election (5)\". Vanguard News Nigeria. Retrieved 1 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/anniversary-june-12-presidential-election-5/","url_text":"\"Anniversary of June 12 presidential election (5)\""}]},{"reference":"Emelifeonwu, David C. (1999). \"Anatomy of a failed democratic transition : the case of Nigeria, 1985–1993\".","urls":[{"url":"http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36587","url_text":"\"Anatomy of a failed democratic transition : the case of Nigeria, 1985–1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN – Vatican presses Nigeria for dissidents' release – March 21, 1998\". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9803/21/pope.pm/index.html","url_text":"\"CNN – Vatican presses Nigeria for dissidents' release – March 21, 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | Africa | Annan 'to meet Abiola'\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/123058.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | Africa | Annan 'to meet Abiola'\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | Africa | Abiola letter accuses Annan\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/130550.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | Africa | Abiola letter accuses Annan\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News – Africa – Abiola's death – an eyewitness account\". news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/128491.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News – Africa – Abiola's death – an eyewitness account\""}]},{"reference":"Bourne, Richard (2015). Nigeria : a new history of a turbulent century. London: Zed Books. p. 201. ISBN 9781780329062.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780329062","url_text":"9781780329062"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Susan E. (2019). Tough love : my story of the things worth fighting for. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1501189975.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501189975","url_text":"978-1501189975"}]},{"reference":"\"7/11/98: Nigeria: Autopsy Results-Chief M.K.O. Abiola\". 1997-2001.state.gov. Retrieved 11 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://1997-2001.state.gov/briefings/statements/1998/ps980711.html","url_text":"\"7/11/98: Nigeria: Autopsy Results-Chief M.K.O. Abiola\""}]},{"reference":"Soyinka, Wole (2006). You Must Set Forth at Dawn. USA: Random House. pp. 59–69. ISBN 9780375503658.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375503658","url_text":"9780375503658"}]},{"reference":"Annan, Kofi (2012). Interventions: A Life in War and Peace. USA: The Penguin Press. pp. 340–345. ISBN 9781846142970.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Press","url_text":"The Penguin Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846142970","url_text":"9781846142970"}]},{"reference":"Tay (24 July 2021). \"Oputa Panel: Major Aliyu Recounts Eye Witness Events Leading To MKO Abiola's Death Under His Watch\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSuKmZkt4Zs","url_text":"\"Oputa Panel: Major Aliyu Recounts Eye Witness Events Leading To MKO Abiola's Death Under His Watch\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/RSuKmZkt4Zs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Speech in honour of MKO Abiola\". Board of African Studies Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waado.org/nigerian_scholars/archive/opinion/Abiola.html","url_text":"\"Speech in honour of MKO Abiola\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lagos, Oyo, Osun govts declare June 12 public holiday\". Tribune Online. 10 June 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/149996/","url_text":"\"Lagos, Oyo, Osun govts declare June 12 public holiday\""}]},{"reference":"Kanu, Daniel (13 June 2000). \"Nigeria: June 12 Holiday to Honour Abiola, Says Tinubu\". The Post Express (Lagos). Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200006130116.html","url_text":"\"Nigeria: June 12 Holiday to Honour Abiola, Says Tinubu\""}]},{"reference":"\"June 12 Remembrance 2011 | Facebook\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150219152860572.362691.165065895571","url_text":"\"June 12 Remembrance 2011 | Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"Iruemobe, Busayo (12 June 2018). \"MKO Abiola: Why Fela Kuti no gree see eye to eye wit Bashorun\". BBC Pidgin. Retrieved 27 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-44450461","url_text":"\"MKO Abiola: Why Fela Kuti no gree see eye to eye wit Bashorun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fela Kuti – I.T.T. (International Thief Thief) Lyrics | SongMeanings\". SongMeanings. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://songmeanings.com/songs/view/3530822107858727854/","url_text":"\"Fela Kuti – I.T.T. (International Thief Thief) Lyrics | SongMeanings\""}]},{"reference":"Adekunle (21 February 2013). \"UNILAG name change: Jonathan makes u-turn\". Vanguard News Nigeria. Retrieved 5 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/unilag-name-change-jonathan-makes-uturn/","url_text":"\"UNILAG name change: Jonathan makes u-turn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Democracy Day: FG declares Friday, June 12, public holiday\". 8 June 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/396714-democracy-day-fg-declares-friday-june-12-public-holiday.html","url_text":"\"Democracy Day: FG declares Friday, June 12, public holiday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day, honours Abiola with GCFR\". Punch Newspapers. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://punchng.com/buhari-declares-june-12-democracy-day-honours-abiola-with-gcfr/","url_text":"\"Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day, honours Abiola with GCFR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reps passes Bill to make June 12, Democracy Day\". Vanguard News. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/reps-passes-bill-to-make-june-12-democracy-day/","url_text":"\"Reps passes Bill to make June 12, Democracy Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh pressure as Buhari signs bill declaring June 12 Democracy Day\". guardian.ng. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://guardian.ng/news/fresh-pressure-as-buhari-signs-bill-declaring-june-12-democracy-day/","url_text":"\"Fresh pressure as Buhari signs bill declaring June 12 Democracy Day\""}]},{"reference":"10 Quick Facts About M.K.O Abiola • Channels Television, retrieved 11 June 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channelstv.com/2017/06/12/10-quick-facts-moshood-kashimawo-abiola/","url_text":"10 Quick Facts About M.K.O Abiola • Channels Television"}]},{"reference":"\"The Contemporary Politics and its\". Yoruba.org. Retrieved 27 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yoruba.org/Magazine/Spring97/S4.html","url_text":"\"The Contemporary Politics and its\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nigerian national awards | Nigerian Muse\". www.nigerianmuse.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150711054628/http://www.nigerianmuse.com/important_documents/?u=Nigerian_national_awards.htm","url_text":"\"Nigerian national awards | Nigerian Muse\""},{"url":"http://www.nigerianmuse.com/important_documents/?u=Nigerian_national_awards.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Buhari honours MKO Abiola, declares June 12 Democracy Day\". Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-honours-mko-abiola-declares-june-12-democracy-day/","url_text":"\"Buhari honours MKO Abiola, declares June 12 Democracy Day\""}]},{"reference":"Tunde Rahnan. \"Nigeria: MKO Abiola's Will – 25 Children Fail DNA Test\". Allafrica. Thisday. Retrieved 25 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200708060078.html","url_text":"\"Nigeria: MKO Abiola's Will – 25 Children Fail DNA Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"June 12: Full speech of M.K.O Abiola that got him imprisoned, killed – Daily Post Nigeria\". Daily Post Nigeria. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailypost.ng/2017/06/12/june-12-full-speech-m-k-o-abiola-got-imprisoned-killed/","url_text":"\"June 12: Full speech of M.K.O Abiola that got him imprisoned, killed – Daily Post Nigeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"eliesmith: Senator A.S. Yarima: Reparation For Africa Have To Be Review\". Eliesmith.blogspot.com. 10 August 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://eliesmith.blogspot.com/2008/08/senator-as-yarima-reparation-for-africa.html","url_text":"\"eliesmith: Senator A.S. Yarima: Reparation For Africa Have To Be Review\""}]},{"reference":"Abiola, M. K. O. (1992). Reparations : a collection of speeches. Lome, Togo: Linguist Service. ISBN 9783175505. OCLC 28212732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783175505","url_text":"9783175505"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28212732","url_text":"28212732"}]},{"reference":"Abiola, Moshood Kashimawo Olawale (1993). Yemi Ogunbiyi; Chidi Amuta (eds.). Legend of Our Time: The Thoughts of M.K.O. Abiola. Tanus Communications. ISBN 978-978-31824-1-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4_oEAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Legend of Our Time: The Thoughts of M.K.O. Abiola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-31824-1-7","url_text":"978-978-31824-1-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4XNtwLEbl7wC&q=moshood+kashimawo+abiola+kudirat+simbiat+adebisi+doyinsola","external_links_name":"The International Who's Who, 1997–98"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Moshood_Abiola.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Moshood Abiola\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/jul/10/1","external_links_name":"\"Abiola's warring wives mirror Nigeria's divides\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080631/http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/remembering-abiola-15-years-after/","external_links_name":"\"REMEMBERING ABIOLA, 15 YEARS AFTER\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/10/ona-kakanfos-origin-myth-power-prof-banji-akintoye/","external_links_name":"\"Are Ona Kakanfo's origin, myth and power by Prof. Banji Akintoye – Vanguard News\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moshood-Kashimawo-Olawale-Abiola","external_links_name":"\"Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola | Nigerian entrepreneur and politician\""},{"Link":"http://punchng.com/breaking-buhari-declares-june-12-democracy-day-honours-abiola-with-gcfr/","external_links_name":"\"UPDATED: Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day, honours MKO Abiola with GCFR\""},{"Link":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/271397-breaking-buhari-declares-june-12-democracy-day-to-honour-abiola.html","external_links_name":"\"BREAKING: Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day to honour Abiola\""},{"Link":"https://picbabun.com/tag/mkoabiola","external_links_name":"\"Posts tagged as #mkoabiola\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813340456","external_links_name":"This house has fallen : Nigeria in crisis"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/813166032","external_links_name":"813166032"},{"Link":"https://threader.app/thread/1138359978950090752","external_links_name":"\"A thread written by @JoyLydia10\""},{"Link":"https://editor.guardian.ng/opinion/the-legend-called-m-k-o/","external_links_name":"\"The legend called M.K.O\""},{"Link":"http://www.tradenewswire.net/president-muhammadu-buhari-receives-elders-leaders-from-ogun-state-on-gratitude-visit-over-honour-bestowed-on-m-k-o-abiola/","external_links_name":"\"President Muhammadu Buhari receives elders, leaders from Ogun State on gratitude visit over honour bestowed on M.K.O Abiola\""},{"Link":"http://www.nigerian.name/w/index.php?title=Kashimawo","external_links_name":"\"Kashimawo - Nigerian.Name\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26830979","external_links_name":"26830979"},{"Link":"https://editor.guardian.ng/art/c74-arts/victory-in-death-mko-abiolas-travails-triumphs-in-retrospect/","external_links_name":"\"Victory In Death... MKO Abiola's Travails, Triumphs In Retrospect\""},{"Link":"https://saharareporters.com/2021/06/12/june-12-special-short-profile-late-chief-mko-abiola","external_links_name":"\"JUNE 12 SPECIAL: Short Profile of Late Chief MKO Abiola\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moshood-Kashimawo-Olawale-Abiola","external_links_name":"\"Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola | Nigerian entrepreneur and politician\""},{"Link":"http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/moshood-abiola-nigerian-chief-people","external_links_name":"Moshood Abiola"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30355123","external_links_name":"30355123"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215806/http://www.hope-rises.com/curriculum-vitae.htm","external_links_name":"\"Curriculum Vitae\""},{"Link":"http://www.hope-rises.com/curriculum-vitae.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/7425307","external_links_name":"\"Education and the Growth of Religious Associations among Yoruba Muslims: The Ansar-Ud-Deen Society of Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932127559","external_links_name":"932127559"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35792337","external_links_name":"35792337"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/991643499","external_links_name":"991643499"},{"Link":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/397331-democracy-day-mko-abiola-in-eyes-of-history-27-years-later.html","external_links_name":"\"Democracy Day: MKO Abiola in eyes of history 27 years later\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Abeokuta","external_links_name":"\"Abeokuta | Location, History, Facts, & Population\""},{"Link":"http://www.david-kilgour.com/secstate/abiola.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chief Moshood Abiola Memorial Service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101001035754/http://www.southelevation.com/2010/08/mko-is-june-12-also-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"MKO: Is June 12 also Dead? ~ South Elevation: Viewpoint\""},{"Link":"http://www.southelevation.com/2010/08/mko-is-june-12-also-dead.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/anniversary-june-12-presidential-election-5/","external_links_name":"\"Anniversary of June 12 presidential election (5)\""},{"Link":"http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36587","external_links_name":"\"Anatomy of a failed democratic transition : the case of Nigeria, 1985–1993\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9803/21/pope.pm/index.html","external_links_name":"\"CNN – Vatican presses Nigeria for dissidents' release – March 21, 1998\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/123058.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News | Africa | Annan 'to meet Abiola'\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/130550.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News | Africa | Abiola letter accuses Annan\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/128491.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News – Africa – Abiola's death – an eyewitness account\""},{"Link":"https://1997-2001.state.gov/briefings/statements/1998/ps980711.html","external_links_name":"\"7/11/98: Nigeria: Autopsy Results-Chief M.K.O. Abiola\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSuKmZkt4Zs","external_links_name":"\"Oputa Panel: Major Aliyu Recounts Eye Witness Events Leading To MKO Abiola's Death Under His Watch\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/RSuKmZkt4Zs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.waado.org/nigerian_scholars/archive/opinion/Abiola.html","external_links_name":"\"Speech in honour of MKO Abiola\""},{"Link":"https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/149996/","external_links_name":"\"Lagos, Oyo, Osun govts declare June 12 public holiday\""},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200006130116.html","external_links_name":"\"Nigeria: June 12 Holiday to Honour Abiola, Says Tinubu\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150219152860572.362691.165065895571","external_links_name":"\"June 12 Remembrance 2011 | Facebook\""},{"Link":"http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2010/07/07/12-years-after-nigerians-celebrate-mko-abiola/","external_links_name":"\"12 Years After: Nigerians Celebrate MKO Abiola\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6924454.stm","external_links_name":"\"Fela Kuti's Nigeria: 10 years on\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-44450461","external_links_name":"\"MKO Abiola: Why Fela Kuti no gree see eye to eye wit Bashorun\""},{"Link":"http://songmeanings.com/songs/view/3530822107858727854/","external_links_name":"\"Fela Kuti – I.T.T. (International Thief Thief) Lyrics | SongMeanings\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/unilag-name-change-jonathan-makes-uturn/","external_links_name":"\"UNILAG name change: Jonathan makes u-turn\""},{"Link":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/396714-democracy-day-fg-declares-friday-june-12-public-holiday.html","external_links_name":"\"Democracy Day: FG declares Friday, June 12, public holiday\""},{"Link":"https://punchng.com/buhari-declares-june-12-democracy-day-honours-abiola-with-gcfr/","external_links_name":"\"Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day, honours Abiola with GCFR\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/reps-passes-bill-to-make-june-12-democracy-day/","external_links_name":"\"Reps passes Bill to make June 12, Democracy Day\""},{"Link":"https://guardian.ng/news/fresh-pressure-as-buhari-signs-bill-declaring-june-12-democracy-day/","external_links_name":"\"Fresh pressure as Buhari signs bill declaring June 12 Democracy Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.channelstv.com/2017/06/12/10-quick-facts-moshood-kashimawo-abiola/","external_links_name":"10 Quick Facts About M.K.O Abiola • Channels Television"},{"Link":"http://www.yoruba.org/Magazine/Spring97/S4.html","external_links_name":"\"The Contemporary Politics and its\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150711054628/http://www.nigerianmuse.com/important_documents/?u=Nigerian_national_awards.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nigerian national awards | Nigerian Muse\""},{"Link":"http://www.nigerianmuse.com/important_documents/?u=Nigerian_national_awards.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-honours-mko-abiola-declares-june-12-democracy-day/","external_links_name":"\"Buhari honours MKO Abiola, declares June 12 Democracy Day\""},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200708060078.html","external_links_name":"\"Nigeria: MKO Abiola's Will – 25 Children Fail DNA Test\""},{"Link":"https://dailypost.ng/2017/06/12/june-12-full-speech-m-k-o-abiola-got-imprisoned-killed/","external_links_name":"\"June 12: Full speech of M.K.O Abiola that got him imprisoned, killed – Daily Post Nigeria\""},{"Link":"http://eliesmith.blogspot.com/2008/08/senator-as-yarima-reparation-for-africa.html","external_links_name":"\"eliesmith: Senator A.S. Yarima: Reparation For Africa Have To Be Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28212732","external_links_name":"28212732"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4_oEAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Legend of Our Time: The Thoughts of M.K.O. Abiola"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/310453/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000050584973","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9925303","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhGWtqFRGFMj3HYfgFdwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123574928","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123574928","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1326634801","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92033843","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p120739321","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jj74gw","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erchempert | Erchempert | ["1 Editions","2 Sources"] | Erchempert (Latin: Erchempertus) was a Benedictine monk of the Abbey of Monte Cassino in Italy in the final quarter of the ninth century. He chronicled a history of the Lombard Principality of Benevento, in the Langobardia Minor, giving an especially vivid account of the violence in southern Langobardia. Beginning with Duke Arechis II (758-787) and the Carolingian conquest of Benevento, his history, titled the Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum degentium (The History of the Lombards living in Benevento), stops abruptly in the winter of 888-889. Just one medieval manuscript of this text survives, from the early fourteenth century.
Editions
Erchempertus. Georg Waitz, ed. (1878). Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum (in Latin). In Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI–IX. Hannoverae: impensis bibliopolii Hahniani. pp. 231–264.
Erchempert's "History of the Lombards of Benevento": A translation and study of its place in the chronicle tradition - Joan Ferry's PhD thesis from Rice University, which includes an English translation of Erchempert's work
Erchemperto, Piccola Storia dei Longobardi di Benevento / Ystoriola Longobardorum Beneventum degentium, edition and translation into Italian by L. A. Berto (Naples: Liguori, 2013).
Luigi Andrea Berto, ed. The Little History of the Lombards of Benevento by Erchempert: A Critical Edition and Translation of ‘Ystoriola Longobardorum Beneventum degentium’. Routledge, 2021.
Sources
L. A. Berto, “‘Copiare’ e ‘ricomporre’. Alcune ipotesi su come si scriveva nell’Italia meridionale altomedievale e sulla biblioteca di Montecassino nel nono secolo. Il caso della cronaca di Erchemperto” Medieval Sophia, 17, (2015), pp. 83-111. L. A. Berto, “Erchempert, a Reluctant Fustigator of His People: History and Ethnic Pride in Southern Italy at the End of the Ninth Century”, Mediterranean Studies, 20, 2 (2012), pp. 147-175.
L. A. Berto, “Linguaggio, contenuto, autori e destinatari nella Langobardia meridionale. Il caso della cosiddetta dedica della “Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum” di Erchemperto“, Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Multilingual, 43 (2012), pp. 1-14.
L. A. Berto, “L’immagine delle élites longobarde nella “Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum” di Erchemperto”, Archivio Storico Italiano, CLXX, 2 (2012), pp. 195-233.
L. A. Berto, Making History in Ninth-Century Northern and Southern Italy (Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2018), pp. 69-111.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Vatican
People
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
This biographical article about an Italian historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Erchempert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georg Waitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Waitz"},{"link_name":"Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_lang_1/index.htm#page/(231)"},{"link_name":"Monumenta Germaniae Historica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica"},{"link_name":"Erchempert's \"History of the Lombards of Benevento\": A translation and study of its place in the chronicle tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1911/16821"}],"text":"Erchempertus. Georg Waitz, ed. (1878). Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum (in Latin). In Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI–IX. Hannoverae: impensis bibliopolii Hahniani. pp. 231–264.\nErchempert's \"History of the Lombards of Benevento\": A translation and study of its place in the chronicle tradition - Joan Ferry's PhD thesis from Rice University, which includes an English translation of Erchempert's work\nErchemperto, Piccola Storia dei Longobardi di Benevento / Ystoriola Longobardorum Beneventum degentium, edition and translation into Italian by L. A. Berto (Naples: Liguori, 2013).\nLuigi Andrea Berto, ed. The Little History of the Lombards of Benevento by Erchempert: A Critical Edition and Translation of ‘Ystoriola Longobardorum Beneventum degentium’. Routledge, 2021.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749487#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1817500/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000374666342"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/220069970"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh6RhRM94TtWJ7YPvGpP"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX916272"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128738722"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128738722"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/100940617"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011289621905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92014931"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000025356&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/137584"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/erchemperto_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100940617.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/059818263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scientist.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erchempert&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Italy-historian-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Italy-historian-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy-historian-stub"}],"text":"L. A. Berto, “‘Copiare’ e ‘ricomporre’. Alcune ipotesi su come si scriveva nell’Italia meridionale altomedievale e sulla biblioteca di Montecassino nel nono secolo. Il caso della cronaca di Erchemperto” Medieval Sophia, 17, (2015), pp. 83-111. L. A. Berto, “Erchempert, a Reluctant Fustigator of His People: History and Ethnic Pride in Southern Italy at the End of the Ninth Century”, Mediterranean Studies, 20, 2 (2012), pp. 147-175.\nL. A. Berto, “Linguaggio, contenuto, autori e destinatari nella Langobardia meridionale. Il caso della cosiddetta dedica della “Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum” di Erchemperto“, Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Multilingual, 43 (2012), pp. 1-14.\nL. A. Berto, “L’immagine delle élites longobarde nella “Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum” di Erchemperto”, Archivio Storico Italiano, CLXX, 2 (2012), pp. 195-233.\nL. A. Berto, Making History in Ninth-Century Northern and Southern Italy (Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2018), pp. 69-111.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nVatican\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRefThis biographical article about an Italian historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_lang_1/index.htm#page/(231)","external_links_name":"Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1911/16821","external_links_name":"Erchempert's \"History of the Lombards of Benevento\": A translation and study of its place in the chronicle tradition"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1817500/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000374666342","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/220069970","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh6RhRM94TtWJ7YPvGpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX916272","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128738722","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128738722","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/100940617","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011289621905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92014931","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000025356&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/137584","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/erchemperto_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100940617.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/059818263","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erchempert&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprema | Infimum and supremum | ["1 Formal definition","2 Existence and uniqueness","3 Relation to maximum and minimum elements","3.1 Minimal upper bounds","3.2 Least-upper-bound property","4 Infima and suprema of real numbers","4.1 Properties","4.2 Arithmetic operations on sets","5 Duality","6 Examples","6.1 Infima","6.2 Suprema","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | Greatest lower bound and least upper bound
A set
P
{\displaystyle P}
of real numbers (hollow and filled circles), a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of
P
{\displaystyle P}
(filled circles), and the infimum of
S
.
{\displaystyle S.}
Note that for totally ordered finite sets, the infimum and the minimum are equal.
A set
A
{\displaystyle A}
of real numbers (blue circles), a set of upper bounds of
A
{\displaystyle A}
(red diamond and circles), and the smallest such upper bound, that is, the supremum of
A
{\displaystyle A}
(red diamond).
In mathematics, the infimum (abbreviated inf; plural infima) of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of a partially ordered set
P
{\displaystyle P}
is the greatest element in
P
{\displaystyle P}
that is less than or equal to each element of
S
,
{\displaystyle S,}
if such an element exists. If the infimum of
S
{\displaystyle S}
exists, it is unique, and if b is a lower bound of
S
{\displaystyle S}
, then b is less than or equal to the infimum of
S
{\displaystyle S}
. Consequently, the term greatest lower bound (abbreviated as GLB) is also commonly used. The supremum (abbreviated sup; plural suprema) of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of a partially ordered set
P
{\displaystyle P}
is the least element in
P
{\displaystyle P}
that is greater than or equal to each element of
S
,
{\displaystyle S,}
if such an element exists. If the supremum of
S
{\displaystyle S}
exists, it is unique, and if b is an upper bound of
S
{\displaystyle S}
, then the supremum of
S
{\displaystyle S}
is less than or equal to b. Consequently, the supremum is also referred to as the least upper bound (or LUB).
The infimum is in a precise sense dual to the concept of a supremum. Infima and suprema of real numbers are common special cases that are important in analysis, and especially in Lebesgue integration. However, the general definitions remain valid in the more abstract setting of order theory where arbitrary partially ordered sets are considered.
The concepts of infimum and supremum are close to minimum and maximum, but are more useful in analysis because they better characterize special sets which may have no minimum or maximum. For instance, the set of positive real numbers
R
+
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}}
(not including
0
{\displaystyle 0}
) does not have a minimum, because any given element of
R
+
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}}
could simply be divided in half resulting in a smaller number that is still in
R
+
.
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}.}
There is, however, exactly one infimum of the positive real numbers relative to the real numbers:
0
,
{\displaystyle 0,}
which is smaller than all the positive real numbers and greater than any other real number which could be used as a lower bound. An infimum of a set is always and only defined relative to a superset of the set in question. For example, there is no infimum of the positive real numbers inside the positive real numbers (as their own superset), nor any infimum of the positive real numbers inside the complex numbers with positive real part.
Formal definition
supremum = least upper bound
A lower bound of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of a partially ordered set
(
P
,
≤
)
{\displaystyle (P,\leq )}
is an element
a
{\displaystyle a}
of
P
{\displaystyle P}
such that
a
≤
x
{\displaystyle a\leq x}
for all
x
∈
S
.
{\displaystyle x\in S.}
A lower bound
a
{\displaystyle a}
of
S
{\displaystyle S}
is called an infimum (or greatest lower bound, or meet) of
S
{\displaystyle S}
if
for all lower bounds
y
{\displaystyle y}
of
S
{\displaystyle S}
in
P
,
{\displaystyle P,}
y
≤
a
{\displaystyle y\leq a}
(
a
{\displaystyle a}
is larger than any other lower bound).
Similarly, an upper bound of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of a partially ordered set
(
P
,
≤
)
{\displaystyle (P,\leq )}
is an element
b
{\displaystyle b}
of
P
{\displaystyle P}
such that
b
≥
x
{\displaystyle b\geq x}
for all
x
∈
S
.
{\displaystyle x\in S.}
An upper bound
b
{\displaystyle b}
of
S
{\displaystyle S}
is called a supremum (or least upper bound, or join) of
S
{\displaystyle S}
if
for all upper bounds
z
{\displaystyle z}
of
S
{\displaystyle S}
in
P
,
{\displaystyle P,}
z
≥
b
{\displaystyle z\geq b}
(
b
{\displaystyle b}
is less than any other upper bound).
Existence and uniqueness
Infima and suprema do not necessarily exist. Existence of an infimum of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of
P
{\displaystyle P}
can fail if
S
{\displaystyle S}
has no lower bound at all, or if the set of lower bounds does not contain a greatest element. (An example of this is the subset
{
x
∈
Q
:
x
2
<
2
}
{\displaystyle \{x\in \mathbb {Q} :x^{2}<2\}}
of
Q
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
. It has upper bounds, such as 1.5, but no supremum in
Q
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
.)
Consequently, partially ordered sets for which certain infima are known to exist become especially interesting. For instance, a lattice is a partially ordered set in which all nonempty finite subsets have both a supremum and an infimum, and a complete lattice is a partially ordered set in which all subsets have both a supremum and an infimum. More information on the various classes of partially ordered sets that arise from such considerations are found in the article on completeness properties.
If the supremum of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
exists, it is unique. If
S
{\displaystyle S}
contains a greatest element, then that element is the supremum; otherwise, the supremum does not belong to
S
{\displaystyle S}
(or does not exist). Likewise, if the infimum exists, it is unique. If
S
{\displaystyle S}
contains a least element, then that element is the infimum; otherwise, the infimum does not belong to
S
{\displaystyle S}
(or does not exist).
Relation to maximum and minimum elements
The infimum of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of a partially ordered set
P
,
{\displaystyle P,}
assuming it exists, does not necessarily belong to
S
.
{\displaystyle S.}
If it does, it is a minimum or least element of
S
.
{\displaystyle S.}
Similarly, if the supremum of
S
{\displaystyle S}
belongs to
S
,
{\displaystyle S,}
it is a maximum or greatest element of
S
.
{\displaystyle S.}
For example, consider the set of negative real numbers (excluding zero). This set has no greatest element, since for every element of the set, there is another, larger, element. For instance, for any negative real number
x
,
{\displaystyle x,}
there is another negative real number
x
2
,
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {x}{2}},}
which is greater. On the other hand, every real number greater than or equal to zero is certainly an upper bound on this set. Hence,
0
{\displaystyle 0}
is the least upper bound of the negative reals, so the supremum is 0. This set has a supremum but no greatest element.
However, the definition of maximal and minimal elements is more general. In particular, a set can have many maximal and minimal elements, whereas infima and suprema are unique.
Whereas maxima and minima must be members of the subset that is under consideration, the infimum and supremum of a subset need not be members of that subset themselves.
Minimal upper bounds
Finally, a partially ordered set may have many minimal upper bounds without having a least upper bound. Minimal upper bounds are those upper bounds for which there is no strictly smaller element that also is an upper bound. This does not say that each minimal upper bound is smaller than all other upper bounds, it merely is not greater. The distinction between "minimal" and "least" is only possible when the given order is not a total one. In a totally ordered set, like the real numbers, the concepts are the same.
As an example, let
S
{\displaystyle S}
be the set of all finite subsets of natural numbers and consider the partially ordered set obtained by taking all sets from
S
{\displaystyle S}
together with the set of integers
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
and the set of positive real numbers
R
+
,
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+},}
ordered by subset inclusion as above. Then clearly both
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
and
R
+
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}}
are greater than all finite sets of natural numbers. Yet, neither is
R
+
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}}
smaller than
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
nor is the converse true: both sets are minimal upper bounds but none is a supremum.
Least-upper-bound property
Main article: Least-upper-bound property
The least-upper-bound property is an example of the aforementioned completeness properties which is typical for the set of real numbers. This property is sometimes called Dedekind completeness.
If an ordered set
S
{\displaystyle S}
has the property that every nonempty subset of
S
{\displaystyle S}
having an upper bound also has a least upper bound, then
S
{\displaystyle S}
is said to have the least-upper-bound property. As noted above, the set
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
of all real numbers has the least-upper-bound property. Similarly, the set
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
of integers has the least-upper-bound property; if
S
{\displaystyle S}
is a nonempty subset of
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
and there is some number
n
{\displaystyle n}
such that every element
s
{\displaystyle s}
of
S
{\displaystyle S}
is less than or equal to
n
,
{\displaystyle n,}
then there is a least upper bound
u
{\displaystyle u}
for
S
,
{\displaystyle S,}
an integer that is an upper bound for
S
{\displaystyle S}
and is less than or equal to every other upper bound for
S
.
{\displaystyle S.}
A well-ordered set also has the least-upper-bound property, and the empty subset has also a least upper bound: the minimum of the whole set.
An example of a set that lacks the least-upper-bound property is
Q
,
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} ,}
the set of rational numbers. Let
S
{\displaystyle S}
be the set of all rational numbers
q
{\displaystyle q}
such that
q
2
<
2.
{\displaystyle q^{2}<2.}
Then
S
{\displaystyle S}
has an upper bound (
1000
,
{\displaystyle 1000,}
for example, or
6
{\displaystyle 6}
) but no least upper bound in
Q
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
: If we suppose
p
∈
Q
{\displaystyle p\in \mathbb {Q} }
is the least upper bound, a contradiction is immediately deduced because between any two reals
x
{\displaystyle x}
and
y
{\displaystyle y}
(including
2
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}
and
p
{\displaystyle p}
) there exists some rational
r
,
{\displaystyle r,}
which itself would have to be the least upper bound (if
p
>
2
{\displaystyle p>{\sqrt {2}}}
) or a member of
S
{\displaystyle S}
greater than
p
{\displaystyle p}
(if
p
<
2
{\displaystyle p<{\sqrt {2}}}
). Another example is the hyperreals; there is no least upper bound of the set of positive infinitesimals.
There is a corresponding greatest-lower-bound property; an ordered set possesses the greatest-lower-bound property if and only if it also possesses the least-upper-bound property; the least-upper-bound of the set of lower bounds of a set is the greatest-lower-bound, and the greatest-lower-bound of the set of upper bounds of a set is the least-upper-bound of the set.
If in a partially ordered set
P
{\displaystyle P}
every bounded subset has a supremum, this applies also, for any set
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
in the function space containing all functions from
X
{\displaystyle X}
to
P
,
{\displaystyle P,}
where
f
≤
g
{\displaystyle f\leq g}
if and only if
f
(
x
)
≤
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)\leq g(x)}
for all
x
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle x\in X.}
For example, it applies for real functions, and, since these can be considered special cases of functions, for real
n
{\displaystyle n}
-tuples and sequences of real numbers.
The least-upper-bound property is an indicator of the suprema.
Infima and suprema of real numbers
In analysis, infima and suprema of subsets
S
{\displaystyle S}
of the real numbers are particularly important. For instance, the negative real numbers do not have a greatest element, and their supremum is
0
{\displaystyle 0}
(which is not a negative real number).
The completeness of the real numbers implies (and is equivalent to) that any bounded nonempty subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of the real numbers has an infimum and a supremum. If
S
{\displaystyle S}
is not bounded below, one often formally writes
inf
S
=
−
∞
.
{\displaystyle \inf _{}S=-\infty .}
If
S
{\displaystyle S}
is empty, one writes
inf
S
=
+
∞
.
{\displaystyle \inf _{}S=+\infty .}
Properties
If
A
{\displaystyle A}
is any set of real numbers then
A
≠
∅
{\displaystyle A\neq \varnothing }
if and only if
sup
A
≥
inf
A
,
{\displaystyle \sup A\geq \inf A,}
and otherwise
−
∞
=
sup
∅
<
inf
∅
=
∞
.
{\displaystyle -\infty =\sup \varnothing <\inf \varnothing =\infty .}
If
A
⊆
B
{\displaystyle A\subseteq B}
are sets of real numbers then
inf
A
≥
inf
B
{\displaystyle \inf A\geq \inf B}
(unless
A
=
∅
≠
B
{\displaystyle A=\varnothing \neq B}
) and
sup
A
≤
sup
B
.
{\displaystyle \sup A\leq \sup B.}
Identifying infima and suprema
If the infimum of
A
{\displaystyle A}
exists (that is,
inf
A
{\displaystyle \inf A}
is a real number) and if
p
{\displaystyle p}
is any real number then
p
=
inf
A
{\displaystyle p=\inf A}
if and only if
p
{\displaystyle p}
is a lower bound and for every
ϵ
>
0
{\displaystyle \epsilon >0}
there is an
a
ϵ
∈
A
{\displaystyle a_{\epsilon }\in A}
with
a
ϵ
<
p
+
ϵ
.
{\displaystyle a_{\epsilon }<p+\epsilon .}
Similarly, if
sup
A
{\displaystyle \sup A}
is a real number and if
p
{\displaystyle p}
is any real number then
p
=
sup
A
{\displaystyle p=\sup A}
if and only if
p
{\displaystyle p}
is an upper bound and if for every
ϵ
>
0
{\displaystyle \epsilon >0}
there is an
a
ϵ
∈
A
{\displaystyle a_{\epsilon }\in A}
with
a
ϵ
>
p
−
ϵ
.
{\displaystyle a_{\epsilon }>p-\epsilon .}
Relation to limits of sequences
If
S
≠
∅
{\displaystyle S\neq \varnothing }
is any non-empty set of real numbers then there always exists a non-decreasing sequence
s
1
≤
s
2
≤
⋯
{\displaystyle s_{1}\leq s_{2}\leq \cdots }
in
S
{\displaystyle S}
such that
lim
n
→
∞
s
n
=
sup
S
.
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }s_{n}=\sup S.}
Similarly, there will exist a (possibly different) non-increasing sequence
s
1
≥
s
2
≥
⋯
{\displaystyle s_{1}\geq s_{2}\geq \cdots }
in
S
{\displaystyle S}
such that
lim
n
→
∞
s
n
=
inf
S
.
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }s_{n}=\inf S.}
Expressing the infimum and supremum as a limit of a such a sequence allows theorems from various branches of mathematics to be applied. Consider for example the well-known fact from topology that if
f
{\displaystyle f}
is a continuous function and
s
1
,
s
2
,
…
{\displaystyle s_{1},s_{2},\ldots }
is a sequence of points in its domain that converges to a point
p
,
{\displaystyle p,}
then
f
(
s
1
)
,
f
(
s
2
)
,
…
{\displaystyle f\left(s_{1}\right),f\left(s_{2}\right),\ldots }
necessarily converges to
f
(
p
)
.
{\displaystyle f(p).}
It implies that if
lim
n
→
∞
s
n
=
sup
S
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }s_{n}=\sup S}
is a real number (where all
s
1
,
s
2
,
…
{\displaystyle s_{1},s_{2},\ldots }
are in
S
{\displaystyle S}
) and if
f
{\displaystyle f}
is a continuous function whose domain contains
S
{\displaystyle S}
and
sup
S
,
{\displaystyle \sup S,}
then
f
(
sup
S
)
=
f
(
lim
n
→
∞
s
n
)
=
lim
n
→
∞
f
(
s
n
)
,
{\displaystyle f(\sup S)=f\left(\lim _{n\to \infty }s_{n}\right)=\lim _{n\to \infty }f\left(s_{n}\right),}
which (for instance) guarantees that
f
(
sup
S
)
{\displaystyle f(\sup S)}
is an adherent point of the set
f
(
S
)
=
def
{
f
(
s
)
:
s
∈
S
}
.
{\displaystyle f(S)\,{\stackrel {\scriptscriptstyle {\text{def}}}{=}}\,\{f(s):s\in S\}.}
If in addition to what has been assumed, the continuous function
f
{\displaystyle f}
is also an increasing or non-decreasing function, then it is even possible to conclude that
sup
f
(
S
)
=
f
(
sup
S
)
.
{\displaystyle \sup f(S)=f(\sup S).}
This may be applied, for instance, to conclude that whenever
g
{\displaystyle g}
is a real (or complex) valued function with domain
Ω
≠
∅
{\displaystyle \Omega \neq \varnothing }
whose sup norm
‖
g
‖
∞
=
def
sup
x
∈
Ω
|
g
(
x
)
|
{\displaystyle \|g\|_{\infty }\,{\stackrel {\scriptscriptstyle {\text{def}}}{=}}\,\sup _{x\in \Omega }|g(x)|}
is finite, then for every non-negative real number
q
,
{\displaystyle q,}
‖
g
‖
∞
q
=
def
(
sup
x
∈
Ω
|
g
(
x
)
|
)
q
=
sup
x
∈
Ω
(
|
g
(
x
)
|
q
)
{\displaystyle \|g\|_{\infty }^{q}~{\stackrel {\scriptscriptstyle {\text{def}}}{=}}~\left(\sup _{x\in \Omega }|g(x)|\right)^{q}=\sup _{x\in \Omega }\left(|g(x)|^{q}\right)}
since the map
f
:
[
0
,
∞
)
→
R
{\displaystyle f:[0,\infty )\to \mathbb {R} }
defined by
f
(
x
)
=
x
q
{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{q}}
is a continuous non-decreasing function whose domain
[
0
,
∞
)
{\displaystyle [0,\infty )}
always contains
S
:=
{
|
g
(
x
)
|
:
x
∈
Ω
}
{\displaystyle S:=\{|g(x)|:x\in \Omega \}}
and
sup
S
=
def
‖
g
‖
∞
.
{\displaystyle \sup S\,{\stackrel {\scriptscriptstyle {\text{def}}}{=}}\,\|g\|_{\infty }.}
Although this discussion focused on
sup
,
{\displaystyle \sup ,}
similar conclusions can be reached for
inf
{\displaystyle \inf }
with appropriate changes (such as requiring that
f
{\displaystyle f}
be non-increasing rather than non-decreasing). Other norms defined in terms of
sup
{\displaystyle \sup }
or
inf
{\displaystyle \inf }
include the weak
L
p
,
w
{\displaystyle L^{p,w}}
space norms (for
1
≤
p
<
∞
{\displaystyle 1\leq p<\infty }
), the norm on Lebesgue space
L
∞
(
Ω
,
μ
)
,
{\displaystyle L^{\infty }(\Omega ,\mu ),}
and operator norms. Monotone sequences in
S
{\displaystyle S}
that converge to
sup
S
{\displaystyle \sup S}
(or to
inf
S
{\displaystyle \inf S}
) can also be used to help prove many of the formula given below, since addition and multiplication of real numbers are continuous operations.
Arithmetic operations on sets
The following formulas depend on a notation that conveniently generalizes arithmetic operations on sets.
Throughout,
A
,
B
⊆
R
{\displaystyle A,B\subseteq \mathbb {R} }
are sets of real numbers.
Sum of sets
The Minkowski sum of two sets
A
{\displaystyle A}
and
B
{\displaystyle B}
of real numbers is the set
A
+
B
:=
{
a
+
b
:
a
∈
A
,
b
∈
B
}
{\displaystyle A+B~:=~\{a+b:a\in A,b\in B\}}
consisting of all possible arithmetic sums of pairs of numbers, one from each set. The infimum and supremum of the Minkowski sum satisfies
inf
(
A
+
B
)
=
(
inf
A
)
+
(
inf
B
)
{\displaystyle \inf(A+B)=(\inf A)+(\inf B)}
and
sup
(
A
+
B
)
=
(
sup
A
)
+
(
sup
B
)
.
{\displaystyle \sup(A+B)=(\sup A)+(\sup B).}
Product of sets
The multiplication of two sets
A
{\displaystyle A}
and
B
{\displaystyle B}
of real numbers is defined similarly to their Minkowski sum:
A
⋅
B
:=
{
a
⋅
b
:
a
∈
A
,
b
∈
B
}
.
{\displaystyle A\cdot B~:=~\{a\cdot b:a\in A,b\in B\}.}
If
A
{\displaystyle A}
and
B
{\displaystyle B}
are nonempty sets of positive real numbers then
inf
(
A
⋅
B
)
=
(
inf
A
)
⋅
(
inf
B
)
{\displaystyle \inf(A\cdot B)=(\inf A)\cdot (\inf B)}
and similarly for suprema
sup
(
A
⋅
B
)
=
(
sup
A
)
⋅
(
sup
B
)
.
{\displaystyle \sup(A\cdot B)=(\sup A)\cdot (\sup B).}
Scalar product of a set
The product of a real number
r
{\displaystyle r}
and a set
B
{\displaystyle B}
of real numbers is the set
r
B
:=
{
r
⋅
b
:
b
∈
B
}
.
{\displaystyle rB~:=~\{r\cdot b:b\in B\}.}
If
r
≥
0
{\displaystyle r\geq 0}
then
inf
(
r
⋅
A
)
=
r
(
inf
A
)
and
sup
(
r
⋅
A
)
=
r
(
sup
A
)
,
{\displaystyle \inf(r\cdot A)=r(\inf A)\quad {\text{ and }}\quad \sup(r\cdot A)=r(\sup A),}
while if
r
≤
0
{\displaystyle r\leq 0}
then
inf
(
r
⋅
A
)
=
r
(
sup
A
)
and
sup
(
r
⋅
A
)
=
r
(
inf
A
)
.
{\displaystyle \inf(r\cdot A)=r(\sup A)\quad {\text{ and }}\quad \sup(r\cdot A)=r(\inf A).}
Using
r
=
−
1
{\displaystyle r=-1}
and the notation
−
A
:=
(
−
1
)
A
=
{
−
a
:
a
∈
A
}
,
{\textstyle -A:=(-1)A=\{-a:a\in A\},}
it follows that
inf
(
−
A
)
=
−
sup
A
and
sup
(
−
A
)
=
−
inf
A
.
{\displaystyle \inf(-A)=-\sup A\quad {\text{ and }}\quad \sup(-A)=-\inf A.}
Multiplicative inverse of a set
For any set
S
{\displaystyle S}
that does not contain
0
,
{\displaystyle 0,}
let
1
S
:=
{
1
s
:
s
∈
S
}
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{S}}~:=\;\left\{{\tfrac {1}{s}}:s\in S\right\}.}
If
S
⊆
(
0
,
∞
)
{\displaystyle S\subseteq (0,\infty )}
is non-empty then
1
sup
S
=
inf
1
S
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sup _{}S}}~=~\inf _{}{\frac {1}{S}}}
where this equation also holds when
sup
S
=
∞
{\displaystyle \sup _{}S=\infty }
if the definition
1
∞
:=
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\infty }}:=0}
is used.
This equality may alternatively be written as
1
sup
s
∈
S
s
=
inf
s
∈
S
1
s
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\displaystyle \sup _{s\in S}s}}=\inf _{s\in S}{\tfrac {1}{s}}.}
Moreover,
inf
S
=
0
{\displaystyle \inf _{}S=0}
if and only if
sup
1
S
=
∞
,
{\displaystyle \sup _{}{\tfrac {1}{S}}=\infty ,}
where if
inf
S
>
0
,
{\displaystyle \inf _{}S>0,}
then
1
inf
S
=
sup
1
S
.
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\inf _{}S}}=\sup _{}{\tfrac {1}{S}}.}
Duality
If one denotes by
P
op
{\displaystyle P^{\operatorname {op} }}
the partially-ordered set
P
{\displaystyle P}
with the opposite order relation; that is, for all
x
and
y
,
{\displaystyle x{\text{ and }}y,}
declare:
x
≤
y
in
P
op
if and only if
x
≥
y
in
P
,
{\displaystyle x\leq y{\text{ in }}P^{\operatorname {op} }\quad {\text{ if and only if }}\quad x\geq y{\text{ in }}P,}
then infimum of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
in
P
{\displaystyle P}
equals the supremum of
S
{\displaystyle S}
in
P
op
{\displaystyle P^{\operatorname {op} }}
and vice versa.
For subsets of the real numbers, another kind of duality holds:
inf
S
=
−
sup
(
−
S
)
,
{\displaystyle \inf S=-\sup(-S),}
where
−
S
:=
{
−
s
:
s
∈
S
}
.
{\displaystyle -S:=\{-s~:~s\in S\}.}
Examples
Infima
The infimum of the set of numbers
{
2
,
3
,
4
}
{\displaystyle \{2,3,4\}}
is
2.
{\displaystyle 2.}
The number
1
{\displaystyle 1}
is a lower bound, but not the greatest lower bound, and hence not the infimum.
More generally, if a set has a smallest element, then the smallest element is the infimum for the set. In this case, it is also called the minimum of the set.
inf
{
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
}
=
1.
{\displaystyle \inf\{1,2,3,\ldots \}=1.}
inf
{
x
∈
R
:
0
<
x
<
1
}
=
0.
{\displaystyle \inf\{x\in \mathbb {R} :0<x<1\}=0.}
inf
{
x
∈
Q
:
x
3
>
2
}
=
2
3
.
{\displaystyle \inf \left\{x\in \mathbb {Q} :x^{3}>2\right\}={\sqrt{2}}.}
inf
{
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
:
n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
}
=
−
1.
{\displaystyle \inf \left\{(-1)^{n}+{\tfrac {1}{n}}:n=1,2,3,\ldots \right\}=-1.}
If
(
x
n
)
n
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle \left(x_{n}\right)_{n=1}^{\infty }}
is a decreasing sequence with limit
x
,
{\displaystyle x,}
then
inf
x
n
=
x
.
{\displaystyle \inf x_{n}=x.}
Suprema
The supremum of the set of numbers
{
1
,
2
,
3
}
{\displaystyle \{1,2,3\}}
is
3.
{\displaystyle 3.}
The number
4
{\displaystyle 4}
is an upper bound, but it is not the least upper bound, and hence is not the supremum.
sup
{
x
∈
R
:
0
<
x
<
1
}
=
sup
{
x
∈
R
:
0
≤
x
≤
1
}
=
1.
{\displaystyle \sup\{x\in \mathbb {R} :0<x<1\}=\sup\{x\in \mathbb {R} :0\leq x\leq 1\}=1.}
sup
{
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
n
:
n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
}
=
1.
{\displaystyle \sup \left\{(-1)^{n}-{\tfrac {1}{n}}:n=1,2,3,\ldots \right\}=1.}
sup
{
a
+
b
:
a
∈
A
,
b
∈
B
}
=
sup
A
+
sup
B
.
{\displaystyle \sup\{a+b:a\in A,b\in B\}=\sup A+\sup B.}
sup
{
x
∈
Q
:
x
2
<
2
}
=
2
.
{\displaystyle \sup \left\{x\in \mathbb {Q} :x^{2}<2\right\}={\sqrt {2}}.}
In the last example, the supremum of a set of rationals is irrational, which means that the rationals are incomplete.
One basic property of the supremum is
sup
{
f
(
t
)
+
g
(
t
)
:
t
∈
A
}
≤
sup
{
f
(
t
)
:
t
∈
A
}
+
sup
{
g
(
t
)
:
t
∈
A
}
{\displaystyle \sup\{f(t)+g(t):t\in A\}~\leq ~\sup\{f(t):t\in A\}+\sup\{g(t):t\in A\}}
for any functionals
f
{\displaystyle f}
and
g
.
{\displaystyle g.}
The supremum of a subset
S
{\displaystyle S}
of
(
N
,
∣
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbb {N} ,\mid \,)}
where
∣
{\displaystyle \,\mid \,}
denotes "divides", is the lowest common multiple of the elements of
S
.
{\displaystyle S.}
The supremum of a set
S
{\displaystyle S}
containing subsets of some set
X
{\displaystyle X}
is the union of the subsets when considering the partially ordered set
(
P
(
X
)
,
⊆
)
{\displaystyle (P(X),\subseteq )}
, where
P
{\displaystyle P}
is the power set of
X
{\displaystyle X}
and
⊆
{\displaystyle \,\subseteq \,}
is subset.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Infimum and supremum.
Essential supremum and essential infimum – Infimum and supremum almost everywherePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Greatest element and least element – Element ≥ (or ≤) each other element
Maximal and minimal elements – Element that is not ≤ (or ≥) any other element
Limit superior and limit inferior – Bounds of a sequencePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets (infimum limit)
Upper and lower bounds – Majorant and minorant in mathematics
Notes
^ Since
f
(
s
1
)
,
f
(
s
2
)
,
…
{\displaystyle f\left(s_{1}\right),f\left(s_{2}\right),\ldots }
is a sequence in
f
(
S
)
{\displaystyle f(S)}
that converges to
f
(
sup
S
)
,
{\displaystyle f(\sup S),}
this guarantees that
f
(
sup
S
)
{\displaystyle f(\sup S)}
belongs to the closure of
f
(
S
)
.
{\displaystyle f(S).}
^ a b The definition
1
∞
:=
0
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\infty }}:=0}
is commonly used with the extended real numbers; in fact, with this definition the equality
1
sup
S
=
inf
1
S
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\sup _{}S}}=\inf _{}{\tfrac {1}{S}}}
will also hold for any non-empty subset
S
⊆
(
0
,
∞
]
.
{\displaystyle S\subseteq (0,\infty ].}
However, the notation
1
0
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{0}}}
is usually left undefined, which is why the equality
1
inf
S
=
sup
1
S
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\inf _{}S}}=\sup _{}{\tfrac {1}{S}}}
is given only for when
inf
S
>
0.
{\displaystyle \inf _{}S>0.}
References
^ a b c d e Rudin, Walter (1976). ""Chapter 1 The Real and Complex Number Systems"". Principles of Mathematical Analysis (print) (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 4. ISBN 0-07-054235-X.
^ Rockafellar & Wets 2009, pp. 1–2.
^ Zakon, Elias (2004). Mathematical Analysis I. Trillia Group. pp. 39–42.
Rockafellar, R. Tyrrell; Wets, Roger J.-B. (26 June 2009). Variational Analysis. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 317. Berlin New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642024313. OCLC 883392544.
External links
"Upper and lower bounds", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001
Breitenbach, Jerome R. & Weisstein, Eric W. "Infimum and supremum". MathWorld.
