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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Great_Mischief
No Great Mischief
["1 Plot synopsis","2 Awards and nominations","3 References","4 External links"]
1999 novel by Alistair MacLeod No Great Mischief AuthorAlistair MacLeodLanguageEnglishPublisherMcClelland & StewartPublication date1999Publication placeCanadaMedia typePrintPages296ISBN978-0-7710-5567-6OCLC42240172Dewey Decimal813/.54 21LC ClassPR9199.3.M3342 N6 1999 No Great Mischief is a 1999 novel by Alistair MacLeod. Plot synopsis The novel opens in the present day, with successful orthodontist Alexander MacDonald visiting his elderly older brother Calum in Toronto, Ontario. The novel explores the emotional bonds of family through flashbacks to their childhood in Cape Breton Island and young adulthood spent in the mines of Northern Ontario, clan history dating back to 1779, and present-day interactions between the two brothers and a sister. Though written primarily in English, Scottish Gaelic and French are used in dialogue and songs. The novel also mirrors Canadian history as a whole, taking its title from James Wolfe's assertion in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham that Scottish soldiers should be sent into battle because "they are hardy, intrepid, accustomed to a rough country, and no great mischief if they fall." The enduring linguistic and cultural tensions that have defined Canadian society are also reflected in the novel; during their time working in the uranium mines of Elliot Lake, the brothers are frequently in conflict with their francophone co-workers. The novel explores the themes of brotherhood and the conflict between the rise of individualism and family in the post-modern world. Alex loves his alcoholic brother, Calum, despite his problems because Alex sees the potential in Calum. Alex lets his brother die in peace and with dignity even though he is a convicted murderer and alcoholic. The author uses Alex as an example for all human beings. MacLeod wants the reader to realize that "all of us are better when we're loved" and that forgiveness and love for humanity are the only weapons humans have against the destructive forces of evil. Calum is posited as a contemporary clan chief of the MacDonalds defending the lost cause of Gaelic culture. His defence of Highland values parallels the devastating consequences of the Highland support for Charles Stuart in 1745. Throughout the book, Calum defends clan values in spite of the personal consequences. His distant Californian nephew, who has no idea of these values, steals from the Quebec miners. Calum's defence leads to murder and hard time, while the nephew blithely returns to California. Calum becomes the beaten alcoholic shell of a formerly strong man due to his reflexive support of the old clan values that have long since vanished as guiding principles, even among his own direct family. The title, "No great mischief if they fall", is found most easily in Findlay, J.T., "Wolfe in Scotland in the '45 and from 1749 to 1753." London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1928, p. 226. An earlier use of the citation that MacLeod used for his title appears in Gibson, John G. "Traditional Gaelic Bagpiping 1745–1945." Montreal and Kingston: MQUP, and Nat. Mus. Scot., 1998, p. 59. Awards and nominations Trillium Book Award, 1999 Thomas Head Raddall Award, 2000 Dartmouth Book Award Atlantic Provinces Booksellers Choice Award International Dublin Literary Award, 2001 Canadian Booksellers Association Libris Award for Fiction In October 2009, Atlantic Canada's 100 Greatest Books selected No Great Mischief as the greatest Atlantic Canadian book of all time. References ^ GRANT, LAURA JEAN (2009-10-25). "No Great Mischief the greatest: Alistair MacLeod's novel gets top spot in new book, Atlantic Canada's 100 Greatest Books". The Cape Breton Post. Retrieved 2009-10-26. External links Barnes & Noble - Overview & Editorial Reviews Randomhouse.com - No Great Mischief - reading & discussion guide Review - Januarymagazine.com - An Overdue Debut review by Sienna Powers Review - No Great Mischief by Adam Mars-Jones - The Observer - July 23, 2001 Awards Preceded byWide Open International Dublin Literary Award recipient 2001 Succeeded byAtomised/The Elementary Particles
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The novel explores the emotional bonds of family through flashbacks to their childhood in Cape Breton Island and young adulthood spent in the mines of Northern Ontario, clan history dating back to 1779, and present-day interactions between the two brothers and a sister. Though written primarily in English, Scottish Gaelic and French are used in dialogue and songs.The novel also mirrors Canadian history as a whole, taking its title from James Wolfe's assertion in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham that Scottish soldiers should be sent into battle because \"they are hardy, intrepid, accustomed to a rough country, and no great mischief if they fall.