vteLp spacesBasic concepts
Banach & Hilbert spaces
Lp spaces
Measure
Lebesgue
Measure space
Measurable space/function
Minkowski distance
Sequence spaces
L1 spaces
Integrable function
Lebesgue integration
Taxicab geometry
L2 spaces
Bessel's
Cauchy–Schwarz
Euclidean distance
Hilbert space
Parseval's identity
Polarization identity
Pythagorean theorem
Square-integrable function
L
∞
{\displaystyle L^{\infty }}
spaces
Bounded function
Chebyshev distance
Infimum and supremum
Essential
Uniform norm
Maps
Almost everywhere
Convergence almost everywhere
Convergence in measure
Function space
Integral transform
Locally integrable function
Measurable function
Symmetric decreasing rearrangement
Inequalities
Babenko–Beckner
Chebyshev's
Clarkson's
Hanner's
Hausdorff–Young
Hölder's
Markov's
Minkowski
Young's convolution
Results
Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem
Plancherel theorem
Riemann–Lebesgue
Riesz–Fischer theorem
Riesz–Thorin theorem
For Lebesgue measure
Isoperimetric inequality
Brunn–Minkowski theorem
Milman's reverse
Minkowski–Steiner formula
Prékopa–Leindler inequality
Vitale's random Brunn–Minkowski inequality
Applications & related
Bochner space
Fourier analysis
Lorentz space
Probability theory
Quasinorm
Real analysis
Sobolev space
*-algebra
C*-algebra
Von Neumann | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infimum_illustration.svg"},{"link_name":"totally ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_order"},{"link_name":"minimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_and_minimum#In_relation_to_sets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supremum_illustration.svg"},{"link_name":"subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"partially ordered set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"greatest element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_element"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabyRudin-1"},{"link_name":"lower bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_lower_bounds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabyRudin-1"},{"link_name":"least element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_element"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabyRudin-1"},{"link_name":"upper bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_lower_bounds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabyRudin-1"},{"link_name":"dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(order_theory)"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"Lebesgue integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_integration"},{"link_name":"order theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory"},{"link_name":"minimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum"},{"link_name":"maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum"},{"link_name":"positive real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_real_numbers"}],"text":"A set \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n of real numbers (hollow and filled circles), a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n (filled circles), and the infimum of \n \n \n \n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S.}\n \n Note that for totally ordered finite sets, the infimum and the minimum are equal.A set \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n of real numbers (blue circles), a set of upper bounds of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n (red diamond and circles), and the smallest such upper bound, that is, the supremum of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n (red diamond).In mathematics, the infimum (abbreviated inf; plural infima) of a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of a partially ordered set \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is the greatest element in \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n that is less than or equal to each element of \n \n \n \n S\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S,}\n \n if such an element exists.[1] If the infimum of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n exists, it is unique, and if b is a lower bound of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n, then b is less than or equal to the infimum of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n. Consequently, the term greatest lower bound (abbreviated as GLB) is also commonly used.[1] The supremum (abbreviated sup; plural suprema) of a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of a partially ordered set \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is the least element in \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n that is greater than or equal to each element of \n \n \n \n S\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S,}\n \n if such an element exists.[1] If the supremum of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n exists, it is unique, and if b is an upper bound of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n, then the supremum of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is less than or equal to b. Consequently, the supremum is also referred to as the least upper bound (or LUB).[1]The infimum is in a precise sense dual to the concept of a supremum. Infima and suprema of real numbers are common special cases that are important in analysis, and especially in Lebesgue integration. However, the general definitions remain valid in the more abstract setting of order theory where arbitrary partially ordered sets are considered.The concepts of infimum and supremum are close to minimum and maximum, but are more useful in analysis because they better characterize special sets which may have no minimum or maximum. For instance, the set of positive real numbers \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{+}}\n \n (not including \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n) does not have a minimum, because any given element of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{+}}\n \n could simply be divided in half resulting in a smaller number that is still in \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{+}.}\n \n There is, however, exactly one infimum of the positive real numbers relative to the real numbers: \n \n \n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0,}\n \n which is smaller than all the positive real numbers and greater than any other real number which could be used as a lower bound. An infimum of a set is always and only defined relative to a superset of the set in question. For example, there is no infimum of the positive real numbers inside the positive real numbers (as their own superset), nor any infimum of the positive real numbers inside the complex numbers with positive real part.","title":"Infimum and supremum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_of_supremum.svg"},{"link_name":"partially ordered set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"meet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_and_meet"},{"link_name":"join","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_and_meet"}],"text":"supremum = least upper boundA lower bound of a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of a partially ordered set \n \n \n \n (\n P\n ,\n ≤\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (P,\\leq )}\n \n is an element \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n such thata\n ≤\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a\\leq x}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in S.}A lower bound \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is called an infimum (or greatest lower bound, or meet) of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n iffor all lower bounds \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n in \n \n \n \n P\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P,}\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ≤\n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\leq a}\n \n (\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n is larger than any other lower bound).Similarly, an upper bound of a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of a partially ordered set \n \n \n \n (\n P\n ,\n ≤\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (P,\\leq )}\n \n is an element \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n such thatb\n ≥\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b\\geq x}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in S.}An upper bound \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is called a supremum (or least upper bound, or join) of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n iffor all upper bounds \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n in \n \n \n \n P\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P,}\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n ≥\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\geq b}\n \n (\n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n is less than any other upper bound).","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order)"},{"link_name":"complete lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_lattice"},{"link_name":"completeness properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(order_theory)"}],"text":"Infima and suprema do not necessarily exist. Existence of an infimum of a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n can fail if \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n has no lower bound at all, or if the set of lower bounds does not contain a greatest element. (An example of this is the subset \n \n \n \n {\n x\n ∈\n \n Q\n \n :\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n <\n 2\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x\\in \\mathbb {Q} :x^{2}<2\\}}\n \n of \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n. It has upper bounds, such as 1.5, but no supremum in \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n.)Consequently, partially ordered sets for which certain infima are known to exist become especially interesting. For instance, a lattice is a partially ordered set in which all nonempty finite subsets have both a supremum and an infimum, and a complete lattice is a partially ordered set in which all subsets have both a supremum and an infimum. More information on the various classes of partially ordered sets that arise from such considerations are found in the article on completeness properties.If the supremum of a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n exists, it is unique. If \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n contains a greatest element, then that element is the supremum; otherwise, the supremum does not belong to \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n (or does not exist). Likewise, if the infimum exists, it is unique. If \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n contains a least element, then that element is the infimum; otherwise, the infimum does not belong to \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n (or does not exist).","title":"Existence and uniqueness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimum or least element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_element"},{"link_name":"maximum or greatest element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_element"},{"link_name":"maximal and minimal elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_element"}],"text":"The infimum of a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of a partially ordered set \n \n \n \n P\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P,}\n \n assuming it exists, does not necessarily belong to \n \n \n \n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S.}\n \n If it does, it is a minimum or least element of \n \n \n \n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S.}\n \n Similarly, if the supremum of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n belongs to \n \n \n \n S\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S,}\n \n it is a maximum or greatest element of \n \n \n \n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S.}For example, consider the set of negative real numbers (excluding zero). This set has no greatest element, since for every element of the set, there is another, larger, element. For instance, for any negative real number \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,}\n \n there is another negative real number \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n 2\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {x}{2}},}\n \n which is greater. On the other hand, every real number greater than or equal to zero is certainly an upper bound on this set. Hence, \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n is the least upper bound of the negative reals, so the supremum is 0. This set has a supremum but no greatest element.However, the definition of maximal and minimal elements is more general. In particular, a set can have many maximal and minimal elements, whereas infima and suprema are unique.Whereas maxima and minima must be members of the subset that is under consideration, the infimum and supremum of a subset need not be members of that subset themselves.","title":"Relation to maximum and minimum elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"}],"sub_title":"Minimal upper bounds","text":"Finally, a partially ordered set may have many minimal upper bounds without having a least upper bound. Minimal upper bounds are those upper bounds for which there is no strictly smaller element that also is an upper bound. This does not say that each minimal upper bound is smaller than all other upper bounds, it merely is not greater. The distinction between \"minimal\" and \"least\" is only possible when the given order is not a total one. In a totally ordered set, like the real numbers, the concepts are the same.As an example, let \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n be the set of all finite subsets of natural numbers and consider the partially ordered set obtained by taking all sets from \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n together with the set of integers \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n and the set of positive real numbers \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{+},}\n \n ordered by subset inclusion as above. Then clearly both \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{+}}\n \n are greater than all finite sets of natural numbers. Yet, neither is \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{+}}\n \n smaller than \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n nor is the converse true: both sets are minimal upper bounds but none is a supremum.","title":"Relation to maximum and minimum elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"completeness properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(order_theory)"},{"link_name":"well-ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-order"},{"link_name":"2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}}","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_2"},{"link_name":"hyperreals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperreals"},{"link_name":"least-upper-bound property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-upper-bound_property"}],"sub_title":"Least-upper-bound property","text":"The least-upper-bound property is an example of the aforementioned completeness properties which is typical for the set of real numbers. This property is sometimes called Dedekind completeness.If an ordered set \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n has the property that every nonempty subset of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n having an upper bound also has a least upper bound, then \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is said to have the least-upper-bound property. As noted above, the set \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n of all real numbers has the least-upper-bound property. Similarly, the set \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n of integers has the least-upper-bound property; if \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is a nonempty subset of \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n and there is some number \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n such that every element \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s}\n \n of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is less than or equal to \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n,}\n \n then there is a least upper bound \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n for \n \n \n \n S\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S,}\n \n an integer that is an upper bound for \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and is less than or equal to every other upper bound for \n \n \n \n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S.}\n \n A well-ordered set also has the least-upper-bound property, and the empty subset has also a least upper bound: the minimum of the whole set.An example of a set that lacks the least-upper-bound property is \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} ,}\n \n the set of rational numbers. Let \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n be the set of all rational numbers \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n <\n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q^{2}<2.}\n \n Then \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n has an upper bound (\n \n \n \n 1000\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1000,}\n \n for example, or \n \n \n \n 6\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 6}\n \n) but no least upper bound in \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n: If we suppose \n \n \n \n p\n ∈\n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\in \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n is the least upper bound, a contradiction is immediately deduced because between any two reals \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n (including \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n) there exists some rational \n \n \n \n r\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r,}\n \n which itself would have to be the least upper bound (if \n \n \n \n p\n >\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p>{\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n) or a member of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n greater than \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n (if \n \n \n \n p\n <\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p<{\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n). Another example is the hyperreals; there is no least upper bound of the set of positive infinitesimals.There is a corresponding greatest-lower-bound property; an ordered set possesses the greatest-lower-bound property if and only if it also possesses the least-upper-bound property; the least-upper-bound of the set of lower bounds of a set is the greatest-lower-bound, and the greatest-lower-bound of the set of upper bounds of a set is the least-upper-bound of the set.If in a partially ordered set \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n every bounded subset has a supremum, this applies also, for any set \n \n \n \n X\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X,}\n \n in the function space containing all functions from \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n to \n \n \n \n P\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n f\n ≤\n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\leq g}\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n ≤\n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)\\leq g(x)}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n X\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X.}\n \n For example, it applies for real functions, and, since these can be considered special cases of functions, for real \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-tuples and sequences of real numbers.The least-upper-bound property is an indicator of the suprema.","title":"Relation to maximum and minimum elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabyRudin-1"},{"link_name":"completeness of the real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_of_the_real_numbers"},{"link_name":"empty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"}],"text":"In analysis, infima and suprema of subsets \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of the real numbers are particularly important. For instance, the negative real numbers do not have a greatest element, and their supremum is \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n (which is not a negative real number).[1]\nThe completeness of the real numbers implies (and is equivalent to) that any bounded nonempty subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of the real numbers has an infimum and a supremum. If \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is not bounded below, one often formally writes \n \n \n \n \n inf\n \n\n \n \n S\n =\n −\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf _{}S=-\\infty .}\n \n If \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is empty, one writes \n \n \n \n \n inf\n \n\n \n \n S\n =\n +\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf _{}S=+\\infty .}","title":"Infima and suprema of real numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockafellarWets20091%E2%80%932-2"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"continuous function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function_(topology)"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"weak \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n p\n ,\n w\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{p,w}}\n \n space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_Lp_space"},{"link_name":"Lebesgue space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lp_space"},{"link_name":"operator norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_norm"}],"sub_title":"Properties","text":"If \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is any set of real numbers then \n \n \n \n A\n ≠\n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\neq \\varnothing }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n sup\n A\n ≥\n inf\n A\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup A\\geq \\inf A,}\n \n and otherwise \n \n \n \n −\n ∞\n =\n sup\n ∅\n <\n inf\n ∅\n =\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -\\infty =\\sup \\varnothing <\\inf \\varnothing =\\infty .}\n \n[2]If \n \n \n \n A\n ⊆\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\subseteq B}\n \n are sets of real numbers then \n \n \n \n inf\n A\n ≥\n inf\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf A\\geq \\inf B}\n \n (unless \n \n \n \n A\n =\n ∅\n ≠\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=\\varnothing \\neq B}\n \n) and \n \n \n \n sup\n A\n ≤\n sup\n B\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup A\\leq \\sup B.}Identifying infima and supremaIf the infimum of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n exists (that is, \n \n \n \n inf\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf A}\n \n is a real number) and if \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is any real number then \n \n \n \n p\n =\n inf\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=\\inf A}\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is a lower bound and for every \n \n \n \n ϵ\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon >0}\n \n there is an \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ϵ\n \n \n ∈\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{\\epsilon }\\in A}\n \n with \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ϵ\n \n \n <\n p\n +\n ϵ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{\\epsilon }<p+\\epsilon .}\n \n \nSimilarly, if \n \n \n \n sup\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup A}\n \n is a real number and if \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is any real number then \n \n \n \n p\n =\n sup\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=\\sup A}\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is an upper bound and if for every \n \n \n \n ϵ\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon >0}\n \n there is an \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ϵ\n \n \n ∈\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{\\epsilon }\\in A}\n \n with \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ϵ\n \n \n >\n p\n −\n ϵ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{\\epsilon }>p-\\epsilon .}Relation to limits of sequencesIf \n \n \n \n S\n ≠\n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S\\neq \\varnothing }\n \n is any non-empty set of real numbers then there always exists a non-decreasing sequence \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ≤\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ≤\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1}\\leq s_{2}\\leq \\cdots }\n \n in \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n =\n sup\n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{n\\to \\infty }s_{n}=\\sup S.}\n \n Similarly, there will exist a (possibly different) non-increasing sequence \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ≥\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1}\\geq s_{2}\\geq \\cdots }\n \n in \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n =\n inf\n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{n\\to \\infty }s_{n}=\\inf S.}Expressing the infimum and supremum as a limit of a such a sequence allows theorems from various branches of mathematics to be applied. Consider for example the well-known fact from topology that if \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is a continuous function and \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1},s_{2},\\ldots }\n \n is a sequence of points in its domain that converges to a point \n \n \n \n p\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n f\n \n (\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n f\n \n (\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\left(s_{1}\\right),f\\left(s_{2}\\right),\\ldots }\n \n necessarily converges to \n \n \n \n f\n (\n p\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(p).}\n \n \nIt implies that if \n \n \n \n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n =\n sup\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{n\\to \\infty }s_{n}=\\sup S}\n \n is a real number (where all \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1},s_{2},\\ldots }\n \n are in \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n) and if \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is a continuous function whose domain contains \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and \n \n \n \n sup\n S\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup S,}\n \n thenf\n (\n sup\n S\n )\n =\n f\n \n (\n \n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n f\n \n (\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(\\sup S)=f\\left(\\lim _{n\\to \\infty }s_{n}\\right)=\\lim _{n\\to \\infty }f\\left(s_{n}\\right),}[note 1]f\n (\n sup\n S\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(\\sup S)}adherent pointf\n (\n S\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n def\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\n f\n (\n s\n )\n :\n s\n ∈\n S\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(S)\\,{\\stackrel {\\scriptscriptstyle {\\text{def}}}{=}}\\,\\{f(s):s\\in S\\}.}f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}non-decreasing functionsup\n f\n (\n S\n )\n =\n f\n (\n sup\n S\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup f(S)=f(\\sup S).}g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}complexΩ\n ≠\n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega \\neq \\varnothing }sup norm‖\n g\n \n ‖\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n def\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n sup\n \n x\n ∈\n Ω\n \n \n \n |\n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|g\\|_{\\infty }\\,{\\stackrel {\\scriptscriptstyle {\\text{def}}}{=}}\\,\\sup _{x\\in \\Omega }|g(x)|}q\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q,}‖\n g\n \n ‖\n \n ∞\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n def\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n sup\n \n x\n ∈\n Ω\n \n \n \n |\n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n |\n \n \n )\n \n \n q\n \n \n =\n \n sup\n \n x\n ∈\n Ω\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n |\n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|g\\|_{\\infty }^{q}~{\\stackrel {\\scriptscriptstyle {\\text{def}}}{=}}~\\left(\\sup _{x\\in \\Omega }|g(x)|\\right)^{q}=\\sup _{x\\in \\Omega }\\left(|g(x)|^{q}\\right)}f\n :\n [\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n )\n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:[0,\\infty )\\to \\mathbb {R} }f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n x\n \n q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=x^{q}}[\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,\\infty )}S\n :=\n {\n \n |\n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n |\n \n :\n x\n ∈\n Ω\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S:=\\{|g(x)|:x\\in \\Omega \\}}sup\n S\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n def\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n g\n \n ‖\n \n ∞\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup S\\,{\\stackrel {\\scriptscriptstyle {\\text{def}}}{=}}\\,\\|g\\|_{\\infty }.}Although this discussion focused on \n \n \n \n sup\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup ,}\n \n similar conclusions can be reached for \n \n \n \n inf\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf }\n \n with appropriate changes (such as requiring that \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n be non-increasing rather than non-decreasing). Other norms defined in terms of \n \n \n \n sup\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup }\n \n or \n \n \n \n inf\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf }\n \n include the weak \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n p\n ,\n w\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{p,w}}\n \n space norms (for \n \n \n \n 1\n ≤\n p\n <\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\leq p<\\infty }\n \n), the norm on Lebesgue space \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n Ω\n ,\n μ\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{\\infty }(\\Omega ,\\mu ),}\n \n and operator norms. Monotone sequences in \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n that converge to \n \n \n \n sup\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup S}\n \n (or to \n \n \n \n inf\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf S}\n \n) can also be used to help prove many of the formula given below, since addition and multiplication of real numbers are continuous operations.","title":"Infima and suprema of real numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minkowski sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_sum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zakon-4"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DivisionByInfinityOr0-5"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DivisionByInfinityOr0-5"}],"sub_title":"Arithmetic operations on sets","text":"The following formulas depend on a notation that conveniently generalizes arithmetic operations on sets. \nThroughout, \n \n \n \n A\n ,\n B\n ⊆\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A,B\\subseteq \\mathbb {R} }\n \n are sets of real numbers.Sum of setsThe Minkowski sum of two sets \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n of real numbers is the setA\n +\n B\n \n :=\n \n {\n a\n +\n b\n :\n a\n ∈\n A\n ,\n b\n ∈\n B\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A+B~:=~\\{a+b:a\\in A,b\\in B\\}}inf\n (\n A\n +\n B\n )\n =\n (\n inf\n A\n )\n +\n (\n inf\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf(A+B)=(\\inf A)+(\\inf B)}sup\n (\n A\n +\n B\n )\n =\n (\n sup\n A\n )\n +\n (\n sup\n B\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup(A+B)=(\\sup A)+(\\sup B).}Product of setsThe multiplication of two sets \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n of real numbers is defined similarly to their Minkowski sum:A\n ⋅\n B\n \n :=\n \n {\n a\n ⋅\n b\n :\n a\n ∈\n A\n ,\n b\n ∈\n B\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\cdot B~:=~\\{a\\cdot b:a\\in A,b\\in B\\}.}If \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n are nonempty sets of positive real numbers then \n \n \n \n inf\n (\n A\n ⋅\n B\n )\n =\n (\n inf\n A\n )\n ⋅\n (\n inf\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf(A\\cdot B)=(\\inf A)\\cdot (\\inf B)}\n \n and similarly for suprema \n \n \n \n sup\n (\n A\n ⋅\n B\n )\n =\n (\n sup\n A\n )\n ⋅\n (\n sup\n B\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup(A\\cdot B)=(\\sup A)\\cdot (\\sup B).}\n \n[3]Scalar product of a setThe product of a real number \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n and a set \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n of real numbers is the setr\n B\n \n :=\n \n {\n r\n ⋅\n b\n :\n b\n ∈\n B\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle rB~:=~\\{r\\cdot b:b\\in B\\}.}If \n \n \n \n r\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r\\geq 0}\n \n theninf\n (\n r\n ⋅\n A\n )\n =\n r\n (\n inf\n A\n )\n \n \n and \n \n \n sup\n (\n r\n ⋅\n A\n )\n =\n r\n (\n sup\n A\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf(r\\cdot A)=r(\\inf A)\\quad {\\text{ and }}\\quad \\sup(r\\cdot A)=r(\\sup A),}r\n ≤\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r\\leq 0}inf\n (\n r\n ⋅\n A\n )\n =\n r\n (\n sup\n A\n )\n \n \n and \n \n \n sup\n (\n r\n ⋅\n A\n )\n =\n r\n (\n inf\n A\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf(r\\cdot A)=r(\\sup A)\\quad {\\text{ and }}\\quad \\sup(r\\cdot A)=r(\\inf A).}r\n =\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r=-1}−\n A\n :=\n (\n −\n 1\n )\n A\n =\n {\n −\n a\n :\n a\n ∈\n A\n }\n ,\n \n \n {\\textstyle -A:=(-1)A=\\{-a:a\\in A\\},}inf\n (\n −\n A\n )\n =\n −\n sup\n A\n \n \n and \n \n \n sup\n (\n −\n A\n )\n =\n −\n inf\n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf(-A)=-\\sup A\\quad {\\text{ and }}\\quad \\sup(-A)=-\\inf A.}Multiplicative inverse of a setFor any set \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n that does not contain \n \n \n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0,}\n \n let1\n S\n \n \n \n :=\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n 1\n s\n \n \n \n :\n s\n ∈\n S\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{S}}~:=\\;\\left\\{{\\tfrac {1}{s}}:s\\in S\\right\\}.}If \n \n \n \n S\n ⊆\n (\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S\\subseteq (0,\\infty )}\n \n is non-empty then1\n \n \n sup\n \n\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n inf\n \n\n \n \n \n \n 1\n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{\\sup _{}S}}~=~\\inf _{}{\\frac {1}{S}}}sup\n \n\n \n \n S\n =\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup _{}S=\\infty }1\n ∞\n \n \n :=\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{\\infty }}:=0}[note 2]1\n \n \n sup\n \n s\n ∈\n S\n \n \n s\n \n \n \n =\n \n inf\n \n s\n ∈\n S\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n s\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{\\displaystyle \\sup _{s\\in S}s}}=\\inf _{s\\in S}{\\tfrac {1}{s}}.}inf\n \n\n \n \n S\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf _{}S=0}sup\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n S\n \n \n \n =\n ∞\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup _{}{\\tfrac {1}{S}}=\\infty ,}[note 2]inf\n \n\n \n \n S\n >\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf _{}S>0,}1\n \n \n inf\n \n\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n sup\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n S\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{\\inf _{}S}}=\\sup _{}{\\tfrac {1}{S}}.}","title":"Infima and suprema of real numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opposite order relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_relation"}],"text":"If one denotes by \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n op\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P^{\\operatorname {op} }}\n \n the partially-ordered set \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n with the opposite order relation; that is, for all \n \n \n \n x\n \n and \n \n y\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x{\\text{ and }}y,}\n \n declare:x\n ≤\n y\n \n in \n \n \n P\n \n op\n \n \n \n \n if and only if \n \n \n x\n ≥\n y\n \n in \n \n P\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\leq y{\\text{ in }}P^{\\operatorname {op} }\\quad {\\text{ if and only if }}\\quad x\\geq y{\\text{ in }}P,}S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}P\n \n op\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P^{\\operatorname {op} }}For subsets of the real numbers, another kind of duality holds: \n \n \n \n inf\n S\n =\n −\n sup\n (\n −\n S\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf S=-\\sup(-S),}\n \n where \n \n \n \n −\n S\n :=\n {\n −\n s\n \n :\n \n s\n ∈\n S\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -S:=\\{-s~:~s\\in S\\}.}","title":"Duality"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum"}],"sub_title":"Infima","text":"The infimum of the set of numbers \n \n \n \n {\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 4\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{2,3,4\\}}\n \n is \n \n \n \n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2.}\n \n The number \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n is a lower bound, but not the greatest lower bound, and hence not the infimum.\nMore generally, if a set has a smallest element, then the smallest element is the infimum for the set. In this case, it is also called the minimum of the set.\n\n \n \n \n inf\n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n …\n }\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf\\{1,2,3,\\ldots \\}=1.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n inf\n {\n x\n ∈\n \n R\n \n :\n 0\n <\n x\n <\n 1\n }\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf\\{x\\in \\mathbb {R} :0<x<1\\}=0.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n inf\n \n {\n \n x\n ∈\n \n Q\n \n :\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n >\n 2\n \n }\n \n =\n \n \n 2\n \n 3\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf \\left\\{x\\in \\mathbb {Q} :x^{3}>2\\right\\}={\\sqrt[{3}]{2}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n inf\n \n {\n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n :\n n\n =\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n …\n \n }\n \n =\n −\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf \\left\\{(-1)^{n}+{\\tfrac {1}{n}}:n=1,2,3,\\ldots \\right\\}=-1.}\n \n\nIf \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(x_{n}\\right)_{n=1}^{\\infty }}\n \n is a decreasing sequence with limit \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n inf\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n =\n x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf x_{n}=x.}","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"irrational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number"},{"link_name":"incomplete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_space"},{"link_name":"divides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor"},{"link_name":"lowest common multiple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_common_multiple"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"}],"sub_title":"Suprema","text":"The supremum of the set of numbers \n \n \n \n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{1,2,3\\}}\n \n is \n \n \n \n 3.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 3.}\n \n The number \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 4}\n \n is an upper bound, but it is not the least upper bound, and hence is not the supremum.\n\n \n \n \n sup\n {\n x\n ∈\n \n R\n \n :\n 0\n <\n x\n <\n 1\n }\n =\n sup\n {\n x\n ∈\n \n R\n \n :\n 0\n ≤\n x\n ≤\n 1\n }\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup\\{x\\in \\mathbb {R} :0<x<1\\}=\\sup\\{x\\in \\mathbb {R} :0\\leq x\\leq 1\\}=1.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n sup\n \n {\n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n :\n n\n =\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n …\n \n }\n \n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup \\left\\{(-1)^{n}-{\\tfrac {1}{n}}:n=1,2,3,\\ldots \\right\\}=1.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n sup\n {\n a\n +\n b\n :\n a\n ∈\n A\n ,\n b\n ∈\n B\n }\n =\n sup\n A\n +\n sup\n B\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup\\{a+b:a\\in A,b\\in B\\}=\\sup A+\\sup B.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n sup\n \n {\n \n x\n ∈\n \n Q\n \n :\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n <\n 2\n \n }\n \n =\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup \\left\\{x\\in \\mathbb {Q} :x^{2}<2\\right\\}={\\sqrt {2}}.}In the last example, the supremum of a set of rationals is irrational, which means that the rationals are incomplete.One basic property of the supremum issup\n {\n f\n (\n t\n )\n +\n g\n (\n t\n )\n :\n t\n ∈\n A\n }\n \n ≤\n \n sup\n {\n f\n (\n t\n )\n :\n t\n ∈\n A\n }\n +\n sup\n {\n g\n (\n t\n )\n :\n t\n ∈\n A\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup\\{f(t)+g(t):t\\in A\\}~\\leq ~\\sup\\{f(t):t\\in A\\}+\\sup\\{g(t):t\\in A\\}}functionalsf\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}g\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g.}The supremum of a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of \n \n \n \n (\n \n N\n \n ,\n ∣\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbb {N} ,\\mid \\,)}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n ∣\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\,\\mid \\,}\n \n denotes \"divides\", is the lowest common multiple of the elements of \n \n \n \n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S.}The supremum of a set \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n containing subsets of some set \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is the union of the subsets when considering the partially ordered set \n \n \n \n (\n P\n (\n X\n )\n ,\n ⊆\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (P(X),\\subseteq )}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is the power set of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n ⊆\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\,\\subseteq \\,}\n \n is subset.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(topology)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DivisionByInfinityOr0_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DivisionByInfinityOr0_5-1"},{"link_name":"extended real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_real_number"}],"text":"^ Since \n \n \n \n f\n \n (\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n f\n \n (\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\left(s_{1}\\right),f\\left(s_{2}\\right),\\ldots }\n \n is a sequence in \n \n \n \n f\n (\n S\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(S)}\n \n that converges to \n \n \n \n f\n (\n sup\n S\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(\\sup S),}\n \n this guarantees that \n \n \n \n f\n (\n sup\n S\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(\\sup S)}\n \n belongs to the closure of \n \n \n \n f\n (\n S\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(S).}\n \n\n\n^ a b The definition \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n ∞\n \n \n \n :=\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{\\infty }}:=0}\n \n is commonly used with the extended real numbers; in fact, with this definition the equality \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n sup\n \n\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n inf\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n S\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{\\sup _{}S}}=\\inf _{}{\\tfrac {1}{S}}}\n \n will also hold for any non-empty subset \n \n \n \n S\n ⊆\n (\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n ]\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S\\subseteq (0,\\infty ].}\n \n However, the notation \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{0}}}\n \n is usually left undefined, which is why the equality \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n inf\n \n\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n sup\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n S\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{\\inf _{}S}}=\\sup _{}{\\tfrac {1}{S}}}\n \n is given only for when \n \n \n \n \n inf\n \n\n \n \n S\n >\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\inf _{}S>0.}","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"A set \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n of real numbers (hollow and filled circles), a subset \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n (filled circles), and the infimum of \n \n \n \n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S.}\n \n Note that for totally ordered finite sets, the infimum and the minimum are equal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Infimum_illustration.svg/260px-Infimum_illustration.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A set \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n of real numbers (blue circles), a set of upper bounds of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n (red diamond and circles), and the smallest such upper bound, that is, the supremum of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n (red diamond).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Supremum_illustration.svg/260px-Supremum_illustration.svg.png"},{"image_text":"supremum = least upper bound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Illustration_of_supremum.svg/260px-Illustration_of_supremum.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Infimum and supremum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Infimum_and_supremum"},{"title":"Essential supremum and essential infimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_supremum_and_essential_infimum"},{"title":"Greatest element and least element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_element_and_least_element"},{"title":"Maximal and minimal elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_and_minimal_elements"},{"title":"Limit superior and limit inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_superior_and_limit_inferior"},{"title":"Upper and lower bounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_lower_bounds"}] | [{"reference":"Rudin, Walter (1976). \"\"Chapter 1 The Real and Complex Number Systems\"\". Principles of Mathematical Analysis (print) (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 4. ISBN 0-07-054235-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudin","url_text":"Rudin, Walter"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi","url_text":"Principles of Mathematical Analysis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi/page/n15","url_text":"4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-054235-X","url_text":"0-07-054235-X"}]},{"reference":"Zakon, Elias (2004). Mathematical Analysis I. Trillia Group. pp. 39–42.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trillia.com/zakon-analysisI.html","url_text":"Mathematical Analysis I"}]},{"reference":"Rockafellar, R. Tyrrell; Wets, Roger J.-B. (26 June 2009). Variational Analysis. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 317. Berlin New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642024313. OCLC 883392544.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Tyrrell_Rockafellar","url_text":"Rockafellar, R. Tyrrell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_J.-B._Wets","url_text":"Wets, Roger J.-B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media","url_text":"Springer Science & Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642024313","url_text":"9783642024313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883392544","url_text":"883392544"}]},{"reference":"\"Upper and lower bounds\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Upper_and_lower_bounds","url_text":"\"Upper and lower bounds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]},{"reference":"Breitenbach, Jerome R. & Weisstein, Eric W. \"Infimum and supremum\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Supremum.html","url_text":"\"Infimum and supremum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi","external_links_name":"Principles of Mathematical Analysis"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi/page/n15","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"http://www.trillia.com/zakon-analysisI.html","external_links_name":"Mathematical Analysis I"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883392544","external_links_name":"883392544"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Upper_and_lower_bounds","external_links_name":"\"Upper and lower bounds\""},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Supremum.html","external_links_name":"\"Infimum and supremum\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanako_SOS | Nanako SOS | ["1 Story","2 Characters","3 Overseas distribution","4 References","5 External links"] | Japanese manga series
Nanako SOSIidabashi, Yotsuya, and Nanako, the three main characters.ななこSOS(Nanako Esuouesu)GenreGag comic, magical girl , romance, science fiction, slice of life
MangaWritten byHideo AzumaPublished byKobunshaMagazine HouseHayakawa PublishingMagazinePopcornJust ComicDemographicSeinenOriginal runApril 1980 – July 1986Volumes5
Anime television seriesDirected byAkira ShiginoWritten byYu YamamotoStudioKokusai Eiga-shaOriginal networkFuji TVOriginal run April 2, 1983 – December 24, 1983Episodes39
Nanako SOS (ななこSOS, Nanako Esu-ou-esu) is a seinen manga series created by Hideo Azuma which ran in Popcorn and Just Comic (both published by Kobunsha) from April 1980 to July 1986. The series was adapted into 39-episode anime television series produced by Kokusai Eiga-sha which aired on Fuji TV from April 2, 1983, to December 24, 1983.
Story
Nanako, is a young girl who unexpectedly acquires superpowers and at the same time loses her past memory as the unintended result of a scientific experiment gone awry. The mad scientist high school student who was running the experiment, Tomoshige Yotsuya, says he will help her regain her memories if she will join his detective agency. Nanako innocently believes him, but Yotsuya's real intent is to use her powers to benefit his agency and himself.
The story unfolds as Nanako encounters a variety of dangerous missions and mysterious events, but her natural sunny disposition helps her through all the incidents as she solves each mystery one after the other.
Characters
Nanako (ななこ)
Voiced by: Reiko Kitō
A shy young girl who has lost her memory. She can fly, has super strength, and can become a giant. She stays with Yotsuya and Shibuya, as Yotsuya has promised to help her get her memory back. They give her a costume and call her "SuperGirl". However, she is unaware that they only want her to help them fight crime. She experiences some strange things as a hero, for example turning into a boy named Nanano. At one point her powers disappear. She has a crush on Yotsuya.
Tomoshige Yotsuya (四谷 智茂, Yotsuya Tomoshige) (Eiichirō Yotsuya (四谷 永一郎, Yotsuya Eiichirō) in the manga)
Voiced by: Yūji Mitsuya
A tall, pink-haired, leather-clad biker boy who is there when Nanako gets her powers. He is trying out his latest invention, a machine that can supposedly give a person super intelligence, when he finds Nanako. He promises to help her get her memory back, but he really only wants her to benefit his detective agency. However, he seems to develop feelings for her as time passes.
Hakase Iidabashi (飯田橋 博士, Iidabashi Hakase)
Voiced by: Tōru Furuya
Yotsuya's bespectacled classmate, best friend, and fellow detective. He has a crush on Nanako, but that doesn't stop him yelling at her when she does something wrong. He wants to be a manga artist. He is always the guinea pig for Yotsuya's experiments.
Dr. Ishikawa (ドクター石川, Dokutā Ishikawa)
Voiced by: Banjō Ginga
A strange man who is always chasing after Nanako. He seems to be from the military, and fights with a water pistol.
Convenience Angel 7 (コンビニエンジ・セブン, Konbini Enji Sebun)
Voiced by: Naoki Tatsuta
A robot designed by Yotsuya. He sends 7 and 11 to follow Nanako and help her out when needed.
Convenience Angel 11 (コンビニエンジ・イレブン, Konbini Enji Irebun)
Voiced by: Kyoko Miyagi
A robot designed by Yotsuya. He sends 7 and 11 to follow Nanako and help her out when needed.
Overseas distribution
Enoki Films holds the rights to the series and has released it internationally under the name Nana the Supergirl.
References
^ McLaughlin, Joseph (2019-10-22). "Manga Author Hideo Azuma Passes Away at 69". Jotaku Network. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
^ "Nana the Supergirl". Enoki Films. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
External links
Nanako SOS (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
profile on Enoki Films website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seinen manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinen_manga"},{"link_name":"Hideo Azuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Azuma"},{"link_name":"Kobunsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobunsha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Kokusai Eiga-sha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokusai_Eiga-sha"},{"link_name":"Fuji TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Television"}],"text":"Nanako SOS (ななこSOS, Nanako Esu-ou-esu) is a seinen manga series created by Hideo Azuma which ran in Popcorn and Just Comic (both published by Kobunsha) from April 1980 to July 1986.[1] The series was adapted into 39-episode anime television series produced by Kokusai Eiga-sha which aired on Fuji TV from April 2, 1983, to December 24, 1983.","title":"Nanako SOS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superpowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower_(ability)"},{"link_name":"mad scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientist"}],"text":"Nanako, is a young girl who unexpectedly acquires superpowers and at the same time loses her past memory as the unintended result of a scientific experiment gone awry. The mad scientist high school student who was running the experiment, Tomoshige Yotsuya, says he will help her regain her memories if she will join his detective agency. Nanako innocently believes him, but Yotsuya's real intent is to use her powers to benefit his agency and himself.The story unfolds as Nanako encounters a variety of dangerous missions and mysterious events, but her natural sunny disposition helps her through all the incidents as she solves each mystery one after the other.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yūji Mitsuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABji_Mitsuya"},{"link_name":"Tōru Furuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Furuya"},{"link_name":"manga artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaka"},{"link_name":"Banjō Ginga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banj%C5%8D_Ginga"},{"link_name":"Naoki Tatsuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Tatsuta"},{"link_name":"Kyoko Miyagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoko_Miyagi"}],"text":"Nanako (ななこ)\nVoiced by: Reiko Kitō\nA shy young girl who has lost her memory. She can fly, has super strength, and can become a giant. She stays with Yotsuya and Shibuya, as Yotsuya has promised to help her get her memory back. They give her a costume and call her \"SuperGirl\". However, she is unaware that they only want her to help them fight crime. She experiences some strange things as a hero, for example turning into a boy named Nanano. At one point her powers disappear. She has a crush on Yotsuya.Tomoshige Yotsuya (四谷 智茂, Yotsuya Tomoshige) (Eiichirō Yotsuya (四谷 永一郎, Yotsuya Eiichirō) in the manga)\nVoiced by: Yūji Mitsuya\nA tall, pink-haired, leather-clad biker boy who is there when Nanako gets her powers. He is trying out his latest invention, a machine that can supposedly give a person super intelligence, when he finds Nanako. He promises to help her get her memory back, but he really only wants her to benefit his detective agency. However, he seems to develop feelings for her as time passes.\nHakase Iidabashi (飯田橋 博士, Iidabashi Hakase)\nVoiced by: Tōru Furuya\nYotsuya's bespectacled classmate, best friend, and fellow detective. He has a crush on Nanako, but that doesn't stop him yelling at her when she does something wrong. He wants to be a manga artist. He is always the guinea pig for Yotsuya's experiments.Dr. Ishikawa (ドクター石川, Dokutā Ishikawa)\nVoiced by: Banjō Ginga\nA strange man who is always chasing after Nanako. He seems to be from the military, and fights with a water pistol.Convenience Angel 7 (コンビニエンジ・セブン, Konbini Enji Sebun)\nVoiced by: Naoki Tatsuta\nA robot designed by Yotsuya. He sends 7 and 11 to follow Nanako and help her out when needed.\nConvenience Angel 11 (コンビニエンジ・イレブン, Konbini Enji Irebun)\nVoiced by: Kyoko Miyagi\nA robot designed by Yotsuya. He sends 7 and 11 to follow Nanako and help her out when needed.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enoki Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoki_Films"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Enoki Films holds the rights to the series and has released it internationally under the name Nana the Supergirl.[2]","title":"Overseas distribution"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McLaughlin, Joseph (2019-10-22). \"Manga Author Hideo Azuma Passes Away at 69\". Jotaku Network. Retrieved 2023-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://jotaku.net/2019/10/22/manga-author-hideo-azuma-passes-away-at-69/","url_text":"\"Manga Author Hideo Azuma Passes Away at 69\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nana the Supergirl\". Enoki Films. Retrieved 26 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://enoki-films.co.jp/pro_nanathesupergirl.php","url_text":"\"Nana the Supergirl\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://jotaku.net/2019/10/22/manga-author-hideo-azuma-passes-away-at-69/","external_links_name":"\"Manga Author Hideo Azuma Passes Away at 69\""},{"Link":"https://enoki-films.co.jp/pro_nanathesupergirl.php","external_links_name":"\"Nana the Supergirl\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=701","external_links_name":"Nanako SOS"},{"Link":"https://enoki-films.co.jp/pro_nanathesupergirl.php","external_links_name":"profile on Enoki Films website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Pease | Heather Pease | ["1 References"] | American synchronized swimmer
Heather PeasePersonal informationFull nameHeather M. Pease-OlsonNational team United StatesBorn (1975-09-29) September 29, 1975 (age 48)Monterey, CaliforniaHeight1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight59 kg (130 lb)SportSportSwimmingStrokesSynchronized swimmingClubWalnut Creek Aquanuts
Medal record
Women's synchronized swimming
Representing the United States
Olympic Games
1996 Atlanta
Team
Heather Pease (born September 29, 1975) is an American former synchronized swimmer and Olympic champion.
Heather was a member of the American team that won a gold medal in team event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. She competed in the same event four years later at the Sydney Olympics, finishing in fifth position.
References
^ "Heather Pease Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
^ "1996 Summer Olympics – Atlanta, United States – Synchronized Swimming" Archived 2008-08-22 at the Wayback Machine – databaseOlympics.com (Retrieved on April 27, 2008)
vteOlympic Artistic swimming champions – women's teamSyncronized swimming (1984–2016) · Artistic swmming (2020–)
1996: Suzannah Bianco, Tammy Cleland, Becky Dyroen-Lancer, Emily LeSueur, Heather Pease, Jill Savery, Nathalie Schneyder, Heather Simmons, Jill Sudduth, Margot Thien (USA)
2000: Elena Azarova, Olga Brusnikina, Mariya Kiselyova, Olga Novokshchenova, Irina Pershina, Yelena Soya, Yuliya Vasilyeva, Olga Vasyukova, Yelena Antonova (RUS)
2004: Elena Azarova, Olga Brusnikina, Anastasia Davydova, Anastasiya Yermakova, Elvira Khasyanova, Mariya Kiselyova, Olga Novokshchenova, Anna Shorina (RUS)
2008: Anastasia Davydova, Anastasiya Yermakova, Mariya Gromova, Natalia Ishchenko, Elvira Khasyanova, Olga Kuzhela, Svetlana Romashina, Anna Shorina, Yelena Ovchinnikova (RUS)
2012: Anastasia Davydova, Mariya Gromova, Natalia Ishchenko, Elvira Khasyanova, Daria Korobova, Alexandra Patskevich, Svetlana Romashina, Angelika Timanina, Alla Shishkina (RUS)
2016: Vlada Chigireva, Natalia Ishchenko, Svetlana Kolesnichenko, Alexandra Patskevich, Svetlana Romashina, Alla Shishkina, Maria Shurochkina, Gelena Topilina, Elena Prokofyeva (RUS)
2020: Vlada Chigireva, Marina Goliadkina, Svetlana Kolesnichenko, Polina Komar, Alexandra Patskevich, Svetlana Romashina, Alla Shishkina, Maria Shurochkina (ROC)
This article about a swimming Olympic medalist of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synchronized swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming"},{"link_name":"team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db-olymp-1996SYN-2"},{"link_name":"same event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Heather Pease (born September 29, 1975) is an American former synchronized swimmer and Olympic champion.Heather was a member of the American team that won a gold medal in team event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[1][2] She competed in the same event four years later at the Sydney Olympics, finishing in fifth position.","title":"Heather Pease"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Heather Pease Olympic Results\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418023239/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/heather-pease-olson-1.html","url_text":"\"Heather Pease Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/heather-pease-olson-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418023239/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/heather-pease-olson-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Heather Pease Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/heather-pease-olson-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=24&sp=SYN","external_links_name":"\"1996 Summer Olympics – Atlanta, United States – Synchronized Swimming\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080822145800/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=24&sp=SYN","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heather_Pease&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_C._Koppen | Otto C. Koppen | ["1 Early life","2 MIT","2.1 Project Whirlwind","3 Designer","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | American aircraft engineer
Otto C. KoppenBornOtto Carl Koppen1901Died1991 (aged 89–90)Centerville, MassachusettsNationalityAmericanAlma materMITOccupationaircraft engineer
Otto C. Koppen (1901 – 1991) was an American aircraft engineer.
Early life
Otto Koppen graduated with a Bachelor of Science from MIT in 1924.
MIT
Koppen was the professor emeritus of aeronautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1929 Koppen returned to teach stability and control at MIT, where he remained until his retirement in 1965. As part of the course, Koppen took students up in a Fairchild 24 to demonstrate stability principles.
In 1936, Koppen published a paper called "SMART AIRPLANES FOR DUMB PILOTS".
In 1939, a student brought a model of the new Curtiss XSB2C-1 to the MIT wind tunnel. Koppen was quoted as saying, "if they build more than one of these, they are crazy". He was referencing controlability issues with the small vertical tail. The eventual production aircraft did have issues, and needed over 880 modifications before entering combat in WWII.
Project Whirlwind
In 1944 America recognized a need for a universal flight trainer more advanced than the analog Link Trainer. What started as the development of the Aircraft Stability and Control Analyzer (ASCA) for the Navy became "Project Whirlwind". Headed by Captain Luis deFlorez, Otto Koppen, John R. Markham, and Joseph Bicknell put together the requirements for a simulator that factored in winds and aerodynamic forces. The byproduct that was developed to compute the data was one of America's first high-speed, prototypical, digital computer.
Koppen took a two-year break from teaching after the loss of his daughter in a flight accident involving loss of control in low visibility conditions. Koppen promised his wife never to fly again afterward, but restarted after her death. Koppen flew a Grumman Yankee and experimented with wing-leveling and other controls. Koppen acquired his FAA instrument rating at the age of eighty. At one point Koppen was the oldest instrument rated pilot in America.
Koppen is regarded as providing the basis for most stability and control research since the 1930s.
Designer
After a fire at the Stout Metal Airplane Division of the Ford Motor Company, which destroyed the Ford 3-AT Trimotor prototype, Tom Towle hired MIT graduate Otto Koppen, John Lee, and James Smith McDonnell (co-founder of what is now McDonnell Douglas).
Koppen, along with Harold Hicks and Tom Towle, are credited with refining the Stout-designed Ford 3-AT into the well known Ford Trimotor.
In 1926, Koppen designed the Ford Flivver. As the first criterion for the design was that it had to fit in an office, his first task was measuring the dimensions of Ford's office.
Koppen designed the Fairchild FT-1 in 1929. The aircraft was the model for the Fairchild Model 21, a two-seat low-wing aircraft that bore a similarity to the Ford Flivver. Production was halted during the depression.
In 1943 Koppen was brought on as an engineer to help design larger cargo aircraft for the Franklin Institute for 20,000 dollars a year.
He was a designer for General Aircraft Corporation.
Koppen designed an early two-control aircraft, the General Skyfarer. Using just ailerons and elevators for directional control. 17 were built. The aircraft was later licensed as the Mars M1-80 Skycoupe, but did not go into production.
In 1949, Koppen, and Lynn Bollinger formed the Helio Corporation of Massachusetts. They developed a "helioplane" prototype for a cost of 6000 dollars that was built based on a modified Piper Vagabond with a short wing, with leading edge slats, with high lift and STOL capabilities. Greater Boston Metropolitan Airport fixed-base operator, E.W. Wiggins Airways converted the Piper PA-17 Vagabond with volunteer assistance to make the 2-place Helio No.1. Koppen also served as test pilot. This aircraft was the basis for the Helio Courier series of aircraft. The Helio Aircraft Corporation was formed in 1950 after merging with Midwest Aircraft Corporation, the company produced a variety of types for the Navy. The prototype aircraft "Helio-1" has been donated the National Air and Space Museum in 1963.
Following the death of his daughter in an airplane crash in November 1950, Koppen took a two year break in teaching.
Koppen developed a simplified autopilot that could be affordable enough to be used by general aviation aircraft. The bang-bang, or discontinuous, control device featured an innovative use of a tilted gyroscope that sensed roll and yaw, to provide input to the autopilot. After his formal NACA report was published, his ability to file for a patent was nullified.
In 1991 EAA Chapter 159 from Midland, Michigan, donated a replica Ford Flivver to the EAA Airventure Museum. The replica was built from careful inspection of the original prototype and advice from Otto C. Koppen.
He lived in Osterville, Massachusetts.
He won the 1957 Godfrey L. Cabot Award. Otto Koppen died at the age of 90.
Gallery
Helio Courier
Ford Trimotor
Ford Flivver
See also
Other pioneers of aircraft stability and control
G.H. Bryan - Great Britain
Leonard Bairstow
Ernest E Relf
William J Duncan
Kyūichirō Washizu - Japan
Frederic Charles Haus - Belgium
Otto H Gerlac - Germany
Karl H Doetsch - Germany
References
^ Malcolm J. Abzug; E. Eugene Larrabee (2002). Airplane stability and control. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80992-4. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
^ a b Malcolm J. Abzug, E. Eugene Larrabee. Airplane stability and control a history of the technologies that made.
^ http://computerrefuge.org/bitsavers/pdf/mit/whirlwind/Redmond_Project_Whirlwind_A_Case_History_In_Contemporary_Technology_1975.pdf
^ JOURNEY IN AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH A Career at NASA Langley Research Center Monographs in Aerospace History, Number 12.
^ Douglas J. Ingells. Tin Goose the fabulous Ford trimotor.
^ "Ford Tri-Motor". HowStuffWorks. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
^ a b "Ford-EAA Chapter 159 Fliver – 268". AirVenture Museum. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
^ Eckland, K. O. (11 December 2008). "Fairchild, Fairchild-Hiller, Fairchild-Republic, Fairchild-Swearingen". Aerofiles. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
^ Donald E. Wolf. Big dams and other dreams the Six Companies story.
^ Joseph P. Juptner (1993). U.S. Civil Aircraft Series. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8306-4373-8. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
^ Frank Rytenhyde Saletri (1981). The Ercoupe: A Touch of Class. Agony House Publishers.
^ "Flying the World's Slowest Airplane", Popular Science, March 1956
^ "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Massachusetts: Southwestern Boston area". Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
^ "Helio H-295 U-10D Super Courier". 1000aircraftphotos.com. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
^ "High-lift airplane with all-moving tail unit - Patent 2719014". Freepatentsonline.com. 1955-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
^ "Safety Advocate's Daughter Killed". Plainfield Courier News. 10 November 1950. p. 22. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
^ Phillips, William Hewitt (November 1998). "Chapter 10: An Automatic Aileron Trim Device for Personal Airplanes". Journey in Aeronautical Research: A Career at NASA Langley Research Center. NASA History Office. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
^ "Otto C. Koppen, 90; MIT professor who designed 'helioplane' aircraft". The Boston Globe. January 26, 1991. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016.
External links
"Helioplane". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
"Fairchild 21". Retrieved September 18, 2010. | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Otto C. Koppen (1901 – 1991) was an American aircraft engineer.","title":"Otto C. Koppen"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Otto Koppen graduated with a Bachelor of Science from MIT in 1924.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fairchild 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_24"},{"link_name":"Curtiss XSB2C-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SB2C_Helldiver"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malcolm_J._Abzug,_E._Eugene_Larrabee-2"}],"text":"Koppen was the professor emeritus of aeronautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1929 Koppen returned to teach stability and control at MIT, where he remained until his retirement in 1965.[1] As part of the course, Koppen took students up in a Fairchild 24 to demonstrate stability principles.In 1936, Koppen published a paper called \"SMART AIRPLANES FOR DUMB PILOTS\".In 1939, a student brought a model of the new Curtiss XSB2C-1 to the MIT wind tunnel. Koppen was quoted as saying, \"if they build more than one of these, they are crazy\". He was referencing controlability issues with the small vertical tail. The eventual production aircraft did have issues, and needed over 880 modifications before entering combat in WWII.[2]","title":"MIT"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Link Trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Trainer"},{"link_name":"\"Project Whirlwind\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlwind_(computer)"},{"link_name":"Captain Luis deFlorez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Florez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grumman Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_Yankee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malcolm_J._Abzug,_E._Eugene_Larrabee-2"}],"sub_title":"Project Whirlwind","text":"In 1944 America recognized a need for a universal flight trainer more advanced than the analog Link Trainer. What started as the development of the Aircraft Stability and Control Analyzer (ASCA) for the Navy became \"Project Whirlwind\". Headed by Captain Luis deFlorez, Otto Koppen, John R. Markham, and Joseph Bicknell put together the requirements for a simulator that factored in winds and aerodynamic forces. The byproduct that was developed to compute the data was one of America's first high-speed, prototypical, digital computer.[3]Koppen took a two-year break from teaching after the loss of his daughter in a flight accident involving loss of control in low visibility conditions. Koppen promised his wife never to fly again afterward, but restarted after her death. Koppen flew a Grumman Yankee and experimented with wing-leveling and other controls. Koppen acquired his FAA instrument rating at the age of eighty. At one point Koppen was the oldest instrument rated pilot in America.[4]Koppen is regarded as providing the basis for most stability and control research since the 1930s.[2]","title":"MIT"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stout Metal Airplane Division of the Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stout_Metal_Airplane_Division_of_the_Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Ford 3-AT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_3-AT"},{"link_name":"James Smith McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Smith_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bushnell_Stout"},{"link_name":"Ford 3-AT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_3-AT"},{"link_name":"Ford Trimotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Trimotor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ford Flivver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Flivver"},{"link_name":"Ford's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAAAVM-7"},{"link_name":"Fairchild FT-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairchild_FT-1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Model 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"General Skyfarer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Skyfarer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lynn Bollinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Bollinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piper Vagabond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Vagabond"},{"link_name":"STOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOL"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Helio Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio_Courier"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"NACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"EAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Aircraft_Association"},{"link_name":"Midland, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"EAA Airventure Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAA_Airventure_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAAAVM-7"},{"link_name":"Osterville, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterville,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Godfrey L. Cabot Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godfrey_L._Cabot_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"After a fire at the Stout Metal Airplane Division of the Ford Motor Company, which destroyed the Ford 3-AT Trimotor prototype, Tom Towle hired MIT graduate Otto Koppen, John Lee, and James Smith McDonnell (co-founder of what is now McDonnell Douglas).[5]Koppen, along with Harold Hicks and Tom Towle, are credited with refining the Stout-designed Ford 3-AT into the well known Ford Trimotor.[6]In 1926, Koppen designed the Ford Flivver. As the first criterion for the design was that it had to fit in an office, his first task was measuring the dimensions of Ford's office.[7]Koppen designed the Fairchild FT-1 in 1929. The aircraft was the model for the Fairchild Model 21, a two-seat low-wing aircraft that bore a similarity to the Ford Flivver. Production was halted during the depression.[8]In 1943 Koppen was brought on as an engineer to help design larger cargo aircraft for the Franklin Institute for 20,000 dollars a year.[9]He was a designer for General Aircraft Corporation.[10] \nKoppen designed an early two-control aircraft, the General Skyfarer. Using just ailerons and elevators for directional control. 17 were built.[11] The aircraft was later licensed as the Mars M1-80 Skycoupe, but did not go into production.In 1949, Koppen, and Lynn Bollinger formed the Helio Corporation of Massachusetts. They developed a \"helioplane\" prototype for a cost of 6000 dollars that was built based on a modified Piper Vagabond with a short wing, with leading edge slats, with high lift and STOL capabilities.[12] Greater Boston Metropolitan Airport fixed-base operator, E.W. Wiggins Airways converted the Piper PA-17 Vagabond with volunteer assistance to make the 2-place Helio No.1.[13] Koppen also served as test pilot. This aircraft was the basis for the Helio Courier series of aircraft. The Helio Aircraft Corporation was formed in 1950 after merging with Midwest Aircraft Corporation, the company produced a variety of types for the Navy.[14][15] The prototype aircraft \"Helio-1\" has been donated the National Air and Space Museum in 1963.Following the death of his daughter in an airplane crash in November 1950, Koppen took a two year break in teaching.[16][17]Koppen developed a simplified autopilot that could be affordable enough to be used by general aviation aircraft. The bang-bang, or discontinuous, control device featured an innovative use of a tilted gyroscope that sensed roll and yaw, to provide input to the autopilot. After his formal NACA report was published, his ability to file for a patent was nullified.In 1991 EAA Chapter 159 from Midland, Michigan, donated a replica Ford Flivver to the EAA Airventure Museum. The replica was built from careful inspection of the original prototype and advice from Otto C. Koppen.[7]He lived in Osterville, Massachusetts. \nHe won the 1957 Godfrey L. Cabot Award. Otto Koppen died at the age of 90.[18]","title":"Designer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JAARS_Helio_Courier_in_Hangar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EAA_Ford_Trimotor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Flivver_Replica.jpg"}],"text":"Helio Courier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFord Trimotor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFord Flivver","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Leonard Bairstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bairstow"},{"title":"Kyūichirō Washizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABichir%C5%8D_Washizu"}] | [{"reference":"Malcolm J. Abzug; E. Eugene Larrabee (2002). Airplane stability and control. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80992-4. Retrieved 2010-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ctX2QCSIC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Airplane stability and control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80992-4","url_text":"978-0-521-80992-4"}]},{"reference":"Malcolm J. Abzug, E. Eugene Larrabee. Airplane stability and control a history of the technologies that made.","urls":[]},{"reference":"JOURNEY IN AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH A Career at NASA Langley Research Center Monographs in Aerospace History, Number 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Douglas J. Ingells. Tin Goose the fabulous Ford trimotor.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ford Tri-Motor\". HowStuffWorks. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/classic/ford-tri-motor.htm","url_text":"\"Ford Tri-Motor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford-EAA Chapter 159 Fliver – 268\". AirVenture Museum. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101019014905/http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Ford-EAA%20Chapt%20_159%20Flivver.asp","url_text":"\"Ford-EAA Chapter 159 Fliver – 268\""},{"url":"http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Ford-EAA_Chapt__159_Flivver.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eckland, K. O. (11 December 2008). \"Fairchild, Fairchild-Hiller, Fairchild-Republic, Fairchild-Swearingen\". Aerofiles. Retrieved 26 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_fair.html","url_text":"\"Fairchild, Fairchild-Hiller, Fairchild-Republic, Fairchild-Swearingen\""}]},{"reference":"Donald E. Wolf. Big dams and other dreams the Six Companies story.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joseph P. Juptner (1993). U.S. Civil Aircraft Series. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8306-4373-8. Retrieved 2010-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FE5rzrj32dwC&pg=PA151","url_text":"U.S. Civil Aircraft Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-4373-8","url_text":"978-0-8306-4373-8"}]},{"reference":"Frank Rytenhyde Saletri (1981). The Ercoupe: A Touch of Class. Agony House Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Massachusetts: Southwestern Boston area\". Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. Retrieved 2013-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101120034130/http://airfields-freeman.com/MA/Airfields_MA_Boston_SW.html","url_text":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Massachusetts: Southwestern Boston area\""},{"url":"http://www.airfields-freeman.com/MA/Airfields_MA_Boston_SW.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Helio H-295 U-10D Super Courier\". 1000aircraftphotos.com. Retrieved 2010-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Larkins/9946.htm","url_text":"\"Helio H-295 U-10D Super Courier\""}]},{"reference":"\"High-lift airplane with all-moving tail unit - Patent 2719014\". Freepatentsonline.com. 1955-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2719014.html","url_text":"\"High-lift airplane with all-moving tail unit - Patent 2719014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safety Advocate's Daughter Killed\". Plainfield Courier News. 10 November 1950. p. 22. Retrieved 26 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/220010314","url_text":"\"Safety Advocate's Daughter Killed\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, William Hewitt (November 1998). \"Chapter 10: An Automatic Aileron Trim Device for Personal Airplanes\". Journey in Aeronautical Research: A Career at NASA Langley Research Center. NASA History Office. Retrieved 26 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.nasa.gov/monograph12/ch10.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 10: An Automatic Aileron Trim Device for Personal Airplanes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Otto C. Koppen, 90; MIT professor who designed 'helioplane' aircraft\". The Boston Globe. January 26, 1991. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805180442/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7645017.html","url_text":"\"Otto C. Koppen, 90; MIT professor who designed 'helioplane' aircraft\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7645017.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Helioplane\". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved September 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19640010000","url_text":"\"Helioplane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fairchild 21\". Retrieved September 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Fairchild/4462.htm","url_text":"\"Fairchild 21\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ctX2QCSIC&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Airplane stability and control"},{"Link":"http://computerrefuge.org/bitsavers/pdf/mit/whirlwind/Redmond_Project_Whirlwind_A_Case_History_In_Contemporary_Technology_1975.pdf","external_links_name":"http://computerrefuge.org/bitsavers/pdf/mit/whirlwind/Redmond_Project_Whirlwind_A_Case_History_In_Contemporary_Technology_1975.pdf"},{"Link":"http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/classic/ford-tri-motor.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ford Tri-Motor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101019014905/http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Ford-EAA%20Chapt%20_159%20Flivver.asp","external_links_name":"\"Ford-EAA Chapter 159 Fliver – 268\""},{"Link":"http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Ford-EAA_Chapt__159_Flivver.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_fair.html","external_links_name":"\"Fairchild, Fairchild-Hiller, Fairchild-Republic, Fairchild-Swearingen\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FE5rzrj32dwC&pg=PA151","external_links_name":"U.S. Civil Aircraft Series"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Iy0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA35","external_links_name":"\"Flying the World's Slowest Airplane\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101120034130/http://airfields-freeman.com/MA/Airfields_MA_Boston_SW.html","external_links_name":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Massachusetts: Southwestern Boston area\""},{"Link":"http://www.airfields-freeman.com/MA/Airfields_MA_Boston_SW.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Larkins/9946.htm","external_links_name":"\"Helio H-295 U-10D Super Courier\""},{"Link":"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2719014.html","external_links_name":"\"High-lift airplane with all-moving tail unit - Patent 2719014\""},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/220010314","external_links_name":"\"Safety Advocate's Daughter Killed\""},{"Link":"http://history.nasa.gov/monograph12/ch10.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 10: An Automatic Aileron Trim Device for Personal Airplanes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805180442/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7645017.html","external_links_name":"\"Otto C. Koppen, 90; MIT professor who designed 'helioplane' aircraft\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7645017.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19640010000","external_links_name":"\"Helioplane\""},{"Link":"http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Fairchild/4462.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fairchild 21\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shasky | John Shasky | ["1 External links"] | American basketball player
John ShaskyPersonal informationBorn (1964-07-31) July 31, 1964 (age 59)Birmingham, Michigan, U.S.Listed height6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)Listed weight235 lb (107 kg)Career informationHigh schoolBrother Rice (Birmingham, Michigan)CollegeMinnesota (1982–1986)NBA draft1986: 3rd round, 61st overall pickSelected by the Utah JazzPlaying career1986–1996PositionCenterNumber45, 55Career history1986–1987Cholet1987Basket Brescia1987–1988Rapid City Thrillers1988–1989Miami Heat1989–1990Golden State Warriors1990–1991Dallas Mavericks1991–1992Pallacanestro Trapani1992–1993Iraklis Thessaloniki1993Papagou Athens1994Fórum Filatélico1994–1995Apollon Patras1995–1996Joventut Badalona
Career highlights and awards
Second-team All-Big Ten (1986)
Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com
John Paul Shasky (born July 31, 1964) is an American former professional basketball player, a 6'11" (211 cm) and 235 lb (107 kg) center. Born in Birmingham, Michigan, he played collegiately at the University of Minnesota for four seasons (from 1982 to 1986).
Shasky was selected with the 14th pick of the third round (61st pick overall) in the 1986 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. He played in the NBA for 3 seasons for the Miami Heat (1988/89), Golden State Warriors (1989/90), and Dallas Mavericks (1990/91), averaging 3.8 points and 2.8 rebounds per game in 11.1 minutes per game on average.
External links
NBA stats @ basketballreference.com
This biographical article relating to a United States basketball player, coach, or other figure born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"1986 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Miami Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Heat"},{"link_name":"Golden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Dallas Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks"}],"text":"John Paul Shasky (born July 31, 1964) is an American former professional basketball player, a 6'11\" (211 cm) and 235 lb (107 kg) center. Born in Birmingham, Michigan, he played collegiately at the University of Minnesota for four seasons (from 1982 to 1986).Shasky was selected with the 14th pick of the third round (61st pick overall) in the 1986 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. He played in the NBA for 3 seasons for the Miami Heat (1988/89), Golden State Warriors (1989/90), and Dallas Mavericks (1990/91), averaging 3.8 points and 2.8 rebounds per game in 11.1 minutes per game on average.","title":"John Shasky"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.nba.com/player/1117","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/s/shaskjo01.html","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"http://www.basketballreference.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=SHASKJO01","external_links_name":"NBA stats"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Shasky&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrer_Park_MRT_station | Farrer Park MRT station | ["1 History","2 Station details","2.1 Art in Transit","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 1°18′44″N 103°51′15″E / 1.312314°N 103.854028°E / 1.312314; 103.854028Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore
Not to be confused with Farrer Road MRT station.
NE8 Farrer Park花拉公园ஃபேரர் பார்க்
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stationExit B of Farrer Park MRT station.General informationLocation250 Race Course RoadSingapore 218703Coordinates1°18′44″N 103°51′15″E / 1.312314°N 103.854028°E / 1.312314; 103.854028Operated bySBS Transit Ltd (ComfortDelGro Corporation)Line(s) North East LinePlatforms2 (1 island platform)Tracks2ConnectionsBus, TaxiConstructionStructure typeUndergroundPlatform levels1ParkingYes (City Square Mall)AccessibleYesHistoryOpened20 June 2003; 20 years ago (2003-06-20)ElectrifiedYesServices
Preceding station
Mass Rapid Transit
Following station
Little Indiatowards HarbourFront
North East Line
Boon Kengtowards Punggol
LocationFarrer ParkFarrer Park station in Singapore
Farrer Park MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station along the North East line, located on the boundary of Kallang and Rochor planning areas, Singapore. It is one of the two stations that serve the ethnic district of Little India. The station sits underneath the Connexion building, an integrated hospital (Farrer Park Hospital) and hotel complex (One Farrer Hotel).
Farrer Park was named after John Farrer, who was President of the Municipal Commissioners from 1919 to 1931.
History
Station platform level
To accommodate the construction of the station, the formerly straight Race Course Road was broken up to its current two-part alignment, with both ends linked by junctions with Rangoon Road. Owen Road was also broken into two, as evident from its current alignment between Serangoon Road and Pek Kio estate. 55 lots required for the construction of the Farrer Park MRT station and the realignment of Race Course Road need to be surrendered by March 1997. However, as for the 51 lots required for the widening of Tessensohn Road and comprehensive redevelopment, the date of possession can be deferred to December 1997.
Construction was awarded on 15 June 1997 under the NEL Contract 706.
Before the station opened, the Singapore Civil Defence Force conducted the second ever Shelter Open House on 15–16 February 2003, together with Chinatown, Serangoon, and Hougang stations.
Station details
Located between Rangoon Road and Gloucester Road, Farrer Park station is close to Farrer Park Hospital, City Square Mall and Mustafa Centre. The station is served by the North East Line, between Little India and Boon Keng stations, and has the station code "NE8".
Art in Transit
Farrer Park is an area with a rich sporting heritage and history, and also known for being the site of Singapore's earliest horse racing turf club from the street name 'Old Racecourse Road' draws its name from. Farrer Park's interior design captured the spirit of the locality's sporting heritage with the Horse Racing and Soccer series of artworks titled Rhythmic Exuberance, by Singapore artist Poh Siew Wah. Another artwork by Poh, titled Aeroplane paid tribute to the first aeroplane landing in Singapore in 1911 at the Old Racecourse Road in Farrer Park.
References
^ "Station Information". SBS Transit. Singapore. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ "Art Invitational" (PDF). Art Outreach Singapore. 2005. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ Bruce Quek, Jamie Han (10 August 2009). "Art in Transit". National Library Board Singapore. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
External links
Media related to Farrer Park MRT Station at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vte Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations in SingaporeItalicised locations are currently not in operationNorth East Line
HarbourFront
Outram Park
Chinatown
Clarke Quay
Dhoby Ghaut
Little India
Farrer Park
Boon Keng
Potong Pasir
Woodleigh
Serangoon
Kovan
Hougang
Buangkok
Sengkang
Punggol
NELe (2024)
Punggol Coast
Depot(s)
NEL Sengkang
See also: Land Transport AuthoritySBS Transit
Trains portal
Singapore portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farrer Road MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrer_Road_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Mass Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"North East line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"Kallang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallang"},{"link_name":"Rochor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochor"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Little India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Farrer Park Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrer_Park_Hospital"}],"text":"Mass Rapid Transit station in SingaporeNot to be confused with Farrer Road MRT station.Farrer Park MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station along the North East line, located on the boundary of Kallang and Rochor planning areas, Singapore. It is one of the two stations that serve the ethnic district of Little India. The station sits underneath the Connexion building, an integrated hospital (Farrer Park Hospital) and hotel complex (One Farrer Hotel).Farrer Park was named after John Farrer, who was President of the Municipal Commissioners from 1919 to 1931.","title":"Farrer Park MRT station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NE8_Farrer_Park_MRT_Platforms_20201002_165541.jpg"},{"link_name":"Singapore Civil Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Serangoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangoon_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Hougang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hougang_MRT_station"}],"text":"Station platform levelTo accommodate the construction of the station, the formerly straight Race Course Road was broken up to its current two-part alignment, with both ends linked by junctions with Rangoon Road. Owen Road was also broken into two, as evident from its current alignment between Serangoon Road and Pek Kio estate. 55 lots required for the construction of the Farrer Park MRT station and the realignment of Race Course Road need to be surrendered by March 1997. However, as for the 51 lots required for the widening of Tessensohn Road and comprehensive redevelopment, the date of possession can be deferred to December 1997.Construction was awarded on 15 June 1997 under the NEL Contract 706.Before the station opened, the Singapore Civil Defence Force conducted the second ever Shelter Open House on 15–16 February 2003, together with Chinatown, Serangoon, and Hougang stations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City Square Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Square_Mall"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Centre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Located between Rangoon Road and Gloucester Road, Farrer Park station is close to Farrer Park Hospital, City Square Mall and Mustafa Centre. The station is served by the North East Line, between Little India and Boon Keng stations, and has the station code \"NE8\".[1]","title":"Station details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farrer Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrer_Park"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Poh Siew Wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poh_Siew_Wah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_in_Transit-3"}],"sub_title":"Art in Transit","text":"Farrer Park is an area with a rich sporting heritage and history, and also known for being the site of Singapore's earliest horse racing turf club from the street name 'Old Racecourse Road' draws its name from. Farrer Park's interior design captured the spirit of the locality's sporting heritage with the Horse Racing and Soccer series of artworks titled Rhythmic Exuberance, by Singapore artist Poh Siew Wah. Another artwork by Poh, titled Aeroplane paid tribute to the first aeroplane landing in Singapore in 1911 at the Old Racecourse Road in Farrer Park.[2][3]","title":"Station details"}] | [{"image_text":"Station platform level","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NE8_Farrer_Park_MRT_Platforms_20201002_165541.jpg/220px-NE8_Farrer_Park_MRT_Platforms_20201002_165541.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Station Information\". SBS Transit. Singapore. Retrieved 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbstransit.com.sg/Service/TrainInformation?TrainLine=NEL&Station=FRP","url_text":"\"Station Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art Invitational\" (PDF). Art Outreach Singapore. 2005. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725014605/http://www.artoutreachprogram.org/images/pdfs/AI%2005%20Art%20Auction.pdf","url_text":"\"Art Invitational\""},{"url":"http://www.artoutreachprogram.org/images/pdfs/AI%2005%20Art%20Auction.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bruce Quek, Jamie Han (10 August 2009). \"Art in Transit\". National Library Board Singapore. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1582_2009-10-07.html","url_text":"\"Art in Transit\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Farrer_Park_MRT_station¶ms=1.312314_N_103.854028_E_type:railwaystation_region:SG","external_links_name":"1°18′44″N 103°51′15″E / 1.312314°N 103.854028°E / 1.312314; 103.854028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Farrer_Park_MRT_station¶ms=1.312314_N_103.854028_E_type:railwaystation_region:SG","external_links_name":"1°18′44″N 103°51′15″E / 1.312314°N 103.854028°E / 1.312314; 103.854028"},{"Link":"https://www.sbstransit.com.sg/Service/TrainInformation?TrainLine=NEL&Station=FRP","external_links_name":"\"Station Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725014605/http://www.artoutreachprogram.org/images/pdfs/AI%2005%20Art%20Auction.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Art Invitational\""},{"Link":"http://www.artoutreachprogram.org/images/pdfs/AI%2005%20Art%20Auction.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1582_2009-10-07.html","external_links_name":"\"Art in Transit\""},{"Link":"http://www.sbstransit.com.sg/nel/trpt_nel_systemdetail.asp?statcode=NE8","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgi_Maisuradze | Giorgi Maisuradze | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Georgian footballer
Giorgi MaisuradzePersonal informationFull name
Giorgi Romanovich MaisuradzeDate of birth
(1991-12-09) 9 December 1991 (age 32)Height
1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2009–2010
FC Sioni Bolnisi
13
(0)2011–2012
FC Lokomotivi Tbilisi
9
(2)2012
FC Norchi Dinamo Tbilisi
1
(0)2014–2015
FC Sochi
14
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 04:17, 27 June 2015 (UTC)
Giorgi Romanovich Maysuradze (Georgian: გიორგი მაისურაძე; born 9 December 1991) is a Georgian football player. He also holds Russian citizenship.
He made his professional debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Sochi on 26 August 2014 in a game against FC TSK Simferopol.
References
^ "Career Summary". Russian Professional Football League. 30 September 2014.
External links
Career summary by sportbox.ru
This biographical article relating to association football in the country of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian Professional Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Professional_Football_League"},{"link_name":"FC Sochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sochi_2013"},{"link_name":"FC TSK Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_TSK_Simferopol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Giorgi Romanovich Maysuradze (Georgian: გიორგი მაისურაძე; born 9 December 1991) is a Georgian football player. He also holds Russian citizenship.He made his professional debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Sochi on 26 August 2014 in a game against FC TSK Simferopol.[1]","title":"Giorgi Maisuradze"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Career Summary\". Russian Professional Football League. 30 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pfl-russia.com/competitions/season-2014-2015/south/player.php?player=20615","url_text":"\"Career Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Professional_Football_League","url_text":"Russian Professional Football League"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.pfl-russia.com/competitions/season-2014-2015/south/player.php?player=20615","external_links_name":"\"Career Summary\""},{"Link":"http://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Georgiy-Romanovich-Maysuradze-Futbol-1315621048/","external_links_name":"Career summary by sportbox.ru"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giorgi_Maisuradze&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt_Lane | Butt Lane | ["1 Notable people","2 References"] | Coordinates: 53°05′06″N 2°15′41″W / 53.085°N 2.2613°W / 53.085; -2.2613
Human settlement in EnglandButt LaneCongleton Road, the main street of Butt LaneButt LaneLocation within StaffordshireOS grid referenceSJ825542DistrictNewcastle-under-LymeShire countyStaffordshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSTOKE-ON-TRENTPostcode districtST7Dialling code01782PoliceStaffordshireFireStaffordshireAmbulanceWest Midlands
UK ParliamentStoke-on-Trent North
List of places
UK
England
Staffordshire
53°05′06″N 2°15′41″W / 53.085°N 2.2613°W / 53.085; -2.2613
Butt Lane is a village in North Staffordshire near the town of Kidsgrove in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, North Staffordshire. Butt Lane borders on Church Lawton in Cheshire. A ward of the borough is named after the place.
Notable people
Reginald Mitchell CBE, FRAeS, (1895 in Congleton Road, Butt Lane – 1937 in Southampton) was the designer of the well-known World War II fighter airplane Spitfire, used by the Royal Air Force and their allies.
Ada Nield Chew (1870 at White Hall Farm, Butt Lane – 1945 in Burnley) was a British suffragist.
References
^ Ritchie, Sebastian. "Mitchell, Reginald Joseph (1895–1937)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004. Retrieved: 21 August 2010.
This Staffordshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Kidsgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidsgrove"},{"link_name":"Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Newcastle-under-Lyme"},{"link_name":"North Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Church Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Lawton"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt_Lane_(ward)"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandButt Lane is a village in North Staffordshire near the town of Kidsgrove in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, North Staffordshire. Butt Lane borders on Church Lawton in Cheshire. A ward of the borough is named after the place.","title":"Butt Lane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reginald Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ada Nield Chew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Nield_Chew"}],"text":"Reginald Mitchell CBE, FRAeS, (1895 in Congleton Road, Butt Lane – 1937 in Southampton) was the designer of the well-known World War II fighter airplane Spitfire, used by the Royal Air Force and their allies.[1]\nAda Nield Chew (1870 at White Hall Farm, Butt Lane – 1945 in Burnley) was a British suffragist.","title":"Notable people"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Butt_Lane¶ms=53.085_N_2.2613_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°05′06″N 2°15′41″W / 53.085°N 2.2613°W / 53.085; -2.2613"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Butt_Lane¶ms=53.084728_N_2.262721_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Butt+Lane","external_links_name":"SJ825542"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Butt_Lane¶ms=53.085_N_2.2613_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°05′06″N 2°15′41″W / 53.085°N 2.2613°W / 53.085; -2.2613"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35046","external_links_name":"\"Mitchell, Reginald Joseph (1895–1937).\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butt_Lane&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrek_Varblane | Indrek Varblane | ["1 References"] | Estonian basketball player
Indrek Varblane (born 5 May 1968) is an Estonian basketball player.
He was born in Tallinn. He has studied at Estonian Sports Gymnasium (TSIK).
He began his basketball career at the age of 15, coached by Pearn Pressraud. Later his coaches were Üllar Kerde and Jaanus Levkoi. He has played in the clubs Asto-Basket, BC Tallinn, Baltika, BC Nybit and Pirita BM. He has been a member of Estonia men's national basketball team.
References
^ a b c "Indrek_Varblane". www.esbl.ee. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
This biographical article relating to an Estonian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESBL-1"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Estonian Sports Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Sports_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESBL-1"},{"link_name":"Üllar Kerde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cllar_Kerde"},{"link_name":"Jaanus Levkoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaanus_Levkoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BC Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Tallinn"},{"link_name":"BC Nybit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Nybit"},{"link_name":"Estonia men's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESBL-1"}],"text":"Indrek Varblane (born 5 May 1968) is an Estonian basketball player.[1]He was born in Tallinn. He has studied at Estonian Sports Gymnasium (TSIK).[1]He began his basketball career at the age of 15, coached by Pearn Pressraud. Later his coaches were Üllar Kerde and Jaanus Levkoi. He has played in the clubs Asto-Basket, BC Tallinn, Baltika, BC Nybit and Pirita BM. He has been a member of Estonia men's national basketball team.[1]","title":"Indrek Varblane"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Indrek_Varblane\". www.esbl.ee. Retrieved 6 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Indrek_Varblane","url_text":"\"Indrek_Varblane\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Indrek_Varblane","external_links_name":"\"Indrek_Varblane\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indrek_Varblane&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Macedonian-Adrianople_Revolutionary_Organization | Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization | ["1 Ottoman era","1.1 Origins and goals","1.2 Armed struggle against the Ottomans","1.3 After Ilinden","1.4 Balkan Wars and World War I","2 Interwar period","3 Second World War period","4 Post-war period","5 Interpretations during the communist period","6 After the fall of communism","6.1 North Macedonia","6.2 Bulgaria","7 See also","8 References","9 Note","10 Notes","11 Sources","12 External links"] | Secret revolutionary society (1893–1934)
"IMRO" redirects here. For other uses, see IMRO (disambiguation).
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Вътрешна македонска революционна организация (Bulgarian)
Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација (Macedonian)
Emblem of the IMROLeaderHristo Tatarchev, Petar Pop-Arsov, Hristo Batandzhiev, Dame Gruev, Ivan Hadzhinikolov, Andon DimitrovFoundation23 October 1893 (4 November N.S.)Thessaloniki, Salonika Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (now Greece)Dissolved14 June 1934Group(s)BPMARO, MFO, ITRO, IlindenBSRB, IMRO (U), MSRC, SMAC, IDRO, Boatmen of ThessalonikiMotivesBefore WWI: Autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regionsDuring WWI: Incorporation of Vardar Macedonia, Belomorie and Pomoravie within BulgariaAfter WWI: Independent MacedoniaIdeologyMacedonia for the MacedoniansMajor actionsMiss Stone AffairKokošinje murdersŠtip massacre
Assassination of Alexander I of YugoslaviaKadrifakovo massacreGavran massacreStatusRevolutionary OrganisationAllies Kingdom of BulgariaOpponents Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of GreeceBattles and wars
Macedonian Struggle
Ilinden Uprising
Battle of Mečkin Kamen
Battle of Sliva
Battle of Smilevo
Balkan Wars
First Balkan War
Second Balkan War
Tikveš uprising
Ohrid-Debar uprising
World War I
Occupation of Serbia
War of the Stray Dog
World War II
Axis occupation of Serbia
Axis occupation of Greece
FlagPreceded byInternal Revolutionary OrganisationSucceeded byVMRO – Bulgarian National Movement (claimed)VMRO-DPMNE (claimed)
The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO; Bulgarian: Вътрешна македонска революционна организация (ВМРО), romanized: Vatrešna Makedonska Revoljucionna Organizacija (VMRO); Macedonian: Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација (ВМРО), romanized: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija (VMRO)), was a secret revolutionary society founded in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Founded in 1893 in Salonica, it initially aimed to gain autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions in the Ottoman Empire, however, it later became an agent serving Bulgarian interests in Balkan politics. IMRO modeled itself after the earlier Bulgarian Internal Revolutionary Organization of Vasil Levski and accepted its motto "Freedom or Death" (Свобода или смърть). According to the memoirs of some founding and ordinary members, in the Organization's earliest statute from 1894, the membership was reserved exclusively for Bulgarians. It used the Bulgarian language in all its documents and in its correspondence. The Organisation founded its Foreign Representation in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1896. Starting in the same year, it fought the Ottomans using guerrilla tactics, and in this, they were successful, even establishing a state within a state in some regions, including their tax collectors. This effort escalated in 1903 into the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising. The fighting involved about 15,000 IMRO irregulars and 40,000 Ottoman soldiers. After the uprising failed, and the Ottomans destroyed some 100 villages, the IMRO resorted to more systematic forms of terrorism targeting civilians. During the Balkan Wars and the First World War, the organization supported the Bulgarian army and joined Bulgarian war-time authorities when they temporarily took control over parts of Thrace and Macedonia. In this period, autonomism as a political tactic was abandoned, and annexationist positions were supported, aiming eventual incorporation of occupied areas into Bulgaria.
After the First World War the combined Macedonian-Thracian revolutionary movement separated into two detached organizations, IMRO and ITRO. After this moment the IMRO earned a reputation as an ultimate terror network, seeking to change state frontiers in the Macedonian regions of Greece and Serbia (later Yugoslavia). They contested the partitioning of Macedonia and launched raids from their Petrich stronghold into Greek and Yugoslav territory. Their base of operation in Bulgaria was jeopardized by the Treaty of Niš, and the IMRO reacted by assassinating Bulgarian prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski in 1923, with the cooperation of other Bulgarian elements opposed to him. In 1925 the Greek army launched a cross-border operation to reduce the IMRO base area, but it was ultimately stopped by the League of Nations, and IMRO attacks resumed. In the interwar period the IMRO also cooperated with the Croatian Ustaše, and their ultimate victim was Alexander I of Yugoslavia, assassinated in France in 1934. After the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934, their Petrich stronghold was subjected to a military crackdown by the Bulgarian army, and the IMRO was reduced to a marginal phenomenon.
The organization changed its name on several occasions. After the fall of communism in the region, numerous parties claimed the IMRO name and lineage to legitimize themselves. Among them, in Bulgaria a right-wing party carrying the prefix "VMRO" was established in the 1990s, while in then Republic of Macedonia a right-wing party was established under the name "VMRO-DPMNE".Excerpt from the statute of BMARC, (1894 or 1896; in Bulgarian)
Statute of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees
Chapter I. – Goal
Art. 1. The goal of BMARC is to secure full political autonomy for the Macedonia and Adrianople regions.
Art. 2. To achieve this goal they shall raise the awareness of self-defense in the Bulgarian population in the regions mentioned in Art. 1., disseminate revolutionary ideas – printed or verbal, and prepare and carry on a general uprising.
Chapter II. – Structure and Organization
Art. 3. A member of BMARC can be any Bulgarian, independent of gender, ...Excerpt from the statute of SMARO, (1896 or 1902; in Bulgarian) Statute of the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization Chapter I. – Goal Art. 1. The Secret Macedonian-Adrianople organization has the goal of uniting all the disgruntled elements in Macedonia and the Adrianople region, regardless of their nationality, to win, through a revolution, a full political autonomy for these two regions.
Art. 2. To achieve this goal, the organization fights to throw over the chauvinist propaganda and nationalist quarrels that are splintering and discouraging the Macedonian and Adrianople populations in his struggle against the common enemy; acts to bring in a revolutionary spirit and consciousness among the population, and uses all the means and efforts for the forthcoming and timely armament of the population with all that is needed for a general and universal uprising.
Chapter II. – Structure and Organization
Art. 3. The Secret Macedonon-Adrianoplitan revolutionary organization consists of local revolutionary organizations (bands) consisting of the members of local towns or villages.
Art. 4. A member of SMARO can be any Macedonian, or Adrianoplitan...Excerpt from the statute of IMARO, 1906 (in Bulgarian) Statute of Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (amended at the general congress in 1906) Chapter I. – Goal Art. 1. – The goal of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization is to unite any and all dissatisfied elements in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilyaet without regard to their nationality so that political autonomy can be gained for these two regions.
Art. 2. The Organization opposes any other country's intentions to divide and conquer these two regions.
Chapter II. – Means
Art. 3. To achieve this goal, the Organization aims to abolish chauvinist propaganda and nationalistic disputes, which split and weaken...Poster of most important members of IMARO and SMAC between 1893 and 1913.
Ottoman era
Origins and goals
See also: First Statute of the IMRO
The organization was founded in 1893 in Ottoman Thessaloniki by a small band of anti-Ottoman Macedono-Bulgarian revolutionaries, who considered Macedonia an indivisible territory and all of its inhabitants "Macedonians", no matter their religion or ethnicity. In practice, IMRO was established by Bulgarians and most of their followers were Bulgarians. The organization was a secret revolutionary society operating in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the goal of autonomous Macedonia and Adrianople regions. At that time IMRO was often called "the Bulgarian Committee", while its members were designated as Comitadjis, i.e. "committee men". Initially, they were against the aspirations of neighboring states in the area and saw the future autonomous Macedonia and Southern Thrace as a multi-ethnic entity. It appears likely that at the early stages of the struggle, a desired outcome of the autonomy was unification with Bulgaria. This aim was changed later with the idea of transforming the Balkans into a federal state, in which Macedonia and Thrace would enter as equal members. The idea of autonomy was strictly political and did not imply a secession from Bulgarian ethnicity. Even those, who advocated for independent Macedonia and Thrace, never doubted the predominantly Bulgarian character of the Slavic population in both areas. The organization was founded by Hristo Tatarchev, Dame Gruev, Petar Pop-Arsov, Andon Dimitrov, Hristo Batandzhiev and Ivan Hadzhinikolov. Most of them (with the exception of Ivan Hadzhinikolov) were closely connected with the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki.
According to Hristo Tatarchev's "Memoirs", IMRO was first called simply the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO), and the word "Bulgarian" was later dropped from it. However neither statutes nor regulations, or other basic documents with such names have not yet been found. It is believed by many historians that in 1894 or 1896 this probably unofficial name was changed to Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees (BMARC); and the organisation existed under this name until 1897 or 1902, when it was changed to Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (SMARO). Some Macedonian historians also acknowledge the existence of the name "ВMARC" in the very early period of the Organisation (1894–1896), while others dispute it. Thus, in North Macedonia it is generally assumed that in the period 1896–1902, the name of the organization was "SMARO". It is not disputed that the organization changed its name to Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) in 1905 and it is under this name referred to in Bulgarian historiography. After disbanding itself during the first Bulgarian annexation of Macedonia (1915–1918), the organization was revived in 1919 under the name Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), under which it is generally known today.
Gotse Delchev.
Ivan Hadzhinikolov in his memoirs lists the five basic principles of the MRO's foundation:
The revolutionary organization should be established within Macedonia and should act there so that the Greeks and Serbs couldn't label it as a tool of the Bulgarian government.
Its founders should be locals and living in Macedonia.
The political motto of the organization should be the autonomy of Macedonia.
The organization should be secret and independent, without any links with the governments of the liberated neighbor states, and
From the Macedonian immigrants in Bulgaria and the Bulgarian society, only moral and material help for the struggle of the Macedonian revolutionaries should be required.—
Hristo Tatarchev.
According to Dr. Hristo Tatarchev:
We talked a long time about the goal of this organization and at last we fixed it on the autonomy of Macedonia with the priority of the Bulgarian element. We couldn't accept the position for "direct joining to Bulgaria" because we saw that it would meet big difficulties by reason of confrontation of the Great powers and the aspirations of the neighbouring small countries and Turkey. It passed through our thoughts that one autonomous Macedonia could easier unite with Bulgaria subsequently and if the worst comes to the worst, that it could play a role as a unifying link of a federation of Balkan people. The region of Adrianople, as far as I remember, didn't take part in our program, and I think the idea to add it to autonomous Macedonia came later.—
In Dame Gruev's memoirs, the MRO's goals are stated as follows:
We grouped together and jointly worked out a statute. It was based on the same principles: demand for the implementation of the Berlin Treaty. The statute was worked out after the model of the Bulgarian revolutionary organisation before the Liberation. Our motto was "Implementation of the resolutions of the Berlin Treaty". We established a "Central Committee" with branches, membership fees, etc. Swearing in for each member was also envisaged. In the regulations, there was nothing concerning the Serbian propaganda but we intended to counteract it by enlightening the people.—
Dame Gruev
The Adrianople Region was the general name given by the Organization to those areas of Thrace which, like Macedonia, had been left under Turkish rule i.e. most of it, where the Bulgarian element predominated in the mixed population, too. The organized revolutionary movement in Thrace dates from 1895, when Dame Gruev recruited Hristo Kotsev, born in Shtip, who was then a teacher in the Bulgarian Men's High School of Adrianople. Acting in the name of the Central Committee, Kotsev set up a regional committee in Adrianople, and gradually committees were established in a large area.
The stated goal of the original Committee was to unite all elements dissatisfied with the Ottoman oppression in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet, eventually obtaining political autonomy for the two regions. In this task, the organisation hoped to enlist the support of the local Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians, Greeks and even Turks. Efforts were concentrated on moral propaganda and the prospect of rebellion and terrorist actions seemed distant. The organization developed quickly: only in a matter of a few years, the Committee had managed to establish a wide network of local organisations across Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet. These usually centered around the schools of the Bulgarian Exarchate and had as leaders local or Bulgarian-born teachers.
Although IMRO was predominantly ethnic Bulgarian since its establishment, it favoured the idea of an autonomous Macedonia and preferred to disassociate itself from official Bulgarian policy and was not under government control. Its founding leaders believed that an autonomous movement was more likely to find favour with the Great Powers than one which was a tool of the Bulgarian government. In the words of British contemporary observer Henry Brailsford:
When, in addition to these advantages, the Bulgarophil Macedonians started their marvellously-organised revolutionary committee in 1893, the Servian cause received its death-blow. By way of emphasising her antagonism to Bulgaria, official Servia now adopted an openly Turcophil policy, and nothing could be more fatal to the prospects of any Christian race in Turkey. The Macedonian peasantry will bestow their allegiance only on a propaganda which promises them some speedy prospect of release from the Ottoman yoke. The Servian movement is a purely official agitation, guided and financed in Belgrade; whereas, despite the sympathy of Sofia, the Bulgarian Revolutionary Committee is a genuine Macedonian organisation.—
What is more, some of its younger leaders espoused radical socialist and anarchist ideas and saw their goal as the establishment of a new form of government rather than unification with Bulgaria. Eventually, these considerations led the organisation to change its statute and accept as members not only Bulgarians but all Macedonians and Odrinians regardless of ethnicity or creed. In reality, however, besides some Aromanian members, its membership remained overwhelmingly Bulgarian Exarchist.
A convoy of captured Bulgarian IMRO activists.
Arthur D. Howden Smith joined VMRO and later wrote the book "Fighting the Turk in the Balkans".
In regard to the socialist and cosmopolitan ideas within the revolutionary movement, the American Albert Sonnichsen says:
I think that was the force of the abstract thought, that they kept in their mind, a thought which was far from chauvinism, because freedom for them stood higher than the rule of the Bulgarian, for them it was one perfect system equally applicable to Bulgarians, Greeks and Turks, a kind of heaven to which the whole world should aim.—
It is claimed by contemporary historians that the right wing supporters within the IMRO were probably much more likely to see unification with Bulgaria as a natural final outcome of Macedonian autonomy. Among other documents, they cite as an expression of this understanding the official letter that Dame Gruev and Boris Sarafov, leaders of the headquarters of the Second Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary district during the Ilinden uprising, wrote to the Bulgarian government:
The general staff considers for its duty to pay attention of the honoured Bulgarian government to the catastrophic consequences for Bulgarian nation, in case the government doesn't fulfill its duty toward its homogeneous brothers here in an impressible and energetic way, imposed by the circumstances and the danger, which threaten Bulgarian fatherland today.—
In his Macedonistic publication On Macedonian Matters written in the wake of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising, Krste Misirkov, a highly controversial writer who alternated between pan-Bulgarian and pan-Macedonian nationalism throughout his lifetime, described the IMARO as an organization of Bulgarian officials who work for Bulgarian interests and who are linked in name, and in church and school matters, to the people of Bulgaria, their country and their interests. Misirkov wrote:
We can call the Uprising whatever we like, but in fact, it was only a partial movement. It was, and still is, an affair of the Exarchists: that is, a Bulgarian ploy to settle the Macedonian question to its own advantage by creating a Bulgarian Macedonia... If the autonomy of Macedonia should result from the present Uprising, the Macedonian question will be settled not to the advantage of the Macedonians but of the Bulgarians, for the Committee, as we have seen earlier, is working behind a Bulgarian front... Thus the reason why the Uprising failed is perfectly clear: from the very outset it was established on the wrong basis instead of being a general Macedonian Uprising it was a partial insurrection with Bulgarian overtones. The only Macedonian Slavs who played a leading part in the Uprising were those who called themselves Bulgarians.—
Dimitar Vlahov, another extremely controversial politician and revolutionary, who also alternated between pan-Bulgarian and pan-Macedonian nationalism, member of the left wing of the Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary movement, later Bulgarian deputy in Ottoman Parliament, afterwards one of the main leaders of IMRO (United) – de facto extension of the Bulgarian Communist Party, finally elected in 1946 as ethnic Macedonian vice-president of the Praesidium of Communist Yugoslavia's Parliament, expressed in his book "The struggles of Macedonian people for freedom", published in Vienna in 1925, his view, confirmed again in Vlahov's "Memoirs", published in Skopje in 1970:
Firstly the revolutionary organization began to work among the Bulgarian population, even not among the whole of it, but only among this part, which participated in the Bulgarian Exarchate. IMRO treated suspiciously to the Bulgarians, which participated in other churches, as the Greek Patriarchate, the Catholic Church and the Protestant Church. As to the revolutionary activity among the other nationalities as Turks, Albanians, Greeks and Vlahs, such question did not exist for the founders of the organization. These other nationalities were for IMRO foreign people... Later, when the leaders of IMARO saw, that the idea for liberation of Macedonia can find followers among the Bulgarians non-Exarchists, as also among the other nationalities in Macedonia, and under the pressure from IMARO-members with left, socialist or anarchist convictions, they changed the statute of IMARO in sense, that member of IMARO can be any Macedonian, regardless of ethnicity or religious denomination.—
Armed struggle against the Ottomans
The initial period of idealism for IMARO ended, however, with the Vinitsa Affair and the discovery by the Ottoman police of a secret depot of ammunition near the Bulgarian border in 1897. The wide-scale repressions against the activists of the Committee led to its transformation into a militant guerilla organization, which engaged into attacks against Ottoman officials and punitive actions against suspected traitors. The guerilla groups of IMARO, known as "chetas" (чети) later (after 1903) also waged a war against the pro-Serbian and pro-Greek armed groups during the Greek Struggle for Macedonia.
IMRO Revolutionaries from Florina, 1903
Hristo Chernopeev's band in 1903.
IMARO's leadership of the revolutionary movement was challenged by two other factions: the Macedonian Supreme Committee in Sofia (Vurhoven makedono-оdrinski komitet – Върховен македоно-одрински комитет) and a smaller group of conservatives in Salonica – Bulgarian Secret Revolutionary Brotherhood (Balgarsko Tayno Revolyutsionno Bratstvo). The latter was incorporated in IMARO by 1902 but its members as Ivan Garvanov, were to exert a significant influence on the organization.
The battle flag of the Struga insurgent detachment during the Ilinden uprising with motto Свобода или смърть.
They were to push for the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising and later became the core of IMRO right-wing faction. The former organisation became known earlier than IMRO, after the 1895 raids into Turkish territory it organised from Bulgaria. Its founders were Macedonian immigrants in Bulgaria as well as Bulgarian army officers. They became known as the "supremists" or "externals" since they were based outside of Macedonia. The supremists resorted to terrorism against the Ottomans in the hope of provoking a war and thus Bulgarian annexation of Macedonia. For a time in the late 1890s IMARO leaders managed to gain control of the Supreme Committee but it soon split into two factions: one loyal to the IMARO and one led by some officers close to the Bulgarian prince. The second one staged an ill-fated uprising in Eastern Macedonia in 1902, where they were opposed militarily by local IMARO bands led by Yane Sandanski and Hristo Chernopeev, who were later to become the leaders of the IMARO left wing.
In Spring 1903, a group by young anarchists connected with IMARO from the Gemidzhii Circle – graduates from the Bulgarian secondary school in Thessaloniki – launched a campaign of terror bombing with the aim to attract the attention of the Great Powers to Ottoman oppression in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace.
In the same time the undisputed leader of the organization, Gotse Delchev, was killed in a skirmish with Turkish forces. Although Delchev had opposed the ideas for an uprising as premature, he finally had no choice but agree to that course of action but at least managed to delay its start from May to August. After his death in 1903 IMARO organised the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet, which after the initial successes including the forming of the Krushevo Republic, was crushed with much loss of life.
After Ilinden
General Tsontcheff, with revolutionists in 1904.
The failure of the 1903 insurrection resulted in the eventual split of the IMARO into a left-wing (federalist) faction in the Seres and Strumica districts and a right-wing faction (centralists) in the Salonica, Monastir, and Uskub (present-day Skopje) districts. The left-wing faction opposed Bulgarian nationalism and advocated the creation of a Balkan Socialist Federation with equality for all subjects and nationalities. The Supreme Macedonian Committee was disbanded in 1903 but the centralist faction of the IMORO drifted more and more towards Bulgarian nationalism as its regions became increasingly exposed to the incursions of Serb and Greek armed bands, which started infiltrating Macedonia after 1903. The years 1905–1907 saw much fighting between IMORO and Turkish forces as well as between IMORO and Greek and Serb detachments. Meanwhile, the split between the two factions became final when in 1907 Todor Panitza killed the right-wing activists Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov. The armed Albanian bands of Çerçiz Topulli cooperated and were on good terms with armed groups of Bulgarian-Macedonian revolutionaries operating in the Lake Prespa region and Kastoria area, a bond formed due to their hostility toward Greeks.
After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 both factions laid down their arms and joined the legal struggle. Yane Sandanski and Hristo Chernopeev contacted the Young Turks and started legal operation. They tried to set up the Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (MARO). Initially, the group developed only propaganda activities. Later, the congress for MARO's official inauguration failed and federalist wing joined mainstream political life as the Peoples' Federative Party (Bulgarian Section). Some of its leaders like Sandanski and Chernopeev participated in the march on Istanbul to depose the counter-revolutionaries. The former centralists formed the Union of the Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs and like the PFP participated in Ottoman elections. Soon, however, the Young Turk regime turned increasingly nationalist and sought to suppress the national aspirations of the various minorities in Macedonia and Thrace. This prompted most right-wing and some left-wing IMARO leaders to resume the armed fight in 1909. In January 1910 Hristo Chernopeev and some of his followers founded a Bulgarian People's Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. In 1911 a new Central Committee of IMARO was formed consisting of Todor Alexandrov, Hristo Chernopeev and Petar Chaulev. Its aim was to restore unity to the Organisation and direct the new armed struggle against the Turks more efficiently. After Chernopeev was killed in action in 1915 as a Bulgarian officer in World War I, he was replaced by the former supremist leader General Alexander Protogerov.
The partition of Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace in 1913
Balkan Wars and World War I
During the Balkan Wars former IMARO leaders of both the left and the right joined the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps and fought with the Bulgarian Army. Others like Sandanski with their bands assisted the Bulgarian army with its advance and still others penetrated as far as the region of Kastoria southwestern Macedonia. In the Second Balkan War IMORO bands fought the Greeks and Serbs behind the front lines but were subsequently routed and driven out. Notably, Petar Chaulev was one of the leaders of the Ohrid-Debar Uprising organised jointly by IMORO and the Albanians of Western Macedonia.
Sandanski (left in front of flag) with IMARO members supporting Bulgarian troops during Balkan wars.
Guerilla company of the 11th Macedonian Infantry Division composed of IMRO paramilitaries during WWI.
The Tikvesh Uprising was another uprising in late June 1913, organized by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization against the Serbian occupation of Vardar Macedonia and took place behind the Serbian lines during the Second Balkan War.
The result of the Balkan Wars was that the Macedonian region and Adrianople Thrace was partitioned between Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and the Ottoman Empire (the new state of Yugoslavia was created as after 1918 and started its existence as Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenians "SHS"), with Bulgaria getting the smallest share. In 1913 the whole Thracian Bulgarian population from the Ottoman part of Eastern Thrace was forcibly expelled to Bulgaria. IMARO, now led by Todor Aleksandrov, maintained its existence in Bulgaria, where it played a role in politics by playing upon Bulgarian irredentism and urging a renewed war to liberate Macedonia. This was one factor in Bulgaria allying itself with Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I. During the First World War in Macedonia (1915–1918) the organization supported Bulgarian army and joined to Bulgarian war-time authorities when they took control over Vardar Macedonia temporarily until the end of war. In this period the autonomism as political tactics was abandoned from all internal IMARO streams and all of them shared annexationist positions, supporting eventual incorporation of Macedonia in Bulgaria. IMARO organised the Valandovo action of 1915, which was an attack on a large Serbian force. Bulgarian army, supported by the organization's forces, was successful in the first stages of this conflict, managed to drive out the Serbian forces from Vardar Macedonia and came into positions on the line of the pre-war Greek-Serbian border, which was stabilized as a firm front until end of 1918.
After 1917 the Bulgarian government started using paramilitary groups to gain control over the internal situation in both Pomoravlje and Macedonia. Aleksandar Protogerov who headed the Bulgarian occupation troops in Morava region crushed the uprising in the Toplica district with the help of IMRO irregulars. Bulgarians paramilitary groups were responsible for multiple instances of war crimes committing during the war in the parts of the Kingdom of Serbia under Bulgarian occupation.
On the eve of outbreak of World War I, IMRO paramilitary activity in Serbia aimed to provoke a war with Bulgaria. At that time Serbia implemented in Macedonia a program of forced Serbianization. In an incident during 1914, when Bulgaria was still neutral, ca. 2,000 strong IMRO-cheta attacked a railway bridge over the Vardar River, massacring 477 men. In another incident in the same year, the first Macedonian recruits mobilized into the Serbian army demonstratively refused to take the military oath in Kragujevac, and were subjected to repression. As result IMRO set up a secret committee in Veles, which aim was to coordinate the transfer to Bulgaria of thousands of Macedonian deserters by the Serbian army. Later its comitadjis were incorporated into the regular Bulgarian Army and its power grew in significance. The fact that these paramilitary companies joined the Bulgarian Army marked a significant change in the way they were conducting war. At the beginning it formed the 11th Macedonian Infantry Division, and later other units, as for example guerilla companies. Its entrance into the war towards the end of 1915 contributed to the defeat and occupation of Serbia, and the unification of Macedonia with Bulgaria. In Serbia the IMRO activity was identical with the Bulgarian policy, supporting the Bulgarization of the area. At the end of 1915 and the beginning of 1916 several massacres of (sic) Serbomans were conducted in Vardar Macedonia in the areas of Azot, Skopska Crna Gora and Poreče by IMRO-irregulars, aided by the guerrilla companies of the 11th Macedonian Infantry Division. The police chief of the Military Inspection Area of Macedonia reported to the interior minister that he cannot deal with the lawlessness of the paramilitaries. In fact 1917 was the turning point when IMRO became the instrument used by the Bulgarian government to gain control over the internal situation in the Pomoravlje and most from the region of Macedonia. At that time the IMRO leaders as general Aleksandar Protogerov headed the Bulgarian occupation troops in Morava region and crushed the uprising in the Toplica district with the help by IMRO irregulars. Their methods caused death of thousand people, destruction of their property, looting and other war crimes committed during the war in the parts of the Kingdom of Serbia under Bulgarian control.
Interwar period
Todor Aleksandrov.
The post-war Treaty of Neuilly again denied Bulgaria what it felt was its share of Macedonia and Thrace. After this moment the combined Macedonian-Adrianopolitan revolutionary movement separated into two detached organizations: Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation (bulg. Вътрешна тракийска революционна организация) and Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation. ITRO was a revolutionary organisation active in the Greek regions of Thrace and Macedonia to the river Strymon and Rhodope Mountains between 1922 and 1934. The reason for the establishment of ITRO was the transfer of the region from Bulgaria to Greece in May 1920. ITRO proclaimed its goal as the "unification of all the disgruntled elements in Thrace regardless of their nationality", and to win full political independence for the region. Later IMRO created as a satellite organisation the Internal Western Outland Revolutionary Organisation (bulg. Вътрешна западнопокрайненска революционна организация), which operated in the areas of Tsaribrod and Bosilegrad, ceded to Yugoslavia. IMRO began sending armed bands called cheti into Greek and Yugoslav Macedonia and Thrace to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the oppressed population. On 23 March 1923 Aleksandar Stamboliyski, who favoured a détente with Greece and Yugoslavia, so that Bulgaria could concentrate on its internal problems, signed the Treaty of Niš with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and undertook the obligation to suppress the operations of the IMRO carried out from Bulgarian territory. However, in the same year IMRO agents assassinated him. IMRO had de facto full control of Pirin Macedonia (the Petrich District of the time) and acted as a "state within a state", which it used as a base for hit and run attacks against Yugoslavia with the unofficial support of the right-wing Bulgarian government and later Fascist Italy. Because of this, contemporary observers described the Yugoslav-Bulgarian frontier as the most fortified in Europe. General Alexandar Protogerov.
In 1923 and 1924 during the apogee of interwar military activity according to IMRO statistics in the region of Yugoslav (Vardar) Macedonia operated 53 chetas (armed bands), 36 of which penetrated from Bulgaria, 12 were local and 5 entered from Albania. The aggregate membership of the bands was 3245 komitas (guerilla rebels) led by 79 voivodas (commanders), 54 subcommanders, 41 secretaries and 193 couriers. 119 fights and 73 terroristic acts were documented. Serbian casualties were 304 army and gendarmery officers, soldiers and paramilitary fighters, more than 1300 were wounded. IMRO lost 68 voivodas and komitas, hundreds were wounded. In the region of Greek (Aegean) Macedonia 24 chetas and 10 local reconnaissance detachments were active. The aggregate membership of the bands was 380 komitas led by 18 voivodas, 22 subcommanders, 11 secretaries and 25 couriers. 42 battles and 27 terrorist acts were performed. Greek casualties were 83 army officers, soldiers and paramilitary fighters, over 230 were wounded. IMRO lost 22 voivodas and komitas, 48 were wounded. Thousands of locals were repressed by the Yugoslav and Greek authorities on suspicions of contacts with the revolutionary movement. The population in Pirin Macedonia was organized in a mass people's home guard. This militia was the only force, which resisted the Greek army when the Greek dictator, General Pangalos launched a military campaign against Petrich District in 1925. In 1934 the Bulgarian army confiscated 10,938 rifles, 637 pistols, 47 machine-guns, 7 mortars and 701,388 cartridges only in the Petrich and Kyustendil Districts. At the same time, a youth's extension of IMRO, the Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization was created. The statute of MYSRO was approved personally from IMRO's leader Todor Alexandrov. The aim of MYSRO was in concordance with the statute of IMRO – unification of all of Macedonia in an authonomous unit, within a future Balkan Federative Republic.
Nikola Pitu Gulev with interwar IMRO uniform.
The Sixth Congress of the Balkan Communist Federation under the leadership of the Bulgarian communist Vasil Kolarov and the Fifth Congress of the Comintern, an adjunct of the Soviet foreign policy, held concurrently in Moscow in 1923, voted for the formation of an "Autonomous and Independent Macedonia and Thrace." In 1924 IMRO entered negotiations with the Macedonian Federative Organization and the Comintern about collaboration between the communists and the Macedonian movement and the creation of a united Macedonian movement. The idea for a new unified organization was supported by the Soviet Union, which saw a chance for using this well-developed revolutionary movement to spread revolution in the Balkans and destabilize the Balkan monarchies. Alexandrov defended IMRO's independence and refused to concede on practically all points requested by the Communists. No agreement was reached except for a paper "Manifesto" (the so-called May Manifesto of 6 May 1924), in which the objectives of the unified Macedonian liberation movement were presented: independence and unification of partitioned Macedonia, fighting all the neighbouring Balkan monarchies, forming a Balkan Communist Federation and cooperation with the Soviet Union. Failing to secure Alexandrov's cooperation, the Comintern decided to discredit him and published the contents of the Manifesto on 28 July 1924 in the "Balkan Federation" newspaper. VMRO's leaders Todor Aleksandrov and Aleksandar Protogerov promptly denied through the Bulgarian press that they've ever signed any agreements, claiming that the May Manifesto was a communist forgery.
Mara Buneva Shortly after the publication, Todor Alexandrov was assassinated on 31 August, and IMRO came under the leadership of Ivan Mihailov, who became a powerful figure in Bulgarian politics. While IMRO's leadership was quick to ascribe Alexandrov's murder to the communists and even quicker to organise a revenge action against the immediate perpetrators, there is some doubt that Mihailov himself might have been responsible for the murder. Some Bulgarian and Macedonian historians like Zoran Todorovski speculate that it might have been the circle around Mihailov who organised the assassination on inspiration by the Bulgarian government, which was afraid of united IMRO-Communist action against it. However, neither version is corroborated by conclusive historical evidence. The result of the murder was further strife within the organisation and several high-profile murders, including that of Petar Chaulev (who led the Ohrid-Debar Uprising against the Serbian occupation) in Milan and ultimately Protogetov himself.
In this interwar period IMRO led by Aleksandrov and later by Mihailov took actions against the former left-wing assassinating several former members of IMORO's Sandanist wing, who meanwhile had gravitated towards the Bulgarian Communist Party and Macedonian Federative Organization. Gjorche Petrov was killed in Sofia in 1922, Todor Panitsa (who previously killed the right-wing oriented Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov) was assassinated in Vienna in 1924 by Mihailov's future wife Mencha Karnichiu. Dimo Hadjidimov, Georgi Skrizhovski, Alexander Bujnov, Chudomir Kantardjiev and many others were killed in the events of 1925. Meanwhile, the left-wing later did form the new organisation based on the principles previously presented in the May Manifesto. The new organization which was an opponent to Mihailov's IMRO was called IMRO (United) was founded in 1925 in Vienna. However, it did not have real popular support and remained based abroad with no revolutionary activities in Macedonia. Mihailov's group of young IMRO cadres soon got into conflict with the older guard of the organization. The latter were in favour of the old tactic of incursions by armed bands, whereas the former favoured more flexible tactics with smaller terrorist groups carrying selective assassinations. The conflict grew into a leadership struggle and Mihailov soon, in turn, ordered the assassination in 1928 of a rival leader, General Aleksandar Protogerov, which sparked a fratricidal war between "Mihailovists" and "Protogerovists". The less numerous Protogerovists soon became allied with Yugoslavia and certain Bulgarian military circles with fascist leanings and who favoured rapprochement with Yugoslavia. The policy of assassinations was effective in making Serbian rule in Vardar Macedonia feel insecure but in turn provoked brutal reprisals on the local peasant population. Having lost a lot of popular support in Vardar Macedonia due to his policies, Mihailov favoured the "internationalization" of the Macedonian question.
Vlado Chernozemski.
He established close links with the Croatian Ustashi and Italy. Numerous assassinations were carried out by IMRO agents in many countries, the majority in Yugoslavia. The most spectacular of these was the assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and the French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou in Marseille in 1934 in collaboration with the Croatian Ustashi. The killing was carried out by the VMRO assassin Vlado Chernozemski and happened after the suppression of IMRO following the 19 May 1934 military coup in Bulgaria. IMRO's constant fratricidal killings and assassinations abroad provoked some within Bulgarian military after the coup of 19 May 1934 to take control and break the power of the organization, which had come to be seen as a gangster organization inside Bulgaria and a band of assassins outside it. In 1934 Mihailov was forced to escape to Turkey. He ordered to his supporters not to resist to the Bulgarian army and to accept the disarmament peacefully, thus avoiding fratricides, destabilization of Bulgaria, civil war or external invasion. Many inhabitants of Pirin Macedonia met this disbandment with satisfaction because it was perceived as relief from an unlawful and quite often brutal parallel authority. IMRO kept its organization alive in exile in various countries but ceased to be an active force in Macedonian politics except for brief moments during World War II. Meanwhile, a resolution of the Comintern for recognition of a distinct ethnic Macedonian ethnicity, which was accepted also by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United), was published in January 1934. IMRO (United) remained active until 1936 when it was absorbed into the Balkan Communist Federation.
IMRO used at that time, what the American journalist H. R. Knickerbocker described as: "the only system I ever heard of to guarantee that their members carry out assigned assassinations, no matter what the police terror might be".
Second World War period
Metodi Shatorov – Sharlo
As the Bulgarian army entered Yugoslav Vardar Macedonia in 1941, it was greeted by most of the population as liberators and former IMRO members were active in organising Bulgarian Action Committees, charged with taking over the local authorities. Some former IMRO (United) members, such as Metodi Shatorov, who was the regional leader of the Yugoslav Communist Party, also refused to define the Bulgarian forces as occupiers, contrary to instructions from Belgrade and called for the incorporation of the local Macedonian Communist organisations within the Bulgarian Communist Party. This policy changed towards 1943 with the arrival of the Montenegrin Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, who began in earnest to organise armed resistance to the Bulgarian occupation. Many former IMRO members assisted the authorities in fighting Tempo's partizans.
In Greece the Bulgarian troops, following on the heels of the German invasion of the country, occupied the whole of Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace. In eastern and central Macedonia, some of the local Slavic-speaking minority greeted the Bulgarian troops as liberators, and efforts were undertaken by the Bulgarian authorities to "instill in them a Bulgarian national identity". Bulgaria officially annexed the occupied territories in Yugoslavia and Greece, which had long been a target of Bulgarian irredentism. The IMRO was also active in organising Bulgarian militias in Italian and German occupation zones against Greek nationalist and communist groups as EAM-ELAS and EDES. With the help of Mihailov and Macedonian emigres in Sofia, several pro-Bulgarian armed detachments "Ohrana" were organised in the Kastoria, Florina and Edessa districts. These were led by Bulgarian officers originally from Greek Macedonia – Andon Kalchev and Georgi Dimchev. It was apparent that Mihailov had broader plans which envisaged the creation of a Macedonian state under a German control. It was also anticipated that the IMRO volunteers would form the core of the armed forces of a future Independent Macedonia in addition to providing administration and education in the Florina, Kastoria and Edessa districts.
On 2 August 1944 (in what in the North Macedonia is referred to as the Second Ilinden) in the St. Prohor Pčinjski monastery at the Antifascist assembly of the national liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) with Panko Brashnarov (the former IMRO revolutionary from the Ilinden period and the IMRO United) as a first speaker, the SR Macedonia was officially proclaimed, as a federal state within Tito's Yugoslavia, receiving recognition from the Allies. After the declaration of war by Bulgaria on Germany, in September 1944 Mihailov arrived in German-occupied Skopje, where the Germans hoped that he could form a pro-German Independent State of Macedonia with their support. Seeing that the war is lost to Germany and to avoid further bloodshed, he refused. Mihailov eventually ended up in Rome where he published numerous articles, books and pamphlets on the Macedonian Question.
Post-war period
The execution of the revolutionist Kiril Gligorov by the Yugoslav authorities in 1925.
Members of the IMRO (United) participated in the forming of SR Macedonia a federal state of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and some of the leading members entered the government: Dimitar Vlahov, Panko Brashnarov, Pavel Shatev (the latter was the last surviving member of "Gemidzhii", the group that executed the Thessaloniki bombings of 1903). However, they were quickly ousted by cadres loyal to the Yugoslav Communist Party in Belgrade, who had had pro-Serbian leanings before the war. According to Macedonian historian Ivan Katardjiev such Macedonian activists came from IMRO (United) and the Bulgarian Communist Party never managed to get rid of their pro-Bulgarian bias and on many issues opposed the Serbian-educated leaders, who held most of the political power. Pavel Shatev went as far as to send a petition to the Bulgarian legation in Belgrade protesting the anti-Bulgarian policies of the Yugoslav leadership and the Serbianisation of the Bulgarian language.
From the start, the Yugoslav authorities organised frequent purges and trials of Macedonian communists and non-party people charged with autonomist deviation. Many of the left-wing IMRO government officials, including Pavel Shatev and Panko Brashnarov, were purged from their positions, too, then isolated, arrested, imprisoned or executed by the Yugoslav federal authorities on various (in many cases fabricated) charges including: pro-Bulgarian leanings, demands for greater or complete independence of Yugoslav Macedonia, collaboration with the Cominform after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948, forming of conspirative political groups or organisations, demands for greater democracy, etc. One of the victims of these campaigns was Metodija Andonov Cento, a wartime partisan leader and president of ASNOM, who was convicted of having worked for a "completely independent Macedonia" as an IMRO member. A survivor among the communists associated with the idea of Macedonian autonomy was Dimitar Vlahov, who was used "solely for window dressing".
On the other hand, former Mihailovists were also persecuted by the Belgrade-controlled authorities on accusations of collaboration with the Bulgarian occupation, Bulgarian nationalism, anti-communist and anti-Yugoslav activities, etc. Notable victims included Spiro Kitinchev, mayor of Skopje, Ilija Kocarev, mayor of Ohrid and Georgi Karev, the mayor of Krushevo during the Bulgarian occupation and brother of Ilinden revolutionary Nikola Karev. Another IMRO activist, Sterio Guli, son of Pitu Guli, reportedly shot himself upon the arrival of Tito's partisans in Krushevo in despair over what he saw as a second period of Serbian dominance in Macedonia. Also, Shatorov's supporters in Vardar Macedonia, called Sharlisti, were systematically exterminated by the YCP in the autumn of 1944, and repressed for their anti-Yugoslav and pro-Bulgarian political positions.
IMRO's supporters in Bulgarian Pirin Macedonia fared no better. With the help of some former Protogerovists, their main activists were hunted by the Communist police and many of them killed or imprisoned. Because some IMRO supporters openly opposed the then official policy of Communist Bulgaria to promote Macedonian ethnic consciousness in Pirin Macedonia they were repressed or exiled to the interior of Bulgaria. Many from this persecuted people emigrated through Greece and Turkey to Western countries. At this period the American and Greek intelligence services recruited some of them, trained them and later used this so-called "Goryani" as spies and saboteurs, smuggling them back to Communist Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.
Despite the fact that Yugoslav Macedonian historical scholarship reluctantly acknowledged the Bulgarian ethnic self-identification of the Ilinden IMRO leaders, they were adopted in the national pantheon of Yugoslav Macedonia as ethnic Macedonians. Official Yugoslav historiography asserted a continuity between the Ilinden of 1903 and the Ilinden of ASNOM in 1944 ignoring the fact that the first one included the uprising in the Adrianople part of Thrace region as well. The names of the IMRO revolutionaries were Goce Delchev, Pitu Guli, Dame Gruev and Yane Sandanski were included in the lyrics of the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia Denes nad Makedonija ("Today over Macedonia").
Interpretations during the communist period
Initially Lazar Koliševski, the leader of the new Yugoslav Republic—SR Macedonia, proclaimed that the Ilinden Uprising and the IMRO were Bulgarian conspiracies. Afterwards the historical studies in the country were expanded under direct political instructions from Belgrade. It was advanced as a key principle of the Macedonian historiography, that its primary goal was to create a separate national consciousness, and to sever any historical ties to Bulgaria. During the Cold War, particularly after the Tito–Stalin split, the heroes of 19th century left-wing IMRO, especially Delchev and Sandanski, were claimed by both Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, both internally and in a tactical game of international diplomacy. One thing that two countries had in common though was that the vague populism and anarchism of these historical figures was interpreted as a definite socialist program. Both regimes recognized the policies of the interwar leaders of the organization Todor Aleksandrov and Ivan Mihailov as "fascist".
In this race, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia was the first to incorporate the IMRO figures in its national pantheon, although some careful exceptions were made. The 1903 Ilinden Uprising was presented as a direct precursor of the 1944 events, which were termed a "Second Ilinden", in an effort to prove the continuity of the struggle for independence of the Macedonian nation. Consequently, it became necessary for the socialist authorities to show that 19th century IMRO figures, particularly Delchev and Sandanski, had been consciously Macedonian in identity. Delchev and Sandanski were adopted as symbols of the republic, had numerous monuments built in their honor, and they were often the topic of articles in the academic journal Macedonian Review, as was the Ilinden Uprising. In contrast, Todor Aleksandrov was labeled a Bulgarian bourgeois chauvinist. The claim to a Macedonian identity of Sandanski was used to bolster Skopje's claim to the Pirin region. According to historians John Lampe and Mark Mazower, IMRO heroes have been important in the creation of a Macedonian national ideology, in both Bulgaria and North Macedonia the historiographies thrive on proving that their version of history is wrong in turn making historical objectivity not important.
In the People's Republic of Bulgaria the situation was more complex, because the IMRO was associated with the 1923–34 anti-communist regime. Before 1960, although the subject was not taboo, few articles on the topic appeared in Bulgarian academic venues, and the IMRO figures were given mostly regional recognition in the Pirin region. After 1960, orders from the highest level were to reincorporate the Macedonian revolutionary movement in the Bulgarian history, and to prove the Bulgarian credentials of their historical leaders. This trend reached its peak in 1981 (the 1300 year anniversary of Bulgarian state), when Delchev and Sandanski were openly made historical symbols of the Bulgarian state in a proclamation of Lyudmila Zhivkova. There were also attempts to rehabilitate Todor Aleksandrov because of his Bulgarian nationalism, but these remained controversial due to his role in suppressing the left wing, a role for which he had been declared a fascist.
After the fall of communism
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
With both Bulgaria and Yugoslavia under Communist rule, there was no scope for IMRO's revival.
North Macedonia
After the fall of Communism in 1989 Yugoslavia began promptly to disintegrate and multi-partyism to emerge. Many exiles returned to Macedonia from abroad, and a new generation of young Macedonian intellectuals rediscovered the history of Macedonian nationalism. In these circumstances, it was not surprising that the IMRO name was revived. A new IMRO was founded on 17 June 1990 in Skopje. Although IMRO claims a line descent from the old IMRO, there is no real connection between the old IMRO and the new one. The party is called the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (In Macedonian: Vnatrešno-Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija-Demokratska Partija za Makedonsko Nacionalno Edinstvo, or VMRO-DPMNE) describes itself as a Christian Democratic party which supports the admission of Macedonia to NATO and the European Union.
A minor political party carrying the name IMRO is the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization–People's Party (VMRO-NP). Although a separate structure since the split in 2004, the political line of VMRO-NP is reminiscent of VMRO-DPMNE's and its members maintain close ties with the latter's party structure.
Bulgaria
VMRO's logo
A distinct IMRO-related organization was also revived in Bulgaria after 1989, first under the name VMRO-SMD (ВМРО-СМД), commonly known as VMRO, in the form of a cultural organisation. In 1996, the leaders of the organisation registered it as a political party in Bulgaria under the name VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement (ВМРО – Българско национално движение), or ВМРО–БНД (VMRO-BNM). This group continues to maintain that ethnic Macedonians are in fact Bulgarians.
A small spin-off from VMRO-BNM existed between 2010 and 2014, named VMRO – National Ideal for Unity (ВМРО – Национален идеал за единство), or ВМРО–НИЕ (VMRO-NIU), which used VMRO-BND's flag. In 2014, NIU merged into the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria.
See also
Velin Alaykov
Ivan Anastasov
Dimitar Andonov
Aleksandar Andreev
Ivan Angov
Bulgarian People's Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United)
Internal Revolutionary Organisation
Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation
Macedonia (region)
Macedonian Bulgarians
Macedonian Question
Ohrana
Thrace
Thracian Bulgarians
United Macedonia
March of the Macedonian Revolutionaries
Flags of Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization
References
^ For more see: Tchavdar Marinov, We, the Macedonians, The Paths of Macedonian Supra-Nationalism (1878–1912) in: Mishkova Diana ed., 2009, We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, Central European University Press, ISBN 9639776289, pp. 117-120.
^ Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, written by Loring Danforth, an article in Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
^ a b Mark Biondich (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.
^ Combs, Cindy C.; Slann, Martin W. (2009). Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition. Infobase Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4381-1019-6.
^ Duncan M. Perry, The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903, Duke University Press, 1988, ISBN 0822308134, pp. 39–40.
^ Vladimir Cretulescu (2016) "The Memoirs of Cola Nicea: A Case-Study on the Discursive Identity Construction of the Aromanian Armatoles in Early 20th Century Macedonia." Res Historica 41, p. 128.
^ Alexander Maxwell, "Slavic Macedonian Nationalism: From 'Regional' to 'Ethnic'", In Klaus Roth and Ulf Brunnbauer (eds.), Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Volume 1 (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2008), ISBN 9783825813871, p. 135.
^ Victor Roudometof (2002) Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict. Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question. Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 9780275976484, p. 112.
^ Alexis Heraclides, The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. Routledge, 2020, ISBN 9780367218263, p. 240.
^ "The Macedonian Revolutionary Organization used the Bulgarian standard language in all its programmatic statements and its correspondence was solely in the Bulgarian language...After 1944 all the literature of Macedonian writers, memoirs of Macedonian leaders, and important documents had to be translated from Bulgarian into the newly invented Macedonian." For more see: Bernard A. Cook ed., Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 0815340583, p. 808.
^ Frusetta, James Walter (2006). Bulgaria's Macedonia: Nation-building and state-building, centralization and autonomy in Pirin Macedonia, 1903–1952. pp. 137–140. ISBN 0-542-96184-9. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Bechev, Dimitar (2009). Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-5565-6. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ "Terrorist Transformations: IMRO and the Politics of Violence. Keith Brown. Brown University, The Watson Institute for International Studies". Watsoninstitute.org. Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ a b Mark Biondich (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–114. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.
^ Mark Biondich (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.
^ Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (2007). The Balkans: a post-communist history. Taylor & Francis. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-415-22962-3.
^ Frederick B. Chary (2011). The History of Bulgaria. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-313-38446-2.
^ Mark Biondich (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.
^ James Frusetta (2004). "Common Heroes, Divided Claims: IMRO Between Macedonia and Bulgaria". In John R. Lampe, Mark Mazower (ed.). Ideologies and national identities: the case of twentieth-century Southeastern Europe. Central European University Press. pp. 110–130. ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4.
^ a b D. Bell, John (1977). Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899–1923. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1400844210.
^ The Balkans. From Constantinople to Communism. Dennis P Hupchik, p. 299.
^ Shaw, Stanford J. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ "Encyclopædia Britannica – online, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization". Britannica.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, Introduction, p. Iviii.
^ Tchavdar Marinov, Famous Macedonia, the Land of Alexander: Macedonian identity at the crossroads of Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian nationalism in Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies with Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov as ed., BRILL, 2013, ISBN 900425076X, p. 300.
^ The word komitadji is Turkish, meaning literally "committee man". It came to be used for the guerilla bands, which, subsidized by the governments of the Christian Balkan states, especially of Bulgaria. For more see: The Making of a New Europe: R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary, Hugh Seton-Watson, Christopher Seton-Watson, Methuen, 1981, ISBN 0416747302, p. 71.
^ Rossos, Andrew (1903). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. ISBN 978-0817948818. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland. 1997. ISBN 978-0786402281. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ "Freedom or Death. The Life of Gotsé Delchev by Mercia MacDermott, The Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 322". Kroraina.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Идеята за автономия като тактика в програмите на национално-освободителното движение в Македония и Одринско (1893–1941), Димитър Гоцев, 1983, Изд. на Българска Академия на Науките, София, 1983, c. 34.; in English: The idea for autonomy as a tactic in the programs of the National Liberation movements in Macedonia and Adrianople regions 1893–1941", Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Dimitar Gotsev, 1983, p. 34. Among others, there are used the memoirs of the IMRO revolutionary Kosta Tsipushev, where he cited Delchev, that the autonomy then was only tactics, aiming future unification with Bulgaria. (55. ЦПА, ф. 226); срв. К. Ципушев. 19 години в сръбските затвори, СУ Св. Климент Охридски, 2004, ISBN 954-91083-5-X стр. 31–32. in English: Kosta Tsipushev, 19 years in Serbian prisons, Sofia University publishing house, 2004, ISBN 954-91083-5-X, p. 31-32.
^ Таjните на Македонија. Се издава за прв пат, Скопје 1999. in Macedonian – Ете како ја објаснува целта на борбата Гоце Делчев во 1901 година: "...Треба да се бориме за автономноста на Македанија и Одринско, за да ги зачуваме во нивната целост, како еден етап за идното им присоединување кон општата Болгарска Татковина". In English – How Gotse Delchev explained the aim of the struggle against the Ottomans in 1901: "...We have to fight for the autonomy of Macedonia and Adrianople regions as a stage for their future unification with our common fatherland, Bulgaria."
^ D. Law, Randall. Terrorism: A History. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. Chapter: The International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization.
^ The Times, (London), 16 September 1924, p. 9. An interview with Todor Alexandrov.
^ "The last interview with the leader of IMRO, Ivan Michailov in 1989 – newspaper 'Democratsia', Sofia, 8 January 2001, pp. 10–11". Macedoniainfo.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Statute of the Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation, 1923, Chapter I. – Goal – Art. 1. The Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation has the goal of uniting all the disgruntled elements in Thrace to the river Struma, regardless of their nationality, to win, through a revolution, a full political independence.
^ The Macedoine, "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics", by Ivo Banac, Cornell University Press, 1984.
^ Danforth, Loring M. (1997). The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-691-04356-6. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Цочо Билярски, Първите програмни документи на ВМОРО до есента на 1902 г., Известия на държавните архиви, София, 2004, кн. 87, с. 200-275.
^ Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894–1908 гг., Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, Лабаури Дмитрий Олегович, Местоиздаване и издателство: София, Академическое изд. им. проф. Марина Дринова, 2008, стр.7, ISBN 978-954-322-317-6.
^ According to Macedonian historian Ivan Katardzhiev, the organization never bore as an official name the designation "Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation" (MRO). For more see: Миноски, М. (2022). “Македонската историска наука и политиката во трите децении државна независност на Република Македонија“, In Дуев, Р. (ур.), Историјата и предизвиците на промените: материјали од тркалезната маса одржана на 23.02.2022 година по повод 75 години Институт за историја. Скопје: Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“ во Скопје - Филозофски факултет, стр. 89-117 (114).
^ Petar Pop Arsov: prilog kon proučavanjeto na makedonskoto nacionalnoosloboditelno dviženje, Edicija Istražuvanja, Vančo Ǵorǵiev, MM, 1997, p. 44.
^ Pandevska, M. (2012). The term "Macedonian(s)" in Ottoman Macedonia: On the map and in the mind. Nationalities Papers, 40(5), 747-766. doi:10.1080/00905992.2012.705265
^ Pandevska, Maria; Mitrova, Makedonka. (2020). The Concept of the millet in Turkish dictionaries: Its alteration and the impact on Ottoman Macedonia. Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia. 26. 171-192. DOI:10.14746/bp.2019.26.10
^ "Freedom or Death, The Life of Gotsé Delchev, by Mercia MacDermott, Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 230". Kroraina.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Howden Smith, Arthur Douglas (1908). Fighting the Turk in the Balkans: An American's Adventures with the Macedonian Revolutionists. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 311. ISBN 978-0343951320. She realized this before she undertook her first trip, and adopted the regular chetnik uniform, knickerbockers and all.
^ "Борбите на македонския народ за освобождение". Библиотека Балканска Федерация, № 1, Виена, 1925, стр. 11.
^ Кога зборувам за македонскиот народ ги имам предвид на прво место македонските Славјани. Под името македонски народ по тоа време мекедонските дејатели го разбираа целото население на Македнија, т.е. зборот Македонци имаше поскоро географски карактер...Кога револуционерната организација беше основана и почна да работи, ја започнува својата работа најнапред среде оние Македонци кои се викаа Бугари... Мемоари на Димитар Влахов. Скопје, 1970, с. 21.
^ Революционното братство е създадено в противовес на вътрешната организация от еволюционистите. Уставът му носи дата март 1897 г. и е подписан с псевдонимите на 12 членове – основатели. Братството създава свои организации на някои места в Македония и Одринско и влиза в остър конфликт с вътрешната организация, но през 1899–1900 г. се постига помирение и то се присъединява към нея – Христо Караманджуков, "Родопа през Илинденско-Преображенското въстание" (Изд. на Отечествения Фронт, София, 1986).
^ Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-1400847761.
^ Paul Mojzes, Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011, ISBN 1442206659, p. 38.
^ Benjamin Lieberman, Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe; Rowman & Littlefield, 2013, ISBN 144223038X, p. 75.
^ Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History, Volume 2; Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1443888494, p. 181.
^ Tsarnushanov, Costa. Macedonism and Macedonia's resistance against it. Sofia Univ. ed. "St. Kliment Ohridski ”, 1992. pp. 112–113. (in Bulgarian).
^ Gotsev, Dimitar. The National Liberation Struggle in Macedonia 1912–1915, Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1981, pp. 136–137, 151–153; (in Bulgarian).
^ Anatolii Prokopiev, Zlatko Ivanov. From voluntary movement to mobilization army – formation and composition of the 11th Macedonian infantry division in 1915 in The Volunteers in the Great War 1914–1918, Srđan Rudić, Dalibor Denda, Đorđe Đurić, Istorijski institut: Matica srpska, 2018, ISBN 8677431292, pp. 33–40.
^ John Paul Newman, The Origins, Attributes, and Legacies of Paramilitary Violence in the Balkans in War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War with Robert Gerwarth, John Horne as ed., OUP Oxford, 2013, ISBN 019968605X, p. 150.
^ "Бугарски масакри (1915)", "Македонска енциклопедиjа", том 1, стр. 216, МАНУ.
^ Руменин, Румен. Офицерският корпус в България 1878–1944 г. том 5 и 6. София, Издателство на Министерството на отбраната „Св. Георги Победоносец“, 1996. стр. 19.
^ Докладна записка за ролята на Т. Александров и Ал. Протогеров при управлението на Македония, София, 13 май 1916 г. ЦДИА, ф. 313, оп. 1, а.е.2193, л. 10–11. Георгиев, В., Ст. Трифонов. История на Българите 1878–1944 в документи. Том ІІ 1912–1918. София, 1996, с. 490–491
^ Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 183.
^ Pisarri 2011, p. 28-49.
^ Войната се връща, Анри Пози (Второ издание, Планета-7, София, 1992) стр. 33.
^ Огнянов, Михаил. Македония – преживяна съдба, С. 2003 (2 издание), с. 143 – 144.
^ Македония. История и политическа съдба", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том II, Издателство "Знание", София, 1998, p. 141. (In Bulgarian. In English: P. Petrov, ed. Macedonia. History and Political Fate, vol. 2, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1998, p. 141.)
^ Македония. История и политическа съдба", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том II, Издателство "Знание", София, 1998, p. 140. (In Bulgarian. In English: P. Petrov, ed. Macedonia. History and Political Fate, vol. 2, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1998, p. 140.)
^ Георги Баждаров, Моите спомени, (София – 1929 г. Съставител: Ангел Джонев)
^ "Принос към историята на Македонската Младежка Тайна Революционна Организация", Коста Църнушанов, Македонски Научен Институт, София, 1996.
^ Knickerbocker, H.R. (1941). Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind. Reynal & Hitchcock. pp. 77–78. ISBN 9781417992775.
^ Loring M. Danforth. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-691-04357-9.p. 73.
^ Mazower (2000), p. 276
^ Raĭkin, Spas (2001). Rebel with a just cause: a political journey against the winds of the 20th century, Spas Raĭkin, Pensoft Publishers, 2001, p. 375. ISBN 9789546421302. Retrieved 14 November 2011. ISBN 978-954-642-130-2
^ Мичев. Д. Македонският въпрос и българо-югославските отношения – 9 септември 1944–1949, Издателство: СУ Св. Кл. Охридски, 1992, стр. 91.
^ Stefan Troebst, Die bulgarisch-jugoslawische Kontroverse um Makedonien 1967–1982. R. Oldenbourg, 1983, ISBN 3486515217, p. 15.
^ Stephen E. Palmer, Robert R. King, Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books, 1971, ISBN 0208008217, pp. 6–7.
^ a b c James Frusetta (2004). "Common Heroes, Divided Claims: IMRO Between Macedonia and Bulgaria". In John R. Lampe, Mark Mazower (ed.). Ideologies and national identities: the case of twentieth-century Southeastern Europe. Central European University Press. pp. 110–115. ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4.
^ Mark Mazower, John Lampe (2004). Ideologies and National Identities: The Case of Twentieth-Century Southeastern Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9639241822.
Note
^ In his memoirs from 1928 Tatarchev, when mentioning its first name and structure, noted that he does not remember it very clearly, making the remark: "as far as I can remember." So far, no statutes or other basic documents with a similar name have been discovered from this period. According to Macedonian specialist Ivan Katardziev, the Organization never bore an official name MRO. In Tatarchev's own recollections from 1934 he maintains that in the first statute, the membership was allowed for every Bulgarian, from any region and that the possibility for membership of other nationalities was open in 1896 in a new statute. It seems he had mix up in his different memoires the circumstances from the first and from the second congresses of IMRO, hold in 1894 and 1896 respectively, when a different statutes were adopted.
Notes
^ "Illustration Ilinden", Sofia, 1936, b. I, p. 4–5
^ "The first central committee of IMRO. Memoirs of d-r Hristo Tatarchev", Materials for the Macedonian liberation movement, book IX (series of the Macedonian scientific institute of IMRO, led by Bulgarian academician prof. Lyubomir Miletich), Sofia, 1928, p. 102, поредица "Материяли за историята на македонското освободително движение" на Македонския научен институт на ВМРО, воден от българския академик проф. Любомир Милетич, книга IX, София, 1928; contemporary Macedonian translation: Tatarchev).
^ Materials about the History of the Macedonian Liberation Movement, Book V, Memoirs of Damjan Gruev, Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov, Sofia 1927, pp. 8 – 11; the original in Bulgarian.
^ Gjorche Petrov in his memoirs speaking about the Salonica congress of 1896 writes: "There was pointed out the need for a statute and official rules. Until then we had a very short list of rules in force, drafted by Dame (with the oath). That little list was unsystematic, lytographed. It was decided to come up with a full list of rules, a statute. When I came to Sofia, I compiled it there (with Delchev).".
^ Пейо Яворов, "Събрани съчинения", Том втори, "Гоце Делчев", Издателство "Български писател", София, 1977, стр. 27: "Тоя събор утвърждава един устав на революционната организация, почти копие на стария български, твърде оригинален с положението, че само еkзархисти българи се приемат за членове на комитетите." (in Bulgarian) In English: Peyo Yavorov, "Complete Works", Volume 2, biography "Gotse Delchev", Publishing house "Bulgarian writer", Sofia, 1977, p. 27: "This meeting sanctioned a statute of the revolutionary organisation, almost a copy of the old Bulgarian, rather original because of the condition that only Bulgarians Exarchists would be admitted to membership in the committees."
^ Пандев, К. "Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Исторически преглед, 1969, кн. I, стр. 68–80. (in Bulgarian)
^ Пандев, К. "Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Извeстия на Института за история, т. 21, 1970, стр. 250–257. (in Bulgarian)
^ Константин Пандев, Национално-освободителното движение в Македония и Одринско, София, 1979, с. 129–130. (Konstantin Pandev, The National Liberation Movement in Macedonia and the Odrin Region, Sofia 1979, pp. 129–130.)
^ Duncan Perry The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903 , Durham, Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 40–41, 210 n. 10.
^ Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entestehung und etwicklung bis 1908., Wiessbaden 1979, p. 112.
^ Академик Иван Катарџиев, "Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот", интервју, "Форум". (Academician Ivan Katardžiev, "I believe in Macedonian national immunity", interview, "Forum" magazine.)
^ Битоски, Крсте, сп. "Македонско Време", Скопје – март 1997
^ Public Record Office – Foreign Office 78/4951 Turkey (Bulgaria). From Elliot. 1898; УСТАВ НА ТМОРО. S. 1. published in Документи за борбата на македонскиот народ за самостојност и за национална држава, Скопје, Универзитет "Кирил и Методиј":Факултет за филозофско-историски науки, 1981, page 331 – 333.
^ Prior to the publication of Pandev's article Bulgarian historiography seemed to agree that the name SMARO dates back to 1896/7 (e.g. Silyanov 1933, vol. 1, p. 46). Contemporary Macedonian historians accuse Pandev of a nationalist bias.
^ Ivo Banac, The Macedoine (pp. 307–328 in of "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics", Cornell University Press, 1984)
^ Ivo Banac, The Macedoine (pp. 307–328 in of "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics", Cornell University Press, 1984)
^ H. N. Brailsford, Macedonia: Its races and their future, Methuen & Co., London, 1906.
^ Хр. Силянов, "Освободителнитe борби на Македония, том I", изд. на Илинденската Орг., София, 1933; (Hristo Silyanov, The Liberational Struggles of Macedonia, vol. 1, The Ilinden Organisation, Sofia, 1933.)
^ Albert Sonnichsen: Confessions of a Macedonian Bandit: A Californian in the Balkan Wars, Narrative Press, ISBN 1-58976-237-1.
^ A letter from the headquarters of the Second Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary district, centered around Monastir (present-day Bitola), represented by Dame Gruev and Boris Sarafov, to Bulgarian government from 9. IX. 1903. Macedonian translation.
^ Krste Misirkov, On Macedonian Matters, Sofia, 1933 misirkov.org
^ Krste Misirkov, On Macedonian Matters, Sofia, 1933 misirkov.org
^ Георги Баждаров, "Моите спомени", издание на Институт "България – Македония", София, 2001, стр. 78–81. (In Bulgarian, In English: Georgi Bazhdarov, "My memoirs", published by the Institute "Bulgaria-Macedonia", Sofia, 2001, pp. 78–81.)
^ "ДВИЖЕНИЕТО ОТСАМЪ ВАРДАРА И БОРБАТА СЪ ВЪРХОВИСТИТE по спомени на Яне Сандански, Черньо Пeевъ, Сава Михайловъ, Хр. Куслевъ, Ив. Анастасовъ Гърчето, Петъръ Хр. Юруковъ и Никола Пушкаровъ", съобщава Л. Милетичъ (София, Печатница П. Глушковъ, 1927); Материяли за историята на македонското освободително движение. Издава "Македонскиятъ Наученъ Институтъ". Книга VII. (L. Miletich, ed. Materials on the History of the Macedonian Liberation Movement, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1927 – "The Movement on this Side of the Vardar and the Struggle with the Supremists according to the memories of Jane Sandanski, Chernjo Peev, Sava Mihajlov, Hr. Kuslev, Iv. Anastasov – Grcheto, Petar Hr. Jurukov and Nikola Pushkarov")
^ Хр. Силянов, "Освободителнитe борби на Македония, том II", изд. на Илинденската Орг., София, 1933; Silyanov (Hristo Silyanov, The Liberational Struggles of Macedonia, vol. 2, The Ilinden Organisation, Sofia, 1933.)
^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, Published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914.
^ Хр. Силянов От Витоша до Грамос, Походът на една чета през Освободителната война – 1912 г., Издание на Костурското благотворително братство, София, 1920. From Vitosha to Gramos (Hr. Silyanov, From Vitosha to Gramos, published by the Kostur charitable society, Sofia, 1920)
^ Любомиръ Милетичъ, "Разорението на тракийските българи презъ 1913 година", Българска Академия на Науките, София, Държавна Печатница 1918 г. Miletich] (L. Miletich, The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1918)
^ Circular letter No9 issued by a secret meeting of former IMARO activists and members of its Central committee, held on 20 December 1919, cited in a collective research of the Macedonian Scientific Institute, "Освободителните борби на Македония", part 4, Sofia, 2002, retrieved on 26 October 2007: "Поради изменилите се условия в Македония и Тракия от Балканските войни насам, организацията се преименува от ВМОРО на ВМРО, като нейната цел си остава извоюване на автономия и обединение на разпокъсаните части на Македония." (in Bulgarian)
^ "Македония. История и политическа съдба", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том II, Издателство "Знание", София, 1998, pp. 140–141. (In Bulgarian. In English: P. Petrov, ed. Macedonia. History and Political Fate, vol. 2, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1998, pp. 140–141.)
^ "Македония. История и политическа съдба", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том II, Издателство "Знание", София, 1998, p. 206. (In Bulgarian. In English: P. Petrov, ed. Macedonia. History and Political Fate, vol. 2, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1998, p. 206.)
^ Р.П. Гришина, "ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВЗГЛЯДА НА МАКЕДОНСКИЙ ВОПРОС В БОЛЬШЕВИСТСКОЙ МОСКВЕ 1922–1924 гг." in МАКЕДОНИЯ – ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ, Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999. (R. P. Grishina "Formation of a View on the Macedonian Question in Bolshevik Moscow 1922–1924" in Macedonia. Problems of History and Culture, Institute of Slavistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1999.)
^ Р.П. Гришина, "ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВЗГЛЯДА НА МАКЕДОНСКИЙ ВОПРОС В БОЛЬШЕВИСТСКОЙ МОСКВЕ 1922–1924 гг." in МАКЕДОНИЯ – ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ, Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999. (R. P. Grishina "Formation of a View on the Macedonian Question in Bolshevik Moscow 1922–1924" in Macedonia. Problems of History and Culture, Institute of Slavistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1999.)
^ Р.П. Гришина, "ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВЗГЛЯДА НА МАКЕДОНСКИЙ ВОПРОС В БОЛЬШЕВИСТСКОЙ МОСКВЕ 1922–1924 гг." in МАКЕДОНИЯ – ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ, Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999. (R. P. Grishina "Formation of a View on the Macedonian Question in Bolshevik Moscow 1922–1924" in Macedonia. Problems of History and Culture, Institute of Slavistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1999.)
^ Ivo Banac, The Macedoine (pp. 307–328 in of "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics", Cornell University Press, 1984)
^ "Македония. История и политическа съдба", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том II, Издателство "Знание", София, 1998, pp. 205–206. (In Bulgarian. In English: P. Petrov, ed. Macedonia. History and Political Fate, vol. 2, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1998, pp. 205–206.)
^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), pp. 65–67.
^ Добрин Мичев. БЪЛГАРСКОТО НАЦИОНАЛНО ДЕЛО В ЮГОЗАПАДНА МАКЕДОНИЯ (1941–1944 г.), Македонски Преглед, 1, 1998.(Dobrin Michev, "Bulgarian National Activity in Southwest Macedonia 1941–1944", Macedonian Review, 1, 1998.)
^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), pp. 112–113.
^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), p. 137.
^ Katardjiev's foreword to Васил Ивановски. Зошто ние, Македонците, сме одделна нација?, Скопје, 1995, pp. 49–56. (Vasil Ivanovski, Why We Macedonians Are a Separate Nation?, Skopje, 1995)
^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), p. 137.
Димитър Гоцев. НОВАТА НАЦИОНАЛНО-ОСВОБОДИТЕЛНА БОРБА ВЪВ ВАРДАРСКА МАКЕДОНИЯ. Македонски научен институт, София, 1998.
^ Keith Brown. The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press (2003)
Sources
Пандев, К. "Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Исторически преглед, 1969, кн. I, стр. 68–80. (in Bulgarian)
Пандев, К. "Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Извeстия на Института за история, т. 21, 1970, стр. 249–257. (in Bulgarian)
Битоски, Крсте, сп. "Македонско Време", Скопје – март 1997, quoting: Quoting: Public Record Office – Foreign Office 78/4951 Turkey (Bulgaria), From Elliot, 1898, Устав на ТМОРО. S. 1. published in Документи за борбата на македонскиот народ за самостојност и за национална држава, Скопје, Универзитет "Кирил и Методиј": Факултет за филозофско-историски науки, 1981, pp 331 – 333. (in Macedonian)
Hugh Pouton Who Are the Macedonians?, C. Hurst & Co, 2000. p. 53. ISBN 1-85065-534-0
Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entestehung und etwicklung bis 1908., Wiessbaden 1979, p. 112.
Duncan Perry The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903 , Durham, Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 40–41, 210 n. 10.
Христо Татарчев, "Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация като митологична и реална същност", София, 1995. (in Bulgarian)
Dimitar Vlahov, Memoirs, 2nd edition, Slovo publishing, Skopje, 2003, ISBN 9989-103-22-4. (in Macedonian)
Series of memoirs, published by Macedonian Scientific Institute in Sofia during the interwar period in several volumes: Slaveiko Arsov, Pando Klyashev, Ivan Popov, Smile Voidanov, Deyan Dimitrov, Nikola Mitrev, Luka Dzherov, Georgi Pop Hristov, Angel Andreev, Georgi Papanchev, Lazar Dimitrov, Damyan Gruev, Boris Sarafov, Ivan Garvanov, Yane Sandanski, Chernyo Peev, Sava Mihailov, Hristo Kuslev, Ivan Anastasov Gyrcheto, Petyr Hr. Yurukov, Nikola Pushkarov], Macedonian translations, published by Kultura, Skopje, in 2 volumes, ISBN 9989-32-022-5 and ISBN 9989-32-077-2
Георги Баждаров, "Моите спомени", издание на Институт "България – Македония", София, 2001. In English: Georgi Bazhdarov, My memoirs, published by Institute Bulgaria-Macedonia, Sofia, 2001.
Nikola Kirov Majski, Pages from my life, Kultura, Skopje. (in Macedonian)
Albert Londres, Les Comitadjis (Le terrorisme dans les Balkans), Kultura, Skopje, ISBN 9989-32-067-5 (original edition: Arlea, Paris, 1992).
Albert Sonnichsen, Confessions of a Macedonian Bandit: A Californian in the Balkan Wars, The Narrative Press, ISBN 1-58976-237-1. Also here Confessions, Ch. XXIV (in English), and Macedonian translation.
Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage, Wiesbaden, 1979.
Константин Пандев, "Национално-освободителното движение в Македония и Одринско", София, 1979.
Ivo Banac, "The Macedoine", pp. 307–328 in of The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, Cornell University Press, 1984.
H. N. Brailsford, Macedonia: its races and their future, Methuen & Co., London, 1906 (Brailsford's photos)
Христо Силянов, "Освободителнитe борби на Македония", том I и II, изд. на Илинденската Организация, София, 1933 и 1943, also volume I
Любомиръ Милетичъ, "Разорението на тракийските българи презъ 1913 година", Българска Академия на Науките, София, Държавна Печатница, 1918 г.,
"Македония. История и политическа съдба", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том I, II и III, издателство "Знание", София, 1998.
"Македония – проблемы истории и культуры", Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999 (includes Р. П. Гришина, "Формирование взгляда на македонский вопрос в большевистской Москве 1922–1924 гг."), the complete symposium
Никола Петров, "Кои беа партизаните во Македонија", Скопje, 1998. (in Macedonian)
Palmer, S. and R. King, Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books, 1971.
Добрин Мичев, "Българското нацинално дело в югозападна Македония (1941–1944 г.)", "Македонски Преглед", 1, 1998. (in Bulgarian)
Keith Brown, The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2003.
Pisarri (2011). "Suppressing Toplica Uprising: VMRO as Leading Force of Repression". Vojnoistorijski Glasnik (in Serbian) (2). Institut za strategijska istraživanja: 28–49.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IMRO.
Website of Macedonian VMRO-DPMNE (in Macedonian and English)
The statute of BMARC from a Macedonian language website
The complete statute of BMARC
History of the Greek-Macedonian Fighters (Μακεδονομάχοι – Makedonomachi), adversaries of the IMRO
Website of Bulgarian VMRO-BND
Macedonian site about history of IMRO – includes Dr. Tatarchev's complete memoirs
vteBalkan WarsBackground
Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
Albanian
Bulgarian
Greek
Serbian
Congress of Berlin
Annexation of Eastern Rumelia
Serbo-Bulgarian War
Greco-Turkish War of 1897
Cretan State
IMRO & Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
Macedonian Struggle
Young Turk Revolution
Bosnian Crisis
Bulgarian Independence
31 March Incident
Goudi coup
Italo-Turkish War
Albanian revolt of 1912
Balkan League
First Balkan WarBattles
Sarantaporo
Kardzhali
Pente Pigadia
Sorovich
Kumanovo
Kirk Kilisse
Scutari
Lule Burgas
Yenidje
Adrianople
Prilep
Himara
Monastir
First Çatalca
Kaliakra
Merhamli
Driskos
Elli
Korytsa
Lemnos
Bulair
Şarköy
Bizani
Second Çatalca
Diplomacy and politics
London Conference
Albanian Independence
1913 Ottoman coup d'état
Treaty of London
Second Balkan WarBattles
Kilkis–Lachanas
Doiran
Bregalnica
Knjaževac
Kalimanci
Kresna Gorge
Southern Dobruja
Romanian landings in Bulgaria
Vidin
Pirot
Diplomacy and politics
Greek–Serbian Alliance
Provisional Government of Western Thrace
Treaty of Bucharest
Treaty of Constantinople
Treaty of Athens
Other
1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
GeneralAftermath
Autonomy of Northern Epirus
Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
Sarajevo Assassination and World War I
Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
Balkans campaign of WWI
Serbian campaign
Macedonian front
Atrocities
Carnegie Commission
Massacres of Albanians
Bulgarians deportation program
Massacres of Civilians
Initial phase of the Greek genocide
Places burned down
Participants
Bulgaria
Ferdinand I
Ivan Geshov
Stoyan Danev
Mihail Savov
Ivan Fichev
Vasil Kutinchev
Nikola Ivanov
Radko Dimitriev
Stiliyan Kovachev
Georgi Todorov
Greece
George I
Constantine I
Eleftherios Venizelos
Panagiotis Danglis
Pavlos Kountouriotis
Konstantinos Sapountzakis
Viktor Dousmanis
Montenegro
Nicholas I
Crown Prince Danilo
Janko Vukotić
Ottoman Empire
Mehmed V
Nazim Pasha
Zeki Pasha
Esad Pasha
Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
Ali Rıza Pasha
Hasan Tahsin Pasha
Enver Bey
Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Romania
Carol I
Crown Prince Ferdinand
Alexandru Averescu
Serbia
Peter I
Crown Prince Alexander
Radomir Putnik
Petar Bojović
Stepa Stepanović
Božidar Janković
Other Balkan states: Albania (Ismail Kemal)
Category
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IMRO (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRO_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"Ottoman territories in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_territories_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Salonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biondich2011-3"},{"link_name":"autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy_for_Macedonia_and_Adrianople_regions"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Internal Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"Vasil Levski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Levski"},{"link_name":"Свобода или смърть","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Organization's earliest statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_statute_of_the_IMRO"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Foreign Representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Representation_of_the_Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"state within a state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_within_a_state"},{"link_name":"Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biondich2011-3"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"ITRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Thracian_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Petrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrich"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Stamboliyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Stamboliyski"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biondich2011b-14"},{"link_name":"launched a cross-border operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_at_Petrich"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ustaše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BideleuxJeffries2007-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chary2011-17"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1934"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biondich2011b-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LampeMazower2004-19"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"VMRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO-BND"},{"link_name":"Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"VMRO-DPMNE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ustavmakodr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_statute_of_the_IMRO"},{"link_name":"autonomy for the Macedonia and Adrianople regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy_for_Macedonia_and_Adrianople_regions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMARO.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-1932K-1-2-2(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rezano_VMRO.jpg"},{"link_name":"SMAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Macedonian_Committee"}],"text":"Secret revolutionary society (1893–1934)\"IMRO\" redirects here. For other uses, see IMRO (disambiguation).The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO; Bulgarian: Вътрешна македонска революционна организация (ВМРО), romanized: Vatrešna Makedonska Revoljucionna Organizacija (VMRO); Macedonian: Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација (ВМРО), romanized: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija (VMRO)), was a secret revolutionary society founded in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[2]Founded in 1893 in Salonica,[3] it initially aimed to gain autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions in the Ottoman Empire, however, it later became an agent serving Bulgarian interests in Balkan politics.[4] IMRO modeled itself after the earlier Bulgarian Internal Revolutionary Organization of Vasil Levski and accepted its motto \"Freedom or Death\" (Свобода или смърть).[5] According to the memoirs of some founding and ordinary members, in the Organization's earliest statute from 1894, the membership was reserved exclusively for Bulgarians.[6][7][8][9] It used the Bulgarian language in all its documents and in its correspondence.[10] The Organisation founded its Foreign Representation in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1896. Starting in the same year, it fought the Ottomans using guerrilla tactics, and in this, they were successful, even establishing a state within a state in some regions, including their tax collectors. This effort escalated in 1903 into the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising. The fighting involved about 15,000 IMRO irregulars and 40,000 Ottoman soldiers. After the uprising failed, and the Ottomans destroyed some 100 villages, the IMRO resorted to more systematic forms of terrorism targeting civilians.[3] During the Balkan Wars and the First World War, the organization supported the Bulgarian army and joined Bulgarian war-time authorities when they temporarily took control over parts of Thrace and Macedonia. In this period, autonomism as a political tactic was abandoned, and annexationist positions were supported, aiming eventual incorporation of occupied areas into Bulgaria.[11]After the First World War the combined Macedonian-Thracian revolutionary movement separated into two detached organizations, IMRO and ITRO.[12] After this moment the IMRO earned a reputation as an ultimate terror network, seeking to change state frontiers in the Macedonian regions of Greece and Serbia (later Yugoslavia).[13] They contested the partitioning of Macedonia and launched raids from their Petrich stronghold into Greek and Yugoslav territory. Their base of operation in Bulgaria was jeopardized by the Treaty of Niš, and the IMRO reacted by assassinating Bulgarian prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski in 1923, with the cooperation of other Bulgarian elements opposed to him.[14] In 1925 the Greek army launched a cross-border operation to reduce the IMRO base area, but it was ultimately stopped by the League of Nations, and IMRO attacks resumed.[15] In the interwar period the IMRO also cooperated with the Croatian Ustaše, and their ultimate victim was Alexander I of Yugoslavia, assassinated in France in 1934.[16][17] After the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934, their Petrich stronghold was subjected to a military crackdown by the Bulgarian army,[14] and the IMRO was reduced to a marginal phenomenon.[18]The organization changed its name on several occasions. After the fall of communism in the region, numerous parties claimed the IMRO name and lineage to legitimize themselves.[19] Among them, in Bulgaria a right-wing party carrying the prefix \"VMRO\" was established in the 1990s, while in then Republic of Macedonia a right-wing party was established under the name \"VMRO-DPMNE\".Excerpt from the statute of BMARC, (1894 or 1896; in Bulgarian)\nStatute of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees\nChapter I. – Goal\nArt. 1. The goal of BMARC is to secure full political autonomy for the Macedonia and Adrianople regions.\nArt. 2. To achieve this goal they [the committees] shall raise the awareness of self-defense in the Bulgarian population in the regions mentioned in Art. 1., disseminate revolutionary ideas – printed or verbal, and prepare and carry on a general uprising.\nChapter II. – Structure and Organization\n\nArt. 3. A member of BMARC can be any Bulgarian, independent of gender, ...Excerpt from the statute of SMARO, (1896 or 1902; in Bulgarian) Statute of the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization Chapter I. – Goal Art. 1. The Secret Macedonian-Adrianople organization has the goal of uniting all the disgruntled elements in Macedonia and the Adrianople region, regardless of their nationality, to win, through a revolution, a full political autonomy for these two regions.\nArt. 2. To achieve this goal, the organization fights to throw over the chauvinist propaganda and nationalist quarrels that are splintering and discouraging the Macedonian and Adrianople populations in his struggle against the common enemy; acts to bring in a revolutionary spirit and consciousness among the population, and uses all the means and efforts for the forthcoming and timely armament of the population with all that is needed for a general and universal uprising.\nChapter II. – Structure and Organization\nArt. 3. The Secret Macedonon-Adrianoplitan revolutionary organization consists of local revolutionary organizations (bands) consisting of the members of local towns or villages.\n\nArt. 4. A member of SMARO can be any Macedonian, or Adrianoplitan...Excerpt from the statute of IMARO, 1906 (in Bulgarian) Statute of Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (amended at the general congress in 1906) Chapter I. – Goal Art. 1. – The goal of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization is to unite any and all dissatisfied elements in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilyaet without regard to their nationality so that political autonomy can be gained for these two regions.\nArt. 2. The Organization opposes any other country's intentions to divide and conquer these two regions.\nChapter II. – Means\n\nArt. 3. To achieve this goal, the Organization aims to abolish chauvinist propaganda and nationalistic disputes, which split and weaken...Poster of most important members of IMARO and SMAC between 1893 and 1913.","title":"Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ottoman era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Statute of the IMRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Statute_of_the_IMRO"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Macedono-Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_(obsolete_terminology)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"autonomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Comitadjis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitadji"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Hristo Tatarchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Tatarchev"},{"link_name":"Dame Gruev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Gruev"},{"link_name":"Petar Pop-Arsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Pop-Arsov"},{"link_name":"Andon Dimitrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon_Dimitrov"},{"link_name":"Hristo Batandzhiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Batandzhiev"},{"link_name":"Ivan Hadzhinikolov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Hadzhinikolov"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Men%27s_High_School_of_Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Perry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_adanir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_pandev1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_pandev2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_pandev3"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_statute_of_the_IMRO"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_katardzhiev"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_bitoski"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_bghist"},{"link_name":"first Bulgarian annexation of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G_Delchev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gotse Delchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotse_Delchev"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Hadzhinikolov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hristo_Tatar%C4%8Dev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hristo Tatarchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Tatarchev"},{"link_name":"Hristo Tatarchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Tatarchev"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Tatarchev"},{"link_name":"Dame Gruev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Gruev"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian revolutionary organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revolutionary_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Gruev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dame_Gruev_Portrait.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Dame Gruev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Gruev"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Dame Gruev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Gruev"},{"link_name":"Hristo Kotsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hristo_Kotsev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shtip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtip"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Men's High School of Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Men%27s_High_School_of_Adrianople"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Adrianople Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Aromanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians"},{"link_name":"Megleno-Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanians"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Adrianople Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Exarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Banac1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Banac2"},{"link_name":"Henry Brailsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brailsford"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Brailsford"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_n4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMARO_Activists_-_Bulgarian_Comitadjii_-_Captured_by_the_Ottoman_Police.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_D._Howden_Smith_dressed_in_the_rebel_uniform_of_the_Macedonians_c._1907.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arthur D. Howden Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Howden_Smith"},{"link_name":"VMRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Albert Sonnichsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sonnichsen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Sonnichsen"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_letter"},{"link_name":"Macedonistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonism"},{"link_name":"Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden-Preobrazhenie_uprising"},{"link_name":"Krste Misirkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krste_Misirkov"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Mak"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Misirkov"},{"link_name":"Dimitar Vlahov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Vlahov"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Parliament"},{"link_name":"IMRO (United)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRO_(United)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Praesidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praesidium"},{"link_name":"Communist Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Origins and goals","text":"See also: First Statute of the IMROThe organization was founded in 1893 in Ottoman Thessaloniki by a small band of anti-Ottoman Macedono-Bulgarian revolutionaries,[20] who considered Macedonia an indivisible territory and all of its inhabitants \"Macedonians\", no matter their religion or ethnicity.[21] In practice, IMRO was established by Bulgarians and most of their followers were Bulgarians.[22] The organization was a secret revolutionary society operating in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the goal of autonomous Macedonia and Adrianople regions.[23] At that time IMRO was often called \"the Bulgarian Committee\",[24][25] while its members were designated as Comitadjis, i.e. \"committee men\".[26] Initially, they were against the aspirations of neighboring states in the area and saw the future autonomous Macedonia and Southern Thrace as a multi-ethnic entity.[27][28] It appears likely that at the early stages of the struggle, a desired outcome of the autonomy was unification with Bulgaria.[29][30][31][32] This aim was changed later with the idea of transforming the Balkans into a federal state, in which Macedonia and Thrace would enter as equal members.[33][34][35] The idea of autonomy was strictly political and did not imply a secession from Bulgarian ethnicity.[36] Even those, who advocated for independent Macedonia and Thrace, never doubted the predominantly Bulgarian character of the Slavic population in both areas.[37] The organization was founded by Hristo Tatarchev, Dame Gruev, Petar Pop-Arsov, Andon Dimitrov, Hristo Batandzhiev and Ivan Hadzhinikolov.[20] Most of them (with the exception of Ivan Hadzhinikolov) were closely connected with the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki.According to Hristo Tatarchev's \"Memoirs\", IMRO was first called simply the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO), and the word \"Bulgarian\" was later dropped from it.[note 1] However neither statutes nor regulations, or other basic documents with such names have not yet been found.[38] It is believed by many historians[1][2][3][4][5][39] that in 1894 or 1896 this probably unofficial name[40] was changed to Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees (BMARC); and the organisation existed under this name until 1897 or 1902, when it was changed to Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (SMARO). Some Macedonian historians[6][7][41] also acknowledge the existence of the name \"ВMARC\" in the very early period of the Organisation (1894–1896), while others dispute it. Thus, in North Macedonia it is generally assumed that in the period 1896–1902, the name of the organization was \"SMARO\".[42][43] It is not disputed that the organization changed its name to Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) in 1905 and it is under this name referred to in Bulgarian historiography.[8] After disbanding itself during the first Bulgarian annexation of Macedonia (1915–1918), the organization was revived in 1919 under the name Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), under which it is generally known today.Gotse Delchev.Ivan Hadzhinikolov in his memoirs lists the five basic principles of the MRO's foundation:The revolutionary organization should be established within Macedonia and should act there so that the Greeks and Serbs couldn't label it as a tool of the Bulgarian government.\nIts founders should be locals and living in Macedonia.\nThe political motto of the organization should be the autonomy of Macedonia.\nThe organization should be secret and independent, without any links with the governments of the liberated neighbor states, and\nFrom the Macedonian immigrants in Bulgaria and the Bulgarian society, only moral and material help for the struggle of the Macedonian revolutionaries should be required.— [9]Hristo Tatarchev.According to Dr. Hristo Tatarchev:We talked a long time about the goal of this organization and at last we fixed it on the autonomy of Macedonia with the priority of the Bulgarian element. We couldn't accept the position for \"direct joining to Bulgaria\" because we saw that it would meet big difficulties by reason of confrontation of the Great powers and the aspirations of the neighbouring small countries and Turkey. It passed through our thoughts that one autonomous Macedonia could easier unite with Bulgaria subsequently and if the worst comes to the worst, that it could play a role as a unifying link of a federation of Balkan people. The region of Adrianople, as far as I remember, didn't take part in our program, and I think the idea to add it to autonomous Macedonia came later.— [10]In Dame Gruev's memoirs, the MRO's goals are stated as follows:We grouped together and jointly worked out a statute. It was based on the same principles: demand for the implementation of the Berlin Treaty. The statute was worked out after the model of the Bulgarian revolutionary organisation before the Liberation. Our motto was \"Implementation of the resolutions of the Berlin Treaty\". We established a \"Central Committee\" with branches, membership fees, etc. Swearing in for each member was also envisaged. In the regulations, there was nothing concerning the Serbian propaganda but we intended to counteract it by enlightening the people.— [11]Dame GruevThe Adrianople Region was the general name given by the Organization to those areas of Thrace which, like Macedonia, had been left under Turkish rule i.e. most of it, where the Bulgarian element predominated in the mixed population, too. The organized revolutionary movement in Thrace dates from 1895, when Dame Gruev recruited Hristo Kotsev, born in Shtip, who was then a teacher in the Bulgarian Men's High School of Adrianople. Acting in the name of the Central Committee, Kotsev set up a regional committee in Adrianople, and gradually committees were established in a large area.[44]The stated goal of the original Committee was to unite all elements dissatisfied with the Ottoman oppression in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet, eventually obtaining political autonomy for the two regions. In this task, the organisation hoped to enlist the support of the local Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians, Greeks and even Turks. Efforts were concentrated on moral propaganda and the prospect of rebellion and terrorist actions seemed distant. The organization developed quickly: only in a matter of a few years, the Committee had managed to establish a wide network of local organisations across Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet. These usually centered around the schools of the Bulgarian Exarchate and had as leaders local or Bulgarian-born teachers.[12]Although IMRO was predominantly ethnic Bulgarian since its establishment, it favoured the idea of an autonomous Macedonia and preferred to disassociate itself from official Bulgarian policy and was not under government control. Its founding leaders believed that an autonomous movement was more likely to find favour with the Great Powers than one which was a tool of the Bulgarian government. [13] In the words of British contemporary observer Henry Brailsford:When, in addition to these advantages, the Bulgarophil Macedonians started their marvellously-organised revolutionary committee in 1893, the Servian cause received its death-blow. By way of emphasising her antagonism to Bulgaria, official Servia now adopted an openly Turcophil policy, and nothing could be more fatal to the prospects of any Christian race in Turkey. The Macedonian peasantry will bestow their allegiance only on a propaganda which promises them some speedy prospect of release from the Ottoman yoke. The Servian movement is a purely official agitation, guided and financed in Belgrade; whereas, despite the sympathy of Sofia, the Bulgarian Revolutionary Committee is a genuine Macedonian organisation.— [14]What is more, some of its younger leaders espoused radical socialist and anarchist ideas and saw their goal as the establishment of a new form of government rather than unification with Bulgaria. Eventually, these considerations led the organisation to change its statute and accept as members not only Bulgarians but all Macedonians and Odrinians regardless of ethnicity or creed. In reality, however, besides some Aromanian members, its membership remained overwhelmingly Bulgarian Exarchist.[15]A convoy of captured Bulgarian IMRO activists.Arthur D. Howden Smith joined VMRO and later wrote the book \"Fighting the Turk in the Balkans\".[45]In regard to the socialist and cosmopolitan ideas within the revolutionary movement, the American Albert Sonnichsen says:I think that was the force of the abstract thought, that they kept in their mind, a thought which was far from chauvinism, because freedom for them stood higher than the rule of the Bulgarian, for them it was one perfect system equally applicable to Bulgarians, Greeks and Turks, a kind of heaven to which the whole world should aim.— [16]It is claimed by contemporary historians that the right wing supporters within the IMRO were probably much more likely to see unification with Bulgaria as a natural final outcome of Macedonian autonomy. Among other documents, they cite as an expression of this understanding the official letter that Dame Gruev and Boris Sarafov, leaders of the headquarters of the Second Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary district during the Ilinden uprising, wrote to the Bulgarian government:The general staff considers for its duty to pay attention of the honoured Bulgarian government to the catastrophic consequences for Bulgarian nation, in case the government doesn't fulfill its duty toward its homogeneous brothers here in an impressible and energetic way, imposed by the circumstances and the danger, which threaten Bulgarian fatherland today.— [17]In his Macedonistic publication On Macedonian Matters written in the wake of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising, Krste Misirkov, a highly controversial writer who alternated between pan-Bulgarian and pan-Macedonian nationalism throughout his lifetime, described the IMARO as an organization of Bulgarian officials who work for Bulgarian interests and who are linked in name, and in church and school matters, to the people of Bulgaria, their country and their interests[18]. Misirkov wrote:We can call the Uprising whatever we like, but in fact, it was only a partial movement. It was, and still is, an affair of the Exarchists: that is, a Bulgarian ploy to settle the Macedonian question to its own advantage by creating a Bulgarian Macedonia... If the autonomy of Macedonia should result from the present Uprising, the Macedonian question will be settled not to the advantage of the Macedonians but of the Bulgarians, for the Committee, as we have seen earlier, is working behind a Bulgarian front... Thus the reason why the Uprising failed is perfectly clear: from the very outset it was established on the wrong basis instead of being a general Macedonian Uprising it was a partial insurrection with Bulgarian overtones. The only Macedonian Slavs who played a leading part in the Uprising were those who called themselves Bulgarians.— [19]Dimitar Vlahov, another extremely controversial politician and revolutionary, who also alternated between pan-Bulgarian and pan-Macedonian nationalism, member of the left wing of the Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary movement, later Bulgarian deputy in Ottoman Parliament, afterwards one of the main leaders of IMRO (United) – de facto extension of the Bulgarian Communist Party, finally elected in 1946 as ethnic Macedonian vice-president of the Praesidium of Communist Yugoslavia's Parliament, expressed in his book \"The struggles of Macedonian people for freedom\", published in Vienna in 1925, his view, confirmed again in Vlahov's \"Memoirs\", published in Skopje in 1970:Firstly the revolutionary organization began to work among the Bulgarian population, even not among the whole of it, but only among this part, which participated in the Bulgarian Exarchate. IMRO treated suspiciously to the Bulgarians, which participated in other churches, as the Greek Patriarchate, the Catholic Church and the Protestant Church. As to the revolutionary activity among the other nationalities as Turks, Albanians, Greeks and Vlahs, such question did not exist for the founders of the organization. These other nationalities were for IMRO foreign people... Later, when the leaders of IMARO saw, that the idea for liberation of Macedonia can find followers among the Bulgarians non-Exarchists, as also among the other nationalities in Macedonia, and under the pressure from IMARO-members with left, socialist or anarchist convictions, they changed the statute of IMARO in sense, that member of IMARO can be any Macedonian, regardless of ethnicity or religious denomination.— [46][47]","title":"Ottoman era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vinitsa Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinitsa_Affair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Greek Struggle for Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Struggle_for_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dzole-i-tane-lerinsko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Florina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chernopeevs_band.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hristo Chernopeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Chernopeev"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Supreme Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Supreme_Committee"},{"link_name":"Salonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonica"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Secret Revolutionary Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Secret_Revolutionary_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Ivan Garvanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Garvanov"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Struga_1903_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Struga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struga"},{"link_name":"Свобода или смърть","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C"},{"link_name":"Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden-Preobrazhenie_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Yane Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yane_Sandanski"},{"link_name":"Hristo Chernopeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Chernopeev"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_n6"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"a campaign of terror bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki_bombings_of_1903"},{"link_name":"Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Gotse Delchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotse_Delchev"},{"link_name":"Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden-Preobrazhenie_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Adrianople Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Krushevo Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krushevo_Republic"}],"sub_title":"Armed struggle against the Ottomans","text":"The initial period of idealism for IMARO ended, however, with the Vinitsa Affair and the discovery by the Ottoman police of a secret depot of ammunition near the Bulgarian border in 1897. The wide-scale repressions against the activists of the Committee led to its transformation into a militant guerilla organization, which engaged into attacks against Ottoman officials and punitive actions against suspected traitors. The guerilla groups of IMARO, known as \"chetas\" (чети) later (after 1903) also waged a war against the pro-Serbian and pro-Greek armed groups during the Greek Struggle for Macedonia.IMRO Revolutionaries from Florina, 1903Hristo Chernopeev's band in 1903.IMARO's leadership of the revolutionary movement was challenged by two other factions: the Macedonian Supreme Committee in Sofia (Vurhoven makedono-оdrinski komitet – Върховен македоно-одрински комитет) and a smaller group of conservatives in Salonica – Bulgarian Secret Revolutionary Brotherhood (Balgarsko Tayno Revolyutsionno Bratstvo). The latter was incorporated in IMARO by 1902 but its members as Ivan Garvanov, were to exert a significant influence on the organization.[48]The battle flag of the Struga insurgent detachment during the Ilinden uprising with motto Свобода или смърть.They were to push for the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising and later became the core of IMRO right-wing faction. The former organisation became known earlier than IMRO, after the 1895 raids into Turkish territory it organised from Bulgaria. Its founders were Macedonian immigrants in Bulgaria as well as Bulgarian army officers. They became known as the \"supremists\" or \"externals\" since they were based outside of Macedonia. The supremists resorted to terrorism against the Ottomans in the hope of provoking a war and thus Bulgarian annexation of Macedonia. For a time in the late 1890s IMARO leaders managed to gain control of the Supreme Committee but it soon split into two factions: one loyal to the IMARO and one led by some officers close to the Bulgarian prince. The second one staged an ill-fated uprising in Eastern Macedonia in 1902, where they were opposed militarily by local IMARO bands led by Yane Sandanski and Hristo Chernopeev, who were later to become the leaders of the IMARO left wing. [20]In Spring 1903, a group by young anarchists connected with IMARO from the Gemidzhii Circle – graduates from the Bulgarian secondary school in Thessaloniki – launched a campaign of terror bombing with the aim to attract the attention of the Great Powers to Ottoman oppression in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace.In the same time the undisputed leader of the organization, Gotse Delchev, was killed in a skirmish with Turkish forces. Although Delchev had opposed the ideas for an uprising as premature, he finally had no choice but agree to that course of action but at least managed to delay its start from May to August. After his death in 1903 IMARO organised the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet, which after the initial successes including the forming of the Krushevo Republic, was crushed with much loss of life.","title":"Ottoman era"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Tsontcheff_with_Macedonian_Revolutionists.jpg"},{"link_name":"General Tsontcheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Tsonchev"},{"link_name":"Salonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonica"},{"link_name":"Monastir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir,_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Uskub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskub"},{"link_name":"Balkan Socialist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Socialist_Federation"},{"link_name":"Supreme Macedonian Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Macedonian_Committee"},{"link_name":"Boris Sarafov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Sarafov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Garvanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Garvanov"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_n5"},{"link_name":"Çerçiz Topulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87er%C3%A7iz_Topulli"},{"link_name":"Lake Prespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Prespa"},{"link_name":"Kastoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastoria"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skendi211212-50"},{"link_name":"Young Turk Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Yane Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yane_Sandanski"},{"link_name":"Young Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks"},{"link_name":"Peoples' Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_Federative_Party_(Bulgarian_Section)"},{"link_name":"Union of the Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Bulgarian_Constitutional_Clubs"},{"link_name":"Young Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_carnegie1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian People's Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_People%27s_Macedonian-Adrianople_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"Todor Alexandrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Alexandrov"},{"link_name":"Petar Chaulev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Chaulev"},{"link_name":"Alexander Protogerov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Protogerov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Balkan_boundaries_after_1913.jpg"}],"sub_title":"After Ilinden","text":"General Tsontcheff, with revolutionists in 1904.The failure of the 1903 insurrection resulted in the eventual split of the IMARO into a left-wing (federalist) faction in the Seres and Strumica districts and a right-wing faction (centralists) in the Salonica, Monastir, and Uskub (present-day Skopje) districts. The left-wing faction opposed Bulgarian nationalism and advocated the creation of a Balkan Socialist Federation with equality for all subjects and nationalities. The Supreme Macedonian Committee was disbanded in 1903 but the centralist faction of the IMORO drifted more and more towards Bulgarian nationalism as its regions became increasingly exposed to the incursions of Serb and Greek armed bands, which started infiltrating Macedonia after 1903. The years 1905–1907 saw much fighting between IMORO and Turkish forces as well as between IMORO and Greek and Serb detachments. Meanwhile, the split between the two factions became final when in 1907 Todor Panitza killed the right-wing activists Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov.[21] The armed Albanian bands of Çerçiz Topulli cooperated and were on good terms with armed groups of Bulgarian-Macedonian revolutionaries operating in the Lake Prespa region and Kastoria area, a bond formed due to their hostility toward Greeks.[49]After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 both factions laid down their arms and joined the legal struggle. Yane Sandanski and Hristo Chernopeev contacted the Young Turks and started legal operation. They tried to set up the Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (MARO). Initially, the group developed only propaganda activities. Later, the congress for MARO's official inauguration failed and federalist wing joined mainstream political life as the Peoples' Federative Party (Bulgarian Section). Some of its leaders like Sandanski and Chernopeev participated in the march on Istanbul to depose the counter-revolutionaries. The former centralists formed the Union of the Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs and like the PFP participated in Ottoman elections. Soon, however, the Young Turk regime turned increasingly nationalist and sought to suppress the national aspirations of the various minorities in Macedonia and Thrace. This prompted most right-wing and some left-wing IMARO leaders to resume the armed fight in 1909.[22] In January 1910 Hristo Chernopeev and some of his followers founded a Bulgarian People's Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. In 1911 a new Central Committee of IMARO was formed consisting of Todor Alexandrov, Hristo Chernopeev and Petar Chaulev. Its aim was to restore unity to the Organisation and direct the new armed struggle against the Turks more efficiently. After Chernopeev was killed in action in 1915 as a Bulgarian officer in World War I, he was replaced by the former supremist leader General Alexander Protogerov.The partition of Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace in 1913","title":"Ottoman era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Kastoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastoria"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Gramos"},{"link_name":"Petar Chaulev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Chaulev"},{"link_name":"Ohrid-Debar Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid-Debar_Uprising"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandanski2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yane_Sandanski"},{"link_name":"Balkan wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-1932K-1-420-6.jpg"},{"link_name":"11th Macedonian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Macedonian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Tikvesh Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikvesh_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Vardar Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Thracian Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Eastern Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Thrace"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Miletich1"},{"link_name":"Todor Aleksandrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Aleksandrov"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"First World War in Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Vardar Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_bazhdarov"},{"link_name":"Vardar Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"firm front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Serbianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbianization"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"cheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheta_(armed_group)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Kragujevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles,_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"comitadjis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitadji"},{"link_name":"11th Macedonian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Macedonian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Bulgarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarization"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-57"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Serbomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbomans"},{"link_name":"Azot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot_(region)"},{"link_name":"Skopska Crna Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora"},{"link_name":"Poreče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"11th Macedonian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Macedonian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Pomoravlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomoravlje_(region)"},{"link_name":"region of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Protogerov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Protogerov"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisarri201128-49-62"}],"sub_title":"Balkan Wars and World War I","text":"During the Balkan Wars former IMARO leaders of both the left and the right joined the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps and fought with the Bulgarian Army. Others like Sandanski with their bands assisted the Bulgarian army with its advance and still others penetrated as far as the region of Kastoria southwestern Macedonia.[23] In the Second Balkan War IMORO bands fought the Greeks and Serbs behind the front lines but were subsequently routed and driven out. Notably, Petar Chaulev was one of the leaders of the Ohrid-Debar Uprising organised jointly by IMORO and the Albanians of Western Macedonia.Sandanski (left in front of flag) with IMARO members supporting Bulgarian troops during Balkan wars.Guerilla company of the 11th Macedonian Infantry Division composed of IMRO paramilitaries during WWI.The Tikvesh Uprising was another uprising in late June 1913, organized by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization against the Serbian occupation of Vardar Macedonia and took place behind the Serbian lines during the Second Balkan War.The result of the Balkan Wars was that the Macedonian region and Adrianople Thrace was partitioned between Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and the Ottoman Empire (the new state of Yugoslavia was created as after 1918 and started its existence as Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenians \"SHS\"), with Bulgaria getting the smallest share. In 1913 the whole Thracian Bulgarian population from the Ottoman part of Eastern Thrace was forcibly expelled to Bulgaria.[24] IMARO, now led by Todor Aleksandrov, maintained its existence in Bulgaria, where it played a role in politics by playing upon Bulgarian irredentism and urging a renewed war to liberate Macedonia. This was one factor in Bulgaria allying itself with Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I. During the First World War in Macedonia (1915–1918) the organization supported Bulgarian army and joined to Bulgarian war-time authorities when they took control over Vardar Macedonia temporarily until the end of war. In this period the autonomism as political tactics was abandoned from all internal IMARO streams and all of them shared annexationist positions, supporting eventual incorporation of Macedonia in Bulgaria.[25] IMARO organised the Valandovo action of 1915, which was an attack on a large Serbian force. Bulgarian army, supported by the organization's forces, was successful in the first stages of this conflict, managed to drive out the Serbian forces from Vardar Macedonia and came into positions on the line of the pre-war Greek-Serbian border, which was stabilized as a firm front until end of 1918.After 1917 the Bulgarian government started using paramilitary groups to gain control over the internal situation in both Pomoravlje and Macedonia. Aleksandar Protogerov who headed the Bulgarian occupation troops in Morava region crushed the uprising in the Toplica district with the help of IMRO irregulars. Bulgarians paramilitary groups were responsible for multiple instances of war crimes committing during the war in the parts of the Kingdom of Serbia under Bulgarian occupation.On the eve of outbreak of World War I, IMRO paramilitary activity in Serbia aimed to provoke a war with Bulgaria. At that time Serbia implemented in Macedonia a program of forced Serbianization.[50][51] In an incident during 1914, when Bulgaria was still neutral, ca. 2,000 strong IMRO-cheta attacked a railway bridge over the Vardar River, massacring 477 men.[52] In another incident in the same year, the first Macedonian recruits mobilized into the Serbian army demonstratively refused to take the military oath in Kragujevac, and were subjected to repression.[53] As result IMRO set up a secret committee in Veles, which aim was to coordinate the transfer to Bulgaria of thousands of Macedonian deserters by the Serbian army.[54] Later its comitadjis were incorporated into the regular Bulgarian Army and its power grew in significance. The fact that these paramilitary companies joined the Bulgarian Army marked a significant change in the way they were conducting war. At the beginning it formed the 11th Macedonian Infantry Division, and later other units, as for example guerilla companies.[55] Its entrance into the war towards the end of 1915 contributed to the defeat and occupation of Serbia, and the unification of Macedonia with Bulgaria. In Serbia the IMRO activity was identical with the Bulgarian policy, supporting the Bulgarization of the area.[56] At the end of 1915 and the beginning of 1916 several massacres of (sic) Serbomans were conducted in Vardar Macedonia in the areas of Azot, Skopska Crna Gora and Poreče by IMRO-irregulars, aided by the guerrilla companies of the 11th Macedonian Infantry Division.[57][58] The police chief of the Military Inspection Area of Macedonia reported to the interior minister that he cannot deal with the lawlessness of the paramilitaries.[59] In fact 1917 was the turning point when IMRO became the instrument used by the Bulgarian government to gain control over the internal situation in the Pomoravlje and most from the region of Macedonia. At that time the IMRO leaders as general Aleksandar Protogerov headed the Bulgarian occupation troops in Morava region and crushed the uprising in the Toplica district with the help by IMRO irregulars.[60] Their methods caused death of thousand people, destruction of their property, looting and other war crimes committed during the war in the parts of the Kingdom of Serbia under Bulgarian control.[61]","title":"Ottoman era"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Todor_Alexandrov_by_G%C3%BCnther_J%C3%B3zsef,_1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"Todor Aleksandrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Aleksandrov"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Neuilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly"},{"link_name":"Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Thracian_Revolutionary_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_No19Letter"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Strymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struma_(river)"},{"link_name":"Rhodope Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Internal Western Outland Revolutionary Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Western_Outland_Revolutionary_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Tsaribrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosilegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosilegrad"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Stamboliyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Stamboliyski"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Pirin Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Fascist Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protogerov-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexandar Protogerov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandar_Protogerov"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_MNI1"},{"link_name":"General Pangalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(general)"},{"link_name":"military campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_at_Petrich"},{"link_name":"Kyustendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil_Province"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_MNI2"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Youth_Secret_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"Todor Alexandrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Alexandrov"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Balkan Federative Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Federative_Republic"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikola_Pitu_Gulev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nikola Pitu Gulev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitu_Guli"},{"link_name":"Balkan Communist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Communist_Federation"},{"link_name":"Vasil Kolarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Kolarov"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Federative Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Federative_Organization"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"May Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Balkan Communist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Communist_Federation"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Grishina1"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Grishina2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mara_Buneva.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mara Buneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Buneva"},{"link_name":"Todor Alexandrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Alexandrov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Mihailov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Mihailov"},{"link_name":"Ohrid-Debar Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid-Debar_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Grishina3"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Federative Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Federative_Organization"},{"link_name":"Gjorche Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjorche_Petrov"},{"link_name":"Todor Panitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Panitsa"},{"link_name":"Boris Sarafov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Sarafov"},{"link_name":"Dimo Hadjidimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimo_Hadjidimov"},{"link_name":"IMRO (United)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRO_(United)"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chernozemski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vlado Chernozemski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlado_Chernozemski"},{"link_name":"Ustashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustashi"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Louis Barthou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ustashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustashi"},{"link_name":"Vlado Chernozemski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlado_Chernozemski"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_MNI3"},{"link_name":"resolution of the Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_of_the_Comintern_on_the_Macedonian_Question"},{"link_name":"ethnic Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"Balkan Communist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Communist_Federation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Banac3"},{"link_name":"H. R. Knickerbocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Knickerbocker"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knickerbocker1941-69"}],"text":"Todor Aleksandrov.The post-war Treaty of Neuilly again denied Bulgaria what it felt was its share of Macedonia and Thrace. After this moment the combined Macedonian-Adrianopolitan revolutionary movement separated into two detached organizations: Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation (bulg. Вътрешна тракийска революционна организация) and Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation.[26] ITRO was a revolutionary organisation active in the Greek regions of Thrace and Macedonia to the river Strymon and Rhodope Mountains between 1922 and 1934. The reason for the establishment of ITRO was the transfer of the region from Bulgaria to Greece in May 1920. ITRO proclaimed its goal as the \"unification of all the disgruntled elements in Thrace regardless of their nationality\", and to win full political independence for the region. Later IMRO created as a satellite organisation the Internal Western Outland Revolutionary Organisation (bulg. Вътрешна западнопокрайненска революционна организация), which operated in the areas of Tsaribrod and Bosilegrad, ceded to Yugoslavia. IMRO began sending armed bands called cheti into Greek and Yugoslav Macedonia and Thrace to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the oppressed population. On 23 March 1923 Aleksandar Stamboliyski, who favoured a détente with Greece and Yugoslavia, so that Bulgaria could concentrate on its internal problems, signed the Treaty of Niš with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and undertook the obligation to suppress the operations of the IMRO carried out from Bulgarian territory. However, in the same year IMRO agents assassinated him. IMRO had de facto full control of Pirin Macedonia (the Petrich District of the time) and acted as a \"state within a state\", which it used as a base for hit and run attacks against Yugoslavia with the unofficial support of the right-wing Bulgarian government and later Fascist Italy. Because of this, contemporary observers described the Yugoslav-Bulgarian frontier as the most fortified in Europe.[62]General Alexandar Protogerov.In 1923 and 1924 during the apogee of interwar military activity according to IMRO statistics in the region of Yugoslav (Vardar) Macedonia operated 53 chetas (armed bands), 36 of which penetrated from Bulgaria, 12 were local and 5 entered from Albania.[63] The aggregate membership of the bands was 3245 komitas (guerilla rebels) led by 79 voivodas (commanders), 54 subcommanders, 41 secretaries and 193 couriers. 119 fights and 73 terroristic acts were documented. Serbian casualties were 304 army and gendarmery officers, soldiers and paramilitary fighters, more than 1300 were wounded.[64] IMRO lost 68 voivodas and komitas, hundreds were wounded. In the region of Greek (Aegean) Macedonia 24 chetas and 10 local reconnaissance detachments were active. The aggregate membership of the bands was 380 komitas led by 18 voivodas, 22 subcommanders, 11 secretaries and 25 couriers. 42 battles and 27 terrorist acts were performed.[65] Greek casualties were 83 army officers, soldiers and paramilitary fighters, over 230 were wounded. IMRO lost 22 voivodas and komitas, 48 were wounded. Thousands of locals were repressed by the Yugoslav and Greek authorities on suspicions of contacts with the revolutionary movement.[27] The population in Pirin Macedonia was organized in a mass people's home guard. This militia was the only force, which resisted the Greek army when the Greek dictator, General Pangalos launched a military campaign against Petrich District in 1925. In 1934 the Bulgarian army confiscated 10,938 rifles, 637 pistols, 47 machine-guns, 7 mortars and 701,388 cartridges only in the Petrich and Kyustendil Districts.[28] At the same time, a youth's extension of IMRO, the Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization was created. The statute of MYSRO was approved personally from IMRO's leader Todor Alexandrov.[66] The aim of MYSRO was in concordance with the statute of IMRO – unification of all of Macedonia in an authonomous unit, within a future Balkan Federative Republic.[67]Nikola Pitu Gulev with interwar IMRO uniform.The Sixth Congress of the Balkan Communist Federation under the leadership of the Bulgarian communist Vasil Kolarov and the Fifth Congress of the Comintern, an adjunct of the Soviet foreign policy, held concurrently in Moscow in 1923, voted for the formation of an \"Autonomous and Independent Macedonia and Thrace.\" In 1924 IMRO entered negotiations with the Macedonian Federative Organization and the Comintern about collaboration between the communists and the Macedonian movement and the creation of a united Macedonian movement. The idea for a new unified organization was supported by the Soviet Union, which saw a chance for using this well-developed revolutionary movement to spread revolution in the Balkans and destabilize the Balkan monarchies. Alexandrov defended IMRO's independence and refused to concede on practically all points requested by the Communists. No agreement was reached except for a paper \"Manifesto\" (the so-called May Manifesto of 6 May 1924), in which the objectives of the unified Macedonian liberation movement were presented: independence and unification of partitioned Macedonia, fighting all the neighbouring Balkan monarchies, forming a Balkan Communist Federation and cooperation with the Soviet Union.[29] Failing to secure Alexandrov's cooperation, the Comintern decided to discredit him and published the contents of the Manifesto on 28 July 1924 in the \"Balkan Federation\" newspaper. VMRO's leaders Todor Aleksandrov and Aleksandar Protogerov promptly denied through the Bulgarian press that they've ever signed any agreements, claiming that the May Manifesto was a communist forgery.[30]Mara BunevaShortly after the publication, Todor Alexandrov was assassinated on 31 August, and IMRO came under the leadership of Ivan Mihailov, who became a powerful figure in Bulgarian politics. While IMRO's leadership was quick to ascribe Alexandrov's murder to the communists and even quicker to organise a revenge action against the immediate perpetrators, there is some doubt that Mihailov himself might have been responsible for the murder. Some Bulgarian and Macedonian historians like Zoran Todorovski speculate that it might have been the circle around Mihailov who organised the assassination on inspiration by the Bulgarian government, which was afraid of united IMRO-Communist action against it. However, neither version is corroborated by conclusive historical evidence. The result of the murder was further strife within the organisation and several high-profile murders, including that of Petar Chaulev (who led the Ohrid-Debar Uprising against the Serbian occupation) in Milan and ultimately Protogetov himself.[31]In this interwar period IMRO led by Aleksandrov and later by Mihailov took actions against the former left-wing assassinating several former members of IMORO's Sandanist wing, who meanwhile had gravitated towards the Bulgarian Communist Party and Macedonian Federative Organization. Gjorche Petrov was killed in Sofia in 1922, Todor Panitsa (who previously killed the right-wing oriented Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov) was assassinated in Vienna in 1924 by Mihailov's future wife Mencha Karnichiu. Dimo Hadjidimov, Georgi Skrizhovski, Alexander Bujnov, Chudomir Kantardjiev and many others were killed in the events of 1925. Meanwhile, the left-wing later did form the new organisation based on the principles previously presented in the May Manifesto. The new organization which was an opponent to Mihailov's IMRO was called IMRO (United) was founded in 1925 in Vienna. However, it did not have real popular support and remained based abroad with no revolutionary activities in Macedonia. Mihailov's group of young IMRO cadres soon got into conflict with the older guard of the organization. The latter were in favour of the old tactic of incursions by armed bands, whereas the former favoured more flexible tactics with smaller terrorist groups carrying selective assassinations. The conflict grew into a leadership struggle and Mihailov soon, in turn, ordered the assassination in 1928 of a rival leader, General Aleksandar Protogerov, which sparked a fratricidal war between \"Mihailovists\" and \"Protogerovists\". The less numerous Protogerovists soon became allied with Yugoslavia and certain Bulgarian military circles with fascist leanings and who favoured rapprochement with Yugoslavia. The policy of assassinations was effective in making Serbian rule in Vardar Macedonia feel insecure but in turn provoked brutal reprisals on the local peasant population. Having lost a lot of popular support in Vardar Macedonia due to his policies, Mihailov favoured the \"internationalization\" of the Macedonian question.Vlado Chernozemski.He established close links with the Croatian Ustashi and Italy. Numerous assassinations were carried out by IMRO agents in many countries, the majority in Yugoslavia. The most spectacular of these was the assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and the French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou in Marseille in 1934 in collaboration with the Croatian Ustashi. The killing was carried out by the VMRO assassin Vlado Chernozemski and happened after the suppression of IMRO following the 19 May 1934 military coup in Bulgaria. IMRO's constant fratricidal killings and assassinations abroad provoked some within Bulgarian military after the coup of 19 May 1934 to take control and break the power of the organization, which had come to be seen as a gangster organization inside Bulgaria and a band of assassins outside it. In 1934 Mihailov was forced to escape to Turkey. He ordered to his supporters not to resist to the Bulgarian army and to accept the disarmament peacefully, thus avoiding fratricides, destabilization of Bulgaria, civil war or external invasion.[32] Many inhabitants of Pirin Macedonia met this disbandment with satisfaction because it was perceived as relief from an unlawful and quite often brutal parallel authority. IMRO kept its organization alive in exile in various countries but ceased to be an active force in Macedonian politics except for brief moments during World War II. Meanwhile, a resolution of the Comintern for recognition of a distinct ethnic Macedonian ethnicity, which was accepted also by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United), was published in January 1934. IMRO (United) remained active until 1936 when it was absorbed into the Balkan Communist Federation.[33]IMRO used at that time, what the American journalist H. R. Knickerbocker described as: \"the only system I ever heard of to guarantee that their members carry out assigned assassinations, no matter what the police terror might be\".[68]","title":"Interwar period"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metodija_Satorov-Sarlo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metodi Shatorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodi_Shatorov"},{"link_name":"Vardar Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Action Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Action_Committees"},{"link_name":"IMRO (United)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRO_(United)"},{"link_name":"Metodi Shatorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodi_Shatorov"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_PK0"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Vukmanovi%C4%87-Tempo"},{"link_name":"German invasion of the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Eastern Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Western Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Slavic-speaking minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic-speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian irredentism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MazowerB276-71"},{"link_name":"EAM-ELAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAM-ELAS"},{"link_name":"EDES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDES"},{"link_name":"Ohrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrana"},{"link_name":"Kastoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastoria"},{"link_name":"Florina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florina"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Andon Kalchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon_Kalchev"},{"link_name":"Georgi Dimchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Dimchev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_15"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Ilinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Prohor Pčinjski monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohor_P%C4%8Dinjski_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Antifascist assembly of the national liberation of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASNOM"},{"link_name":"Panko Brashnarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panko_Brashnarov"},{"link_name":"SR Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Independent State of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Question"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_PK1"}],"text":"Metodi Shatorov – SharloAs the Bulgarian army entered Yugoslav Vardar Macedonia in 1941, it was greeted by most of the population as liberators and former IMRO members were active in organising Bulgarian Action Committees, charged with taking over the local authorities. Some former IMRO (United) members, such as Metodi Shatorov, who was the regional leader of the Yugoslav Communist Party, also refused to define the Bulgarian forces as occupiers,[34] contrary to instructions from Belgrade and called for the incorporation of the local Macedonian Communist organisations within the Bulgarian Communist Party. This policy changed towards 1943 with the arrival of the Montenegrin Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, who began in earnest to organise armed resistance to the Bulgarian occupation. Many former IMRO members assisted the authorities in fighting Tempo's partizans.In Greece the Bulgarian troops, following on the heels of the German invasion of the country, occupied the whole of Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace. In eastern and central Macedonia, some of the local Slavic-speaking minority greeted the Bulgarian troops as liberators, and efforts were undertaken by the Bulgarian authorities to \"instill in them a Bulgarian national identity\".[69] Bulgaria officially annexed the occupied territories in Yugoslavia and Greece, which had long been a target of Bulgarian irredentism.[70] The IMRO was also active in organising Bulgarian militias in Italian and German occupation zones against Greek nationalist and communist groups as EAM-ELAS and EDES. With the help of Mihailov and Macedonian emigres in Sofia, several pro-Bulgarian armed detachments \"Ohrana\" were organised in the Kastoria, Florina and Edessa districts. These were led by Bulgarian officers originally from Greek Macedonia – Andon Kalchev and Georgi Dimchev.[35] It was apparent that Mihailov had broader plans which envisaged the creation of a Macedonian state under a German control. It was also anticipated that the IMRO volunteers would form the core of the armed forces of a future Independent Macedonia in addition to providing administration and education in the Florina, Kastoria and Edessa districts.On 2 August 1944 (in what in the North Macedonia is referred to as the Second Ilinden) in the St. Prohor Pčinjski monastery at the Antifascist assembly of the national liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) with Panko Brashnarov (the former IMRO revolutionary from the Ilinden period and the IMRO United) as a first speaker, the SR Macedonia was officially proclaimed, as a federal state within Tito's Yugoslavia, receiving recognition from the Allies. After the declaration of war by Bulgaria on Germany, in September 1944 Mihailov arrived in German-occupied Skopje, where the Germans hoped that he could form a pro-German Independent State of Macedonia with their support. Seeing that the war is lost to Germany and to avoid further bloodshed, he refused. Mihailov eventually ended up in Rome where he published numerous articles, books and pamphlets on the Macedonian Question.[36]","title":"Second World War period"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiril_Gligorov_IMRO_killed_by_serbs.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kiril Gligorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiril_Gligorov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SR Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Dimitar Vlahov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Vlahov"},{"link_name":"Panko Brashnarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panko_Brashnarov"},{"link_name":"Pavel Shatev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Shatev"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki bombings of 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki_bombings_of_1903"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_PK2"},{"link_name":"Ivan Katardjiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Katard%C5%BEiev"},{"link_name":"Pavel Shatev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Shatev"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Katardjiev"},{"link_name":"Pavel Shatev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Shatev"},{"link_name":"Panko Brashnarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panko_Brashnarov"},{"link_name":"Cominform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominform"},{"link_name":"Tito–Stalin split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split"},{"link_name":"Metodija Andonov Cento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodija_Andonov_Cento"},{"link_name":"ASNOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASNOM"},{"link_name":"Dimitar Vlahov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Vlahov"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_PK3"},{"link_name":"Spiro Kitinchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Kitinchev"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Brown"},{"link_name":"Pirin Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Goryani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryani"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Goce Delchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goce_Delchev"},{"link_name":"Pitu Guli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitu_Guli"},{"link_name":"Dame Gruev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Gruev"},{"link_name":"Yane Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yane_Sandanski"},{"link_name":"Denes nad Makedonija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denes_nad_Makedonija"}],"text":"The execution of the revolutionist Kiril Gligorov by the Yugoslav authorities in 1925.Members of the IMRO (United) participated in the forming of SR Macedonia a federal state of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and some of the leading members entered the government: Dimitar Vlahov, Panko Brashnarov, Pavel Shatev (the latter was the last surviving member of \"Gemidzhii\", the group that executed the Thessaloniki bombings of 1903). However, they were quickly ousted by cadres loyal to the Yugoslav Communist Party in Belgrade, who had had pro-Serbian leanings before the war. [37] According to Macedonian historian Ivan Katardjiev such Macedonian activists came from IMRO (United) and the Bulgarian Communist Party never managed to get rid of their pro-Bulgarian bias and on many issues opposed the Serbian-educated leaders, who held most of the political power. Pavel Shatev went as far as to send a petition to the Bulgarian legation in Belgrade protesting the anti-Bulgarian policies of the Yugoslav leadership and the Serbianisation of the Bulgarian language.[38]From the start, the Yugoslav authorities organised frequent purges and trials of Macedonian communists and non-party people charged with autonomist deviation. Many of the left-wing IMRO government officials, including Pavel Shatev and Panko Brashnarov, were purged from their positions, too, then isolated, arrested, imprisoned or executed by the Yugoslav federal authorities on various (in many cases fabricated) charges including: pro-Bulgarian leanings, demands for greater or complete independence of Yugoslav Macedonia, collaboration with the Cominform after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948, forming of conspirative political groups or organisations, demands for greater democracy, etc. One of the victims of these campaigns was Metodija Andonov Cento, a wartime partisan leader and president of ASNOM, who was convicted of having worked for a \"completely independent Macedonia\" as an IMRO member. A survivor among the communists associated with the idea of Macedonian autonomy was Dimitar Vlahov, who was used \"solely for window dressing\".[39]On the other hand, former Mihailovists were also persecuted by the Belgrade-controlled authorities on accusations of collaboration with the Bulgarian occupation, Bulgarian nationalism, anti-communist and anti-Yugoslav activities, etc. Notable victims included Spiro Kitinchev, mayor of Skopje, Ilija Kocarev, mayor of Ohrid and Georgi Karev, the mayor of Krushevo during the Bulgarian occupation and brother of Ilinden revolutionary Nikola Karev.[40] Another IMRO activist, Sterio Guli, son of Pitu Guli, reportedly shot himself upon the arrival of Tito's partisans in Krushevo in despair over what he saw as a second period of Serbian dominance in Macedonia. Also, Shatorov's supporters in Vardar Macedonia, called Sharlisti, were systematically exterminated by the YCP in the autumn of 1944, and repressed for their anti-Yugoslav and pro-Bulgarian political positions.IMRO's supporters in Bulgarian Pirin Macedonia fared no better. With the help of some former Protogerovists, their main activists were hunted by the Communist police and many of them killed or imprisoned. Because some IMRO supporters openly opposed the then official policy of Communist Bulgaria to promote Macedonian ethnic consciousness in Pirin Macedonia they were repressed or exiled to the interior of Bulgaria. Many from this persecuted people emigrated through Greece and Turkey to Western countries. At this period the American and Greek intelligence services recruited some of them, trained them and later used this so-called \"Goryani\" as spies and saboteurs, smuggling them back to Communist Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.[71]Despite the fact that Yugoslav Macedonian historical scholarship reluctantly acknowledged the Bulgarian ethnic self-identification of the Ilinden IMRO leaders, they were adopted in the national pantheon of Yugoslav Macedonia as ethnic Macedonians. Official Yugoslav historiography asserted a continuity between the Ilinden of 1903 and the Ilinden of ASNOM in 1944 ignoring the fact that the first one included the uprising in the Adrianople part of Thrace region as well. The names of the IMRO revolutionaries were Goce Delchev, Pitu Guli, Dame Gruev and Yane Sandanski were included in the lyrics of the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia Denes nad Makedonija (\"Today over Macedonia\").","title":"Post-war period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lazar Koliševski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski"},{"link_name":"SR Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Ilinden Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden_Uprising"},{"link_name":"IMRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRO"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Macedonian historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_historiography"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Tito–Stalin split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LampeMazower2004cw-76"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_Review&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Pirin region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LampeMazower2004cw-76"},{"link_name":"John Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Lampe"},{"link_name":"Mark Mazower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazower"},{"link_name":"Macedonian national ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"historiographies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"historical objectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Zhivkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Zhivkova"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LampeMazower2004cw-76"}],"text":"Initially Lazar Koliševski, the leader of the new Yugoslav Republic—SR Macedonia, proclaimed that the Ilinden Uprising and the IMRO were Bulgarian conspiracies.[72] Afterwards the historical studies in the country were expanded under direct political instructions from Belgrade.[73] It was advanced as a key principle of the Macedonian historiography, that its primary goal was to create a separate national consciousness, and to sever any historical ties to Bulgaria.[74] During the Cold War, particularly after the Tito–Stalin split, the heroes of 19th century left-wing IMRO, especially Delchev and Sandanski, were claimed by both Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, both internally and in a tactical game of international diplomacy. One thing that two countries had in common though was that the vague populism and anarchism of these historical figures was interpreted as a definite socialist program.[75] Both regimes recognized the policies of the interwar leaders of the organization Todor Aleksandrov and Ivan Mihailov as \"fascist\".In this race, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia was the first to incorporate the IMRO figures in its national pantheon, although some careful exceptions were made. The 1903 Ilinden Uprising was presented as a direct precursor of the 1944 events, which were termed a \"Second Ilinden\", in an effort to prove the continuity of the struggle for independence of the Macedonian nation. Consequently, it became necessary for the socialist authorities to show that 19th century IMRO figures, particularly Delchev and Sandanski, had been consciously Macedonian in identity. Delchev and Sandanski were adopted as symbols of the republic, had numerous monuments built in their honor, and they were often the topic of articles in the academic journal Macedonian Review, as was the Ilinden Uprising. In contrast, Todor Aleksandrov was labeled a Bulgarian bourgeois chauvinist. The claim to a Macedonian identity of Sandanski was used to bolster Skopje's claim to the Pirin region.[75] According to historians John Lampe and Mark Mazower, IMRO heroes have been important in the creation of a Macedonian national ideology, in both Bulgaria and North Macedonia the historiographies thrive on proving that their version of history is wrong in turn making historical objectivity not important.[76]In the People's Republic of Bulgaria the situation was more complex, because the IMRO was associated with the 1923–34 anti-communist regime. Before 1960, although the subject was not taboo, few articles on the topic appeared in Bulgarian academic venues, and the IMRO figures were given mostly regional recognition in the Pirin region. After 1960, orders from the highest level were to reincorporate the Macedonian revolutionary movement in the Bulgarian history, and to prove the Bulgarian credentials of their historical leaders. This trend reached its peak in 1981 (the 1300 year anniversary of Bulgarian state), when Delchev and Sandanski were openly made historical symbols of the Bulgarian state in a proclamation of Lyudmila Zhivkova. There were also attempts to rehabilitate Todor Aleksandrov because of his Bulgarian nationalism, but these remained controversial due to his role in suppressing the left wing, a role for which he had been declared a fascist.[75]","title":"Interpretations during the communist period"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"With both Bulgaria and Yugoslavia under Communist rule, there was no scope for IMRO's revival.","title":"After the fall of communism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fall of Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Communism"},{"link_name":"began promptly to disintegrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization-Democratic_Party_for_Macedonian_National_Unity"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization–People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization%E2%80%93People%27s_Party"}],"sub_title":"North Macedonia","text":"After the fall of Communism in 1989 Yugoslavia began promptly to disintegrate and multi-partyism to emerge. Many exiles returned to Macedonia from abroad, and a new generation of young Macedonian intellectuals rediscovered the history of Macedonian nationalism. In these circumstances, it was not surprising that the IMRO name was revived. A new IMRO was founded on 17 June 1990 in Skopje. Although IMRO claims a line descent from the old IMRO, there is no real connection between the old IMRO and the new one. The party is called the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (In Macedonian: Vnatrešno-Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija-Demokratska Partija za Makedonsko Nacionalno Edinstvo, or VMRO-DPMNE) describes itself as a Christian Democratic party which supports the admission of Macedonia to NATO and the European Union.A minor political party carrying the name IMRO is the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization–People's Party (VMRO-NP). Although a separate structure since the split in 2004, the political line of VMRO-NP is reminiscent of VMRO-DPMNE's and its members maintain close ties with the latter's party structure.","title":"After the fall of communism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vmro-bg-logo.png"},{"link_name":"VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO_%E2%80%93_Bulgarian_National_Movement"},{"link_name":"ethnic Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians"},{"link_name":"VMRO – National Ideal for Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ideal_for_Unity"},{"link_name":"National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Bulgaria"}],"sub_title":"Bulgaria","text":"VMRO's logoA distinct IMRO-related organization was also revived in Bulgaria after 1989, first under the name VMRO-SMD (ВМРО-СМД), commonly known as VMRO, in the form of a cultural organisation. In 1996, the leaders of the organisation registered it as a political party in Bulgaria under the name VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement (ВМРО – Българско национално движение), or ВМРО–БНД (VMRO-BNM). This group continues to maintain that ethnic Macedonians are in fact Bulgarians.A small spin-off from VMRO-BNM existed between 2010 and 2014, named VMRO – National Ideal for Unity (ВМРО – Национален идеал за единство), or ВМРО–НИЕ (VMRO-NIU), which used VMRO-BND's flag. In 2014, NIU merged into the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria.","title":"After the fall of communism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"}],"text":"^ In his memoirs from 1928 Tatarchev, when mentioning its first name and structure, noted that he does not remember it very clearly, making the remark: \"as far as I can remember.\" So far, no statutes or other basic documents with a similar name have been discovered from this period. According to Macedonian specialist Ivan Katardziev, the Organization never bore an official name MRO. In Tatarchev's own recollections from 1934 he maintains that in the first statute, the membership was allowed for every Bulgarian, from any region and that the possibility for membership of other nationalities was open in 1896 in a new statute. It seems he had mix up in his different memoires the circumstances from the first and from the second congresses of IMRO, hold in 1894 and 1896 respectively, when a different statutes were adopted.","title":"Note"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Hadzhinikolov"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Tatarchev"},{"link_name":"Tatarchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.angelfire.com/super2/vmro-istorija/Knigi/spomht03.htm"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Gruev"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_gpetrov"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_yavorov1"},{"link_name":"Peyo Yavorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyo_Yavorov"},{"link_name":"Gotse Delchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotse_Delchev"},{"link_name":"old Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Revolutionary_Central_Committee"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Exarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_pandev1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_pandev2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_pandev3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Perry"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_adanir"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_katardzhiev"},{"link_name":"Ivan Katardžiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Katard%C5%BEiev"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_bitoski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_makdoc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_bghist"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Banac1"},{"link_name":"Ivo Banac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Banac"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Banac2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Brailsford"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_n4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Sonnichsen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58976-237-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58976-237-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_letter"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Mak"},{"link_name":"misirkov.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080829163334/http://www.misirkov.org/what_have_we_done.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Misirkov"},{"link_name":"misirkov.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080829163334/http://www.misirkov.org/what_have_we_done.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_bazhdarov"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_n6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_n5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_carnegie1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Gramos"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Miletich1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_No19Letter"},{"link_name":"Circular letter No9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kroraina.com/knigi/mni/mni4_1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_MNI1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_MNI2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Grishina1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Grishina2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Grishina3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Banac3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_MNI3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_PK0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_PK1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_PK2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Katardjiev"},{"link_name":"Katardjiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Katard%C5%BEiev"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_PK3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Brown"}],"text":"^ \"Illustration Ilinden\", Sofia, 1936, b. I, p. 4–5\n^ \"The first central committee of IMRO. Memoirs of d-r Hristo Tatarchev\", Materials for the Macedonian liberation movement, book IX (series of the Macedonian scientific institute of IMRO, led by Bulgarian academician prof. Lyubomir Miletich), Sofia, 1928, p. 102, поредица \"Материяли за историята на македонското освободително движение\" на Македонския научен институт на ВМРО, воден от българския академик проф. Любомир Милетич, книга IX, София, 1928; contemporary Macedonian translation: Tatarchev[dead link]).\n^ Materials about the History of the Macedonian Liberation Movement, Book V, Memoirs of Damjan Gruev, Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov, Sofia 1927, pp. 8 – 11; the original in Bulgarian.\n^ Gjorche Petrov in his memoirs speaking about the Salonica congress of 1896 writes: \"There was pointed out the need for a statute and official rules. Until then we had a very short list of rules in force, drafted by Dame (with the oath). That little list was unsystematic, lytographed. It was decided to come up with a full list of rules, a statute. When I came to Sofia, I compiled it there (with Delchev).\".\n^ Пейо Яворов, \"Събрани съчинения\", Том втори, \"Гоце Делчев\", Издателство \"Български писател\", София, 1977, стр. 27: \"Тоя събор утвърждава един устав на революционната организация, почти копие на стария български, твърде оригинален с положението, че само еkзархисти българи се приемат за членове на комитетите.\" (in Bulgarian) In English: Peyo Yavorov, \"Complete Works\", Volume 2, biography \"Gotse Delchev\", Publishing house \"Bulgarian writer\", Sofia, 1977, p. 27: \"This meeting sanctioned a statute of the revolutionary organisation, almost a copy of the old Bulgarian, rather original because of the condition that only Bulgarians Exarchists would be admitted to membership in the committees.\"\n^ Пандев, К. \"Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание\", Исторически преглед, 1969, кн. I, стр. 68–80. (in Bulgarian)\n^ Пандев, К. \"Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание\", Извeстия на Института за история, т. 21, 1970, стр. 250–257. (in Bulgarian)\n^ Константин Пандев, Национално-освободителното движение в Македония и Одринско, София, 1979, с. 129–130. (Konstantin Pandev, The National Liberation Movement in Macedonia and the Odrin Region, Sofia 1979, pp. 129–130.)\n^ Duncan Perry The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903 , Durham, Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 40–41, 210 n. 10.\n^ Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entestehung und etwicklung bis 1908., Wiessbaden 1979, p. 112.\n^ Академик Иван Катарџиев, \"Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот\", интервју, \"Форум\". (Academician Ivan Katardžiev, \"I believe in Macedonian national immunity\", interview, \"Forum\" magazine.)\n^ Битоски, Крсте, сп. \"Македонско Време\", Скопје – март 1997\n^ Public Record Office – Foreign Office 78/4951 Turkey (Bulgaria). From Elliot. 1898; УСТАВ НА ТМОРО. S. 1. published in Документи за борбата на македонскиот народ за самостојност и за национална држава, Скопје, Универзитет \"Кирил и Методиј\":Факултет за филозофско-историски науки, 1981, page 331 – 333.\n^ Prior to the publication of Pandev's article Bulgarian historiography seemed to agree that the name SMARO dates back to 1896/7 (e.g. Silyanov 1933, vol. 1, p. 46). Contemporary Macedonian historians accuse Pandev of a nationalist bias.\n^ Ivo Banac, The Macedoine (pp. 307–328 in of \"The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics\", Cornell University Press, 1984)\n^ Ivo Banac, The Macedoine (pp. 307–328 in of \"The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics\", Cornell University Press, 1984)\n^ H. N. Brailsford, Macedonia: Its races and their future, Methuen & Co., London, 1906.\n^ Хр. Силянов, \"Освободителнитe борби на Македония, том I\", изд. на Илинденската Орг., София, 1933; (Hristo Silyanov, The Liberational Struggles of Macedonia, vol. 1, The Ilinden Organisation, Sofia, 1933.)\n^ Albert Sonnichsen: Confessions of a Macedonian Bandit: A Californian in the Balkan Wars, Narrative Press, ISBN 1-58976-237-1.\n^ A letter from the headquarters of the Second Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary district, centered around Monastir (present-day Bitola), represented by Dame Gruev and Boris Sarafov, to Bulgarian government from 9. IX. 1903. Macedonian translation.\n^ Krste Misirkov, On Macedonian Matters, Sofia, 1933 misirkov.org\n^ Krste Misirkov, On Macedonian Matters, Sofia, 1933 misirkov.org\n^ Георги Баждаров, \"Моите спомени\", издание на Институт \"България – Македония\", София, 2001, стр. 78–81. (In Bulgarian, In English: Georgi Bazhdarov, \"My memoirs\", published by the Institute \"Bulgaria-Macedonia\", Sofia, 2001, pp. 78–81.)\n^ \"ДВИЖЕНИЕТО ОТСАМЪ ВАРДАРА И БОРБАТА СЪ ВЪРХОВИСТИТE по спомени на Яне Сандански, Черньо Пeевъ, Сава Михайловъ, Хр. Куслевъ, Ив. Анастасовъ Гърчето, Петъръ Хр. Юруковъ и Никола Пушкаровъ\", съобщава Л. Милетичъ (София, Печатница П. Глушковъ, 1927); Материяли за историята на македонското освободително движение. Издава \"Македонскиятъ Наученъ Институтъ\". Книга VII. (L. Miletich, ed. Materials on the History of the Macedonian Liberation Movement, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1927 – \"The Movement on this Side of the Vardar and the Struggle with the Supremists according to the memories of Jane Sandanski, Chernjo Peev, Sava Mihajlov, Hr. Kuslev, Iv. Anastasov – Grcheto, Petar Hr. Jurukov and Nikola Pushkarov\")\n^ Хр. Силянов, \"Освободителнитe борби на Македония, том II\", изд. на Илинденската Орг., София, 1933; Silyanov (Hristo Silyanov, The Liberational Struggles of Macedonia, vol. 2, The Ilinden Organisation, Sofia, 1933.)\n^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, Published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914.\n^ Хр. Силянов От Витоша до Грамос, Походът на една чета през Освободителната война – 1912 г., Издание на Костурското благотворително братство, София, 1920. From Vitosha to Gramos (Hr. Silyanov, From Vitosha to Gramos, published by the Kostur charitable society, Sofia, 1920)\n^ Любомиръ Милетичъ, \"Разорението на тракийските българи презъ 1913 година\", Българска Академия на Науките, София, Държавна Печатница 1918 г. Miletich] (L. Miletich, The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1918)\n^ Circular letter No9 issued by a secret meeting of former IMARO activists and members of its Central committee, held on 20 December 1919, cited in a collective research of the Macedonian Scientific Institute, \"Освободителните борби на Македония\", part 4, Sofia, 2002, retrieved on 26 October 2007: \"Поради изменилите се условия в Македония и Тракия от Балканските войни насам, организацията се преименува от ВМОРО на ВМРО, като нейната цел си остава извоюване на автономия и обединение на разпокъсаните части на Македония.\" (in Bulgarian)\n^ \"Македония. История и политическа съдба\", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том II, Издателство \"Знание\", София, 1998, pp. 140–141. (In Bulgarian. In English: P. Petrov, ed. Macedonia. History and Political Fate, vol. 2, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1998, pp. 140–141.)\n^ \"Македония. История и политическа съдба\", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том II, Издателство \"Знание\", София, 1998, p. 206. (In Bulgarian. In English: P. Petrov, ed. Macedonia. History and Political Fate, vol. 2, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1998, p. 206.)\n^ Р.П. Гришина, \"ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВЗГЛЯДА НА МАКЕДОНСКИЙ ВОПРОС В БОЛЬШЕВИСТСКОЙ МОСКВЕ 1922–1924 гг.\" in МАКЕДОНИЯ – ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ, Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999. (R. P. Grishina \"Formation of a View on the Macedonian Question in Bolshevik Moscow 1922–1924\" in Macedonia. Problems of History and Culture, Institute of Slavistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1999.)\n^ Р.П. Гришина, \"ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВЗГЛЯДА НА МАКЕДОНСКИЙ ВОПРОС В БОЛЬШЕВИСТСКОЙ МОСКВЕ 1922–1924 гг.\" in МАКЕДОНИЯ – ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ, Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999. (R. P. Grishina \"Formation of a View on the Macedonian Question in Bolshevik Moscow 1922–1924\" in Macedonia. Problems of History and Culture, Institute of Slavistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1999.)\n^ Р.П. Гришина, \"ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВЗГЛЯДА НА МАКЕДОНСКИЙ ВОПРОС В БОЛЬШЕВИСТСКОЙ МОСКВЕ 1922–1924 гг.\" in МАКЕДОНИЯ – ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ, Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999. (R. P. Grishina \"Formation of a View on the Macedonian Question in Bolshevik Moscow 1922–1924\" in Macedonia. Problems of History and Culture, Institute of Slavistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1999.)\n^ Ivo Banac, The Macedoine (pp. 307–328 in of \"The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics\", Cornell University Press, 1984)\n^ \"Македония. История и политическа съдба\", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том II, Издателство \"Знание\", София, 1998, pp. 205–206. (In Bulgarian. In English: P. Petrov, ed. Macedonia. History and Political Fate, vol. 2, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1998, pp. 205–206.)\n^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), pp. 65–67.\n^ Добрин Мичев. БЪЛГАРСКОТО НАЦИОНАЛНО ДЕЛО В ЮГОЗАПАДНА МАКЕДОНИЯ (1941–1944 г.), Македонски Преглед, 1, 1998.(Dobrin Michev, \"Bulgarian National Activity in Southwest Macedonia 1941–1944\", Macedonian Review, 1, 1998.)\n^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), pp. 112–113.\n^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), p. 137.\n^ Katardjiev's foreword to Васил Ивановски. Зошто ние, Македонците, сме одделна нација?, Скопје, 1995, pp. 49–56. (Vasil Ivanovski, Why We Macedonians Are a Separate Nation?, Skopje, 1995)\n^ Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), p. 137.\nДимитър Гоцев. НОВАТА НАЦИОНАЛНО-ОСВОБОДИТЕЛНА БОРБА ВЪВ ВАРДАРСКА МАКЕДОНИЯ. Македонски научен институт, София, 1998.\n^ Keith Brown. The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press (2003)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85065-534-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-534-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9989-103-22-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9989-103-22-4"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Scientific Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Scientific_Institute"},{"link_name":"Ivan Anastasov Gyrcheto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Anastasov"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9989-32-022-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9989-32-022-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9989-32-077-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9989-32-077-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9989-32-067-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9989-32-067-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58976-237-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58976-237-1"},{"link_name":"Confessions, Ch. XXIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20010601035630/http://library.ferris.edu/~cochranr/stone/stone2c3.htm"},{"link_name":"Brailsford's photos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.promacedonia.org/en/hb/hb_photo.html"},{"link_name":"\"Suppressing Toplica Uprising: VMRO as Leading Force of Repression\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=762995"}],"text":"Пандев, К. \"Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание\", Исторически преглед, 1969, кн. I, стр. 68–80. (in Bulgarian)\nПандев, К. \"Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание\", Извeстия на Института за история, т. 21, 1970, стр. 249–257. (in Bulgarian)\nБитоски, Крсте, сп. \"Македонско Време\", Скопје – март 1997, quoting: Quoting: Public Record Office – Foreign Office 78/4951 Turkey (Bulgaria), From Elliot, 1898, Устав на ТМОРО. S. 1. published in Документи за борбата на македонскиот народ за самостојност и за национална држава, Скопје, Универзитет \"Кирил и Методиј\": Факултет за филозофско-историски науки, 1981, pp 331 – 333. (in Macedonian)\nHugh Pouton Who Are the Macedonians?, C. Hurst & Co, 2000. p. 53. ISBN 1-85065-534-0\nFikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entestehung und etwicklung bis 1908., Wiessbaden 1979, p. 112.\nDuncan Perry The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903 , Durham, Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 40–41, 210 n. 10.\nХристо Татарчев, \"Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация като митологична и реална същност\", София, 1995. (in Bulgarian)\nDimitar Vlahov, Memoirs, 2nd edition, Slovo publishing, Skopje, 2003, ISBN 9989-103-22-4. (in Macedonian)\nSeries of memoirs, published by Macedonian Scientific Institute in Sofia during the interwar period in several volumes: Slaveiko Arsov, Pando Klyashev, Ivan Popov, Smile Voidanov, Deyan Dimitrov, Nikola Mitrev, Luka Dzherov, Georgi Pop Hristov, Angel Andreev, Georgi Papanchev, Lazar Dimitrov, Damyan Gruev, Boris Sarafov, Ivan Garvanov, Yane Sandanski, Chernyo Peev, Sava Mihailov, Hristo Kuslev, Ivan Anastasov Gyrcheto, Petyr Hr. Yurukov, Nikola Pushkarov], Macedonian translations, published by Kultura, Skopje, in 2 volumes, ISBN 9989-32-022-5 and ISBN 9989-32-077-2\nГеорги Баждаров, \"Моите спомени\", издание на Институт \"България – Македония\", София, 2001. In English: Georgi Bazhdarov, My memoirs, published by Institute Bulgaria-Macedonia, Sofia, 2001.\nNikola Kirov Majski, Pages from my life, Kultura, Skopje. (in Macedonian)\nAlbert Londres, Les Comitadjis (Le terrorisme dans les Balkans), Kultura, Skopje, ISBN 9989-32-067-5 (original edition: Arlea, Paris, 1992).\nAlbert Sonnichsen, Confessions of a Macedonian Bandit: A Californian in the Balkan Wars, The Narrative Press, ISBN 1-58976-237-1. Also here Confessions, Ch. XXIV (in English), and Macedonian translation.\nFikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage, Wiesbaden, 1979.\nКонстантин Пандев, \"Национално-освободителното движение в Македония и Одринско\", София, 1979.\nIvo Banac, \"The Macedoine\", pp. 307–328 in of The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, Cornell University Press, 1984.\nH. N. Brailsford, Macedonia: its races and their future, Methuen & Co., London, 1906 (Brailsford's photos)\nХристо Силянов, \"Освободителнитe борби на Македония\", том I и II, изд. на Илинденската Организация, София, 1933 и 1943, also volume I\nЛюбомиръ Милетичъ, \"Разорението на тракийските българи презъ 1913 година\", Българска Академия на Науките, София, Държавна Печатница, 1918 г.,\n\"Македония. История и политическа съдба\", колектив на МНИ под редакцията на проф. Петър Петров, том I, II и III, издателство \"Знание\", София, 1998.\n\"Македония – проблемы истории и культуры\", Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999 (includes Р. П. Гришина, \"Формирование взгляда на македонский вопрос в большевистской Москве 1922–1924 гг.\"), the complete symposium\nНикола Петров, \"Кои беа партизаните во Македонија\", Скопje, 1998. (in Macedonian)\nPalmer, S. and R. King, Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books, 1971.\nДобрин Мичев, \"Българското нацинално дело в югозападна Македония (1941–1944 г.)\", \"Македонски Преглед\", 1, 1998. (in Bulgarian)\nKeith Brown, The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2003.\nPisarri (2011). \"Suppressing Toplica Uprising: VMRO as Leading Force of Repression\". Vojnoistorijski Glasnik (in Serbian) (2). Institut za strategijska istraživanja: 28–49.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Gotse Delchev.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/G_Delchev.jpg/150px-G_Delchev.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hristo Tatarchev.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hristo_Tatar%C4%8Dev.jpg/150px-Hristo_Tatar%C4%8Dev.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dame Gruev","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dame_Gruev_Portrait.jpeg/130px-Dame_Gruev_Portrait.jpeg"},{"image_text":"A convoy of captured Bulgarian IMRO activists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/IMARO_Activists_-_Bulgarian_Comitadjii_-_Captured_by_the_Ottoman_Police.jpg/150px-IMARO_Activists_-_Bulgarian_Comitadjii_-_Captured_by_the_Ottoman_Police.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arthur D. Howden Smith joined VMRO and later wrote the book \"Fighting the Turk in the Balkans\".[45]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arthur_D._Howden_Smith_dressed_in_the_rebel_uniform_of_the_Macedonians_c._1907.jpg/150px-Arthur_D._Howden_Smith_dressed_in_the_rebel_uniform_of_the_Macedonians_c._1907.jpg"},{"image_text":"IMRO Revolutionaries from Florina, 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dzole-i-tane-lerinsko.jpg/250px-Dzole-i-tane-lerinsko.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hristo Chernopeev's band in 1903.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chernopeevs_band.jpg/250px-Chernopeevs_band.jpg"},{"image_text":"The battle flag of the Struga insurgent detachment during the Ilinden uprising with motto Свобода или смърть.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Struga_1903_1.jpg/250px-Struga_1903_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Tsontcheff, with revolutionists in 1904.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/General_Tsontcheff_with_Macedonian_Revolutionists.jpg/220px-General_Tsontcheff_with_Macedonian_Revolutionists.jpg"},{"image_text":"The partition of Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace in 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Balkan_boundaries_after_1913.jpg/150px-The_Balkan_boundaries_after_1913.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sandanski (left in front of flag) with IMARO members supporting Bulgarian troops during Balkan wars.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sandanski2.jpg/250px-Sandanski2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guerilla company of the 11th Macedonian Infantry Division composed of IMRO paramilitaries during WWI.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BASA-1932K-1-420-6.jpg/250px-BASA-1932K-1-420-6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Todor Aleksandrov.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Todor_Alexandrov_by_G%C3%BCnther_J%C3%B3zsef%2C_1912.jpg/150px-Todor_Alexandrov_by_G%C3%BCnther_J%C3%B3zsef%2C_1912.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Alexandar Protogerov.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Protogerov-2.jpg/200px-Protogerov-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nikola Pitu Gulev with interwar IMRO uniform.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nikola_Pitu_Gulev.jpg/150px-Nikola_Pitu_Gulev.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mara Buneva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mara_Buneva.jpg/150px-Mara_Buneva.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vlado Chernozemski.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chernozemski.jpg/150px-Chernozemski.jpg"},{"image_text":"Metodi Shatorov – Sharlo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/79/Metodija_Satorov-Sarlo.jpg"},{"image_text":"The execution of the revolutionist Kiril Gligorov by the Yugoslav authorities in 1925.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kiril_Gligorov_IMRO_killed_by_serbs.JPG/200px-Kiril_Gligorov_IMRO_killed_by_serbs.JPG"},{"image_text":"VMRO's logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Vmro-bg-logo.png/150px-Vmro-bg-logo.png"}] | [{"title":"Velin Alaykov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velin_Alaykov"},{"title":"Ivan Anastasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Anastasov"},{"title":"Dimitar Andonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Andonov"},{"title":"Aleksandar Andreev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Andreev"},{"title":"Ivan Angov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Angov"},{"title":"Bulgarian People's Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_People%27s_Macedonian-Adrianople_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"title":"Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization_(United)"},{"title":"Internal Revolutionary Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revolutionary_Organisation"},{"title":"Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Thracian_Revolutionary_Organisation"},{"title":"Macedonia (region)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"title":"Macedonian Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians"},{"title":"Macedonian Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Question"},{"title":"Ohrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrana"},{"title":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"title":"Thracian Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians"},{"title":"United Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Macedonia"},{"title":"March of the Macedonian Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Macedonian_Revolutionaries"},{"title":"Flags of Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Internal_Macedonian-Adrianople_Revolutionary_Organization"}] | [{"reference":"[9]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Hadzhinikolov","url_text":"[9]"}]},{"reference":"Mark Biondich (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929905-8","url_text":"978-0-19-929905-8"}]},{"reference":"Combs, Cindy C.; Slann, Martin W. (2009). Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition. Infobase Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4381-1019-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H7fT0BQxwDsC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1019-6","url_text":"978-1-4381-1019-6"}]},{"reference":"Frusetta, James Walter (2006). Bulgaria's Macedonia: Nation-building and state-building, centralization and autonomy in Pirin Macedonia, 1903–1952. pp. 137–140. ISBN 0-542-96184-9. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WHFCGEtRKYcC&pg=PA139","url_text":"Bulgaria's Macedonia: Nation-building and state-building, centralization and autonomy in Pirin Macedonia, 1903–1952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-542-96184-9","url_text":"0-542-96184-9"}]},{"reference":"Bechev, Dimitar (2009). Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-5565-6. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1jSg3lxgSy8C&pg=PA100","url_text":"Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5565-6","url_text":"978-0-8108-5565-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Terrorist Transformations: IMRO and the Politics of Violence. Keith Brown. Brown University, The Watson Institute for International Studies\". Watsoninstitute.org. Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070904161557/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/project_detail.cfm?id=74","url_text":"\"Terrorist Transformations: IMRO and the Politics of Violence. Keith Brown. Brown University, The Watson Institute for International Studies\""},{"url":"http://www.watsoninstitute.org/project_detail.cfm?id=74","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Biondich (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–114. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929905-8","url_text":"978-0-19-929905-8"}]},{"reference":"Mark Biondich (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929905-8","url_text":"978-0-19-929905-8"}]},{"reference":"Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (2007). The Balkans: a post-communist history. Taylor & Francis. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-415-22962-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/190","url_text":"The Balkans: a post-communist history"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/190","url_text":"190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22962-3","url_text":"978-0-415-22962-3"}]},{"reference":"Frederick B. Chary (2011). The History of Bulgaria. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-313-38446-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_B._Chary","url_text":"Frederick B. Chary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38446-2","url_text":"978-0-313-38446-2"}]},{"reference":"Mark Biondich (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929905-8","url_text":"978-0-19-929905-8"}]},{"reference":"James Frusetta (2004). \"Common Heroes, Divided Claims: IMRO Between Macedonia and Bulgaria\". In John R. Lampe, Mark Mazower (ed.). Ideologies and national identities: the case of twentieth-century Southeastern Europe. Central European University Press. pp. 110–130. ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-82-4","url_text":"978-963-9241-82-4"}]},{"reference":"D. Bell, John (1977). Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899–1923. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1400844210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400844210","url_text":"978-1400844210"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Stanford J. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA209","url_text":"History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8","url_text":"978-0-521-29166-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Encyclopædia Britannica – online, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization\". Britannica.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290546/Internal-Macedonian-Revolutionary-Organization","url_text":"\"Encyclopædia Britannica – online, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization\""}]},{"reference":"Rossos, Andrew (1903). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. ISBN 978-0817948818. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hE5PxJjrI8AC&pg=PA160","url_text":"Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817948818","url_text":"978-0817948818"}]},{"reference":"Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland. 1997. ISBN 978-0786402281. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=InyEqBVhH-EC&q=vmro&pg=PA169","url_text":"Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786402281","url_text":"978-0786402281"}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom or Death. The Life of Gotsé Delchev by Mercia MacDermott, The Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 322\". Kroraina.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/mm_gd/mm_21.htm","url_text":"\"Freedom or Death. The Life of Gotsé Delchev by Mercia MacDermott, The Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 322\""}]},{"reference":"D. Law, Randall. Terrorism: A History. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. Chapter: The International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The last interview with the leader of IMRO, Ivan Michailov in 1989 – newspaper 'Democratsia', Sofia, 8 January 2001, pp. 10–11\". Macedoniainfo.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006202334/http://www.macedoniainfo.com/Independent_Macedonia.htm","url_text":"\"The last interview with the leader of IMRO, Ivan Michailov in 1989 – newspaper 'Democratsia', Sofia, 8 January 2001, pp. 10–11\""},{"url":"http://www.macedoniainfo.com/Independent_Macedonia.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Danforth, Loring M. (1997). The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-691-04356-6. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmesOn_HhfEC&pg=PA64","url_text":"The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04356-6","url_text":"0-691-04356-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom or Death, The Life of Gotsé Delchev, by Mercia MacDermott, Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 230\". Kroraina.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/mm_gd/mm_16.htm","url_text":"\"Freedom or Death, The Life of Gotsé Delchev, by Mercia MacDermott, Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 230\""}]},{"reference":"Howden Smith, Arthur Douglas (1908). Fighting the Turk in the Balkans: An American's Adventures with the Macedonian Revolutionists. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 311. ISBN 978-0343951320. She realized this before she undertook her first trip, and adopted the regular chetnik uniform, knickerbockers and all.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0343951320","url_text":"978-0343951320"}]},{"reference":"Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-1400847761.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&q=Peter+Germani&pg=PR15","url_text":"The Albanian national awakening"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400847761","url_text":"978-1400847761"}]},{"reference":"Knickerbocker, H.R. (1941). Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind. Reynal & Hitchcock. pp. 77–78. ISBN 9781417992775.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RwGwpIBHhgcC&pg=PA77","url_text":"Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781417992775","url_text":"9781417992775"}]},{"reference":"Raĭkin, Spas (2001). Rebel with a just cause: a political journey against the winds of the 20th century, Spas Raĭkin, Pensoft Publishers, 2001, p. 375. ISBN 9789546421302. Retrieved 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pFQc1kYqrQcC&q=bulgarians+IMRO&pg=PA375","url_text":"Rebel with a just cause: a political journey against the winds of the 20th century, Spas Raĭkin, Pensoft Publishers, 2001, p. 375"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789546421302","url_text":"9789546421302"}]},{"reference":"James Frusetta (2004). \"Common Heroes, Divided Claims: IMRO Between Macedonia and Bulgaria\". In John R. Lampe, Mark Mazower (ed.). Ideologies and national identities: the case of twentieth-century Southeastern Europe. Central European University Press. pp. 110–115. ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-82-4","url_text":"978-963-9241-82-4"}]},{"reference":"Mark Mazower, John Lampe (2004). Ideologies and National Identities: The Case of Twentieth-Century Southeastern Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9639241822.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639241822","url_text":"9639241822"}]},{"reference":"Pisarri (2011). \"Suppressing Toplica Uprising: VMRO as Leading Force of Repression\". Vojnoistorijski Glasnik (in Serbian) (2). Institut za strategijska istraživanja: 28–49.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=762995","url_text":"\"Suppressing Toplica Uprising: VMRO as Leading Force of Repression\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Perry","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_adanir","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_pandev1","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_pandev2","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_pandev3","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_katardzhiev","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_bitoski","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_bghist","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Hadzhinikolov","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Tatarchev","external_links_name":"[10]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Gruev","external_links_name":"[11]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Banac1","external_links_name":"[12]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Banac2","external_links_name":"[13]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Brailsford","external_links_name":"[14]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_n4","external_links_name":"[15]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Sonnichsen","external_links_name":"[16]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_letter","external_links_name":"[17]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Mak","external_links_name":"[18]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Misirkov","external_links_name":"[19]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_n6","external_links_name":"[20]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_n5","external_links_name":"[21]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_carnegie1","external_links_name":"[22]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Gramos","external_links_name":"[23]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Miletich1","external_links_name":"[24]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_bazhdarov","external_links_name":"[25]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_No19Letter","external_links_name":"[26]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_MNI1","external_links_name":"[27]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_MNI2","external_links_name":"[28]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Grishina1","external_links_name":"[29]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Grishina2","external_links_name":"[30]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Grishina3","external_links_name":"[31]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_MNI3","external_links_name":"[32]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Banac3","external_links_name":"[33]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_PK0","external_links_name":"[34]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_15","external_links_name":"[35]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_PK1","external_links_name":"[36]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_PK2","external_links_name":"[37]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Katardjiev","external_links_name":"[38]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_PK3","external_links_name":"[39]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization#endnote_Brown","external_links_name":"[40]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pbi_wzu7QAMC&q=We,+the+People:+Politics+of+National","external_links_name":"pp. 117-120."},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Internal-Macedonian-Revolutionary-Organization","external_links_name":"an article in Encyclopedia Britannica Online."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H7fT0BQxwDsC","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WHFCGEtRKYcC&pg=PA139","external_links_name":"Bulgaria's Macedonia: Nation-building and state-building, centralization and autonomy in Pirin Macedonia, 1903–1952"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1jSg3lxgSy8C&pg=PA100","external_links_name":"Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070904161557/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/project_detail.cfm?id=74","external_links_name":"\"Terrorist Transformations: IMRO and the Politics of Violence. Keith Brown. Brown University, The Watson Institute for International Studies\""},{"Link":"http://www.watsoninstitute.org/project_detail.cfm?id=74","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/190","external_links_name":"The Balkans: a post-communist history"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/190","external_links_name":"190"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA209","external_links_name":"History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290546/Internal-Macedonian-Revolutionary-Organization","external_links_name":"\"Encyclopædia Britannica – online, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hE5PxJjrI8AC&pg=PA160","external_links_name":"Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=InyEqBVhH-EC&q=vmro&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation"},{"Link":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/mm_gd/mm_21.htm","external_links_name":"\"Freedom or Death. The Life of Gotsé Delchev by Mercia MacDermott, The Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 322\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027085642/http://geocities.com/mac_truth/secrets/vmro.html","external_links_name":"Таjните на Македонија. Се издава за прв пат, Скопје 1999."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006202334/http://www.macedoniainfo.com/Independent_Macedonia.htm","external_links_name":"\"The last interview with the leader of IMRO, Ivan Michailov in 1989 – newspaper 'Democratsia', Sofia, 8 January 2001, pp. 10–11\""},{"Link":"http://www.macedoniainfo.com/Independent_Macedonia.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.promacedonia.org/en/ib/i_banac.html","external_links_name":"The Macedoine, \"The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics\", by Ivo Banac, Cornell University Press, 1984."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmesOn_HhfEC&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World"},{"Link":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/mm_gd/mm_16.htm","external_links_name":"\"Freedom or Death, The Life of Gotsé Delchev, by Mercia MacDermott, Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 230\""},{"Link":"http://www.promacedonia.org/rami/dv/dv_2.html","external_links_name":"\"Борбите на македонския народ за освобождение\". Библиотека Балканска Федерация, № 1, Виена, 1925, стр. 11."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&q=Peter+Germani&pg=PR15","external_links_name":"The Albanian national awakening"},{"Link":"http://www.promacedonia.org/gb/gb_3_2c.html","external_links_name":"Георги Баждаров, Моите спомени, (София – 1929 г. Съставител: Ангел Джонев)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RwGwpIBHhgcC&pg=PA77","external_links_name":"Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pFQc1kYqrQcC&q=bulgarians+IMRO&pg=PA375","external_links_name":"Rebel with a just cause: a political journey against the winds of the 20th century, Spas Raĭkin, Pensoft Publishers, 2001, p. 375"},{"Link":"http://www.angelfire.com/super2/vmro-istorija/Knigi/spomht03.htm","external_links_name":"Tatarchev"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829163334/http://www.misirkov.org/what_have_we_done.htm","external_links_name":"misirkov.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829163334/http://www.misirkov.org/what_have_we_done.htm","external_links_name":"misirkov.org"},{"Link":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/mni/mni4_1.html","external_links_name":"Circular letter No9"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010601035630/http://library.ferris.edu/~cochranr/stone/stone2c3.htm","external_links_name":"Confessions, Ch. XXIV"},{"Link":"http://www.promacedonia.org/en/hb/hb_photo.html","external_links_name":"Brailsford's photos"},{"Link":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=762995","external_links_name":"\"Suppressing Toplica Uprising: VMRO as Leading Force of Repression\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040210185155/http://www.vmro-dpmne.org.mk/index.asp","external_links_name":"Website of Macedonian VMRO-DPMNE"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061022043326/http://www.makedonskaistorija.com/media/1/20050517-UstavBMORKw.jpg","external_links_name":"The statute of BMARC from a Macedonian language website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050210165854/http://www.bulgaria.com/VMRO/bmork.htm","external_links_name":"The complete statute of BMARC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181228125103/http://macedoniagreece.com/","external_links_name":"History of the Greek-Macedonian Fighters (Μακεδονομάχοι – Makedonomachi), adversaries of the IMRO"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810001146/http://vmro.org/","external_links_name":"Website of Bulgarian VMRO-BND"},{"Link":"https://www.angelfire.com/super2/vmro-istorija/index.html","external_links_name":"Macedonian site about history of IMRO – includes Dr. Tatarchev's complete memoirs"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/97100284","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304231005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85110726","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemiscau,_Quebec | Nemiscau | ["1 Climate","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°19′15″N 76°55′40″W / 51.32083°N 76.92778°W / 51.32083; -76.9277851°19′15″N 76°55′40″W / 51.32083°N 76.92778°W / 51.32083; -76.92778
Nemiscau Cree settlement, summer 2006.
Nemiscau (or Old Nemaska) is a semi-permanent Cree settlement in northern Quebec, Canada, on Lake Nemiscau.
During the mid-twentieth century, Thomas Nelson Dodd Jr., PhD, an American professor of chemistry from St. Peter's College in New Jersey, encountered the Cree people living at Nemiscau as he was canoeing in the nearby waterways. He developed a friendship with the people, and returned every summer as a kind of one-man peace corps. During his years with the Cree, he documented their spoken dialect which had never been written, as well as their customs and habits. He persuaded the Canadian government to build modern housing for the Crees, and Dr. Dodd's work was substantial enough to merit a federal grant of $15,000 from the American Philosophic Society in 1961. Dr. Dodd returned to Nemiscau every summer until July 1965, when he perished in a plane crash en route to Nemiscau.
Nemiscau is the former site of a Hudson's Bay Company post until 1970. The settlement was abandoned in the mid 1970s when Hydro-Québec proposed hydro-electric development on the Rupert River, which would have resulted in the flooding of the area. Its residents were dispersed to Waskaganish and Mistissini until the new community of Nemaska was built. Since the development plans have been canceled, the Cree originally living here have started to return to Nemiscau, using it as a summer encampment. There are only a handful of year-round residents in Nemiscau.
Climate
Nemiscau has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with mild to warm summers with cool nights and freezing cold winters lasting half the year.
Climate data for Nemiscau
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−13.0(8.6)
−10.0(14.0)
−3.2(26.2)
5.1(41.2)
14.8(58.6)
20.1(68.2)
21.9(71.4)
20.5(68.9)
16.1(61.0)
7.5(45.5)
−0.1(31.8)
−8.4(16.9)
5.9(42.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−23.2(−9.8)
−21.5(−6.7)
−15.5(4.1)
−5.8(21.6)
2.0(35.6)
7.9(46.2)
10.8(51.4)
10.1(50.2)
6.2(43.2)
0.4(32.7)
−5.9(21.4)
−16.8(1.8)
−4.3(24.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1mm)
7
8
7
7
8
9
11
10
10
10
10
11
108
Source: http://www.storm247.com/weather/105839292/climate
External links
http://www.ottertooth.com/Native_K/nemaska.htm
http://www.nemaska.com
This Quebec location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"51°19′15″N 76°55′40″W / 51.32083°N 76.92778°W / 51.32083; -76.92778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nemiscau¶ms=51_19_15_N_76_55_40_W_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nemiscau_QC_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree"},{"link_name":"Lake Nemiscau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nemiscau"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Hydro-Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Rupert River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_River"},{"link_name":"Waskaganish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waskaganish,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Mistissini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistissini,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Nemaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemaska,_Quebec"}],"text":"51°19′15″N 76°55′40″W / 51.32083°N 76.92778°W / 51.32083; -76.92778Nemiscau Cree settlement, summer 2006.Nemiscau (or Old Nemaska) is a semi-permanent Cree settlement in northern Quebec, Canada, on Lake Nemiscau.During the mid-twentieth century, Thomas Nelson Dodd Jr., PhD, an American professor of chemistry from St. Peter's College in New Jersey, encountered the Cree people living at Nemiscau as he was canoeing in the nearby waterways. He developed a friendship with the people, and returned every summer as a kind of one-man peace corps. During his years with the Cree, he documented their spoken dialect which had never been written, as well as their customs and habits. He persuaded the Canadian government to build modern housing for the Crees, and Dr. Dodd's work was substantial enough to merit a federal grant of $15,000 from the American Philosophic Society in 1961. Dr. Dodd returned to Nemiscau every summer until July 1965, when he perished in a plane crash en route to Nemiscau.Nemiscau is the former site of a Hudson's Bay Company post until 1970. The settlement was abandoned in the mid 1970s when Hydro-Québec proposed hydro-electric development on the Rupert River, which would have resulted in the flooding of the area. Its residents were dispersed to Waskaganish and Mistissini until the new community of Nemaska was built. Since the development plans have been canceled, the Cree originally living here have started to return to Nemiscau, using it as a summer encampment. There are only a handful of year-round residents in Nemiscau.","title":"Nemiscau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"warm-summer humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-summer_humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"http://www.storm247.com/weather/105839292/climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.storm247.com/weather/105839292/climate"}],"text":"Nemiscau has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with mild to warm summers with cool nights and freezing cold winters lasting half the year.Climate data for Nemiscau\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−13.0(8.6)\n\n−10.0(14.0)\n\n−3.2(26.2)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n7.5(45.5)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−8.4(16.9)\n\n5.9(42.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−23.2(−9.8)\n\n−21.5(−6.7)\n\n−15.5(4.1)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n−5.9(21.4)\n\n−16.8(1.8)\n\n−4.3(24.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1mm)\n\n7\n\n8\n\n7\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n11\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n11\n\n108\n\n\nSource: http://www.storm247.com/weather/105839292/climate","title":"Climate"}] | [{"image_text":"Nemiscau Cree settlement, summer 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nemiscau_QC_2006.jpg/250px-Nemiscau_QC_2006.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nemiscau¶ms=51_19_15_N_76_55_40_W_","external_links_name":"51°19′15″N 76°55′40″W / 51.32083°N 76.92778°W / 51.32083; -76.92778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nemiscau¶ms=51_19_15_N_76_55_40_W_","external_links_name":"51°19′15″N 76°55′40″W / 51.32083°N 76.92778°W / 51.32083; -76.92778"},{"Link":"http://www.storm247.com/weather/105839292/climate","external_links_name":"http://www.storm247.com/weather/105839292/climate"},{"Link":"http://www.ottertooth.com/Native_K/nemaska.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.ottertooth.com/Native_K/nemaska.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.nemaska.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.nemaska.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemiscau&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_temple,_Antwerp | Shankheshwar Parshvanath Jain Temple | ["1 History","2 About temple","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°10′24.8″N 04°23′47″E / 51.173556°N 4.39639°E / 51.173556; 4.39639Jain temple in Belgium
Shankheshwar Parshvanath Jain TempleJain temple, AntwerpReligionAffiliationJainismDeityParshvanathaFestivalsMahavir Jayanti, ParyushanaLocationLocationWilrijk, BelgiumGeographic coordinates51°10′24.8″N 04°23′47″E / 51.173556°N 4.39639°E / 51.173556; 4.39639ArchitectureDate established1990Temple(s)1
The Shankheshwar Parshvanath Jain Temple is a Jain temple located in the municipality Wilrijk of Antwerp Province, Belgium. It is currently the only Jain temple in continental Europe.
History
The building has a surface area of 1,000 m2 and has been in use since 2010. Construction started in 1990 in India. After it was completed in 2000, the building was dismantled piece by piece, shipped to Belgium and rebuild on its current location. The white marble design is inspired by traditional Jain Temples.
About temple
It is the biggest Jain temple outside of India. The temple houses an information centre about Jainism.
See also
Jainism in Belgium
References
Citations
^ Brill's encyclopedia of Jainism. Handbook of oriental studies. Leiden Boston (Mass.): Brill. 2020. ISBN 978-90-04-29746-3.
^ Kampen 2021.
Sources
Kampen, Anouk van (20 August 2021). "Villa Gandhi en Villa Shanti: duurste huizen zijn in handen van Indiërs". NRC Handelsblad.
Chris De Lauwer, "Een Indiase tempel in België", in: Idesbald Goddeeris (red.), Het wiel van Ashoka. Belgisch-Indiase contacten in historisch perspectief, 2013, p. 233-240
External links
Media related to Jain temple in Antwerp at Wikimedia Commons
vte Jain temples in IndiaSee also : Jain temples in North AmericaBihar
Pawapuri
Statue of Vasupujya
Delhi
Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir
Naya Mandir
Ahinsa Sthal
Gujarat
Abhapur
Bhadreshwar
Girnar
Neminath Temple
Hutheesing
Mahudi
Palitana
Shankheshwar
Taranga
Kothara
Panchasara
Kumbhariaji
Jharkhand
Shikharji
Karnataka
Badami cave temples
Dharmasthala Temple
Jain Temple, Lakkundi
Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli
Saavira Kambada Basadi
Sankighatta
Shravanabelagola
Halebidu
Karkala
Humcha
Pattadakal
Aihole
Shanka Basadi
Kerala
Anantnath Swami Temple
Jain temple, Alleppey
Jain Temple, Kidanganad
Jainimedu Jain temple
Kattil Madam Temple
Madhya Pradesh
Kundalpurna
Bawangaja
Jain temples of Khajuraho
Kanch Mandir
Sonagiri
Muktagiri
Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir
Vidisha
Maharashtra
Gajpanth
Kumbhoj
Shantinatha temple, Ramtek
Statue of Ahimsa
Nagaland
Dimapur Jain Temple
Odisha
Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri
Subai Jain temples
Rajasthan
Dilwara Temples
Ajmer Jain temple
Nakodaji
Nareli Jain Temple
Padampura
Ranakpur Jain temple
Sanghiji
Shri Mahavirji
Tijara Jain temple
Osian
Lodhurva Jain temple
Tamil Nadu
Arahanthgiri Jain Math
Alagramam Jain Temple
Kalugumalai Jain Beds
Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Jain Temple
Mel Sithamur Jain Math
Vijayamangalam Jain temple
Thirakoil
Telangana
Kulpakji
Bommalagutta
Uttar Pradesh
Jain temples at Deogarh
Jambudweep
Hastinapur
Navagarh Tirth
Ahichchhatra
West Bengal
Calcutta Jain Temple
Pakbirra Jain temples
Category
Religion portal
vte Jainism topicsGods
Tirthankara
Ganadhara
Arihant
Philosophy
Ethics
Ahimsa
Epistemology
Kevala Jñāna
Jaina logic
Anekāntavāda
Jain cosmology
Siddhashila
Naraka
Heavenly beings
Karma
Types
Causes
Gunasthana
Dravya
Jīva
Ajiva
Pudgala
Dharma
Tattva
Asrava
Bandha
Samvara
Nirjara
Mokṣa
Death
Saṃsāra
Ratnatraya
Kashaya
BranchesDigambara
Mula Sangha
Balatkara Gana
Kashtha Sangha
Taran Panth
Bispanthi
Terapanth
Yapaniya
Kanji Panth
Śvētāmbara
Murtipujaka
Gaccha
Kharatara
Tapa
Tristutik
Sthānakavāsī
Terapanth
Practices
Sallekhana
Meditation
Sāmāyika
Monasticism
Vegetarianism
Fasting
Rituals
Festivals
Paryushana
Kshamavani
Mahamastakabhisheka
Upadhan
Tapas
Pratikramana
Literature
Agama
Pravachanasara
Shatkhandagama
Kasayapahuda
Mantra
Namokar Mantra
Bhaktamara Stotra
Tattvartha Sutra
Samayasāra
Aptamimamsa
Kalpa Sūtra
Uttaradhyayana
Symbols
Jain flag
Siddhachakra
Ashtamangala
Shrivatsa
Nandavarta
Auspicious dreams
Swastika
Ascetics
Digambara monk
Aryika
Kshullak
Pattavali
Acharya
Scholars
Nalini Balbir
Colette Caillat
Chandabai
John E. Cort
Paul Dundas
Virchand Gandhi
Hermann Jacobi
Champat Rai Jain
Padmanabh Jaini
Jeffery D. Long
Hampa Nagarajaiah
Bal Patil
Jinendra Varni
Community
Śrāvaka
Sarak
Tamil
Organisations
Digambar Jain Mahasabha
Vishwa Jain Sangathan
JAINA
Jainism inIndia
Bundelkhand
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Karnataka
North
Kerala
Maharashtra
Mumbai
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Overseas
Africa
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Europe
Hong Kong
Japan
Pakistan
Singapore
Southeast Asia
United States
Jainism and
Buddhism
Hinduism
Islam
Sikhism
Non-creationism
Dynasties and empires
Chalukya
Ganga
Hoysala
Ikshvaku
Kadamba
Kalinga
Maurya
Pandya
Rashtrakuta
Santara
Related
History
Timeline
Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
Pratima
Śalākāpuruṣa
Tirtha
Samavasarana
Jain calendar
Samvatsari
Panch Kalyanaka
Statue of Ahimsa
Temple
Stupa
Sculpture
Art
Law
Nigoda
Jain terms and concepts
Sexual differences
Lists
List of Jains
List of Jain temples
List of Jain ascetics
List of Digambar Jain ascetics
Topics List (index)
Navboxes
Gods
Literature
Monks & nuns
Scholars
Temples
America
Bengal
Religion portal
This article about a Belgian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Jainism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a religious building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jain temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_temple"},{"link_name":"Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilrijk"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Province"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jain temple in BelgiumThe Shankheshwar Parshvanath Jain Temple is a Jain temple located in the municipality Wilrijk of Antwerp Province, Belgium. It is currently the only Jain temple in continental Europe.[1]","title":"Shankheshwar Parshvanath Jain Temple"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"The building has a surface area of 1,000 m2 and has been in use since 2010. Construction started in 1990 in India. After it was completed in 2000, the building was dismantled piece by piece, shipped to Belgium and rebuild on its current location. The white marble design is inspired by traditional Jain Temples.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen2021-2"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"}],"text":"It is the biggest Jain temple outside of India.[2] The temple houses an information centre about Jainism.","title":"About temple"}] | [] | [{"title":"Jainism in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium"}] | [{"reference":"Brill's encyclopedia of Jainism. Handbook of oriental studies. Leiden Boston (Mass.): Brill. 2020. ISBN 978-90-04-29746-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29746-3","url_text":"978-90-04-29746-3"}]},{"reference":"Kampen, Anouk van (20 August 2021). \"Villa Gandhi en Villa Shanti: duurste huizen zijn in handen van Indiërs\". NRC Handelsblad.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/08/20/diamantairs-die-niet-gehecht-zijn-aan-bezit-a4055493","url_text":"\"Villa Gandhi en Villa Shanti: duurste huizen zijn in handen van Indiërs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad","url_text":"NRC Handelsblad"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shankheshwar_Parshvanath_Jain_Temple¶ms=51_10_24.8_N_04_23_47_E_region:IN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°10′24.8″N 04°23′47″E / 51.173556°N 4.39639°E / 51.173556; 4.39639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shankheshwar_Parshvanath_Jain_Temple¶ms=51_10_24.8_N_04_23_47_E_region:IN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°10′24.8″N 04°23′47″E / 51.173556°N 4.39639°E / 51.173556; 4.39639"},{"Link":"https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/08/20/diamantairs-die-niet-gehecht-zijn-aan-bezit-a4055493","external_links_name":"\"Villa Gandhi en Villa Shanti: duurste huizen zijn in handen van Indiërs\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shankheshwar_Parshvanath_Jain_Temple&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shankheshwar_Parshvanath_Jain_Temple&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shankheshwar_Parshvanath_Jain_Temple&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Comyn,_Lord_of_Badenoch | John Comyn III of Badenoch | ["1 Comyn family","2 Comyn at war","3 Battle of Falkirk","4 Guardian of Scotland","5 Defiance and surrender","6 Death in Dumfries","7 References","7.1 Documentary and narrative","7.2 Secondary works"] | Late 13th-century Scottish noble
"John Comyn" redirects here. For other uses, see John Comyn (disambiguation).
John ComynLord of BadenochBornc. 1274Died10 February 1306Greyfriars, Dumfries, ScotlandCause of deathStabbingOther namesRed ComynYears active1296–1306OfficeGuardian of ScotlandSpouseJoan de ValenceChildrenJohn Comyn IVElizabeth, Baroness TalbotJoan, Countess of AthollParent(s)John Comyn IIEleanor BalliolRelativesKing John Balliol (uncle)John Comyn, Earl of Buchan (cousin)FamilyClan Comyn of BadenochGuardian of ScotlandIn office1298–1304Serving with Robert Bruce (1298–1300)William Lamberton (1299–1301)Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1301)John de Soules (1301–1302)Preceded byWilliam WallaceSucceeded byJohn of Brittany (appointed by Edward I of England)
Military serviceBattles/warsScottish Independence War• Battle of Dunbar (1296)• Battle of Roslin (1303)Edward I's Flemish campaign
John Comyn III of Badenoch, nicknamed the Red (c. 1274 – 10 February 1306), was a leading Scottish baron and magnate who played an important role in the First War of Scottish Independence. He served as Guardian of Scotland after the forced abdication of his uncle, King John Balliol (r. 1292–1296), in 1296, and for a time commanded the defence of Scotland against English attacks. Comyn was stabbed to death by Robert the Bruce before the altar at the church of the Greyfriars at Dumfries, once it had been declared that Comyn had more connection to King David of Scotland and therefore should be the next King of Scotland, not Robert.
His father, John Comyn II, known as the Black Comyn, had been one of the competitors for the Crown of Scotland, claiming his descent from King Donald III. His mother was Eleanor Balliol, sister of King John Balliol. He had, moreover, links with the royal house of England: in the early 1290s, he married Joan de Valence, cousin of King Edward I.
Comyn family
Main article: Clan Comyn
On the eve of the Wars of Independence, the Comyns were one of the dominant families of Scotland, with extensive landholdings in both the north and south of the country, and political influence and family connections with the crown. This Anglo-Norman family first made an appearance in Scotland during the reign of David I. In the thirteenth century they acquired the lordship of Badenoch, with extensive landholdings also in Lochaber, as well as the earldom of Buchan. On the death of Alexander III, John Comyn's father was appointed to the panel of Guardians to await the arrival of the infant Margaret, Maid of Norway, granddaughter of Alexander III. Her death in 1290 immersed the nation in crisis, finally solved in 1292 when John Balliol emerged as king, with the support of his Comyn kinsmen, a solution that was never accepted by the other main claimant, Robert Bruce of Annandale, grandfather of the future king. The Comyns were supporters of King John as was William Wallace.
Comyn at war
With the outbreak of war between England and Scotland, Comyn, his father, and his cousin, John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, crossed the border and attacked Carlisle, defended for King Edward by Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, the father of the future king. The Wars of Scottish Independence thus began in a clash between the Bruces and Comyns. Having no siege equipment, the Comyns drew off and subsequently joined the main Scottish host at Haddington, which had been assembled to meet the advance of the English army along the east coast. On 27 April, the Scots were overwhelmed at the Battle of Dunbar, with John being among the many prisoners taken. While his father and cousin retreated north in the company of King John, he was sent south, to be imprisoned in the Tower of London.
John remained in prison for some months; but with the war in Scotland seemingly over he was finally released on condition that he take up service with Edward in Flanders, the main theatre of operations in his war against the French. While there he learned of the rising of William Wallace and Andrew Moray and their victory over the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. In March 1298, John was among Scots who deserted the English, finally ending up in Paris, where they appealed for aid to Philip IV of France. The only help they managed to get was a ship back to Scotland, arriving before the summer.
Battle of Falkirk
Earlier that year William Wallace emerged as Guardian after Moray died at Stirling or shortly after. The main task facing the Guardian was to gather a national army to meet an invasion by Edward, anxious to reverse the victory of Stirling Bridge. For cavalry, by far the weakest element of the Scottish host, Wallace depended on the Comyns and the other noble families. On 22 July Wallace's army was destroyed at the Battle of Falkirk, the light horse being driven off at an early stage by the heavy English cavalry.
It is possible that John Comyn was present at the battle, though the evidence is far from conclusive. The main Scottish sources, the chronicles of John Fordun and John Barbour, were composed decades after the event, long after the Comyns had been expelled from Scotland, and had a specific agenda, namely to magnify the later King, Robert the Bruce, and diminish John Comyn. According to Fordun, John and his kin hated Wallace and appeared on the battlefield only with premeditated treachery in mind – "For, on account of the ill-will, begotten of the sprig of envy, which the Comyns had conceived towards the aforesaid William, they, with their accomplices, forsook the field, and escaped unhurt." This is set alongside a commendation of Robert the Bruce, who, in Fordun's account, fought on the side of the English and "was the means of bringing about the victory." This is contested as no Bruce appears on the Falkirk roll of nobles present in the English army, and ignoring Blind Harry's 15th claim that Wallace burned Ayr Castle in 1297, two 19th-century antiquarians, Alexander Murison and George Chalmers, stated that Bruce did not participate in the battle and the following month decided to burn Ayr Castle to prevent it being garrisoned by the English. The contemporary English record of the Lanercost Chronicle simply blames the inadequacy of the Scottish cavalry in general. Soon after the defeat, John Comyn and Robert the Bruce were named as joint Guardians of the Realm in place of Wallace.
Guardian of Scotland
With no independent power base, Wallace, whose prestige had always been based on the success of his army, resigned or was removed as Guardian after Falkirk. In his place an unusual and difficult balancing act: John Comyn and Robert the Bruce, who had now joined the patriot party. The Scots were still fighting on behalf of the absent King John, so Bruce must have paid lip service to the cause, though his royal ambitions were openly known. The records give little or nothing in the way of insight into the feelings and motives of these men. At a meeting of a council of the magnates at Peebles in August 1299, an argument broke out relative to the property of Wallace, who was then in France. Comyn is said to have seized Bruce by the throat.
William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, was appointed as a third Guardian. Lamberton was a personal friend of both Wallace and Bruce. Bruce resigned before May 1300, when the restoration of King John was looking increasingly likely, leaving only Comyn and Lamberton. When parliament assembled at Rutherglen it elected Sir Ingram d'Umphraville to be one of the guardians of the realm in place of Bruce.
This was obviously an arrangement that suited Comyn, because Umphraville was a close political associate and a kinsman of King John. With the Guardianship taking Scotland one way Robert Bruce went the other, making his peace with Edward by February 1302 in a document in which he expressed the fear that "the realm of Scotland might be removed from the hands of the king, which God forbid, and delivered to John Balliol, or to his son."
The new triumvirate lasted to May 1301, when John de Soules emerged as senior Guardian, seemingly appointed by Balliol himself pending his return. The following year, with Soules leaving for France on a diplomatic mission, Comyn (who may have resigned the guardianship during Soules's tenure in 1301–2) became sole Guardian, occupying the position for the next two years. Comyn became Lord of Badenoch following his father's death that same year.
Defiance and surrender
There was a certain inevitability to the Comyn domination of Scottish government in the years before 1304: they were the most powerful of the noble families, having more military resources and more control, particularly in the north, than any other family. English invasions in 1298, 1300, and 1301 had been confined to the south of the country, leaving the north as the chief recruiting ground, and supply base, of the Scottish army. The Guardian's prestige increased still further when he and Sir Simon Fraser defeated an English reconnaissance force at the Battle of Roslin in February 1303.
There never was so desperate a struggle, or one in which the stoutness of knightly prowess shone forth so brightly. The commander and leader in this struggle was John Comyn, the son... John Comyn, then guardian of Scotland, and Simon Fraser with their followers, day and night, did their best to harass and to annoy, by their general prowess, the aforesaid kings officers and bailiffs... the aforesaid John Comyn and Simon, with their abettors, hearing of their arrival at Rosslyn and wishing to steal a march rather than have one stolen upon them, came briskly through from Biggar to Rosslyn, in one night, with some chosen men, who chose rather death before unworthy subjection to the English nation; and all of a sudden they fearlessly fell upon the enemy.
Politically, however, the outlook was bleak. Philip of France entered into a final peace with Edward, from which Scotland was excluded. John Balliol, whose star had risen briefly above the horizon, now sank into the twilight of history. In a mood of desperation the Scottish diplomats in Paris, who included Comyn's cousin Buchan, wrote words of encouragement; "For God's sake do not despair...it would gladden your hearts if you would know how much your honour has increased in every part of the world as a result of your recent battle with the English." However, for the first time since 1296 Edward was preparing an offensive that would take him deep into the north of Scotland. Unable to mount an effective resistance, and with his main base threatened with destruction, Comyn entered into peace negotiations, which concluded at Strathord near Perth on 9 February 1304.
Echoing the Treaty of Birgham, it was stipulated that laws, usages, and customs in place in the time of Alexander III should be retained. Comyn insisted that there should be no reprisals or disinheritance, which Edward accepted, with notable exceptions. Edward maintained his particular hatred for one former Guardian. Comyn was thus obliged to adhere to a condition in which he and other named individuals were to "capture Sir William Wallace and hand him over to the king, who will watch to see how each of them conducts himself so that he can do most favour to whoever shall capture Wallace..." There is no evidence to suggest Comyn made any effort to fulfil this condition.
Death in Dumfries
The killing of Comyn in the Greyfriars church in Dumfries, as portrayed by Felix Philippoteaux, a 19th-century illustrator.
On 10 February 1306 Robert the Bruce participated in the killing of John Comyn before the high altar of the Greyfriars Church in Dumfries. Legend, possibly apocryphal, says Robert the Bruce called Comyn to a meeting. After Sir Richard Edgar encouraged Robert to slay the Red Comyn, Robert stabbed him and rushed out to tell Roger de Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick went in to finish the job uttering: "You doubt! I mak siccar!" ("I make sure!") while Sir Robert Fleming decapitated Comyn, presenting the head to Robert, stating: "Let the deed shaw" ("Let the deed show").
"I mak siccar!" on the crest of Clan Kirkpatrick
"Let the Deed Shaw" on the crest of Clan Fleming
Apart from these bare facts, nothing certain can be gathered from contemporary accounts. While later Scottish sources all try to justify the crime by amplifying earlier accusations of malevolence and treachery against Comyn, the English sources portray Robert as a villain who lured Comyn into a church – taken as a guarantee of safety – to commit premeditated murder.
Some sources state that Bruce and Comyn had previously signed a pact, whereby one would take the crown in return for the lands of the other. As they stood before the high altar, Bruce accused Comyn of having betrayed him to the English and struck Comyn with a dagger. It is unknown if this account is true.
Bruce's companions struck him with their swords. Sir Robert Comyn, rushing to aid his nephew, was killed by a blow to the head by Bruce's brother-in-law, Christopher Seton.
Thirteen days after the event, a garbled version of the facts reached the court of Edward I at Winchester, where the murder was reported as "the work of some people who are doing their utmost to trouble the peace and quiet of the realm of Scotland." Once the picture became clear, Edward reacted in fury, authorising Aymer de Valence, Comyn's brother-in-law, to take extraordinary action against Bruce and his adherents by refusing quarter to them. King Edward also emphasised his blood relationship with the Comyns by ordering his cousin, Joan, to send John's young son and namesake to England, where he was placed in the care of Sir John Weston, guardian of the royal children. John IV Comyn grew to manhood in England, not returning to Scotland until 1314, when he was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn. The death of his father plunged Scotland into a brief but bloody civil war, largely concluded by 1308, but with political reverberations that were to last for decades.
References
^ "John Comyn was about the same age as Robert Bruce." Barrow 2005, p. 188
^ a b Young 2004.
^ a b c "John 'Red' Comyn, Lord of Badenoch", Foghlam Alba Archived 17 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c Mackintosh, John. Historic Earls and Earldoms of Scotland, W. Jolly, 1898
^ Bingham, Caroline (1998). Robert the Bruce. Edinburgh: Constable. p. 101. ISBN 978-0094764408.
^ Barrow, G. W. S., Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, 2005 ISBN 9780748620227
^ Grant 2007, p. 217.
^ Grant 2007, pp. 192–193 (n. 74), 215 (n. 184), 217.
^ Young, Alan. "The Comyns and Anglo-Scottish Relations", Thirteenth Century England VII: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1997, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, Jan 1, 1999 ISBN 9780851157191
^ "The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Roslin" (PDF).
^ Barrow, G. W. S. (1965). Rober the Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. Berkeley: U of California P. p. 180.
^ Young 1999, p. 221.
^ Murison, A. F. (1899). King Robert the Bruce (reprint 2005 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 9781417914944.
^ "History Timeline". Wedderlie House. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
^ Traquair, Peter Freedom's Sword pp. 127–128
^ Brown, Michael. "Robert the Bruce: Champion of Scotland or Murderous Usurper?". History Extra. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ Archer, Thomas Andrew (1887). "Comyn, John (d. 1306)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 11. pp. 460–462.
^ Barrow 2005, p. 191.
^ Watson, Fiona. "The Battle of Bannockburn: Robert Bruce's Fight for Freedom". History Extra. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
Documentary and narrative
Barbour, John, The Bruce, trans. A. A. H. Duncan, 1964.
Bower, Walter, Scotichronicon, ed. D. E. R. Watt, 1987–1996.
Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, ed. J. Bain, 1881.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, ed. H. Rothwell, Camden Society, vol. 89, 1957.
Fordun, John of, Chronicles, ed. W. F. Skene, 1871–2.
Gray, Sir Thomas, Scalicronica, trans. H. Maxwell, 1913.
Lanercost Chronicle, trans. H. Maxwell, 1913.
Palgrave, F., ed. Documents and Records Illustrating the History of Scotland, 1837.
Pluscarden, the Book of, ed. F. J. H. Skene, 1877–80.
Wyntoun, Andrew, Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, ed. D. Laing, 1872–9.
Secondary works
Archer, Thomas Andrew (1887). "Comyn, John (d.1306)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 11. pp. 460–462.
Barrow, G.W.S. (2005) . Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (4th ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2022-7.
Barron, E. M., The Scottish War of Independence, 1934.
Grant, Alexander (2007). "The Death of John Comyn: What Was Going On?". Scottish Historical Review. 86 (222): 176–224. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.176. JSTOR 25529980. S2CID 162288277.
Traquair, Peter Freedom's Sword, 1999.
Young, Alan (1997). Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-86232-017-8.
Young, Alan (1999). "The Comyns and Anglo-Scottish Relations (1286–1314)". In Michael Prestwich; Richard Britnell & Robin Frame (eds.). Thirteenth Century England VII: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1997. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 207–222. ISBN 978-0-85115-719-1.
Young, Alan (2004). "Comyn, Sir John, lord of Badenoch (d. 1306), magnate". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6046. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Political offices
Preceded byWilliam Wallace
Guardian of Scotland 1298–1304 With: Robert Bruce (1298–1300)William Lamberton (1299–1301)Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1)John de Soules (1301–1302)
Succeeded byJohn of Brittany
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded byJohn Comyn II
Lord of Badenoch 1302–1306
Succeeded byJohn Comyn IV
Preceded byRobert de Brus VI(confiscated)
Lord of Annandale 1295–1296
Succeeded byRobert de Brus VI(restored)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Comyn (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Comyn_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Badenoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Badenoch"},{"link_name":"baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"First War of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"Guardian of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"abdication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication"},{"link_name":"John Balliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol"},{"link_name":"Robert the Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars_Church,_Dumfries"},{"link_name":"Greyfriars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars,_Dumfries"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"John Comyn II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Comyn_II_of_Badenoch"},{"link_name":"competitors for the Crown of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitors_for_the_Crown_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Donald III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"royal house of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"}],"text":"\"John Comyn\" redirects here. For other uses, see John Comyn (disambiguation).John Comyn III of Badenoch, nicknamed the Red (c. 1274 – 10 February 1306), was a leading Scottish baron and magnate who played an important role in the First War of Scottish Independence. He served as Guardian of Scotland after the forced abdication of his uncle, King John Balliol (r. 1292–1296), in 1296, and for a time commanded the defence of Scotland against English attacks. Comyn was stabbed to death by Robert the Bruce before the altar at the church of the Greyfriars at Dumfries, once it had been declared that Comyn had more connection to King David of Scotland and therefore should be the next King of Scotland, not Robert.His father, John Comyn II, known as the Black Comyn, had been one of the competitors for the Crown of Scotland, claiming his descent from King Donald III. His mother was Eleanor Balliol, sister of King John Balliol. He had, moreover, links with the royal house of England: in the early 1290s, he married Joan de Valence, cousin of King Edward I.","title":"John Comyn III of Badenoch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wars of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Normans"},{"link_name":"David I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Badenoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badenoch"},{"link_name":"Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochaber"},{"link_name":"Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchan"},{"link_name":"Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Margaret, Maid of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"John Balliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol"},{"link_name":"Robert Bruce of Annandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_5th_Lord_of_Annandale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alba-3"}],"text":"On the eve of the Wars of Independence, the Comyns were one of the dominant families of Scotland, with extensive landholdings in both the north and south of the country, and political influence and family connections with the crown. This Anglo-Norman family first made an appearance in Scotland during the reign of David I. In the thirteenth century they acquired the lordship of Badenoch, with extensive landholdings also in Lochaber, as well as the earldom of Buchan. On the death of Alexander III, John Comyn's father was appointed to the panel of Guardians to await the arrival of the infant Margaret, Maid of Norway, granddaughter of Alexander III. Her death in 1290 immersed the nation in crisis, finally solved in 1292 when John Balliol emerged as king, with the support of his Comyn kinsmen, a solution that was never accepted by the other main claimant, Robert Bruce of Annandale, grandfather of the future king. The Comyns were supporters of King John as was William Wallace.[3]","title":"Comyn family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Comyn, Earl of Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Comyn,_Earl_of_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bruce,_jure_uxoris_Earl_of_Carrick"},{"link_name":"Wars of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alba-3"},{"link_name":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1296)"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"William Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Andrew Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Moray"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stirling Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stirling_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Philip IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alba-3"}],"text":"With the outbreak of war between England and Scotland, Comyn, his father, and his cousin, John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, crossed the border and attacked Carlisle, defended for King Edward by Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, the father of the future king. The Wars of Scottish Independence thus began in a clash between the Bruces and Comyns.[3] Having no siege equipment, the Comyns drew off and subsequently joined the main Scottish host at Haddington, which had been assembled to meet the advance of the English army along the east coast. On 27 April, the Scots were overwhelmed at the Battle of Dunbar, with John being among the many prisoners taken. While his father and cousin retreated north in the company of King John, he was sent south, to be imprisoned in the Tower of London.John remained in prison for some months; but with the war in Scotland seemingly over he was finally released on condition that he take up service with Edward in Flanders, the main theatre of operations in his war against the French. While there he learned of the rising of William Wallace and Andrew Moray and their victory over the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. In March 1298, John was among Scots who deserted the English, finally ending up in Paris, where they appealed for aid to Philip IV of France. The only help they managed to get was a ship back to Scotland, arriving before the summer.[3]","title":"Comyn at war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk"},{"link_name":"John Fordun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fordun"},{"link_name":"John Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Robert the Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Falkirk roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk#The_Falkirk_Roll_of_Arms"},{"link_name":"Lanercost Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanercost_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackintosh-4"}],"text":"Earlier that year William Wallace emerged as Guardian after Moray died at Stirling or shortly after. The main task facing the Guardian was to gather a national army to meet an invasion by Edward, anxious to reverse the victory of Stirling Bridge. For cavalry, by far the weakest element of the Scottish host, Wallace depended on the Comyns and the other noble families. On 22 July Wallace's army was destroyed at the Battle of Falkirk, the light horse being driven off at an early stage by the heavy English cavalry.It is possible that John Comyn was present at the battle, though the evidence is far from conclusive. The main Scottish sources, the chronicles of John Fordun and John Barbour, were composed decades after the event, long after the Comyns had been expelled from Scotland, and had a specific agenda, namely to magnify the later King, Robert the Bruce, and diminish John Comyn. According to Fordun, John and his kin hated Wallace and appeared on the battlefield only with premeditated treachery in mind – \"For, on account of the ill-will, begotten of the sprig of envy, which the Comyns had conceived towards the aforesaid William, they, with their accomplices, forsook the field, and escaped unhurt.\" This is set alongside a commendation of Robert the Bruce, who, in Fordun's account, fought on the side of the English and \"was the means of bringing about the victory.\" This is contested as no Bruce appears on the Falkirk roll of nobles present in the English army, and ignoring Blind Harry's 15th claim that Wallace burned Ayr Castle in 1297, two 19th-century antiquarians, Alexander Murison and George Chalmers, stated that Bruce did not participate in the battle and the following month decided to burn Ayr Castle to prevent it being garrisoned by the English. The contemporary English record of the Lanercost Chronicle simply blames the inadequacy of the Scottish cavalry in general. Soon after the defeat, John Comyn and Robert the Bruce were named as joint Guardians of the Realm in place of Wallace.[4]","title":"Battle of Falkirk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackintosh-4"},{"link_name":"William Lamberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lamberton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackintosh-4"},{"link_name":"Rutherglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen"},{"link_name":"Ingram d'Umphraville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingram_d%27Umphraville"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John de Soules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Soules_(died_1310)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2007217-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2007192%E2%80%93193_(n._74),_215_(n._184),_217-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2004-2"}],"text":"With no independent power base, Wallace, whose prestige had always been based on the success of his army, resigned or was removed as Guardian after Falkirk. In his place an unusual and difficult balancing act: John Comyn and Robert the Bruce, who had now joined the patriot party. The Scots were still fighting on behalf of the absent King John, so Bruce must have paid lip service to the cause, though his royal ambitions were openly known. The records give little or nothing in the way of insight into the feelings and motives of these men. At a meeting of a council of the magnates at Peebles in August 1299, an argument broke out relative to the property of Wallace, who was then in France. Comyn is said to have seized Bruce by the throat.[4]William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, was appointed as a third Guardian. Lamberton was a personal friend of both Wallace and Bruce.[4] Bruce resigned before May 1300, when the restoration of King John was looking increasingly likely, leaving only Comyn and Lamberton. When parliament assembled at Rutherglen it elected Sir Ingram d'Umphraville to be one of the guardians of the realm in place of Bruce.This was obviously an arrangement that suited Comyn, because Umphraville was a close political associate and a kinsman of King John. With the Guardianship taking Scotland one way Robert Bruce went the other, making his peace with Edward by February 1302 in a document in which he expressed the fear that \"the realm of Scotland might be removed from the hands of the king, which God forbid, and delivered to John Balliol, or to his son.\"[5]The new triumvirate lasted to May 1301, when John de Soules emerged as senior Guardian, seemingly appointed by Balliol himself pending his return.[6][7] The following year, with Soules leaving for France on a diplomatic mission, Comyn (who may have resigned the guardianship during Soules's tenure in 1301–2) became sole Guardian,[8][2] occupying the position for the next two years. Comyn became Lord of Badenoch following his father's death that same year.","title":"Guardian of Scotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Simon Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_(d._1306)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Roslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roslin"},{"link_name":"Biggar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggar,_South_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ihb-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Strathord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strathord&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Birgham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Birgham"},{"link_name":"Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1999221-12"}],"text":"There was a certain inevitability to the Comyn domination of Scottish government in the years before 1304: they were the most powerful of the noble families, having more military resources and more control, particularly in the north, than any other family.[9] English invasions in 1298, 1300, and 1301 had been confined to the south of the country, leaving the north as the chief recruiting ground, and supply base, of the Scottish army. The Guardian's prestige increased still further when he and Sir Simon Fraser defeated an English reconnaissance force at the Battle of Roslin in February 1303.There never was so desperate a struggle, or one in which the stoutness of knightly prowess shone forth so brightly. The commander and leader in this struggle was John Comyn, the son... John Comyn, then guardian of Scotland, and Simon Fraser with their followers, day and night, did their best to harass and to annoy, by their general prowess, the aforesaid kings officers and bailiffs... the aforesaid John Comyn and Simon, with their abettors, hearing of their arrival at Rosslyn and wishing to steal a march rather than have one stolen upon them, came briskly through from Biggar to Rosslyn, in one night, with some chosen men, who chose rather death before unworthy subjection to the English nation; and all of a sudden they fearlessly fell upon the enemy.[10]Politically, however, the outlook was bleak. Philip of France entered into a final peace with Edward, from which Scotland was excluded. John Balliol, whose star had risen briefly above the horizon, now sank into the twilight of history. In a mood of desperation the Scottish diplomats in Paris, who included Comyn's cousin Buchan, wrote words of encouragement; \"For God's sake do not despair...it would gladden your hearts if you would know how much your honour has increased in every part of the world as a result of your recent battle with the English.\"[11] However, for the first time since 1296 Edward was preparing an offensive that would take him deep into the north of Scotland. Unable to mount an effective resistance, and with his main base threatened with destruction, Comyn entered into peace negotiations, which concluded at Strathord near Perth on 9 February 1304.Echoing the Treaty of Birgham, it was stipulated that laws, usages, and customs in place in the time of Alexander III should be retained.[12] Comyn insisted that there should be no reprisals or disinheritance, which Edward accepted, with notable exceptions. Edward maintained his particular hatred for one former Guardian. Comyn was thus obliged to adhere to a condition in which he and other named individuals were to \"capture Sir William Wallace and hand him over to the king, who will watch to see how each of them conducts himself so that he can do most favour to whoever shall capture Wallace...\" There is no evidence to suggest Comyn made any effort to fulfil this condition.","title":"Defiance and surrender"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_of_Comyn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Felix Philippoteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_F%C3%A9lix_Emmanuel_Philippoteaux"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Roger de Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Fleming"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirkpatrick_crest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clan Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Kirkpatrick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Fleming.svg"},{"link_name":"Clan Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Fleming"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Robert Comyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Comyn_(died_1306)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Seton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Seton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow2005191-18"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"Aymer de Valence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymer_de_Valence,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"John IV Comyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_Comyn,_Lord_of_Badenoch"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bannockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The killing of Comyn in the Greyfriars church in Dumfries, as portrayed by Felix Philippoteaux, a 19th-century illustrator.On 10 February 1306 Robert the Bruce participated in the killing of John Comyn before the high altar of the Greyfriars Church in Dumfries.[13] Legend, possibly apocryphal, says Robert the Bruce called Comyn to a meeting. After Sir Richard Edgar encouraged Robert to slay the Red Comyn,[14] Robert stabbed him and rushed out to tell Roger de Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick went in to finish the job uttering: \"You doubt! I mak siccar!\" (\"I make sure!\") while Sir Robert Fleming decapitated Comyn, presenting the head to Robert, stating: \"Let the deed shaw\" (\"Let the deed show\").[15]\"I mak siccar!\" on the crest of Clan Kirkpatrick\"Let the Deed Shaw\" on the crest of Clan FlemingApart from these bare facts, nothing certain can be gathered from contemporary accounts. While later Scottish sources all try to justify the crime by amplifying earlier accusations of malevolence and treachery against Comyn, the English sources portray Robert as a villain who lured Comyn into a church – taken as a guarantee of safety – to commit premeditated murder.[16]Some sources state that Bruce and Comyn had previously signed a pact, whereby one would take the crown in return for the lands of the other. As they stood before the high altar, Bruce accused Comyn of having betrayed him to the English and struck Comyn with a dagger. It is unknown if this account is true.[17]Bruce's companions struck him with their swords. Sir Robert Comyn, rushing to aid his nephew, was killed by a blow to the head by Bruce's brother-in-law, Christopher Seton.[18]Thirteen days after the event, a garbled version of the facts reached the court of Edward I at Winchester, where the murder was reported as \"the work of some people who are doing their utmost to trouble the peace and quiet of the realm of Scotland.\" Once the picture became clear, Edward reacted in fury, authorising Aymer de Valence, Comyn's brother-in-law, to take extraordinary action against Bruce and his adherents by refusing quarter to them. King Edward also emphasised his blood relationship with the Comyns by ordering his cousin, Joan, to send John's young son and namesake to England, where he was placed in the care of Sir John Weston, guardian of the royal children. John IV Comyn grew to manhood in England, not returning to Scotland until 1314, when he was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn. The death of his father plunged Scotland into a brief but bloody civil war, largely concluded by 1308, but with political reverberations that were to last for decades.[19]","title":"Death in Dumfries"}] | [{"image_text":"The killing of Comyn in the Greyfriars church in Dumfries, as portrayed by Felix Philippoteaux, a 19th-century illustrator.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Death_of_Comyn.jpg/230px-Death_of_Comyn.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"I mak siccar!\" on the crest of Clan Kirkpatrick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kirkpatrick_crest.jpg/220px-Kirkpatrick_crest.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Let the Deed Shaw\" on the crest of Clan Fleming","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Fleming.svg/220px-Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Fleming.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bingham, Caroline (1998). Robert the Bruce. Edinburgh: Constable. p. 101. ISBN 978-0094764408.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0094764408","url_text":"978-0094764408"}]},{"reference":"\"The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Roslin\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/data/docs/battlefields/roslin_full.pdf","url_text":"\"The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Roslin\""}]},{"reference":"Barrow, G. W. S. (1965). Rober the Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. Berkeley: U of California P. p. 180.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UX-m_BdeUhoC&q=it+would+gladden+your+hearts+if+you+would+know+how+much+your+honour+has+increased+in+every+part+of+the+world+as+a+result+of+your+recent+battle+with+the+English&pg=PA180","url_text":"Rober the Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland"}]},{"reference":"Murison, A. F. (1899). King Robert the Bruce (reprint 2005 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 9781417914944.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iMEMc45g9s8C","url_text":"King Robert the Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781417914944","url_text":"9781417914944"}]},{"reference":"\"History Timeline\". Wedderlie House. Retrieved 15 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wedderliehouse.com/history-timeline/","url_text":"\"History Timeline\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Michael. \"Robert the Bruce: Champion of Scotland or Murderous Usurper?\". History Extra. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/robert-the-bruce-champion-of-scotland-or-murderous-usurper/","url_text":"\"Robert the Bruce: Champion of Scotland or Murderous Usurper?\""}]},{"reference":"Archer, Thomas Andrew (1887). \"Comyn, John (d. 1306)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 11. pp. 460–462.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Archer","url_text":"Archer, Thomas Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Comyn,_John_(d._1306)","url_text":"\"Comyn, John (d. 1306)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Fiona. \"The Battle of Bannockburn: Robert Bruce's Fight for Freedom\". History Extra. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/battle-bannockburn-robert-bruce-civil-war-scottish-history/","url_text":"\"The Battle of Bannockburn: Robert Bruce's Fight for Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Archer, Thomas Andrew (1887). \"Comyn, John (d.1306)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 11. pp. 460–462.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Archer","url_text":"Archer, Thomas Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Comyn,_John_(d.1306)","url_text":"\"Comyn, John (d.1306)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Barrow, G.W.S. (2005) [1965]. Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (4th ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2022-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow","url_text":"Barrow, G.W.S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UX-m_BdeUhoC","url_text":"Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2022-7","url_text":"978-0-7486-2022-7"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Alexander (2007). \"The Death of John Comyn: What Was Going On?\". Scottish Historical Review. 86 (222): 176–224. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.176. JSTOR 25529980. S2CID 162288277.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Historical_Review","url_text":"Scottish Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.86.2.176","url_text":"10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25529980","url_text":"25529980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162288277","url_text":"162288277"}]},{"reference":"Young, Alan (1997). Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-86232-017-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhoOAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86232-017-8","url_text":"978-1-86232-017-8"}]},{"reference":"Young, Alan (1999). \"The Comyns and Anglo-Scottish Relations (1286–1314)\". In Michael Prestwich; Richard Britnell & Robin Frame (eds.). Thirteenth Century England VII: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1997. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 207–222. ISBN 978-0-85115-719-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Prestwich","url_text":"Michael Prestwich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Britnell","url_text":"Richard Britnell"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l0LSjHTOby4C","url_text":"Thirteenth Century England VII: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-719-1","url_text":"978-0-85115-719-1"}]},{"reference":"Young, Alan (2004). \"Comyn, Sir John, lord of Badenoch (d. 1306), magnate\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6046.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/tg9Mz","url_text":"\"Comyn, Sir John, lord of Badenoch (d. 1306), magnate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6046","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/6046"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/warsofindependence/johncomyn/index.asp","external_links_name":"\"John 'Red' Comyn, Lord of Badenoch\", Foghlam Alba"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130517125330/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/warsofindependence/johncomyn/index.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicearlsear00mack","external_links_name":"Mackintosh, John. Historic Earls and Earldoms of Scotland, W. Jolly, 1898"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fmA1R9aPK90C&dq=John+III+Comyn%2C+Lord+of+Badenoch&pg=PA442","external_links_name":"Barrow, G. W. S., Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, 2005"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l0LSjHTOby4C&dq=John+III+Comyn%2C+Lord+of+Badenoch&pg=PA221","external_links_name":"Young, Alan. \"The Comyns and Anglo-Scottish Relations\", Thirteenth Century England VII: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1997, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, Jan 1, 1999"},{"Link":"http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/data/docs/battlefields/roslin_full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Roslin\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UX-m_BdeUhoC&q=it+would+gladden+your+hearts+if+you+would+know+how+much+your+honour+has+increased+in+every+part+of+the+world+as+a+result+of+your+recent+battle+with+the+English&pg=PA180","external_links_name":"Rober the Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iMEMc45g9s8C","external_links_name":"King Robert the Bruce"},{"Link":"https://wedderliehouse.com/history-timeline/","external_links_name":"\"History Timeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/robert-the-bruce-champion-of-scotland-or-murderous-usurper/","external_links_name":"\"Robert the Bruce: Champion of Scotland or Murderous Usurper?\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Comyn,_John_(d._1306)","external_links_name":"\"Comyn, John (d. 1306)\""},{"Link":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/battle-bannockburn-robert-bruce-civil-war-scottish-history/","external_links_name":"\"The Battle of Bannockburn: Robert Bruce's Fight for Freedom\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Comyn,_John_(d.1306)","external_links_name":"\"Comyn, John (d.1306)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UX-m_BdeUhoC","external_links_name":"Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.86.2.176","external_links_name":"10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.176"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25529980","external_links_name":"25529980"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162288277","external_links_name":"162288277"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhoOAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l0LSjHTOby4C","external_links_name":"Thirteenth Century England VII: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1997"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/tg9Mz","external_links_name":"\"Comyn, Sir John, lord of Badenoch (d. 1306), magnate\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6046","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/6046"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315534149","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015034097","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idalou,_Texas | Idalou, Texas | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 In popular culture","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°39′43″N 101°41′3″W / 33.66194°N 101.68417°W / 33.66194; -101.68417
City in Texas, United StatesIdalou, TexasCityBusinesses in downtown IdalouLocation of Idalou, TexasCoordinates: 33°39′43″N 101°41′3″W / 33.66194°N 101.68417°W / 33.66194; -101.68417CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyLubbockIncorporated (city)1925Area • Total1.01 sq mi (2.62 km2) • Land1.01 sq mi (2.62 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation3,192 ft (973 m)Population (2010) • Total2,250 • Estimate (2019)2,308 • Density2,285.15/sq mi (882.33/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code79329Area code806FIPS code48-35732GNIS feature ID1359882Websiteidaloutx.com
Idalou is a city in Lubbock County, Texas, United States. It is located 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Lubbock near the intersection of Farm to Market Road 400 and US 62/US 82/SH 114. The population was 2,250 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Lubbock Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Idalou began as a settlement around a depot on the South Plains and Santa Fe Railway in the early 1910s, and within a few years had a one-room schoolhouse and several businesses. The first post office was opened in 1917, and in 1919, a two-story brick school was built after the original school burned down. Incorporated in 1925 with 538 residents, the town grew to 2,348 residents by 1980 and has remained above 2,000 residents in the years since.
Idalou has a post office, library, city park and pool, EMS station, fire department, co-op cotton gin, grocery store, and many other businesses. The town serves as an agricultural center for cotton farming in northeast Lubbock County, with many of the residents employed in farming and farming-related occupations. Due to its close proximity to Lubbock, many residents work in the nearby city.
The town was named for Ida and Lou Bassett, sisters of Julian M. Bassett, vice president of the Crosby-Bassett Livestock Company, during the 1910s.
Geography
Idalou is located at 33°39′43″N 101°41′3″W / 33.66194°N 101.68417°W / 33.66194; -101.68417 (33.661938, –101.684234).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.5 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1930538—1940503−6.5%19501,014101.6%19601,27425.6%19701,72935.7%19802,34835.8%19902,074−11.7%20002,1574.0%20102,2504.3%2019 (est.)2,3082.6%U.S. Decennial Census
2020 census
Idalou racial composition (NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race
Number
Percentage
White (NH)
1,174
53.53%
Black or African American (NH)
15
0.68%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)
1
0.05%
Asian (NH)
5
0.23%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)
39
1.78%
Hispanic or Latino
959
43.73%
Total
2,193
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,193 people, 736 households, and 466 families residing in the city.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, 2,157 people, 796 households, and 593 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,201.5 inhabitants per square mile (850.0/km2). The 851 housing units averaged 868.6 per square mile (335.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 70.00% White, 0.60% African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 26.94% from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 42.98% of the population.
Of the 796 households, 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were not families. About 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.22.
In the city, the population was distributed as 29.3% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,167, and for a family was $39,766. Males had a median income of $29,556 versus $20,150 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,664. About 10.2% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.2% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Idalou is served by the Idalou Independent School District.
In popular culture
The town is depicted in the song "Idalou" by the Josh Abbott Band, from the album Small Town Family Dream (2012).
It's also featured in the song "Amarillo Highway (for Dave Hickey)" by Terry Allen on the album Lubbock (on everything) (1979), in the opening lyric, "Well, I'm a high straight in Plainview, side bet in Idalou, and a fresh deck in New Deal."
References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Idalou city, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
^ https://www.census.gov/
^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
External links
City of Idalou official website
Idalou Independent School District
Handbook of Texas Online: Idalou, Texas
vteMunicipalities and communities of Lubbock County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: LubbockCities
Abernathy‡
Idalou
Lubbock
Shallowater
Slaton
Wolfforth
Lubbock County mapTowns
New Deal
Ransom Canyon
Village
Buffalo Springs
Unincorporatedcommunities
Acuff
Becton
Heckville
Posey
Reese Center
Roosevelt
Slide
Woodrow
Ghost town
Estacado‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Texas portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
NARA
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Farm to Market Road 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_400"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"City in Texas, United StatesIdalou is a city in Lubbock County, Texas, United States. It is located 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Lubbock near the intersection of Farm to Market Road 400 and US 62/US 82/SH 114. The population was 2,250 at the 2010 census.[5] It is part of the Lubbock Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Idalou, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming"}],"text":"Idalou began as a settlement around a depot on the South Plains and Santa Fe Railway in the early 1910s, and within a few years had a one-room schoolhouse and several businesses. The first post office was opened in 1917, and in 1919, a two-story brick school was built after the original school burned down. Incorporated in 1925 with 538 residents, the town grew to 2,348 residents by 1980 and has remained above 2,000 residents in the years since.Idalou has a post office, library, city park and pool, EMS station, fire department, co-op cotton gin, grocery store, and many other businesses. The town serves as an agricultural center for cotton farming in northeast Lubbock County, with many of the residents employed in farming and farming-related occupations. Due to its close proximity to Lubbock, many residents work in the nearby city.The town was named for Ida and Lou Bassett, sisters of Julian M. Bassett, vice president of the Crosby-Bassett Livestock Company, during the 1910s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"33°39′43″N 101°41′3″W / 33.66194°N 101.68417°W / 33.66194; -101.68417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Idalou,_Texas¶ms=33_39_43_N_101_41_3_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Idalou is located at 33°39′43″N 101°41′3″W / 33.66194°N 101.68417°W / 33.66194; -101.68417 (33.661938, –101.684234).[6]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.5 km2), all land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,193 people, 736 households, and 466 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, 2,157 people, 796 households, and 593 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,201.5 inhabitants per square mile (850.0/km2). The 851 housing units averaged 868.6 per square mile (335.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 70.00% White, 0.60% African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 26.94% from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 42.98% of the population.Of the 796 households, 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were not families. About 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.22.In the city, the population was distributed as 29.3% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males.The median income for a household in the city was $34,167, and for a family was $39,766. Males had a median income of $29,556 versus $20,150 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,664. About 10.2% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.2% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idalou Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idalou_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Idalou is served by the Idalou Independent School District.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Abbott Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Abbott_Band"}],"text":"The town is depicted in the song \"Idalou\" by the Josh Abbott Band, from the album Small Town Family Dream (2012).It's also featured in the song \"Amarillo Highway (for Dave Hickey)\" by Terry Allen on the album Lubbock (on everything) (1979), in the opening lyric, \"Well, I'm a high straight in Plainview, side bet in Idalou, and a fresh deck in New Deal.\"","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Lubbock County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Lubbock_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Lubbock_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Idalou city, Texas\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212204131/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4835732","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Idalou city, Texas\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4835732","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4835732&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html","url_text":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Idalou,_Texas¶ms=33_39_43_N_101_41_3_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"33°39′43″N 101°41′3″W / 33.66194°N 101.68417°W / 33.66194; -101.68417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Idalou,_Texas¶ms=33_39_43_N_101_41_3_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"33°39′43″N 101°41′3″W / 33.66194°N 101.68417°W / 33.66194; -101.68417"},{"Link":"http://idaloutx.com/","external_links_name":"idaloutx.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Idalou,_Texas¶ms=33_39_43_N_101_41_3_W_type:city","external_links_name":"33°39′43″N 101°41′3″W / 33.66194°N 101.68417°W / 33.66194; -101.68417"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212204131/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4835732","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Idalou city, Texas\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4835732","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4835732&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"https://www.census.gov/"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\""},{"Link":"http://idaloutx.com/","external_links_name":"City of Idalou official website"},{"Link":"http://www.idalouisd.net/","external_links_name":"Idalou Independent School District"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hji01","external_links_name":"Handbook of Texas Online: Idalou, Texas"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158570832","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533588105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95033114","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/61b9caaa-4b8a-47f3-9dff-4eff92517ef6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10042378","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/261627244","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresswell,_Northumberland | Cresswell, Northumberland | ["1 History","2 Landmarks","3 Music","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°14′06″N 1°32′17″W / 55.235°N 1.538°W / 55.235; -1.538Village in Northumberland, England
Human settlement in EnglandCresswellCresswell churchCresswellLocation within NorthumberlandPopulation206 (2011 census)OS grid referenceNZ295935Unitary authorityNorthumberlandCeremonial countyNorthumberlandRegionNorth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townMORPETHPostcode districtNE61Dialling code01670PoliceNorthumbriaFireNorthumberlandAmbulanceNorth East
UK ParliamentBerwick-upon-Tweed
List of places
UK
England
Northumberland
55°14′06″N 1°32′17″W / 55.235°N 1.538°W / 55.235; -1.538
Cresswell is a village in Northumberland, England. It is about 4 miles (6 km) to the north of Ashington, on the North Sea coast.
History
The place-name 'Cresswell' is first attested in the Close Roll for 1234, where it appears as Kereswell. It appears as Cressewell in 1242 in the Book of Fees. The name means 'stream where water cress grew'. Between 1875 and 1944, Cresswell village had a lifeboat. The lifeboat crews were successful in saving 91 lives, and the lifeboat station still stands.
During the Second World War, the Royal Air Force operated two radar sites south of the village on the road to Lynemouth. Both sites have since been cleared and have no above ground evidence of previous activity.
Cresswell is a popular bird watching area with Cresswell pond and bird hide nearby and the Druridge Bay Country Park less than 3 miles (5 km) away.
The village has one ice cream shop which closes out of season, and a café on the beach just to the north of the village, open year-round. The village also has two caravan holiday home parks – Cresswell Towers and Golden Sands. Cresswell Towers takes its name from the old pele tower nearby, Cresswell Tower, and is owned by Parkdean Resorts.
At the 2001 Census, the village had a population of 237, which by the 2011 Census, had dropped to 206.
Landmarks
Snab Point, 500 metres (1,600 ft) south of The Carrs, is a sheltered bay with the site of the former Alcan aluminium smelting plant on its south side. Embedded in the small cliffs of Snab Point are the remnants of fossilised trees. The beach area is littered with the remnants of fossilised wood and small seams of coal can be seen in the cliffs. Depending on the tides and wind, vast swathes of sea coal is washed up within the bay. The area was formed during the carboniferous period some 310 million years ago, when the current land mass was in a region below southern Spain, more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of its present position.
Sea coal washed up at Snab Point.
Fossilised tree remnants embedded in the cliff
Fossilised wood.
Music
Cresswell was the inspiration for 'Tidelines' by UK composer Peter McGarr a piece written for Gamelan at Fenham House.
References
^ a b UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Cresswell Parish (E04010767)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
^ Ekwall, Eilert (1960). The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-19-869103-3.
^ Morris, Jeff (1986). An Illustrated guide to our lifeboat stations part I (Berwick to the Humber). Coventry: Coventry Lifeboats enthusiasts society. p. 8. OCLC 561317011.
^ Taylor, Neil (2015). The Four Villages, Lynemouth, Ellington, Cresswell & Linton. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Summerhill Books. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-1-906721-99-2.
^ UK Census (2001). "Local Area Report – Cresswell Parish (35UE003)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cresswell, Northumberland.
Cresswell Towers Caravan Park
Cresswell House B&B
Golden Sands Holiday Park
vtePopulated coastal places in Northumberland
AnticlockwiseAmble
Cresswell
ClockwiseNewbiggin-by-the-Sea
This Northumberland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Ashington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashington"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"}],"text":"Village in Northumberland, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandCresswell is a village in Northumberland, England. It is about 4 miles (6 km) to the north of Ashington, on the North Sea coast.","title":"Cresswell, Northumberland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Close Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Roll"},{"link_name":"Book of Fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Fees"},{"link_name":"water cress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"radar sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresswell_radar_station"},{"link_name":"Lynemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynemouth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Druridge Bay Country Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druridge_Bay_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"pele tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pele_tower"},{"link_name":"Cresswell Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresswell_Castle,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Parkdean Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdean_Resorts"},{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOMIS-1"}],"text":"The place-name 'Cresswell' is first attested in the Close Roll for 1234, where it appears as Kereswell. It appears as Cressewell in 1242 in the Book of Fees. The name means 'stream where water cress grew'.[2] Between 1875 and 1944, Cresswell village had a lifeboat. The lifeboat crews were successful in saving 91 lives, and the lifeboat station still stands.[3]During the Second World War, the Royal Air Force operated two radar sites south of the village on the road to Lynemouth. Both sites have since been cleared and have no above ground evidence of previous activity.[4]Cresswell is a popular bird watching area with Cresswell pond and bird hide nearby and the Druridge Bay Country Park less than 3 miles (5 km) away. \nThe village has one ice cream shop which closes out of season, and a café on the beach just to the north of the village, open year-round. The village also has two caravan holiday home parks – Cresswell Towers and Golden Sands. Cresswell Towers takes its name from the old pele tower nearby, Cresswell Tower, and is owned by Parkdean Resorts.At the 2001 Census, the village had a population of 237,[5] which by the 2011 Census, had dropped to 206.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcan"},{"link_name":"carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snabcoal1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snabrocks.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cresswell_strata.jpg"}],"text":"Snab Point, 500 metres (1,600 ft) south of The Carrs, is a sheltered bay with the site of the former Alcan aluminium smelting plant on its south side. Embedded in the small cliffs of Snab Point are the remnants of fossilised trees. The beach area is littered with the remnants of fossilised wood and small seams of coal can be seen in the cliffs. Depending on the tides and wind, vast swathes of sea coal is washed up within the bay. The area was formed during the carboniferous period some 310 million years ago, when the current land mass was in a region below southern Spain, more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of its present position.Sea coal washed up at Snab Point.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFossilised tree remnants embedded in the cliff\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFossilised wood.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter McGarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McGarr"},{"link_name":"Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"}],"text":"Cresswell was the inspiration for 'Tidelines' by UK composer Peter McGarr a piece written for Gamelan at Fenham House.","title":"Music"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Cresswell Parish (E04010767)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E04010767","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Cresswell Parish (E04010767)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"Ekwall, Eilert (1960). The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-19-869103-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilert_Ekwall","url_text":"Ekwall, Eilert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869103-3","url_text":"0-19-869103-3"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Jeff (1986). An Illustrated guide to our lifeboat stations part I (Berwick to the Humber). Coventry: Coventry Lifeboats enthusiasts society. p. 8. OCLC 561317011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/561317011","url_text":"561317011"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Neil (2015). The Four Villages, Lynemouth, Ellington, Cresswell & Linton. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Summerhill Books. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-1-906721-99-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906721-99-2","url_text":"978-1-906721-99-2"}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2001). \"Local Area Report – Cresswell Parish (35UE003)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/published/summaryreport.asp?file=sources/census_2001_ks","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Cresswell Parish (35UE003)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cresswell,_Northumberland¶ms=55.235_N_1.538_W_region:GB_type:city(206)","external_links_name":"55°14′06″N 1°32′17″W / 55.235°N 1.538°W / 55.235; -1.538"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cresswell,_Northumberland¶ms=55.234832_N_1.537678_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Cresswell","external_links_name":"NZ295935"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cresswell,_Northumberland¶ms=55.235_N_1.538_W_region:GB_type:city(206)","external_links_name":"55°14′06″N 1°32′17″W / 55.235°N 1.538°W / 55.235; -1.538"},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E04010767","external_links_name":"\"Local Area Report – Cresswell Parish (E04010767)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/561317011","external_links_name":"561317011"},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/published/summaryreport.asp?file=sources/census_2001_ks","external_links_name":"\"Local Area Report – Cresswell Parish (35UE003)\""},{"Link":"https://www.parkdeanresorts.co.uk/location/northumberland-county-durham/cresswell-towers/","external_links_name":"Cresswell Towers Caravan Park"},{"Link":"http://www.druridgebay.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Cresswell House B&B"},{"Link":"http://www.northumbrianleisure.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Golden Sands Holiday Park"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cresswell,_Northumberland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio | Beachwood, Ohio | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2000 census","3.2 2010 census","3.3 Jewish community","4 Economy","5 Arts and culture","6 Education","7 Notable people","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°28′56″N 81°30′14″W / 41.48222°N 81.50389°W / 41.48222; -81.50389
City in Ohio, United StatesBeachwood, OhioCityBeachwood water towerLocation in Cuyahoga County and the state of Ohio.Coordinates: 41°28′56″N 81°30′14″W / 41.48222°N 81.50389°W / 41.48222; -81.50389CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyCuyahogaGovernment • MayorJustin BernsArea • Total5.27 sq mi (13.65 km2) • Land5.26 sq mi (13.63 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation1,184 ft (361 m)Population (2020) • Total14,040 • Density2,667.17/sq mi (1,029.84/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code44122Area code216FIPS code39-04500GNIS feature ID1048493Websitewww.beachwoodohio.com
Beachwood is a city in eastern Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the city's population was 14,040. A suburb of Cleveland, it is a part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.
History
The land that eventually became Beachwood was originally part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. Before becoming an independent municipality, Beachwood was part of Warrensville Township. In 1915, it seceded from Warrensville after the Township voted to close a nearby area school. A petition was organized, and on June 26, 1915, Beachwood was incorporated into an independent village. In 1960, Beachwood had reached the number of residents to attain city status under the Ohio Revised Code.
Beachwood was named for the numerous Beech trees that grew throughout the village. The origin of the spelling of the city is disputed. Upon incorporation, the city's name was originally spelled, "Beechwood". One popular theory is that an early village hall clerk misspelled the name on some official documents, giving rise to the current spelling.
In 1948, a village wide debate was sparked after the proposal of the construction of the Anshe Chesed Fairmount Temple following the purchase of 32 acres of land on which the temple currently stands. The debate started due to the growing trend of families moving to the suburbs due to the booming post WWII economy. Considering that Beachwood at the time was a small community with few Jews, the sudden proposal of the large synagogue of 1,800 families sparked anti-Semitic worries among the village's community due to the imminent demographics change that the establishment of a large synagogue would bring. The village council, no member of which was Jewish, cited in 1952 that the establishment of Anshe Chesed "would be detrimental to the public safety, welfare, and convenience of the village". One morning in May 1952, following Anshe Chesed's threat to sue the village of Beachwood, residents opened their mailboxes and found a white supremacist newspaper called The Plain Truth, with the message:
The battle is on. No longer should we sit idly by and watch our country be taken from us. Act now. Let not the Jew plan succeed.
Zoning arguments between the village and the congregation regarding the temple's construction led to the Ohio Supreme Court ruling in 1954 that the synagogue must be allowed to be built, as well as issuing state building permits to the congregation. The temple's construction was finished in 1957.
Since the late 1950s, multiple other synagogues relocated to Beachwood, establishing the Jewish influence on the growth of the community.
Geography
Beachwood is located at 41°28′56″N 81°30′14″W / 41.48222°N 81.50389°W / 41.48222; -81.50389 (41.482226, −81.504001).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.34 square miles (13.83 km2), of which 5.33 square miles (13.80 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1920225—193024910.7%194037249.4%19501,073188.4%19606,089467.5%19709,63158.2%19809,9833.7%199010,6777.0%200012,18614.1%201011,953−1.9%202014,04017.5%2021 (est.)13,928−0.8%Sources:
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,186 people, 5,074 households, and 3,181 families living in the city. The population density was 2,307.5 inhabitants per square mile (890.9/km2). There were 5,447 housing units at an average density of 1,031.4 per square mile (398.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city is 86.50% White, 9.08% African American, 0.08% Native American, 3.21% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.
There were 5,074 households, out of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 56.0% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the city the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 17.2% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 35.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $65,406, and the median income for a family was $86,632. Males had a median income of $71,829 versus $35,375 for females. The per capita income for the village was $40,509. About 2.5% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under the age of 18 and 5.0% of those 65 and older.
Of the city's population over the age of 25, 57.3% held a bachelor's degree or higher. Cleveland Jewish News claimed that 89.5 percent of Beachwood's population is Jewish.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 11,953 people, 5,064 households, and 3,005 families living in the city. The population density was 2,242.6 inhabitants per square mile (865.9/km2). There were 5,483 housing units at an average density of 1,028.7 per square mile (397.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.3% White, 13.7% African American, 7.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.
There were 5,064 households, of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.7% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.88.
The median age in the city was 52.5 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.2% were from 45 to 64; and 32.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.3% male and 55.7% female.
Jewish community
See also: Jews and Judaism in Greater Cleveland
Since its development in the 1950s, Beachwood has been a destination for the Jewish community in the Greater Cleveland area. Following WWII, Jewish families from inner city neighborhoods such as Glenville began relocating to established communities in the city's eastern suburbs. In 2017, with approximately 90% of the Beachwood's population identifying as Jewish, the city had the fourth largest per capita Jewish population of any municipality outside of Israel. Beachwood's Jewish establishment is rooted in decades of development of various Jewish institutions, such as synagogues, Jewish schools, The Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Menorah Park Center for Assisted Living, the Mandel Jewish Community Center, Young Israel of Greater Cleveland, the Beachwood Kehilla, Green Road Synagogue, the Jewish Federation of Cleveland, and many Jewish owned restaurants, stores and other businesses. Beachwood's rapid growth from village to city status is attributed to the influx of Jewish families seeking suburban homes, naturally forming an ethnic enclave. Most of the homes built in Beachwood between the 1940s and the 1990s were developed by Jewish owned companies, down to the lumber used to build the structures themselves. Beachwood's Jewish community is also reflected in the city's public schools, with Hebrew being offered as a foreign language at the local Middle and High School, making Beachwood one of the only public schools in the United States to do so.
Economy
Beachwood is home to University Hospitals Ahuja Medical Center, and several offices affiliated with the Cleveland Clinic including the Beachwood Family Health and Surgery Center.
Corporate headquarters located in Beachwood include:
Eaton Corporation
SITE Centers
OMNOVA Solutions
TOA Technologies.
Cleveland Jewish News
Retail attractions in Beachwood include Beachwood Place and the adjacent LaPlace Center, an upscale shopping center. The city is also home to Canterbury Golf Club, a USGA member course which has hosted PGA Tour events and has been ranked among top 100 courses in the United States by Golf Digest magazine.
Arts and culture
David Berger National Memorial
Beachwood is home to Preston's H.O.P.E. - the largest fully accessible playground in Northeast Ohio.
The Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage is located in Beachwood and is dedicated to furthering an understanding of Jewish immigrant history and culture in the U.S.
The David Berger National Memorial is the country's smallest National Memorial, honoring the legacy of Jewish-Clevelander Olympian David Mark Berger, who along with 10 other members of the 1972 Israeli Olympic team was murdered by Palestinian terrorist group Black September in the Munch Massacre.
Education
Beachwood Middle School
The Beachwood City Schools consists of:
Bryden Elementary School: K through 2nd grade.
Hilltop Elementary School: 3rd through 5th grade .
Beachwood Middle School: 6th through 8th grade.
Beachwood High School: 9th through 12th grade.
There are three parochial Jewish schools located in Beachwood:
Fuchs Mizrachi School, an Orthodox Jewish school; Pre-kindergarten through 12th grade.
Beatrice J. Stone Yavne High School: All girls, Orthodox Jewish school; 7th through 12th grade.
Mandel Jewish Day School (Previously known as Agnon Day School): Jewish day school; Pre-kindergarten through 8th grade.
Notable people
Armond Budish – former Speaker of the House of Ohio, former Cuyahoga County Executive.
Mike Chernoff – baseball general manager of the Cleveland Guardians
Marc Cohn – Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter known for his 1991 hit 'Walking in Memphis'
Samuel Glazer – co-founder of Mr. Coffee
Brad Goldberg – major league baseball pitcher.
Josh Mandel – former Ohio State Treasurer
Terren Peizer - businessperson, arrested for securities fraud
Alex Wyse – Broadway performer
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Beachwood, Ohio
^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Map of the Western Reserve including the Fire Lands in Ohio (1826)". Michael Schwartz Library Special Collections. Cleveland State University. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ a b c d "History of the City". City of Beachwood. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ Piorkowski, Jeff (August 29, 2014). "Why is the city's name spelled as it is? Beachwood Historical Society seeks the answer as 100th anniversary nears". Cleveland.com. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ a b "The Fairmount Temple | Cleveland Historical". Cleveland Historical. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ a b Rosenblum, Jonah. "Beachwood: From anti-Semitic roots to thriving Jewish community". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ a b Freedman, Samuel G. (2001). Jew Vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry. Simon and Schuster. p. 294. ISBN 9780684859453. village of beachwood v. anshe chesed.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
^ "Population: Ohio" (PDF). 1930 US Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
^ "Number of Inhabitants: Ohio" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
^ "Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ "Beachwood city, Ohio". census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
^ "Beachwood (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
^ Bob Jacob (August 4, 2014). "Are rallies a start? Let's talk". Cleveland Jewish News. p. 1. ...city of about 12,000. The population of Beachwood is 89.5 percent Jewish.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
^ "case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/". case.edu. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Beachwood has the second-highest Jewish population per capita outside Isreal ". www.rebuildcle.com. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
^ "Access Jewish Cleveland". Access Jewish Cleveland. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
^ Sales, Ben (October 27, 2016). "Among Cleveland's Orthodox voters, reluctance reigns". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ "Program of Studies". www.beachwoodschools.org. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
^ "Top 100 Golf courses in USA". pga.com.
^ "Playground | Preston's HOPE Playground Park | Accessible". Prestonshope.com. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
^ "Indians GM Chernoff makes 'dream come true'".
^ Yarborough, Chuck (October 14, 2014). "Marc Cohn still loves 'Walking in Memphis'; Beachwood native plays Music Box on Thursday, Oct. 23". Cleveland.com. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
^ Hevesi, Dennis (March 21, 2012). "Samuel Glazer Dies at 89; Popularized Drip Coffee". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
^ Schmitt, Alyssa. "Mandel goes private, political re-entry possible". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
^ Wyse, Alex (December 3, 2013). "'Wicked' Returning to PlayhouseSquare with Beachwood native Alex Wyse as Boq". The News-Herald Entertainment. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beachwood, Ohio.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Beachwood.
Official website
Places adjacent to Beachwood, Ohio
South Euclid
Lyndhurst
University Heights, Shaker Heights
Beachwood
Woodmere, Pepper Pike
Highland Hills
Warrensville Heights
Orange
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: ClevelandCities
Bay Village
Beachwood
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Berea
Brecksville
Broadview Heights
Brook Park
Brooklyn
Cleveland
Cleveland Heights
East Cleveland
Euclid
Fairview Park
Garfield Heights
Highland Heights
Independence
Lakewood
Lyndhurst
Maple Heights
Mayfield Heights
Middleburg Heights
North Olmsted
North Royalton
Olmsted Falls
Parma
Parma Heights
Pepper Pike
Richmond Heights
Rocky River
Seven Hills
Shaker Heights
Solon
South Euclid
Strongsville
University Heights
Warrensville Heights
Westlake
Map of Ohio highlighting Cuyahoga CountyVillages
Bentleyville
Bratenahl
Brooklyn Heights
Chagrin Falls
Cuyahoga Heights
Gates Mills
Glenwillow
Highland Hills
Hunting Valley‡
Linndale
Mayfield
Moreland Hills
Newburgh Heights
North Randall
Oakwood
Orange
Valley View
Walton Hills
Woodmere
Townships
Chagrin Falls
Olmsted
Paper townships
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Ohio portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cleveland"}],"text":"City in Ohio, United StatesBeachwood is a city in eastern Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the city's population was 14,040. A suburb of Cleveland, it is a part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.","title":"Beachwood, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut Western Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Warrensville Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defunct_townships_of_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio#Warrensville_Township"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_City-5"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ohio Revised Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Revised_Code"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_City-5"},{"link_name":"Beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_City-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_City-5"},{"link_name":"Anshe Chesed Fairmount Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshe_Chesed_Fairmount_Temple"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clevelandhistorical.org-7"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CORRESPONDENT-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freedman_2001-9"},{"link_name":"white supremacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"The Plain Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Truth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freedman_2001-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clevelandhistorical.org-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CORRESPONDENT-8"}],"text":"The land that eventually became Beachwood was originally part of the Connecticut Western Reserve.[4] Before becoming an independent municipality, Beachwood was part of Warrensville Township.[5] In 1915, it seceded from Warrensville after the Township voted to close a nearby area school. A petition was organized, and on June 26, 1915, Beachwood was incorporated into an independent village. In 1960, Beachwood had reached the number of residents to attain city status under the Ohio Revised Code.[5]Beachwood was named for the numerous Beech trees that grew throughout the village.[5] The origin of the spelling of the city is disputed. Upon incorporation, the city's name was originally spelled, \"Beechwood\".[6] One popular theory is that an early village hall clerk misspelled the name on some official documents, giving rise to the current spelling.[5]In 1948, a village wide debate was sparked after the proposal of the construction of the Anshe Chesed Fairmount Temple following the purchase of 32 acres of land on which the temple currently stands.[7] The debate started due to the growing trend of families moving to the suburbs due to the booming post WWII economy. Considering that Beachwood at the time was a small community with few Jews, the sudden proposal of the large synagogue of 1,800 families sparked anti-Semitic worries among the village's community due to the imminent demographics change that the establishment of a large synagogue would bring.[8] The village council, no member of which was Jewish, cited in 1952 that the establishment of Anshe Chesed \"would be detrimental to the public safety, welfare, and convenience of the village\".[9] One morning in May 1952, following Anshe Chesed's threat to sue the village of Beachwood, residents opened their mailboxes and found a white supremacist newspaper called The Plain Truth, with the message:The battle is on. No longer should we sit idly by and watch our country be taken from us. Act now. Let not the Jew plan succeed.[9]Zoning arguments between the village and the congregation regarding the temple's construction led to the Ohio Supreme Court ruling in 1954 that the synagogue must be allowed to be built, as well as issuing state building permits to the congregation. The temple's construction was finished in 1957.[7]Since the late 1950s, multiple other synagogues relocated to Beachwood, establishing the Jewish influence on the growth of the community.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°28′56″N 81°30′14″W / 41.48222°N 81.50389°W / 41.48222; -81.50389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beachwood,_Ohio¶ms=41_28_56_N_81_30_14_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-10"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-11"}],"text":"Beachwood is located at 41°28′56″N 81°30′14″W / 41.48222°N 81.50389°W / 41.48222; -81.50389 (41.482226, −81.504001).[10]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.34 square miles (13.83 km2), of which 5.33 square miles (13.80 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water.[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 12,186 people, 5,074 households, and 3,181 families living in the city. The population density was 2,307.5 inhabitants per square mile (890.9/km2). There were 5,447 housing units at an average density of 1,031.4 per square mile (398.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city is 86.50% White, 9.08% African American, 0.08% Native American, 3.21% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.There were 5,074 households, out of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 56.0% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.86.In the city the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 17.2% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 35.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.8 males.The median income for a household in the city was $65,406, and the median income for a family was $86,632. Males had a median income of $71,829 versus $35,375 for females. The per capita income for the village was $40,509. About 2.5% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under the age of 18 and 5.0% of those 65 and older.Of the city's population over the age of 25, 57.3% held a bachelor's degree or higher.[16] Cleveland Jewish News claimed that 89.5 percent of Beachwood's population is Jewish.[17]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-18"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[18] of 2010, there were 11,953 people, 5,064 households, and 3,005 families living in the city. The population density was 2,242.6 inhabitants per square mile (865.9/km2). There were 5,483 housing units at an average density of 1,028.7 per square mile (397.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.3% White, 13.7% African American, 7.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.There were 5,064 households, of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.7% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.88.The median age in the city was 52.5 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.2% were from 45 to 64; and 32.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.3% male and 55.7% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jews and Judaism in Greater Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_and_Judaism_in_Greater_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Greater Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Glenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenville,_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"fourth largest per capita Jewish population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_Jewish_population"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Jewish schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltz_Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Jewish Community Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Community_Center"},{"link_name":"Jewish Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Federations_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"foreign language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Jewish community","text":"See also: Jews and Judaism in Greater ClevelandSince its development in the 1950s, Beachwood has been a destination for the Jewish community in the Greater Cleveland area. Following WWII, Jewish families from inner city neighborhoods such as Glenville began relocating to established communities in the city's eastern suburbs.[19][20] In 2017, with approximately 90% of the Beachwood's population identifying as Jewish, the city had the fourth largest per capita Jewish population of any municipality outside of Israel.[21] Beachwood's Jewish establishment is rooted in decades of development of various Jewish institutions, such as synagogues, Jewish schools, The Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Menorah Park Center for Assisted Living, the Mandel Jewish Community Center, Young Israel of Greater Cleveland, the Beachwood Kehilla, Green Road Synagogue, the Jewish Federation of Cleveland, and many Jewish owned restaurants, stores and other businesses.[22] [23] Beachwood's rapid growth from village to city status is attributed to the influx of Jewish families seeking suburban homes, naturally forming an ethnic enclave. Most of the homes built in Beachwood between the 1940s and the 1990s were developed by Jewish owned companies, down to the lumber used to build the structures themselves. Beachwood's Jewish community is also reflected in the city's public schools, with Hebrew being offered as a foreign language at the local Middle and High School, making Beachwood one of the only public schools in the United States to do so.[24]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University Hospitals Ahuja Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hospitals_Ahuja_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic"},{"link_name":"Eaton Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation"},{"link_name":"SITE Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SITE_Centers"},{"link_name":"OMNOVA Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMNOVA_Solutions"},{"link_name":"TOA Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOA_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Jewish News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Jewish_News"},{"link_name":"Beachwood Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachwood_Place"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"USGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USGA"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Golf Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_Digest"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Beachwood is home to University Hospitals Ahuja Medical Center, and several offices affiliated with the Cleveland Clinic including the Beachwood Family Health and Surgery Center.Corporate headquarters located in Beachwood include:Eaton Corporation\nSITE Centers\nOMNOVA Solutions\nTOA Technologies.\nCleveland Jewish NewsRetail attractions in Beachwood include Beachwood Place and the adjacent LaPlace Center, an upscale shopping center. The city is also home to Canterbury Golf Club, a USGA member course which has hosted PGA Tour events and has been ranked among top 100 courses in the United States by Golf Digest magazine.[25]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Berger_National_Memorial,_NPS_(47349852492).jpg"},{"link_name":"David Berger National Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Berger_National_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltz_Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage"},{"link_name":"The David Berger National Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Berger_National_Memorial"},{"link_name":"National Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Memorials_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"David Mark Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mark_Berger"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Palestinian terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence"},{"link_name":"Black September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September_Organization"},{"link_name":"Munch Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_massacre"}],"text":"David Berger National MemorialBeachwood is home to Preston's H.O.P.E. - the largest fully accessible playground in Northeast Ohio.[26]The Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage is located in Beachwood and is dedicated to furthering an understanding of Jewish immigrant history and culture in the U.S.The David Berger National Memorial is the country's smallest National Memorial, honoring the legacy of Jewish-Clevelander Olympian David Mark Berger, who along with 10 other members of the 1972 Israeli Olympic team was murdered by Palestinian terrorist group Black September in the Munch Massacre.","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beachwood_middle_school_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Beachwood City Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachwood_City_Schools"},{"link_name":"Beachwood Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachwood_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Beachwood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachwood_High_School"},{"link_name":"parochial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parochial_school"},{"link_name":"Fuchs Mizrachi School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchs_Mizrachi_School"},{"link_name":"Jewish day school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_day_school"}],"text":"Beachwood Middle SchoolThe Beachwood City Schools consists of:Bryden Elementary School: K through 2nd grade.\nHilltop Elementary School: 3rd through 5th grade .\nBeachwood Middle School: 6th through 8th grade.\nBeachwood High School: 9th through 12th grade.There are three parochial Jewish schools located in Beachwood:Fuchs Mizrachi School, an Orthodox Jewish school; Pre-kindergarten through 12th grade.\nBeatrice J. Stone Yavne High School: All girls, Orthodox Jewish school; 7th through 12th grade.\nMandel Jewish Day School (Previously known as Agnon Day School): Jewish day school; Pre-kindergarten through 8th grade.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armond Budish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armond_Budish"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County"},{"link_name":"Mike Chernoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chernoff_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Marc Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Walking in Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_in_Memphis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Samuel Glazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Glazer"},{"link_name":"Mr. Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Coffee"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-29"},{"link_name":"Brad Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Josh Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Mandel"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Terren Peizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terren_Peizer"},{"link_name":"Alex Wyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Wyse"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-herald-31"}],"text":"Armond Budish – former Speaker of the House of Ohio, former Cuyahoga County Executive.\nMike Chernoff – baseball general manager of the Cleveland Guardians[27]\nMarc Cohn – Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter known for his 1991 hit 'Walking in Memphis'[28]\nSamuel Glazer – co-founder of Mr. Coffee[29]\nBrad Goldberg – major league baseball pitcher.\nJosh Mandel – former Ohio State Treasurer[30]\nTerren Peizer - businessperson, arrested for securities fraud\nAlex Wyse – Broadway performer[31]","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"David Berger National Memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_Berger_National_Memorial%2C_NPS_%2847349852492%29.jpg/220px-David_Berger_National_Memorial%2C_NPS_%2847349852492%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beachwood Middle School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Beachwood_middle_school_%282%29.jpg/220px-Beachwood_middle_school_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Cuyahoga County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of the Western Reserve including the Fire Lands in Ohio (1826)\". Michael Schwartz Library Special Collections. Cleveland State University. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.ulib.csuohio.edu/speccoll/maps/Sumner200.html","url_text":"\"Map of the Western Reserve including the Fire Lands in Ohio (1826)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the City\". City of Beachwood. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beachwoodohio.com/98/History-of-the-City","url_text":"\"History of the City\""}]},{"reference":"Piorkowski, Jeff (August 29, 2014). \"Why is the city's name spelled as it is? Beachwood Historical Society seeks the answer as 100th anniversary nears\". Cleveland.com. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/beachwood/index.ssf/2014/08/beachwood_historical.html","url_text":"\"Why is the city's name spelled as it is? Beachwood Historical Society seeks the answer as 100th anniversary nears\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fairmount Temple | Cleveland Historical\". Cleveland Historical. Retrieved May 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/404","url_text":"\"The Fairmount Temple | Cleveland Historical\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenblum, Jonah. \"Beachwood: From anti-Semitic roots to thriving Jewish community\". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved May 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/features/special_sections/destination/beachwood-from-anti-semitic-roots-to-thriving-jewish-community/article_62ad5e8a-1a97-11e5-bca6-c7b87ad53157.html","url_text":"\"Beachwood: From anti-Semitic roots to thriving Jewish community\""}]},{"reference":"Freedman, Samuel G. (2001). Jew Vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry. Simon and Schuster. p. 294. ISBN 9780684859453. village of beachwood v. anshe chesed.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jewvsjewstruggle00free","url_text":"Jew Vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jewvsjewstruggle00free/page/294","url_text":"294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684859453","url_text":"9780684859453"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population: Ohio\" (PDF). 1930 US Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/03815512v1ch08.pdf","url_text":"\"Population: Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf","url_text":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beachwood city, Ohio\". census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/beachwoodcityohio,US/POP010220","url_text":"\"Beachwood city, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beachwood (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau\". Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130807134654/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3904500.html","url_text":"\"Beachwood (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau\""},{"url":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3904500.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bob Jacob (August 4, 2014). \"Are rallies a start? Let's talk\". Cleveland Jewish News. p. 1. ...city of about 12,000. The population of Beachwood is 89.5 percent Jewish.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/\". case.edu. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100142/https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/","url_text":"\"case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/\""},{"url":"https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100142/https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beachwood has the second-highest Jewish population per capita outside Isreal [sic]\". www.rebuildcle.com. Retrieved October 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rebuildcle.com/2014/03/beachwood-has-second-highest-jewish.html","url_text":"\"Beachwood has the second-highest Jewish population per capita outside Isreal [sic]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Access Jewish Cleveland\". Access Jewish Cleveland. Retrieved October 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessjewishcleveland.org/programs/personalbusiness-assistance.aspx","url_text":"\"Access Jewish Cleveland\""}]},{"reference":"Sales, Ben (October 27, 2016). \"Among Cleveland's Orthodox voters, reluctance reigns\". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/2016/10/27/politics/among-clevelands-orthodox-voters-reluctance-reigns","url_text":"\"Among Cleveland's Orthodox voters, reluctance reigns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Program of Studies\". www.beachwoodschools.org. Retrieved October 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beachwoodschools.org/BHScourses.aspx","url_text":"\"Program of Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Golf courses in USA\". pga.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pga.com/seniorpga/2009/course/","url_text":"\"Top 100 Golf courses in USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Playground | Preston's HOPE Playground Park | Accessible\". Prestonshope.com. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prestonshope.com/","url_text":"\"Playground | Preston's HOPE Playground Park | Accessible\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indians GM Chernoff makes 'dream come true'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/indians-gm-chernoff-makes-dream-come-true/article_404f2eba-735f-11e5-8460-f710c930c165.html","url_text":"\"Indians GM Chernoff makes 'dream come true'\""}]},{"reference":"Yarborough, Chuck (October 14, 2014). \"Marc Cohn still loves 'Walking in Memphis'; Beachwood native plays Music Box on Thursday, Oct. 23\". Cleveland.com. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/music/2014/10/marc_cohn_still_loves_walking.html","url_text":"\"Marc Cohn still loves 'Walking in Memphis'; Beachwood native plays Music Box on Thursday, Oct. 23\""}]},{"reference":"Hevesi, Dennis (March 21, 2012). \"Samuel Glazer Dies at 89; Popularized Drip Coffee\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/22/business/samuel-glazer-a-creator-of-mr-coffee-dies-at-89.html","url_text":"\"Samuel Glazer Dies at 89; Popularized Drip Coffee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Schmitt, Alyssa. \"Mandel goes private, political re-entry possible\". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved March 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/mandel-goes-private-political-re-entry-possible/article_5f346b08-19b3-11e9-929f-5f7641b98db8.html","url_text":"\"Mandel goes private, political re-entry possible\""}]},{"reference":"Wyse, Alex (December 3, 2013). \"'Wicked' Returning to PlayhouseSquare with Beachwood native Alex Wyse as Boq\". The News-Herald Entertainment. Retrieved January 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-herald.com/article/HR/20131203/NEWS/131209737","url_text":"\"'Wicked' Returning to PlayhouseSquare with Beachwood native Alex Wyse as Boq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_News-Herald_Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The News-Herald Entertainment"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beachwood,_Ohio¶ms=41_28_56_N_81_30_14_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°28′56″N 81°30′14″W / 41.48222°N 81.50389°W / 41.48222; -81.50389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beachwood,_Ohio¶ms=41_28_56_N_81_30_14_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°28′56″N 81°30′14″W / 41.48222°N 81.50389°W / 41.48222; -81.50389"},{"Link":"https://www.beachwoodohio.com/","external_links_name":"www.beachwoodohio.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beachwood,_Ohio¶ms=41_28_56_N_81_30_14_W_type:city","external_links_name":"41°28′56″N 81°30′14″W / 41.48222°N 81.50389°W / 41.48222; -81.50389"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1048493","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Beachwood, Ohio"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://web.ulib.csuohio.edu/speccoll/maps/Sumner200.html","external_links_name":"\"Map of the Western Reserve including the Fire Lands in Ohio (1826)\""},{"Link":"http://www.beachwoodohio.com/98/History-of-the-City","external_links_name":"\"History of the City\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/beachwood/index.ssf/2014/08/beachwood_historical.html","external_links_name":"\"Why is the city's name spelled as it is? Beachwood Historical Society seeks the answer as 100th anniversary nears\""},{"Link":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/404","external_links_name":"\"The Fairmount Temple | Cleveland Historical\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/features/special_sections/destination/beachwood-from-anti-semitic-roots-to-thriving-jewish-community/article_62ad5e8a-1a97-11e5-bca6-c7b87ad53157.html","external_links_name":"\"Beachwood: From anti-Semitic roots to thriving Jewish community\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jewvsjewstruggle00free","external_links_name":"Jew Vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jewvsjewstruggle00free/page/294","external_links_name":"294"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/03815512v1ch08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population: Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/beachwoodcityohio,US/POP010220","external_links_name":"\"Beachwood city, Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130807134654/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3904500.html","external_links_name":"\"Beachwood (City) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau\""},{"Link":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3904500.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100142/https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/","external_links_name":"\"case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/\""},{"Link":"https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100142/https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews--judaism/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rebuildcle.com/2014/03/beachwood-has-second-highest-jewish.html","external_links_name":"\"Beachwood has the second-highest Jewish population per capita outside Isreal [sic]\""},{"Link":"http://www.accessjewishcleveland.org/programs/personalbusiness-assistance.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Access Jewish Cleveland\""},{"Link":"https://www.jta.org/2016/10/27/politics/among-clevelands-orthodox-voters-reluctance-reigns","external_links_name":"\"Among Cleveland's Orthodox voters, reluctance reigns\""},{"Link":"http://www.beachwoodschools.org/BHScourses.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Program of Studies\""},{"Link":"http://www.pga.com/seniorpga/2009/course/","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Golf courses in USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.prestonshope.com/","external_links_name":"\"Playground | Preston's HOPE Playground Park | Accessible\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/indians-gm-chernoff-makes-dream-come-true/article_404f2eba-735f-11e5-8460-f710c930c165.html","external_links_name":"\"Indians GM Chernoff makes 'dream come true'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/music/2014/10/marc_cohn_still_loves_walking.html","external_links_name":"\"Marc Cohn still loves 'Walking in Memphis'; Beachwood native plays Music Box on Thursday, Oct. 23\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/22/business/samuel-glazer-a-creator-of-mr-coffee-dies-at-89.html","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Glazer Dies at 89; Popularized Drip Coffee\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/mandel-goes-private-political-re-entry-possible/article_5f346b08-19b3-11e9-929f-5f7641b98db8.html","external_links_name":"\"Mandel goes private, political re-entry possible\""},{"Link":"http://www.news-herald.com/article/HR/20131203/NEWS/131209737","external_links_name":"\"'Wicked' Returning to PlayhouseSquare with Beachwood native Alex Wyse as Boq\""},{"Link":"http://www.beachwoodohio.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138523195","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535579205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93021796","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/315e285c-dfb7-4f45-914d-31b612574f75","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanleytown,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taff | Stanleytown, Rhondda Cynon Taf | ["1 History","2 People from Stanleytown","3 References"] | Coordinates: 51°38′35″N 3°25′48″W / 51.643°N 3.4299°W / 51.643; -3.4299
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Stanleytown, Rhondda Cynon Taf" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016)
Human settlement in WalesStanleytownLlanwonno Road, StanleytownStanleytownLocation within Rhondda Cynon TafOS grid referenceST011947Principal areaRhondda Cynon TafPreserved countyMid GlamorganCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townFerndalePostcode districtCF43Dialling code01443PoliceSouth WalesFireSouth WalesAmbulanceWelsh
UK ParliamentRhonddaSenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentRhondda
List of places
UK
Wales
Rhondda Cynon Taf
51°38′35″N 3°25′48″W / 51.643°N 3.4299°W / 51.643; -3.4299
Stanleytown is a village located in the Rhondda, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales.
History
Stanleytown is located in the ancient parish of Llanwonno. The last working mine in the village closed in the 1960s setting off a long period of economic decline which worsened following the 1984-1985 national miner's strike which resulted in pits in nearby locations such as Maerdy closing. The local passenger railway line had closed in the 1960s following the Beeching Axe review, which also limited the prospects of easy commuting to Cardiff.
As part of the Tylorstown electoral ward. A new relief road "opens up" the valley for outward transport and inward investment the road terminating at the entrance to Stanleytown and the stopping point of Pontygwaith. Due to the topography of the Rhondda Fach which is a narrow valley with steep sides and limited flat land on the valley floor the construction of the road was a major civil-engineering project many years in the planning and two and a half years in the execution.
Stanleytown has its own football (soccer) team, while its rugby union interests were combined into the Tylorstown rugby team called Tylorstown Tigers.
It is neighboured by the villages of Blaenllechau, Ferndale and Tylorstown
People from Stanleytown
Paul Whitehouse - comedian
References
^ Comic Paul tells of talent change Wales on Sunday - October 28, 2007
vteRhondda Cynon TafRhondda Cynon Taf County Borough CouncilCommunities
Aberaman North
Aberaman South
Abercynon
Aberdare East
Aberdare West
Cwm Clydach
Cwmbach
Cymmer
Ferndale
Gilfach Goch
Hirwaun
Llanharan
Llanharry
Llantrisant
Llantwit Fardre
Llwydcoed
Llwynypïa
Maerdy
Mountain Ash East
Mountain Ash West
Penrhiwceiber
Pentre
Pen-y-graig
Penywaun
Pont-y-clun
Pontypridd
Porth
Rhigos
Taff's Well
Tonypandy
Tonyrefail
Trealaw
Trehafod
Treherbert
Treorchy
Tylorstown
Ynyshir
Ynysybwl and Coed-y-Cwm
Ystrad
Townsandvillages
Aberaman
Abercwmboi
Abercynon
Aberdare
Abernant
Beddau
Blaenclydach
Blaencwm
Blaenllechau
Blaenrhondda
Britannia
Bryncae
Bryngolau
Brynna
Brynsadler
Brynteg
Buarth-y-Capel
Bwllfa Dare
Caegarw
Carnetown
Castell y Mwnws
Castellau
Cefn Rhigos
Cefnpennar
Church Village
Cilfynydd
Clydach Vale
Coed-Ely
Coedpenmaen
Coed-y-Cwm
Collena
Croesbychan
Cross Inn
Cwm-Hwnt
Cwmaman
Cwmbach
Cwmdare
Cwmparc
Cwmpennar
Cymmer
Dinas Rhondda
Dolau
Edmondstown
Efail Isaf
Ferndale
Fernhill
Foundry Town
Gadlys
Garden City
Gelli
Gilfach Goch
Glan-y-ffordd
Glan-y-llyn
Glenboi
Glyncoch
Glynfach
Glynhafod
Glyntaff
Godreaman
Graig
Graigwen
Groes-faen
Hawthorn
Hendreforgan
Hirwaun
Hopkinstown
Ilan
Llanharan
Llanharry
Llanilid
Llantrisant
Llantwit Fardre
Llwydcoed
Llwyncelyn
Llwynypia
Maerdy
Maesycoed
Miskin, Mountain Ash
Miskin, Pontyclun
Mountain Ash
Mwyndy
Nantgarw
Newtown
Pantygraigwen
Penderyn
Penpisgah
Penrhiwceiber
Penrhiwfer
Penrhys
Pentre
Pentrebach
Pen-y-coedcae
Penygraig
Penygraigwen
Penywaun
Perthcelyn
Pontcynon
Pontsionnorton
Pontyclun
Pontygwaith
Pontypridd
Porth
Pwllgwaun
Rhigos
Rhiw Ddar
Rhiwsaeson
Rhydyfelin
Robertstown
Roberttown
Stanleytown
Taff's Well
Talbot Green
Talygarn
Thomastown
Ton Pentre
Tonteg
Tonypandy
Tonyrefail
Trallwn
Trealaw
Trebanog
Trecynon
Treforest
Trehafod
Treherbert
Trenant
Treorchy
Ty Fry
Ty Rhiw
Tyla Garw
Tylcha
Tylorstown
Tynewydd
Tynybryn
Tyn-y-nant
Tyntetown
Upper Boat
Upper Church Village
Wattstown
Williamstown
Ynysangharad
Ynysboeth
Ynysddu
Ynyshir
Ynysmaerdy
Ynyswen
Ynysybwl
Ystrad
Education
Aberdare Girls' School
Aberdare High School
Blaengwawr Comprehensive School
Bryn Celynnog Comprehensive School
Coleg y Cymoedd
Hawthorn High School
Mountain Ash Comprehensive School
Pontypridd High School
Porth Community School
St. John the Baptist School
Tonyrefail School
Treorchy Comprehensive School
University of South Wales
Y Pant School
Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhondda
Ysgol Garth Olwg
Ysgol Llanhari
Ysgol Gyfun Rhydywaun
Rivers
Afon Clun
Afon Sychryd
River Cynon
River Ely
River Rhondda
River Taff
Topiclists
Parliamentary constituencies
Places
SSSIs
Listed buildings
Grade I
Grade II*
Scheduled Monuments
Registered parks and gardens
High Sheriffs
Lord Lieutenants
Museums
Public art
Schools
Place names
Majorinfrastructure
M4 motorway
Geography
Wales
category
vteVillages and towns of the Rhondda ValleyRhondda Fawr
Blaencwm
Blaenrhondda
Cwm Clydach
Cwmparc
Cymmer
Dinas Rhondda
Gelli
Glynfach
Llwyncelyn
Llwynypia
Pentre
Penygraig
Pen-yr-englyn
Porth
Ton Pentre
Tonypandy
Trealaw
Trebanog
Trehafod
Treherbert
Treorchy
Tynewydd
Williamstown
Ynyswen
Ystrad
Rhondda Fach
Blaenllechau
Ferndale
Maerdy
Penrhys
Pontygwaith
Tylorstown
Stanleytown
Wattstown
Ynyshir
Geography
Wales
This Rhondda Cynon Taf location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda"},{"link_name":"Rhondda Cynon Taf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf"}],"text":"Human settlement in WalesStanleytown is a village located in the Rhondda, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales.","title":"Stanleytown, Rhondda Cynon Taf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llanwonno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanwonno"},{"link_name":"national miner's strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%931985)"},{"link_name":"Maerdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maerdy"},{"link_name":"Beeching Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeching_Axe"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Tylorstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylorstown"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_ward"},{"link_name":"football (soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Tylorstown Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylorstown_RFC"},{"link_name":"Blaenllechau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenllechau"},{"link_name":"Ferndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf"},{"link_name":"Tylorstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylorstown"}],"text":"Stanleytown is located in the ancient parish of Llanwonno. The last working mine in the village closed in the 1960s setting off a long period of economic decline which worsened following the 1984-1985 national miner's strike which resulted in pits in nearby locations such as Maerdy closing. The local passenger railway line had closed in the 1960s following the Beeching Axe review, which also limited the prospects of easy commuting to Cardiff.As part of the Tylorstown electoral ward. A new relief road \"opens up\" the valley for outward transport and inward investment the road terminating at the entrance to Stanleytown and the stopping point of Pontygwaith. Due to the topography of the Rhondda Fach which is a narrow valley with steep sides and limited flat land on the valley floor the construction of the road was a major civil-engineering project many years in the planning and two and a half years in the execution.Stanleytown has its own football (soccer) team, while its rugby union interests were combined into the Tylorstown rugby team called Tylorstown Tigers.It is neighboured by the villages of Blaenllechau, Ferndale and Tylorstown","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Whitehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Whitehouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Paul Whitehouse - comedian[1]","title":"People from Stanleytown"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stanleytown,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf¶ms=51.643_N_3.4299_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°38′35″N 3°25′48″W / 51.643°N 3.4299°W / 51.643; -3.4299"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanleytown,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stanleytown%2C+Rhondda+Cynon+Taf%22","external_links_name":"\"Stanleytown, Rhondda Cynon Taf\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Stanleytown%2C+Rhondda+Cynon+Taf%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Stanleytown%2C+Rhondda+Cynon+Taf%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Stanleytown%2C+Rhondda+Cynon+Taf%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Stanleytown%2C+Rhondda+Cynon+Taf%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stanleytown%2C+Rhondda+Cynon+Taf%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stanleytown,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf¶ms=51.642371_N_3.430657_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Stanleytown","external_links_name":"ST011947"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stanleytown,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf¶ms=51.643_N_3.4299_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°38′35″N 3°25′48″W / 51.643°N 3.4299°W / 51.643; -3.4299"},{"Link":"http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/10/28/comic-paul-tells-of-talent-change-91466-20018480/","external_links_name":"Comic Paul tells of talent change"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanleytown,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thazi,_Meiktila,_Mandalay_Region | Thazi, Meiktila, Mandalay Region | ["1 External links"] | Coordinates: 20°50′N 95°59′E / 20.833°N 95.983°E / 20.833; 95.983Town in Mandalay Region, MyanmarThaziTownThaziLocation in MyanmarCoordinates: 20°50′N 95°59′E / 20.833°N 95.983°E / 20.833; 95.983Country MyanmarDivision Mandalay RegionDistrictMeiktila DistrictTownshipThazi TownshipPopulation • ReligionsBuddhismTime zoneUTC+6.30 (MST)
Thazi is a town in Thazi Township, Meiktila District, Mandalay Region, central Burma (Myanmar).
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thazi, Meiktila, Mandalay Region.
vteMandalay RegionCapital: MandalayKyaukse District
Kyaukse Township
Myittha Township
Sintgaing Township
Tada-U Township
Mandalay District
Amarapura Township
Aungmyethazan Township
Chanayethazan Township
Chanmyathazi Township
Maha Aungmye Township
Patheingyi Township
Pyigyidagun Township
Meiktila District
Mahlaing Township
Meiktila Township
Thazi Township
Wundwin Township
Myingyan District
Myingyan Township
Natogyi Township
Ngazun Township
Taungtha Township
Nyaung-U District
Kyaukpadaung Township
Nyaung-U Township
Pyinoolwin District
Madaya Township
Mogok Township
Pyinoolwin Township
Singu Township
Thabeikkyin Township
Yamethin District
Pyawbwe Township
Yamethin Township
Main cities and towns
Amarapura
Bagan
Inwa
Kyaukpadaung
Kyaukse
Madaya
Mahlaing
Mandalay
Meiktila
Mogok
Myingyan
Myitnge
Myittha
Natogyi
Nganzun
Nyaung-U
Pyawbwe
Pyinoolwin
Tagaung
Thabeikkyin
Sintgaing
Tada-U
Taungtha
Singu
Thazi
Wundwin
Yamethin
This Mandalay Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thazi Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thazi_Township"},{"link_name":"Meiktila District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiktila_District"},{"link_name":"Mandalay Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_Region"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"}],"text":"Town in Mandalay Region, MyanmarThazi is a town in Thazi Township, Meiktila District, Mandalay Region, central Burma (Myanmar).","title":"Thazi, Meiktila, Mandalay Region"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thazi,_Meiktila,_Mandalay_Region¶ms=20_50_N_95_59_E_region:MM_type:city","external_links_name":"20°50′N 95°59′E / 20.833°N 95.983°E / 20.833; 95.983"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thazi,_Meiktila,_Mandalay_Region¶ms=20_50_N_95_59_E_region:MM_type:city","external_links_name":"20°50′N 95°59′E / 20.833°N 95.983°E / 20.833; 95.983"},{"Link":"http://www.maplandia.com/burma/mandalay/meiktila/thazi/","external_links_name":"Satellite map at Maplandia.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thazi,_Meiktila,_Mandalay_Region&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Esher | West End, Esher | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°21′47″N 0°22′44″W / 51.363°N 0.379°W / 51.363; -0.379
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "West End, Esher" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
West End is a neighbourhood or locality of Esher, Surrey, England centred 0.8 miles (1.3 km) south-west of the town centre.
West End comprises a large green, pick-your-own farm with large garden centre, houses, small number of house conversion-style flats, a pub, a disused school building and chapel, grouped around a large green with a pond. It abuts West End Common, which is part of Esher Commons an outcrop of the Bagshot Formation of a subsoil of sands, peats and gravels, being the part of the Commons nearest the River Mole. The settlement became more than an archetypal hamlet in the mid-19th century with many of the houses dating from the Victorian period. West End is also home to a large garden centre - Garsons Garden Centre. The site also houses a farm shop, a children's playground and a pick your own field, particularly popular in summer. Next to Garsons, there is also a bathtub and swimming pool shop, Poolclean. The chapel has been converted to the West End Village Hall, which is used during school term time as the home of West End Playgroup & Forest School.
The village pond at West End
West End Esher Summer Show, also known as West End Flower Show, takes place once a year on West End Common. It originated as a Flower Show more than 50 years ago and has developed into an annual show with many events and activities.
There is another West End in Surrey, between Woking and Camberley.
References
^ Thorne, James (1876). Handbook to the environs of London, alphabetically arranged, Volume 1. John Murray. p. 207.
^ "West End Conservation Area". Elmbridge Borough Council.
^ "A Brief History". WEVH. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
External links
West End Flower Show
51°21′47″N 0°22′44″W / 51.363°N 0.379°W / 51.363; -0.379 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Esher Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher_Commons"},{"link_name":"Bagshot Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagshot_Formation"},{"link_name":"River Mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mole"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Victorian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_period"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Garsons Garden Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garsons_Garden_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poolclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poolclean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West End Playgroup & Forest School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_End_Playgroup_%26_Forest_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_End,_Esher,_8th_February_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Woking"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking"},{"link_name":"Camberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberley"}],"text":"West End is a neighbourhood or locality of Esher, Surrey, England centred 0.8 miles (1.3 km) south-west of the town centre.West End comprises a large green, pick-your-own farm with large garden centre, houses, small number of house conversion-style flats, a pub, a disused school building and chapel, grouped around a large green with a pond. It abuts West End Common, which is part of Esher Commons an outcrop of the Bagshot Formation of a subsoil of sands, peats and gravels, being the part of the Commons nearest the River Mole.[1] The settlement became more than an archetypal hamlet in the mid-19th century with many of the houses dating from the Victorian period.[2] West End is also home to a large garden centre - Garsons Garden Centre. The site also houses a farm shop, a children's playground and a pick your own field, particularly popular in summer. Next to Garsons, there is also a bathtub and swimming pool shop, Poolclean. The chapel has been converted to the West End Village Hall, which is used during school term time as the home of West End Playgroup & Forest School.[3]The village pond at West EndWest End Esher Summer Show, also known as West End Flower Show, takes place once a year on West End Common. It originated as a Flower Show more than 50 years ago and has developed into an annual show with many events and activities.There is another West End in Surrey, between Woking and Camberley.","title":"West End, Esher"}] | [{"image_text":"The village pond at West End","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/West_End%2C_Esher%2C_8th_February_2011.jpg/220px-West_End%2C_Esher%2C_8th_February_2011.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Thorne, James (1876). Handbook to the environs of London, alphabetically arranged, Volume 1. John Murray. p. 207.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"West End Conservation Area\". Elmbridge Borough Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elmbridge.gov.uk/planning/more-planning-enquiries/conservation-areas/west-end/","url_text":"\"West End Conservation Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History\". WEVH. Retrieved 11 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wevh.uk/history","url_text":"\"A Brief History\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_End,_Esher¶ms=51.363_N_0.379_W_type:city_region:GB-SRY","external_links_name":"51°21′47″N 0°22′44″W / 51.363°N 0.379°W / 51.363; -0.379"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22West+End%2C+Esher%22","external_links_name":"\"West End, Esher\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22West+End%2C+Esher%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22West+End%2C+Esher%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22West+End%2C+Esher%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22West+End%2C+Esher%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22West+End%2C+Esher%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.elmbridge.gov.uk/planning/more-planning-enquiries/conservation-areas/west-end/","external_links_name":"\"West End Conservation Area\""},{"Link":"https://www.wevh.uk/history","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History\""},{"Link":"http://www.westendflowershow.co.uk/","external_links_name":"West End Flower Show"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_End,_Esher¶ms=51.363_N_0.379_W_type:city_region:GB-SRY","external_links_name":"51°21′47″N 0°22′44″W / 51.363°N 0.379°W / 51.363; -0.379"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_78_(Steuben_County,_New_York) | List of county routes in Steuben County, New York | ["1 Routes 1–50","2 Routes 51–100","3 Routes 101 and up","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Steuben County Route 41 reassurance marker, an example of the type used in the county.Highway namesInterstatesInterstate X (I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Route X (US X)StateNew York State Route X (NY X)County:County Route X (CR X)System links
New York Highways
Interstate
US
State
Reference
Parkways
County routes in Steuben County, New York, are maintained by the Steuben County highway department and signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon shield. No county routes enter the cities of Corning or Hornell, and only two enter a village. Most primary through roads in Steuben County are either county routes or New York state highways.
Routes 1–50
Route
Length(mi)
Length(km)
From
Via
To
Notes
CR 1
8.47
13.63
Addison village line in Addison
Addison–Burr Hollow Road
CR 333 in Campbell
CR 2
8.54
13.74
CR 119 in Addison
Cranberry Lake Road
CR 3 in Thurston
CR 3
6.13
9.87
CR 1 in Addison
Goodhue Lake Road
CR 333 in Thurston
CR 4
5.33
8.58
CR 1 in Addison
Curtis Hollow Road
NY 415 in Campbell
CR 5
12.86
20.70
Addison village line in Tuscarora
South Hill–Clendenning Road
CR 73 in Lindley
CR 6
6.56
10.56
NY 21 in Fremont
Neils Creek Road
NY 415 in Avoca
CR 7
11.36
18.28
CR 105 in Avoca
Avoca–West Creek–Prattsburgh Road
NY 53 / CR 122 in Prattsburgh
CR 8
6.97
11.22
Avoca village line in Avoca
Avoca–Wheeler Road
NY 53 in Wheeler
CR 9
10.02
16.13
NY 415 in Avoca
Twelve Mile Creek Road
NY 53 in Prattsburgh
CR 10
10.73
17.27
CR 119 in Cameron
Bath–Cameron Road
Bath village line in Bath
CR 10A
2.65
4.26
CR 10
Averill Road in Cameron
CR 10
CR 11
7.87
12.67
CR 24 / CR 333 in Thurston
Babcock Hollow Road
NY 960U at I-86 / NY 17 exit 39 in Bath
Formerly extended to NY 415 over NY 960U (ex-NY 866)
CR 12
7.32
11.78
CR 333 in Thurston
Savona–Thurston Road
Savona village line in Bath
CR 13
7.82
12.59
Bath village line in Bath
Mitchellsville Road
NY 53 in Wheeler
CR 14
14.21
22.87
CR 119 in Canisteo
Campbell Creek–Bakers Gulch Road
NY 415 in Bath
CR 15
4.26
6.86
CR 14
Knight Settlement Road in Bath
NY 415
CR 16
9.86
15.87
NY 415 in Bath
Telegraph Road
CR 20 in Bradford
CR 17
10.96
17.64
NY 415 in Campbell
McNutt Run–South Bradford Road
NY 226 in Bradford
CR 18
2.94
4.73
NY 226
Sonora–South Bradford Road in Bradford
CR 17
CR 20
0.56
0.90
Old State Road
Bradford–County Line Road in Bradford
Schuyler County line
CR 21
16.58
26.68
NY 36 / CR 31 in Canisteo
South Canisteo–Rathbone Road
CR 119 in Rathbone
CR 22
4.25
6.84
CR 21
Allen Road in Cameron
CR 119
CR 24
3.80
6.12
CR 119 in Rathbone
Cameron Mills–Risingville Road
CR 11 / CR 333 in Thurston
CR 25
5.52
8.88
CR 24
Helmer Creek Road in Cameron
CR 10
CR 26
6.52
10.49
NY 960M at I-86 / NY 17 exit 42
Meads Creek Road in Campbell
Schuyler County line (becomes CR 16)
CR 27
7.93
12.76
CR 119 in Canisteo
Stephens Gulch Road
CR 70A in Howard
CR 28
10.30
16.58
Allegany County line in Greenwood (becomes CR 21)
Purdy Creek–Shovel Hollow Road
NY 248 in Canisteo
CR 29
3.27
5.26
Canisteo village line in Canisteo
Canisteo–Hornell Back Road
Hornell city line in Hornellsville
CR 30
4.33
6.97
CR 21
Swale Road in Canisteo
Brooklyn and Lower Swale Road
CR 31
8.12
13.07
NY 36 in Jasper
Milwaukee Road
NY 36 / CR 21 in Canisteo
CR 32
6.53
10.51
NY 225
Caton–Seeley Creek Road in Caton
Chemung County line (becomes CR 78)
CR 34
3.06
4.92
NY 225 in Caton
Whiskey Creek Road
NY 225 in Corning
CR 35
10.27
16.53
Cohocton village line
Kirkwood–Lent Hill Road in Cohocton
NY 371
CR 36
4.90
7.89
NY 415 in Wayland
Atlanta–East Wayland Road
NY 371 in Cohocton
CR 37
0.78
1.26
NY 21
Bowles Corners Road in Cohocton
Livingston County line (becomes CR 36)
CR 38
0.82
1.32
NY 21
Rowe Road in Cohocton
Ontario County line
CR 39
0.60
0.97
CR 36
Atlanta–North Cohocton Road in Cohocton
NY 21
CR 39A
0.63
1.01
CR 36
Grays Corners Road in Cohocton
NY 21
CR 40
5.12
8.24
CR 40A in Caton
Spencer Hill Road
Corning city line in Corning
CR 40A
2.57
4.14
CR 40
West Caton Road in Caton
NY 225
CR 41
9.44
15.19
Painted Post village line in Corning
Corning–Hornby Road
CR 42 in Hornby
CR 42
7.80
12.55
CR 41 in Corning
Shady Grove Road
Schuyler County line in Hornby
CR 44
3.49
5.62
South Corning village line
Mossy Glen and River Roads in Corning
Chemung County line (becomes CR 10)
CR 45
5.76
9.27
Gibson Road
Narrows Creek Road in Corning
Chemung County line
CR 46
12.05
19.39
NY 21 in Fremont
Windom Hill–South Dansville Road
Livingston County line in Dansville (becomes CR 27)
CR 47
0.65
1.05
CR 48
Stony Brook Glen Road in Dansville
CR 46
CR 48
8.12
13.07
Arkport village line in Hornellsville
Oak Hill Road
NY 36 in Dansville
CR 50
5.58
8.98
CR 46 in Dansville
Beachville–Kiefers Corners Road
NY 21 / CR 92 in Wayland
Routes 51–100
Route
Length(mi)
Length(km)
From
Via
To
Notes
CR 52
1.19
1.92
Allegany County line (becomes CR 14)
Burns Road in Dansville
NY 36
CR 53
2.19
3.52
CR 48
Dyer Road in Dansville
CR 46
CR 54
3.25
5.23
NY 21
Dutch Street Road in Fremont
CR 55
CR 55
3.61
5.81
CR 70A in Howard
Bacon School–Haskinville Road
NY 21 in Fremont
CR 56
4.18
6.73
CR 70A in Fremont
Butchers Corners Road
Moss and Graves Hill Roads in Howard
CR 57
2.62
4.22
CR 70A
Hornell Reservoir Road in Fremont
NY 21
CR 58
2.04
3.28
Arkport village line in Hornellsville
Arkport–Fremont Road
NY 21 in Fremont
CR 59
0.43
0.69
Allegany County line (becomes CR 22A)
Brown Cheese Factory Road in West Union
CR 60
CR 60
8.46
13.62
NY 248 in West Union
Christian Hollow–West Union Road
NY 248 in Greenwood
CR 61
8.98
14.45
CR 60 in West Union
Ridge Road
CR 28 in Hartsville
CR 62
4.70
7.56
CR 61
Rock Creek Road in Greenwood
NY 248
CR 63
2.83
4.55
NY 417 in Greenwood
Jackson Hill Road
CR 31 in Jasper
CR 64 (1)
2.89
4.65
CR 28 in Hartsville
Ashbaugh Road
NY 36 in Hornellsville
CR 64 (2)
0.41
0.66
NY 36
Ashbaugh Road in Hornellsville
Hornell city line
CR 65 (1)
2.06
3.32
Hornell city line
Sanitarium Road in Hornellsville
CR 66
CR 65 (2)
0.92
1.48
CR 66
Sanitarium Road in Hornellsville
NY 36
CR 66
3.72
5.99
NY 21
Webbs Crossing Road in Hornellsville
NY 21
Overlaps part of NY Bike 17
CR 67
2.04
3.28
Allegany County line in Hornellsville (becomes CR 32)
Bishopville Road
NY 961F in Arkport
CR 68
5.49
8.84
Allegany County line in Hartsville (becomes CR 42)
Crosby Creek Road
Hornell city line in Hornellsville
CR 69
7.28
11.72
CR 14 in Howard
Buena Vista–Towlesville Road
CR 70A in Avoca
CR 70
6.37
10.25
NY 962B at I-86 / NY 17 exit 35 in Howard
Brasted District Road
CR 6 in Avoca
CR 70A
16.05
25.83
NY 21 / NY 36 in Hornellsville
Big Creek Road
NY 415 in Avoca
Formerly part of NY 70; part of NY Bike 17 east of Seneca Road
CR 71
4.52
7.27
NY 417
Jasper–North Jasper Road in Jasper
CR 21
CR 72
3.19
5.13
NY 36
Dennis Corners Road in Jasper
CR 71
CR 73
6.65
10.70
0.09 miles (0.14 km) south of CR 116 in Lindley
River and Indian Hill Roads
NY 417 in Erwin
Indian Hill Road portion is a former routing of US 15
CR 74
8.53
13.73
NY 53 in Prattsburgh
Prattsburgh–Pulteney Road
NY 54A in Pulteney
CR 75
8.00
12.87
CR 74 in Prattsburgh
Glodes Corners–Browns Corners Road
Yates County line in Pulteney (becomes CR 33)
CR 76
7.64
12.30
Hammondsport village line in Urbana
Hammondsport–South Pulteney and Thomas Roads
CR 74 in Pulteney
CR 77
6.06
9.75
CR 74 in Prattsburgh
Elmbois Road
CR 76 in Pulteney
CR 78
3.00
4.83
CR 74
Pulteney–Browns Corners Road in Pulteney
CR 75
CR 79
0.42
0.68
NY 417
Ritas Way in Erwin
Cul-de-sac
CR 80
4.70
7.56
CR 22 in Cameron
Tracy Creek Road
CR 21 in Rathbone
CR 81
2.56
4.12
NY 417 in Woodhull
Tuscarora Creek–East Woodhull Road
CR 21 in Rathbone
CR 82
9.21
14.82
NY 36 in Troupsburg
Troupsburg–Woodhull Road
CR 129 in Woodhull
Part east of CR 103 was designated as part of NY 274 from c. 1933 to the early 1940s
CR 83
1.21
1.95
NY 36
Log Road in Troupsburg
Old State Road
Designated as part of NY 274 from c. 1933 to the early 1940s
CR 84
10.61
17.08
CR 124 in West Union
Squab Hollow–Wileyville Road
NY 36 in Troupsburg
CR 85
5.77
9.29
Pennsylvania state line
Freeman–Elkland Road in Tuscarora
NY 417
CR 86
3.39
5.46
Pennsylvania state line
Van Vleet–Nichols Road in Tuscarora
CR 85
CR 87
7.42
11.94
NY 54 in Urbana
Hammondsport–Wayne Road
Schuyler County line in Wayne (becomes NY 961L)
CR 88
2.18
3.51
NY 54
Hammondsport–Pleasant Valley Road in Urbana
Hammondsport village line
CR 89
2.17
3.49
CR 13 in Wheeler
Mitchellsville–Pleasant Valley Road
CR 88 in Urbana
CR 90
4.13
6.65
Livingston County line (becomes CR 27B)
Patchinville–Perkinsville Road in Wayland
NY 21
CR 91
0.94
1.51
CR 90
Perkinsville–Wayland Road in Wayland
NY 63
CR 92
3.55
5.71
NY 21 / CR 50
Kiefers Corners–Orchard Comfort Road in Wayland
NY 415
CR 93
0.46
0.74
Wayland village line
Wayland Canning Factory Road in Wayland
Livingston County line (becomes CR 31)
CR 94
4.05
6.52
CR 87
Grove Springs Road in Wayne
NY 54
CR 95
2.06
3.32
CR 87
Day Road in Wayne
NY 54
CR 96
4.86
7.82
CR 16 in Bradford
Birdseye Hollow Road
CR 87 in Wayne
CR 97
2.71
4.36
Schuyler County line (becomes CR 24)
Waneta Lake Road in Wayne
CR 87
CR 98
4.32
6.95
CR 84
Rexville–Wileyville Road in West Union
NY 248
CR 99
6.08
9.78
Pennsylvania state line
Woodhull–Holden Brook Road in Woodhull
CR 82
CR 100
7.79
12.54
CR 99 in Woodhull
Borden–Pulteney Hill Road
NY 417 in Tuscarora
Routes 101 and up
Route
Length(mi)
Length(km)
From
Via
To
Notes
CR 101
3.07
4.94
Pennsylvania state line
Borden–Elkland Road in Woodhull
CR 100
CR 102
4.09
6.58
NY 417
Woodhull–Hedgesville Road in Woodhull
CR 21
CR 103
7.54
12.13
Pennsylvania state line in Troupsburg
Woodhull–Austinville Road
CR 82 in Woodhull
Part north of Log Road was designated as part of NY 274 from c. 1933 to the early 1940s
CR 105
2.40
3.86
NY 415
Wallace–West Creek Road in Avoca
Avoca village line
CR 106
5.58
8.98
CR 73 in Lindley
Church Creek–Browntown Road
CR 32 in Caton
CR 107
US 15 exit 4 / NY 417
Robert Dann and Scudder drives and Canada and Canada Sullivan Science roads in Erwin
US 15 exit 4 / NY 417
CR 108
1.42
2.29
CR 28 in Hartsville
Dixon Road
CR 61 on Hartsville–Greenwood town line
CR 109
6.33
10.19
Hornell city line in Hornellsville
Turnpike Road
CR 27 in Howard
CR 110
1.85
2.98
CR 80
Richtmeyer Road in Rathbone
CR 119
CR 111
1.81
2.91
Pennsylvania state line
Brookfield Road in Troupsburg
CR 84
CR 112
2.20
3.54
CR 86
Van Vleet–Clendenning Road in Tuscarora
CR 5
CR 113
9.17
14.76
NY 54 in Bath
Mount Washington–Argus Hill Road
CR 87 in Urbana
CR 114
1.99
3.20
CR 96
Birdseye–Waneta Road in Wayne
Schuyler County line (becomes CR 23)
CR 115
1.06
1.71
Pennsylvania state line
Lawrenceville–Presho Road in Lindley
US 15
Former routing of US 15
CR 116
2.42
3.89
Pennsylvania state line
Lindley–Lawrenceville Road in Lindley
CR 73
CR 117
7.73
12.44
NY 248 in West Union
Rexville–Troupsburg Road
NY 36 in Troupsburg
Designated NY 232 from c. 1933 to September 1950.
CR 119
25.00
40.23
NY 36 in Canisteo
Canisteo River Road
NY 417 in Addison
Formerly part of NY 17F
CR 120
5.67
9.12
CR 73 in Lindley
Lindley–Caton Road
NY 225 in Caton
Formerly part of NY 13
CR 121
3.54
5.70
NY 21 in Wayland
Loon Lake Road
NY 962D at I-390 exit 2 in Cohocton
Formerly part of NY 371
CR 122
4.13
6.65
NY 53 / CR 7
Prattsburgh–Italy Hill Road in Prattsburgh
Yates County line (becomes CR 32)
Part south of McMichael Road was formerly part of NY 53
CR 123
3.87
6.23
CR 71 in Jasper
Jasper–Boyds Corners Road
CR 21 in Cameron
CR 124
4.03
6.49
Allegany County line (becomes CR 19A)
Whitesville–Whites Corners Road in West Union
Pennsylvania state line
CR 125
3.20
5.15
CR 333
Savona–Campbell Road in Campbell
Savona village line
Former routing of NY 2
CR 126
7.65
12.31
NY 36 in Troupsburg
Troupsburg–Highup Road
NY 417 in Greenwood
CR 127
3.91
6.29
Pennsylvania state line
Camp Brook Road in Woodhull
CR 100
CR 128
1.54
2.48
Canisteo village line
Canisteo–Canisteo Center Road in Canisteo
CR 119
CR 129
2.58
4.15
NY 417
Woodhull–East Woodhull Road in Woodhull
NY 417
Part north of CR 82 was designated as part of NY 274 from c. 1933 to the early 1940s
CR 333
8.10
13.04
CR 11 / CR 24 in Thurston
Campbell–Risingville Road
NY 415 in Campbell
Formerly NY 333; highway transferred to Steuben County on April 1, 1997
CR 415
Meads Creek Road (NY 960M) in Erwin
Unnamed road
CR 11 in Bath
Entire length overlapped with NY 415; transferred to state on April 1, 1997
See also
County routes in New York
List of former state routes in New York (201–300)
Notes
^ a b c d NY 274 began at NY 21 (now NY 36) in Troupsburg and followed what is now CR 83, Log Road, CR 103, CR 82, and CR 129 northeast to NY 17 (now NY 417) in Woodhull.
References
^ a b c "County Roads Listing - Steuben County" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. June 22, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
^ Bath Quadrangle – New York – Steuben Co (Map). 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic). New York State Department of Transportation. 1977. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
^ a b c d e Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1932.
^ a b c d e Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1933.
^ a b c d Map of New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1940.
^ a b c d New York with Pictorial Guide (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1942.
^ Corning Digital Raster Quadrangle (Map). 1:24,000. New York State Department of Transportation. 1977. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ "New Route Out of Whitesville in N.Y. State System". The Times-Herald. Olean, New York. September 12, 1950. Retrieved January 8, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b New York State Legislature. "New York State Highway Law § 341". Retrieved March 10, 2010.
^ Campbell Digital Raster Quadrangle (Map). 1:24,000. New York State Department of Transportation. 1977. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
^ Bath Digital Raster Quadrangle (Map). 1:24,000. New York State Department of Transportation. 1977. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to County routes in Steuben County, New York.
Empire State Roads – Steuben County Roads | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_route"},{"link_name":"Steuben County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuben_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices"},{"link_name":"Corning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornell,_New_York"},{"link_name":"state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"}],"text":"County routes in Steuben County, New York, are maintained by the Steuben County highway department and signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon shield. No county routes enter the cities of Corning or Hornell, and only two enter a village. Most primary through roads in Steuben County are either county routes or New York state highways.","title":"List of county routes in Steuben County, New York"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Routes 1–50"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Routes 51–100"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Routes 101 and up"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ny274_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ny274_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ny274_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ny274_7-3"}],"text":"^ a b c d NY 274 began at NY 21 (now NY 36) in Troupsburg and followed what is now CR 83, Log Road, CR 103, CR 82, and CR 129 northeast to NY 17 (now NY 417) in Woodhull.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"County routes in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_routes_in_New_York"},{"title":"List of former state routes in New York (201–300)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_state_routes_in_New_York_(201%E2%80%93300)"}] | [{"reference":"\"County Roads Listing - Steuben County\" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. June 22, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/NYSDOT_2021_LHI_County_Roads_Steuben_County.pdf","url_text":"\"County Roads Listing - Steuben County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New York State Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Bath Quadrangle – New York – Steuben Co (Map). 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic). New York State Department of Transportation. 1977. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151122034840/http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/usgspreview/index.cfm?code=o42079c3","url_text":"Bath Quadrangle – New York – Steuben Co"},{"url":"http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/usgspreview/index.cfm?code=o42079c3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally_and_Company","url_text":"Rand McNally and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Oil_Company","url_text":"Texas Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"Texaco Road Map – New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Texas Oil Company. 1933.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Map of New York (Map). Cartography by H.M. Gousha Company. Shell Oil Company. 1940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.M._Gousha_Company","url_text":"H.M. Gousha Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company","url_text":"Shell Oil Company"}]},{"reference":"New York with Pictorial Guide (Map). Cartography by General Drafting. Esso. 1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Drafting","url_text":"General Drafting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso","url_text":"Esso"}]},{"reference":"Corning Digital Raster Quadrangle (Map). 1:24,000. New York State Department of Transportation. 1977. Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/dotpreview/index.cfm?code=w22","url_text":"Corning Digital Raster Quadrangle"}]},{"reference":"\"New Route Out of Whitesville in N.Y. State System\". The Times-Herald. Olean, New York. September 12, 1950. Retrieved January 8, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3987092/changes_september_12_1950/","url_text":"\"New Route Out of Whitesville in N.Y. State System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olean,_New_York","url_text":"Olean, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"New York State Legislature. \"New York State Highway Law § 341\". Retrieved March 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature","url_text":"New York State Legislature"},{"url":"http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS","url_text":"\"New York State Highway Law § 341\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell Digital Raster Quadrangle (Map). 1:24,000. New York State Department of Transportation. 1977. Retrieved May 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/dotpreview/index.cfm?code=w21","url_text":"Campbell Digital Raster Quadrangle"}]},{"reference":"Bath Digital Raster Quadrangle (Map). 1:24,000. New York State Department of Transportation. 1977. Retrieved May 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/dotpreview/index.cfm?code=v20","url_text":"Bath Digital Raster Quadrangle"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/NYSDOT_2021_LHI_County_Roads_Steuben_County.pdf","external_links_name":"\"County Roads Listing - Steuben County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151122034840/http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/usgspreview/index.cfm?code=o42079c3","external_links_name":"Bath Quadrangle – New York – Steuben Co"},{"Link":"http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/usgspreview/index.cfm?code=o42079c3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/dotpreview/index.cfm?code=w22","external_links_name":"Corning Digital Raster Quadrangle"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3987092/changes_september_12_1950/","external_links_name":"\"New Route Out of Whitesville in N.Y. State System\""},{"Link":"http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS","external_links_name":"\"New York State Highway Law § 341\""},{"Link":"http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/dotpreview/index.cfm?code=w21","external_links_name":"Campbell Digital Raster Quadrangle"},{"Link":"http://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/quads/drg24/dotpreview/index.cfm?code=v20","external_links_name":"Bath Digital Raster Quadrangle"},{"Link":"http://www.empirestateroads.com/cr/crsteuben.html","external_links_name":"Empire State Roads – Steuben County Roads"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snelgrove,_Ontario | Snelgrove, Ontario | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°44′02″N 79°49′28″W / 43.73389°N 79.82444°W / 43.73389; -79.82444Unincorporated community in Ontario, CanadaSnelgroveUnincorporated communityCoordinates: 43°44′02″N 79°49′28″W / 43.73389°N 79.82444°W / 43.73389; -79.82444CountryCanadaProvinceOntarioRegional municipalityPeelCityBrampton, OntarioTime zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Forward sortation areaLArea code(s)905 and 289NTS Map030M12GNBC CodeFCPSS
Snelgrove within Chinguacousy Township in an 1880 map, when it was known as Edmonton
Snelgrove is a former hamlet in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, straddling the border between Brampton and Caledon, and centred on the intersection of Hurontario Street and Mayfield Road. It was known as Edmonton in the 1800s after the home town of local settlers.
The area's boundary creates a deviation in the Brampton/Caledon boundary, which is otherwise bisected by Mayfield Road, to include the entire community within Brampton, which was done when Chinguacousy Township was abolished and split between Brampton and Caledon in 1974. The western end is located at the Orangeville Brampton Railway railway tracks west of Robertson Davies Drive, northern end just north of Collingwood Road / Highwood Road, eastern end just east of Etobicoke Creek. Previously known as Edmonton, it was renamed in the 1880s by Canadian Pacific Railway to avoid confusion with another CPR stop in what is now Edmonton, Alberta. The area's name is linked to the local Snell family (led by John Snell and brothers who settled in Chinguacousy Township in 1838).
When Hurricane Hazel struck Ontario in 1954, Snelgrove received the most rainfall of any Canadian location, with 214 mm (8.4 in) of rain.
Highway 410 has been extended to a new terminus in Snelgrove, at Hurontario Street, which becomes Highway 10 after the 410 merges with it, about 1 km north of Mayfield Road.
Among others, businesses in Snelgrove include a Shoppers Drug Mart, Sobeys, and Tim Hortons.
The Canadian Pacific Railway (previously Credit Valley Railway) line from Streetsville to Owen Sound passed through Snelgrove, and there was a station for passenger trains. Today all that is left of the site is a few railway sidings that shortline operator Orangeville Brampton Railway occasionally uses.
References
^ a b "Heritage Report: Reasons for Heritage Designation" (PDF). Brampton Heritage Board. January 21, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ Peter Bowyer (2004). "Storm information". Canadian Hurricane Centre. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
External links
Snelgrove at Geographical Names of Canada
vteBramptonBuildings and structures
A. Grenville and William Davis Courthouse
Bramalea City Centre
Brampton Civic Hospital
Brampton Library
Brampton Soccer Centre
CAA Centre
Korean War Memorial Wall
Peel Art Gallery, Museum and Archives
Peel County Courthouse
Peel Memorial Centre for Integrated Health and Wellness (formerly Peel Memorial Hospital)
Rose Theatre
Shoppers World Brampton
Trinity Common Mall
Neighborhoods
Bramalea
Castlemore
Chinguacousy Township
Churchville
Claireville
Coleraine
Ebenezer
Mount Pleasant
Snelgrove
Springdale
Toronto Gore Township
Tullamore
Organizations
Brampton Arts Council
Brampton Board of Trade
Festival of Literary Diversity
Visual Arts Brampton
Education
Peel District School Board
Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Conseil scolaire Viamonde
Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud
Sheridan College, Davis Campus
Algoma University at Brampton
Politics
Brampton City Council
Brampton City Hall
10 Peel Centre Drive
Media
CFNY-FM
CHLO
CIRF
Brampton Guardian
Defunct
The Bramptonian
The Brampton Times
Events
Brampton Fall Fair
Carabram
Geography
Chinguacousy Park
Claireville Conservation Area
Heart Lake
Loafers Lake
Camp Naivelt
Professor's Lake
Transportation
Brampton-Caledon Airport
Brampton Transit
Züm
Roads | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Chinguacousy_Township.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinguacousy Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinguacousy_Township,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Brampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Hurontario Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurontario_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-1"},{"link_name":"Mayfield Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Regional_Road_14"},{"link_name":"Chinguacousy Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinguacousy_Township"},{"link_name":"Orangeville Brampton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangeville_Brampton_Railway"},{"link_name":"Etobicoke Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etobicoke_Creek"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Edmonton, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-1"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siec-2"},{"link_name":"Highway 410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_410"},{"link_name":"Highway 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_10"},{"link_name":"Shoppers Drug Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoppers_Drug_Mart"},{"link_name":"Sobeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobeys"},{"link_name":"Tim Hortons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hortons"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Credit Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Streetsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetsville"},{"link_name":"Owen Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Sound"},{"link_name":"shortline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortline_railroad"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Ontario, CanadaSnelgrove within Chinguacousy Township in an 1880 map, when it was known as EdmontonSnelgrove is a former hamlet in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, straddling the border between Brampton and Caledon, and centred on the intersection of Hurontario Street and Mayfield Road. It was known as Edmonton in the 1800s after the home town of local settlers.[1]The area's boundary creates a deviation in the Brampton/Caledon boundary, which is otherwise bisected by Mayfield Road, to include the entire community within Brampton, which was done when Chinguacousy Township was abolished and split between Brampton and Caledon in 1974. The western end is located at the Orangeville Brampton Railway railway tracks west of Robertson Davies Drive, northern end just north of Collingwood Road / Highwood Road, eastern end just east of Etobicoke Creek. Previously known as Edmonton, it was renamed in the 1880s by Canadian Pacific Railway to avoid confusion with another CPR stop in what is now Edmonton, Alberta. The area's name is linked to the local Snell family (led by John Snell and brothers who settled in Chinguacousy Township in 1838).[1]When Hurricane Hazel struck Ontario in 1954, Snelgrove received the most rainfall of any Canadian location, with 214 mm (8.4 in) of rain.[2]Highway 410 has been extended to a new terminus in Snelgrove, at Hurontario Street, which becomes Highway 10 after the 410 merges with it, about 1 km north of Mayfield Road.Among others, businesses in Snelgrove include a Shoppers Drug Mart, Sobeys, and Tim Hortons.The Canadian Pacific Railway (previously Credit Valley Railway) line from Streetsville to Owen Sound passed through Snelgrove, and there was a station for passenger trains. Today all that is left of the site is a few railway sidings that shortline operator Orangeville Brampton Railway occasionally uses.","title":"Snelgrove, Ontario"}] | [{"image_text":"Snelgrove within Chinguacousy Township in an 1880 map, when it was known as Edmonton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Map_of_Chinguacousy_Township.jpg/220px-Map_of_Chinguacousy_Township.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Heritage Report: Reasons for Heritage Designation\" (PDF). Brampton Heritage Board. January 21, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brampton.ca/EN/City-Hall/meetings-agendas/Brampton%20Heritage%20Board%202010/20140121bhb_L7.pdf","url_text":"\"Heritage Report: Reasons for Heritage Designation\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Bowyer (2004). \"Storm information\". Canadian Hurricane Centre. Retrieved July 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ec.gc.ca/ouragans-hurricanes/default.asp?lang=En&n=5C4829A9-1","url_text":"\"Storm information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hurricane_Centre","url_text":"Canadian Hurricane Centre"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snelgrove,_Ontario¶ms=43_44_02_N_79_49_28_W_region:CA-ON_type:city","external_links_name":"43°44′02″N 79°49′28″W / 43.73389°N 79.82444°W / 43.73389; -79.82444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snelgrove,_Ontario¶ms=43_44_02_N_79_49_28_W_region:CA-ON_type:city","external_links_name":"43°44′02″N 79°49′28″W / 43.73389°N 79.82444°W / 43.73389; -79.82444"},{"Link":"https://www.brampton.ca/EN/City-Hall/meetings-agendas/Brampton%20Heritage%20Board%202010/20140121bhb_L7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Report: Reasons for Heritage Designation\""},{"Link":"http://www.ec.gc.ca/ouragans-hurricanes/default.asp?lang=En&n=5C4829A9-1","external_links_name":"\"Storm information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171627/http://geonames2.nrcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/v9/sima_unique_v9?english%3FFCPSS%3FC","external_links_name":"Snelgrove"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_National_Theatre,_Ljubljana | Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Drama | ["1 History","2 Branches","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°02′56″N 14°30′04″E / 46.048868°N 14.501207°E / 46.048868; 14.501207This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Drama" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre DramaSlovensko narodno gledališče Drama Ljubljana, SNG Drama LjubljanaSlovene National Theatre Drama in LjubljanaLjubljana Drama TheatreLocationLjubljana, SloveniaTypeTheatre
The Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Drama (Slovene: Slovensko narodno gledališče Drama Ljubljana, SNG Drama Ljubljana), or the Slovene National Theatre Drama in Ljubljana, is the national theatre in Ljubljana, Slovenia, best known for its conservative repertoire, including classical European dramatic texts and selected contemporary non-commercial European and Slovene ones. Its seat is the Ljubljana Drama Theatre (ljubljanska Drama) to the southeast of the Slovene Museum of Natural History and southwest of the University of Ljubljana, at 1 Erjavec Street (Erjavčeva cesta 1). It is an Art Nouveau building originally of the city's German Theatre (German: Deutsches Theater).
History
The theatre is heir to the first ever Slovene-language drama performance, staged on 24 October 1867 by the Slovene Dramatic Society in the premises of the Ljubljana Reading Society. After collapse of Austria-Hungary, it was renamed in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs the National Theatre, and in 1919 the Provincial Theatre. In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia it was renamed the Royal Theatre.
During World War II in Slovene Lands, it operated under the names State Theatre and the Slovene National Theatre on Liberated Territory. After the war, it was renamed Drama of the Slovene National Theatre. Its current name, SNG DRAMA, dates from 1992.
Branches
The theatre is one of three branches of the Slovene National Theatre (SNG).
Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Opera and Ballet
Maribor Slovene National Theatre
Nova Gorica Slovene National Theatre
External links
Official site
Media related to Ljubljana Drama Theatre at Wikimedia Commons
vteUrban Municipality of LjubljanaAdministrative seatLjubljanaDistricts
Bežigrad
Center
Črnuče
Dravlje
Golovec
Jarše
Moste
Polje
Posavje
Rožnik
Rudnik
Šentvid
Šiška
Šmarna Gora
Sostro
Trnovo
Vič
Economy and transport
BTC City
Central Market
Emonika
Exhibition and Convention Centre
Ljubljana Castle funicular
Ljubljana Passenger Transport
Ljubljana railway station
Ljubljana Ring Road
Ljubljana Stock Exchange
Nama
Trams
LandmarksBridges
Butchers' Bridge
Cobblers' Bridge
Črnuče Bridge
Dragon Bridge
Fabiani Bridge
Fužine Bridge
Grain Bridge
Hradecky Bridge
Jek Bridge
Kavšek Bridge
Ljubljanica Sluice Gate
Prule Bridge
Rooster Bridge
St. James's Bridge
St. Peter's Bridge
Triple Bridge
Monuments, memorials and fountains
General Maister Monument (Brdar)
Monument to the Victims of All Wars
Prešeren Monument
Robba Fountain
Tomb of National Heroes
Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship
Vodnik Monument
Palaces and houses
Casino Building
Cekin Mansion
Central Pharmacy
Courthouse
Crystal Palace
Government Building and President's Office
Grand Hotel Union
Gruber Mansion
Kresija Building
Ljubljana Castle
Mladika Complex
National Assembly Building
Nebotičnik
Philip Mansion
Selo Mansion
Souvan House
Stična Mansion
Tivoli Castle
Town Hall
Zois Mansion
Churches and places of worship
Franciscan Church
Ljubljana Mosque
St. Bartholomew's Church
St. Florian's Church
St. James's Church
Ljubljana Cathedral
St. Peter's Church
St. Rosalia's Church (former)
Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church
Ursuline Church
Visitation of Mary Church
Cemeteries
Navje Memorial Park
Žale
Parks, ponds, squares, and streetsParks
Argentina Park
Navje Memorial Park
Tivoli Park
Ponds
Koseze Pond
Tivoli Pond
Squares
Congress Square
Prešeren Square
Republic Square
Town Square
Vodnik Square
Streets
Čop Street
Protected areasLandscape parks
Ljubljana Marsh
Tivoli–Rožnik–Šiška Hill Landscape Park
Nature reserves
Mostec
Natural monuments
Castle Hill
Little Rožnik
Pod Turnom
Designed nature monuments
Tivoli City Park
Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship
Hills and valleys
Kucja Valley
Mount Saint Mary
Rožnik
Culture, science, and education
Anton Melik Geographical Institute
Archives of the Republic of Slovenia
Biennial of Graphic Arts
Botanical Garden
Cankar Centre
Rog factory
International Centre of Graphic Arts
Jakopič Pavilion
Jožef Stefan Institute
Ljubljana International Film Festival
Kiberpipa
Križanke
Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Drama
Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Opera and Ballet
Ljubljana Opera House
Ljubljana Summer Festival
Metelkova
Museum of Contemporary History
Museum of Modern Art
The Naked Stage
National Gallery
National and University Library
National Museum
Poligon
Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Natural History Museum
Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra
Slovenian Railway Museum
St. Stanislaus Institute
University of Ljubljana
Zoo
SportsEvents
Ljubljana Marathon
Clubs
ACH Volley
HK Olimpija
KD Ilirija
KD Slovan
KK Cedevita Olimpija
KK Olimpija
KK Parklji
ŽKD Ježica
Ljubljana Matica Alpine Club
ND Ilirija 1911
ND Slovan
NK Bravo
NK IB 1975 Ljubljana
NK Krim
NK Olimpija Ljubljana
NK Svoboda Ljubljana
NK Šmartno
RD Slovan
RK Krim
RK Ljubljana
RK Olimpija
ŽNK Olimpija Ljubljana
Venues
Bežigrad Stadium
Tivoli Hall
Kodeljevo Sports Park
Ljubljana Hippodrome
Stožice Sports Park (Stožice Stadium
Arena Stožice)
Tacen Whitewater Course
Šiška Sports Park
Health-related institutions
Medical Centre
Lists of people related to Ljubljana
List of people from Ljubljana
List of University of Ljubljana people
Settlements besides the administrative seat
Besnica
Brezje pri Lipoglavu
Češnjica
Črna Vas
Dolgo Brdo
Dvor
Gabrje pri Jančah
Janče
Javor
Lipe
Mali Lipoglav
Mali Vrh pri Prežganju
Malo Trebeljevo
Medno
Pance
Podgrad
Podlipoglav
Podmolnik
Prežganje
Rašica
Ravno Brdo
Repče
Sadinja Vas
Selo pri Pancah
Šentpavel
Spodnje Gameljne
Srednje Gameljne
Stanežiče
Toško Čelo
Tuji Grm
Veliki Lipoglav
Veliko Trebeljevo
Vnajnarje
Volavlje
Zagradišče
Zgornja Besnica
Zgornje Gameljne
Former settlements
Bizovik
Bokalce
Brod (Črnuče District)
Brod (Šentvid District)
Črnuče
Dobrava pri Črnučah
Dobrunje
Dolnice
Dravlje
Fužine
Glince
Glinica
Gmajna
Grič
Gunclje
Hradeckega Vas
Hrastje
Jarše
Ježa
Ježica
Kamna Gorica
Kleče
Koseze
Kozarje
Laze
Mala Vas
Moste
Nadgorica
Obrije
Podboršt
Podgora
Podgorica pri Črnučah
Podutik
Poljane (Šentvid District)
Polje
Pržan
Rožna Dolina
Rudnik
Savlje
Selo
Šentjakob ob Savi
Šentvid
Slape
Šmartno ob Savi
Šmartno pod Šmarno Goro
Sneberje
Sostro
Soteska
Spodnja Hrušica
Spodnja Šiška
Spodnja Zadobrova
Spodnji Kašelj
Štepanja Vas
Stožice
Studenec
Tacen
Tomačevo
Trata
Vevče
Vič
Vižmarje
Vodmat
Vrhovci
Zadvor
Zalog
Zapuže
Zavoglje
Zgornja Hrušica
Zgornja Šiška
Zgornja Zadobrova
Zgornji Kašelj
History
Timeline
46°02′56″N 14°30′04″E / 46.048868°N 14.501207°E / 46.048868; 14.501207
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
National
Norway
Germany
2
United States
2
Czech Republic
2
This article about a Slovenian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a theatre building in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana Drama Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Drama_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Slovene Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"University of Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Erjavec Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erjavec_Street&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"German Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Theatre_(Ljubljana)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"The Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Drama (Slovene: Slovensko narodno gledališče Drama Ljubljana, SNG Drama Ljubljana), or the Slovene National Theatre Drama in Ljubljana, is the national theatre in Ljubljana, Slovenia, best known for its conservative repertoire, including classical European dramatic texts and selected contemporary non-commercial European and Slovene ones. Its seat is the Ljubljana Drama Theatre (ljubljanska Drama) to the southeast of the Slovene Museum of Natural History and southwest of the University of Ljubljana, at 1 Erjavec Street (Erjavčeva cesta 1). It is an Art Nouveau building originally of the city's German Theatre (German: Deutsches Theater).","title":"Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Drama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"World War II in Slovene Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Lands_in_World_War_II"}],"text":"The theatre is heir to the first ever Slovene-language drama performance, staged on 24 October 1867 by the Slovene Dramatic Society in the premises of the Ljubljana Reading Society. After collapse of Austria-Hungary, it was renamed in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs the National Theatre, and in 1919 the Provincial Theatre. In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia it was renamed the Royal Theatre.During World War II in Slovene Lands, it operated under the names State Theatre and the Slovene National Theatre on Liberated Territory. After the war, it was renamed Drama of the Slovene National Theatre. Its current name, SNG DRAMA, dates from 1992.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Opera and Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Slovene_National_Theatre_Opera_and_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Maribor Slovene National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor_Slovene_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Nova Gorica Slovene National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nova_Gorica_Slovene_National_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The theatre is one of three branches of the Slovene National Theatre (SNG).Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Opera and Ballet\nMaribor Slovene National Theatre\nNova Gorica Slovene National Theatre","title":"Branches"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ljubljana_Slovene_National_Theatre_Drama¶ms=46.048868_N_14.501207_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"46°02′56″N 14°30′04″E / 46.048868°N 14.501207°E / 46.048868; 14.501207"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Slovene_National_Theatre_Drama&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ljubljana+Slovene+National+Theatre+Drama%22","external_links_name":"\"Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ljubljana+Slovene+National+Theatre+Drama%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ljubljana+Slovene+National+Theatre+Drama%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ljubljana+Slovene+National+Theatre+Drama%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ljubljana+Slovene+National+Theatre+Drama%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ljubljana+Slovene+National+Theatre+Drama%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.en.drama.si/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ljubljana_Slovene_National_Theatre_Drama¶ms=46.048868_N_14.501207_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"46°02′56″N 14°30′04″E / 46.048868°N 14.501207°E / 46.048868; 14.501207"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000095840483","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148447746","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141376770","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13054798","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/501176-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/3000600-4","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85110625","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85110624","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20051004010&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20040514004&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Slovene_National_Theatre_Drama&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Slovene_National_Theatre_Drama&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellery_Queen,_Master_Detective | Ellery Queen, Master Detective | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 1940 American filmEllery Queen, Master DetectiveTheatrical release posterDirected byKurt NeumannScreenplay byEric TaylorStory byEllery QueenProduced byLarry DarmourStarringRalph BellamyMargaret LindsayCharley GrapewinJames BurkeMichael WhalenMarsha HuntCinematographyJames S. Brown Jr.Edited byDwight CaldwellMusic byLee ZahlerProductioncompanyLarry Darmour ProductionsDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date
November 30, 1940 (1940-11-30)
Running time58 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Ellery Queen, Master Detective is a 1940 American mystery film directed by Kurt Neumann and written by Eric Taylor. The film stars Ralph Bellamy, Margaret Lindsay, Charley Grapewin, James Burke, Michael Whalen and Marsha Hunt. The film was released on November 30, 1940, by Columbia Pictures.
Plot
John Braun, healthy and athletic model for his fitness enterprise, gets fatally ill and on the next day changes his will, leaving everything to his company. John locks himself up in his study, but Nikki goes to talk with him. She waits in the anteroom, but finds herself locked in and when they finally manage to open the door, they find Braun sitting at his desk, stabbed, and both the will and the murder weapon missing.
Cast
Ralph Bellamy as Ellery Queen
Margaret Lindsay as Nikki Porter
Charley Grapewin as Inspector Queen
James Burke as Sergeant Velie
Michael Whalen as Dr. James Rogers
Marsha Hunt as Barbara Braun
Fred Niblo as John Braun
Charles Lane as Dr. Prouty
Ann Shoemaker as Lydia Braun
Marion Martin as Cornelia
Douglas Fowley as Rocky Taylor
Morgan Wallace as Zachary
Byron Foulger as Amos
Katherine DeMille as Valerie Norris
References
^ "Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
^ Hal Erickson. "Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Kurt Neumann". AllMovie. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
^ "Ellery Queen, Master Detective". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
External links
Ellery Queen, Master Detective at IMDb
Hastings Cable Access, Hastings City Council. "Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940)". Hastings Mystery Theater. Hastings, Michigan: youtube. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
vteFilms directed by Kurt Neumann
El Tenorio del harem (1931)
Fast Companions (1932)
My Pal, the King (1932)
The Big Cage (1933)
The Secret of the Blue Room (1933)
King for a Night (1933)
Let's Talk It Over (1934)
Half a Sinner (1934)
Wake Up and Dream (1934)
Alias Mary Dow (1935)
The Affair of Susan (1935)
Let's Sing Again (1936)
Rainbow on the River (1936)
Espionage (1937)
Make a Wish (1937)
That Navy Spirit (1937)
Wide Open Faces (1938)
Generals of Tomorrow (1938)
Ambush (1939)
Unmarried (1939)
Island of Lost Men (1939)
All Women Have Secrets (1939)
Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940)
A Night at Earl Carroll's (1940)
Brooklyn Orchid (1942)
Fall In (1942)
The McGuerins from Brooklyn (1942)
Taxi, Mister (1943)
Yanks Ahoy (1943)
The Unknown Guest (1943)
Tarzan and the Amazons (1945)
Tarzan and the Leopard Woman (1946)
Tarzan and the Huntress (1947)
The Dude Goes West (1948)
Bad Men of Tombstone (1949)
Bad Boy (1949)
Two Knights from Brooklyn (1949)
The Kid from Texas (1950)
Rocketship X-M (1950)
Cattle Drive (1951)
Reunion in Reno (1951)
Son of Ali Baba (1952)
The Ring (1952)
Hiawatha (1952)
Tarzan and the She-Devil (1953)
Regina Amstetten (1954)
Three from Variety (1954)
Carnival Story (1954)
Circus of Love (1954)
They Were So Young (1954)
The Star of Rio (1955)
Mohawk (1956)
The Desperados Are in Town (1956)
She Devil (1957)
Kronos (1957)
The Deerslayer (1957)
The Fly (1958)
Machete (1958)
Watusi (1959)
Counterplot (1959) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystery film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Kurt Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Neumann_(director)"},{"link_name":"Eric Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Taylor_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Charley Grapewin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Grapewin"},{"link_name":"James Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burke_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Whalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Whalen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marsha Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_(actress,_born_1917)"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ellery Queen, Master Detective is a 1940 American mystery film directed by Kurt Neumann and written by Eric Taylor. The film stars Ralph Bellamy, Margaret Lindsay, Charley Grapewin, James Burke, Michael Whalen and Marsha Hunt. The film was released on November 30, 1940, by Columbia Pictures.[1][2][3]","title":"Ellery Queen, Master Detective"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"John Braun, healthy and athletic model for his fitness enterprise, gets fatally ill and on the next day changes his will, leaving everything to his company. John locks himself up in his study, but Nikki goes to talk with him. She waits in the anteroom, but finds herself locked in and when they finally manage to open the door, they find Braun sitting at his desk, stabbed, and both the will and the murder weapon missing.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Ellery Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellery_Queen"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Charley Grapewin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Grapewin"},{"link_name":"James Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burke_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Whalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Whalen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marsha Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_(actress,_born_1917)"},{"link_name":"Fred Niblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Niblo"},{"link_name":"Charles Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lane_(actor,_born_1905)"},{"link_name":"Ann Shoemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Shoemaker"},{"link_name":"Marion Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Martin"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fowley"},{"link_name":"Morgan Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Byron Foulger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Foulger"},{"link_name":"Katherine DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_DeMille"}],"text":"Ralph Bellamy as Ellery Queen\nMargaret Lindsay as Nikki Porter\nCharley Grapewin as Inspector Queen\nJames Burke as Sergeant Velie\nMichael Whalen as Dr. James Rogers\nMarsha Hunt as Barbara Braun\nFred Niblo as John Braun\nCharles Lane as Dr. Prouty\nAnn Shoemaker as Lydia Braun\nMarion Martin as Cornelia\nDouglas Fowley as Rocky Taylor\nMorgan Wallace as Zachary\nByron Foulger as Amos\nKatherine DeMille as Valerie Norris","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Overview\". TCM.com. Retrieved 2020-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/73999/Ellery-Queen-Master-Detective/","url_text":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Hal Erickson. \"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Kurt Neumann\". AllMovie. Retrieved 2020-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ellery-queen-master-detective-v90381","url_text":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Kurt Neumann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective\". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2020-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/8132-ELLERY-QUEENMASTERDETECTIVE","url_text":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective\""}]},{"reference":"Hastings Cable Access, Hastings City Council. \"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940)\". Hastings Mystery Theater. Hastings, Michigan: youtube. Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xvdVXwcKIk","url_text":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/73999/Ellery-Queen-Master-Detective/","external_links_name":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ellery-queen-master-detective-v90381","external_links_name":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Kurt Neumann\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/8132-ELLERY-QUEENMASTERDETECTIVE","external_links_name":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032438/","external_links_name":"Ellery Queen, Master Detective"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xvdVXwcKIk","external_links_name":"\"Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barville,_Orne | Barville, Orne | ["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 48°29′01″N 0°20′34″E / 48.4836°N 0.3428°E / 48.4836; 0.3428
Commune in Normandy, FranceBarvilleCommuneA general view of BarvilleLocation of Barville
BarvilleShow map of FranceBarvilleShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 48°29′01″N 0°20′34″E / 48.4836°N 0.3428°E / 48.4836; 0.3428CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentOrneArrondissementAlençonCantonÉcouvesGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Bernard LeconteArea17.53 km2 (2.91 sq mi)Population (2021)177 • Density24/km2 (61/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code61026 /61170Elevation140–168 m (459–551 ft) (avg. 161 m or 528 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Barville is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 210— 1975 186−1.72%1982 181−0.39%1990 150−2.32%1999 153+0.22%2009 200+2.71%2014 194−0.61%2020 181−1.15%Source: INSEE
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.
^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ INSEE commune file
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barville (Orne).
vte Communes of the Orne department
L'Aigle
Alençonpref
Almenêches
Appenai-sous-Bellême
Argentansubpr
Les Aspres
Athis-Val de Rouvre
Aube
Aubry-le-Panthou
Aubusson
Auguaise
Aunay-les-Bois
Aunou-le-Faucon
Aunou-sur-Orne
Les Authieux-du-Puits
Avernes-Saint-Gourgon
Avoine
Avrilly
Bagnoles de l'Orne Normandie
Bailleul
Banvou
Barville
Bazoches-au-Houlme
Bazoches-sur-Hoëne
La Bazoque
Beaufai
Beaulieu
Beauvain
Belfonds
Belforêt-en-Perche
Bellavilliers
Bellême
La Bellière
Bellou-en-Houlme
Bellou-le-Trichard
Berd'huis
Berjou
Bizou
Boëcé
Boischampré
Boissei-la-Lande
Boitron
Bonnefoi
Bonsmoulins
Le Bosc-Renoult
Boucé
Le Bouillon
Brethel
Bretoncelles
Brieux
Briouze
Brullemail
Buré
Bures
Bursard
Cahan
Caligny
Camembert
Canapville
Carrouges
Ceaucé
Le Cercueil
Cerisé
Cerisy-Belle-Étoile
Ceton
Chahains
Chailloué
Le Chalange
Champcerie
Le Champ-de-la-Pierre
Les Champeaux
Champeaux-sur-Sarthe
Champ-Haut
Champosoult
Champsecret
Chandai
Chanu
La Chapelle-au-Moine
La Chapelle-Biche
La Chapelle-Montligeon
La Chapelle-près-Sées
La Chapelle-Souëf
La Chapelle-Viel
Charencey
Le Château-d'Almenêches
Le Châtellier
Chaumont
La Chaux
Chemilli
Ciral
Cisai-Saint-Aubin
Colombiers
Comblot
Commeaux
Condé-sur-Sarthe
Corbon
Coudehard
Coulimer
Coulmer
Coulonces
La Coulonche
Coulonges-sur-Sarthe
Courgeon
Courgeoût
Cour-Maugis sur Huisne
Courtomer
Craménil
Croisilles
Crouttes
Crulai
Cuissai
Dame-Marie
Damigny
Domfront en Poiraie
Dompierre
Durcet
Échalou
Échauffour
Écorcei
Écorches
Écouché-les-Vallées
Écouves
Essay
Faverolles
Fay
Feings
La Ferrière-au-Doyen
La Ferrière-aux-Étangs
La Ferrière-Béchet
La Ferrière-Bochard
Ferrières-la-Verrerie
La Ferté-en-Ouche
La Ferté-Macé
Flers
Fleuré
Fontaine-les-Bassets
Francheville
La Fresnaie-Fayel
Fresnay-le-Samson
Gacé
Gandelain
Gâprée
Les Genettes
La Genevraie
Giel-Courteilles
Ginai
Godisson
La Gonfrière
Gouffern en Auge
Le Grais
Guêprei
Guerquesalles
Habloville
Hauterive
Héloup
L'Hôme-Chamondot
Igé
Irai
Joué-du-Bois
Joué-du-Plain
Juvigny-sur-Orne
Juvigny Val d'Andaine
Lalacelle
Laleu
La Lande-de-Goult
La Lande-de-Lougé
La Lande-Patry
La Lande-Saint-Siméon
Landigou
Landisacq
Larré
Lignères
Lignou
Loisail
Longny les Villages
Lonlay-l'Abbaye
Lonlay-le-Tesson
Lonrai
Lougé-sur-Maire
Louvières-en-Auge
Macé
La Madeleine-Bouvet
Le Mage
Magny-le-Désert
Mahéru
Mantilly
Marchemaisons
Mardilly
Mauves-sur-Huisne
Médavy
Méhoudin
Le Mêle-sur-Sarthe
Le Ménil-Bérard
Le Ménil-Broût
Le Ménil-Ciboult
Le Ménil-de-Briouze
Ménil-Erreux
Ménil-Froger
Ménil-Gondouin
Le Ménil-Guyon
Ménil-Hermei
Ménil-Hubert-en-Exmes
Ménil-Hubert-sur-Orne
Le Ménil-Scelleur
Le Ménil-Vicomte
Ménil-Vin
Les Menus
Le Merlerault
Merri
La Mesnière
Messei
Mieuxcé
Moncy
Montabard
Montchevrel
Montgaudry
Montilly-sur-Noireau
Montmerrei
Mont-Ormel
Montreuil-au-Houlme
Montreuil-la-Cambe
Les Monts d'Andaine
Montsecret-Clairefougère
Monts-sur-Orne
Mortagne-au-Perchesubpr
Mortrée
La Motte-Fouquet
Moulins-la-Marche
Moulins-sur-Orne
Moutiers-au-Perche
Neauphe-sous-Essai
Neauphe-sur-Dive
Nécy
Neuilly-le-Bisson
Neuville-sur-Touques
Neuvy-au-Houlme
Nonant-le-Pin
Occagnes
Ommoy
L'Orée-d'Écouves
Orgères
Origny-le-Roux
Pacé
Parfondeval
Le Pas-Saint-l'Homer
Passais Villages
Perche en Nocé
Perrou
Pervenchères
Le Pin-au-Haras
Le Pin-la-Garenne
Planches
Le Plantis
Pointel
Pontchardon
Pouvrai
Putanges-le-Lac
Rai
Rânes
Rémalard en Perche
Le Renouard
Résenlieu
Réveillon
Ri
Rives d'Andaine
La Roche-Mabile
Roiville
Rônai
Rouperroux
Sablons-sur-Huisne
Sai
Saint-Agnan-sur-Sarthe
Saint-André-de-Briouze
Saint-André-de-Messei
Saint-Aquilin-de-Corbion
Saint-Aubin-d'Appenai
Saint-Aubin-de-Bonneval
Saint-Aubin-de-Courteraie
Saint-Bômer-les-Forges
Saint-Brice
Saint-Brice-sous-Rânes
Saint-Céneri-le-Gérei
Saint-Christophe-de-Chaulieu
Saint-Clair-de-Halouze
Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière
Saint-Denis-sur-Huisne
Saint-Denis-sur-Sarthon
Sainte-Céronne-lès-Mortagne
Sainte-Gauburge-Sainte-Colombe
Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardonne
Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume
Saint-Ellier-les-Bois
Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges
Sainte-Marie-la-Robert
Sainte-Opportune
Sainte-Scolasse-sur-Sarthe
Saint-Evroult-de-Montfort
Saint-Evroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois
Saint-Fraimbault
Saint-Fulgent-des-Ormes
Saint-Georges-d'Annebecq
Saint-Georges-des-Groseillers
Saint-Germain-d'Aunay
Saint-Germain-de-Clairefeuille
Saint-Germain-de-la-Coudre
Saint-Germain-de-Martigny
Saint-Germain-des-Grois
Saint-Germain-du-Corbéis
Saint-Germain-le-Vieux
Saint-Gervais-des-Sablons
Saint-Gervais-du-Perron
Saint-Gilles-des-Marais
Saint-Hilaire-de-Briouze
Saint-Hilaire-le-Châtel
Saint-Hilaire-sur-Erre
Saint-Hilaire-sur-Risle
Saint-Jouin-de-Blavou
Saint-Julien-sur-Sarthe
Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive
Saint-Langis-lès-Mortagne
Saint-Léger-sur-Sarthe
Saint-Léonard-des-Parcs
Saint-Mard-de-Réno
Saint-Mars-d'Égrenne
Saint-Martin-d'Écublei
Saint-Martin-des-Landes
Saint-Martin-des-Pézerits
Saint-Martin-du-Vieux-Bellême
Saint-Martin-l'Aiguillon
Saint-Michel-Tubœuf
Saint-Nicolas-des-Bois
Saint-Nicolas-de-Sommaire
Saint-Ouen-de-Sécherouvre
Saint-Ouen-le-Brisoult
Saint-Ouen-sur-Iton
Saint-Patrice-du-Désert
Saint-Paul
Saint-Philbert-sur-Orne
Saint-Pierre-d'Entremont
Saint-Pierre-des-Loges
Saint-Pierre-du-Regard
Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère
Saint-Quentin-de-Blavou
Saint-Quentin-les-Chardonnets
Saint-Roch-sur-Égrenne
Saint-Sauveur-de-Carrouges
Saint-Sulpice-sur-Risle
Saint-Symphorien-des-Bruyères
Saires-la-Verrerie
Le Sap-André
Sap-en-Auge
Sarceaux
Sées
La Selle-la-Forge
Semallé
Sévigny
Sevrai
Soligny-la-Trappe
Suré
Tanques
Tanville
Tellières-le-Plessis
Tessé-Froulay
Ticheville
Tinchebray-Bocage
Torchamp
Touquettes
Tournai-sur-Dive
Tourouvre au Perche
Trémont
La Trinité-des-Laitiers
Trun
Val-au-Perche
Valframbert
Vaunoise
Les Ventes-de-Bourse
La Ventrouze
Verrières
Vidai
Vieux-Pont
Villedieu-lès-Bailleul
Villiers-sous-Mortagne
Vimoutiers
Vitrai-sous-Laigle
Les Yveteaux
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Orne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Orne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Commune in Normandy, FranceBarville is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.[3]","title":"Barville, Orne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Orne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Orne_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-61026","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barville,_Orne¶ms=48.4836_N_0.3428_E_type:city(177)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"48°29′01″N 0°20′34″E / 48.4836°N 0.3428°E / 48.4836; 0.3428"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barville,_Orne¶ms=48.4836_N_0.3428_E_type:city(177)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"48°29′01″N 0°20′34″E / 48.4836°N 0.3428°E / 48.4836; 0.3428"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-61026","external_links_name":"61026"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-61026","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/commune/COM61026-barville","external_links_name":"INSEE commune file"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-61026#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15267961t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15267961t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barville,_Orne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayangadh,_Chitwan | Bharatpur, Nepal | ["1 Economy","2 Demographics","2.1 Ethnic groups","3 Ward Profile","4 Climate","5 Tourist attractions","5.1 Bishazari Tal","5.2 Chitwan National Park","5.3 Narayani River","5.4 Rapti River","6 Religious and cultural landmarks","7 Forts and palaces","8 Education","9 Healthcare","10 Transportation","11 Sports","12 Media","13 Narayangarh","14 Sister cities","15 Gallery","16 See also","17 References"] | Metropolitan City in Bagmati Province, Nepal
For other uses, see Bharatpur.
Metropolitan City in Bagmati, NepalBharatpur
भरतपुर महानगरपालिकाMetropolitan CityFrom top, left to right: Bharatpur skyline from Gaindakot hills, Narayanghat market, Baatuli Pokhari in Bharatpur, Bishazari Tal.BharatpurLocation in NepalShow map of Bagmati ProvinceBharatpurBharatpur (Nepal)Show map of NepalCoordinates: 27°41′N 84°26′E / 27.683°N 84.433°E / 27.683; 84.433Country NepalProvinceBagmatiDistrictChitwanGovernment • MayorRenu Dahal (Maoist-Centre) • Deputy MayorChitrasen Adhikari (NC) • Chief District Officer (CDO)Asman TamangArea • Total433 km2 (167 sq mi)Elevation208 m (682 ft)Population (2021 Nepal census) • Total369,377 • Rank3rd (Nepal)2nd (Bagmati Province) • Density850/km2 (2,200/sq mi) • EthnicitiesBahun Chhetri Newars Tharus Magars GurungsTime zoneUTC+5:45 (NST)Postal code44200, 44207Area code056ClimateCwaWebsitewww.bharatpurmun.gov.np
Bharatpur (/bəˈrɑːtpər/, Nepali: भरतपुर, pronounced ⓘ) is a city in southern central Nepal. It is the third most populous city of Nepal after Kathmandu and Pokhara with 369,377 inhabitants in 2021. It is also the second largest metropolitan city in Nepal by area. It is the district headquarter of the Chitwan District.
Bharatpur is one of the fastest-growing cities in Nepal. It lies on the western bank of the Narayani River and serves as a commercial center of the Chitwan district and the central region of Nepal. Most of the shopping area lies in the area of Narayangadh, while government offices, hospitals and colleges are situated in other parts of the city, including Nepal's premier cancer hospital, B.P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital.
In March 2017, Bharatpur was declared a metropolitan city after Narayani Municipality, Chitrawan Municipality and Kabilas Village were merged into it.
Economy
The economy of Bharatpur is traditionally based on agriculture. The city also holds a small-scale processing industry that mostly processes the food surpluses of the Chitwan district. Their products are sold to major cities of Nepal, Kathmandu and Pokhara.
The poultry industry is expanding in the municipality, producing a significant amount of poultry products for the country, and is one of the main employment sources in the Chitwan District.
Other products from the city include honey, mushrooms, and flowers. A significant part of its economy is derived from education and health services.
Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Bharatpur Metropolitan City had a population of 285,167. Of these, 77.8% spoke Nepali, 5.2% Tharu, 4.3% Gurung, 3.5% Tamang, 2.2% Newar, 1.7% Bhojpuri, 1.7% Magar, 0.8% Darai, 0.7% Hindi, 0.7% Maithili, 0.3% Bote, 0.2% Urdu, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Chepang, 0.1% Yolmo, 0.1% Kumal, 0.1% Rai, 0.1% Rajasthani and 0.1% other languages as their first language.
In terms of ethnicity/caste, 33.9% were Hill Brahmin, 12.3% Chhetri, 8.7% Gurung, 6.3% Tamang, 6.1% Newar, 6.0% Tharu, 5.6% Kami, 5.1% Magar, 2.4% Kumal, 2.2% Damai/Dholi, 1.6% Sarki, 1.2% Musalman, 1.1% Darai, 0.8% Thakuri, 0.7% Gharti/Bhujel, 0.6% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.4% Bote, 0.4% Chepang/Praja, 0.4% Kathabaniyan, 0.4% Rai, 0.3% Ghale, 0.3% Teli, 0.3% Yadav, 0.2% Badi, 0.2% Kalwar, 0.2% Kanu, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Terai Brahmin, 0.1% Dura, 0.1% Hajjam/Thakur, 0.1% Halwai, 0.1% Koiri/Kushwaha, 0.1% Kurmi, 0.1% Limbu, 0.1% Majhi, 0.1% Mallaha, 0.1% Marwadi, 0.1% Sunuwar, 0.1% other Terai, 0.1% Thakali and 0.1% Yolmo.
In terms of religion, 82.9% were Hindu, 13.6% Buddhist, 1.8% Christian, 1.2% Muslim, 0.2% Prakriti, 0.1% Kirati and 0.2% others.
In terms of literacy, 81.4% could read and write, 1.6% could only read and 17.0% could neither read nor write.
Religion in Bharatpur (2011)
Religion
Percent
Hinduism
83%
Buddhism
14%
Christianity
2%
Others
1%
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in Bharatpur
Hill Brahman (32%) Chhetri (12%) Gurung (10%) Tamang (6%) Newar (6%) Tharu (6%) kami (6%) Others (22%)
language in Bharatpur
Nepali (78%) Tharu (5%) Gurung (4%) Tamang (4%) Newari (2%) Magar (2%) Others (6%)
Broad Caste and Ethnicity category (2011 Census)
Broad Ethnic Category
Sub Category
Linguistic Family
Population Percentage
Khas Aryan (Pahari Caste Groups)
Khas Brahmin, Chhetri, Kami, Thakuri, Damai Sarki, Sanyasi/Dasnami
Indo-Aryan
57%
Janajati (Pahari Tribal Groups)
Magar, Tamang, Gurung, Sherpa, Rai, Limbu etc.
Sino-Tibetan
25.2%
Adivasi (Terai Indigenous Groups)
Tharu, Rajbanshi, Tajpuriya etc.
Indo-Aryan And Sino-Tibetan
6.3%
Newar (Kathmandu Valley Caste Groups)
Newari Brahmin, Shrestha, Tamrakar, Newar Buddhist, Maharjan, Rajkarnikar etc.
Indo-Aryan And Sino-Tibetan
6.1%
Madeshi (Terai Caste Groups)
Yadav, Maithil Brahmins, Chamar, Kushwaha, Musahar, Kurmi, Dhanuk etc.
Indo-Aryan
1.4%
Muslim
Nepalese Muslims
Indo-Aryan
1.2%
Others
-
-
2.8%
Ward Profile
Presidents of Wards
Ward-no-1:Keshav Maharjan(NC)
Ward-no-2:Manoj Ranabhat(NC)
Ward-no-3:Vikas Thapa(CPN-UML)
Ward-no-4:Arpan Pokharel(NC)
Ward-no-5:Yuddha Prasad Shrestha(NC)
Ward-no-6:Krishna Lal Shrestha(NC)
Ward-no-7:Rajendra Mani Kafle(Unified Socialist)
Ward-no-8:Jevanath Kandel(NC)
Ward-no-9:Yamalal Kandel(Unified Socialist)
Ward-no-10:Prameshor Khanal(NC)
Ward-no-11:Kamal Bahadur Mall(CPN-UML)
Ward-no-12:Lekh Raj Pant(CPN-UML)
Ward-no-13:Prakash Dawadi(Maoist-Centre)
Ward-no-14:Rajendra Sankhi(NC)
Ward-no-15:Shri Krishna Devkota(NC)
Ward-no-16:Amrit Raj Hamal(NC)
Ward-no-17:Lalit Man Tamang(NC)
Ward-no-18:Babu Ram Ranamgar(CPN-UML)
Ward-no-19:Prakash Tamang(CPN-UML)
Ward-no-20:Mukti Prasad Ghale(NC)
Ward-no-21:Krishna Kumar Gurung(NC)
Ward-no-22:Vishnu Raj Mahato(Unified Socialist)
Ward-no-23:Deepak Dawadi(NC)
Ward-no-24:Ram Bahadur Godar(Maoist-Centre)
Ward-no-25:Chabilal Sapkota(Independent)
Ward-no-26:Gyan Prasad Khanal(Maoist-Centre)
Ward-no-27:Ram Bahadur Bhandari(NC)
Ward-no-28:Danda Pani Rijal(CPN-UML)
Ward-no-29:Surya Bahadur Gurung(NC)
Climate
Climate data for Bharatpur (Rampur) (1976–2005 normals)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
22.5(72.5)
25.9(78.6)
31.4(88.5)
35.5(95.9)
35.5(95.9)
34.7(94.5)
33.0(91.4)
33.4(92.1)
32.7(90.9)
31.6(88.9)
28.4(83.1)
24.3(75.7)
30.7(87.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
7.8(46.0)
9.3(48.7)
13.1(55.6)
18.0(64.4)
22.1(71.8)
24.5(76.1)
25.1(77.2)
25.2(77.4)
24.0(75.2)
19.4(66.9)
13.4(56.1)
9.1(48.4)
17.6(63.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
18.1(0.71)
14.6(0.57)
21.9(0.86)
55.6(2.19)
165.3(6.51)
342.4(13.48)
573.3(22.57)
438.3(17.26)
276.7(10.89)
77.2(3.04)
8.8(0.35)
17.5(0.69)
2,009.6(79.12)
Source: Agricultural Extension in South Asia
Tourist attractions
Bishazari Tal
Bishazari Tal
Bishazari Tal, meaning "twenty thousand lakes", is in south Bharatpur. The lake serves as a bird watching center and houses many crocodiles. Bishazari Tal lies near Chitwan National Park and 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the city center, Chaubiskothi, of Bharatpur. Pandeyghumti is the nearest chowk (square) from the lake, being only 1 km (0.62 mi) away.
Chitwan National Park
Chitwan national park jungle safari.
Nearby, Chitwan National Park चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज is home to one-horned rhinos, elephants, Royal Bengal tigers, crocodiles, deer and many other wild animals. It is the third largest tourist destination in Nepal after Kathmandu and Pokhara. The park has been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1983.
Narayani River
The Narayani River flows north to south in the south of Bharatpur. It is the deepest and one of the largest rivers in Nepal. The Narayani Bridge over this river connects Chitwan District with Nawalpur District of Nepal. Small islands, like Nagarban in Narayani river, are popular picnic spots.
Rapti River
The Rapti River flows east to southwest in the south of Bharatpur and meets the northern border of the Chitwan National Park.
Religious and cultural landmarks
Devghat: Devghat is a holy place for Hindus and is located in ward no. 1 on the banks of the Narayani River and the Kali River Junction. Various caves and temples of Hindu deities are located here. Devghat also holds a significant natural attraction because of the two main holy rivers.
Tinkhole Monastery: This Lamasery was made by Buddhists as a symbol of peace, and its interior design reflects their interpretation of the meaning of life.
Ganeshthan Temple (Baseni) is the most famous Hindu temple in Bharatpur. This temple is believed to be constructed by Muni Makunda Sen, King of Palpa in the 15th century, but the modern temple was constructed in 1952 in the period of King Mahendra. This temple is located in Baseni, ward no. 11. Every Tuesday, people from different parts of the city worship Ganesha here.
Bageshwari Temple: Another ancient temple, located in ward no. 2, is believed to have been built before Muni Makunda Sen and was renovated by yogi Narahari Nath. It is located in the Devghat area development district, but the area of Bageshwari temple is also being used by Bharatpur Medical College.
Harihar Temple (Narayangadh): Harihar is another name of the Hindu deity Vishnu. This temple is on the banks of Narayani river.
Mahakaleshwar Shiva Mandir (Bharatpur -10): The Mahakaleshwar Shiva Mandir Temple is the only temple of Shiva around this locality. This temple is made with many antiques. Along with the building itself, the temple altogether has 108 lingam, Havan Kunda, Hanuman statues, Satsang halls and Ganesha temples. Gauri Kund can also be seen in the temple periphery.
Kalika Temple: Kalika is one of an important Hindu goddesses. This temple is located in gaindakot and is just 16 minute ride from the main bharatpur city. It is more recently constructed than the others, being built around 1992 in the top of the Hill. It is seen from most of the places of Both Gaindakot, Nawalpur and Bharatpur city.
Jakhadi Mai Temple (Baseni): The Jakhadi Mai Temple is on the eastern corner of the jungle in ward no. 11 and was constructed in 1982 by the locals. Durga Temple situated in Bharatpur-11, Baseni, Chitwan District
Durga Temple (Baseni): The Durga Temple was built by the police force within the compound of Bharatpur's Police Academy in 1992.
Pashupatinath Temple (Mahendra Buspark): The Pashupatinath Temple is on the banks of the Narayani river with scenic views of Narayani and the northern Jungle of Devghat Region. It has facilities for wedding ceremonies and other religious purposes.
Rameshwar Temple (Kchetrapur): This Mahadev temple was built in 1994. It is the busiest temple in the city and also serves people through a health post.
Children Fun Park: Located on the Torikhet village, the Children Fun Park has a swimming pool. It is 1 km (0.62 mi) away from Madi highway.
Forts and palaces
Upardanghari Fort: Located in the old headquarters of Chitwan district, it is believed to have been built by Satrubhanjan Shah, son of the prince Bahadur Shah, to defend the newly founded kingdom in the seventeenth century.
Kasara Durbar (Palace) is an old palace built by Rana Regime inside the Chitwan National Park. Now, it is being used as an office of the park and hosts a museum.
Diyalo Bangala Palace (Aptari Bharatpur): This was the spring season palace used by the Shah Dynasty of Nepal. The Diyalo Bangala Palace was built by King Mahendra to rest during the winter season. It is located on the banks of Narayani river in ward no. 2.
DAO Building Bharatpur: This long, old building was built in the period of shifting the headquarters from Upardanghadhi. It is now used as an office of the chief district officer.
Bharatpur Covered hall: This is a hall in the guesthouse of Bharatpur for indoor games.
Education
Bharatpur's Chitwan Higher Secondary School is the oldest government school in Chitwan District. There are several colleges in Bharatpur, including the College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur and Chitwan Medical College. The city's most famous institution is the Agriculture and Forestry University, which was established in 2010 and is the first technical university in Nepal.
Subdivision of Bharatpur in Narayani Zone, NepalNarayangadh
नारायणगढsubdivision of BharatpurNarayangadhLocation in NepalCoordinates: 27°44′N 84°23′E / 27.73°N 84.39°E / 27.73; 84.39Country NepalZoneNarayani ZoneDistrictChitwan DistrictArea • Total554.0 km2 (213.9 sq mi)Population (1991) • Total202,874 • Density370/km2 (950/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+5:45 (Nepal Time)
Healthcare
Compared to other parts of the country, Bharatpur has a highly developed healthcare system with several famous hospitals, including the second-largest government hospital in Nepal, which was established with American aid during the malaria control program operated by the US government at the request of the late King Mahendra of Nepal. B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital was established with the help of China in 1994.
Two medical colleges, the College of Medical Sciences and Chitwan Medical College also maintain their own teaching hospitals. Other important hospitals and nursing homes are Niko Children's Hospital, Narayani Community Hospital and Bharatpur Eye Hospital.
Transportation
Bharatpur Airport
Bharatpur is located at the crossing of Mahendra Highway and Madan Ashrit Highway. The closest larger cities are Gorkha Municipality at 67 km (42 mi) and Hetauda at 78 km (48 mi). Kathmandu is located 146 km (91 mi) away.
Bharatpur is the only city in Nepal that has two operating airports. Bharatpur Airport, in the central part of the city, offers daily flights to Kathmandu and to Pokhara. Meghauli Airport is a smaller airstrip in the southwest of the city.
Public transportation consists of privately run bus or microbus services. There are also frequent bus services to Kathmandu and Birgunj. Public bus service is given to the people from the city to Danda of Nawalpur District, Butwal, and other major cities and small villages and towns too.
Sports
The Gautam Buddha International Cricket Stadium is situated in the city. The Chitwan Tigers represented the city and Chitwan as a whole in the Everest Premier League.
Media
Eight major local FM radio stations are broadcast from Bharatpur. They are Amrit FM, Synergy FM, Hamro FM, Radio Triveni, Radio Chitwan, Chitwan Online FM. Kalika music FM, and Kalika FM. The television stations Beso Channel, Avass TV, and Crystal TV also broadcast from Bharatpur.
Narayangarh
Narayangarh (Nepali: नारायणगढ) or Narayanghat (Nepali: नारायणघाट pronounced , or ) is an important trading area, which is situated in the centre of Bharatpur. The major neighbourhoods of Narayangarh are Shahid Chowk, Pulchowk, Kshetrapur, Belchowk, Hakimchowk and Milanchowk. Narayangarh is famous for Taas, a spicy fried goat-meat lunch dish served with bhuja or chiura. Narayangarh has extremely hot summers but very mild winters.
Sister cities
Yokosuka
Gallery
Narayani river as seen from Harihar Temple
Bharatpur Airport
Beeshazar Lake near Chitwan National Park
Narayani bridge in Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal
Elephant polo World cup 2012 in Meghauli, Nepal
Chitwan Mahotsav 2063 (Chitwan Mahotsav 2007 A.D.) in Narayangarh, Chitwan
statue of Buddha in Buddha Stupa, Chitwan
See also
2022 Bharatpur municipal election
Renu Dahal
References
^ "Preliminary Report of National Population 2021". Central Bureau Statistics, Nepal. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). cbs.gov.np. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Welcome to Bharatpur Metropolitan City | Bharatpur Metropolitan City". bharatpurmun.gov.np. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ "Nepal Cities: Clean and Healthy Urban Development". Asian Development Bank. July 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2018-12-23.
^ "Mayoral candidates vow to make Bharatpur prosperous". The Himalayan Times. 9 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^ "Healthy Profits in the Poultry Hub – CHITWAN REPORT". Business 360. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^ NepalMap Language
^ NepalMap Caste
^ NepalMap Religion
^ NepalMap Literacy
^ "NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan". NepalMap. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ "NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan". NepalMap. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ "NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan". NepalMap. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ "NepalMap profile: Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City".
^ "Bharatpur Metropolitan - Election 2079 | Results and Updates | Local Election of Nepal 2079 - Chitwan, Bagmati Pradesh | Ekantipur Election".
^ "TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER NEPAL (1976-2005)" (PDF). Agricultural Extension in South Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
^ Beni- A Souvenir of Chitwan Higher Secondary School
^ "About Us". Agriculture and Forestry University. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^ "Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital website". Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
^ "About Institute". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
^ "Chitwan Medical College website". Archived from the original on 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2021-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
vteMetropolitan Municipalities of NepalMetropolitan Municipality
Kathmandu
Pokhara
Lalitapur
Bharatpur
Biratnagar
Birgunj
Sub-metropolitan Municipality
Janakpur
Ghorahi
Hetauda
Dhangadhi
Tulsipur
Itahari
Nepalgunj
Butwal
Dharan
Kalaiya
Jitpur Simara
vteChitwan DistrictHeadquarters: BharatpurMetropolitan city
Bharatpur Metropolitan City
Municipalities
Ratnanagar Municipality
Khairahani Municipality
Kalika Municipality
Rapti Municipality
Madi Municipality
Rural municipality
Ichchhakamana Rural Municipality
Former VDCs
Ayodhyapuri
Bagauda
Bhandara
Birendra Nagar
Chandi Bhanjyang
Dahakhani
Darechok
Dibyanagar
Phulbari
Gardi
Gitanagar
Jagatpur
Jutpani
Kabilas
Kathar
Kaule
Korak
Lothar
Madi Kalyanpur
Mangalpur
Meghauli
Narayanpur
Padampur
Pancha Kanya
Patihani
Piple
Ratnanagar
Shaktikhor
Shivanagar
Siddi
Sukranagar
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharatpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatpur_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/bəˈrɑːtpər/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈbʱʌɾʌt̪pur]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Bharatpur.wav/Bharatpur.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bharatpur.wav"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"third most populous city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Pokhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhara"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"metropolitan city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Chitwan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Narayani River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayani_River"},{"link_name":"Narayangadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayangadh,_Chitwan"},{"link_name":"Chitrawan Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitrawan_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kabilas Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabilas,_Narayani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For other uses, see Bharatpur.Metropolitan City in Bagmati, NepalBharatpur (/bəˈrɑːtpər/, Nepali: भरतपुर, pronounced [ˈbʱʌɾʌt̪pur] ⓘ) is a city in southern central Nepal. It is the third most populous city of Nepal after Kathmandu and Pokhara with 369,377 inhabitants in 2021.[2] It is also the second largest metropolitan city in Nepal by area. It is the district headquarter of the Chitwan District.[3]Bharatpur is one of the fastest-growing cities in Nepal.[4] It lies on the western bank of the Narayani River and serves as a commercial center of the Chitwan district and the central region of Nepal. Most of the shopping area lies in the area of Narayangadh, while government offices, hospitals and colleges are situated in other parts of the city, including Nepal's premier cancer hospital, B.P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital.In March 2017, Bharatpur was declared a metropolitan city after Narayani Municipality, Chitrawan Municipality and Kabilas Village were merged into it.[5]","title":"Bharatpur, Nepal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Pokhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhara"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chitwan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The economy of Bharatpur is traditionally based on agriculture. The city also holds a small-scale processing industry that mostly processes the food surpluses of the Chitwan district. Their products are sold to major cities of Nepal, Kathmandu and Pokhara.[citation needed]The poultry industry is expanding in the municipality, producing a significant amount of poultry products for the country, and is one of the main employment sources in the Chitwan District.[6]Other products from the city include honey, mushrooms, and flowers. A significant part of its economy is derived from education and health services.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Nepal census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Tharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharu_languages"},{"link_name":"Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung_language"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_language"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_language"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Darai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bote-Darai_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Maithili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_language"},{"link_name":"Bote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bote-Darai_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Chepang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepang_language"},{"link_name":"Yolmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolmo_language"},{"link_name":"Kumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumal_language"},{"link_name":"Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiranti_languages"},{"link_name":"Rajasthani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languages"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hill Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahun"},{"link_name":"Chhetri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhetri"},{"link_name":"Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung_people"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_people"},{"link_name":"Tharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharu_people"},{"link_name":"Kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magars"},{"link_name":"Kumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumal_people"},{"link_name":"Damai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damai"},{"link_name":"Sarki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarki_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Musalman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Darai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darai_people"},{"link_name":"Thakuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakuri"},{"link_name":"Bhujel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhujel"},{"link_name":"Chepang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepang_language"},{"link_name":"Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_people"},{"link_name":"Ghale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghale"},{"link_name":"Teli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teli"},{"link_name":"Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadav"},{"link_name":"Badi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badi_people"},{"link_name":"Kalwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandu"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Hajjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjam"},{"link_name":"Halwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halwai"},{"link_name":"Koiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeri"},{"link_name":"Kushwaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushwaha"},{"link_name":"Kurmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi"},{"link_name":"Limbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_people"},{"link_name":"Mallaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallaah"},{"link_name":"Marwadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_language"},{"link_name":"Sunuwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunuwar_people"},{"link_name":"Thakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakali_people"},{"link_name":"Yolmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolmo_people"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Prakriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"Kirati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Bharatpur Metropolitan City had a population of 285,167. Of these, 77.8% spoke Nepali, 5.2% Tharu, 4.3% Gurung, 3.5% Tamang, 2.2% Newar, 1.7% Bhojpuri, 1.7% Magar, 0.8% Darai, 0.7% Hindi, 0.7% Maithili, 0.3% Bote, 0.2% Urdu, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Chepang, 0.1% Yolmo, 0.1% Kumal, 0.1% Rai, 0.1% Rajasthani and 0.1% other languages as their first language.[7]In terms of ethnicity/caste, 33.9% were Hill Brahmin, 12.3% Chhetri, 8.7% Gurung, 6.3% Tamang, 6.1% Newar, 6.0% Tharu, 5.6% Kami, 5.1% Magar, 2.4% Kumal, 2.2% Damai/Dholi, 1.6% Sarki, 1.2% Musalman, 1.1% Darai, 0.8% Thakuri, 0.7% Gharti/Bhujel, 0.6% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.4% Bote, 0.4% Chepang/Praja, 0.4% Kathabaniyan, 0.4% Rai, 0.3% Ghale, 0.3% Teli, 0.3% Yadav, 0.2% Badi, 0.2% Kalwar, 0.2% Kanu, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Terai Brahmin, 0.1% Dura, 0.1% Hajjam/Thakur, 0.1% Halwai, 0.1% Koiri/Kushwaha, 0.1% Kurmi, 0.1% Limbu, 0.1% Majhi, 0.1% Mallaha, 0.1% Marwadi, 0.1% Sunuwar, 0.1% other Terai, 0.1% Thakali and 0.1% Yolmo.[8]In terms of religion, 82.9% were Hindu, 13.6% Buddhist, 1.8% Christian, 1.2% Muslim, 0.2% Prakriti, 0.1% Kirati and 0.2% others.[9]In terms of literacy, 81.4% could read and write, 1.6% could only read and 17.0% could neither read nor write.[10]Religion in Bharatpur (2011)\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nHinduism\n \n83%\n\n\nBuddhism\n \n14%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n2%\n\n\nOthers\n \n1%[11]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hill Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahun"},{"link_name":"Chhetri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhetri"},{"link_name":"Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung_people"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar"},{"link_name":"Tharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharu_people"},{"link_name":"kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kami(caste)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"Ethnic groups in Bharatpur\n\n Hill Brahman (32%) Chhetri (12%) Gurung (10%) Tamang (6%) Newar (6%) Tharu (6%) kami (6%) Others (22%)[12]language in Bharatpur\n\n Nepali (78%) Tharu (5%) Gurung (4%) Tamang (4%) Newari (2%) Magar (2%) Others (6%)[13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"CPN-UML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"Unified Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"Unified Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"CPN-UML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)"},{"link_name":"CPN-UML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)"},{"link_name":"Maoist-Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"CPN-UML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)"},{"link_name":"CPN-UML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"Unified Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"Maoist-Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Maoist-Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"CPN-UML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"}],"text":"Presidents of Wards[15]Ward-no-1:Keshav Maharjan(NC)\nWard-no-2:Manoj Ranabhat(NC)\nWard-no-3:Vikas Thapa(CPN-UML)\nWard-no-4:Arpan Pokharel(NC)\nWard-no-5:Yuddha Prasad Shrestha(NC)\nWard-no-6:Krishna Lal Shrestha(NC)\nWard-no-7:Rajendra Mani Kafle(Unified Socialist)\nWard-no-8:Jevanath Kandel(NC)\nWard-no-9:Yamalal Kandel(Unified Socialist)\nWard-no-10:Prameshor Khanal(NC)\nWard-no-11:Kamal Bahadur Mall(CPN-UML)\nWard-no-12:Lekh Raj Pant(CPN-UML)\nWard-no-13:Prakash Dawadi(Maoist-Centre)\nWard-no-14:Rajendra Sankhi(NC)\nWard-no-15:Shri Krishna Devkota(NC)\nWard-no-16:Amrit Raj Hamal(NC)\nWard-no-17:Lalit Man Tamang(NC)\nWard-no-18:Babu Ram Ranamgar(CPN-UML)\nWard-no-19:Prakash Tamang(CPN-UML)\nWard-no-20:Mukti Prasad Ghale(NC)\nWard-no-21:Krishna Kumar Gurung(NC)\nWard-no-22:Vishnu Raj Mahato(Unified Socialist)\nWard-no-23:Deepak Dawadi(NC)\nWard-no-24:Ram Bahadur Godar(Maoist-Centre)\nWard-no-25:Chabilal Sapkota(Independent)\nWard-no-26:Gyan Prasad Khanal(Maoist-Centre)\nWard-no-27:Ram Bahadur Bhandari(NC)\nWard-no-28:Danda Pani Rijal(CPN-UML)\nWard-no-29:Surya Bahadur Gurung(NC)","title":"Ward Profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AESA-16"}],"text":"Climate data for Bharatpur (Rampur) (1976–2005 normals)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n34.7(94.5)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n18.1(0.71)\n\n14.6(0.57)\n\n21.9(0.86)\n\n55.6(2.19)\n\n165.3(6.51)\n\n342.4(13.48)\n\n573.3(22.57)\n\n438.3(17.26)\n\n276.7(10.89)\n\n77.2(3.04)\n\n8.8(0.35)\n\n17.5(0.69)\n\n2,009.6(79.12)\n\n\nSource: Agricultural Extension in South Asia[16]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beautiful_Bishazaari_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishazari Tal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishazari_Tal"}],"sub_title":"Bishazari Tal","text":"Bishazari TalBishazari Tal, meaning \"twenty thousand lakes\", is in south Bharatpur. The lake serves as a bird watching center and houses many crocodiles. Bishazari Tal lies near Chitwan National Park and 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the city center, Chaubiskothi, of Bharatpur. Pandeyghumti is the nearest chowk (square) from the lake, being only 1 km (0.62 mi) away.","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chitwan_national_park._It_was_taken_inside_the_chitwan_national_park._This_was_taken_while_safari.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chitwan national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Chitwan National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"}],"sub_title":"Chitwan National Park","text":"Chitwan national park jungle safari.Nearby, Chitwan National Park चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज is home to one-horned rhinos, elephants, Royal Bengal tigers, crocodiles, deer and many other wild animals. It is the third largest tourist destination in Nepal after Kathmandu and Pokhara. The park has been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1983.","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narayani River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayani_River"},{"link_name":"Narayani Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayani_Bridge"}],"sub_title":"Narayani River","text":"The Narayani River flows north to south in the south of Bharatpur. It is the deepest and one of the largest rivers in Nepal. The Narayani Bridge over this river connects Chitwan District with Nawalpur District of Nepal. Small islands, like Nagarban in Narayani river, are popular picnic spots.","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chitwan National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park"}],"sub_title":"Rapti River","text":"The Rapti River flows east to southwest in the south of Bharatpur and meets the northern border of the Chitwan National Park.","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devghat"},{"link_name":"Ganeshthan Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganeshthan_Temple"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Bageshwari Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bageshwori_Temple"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"lingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"Satsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsang"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Gauri Kund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauri_Kund"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durga_mandir.jpg"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Devghat: Devghat is a holy place for Hindus and is located in ward no. 1 on the banks of the Narayani River and the Kali River Junction. Various caves and temples of Hindu deities are located here. Devghat also holds a significant natural attraction because of the two main holy rivers.\nTinkhole Monastery: This Lamasery was made by Buddhists as a symbol of peace, and its interior design reflects their interpretation of the meaning of life.\nGaneshthan Temple (Baseni) is the most famous Hindu temple in Bharatpur. This temple is believed to be constructed by Muni Makunda Sen, King of Palpa in the 15th century, but the modern temple was constructed in 1952 in the period of King Mahendra. This temple is located in Baseni, ward no. 11. Every Tuesday, people from different parts of the city worship Ganesha here.\nBageshwari Temple: Another ancient temple, located in ward no. 2, is believed to have been built before Muni Makunda Sen and was renovated by yogi Narahari Nath. It is located in the Devghat area development district, but the area of Bageshwari temple is also being used by Bharatpur Medical College.\nHarihar Temple (Narayangadh): Harihar is another name of the Hindu deity Vishnu. This temple is on the banks of Narayani river.\nMahakaleshwar Shiva Mandir (Bharatpur -10): The Mahakaleshwar Shiva Mandir Temple is the only temple of Shiva around this locality. This temple is made with many antiques. Along with the building itself, the temple altogether has 108 lingam, Havan Kunda, Hanuman statues, Satsang halls and Ganesha temples. Gauri Kund can also be seen in the temple periphery.\nKalika Temple: Kalika is one of an important Hindu goddesses. This temple is located in gaindakot and is just 16 minute ride from the main bharatpur city. It is more recently constructed than the others, being built around 1992 in the top of the Hill. It is seen from most of the places of Both Gaindakot, Nawalpur and Bharatpur city.\nJakhadi Mai Temple (Baseni): The Jakhadi Mai Temple is on the eastern corner of the jungle in ward no. 11 and was constructed in 1982 by the locals. Durga Temple situated in Bharatpur-11, Baseni, Chitwan District\nDurga Temple (Baseni): The Durga Temple was built by the police force within the compound of Bharatpur's Police Academy in 1992.\nPashupatinath Temple (Mahendra Buspark): The Pashupatinath Temple is on the banks of the Narayani river with scenic views of Narayani and the northern Jungle of Devghat Region. It has facilities for wedding ceremonies and other religious purposes.\nRameshwar Temple (Kchetrapur): This Mahadev temple was built in 1994. It is the busiest temple in the city and also serves people through a health post.\nChildren Fun Park: Located on the Torikhet village, the Children Fun Park has a swimming pool. It is 1 km (0.62 mi) away from Madi highway.[clarification needed]","title":"Religious and cultural landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diyalo Bangala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyalo_Bangala"}],"text":"Upardanghari Fort: Located in the old headquarters of Chitwan district, it is believed to have been built by Satrubhanjan Shah, son of the prince Bahadur Shah, to defend the newly founded kingdom in the seventeenth century.\nKasara Durbar (Palace) is an old palace built by Rana Regime inside the Chitwan National Park. Now, it is being used as an office of the park and hosts a museum.\nDiyalo Bangala Palace (Aptari Bharatpur): This was the spring season palace used by the Shah Dynasty of Nepal. The Diyalo Bangala Palace was built by King Mahendra to rest during the winter season. It is located on the banks of Narayani river in ward no. 2.\nDAO Building Bharatpur: This long, old building was built in the period of shifting the headquarters from Upardanghadhi. It is now used as an office of the chief district officer.\nBharatpur Covered hall: This is a hall in the guesthouse of Bharatpur for indoor games.","title":"Forts and palaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chitwan Higher Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_Higher_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"government school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_school"},{"link_name":"Chitwan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_District"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Medical_Sciences,_Bharatpur"},{"link_name":"Chitwan Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Agriculture and Forestry University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_and_Forestry_University"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Bharatpur's Chitwan Higher Secondary School is the oldest government school in Chitwan District.[17] There are several colleges in Bharatpur, including the College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur and Chitwan Medical College. The city's most famous institution is the Agriculture and Forestry University, which was established in 2010 and is the first technical university in Nepal.[18]Subdivision of Bharatpur in Narayani Zone, Nepal","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Mahendra of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mahendra_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.P._Koirala_Memorial_Cancer_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"College of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Chitwan Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmsnepal.edu.np-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Compared to other parts of the country, Bharatpur has a highly developed healthcare system with several famous hospitals, including the second-largest government hospital in Nepal, which was established with American aid during the malaria control program operated by the US government at the request of the late King Mahendra of Nepal. B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital was established with the help of China in 1994.[19] \nTwo medical colleges, the College of Medical Sciences and Chitwan Medical College also maintain their own teaching hospitals.[20][21] Other important hospitals and nursing homes are Niko Children's Hospital, Narayani Community Hospital and Bharatpur Eye Hospital.","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bharatpur_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahendra Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_Highway"},{"link_name":"Madan Ashrit Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Ashrit_Highway"},{"link_name":"Gorkha Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Hetauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetauda"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bharatpur Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatpur_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Pokhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhara"},{"link_name":"Meghauli Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghauli_Airport"},{"link_name":"microbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nawalpur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawalpur_District"},{"link_name":"Butwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butwal"}],"text":"Bharatpur AirportBharatpur is located at the crossing of Mahendra Highway and Madan Ashrit Highway. The closest larger cities are Gorkha Municipality at 67 km (42 mi) and Hetauda at 78 km (48 mi). Kathmandu is located 146 km (91 mi) away.Bharatpur is the only city in Nepal that has two operating airports.[citation needed] Bharatpur Airport, in the central part of the city, offers daily flights to Kathmandu and to Pokhara. Meghauli Airport is a smaller airstrip in the southwest of the city.Public transportation consists of privately run bus or microbus services.[citation needed] There are also frequent bus services to Kathmandu and Birgunj. Public bus service is given to the people from the city to Danda of Nawalpur District, Butwal, and other major cities and small villages and towns too.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gautam Buddha International Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_International_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chitwan Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Everest Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Premier_League"}],"text":"The Gautam Buddha International Cricket Stadium is situated in the city. The Chitwan Tigers represented the city and Chitwan as a whole in the Everest Premier League.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Eight major local FM radio stations are broadcast from Bharatpur. They are Amrit FM, Synergy FM, Hamro FM, Radio Triveni, Radio Chitwan, Chitwan Online FM. Kalika music FM, and Kalika FM. The television stations Beso Channel, Avass TV, and Crystal TV also broadcast from Bharatpur.[22]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"[naɾajʌɳɡʱaʈ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali"},{"link_name":"[naɾajʌnɡʌɽ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali"},{"link_name":"bhuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuja"}],"text":"Narayangarh (Nepali: नारायणगढ) or Narayanghat (Nepali: नारायणघाट pronounced [naɾajʌɳɡʱaʈ], or [naɾajʌnɡʌɽ]) is an important trading area, which is situated in the centre of Bharatpur. The major neighbourhoods of Narayangarh are Shahid Chowk, Pulchowk, Kshetrapur, Belchowk, Hakimchowk and Milanchowk. Narayangarh is famous for Taas, a spicy fried goat-meat lunch dish served with bhuja or chiura. Narayangarh has extremely hot summers but very mild winters.","title":"Narayangarh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"}],"text":"Yokosuka","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narayani_river.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chitwan_8_April_-_(02)_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bharatpur Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatpur_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chitwan_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chitwan National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narayani_bridge_in_Gaindakot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Narayangarh, Chitwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayangarh,_Chitwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hattipolo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Meghauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghauli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Messe-01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Narayangarh, Chitwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayangarh,_Chitwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_gautam_budha_styachu_of_Chitawan_gumba.jpg"}],"text":"Narayani river as seen from Harihar TempleBharatpur Airport\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeeshazar Lake near Chitwan National Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNarayani bridge in Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElephant polo World cup 2012 in Meghauli, Nepal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChitwan Mahotsav 2063 (Chitwan Mahotsav 2007 A.D.) in Narayangarh, Chitwan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tstatue of Buddha in Buddha Stupa, Chitwan","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Bishazari Tal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Beautiful_Bishazaari_Lake.jpg/220px-Beautiful_Bishazaari_Lake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chitwan national park jungle safari.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chitwan_national_park._It_was_taken_inside_the_chitwan_national_park._This_was_taken_while_safari.jpg/220px-Chitwan_national_park._It_was_taken_inside_the_chitwan_national_park._This_was_taken_while_safari.jpg"},{"image_text":"Durga Temple situated in Bharatpur-11, Baseni, Chitwan District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Durga_mandir.jpg/220px-Durga_mandir.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bharatpur Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bharatpur_Airport.jpg/220px-Bharatpur_Airport.jpg"}] | [{"title":"2022 Bharatpur municipal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bharatpur_municipal_election"},{"title":"Renu Dahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renu_Dahal"}] | [{"reference":"\"Preliminary Report of National Population 2021\". Central Bureau Statistics, Nepal. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=5&dcid=3479c092-7749-4ba6-9369-45486cd67f30&tfsid=17","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report of National Population 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). cbs.gov.np. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220206104652/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Bharatpur Metropolitan City | Bharatpur Metropolitan City\". bharatpurmun.gov.np. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2018-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://bharatpurmun.gov.np/en/node/27","url_text":"\"Welcome to Bharatpur Metropolitan City | Bharatpur Metropolitan City\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180720232753/http://bharatpurmun.gov.np/en/node/27","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nepal Cities: Clean and Healthy Urban Development\". Asian Development Bank. July 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2018-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adb.org/results/nepal-cities-clean-and-healthy-urban-development","url_text":"\"Nepal Cities: Clean and Healthy Urban Development\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023944/https://www.adb.org/results/nepal-cities-clean-and-healthy-urban-development","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayoral candidates vow to make Bharatpur prosperous\". The Himalayan Times. 9 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/mayoral-candidates-vow-make-bharatpur-prosperous/","url_text":"\"Mayoral candidates vow to make Bharatpur prosperous\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180913185304/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/mayoral-candidates-vow-make-bharatpur-prosperous/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Healthy Profits in the Poultry Hub – CHITWAN REPORT\". Business 360. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b360nepal.com/feature/healthy-profits-in-the-poultry-hub-chitwan-report.html","url_text":"\"Healthy Profits in the Poultry Hub – CHITWAN REPORT\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180809123547/https://www.b360nepal.com/feature/healthy-profits-in-the-poultry-hub-chitwan-report.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\". NepalMap. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-35001-bharatpur/","url_text":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\""}]},{"reference":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\". NepalMap. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-35001-bharatpur/","url_text":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\""}]},{"reference":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\". NepalMap. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-35001-bharatpur/","url_text":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\""}]},{"reference":"\"NepalMap profile: Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-49001-butwal/","url_text":"\"NepalMap profile: Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bharatpur Metropolitan - Election 2079 | Results and Updates | Local Election of Nepal 2079 - Chitwan, Bagmati Pradesh | Ekantipur Election\".","urls":[{"url":"https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-3/district-chitwan/bharatpur?lng=eng","url_text":"\"Bharatpur Metropolitan - Election 2079 | Results and Updates | Local Election of Nepal 2079 - Chitwan, Bagmati Pradesh | Ekantipur Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER NEPAL (1976-2005)\" (PDF). Agricultural Extension in South Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231013221356/https://www.aesanetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/888-Temporal-and-Spatial-Variability-of-Climate-Change-Over-Nepal-1976-2005.pdf","url_text":"\"TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER NEPAL (1976-2005)\""},{"url":"https://www.aesanetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/888-Temporal-and-Spatial-Variability-of-Climate-Change-Over-Nepal-1976-2005.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beni- A Souvenir of Chitwan Higher Secondary School","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Agriculture and Forestry University. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afu.edu.np/about-us","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180831075345/http://afu.edu.np/about-us","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital website\". Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2008-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bpkmch.org/","url_text":"\"Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090423052245/http://www.bpkmch.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About Institute\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084623/http://www.cmsnepal.edu.np/pages/aboutinst.htm","url_text":"\"About Institute\""},{"url":"http://www.cmsnepal.edu.np/pages/aboutinst.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chitwan Medical College website\". Archived from the original on 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2021-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmc.edu.np/","url_text":"\"Chitwan Medical College website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190814084740/http://www.cmc.edu.np/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2021-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://mocit.gov.np/application/resources/admin/uploads/source/FM.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211102050444/https://mocit.gov.np/application/resources/admin/uploads/source/FM.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bharatpur,_Nepal¶ms=27_41_N_84_26_E_type:city(369377)_region:NP-P3","external_links_name":"27°41′N 84°26′E / 27.683°N 84.433°E / 27.683; 84.433"},{"Link":"http://www.bharatpurmun.gov.np/","external_links_name":"www.bharatpurmun.gov.np"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bharatpur,_Nepal¶ms=27.73_N_84.39_E_type:city(202874)_region:NP","external_links_name":"27°44′N 84°23′E / 27.73°N 84.39°E / 27.73; 84.39"},{"Link":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=5&dcid=3479c092-7749-4ba6-9369-45486cd67f30&tfsid=17","external_links_name":"\"Preliminary Report of National Population 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220206104652/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bharatpurmun.gov.np/en/node/27","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Bharatpur Metropolitan City | Bharatpur Metropolitan City\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180720232753/http://bharatpurmun.gov.np/en/node/27","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.adb.org/results/nepal-cities-clean-and-healthy-urban-development","external_links_name":"\"Nepal Cities: Clean and Healthy Urban Development\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023944/https://www.adb.org/results/nepal-cities-clean-and-healthy-urban-development","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/mayoral-candidates-vow-make-bharatpur-prosperous/","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral candidates vow to make Bharatpur prosperous\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180913185304/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/mayoral-candidates-vow-make-bharatpur-prosperous/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.b360nepal.com/feature/healthy-profits-in-the-poultry-hub-chitwan-report.html","external_links_name":"\"Healthy Profits in the Poultry Hub – CHITWAN REPORT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180809123547/https://www.b360nepal.com/feature/healthy-profits-in-the-poultry-hub-chitwan-report.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=LANGUAGE&primary_geo_id=local-35001&geo_ids=local-35001,district-12,province-3,country-NP","external_links_name":"NepalMap Language"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=CASTE&primary_geo_id=local-35001&geo_ids=local-35001,district-12,province-3,country-NP","external_links_name":"NepalMap Caste"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=RELIGION&primary_geo_id=local-35001&geo_ids=local-35001,district-12,province-3,country-NP","external_links_name":"NepalMap Religion"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=LITERACY_SEX&primary_geo_id=local-35001&geo_ids=local-35001,district-12,province-3,country-NP","external_links_name":"NepalMap Literacy"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-35001-bharatpur/","external_links_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\""},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-35001-bharatpur/","external_links_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\""},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-35001-bharatpur/","external_links_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Bharatpur Metropolitan\""},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-49001-butwal/","external_links_name":"\"NepalMap profile: Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City\""},{"Link":"https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-3/district-chitwan/bharatpur?lng=eng","external_links_name":"\"Bharatpur Metropolitan - Election 2079 | Results and Updates | Local Election of Nepal 2079 - Chitwan, Bagmati Pradesh | Ekantipur Election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231013221356/https://www.aesanetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/888-Temporal-and-Spatial-Variability-of-Climate-Change-Over-Nepal-1976-2005.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER NEPAL (1976-2005)\""},{"Link":"https://www.aesanetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/888-Temporal-and-Spatial-Variability-of-Climate-Change-Over-Nepal-1976-2005.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.afu.edu.np/about-us","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180831075345/http://afu.edu.np/about-us","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bpkmch.org/","external_links_name":"\"Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090423052245/http://www.bpkmch.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084623/http://www.cmsnepal.edu.np/pages/aboutinst.htm","external_links_name":"\"About Institute\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmsnepal.edu.np/pages/aboutinst.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cmc.edu.np/","external_links_name":"\"Chitwan Medical College website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190814084740/http://www.cmc.edu.np/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mocit.gov.np/application/resources/admin/uploads/source/FM.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211102050444/https://mocit.gov.np/application/resources/admin/uploads/source/FM.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2865149296273480670003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7550951-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567195905171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine,_Georgia | Rhine, Georgia | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Cultural reference","5 References"] | Coordinates: 31°59′23″N 83°11′56″W / 31.98972°N 83.19889°W / 31.98972; -83.19889
Town in Georgia, United StatesRhine, GeorgiaTownLocation in Dodge County and the state of GeorgiaCoordinates: 31°59′23″N 83°11′56″W / 31.98972°N 83.19889°W / 31.98972; -83.19889CountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountyDodgeArea • Total3.14 sq mi (8.14 km2) • Land3.13 sq mi (8.12 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation243 ft (74 m)Population (2020) • Total295 • Density94.13/sq mi (36.34/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code31077Area code229FIPS code13-64932GNIS feature ID0321548
Rhine is a town in Dodge County, Georgia, United States. The population was 295 in 2020.
History
A post office called Rhine was established in 1890. The community was named after the Rhine river, in Germany, the native land of a large share of the first settlers. The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Rhine as a town in 1891.
Geography
Rhine is located in southern Dodge County at 31°59′23″N 83°11′56″W / 31.98972°N 83.19889°W / 31.98972; -83.19889 (31.989696, -83.198762). U.S. Route 280 passes through the town, leading west 6 miles (10 km) to Abbeville and east 8 miles (13 km) to Milan. Georgia State Route 117 crosses US 280 in the center of Rhine, leading north 15 miles (24 km) to Eastman, the Dodge County seat, and southeast 19 miles (31 km) to Jacksonville, Georgia. State Route 165 diverges from SR 117 in the north part of town and leads 11 miles (18 km) northeast to Chauncey.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Rhine has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.1 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1900191—191032168.1%192039623.4%193045013.6%19404632.9%195051411.0%1960485−5.6%1970471−2.9%198059025.3%1990466−21.0%2000422−9.4%2010394−6.6%2020295−25.1%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 422 people, 183 households, and 114 families residing in the town. By 2020, its population declined to 295.
Cultural reference
Rhine gets mentioned in Tracy Byrd's song Watermelon Crawl as the place where the annual watermelon festival takes place.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Post Offices". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
^ Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia. Clark & Hines, State Printers. 1892. p. 727.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Rhine town, Georgia". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Watermelon Crawl". Retrieved September 16, 2022.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Dodge County, Georgia, United StatesCounty seat: EastmanCity
Chauncey
Eastman
Milan‡
Map of Georgia highlighting Dodge CountyTowns
Chester
Rhine
CDP
Empire‡
Other unincorporated communities
Achord
Gresston
Jay Bird Springs
Plainfield
Yonkers
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Georgia portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dodge County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"}],"text":"Town in Georgia, United StatesRhine is a town in Dodge County, Georgia, United States. The population was 295 in 2020.","title":"Rhine, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rhine river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_river"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Georgia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A post office called Rhine was established in 1890.[4] The community was named after the Rhine river, in Germany, the native land of a large share of the first settlers.[5] The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Rhine as a town in 1891.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"31°59′23″N 83°11′56″W / 31.98972°N 83.19889°W / 31.98972; -83.19889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine,_Georgia¶ms=31_59_23_N_83_11_56_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_280"},{"link_name":"Abbeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Route 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_117"},{"link_name":"Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"State Route 165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_165"},{"link_name":"Chauncey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-8"}],"text":"Rhine is located in southern Dodge County at 31°59′23″N 83°11′56″W / 31.98972°N 83.19889°W / 31.98972; -83.19889 (31.989696, -83.198762).[7] U.S. Route 280 passes through the town, leading west 6 miles (10 km) to Abbeville and east 8 miles (13 km) to Milan. Georgia State Route 117 crosses US 280 in the center of Rhine, leading north 15 miles (24 km) to Eastman, the Dodge County seat, and southeast 19 miles (31 km) to Jacksonville, Georgia. State Route 165 diverges from SR 117 in the north part of town and leads 11 miles (18 km) northeast to Chauncey.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Rhine has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.1 km2), all land.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 422 people, 183 households, and 114 families residing in the town. By 2020, its population declined to 295.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracy Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Watermelon Crawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon_Crawl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Rhine gets mentioned in Tracy Byrd's song Watermelon Crawl as the place where the annual watermelon festival takes place.[10]","title":"Cultural reference"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Georgia highlighting Dodge County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Dodge_County.svg/86px-Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Dodge_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_13.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Post Offices\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved May 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=GA","url_text":"\"Post Offices\""}]},{"reference":"Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/r.pdf","url_text":"Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915430-00-2","url_text":"0-915430-00-2"}]},{"reference":"Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia. Clark & Hines, State Printers. 1892. p. 727.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SAY8Y9o5JaQC&pg=PA727","url_text":"Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Rhine town, Georgia\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved October 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1364932","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Rhine town, Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watermelon Crawl\". Retrieved September 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Tracy-byrd-watermelon-crawl-lyrics","url_text":"\"Watermelon Crawl\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine,_Georgia¶ms=31_59_23_N_83_11_56_W_region:US-GA_type:city","external_links_name":"31°59′23″N 83°11′56″W / 31.98972°N 83.19889°W / 31.98972; -83.19889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine,_Georgia¶ms=31_59_23_N_83_11_56_W_region:US-GA_type:city","external_links_name":"31°59′23″N 83°11′56″W / 31.98972°N 83.19889°W / 31.98972; -83.19889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rhine,_Georgia¶ms=31_59_23_N_83_11_56_W_type:city","external_links_name":"31°59′23″N 83°11′56″W / 31.98972°N 83.19889°W / 31.98972; -83.19889"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_13.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=GA","external_links_name":"\"Post Offices\""},{"Link":"http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/r.pdf","external_links_name":"Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SAY8Y9o5JaQC&pg=PA727","external_links_name":"Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1364932","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Rhine town, Georgia\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://genius.com/Tracy-byrd-watermelon-crawl-lyrics","external_links_name":"\"Watermelon Crawl\""}] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.