\" The enduring linguistic and cultural tensions that have defined Canadian society are also reflected in the novel; during their time working in the uranium mines of Elliot Lake, the brothers are frequently in conflict with their francophone co-workers.The novel explores the themes of brotherhood and the conflict between the rise of individualism and family in the post-modern world. Alex loves his alcoholic brother, Calum, despite his problems because Alex sees the potential in Calum. Alex lets his brother die in peace and with dignity even though he is a convicted murderer and alcoholic. The author uses Alex as an example for all human beings. MacLeod wants the reader to realize that \"all of us are better when we're loved\" and that forgiveness and love for humanity are the only weapons humans have against the destructive forces of evil.Calum is posited as a contemporary clan chief of the MacDonalds defending the lost cause of Gaelic culture. His defence of Highland values parallels the devastating consequences of the Highland support for Charles Stuart in 1745. Throughout the book, Calum defends clan values in spite of the personal consequences. His distant Californian nephew, who has no idea of these values, steals from the Quebec miners. Calum's defence leads to murder and hard time, while the nephew blithely returns to California. Calum becomes the beaten alcoholic shell of a formerly strong man due to his reflexive support of the old clan values that have long since vanished as guiding principles, even among his own direct family.The title, \"No great mischief if they fall\", is found most easily in Findlay, J.T., \"Wolfe in Scotland in the '45 and from 1749 to 1753.\" London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1928, p. 226. An earlier use of the citation that MacLeod used for his title appears in Gibson, John G. \"Traditional Gaelic Bagpiping 1745–1945.\" Montreal and Kingston: MQUP, and Nat. Mus. Scot., 1998, p. 59.","title":"Plot synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trillium Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillium_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Thomas Head Raddall Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Head_Raddall_Award"},{"link_name":"International Dublin Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Canada's 100 Greatest Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canada%27s_100_Greatest_Books_(book)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Cape_Breton_Post-1"}],"text":"Trillium Book Award, 1999\nThomas Head Raddall Award, 2000\nDartmouth Book Award\nAtlantic Provinces Booksellers Choice Award\nInternational Dublin Literary Award, 2001\nCanadian Booksellers Association Libris Award for Fiction\nIn October 2009, Atlantic Canada's 100 Greatest Books selected No Great Mischief as the greatest Atlantic Canadian book of all time.[1]","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"GRANT, LAURA JEAN (2009-10-25). \"No Great Mischief the greatest: Alistair MacLeod's novel gets top spot in new book, Atlantic Canada's 100 Greatest Books\". The Cape Breton Post. Retrieved 2009-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capebretonpost.com/index.cfm?sid=297391&sc=145","url_text":"\"No Great Mischief the greatest: Alistair MacLeod's novel gets top spot in new book, Atlantic Canada's 100 Greatest Books\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_miracle
Mexican miracle
["1 Conditions for sustained growth","1.1 Import-substitution program and infrastructure projects","1.2 Economic performance","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
Further information: Economic history of Mexico Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian The New Spain Spanish-Aztec War Viceroyalty of New Spain War of Independence First Empire First Republic Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican–American War Second Federal Republic La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864–1928 Second Mexican Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern Maximato (1928–1934) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Mexican Dirty War Mexican Movement of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican drug war Coronavirus pandemic Timeline Mexico portalvte Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. The Mexican miracle (Spanish: Milagro mexicano) is a term used to refer to the country's inward-looking development strategy that produced sustained economic growth. It is considered to be a golden age in Mexico's economy in which the Mexican economy grew 6.8% each year. It was a stabilizing economic plan which caused an average growth of 6.8% and industrial production to increase by 8% with inflation staying at only 2.5%. Beginning roughly in the 1940s, the Mexican government would begin to roll out the economic plan that they would call "the Mexican miracle," which would spark an economic boom beginning in 1954 spanning some 15 years and would last until 1970. In Mexico, the Spanish economic term used is "Desarrollo estabilizador" or "Stabilizing Development." Conditions for sustained growth An important factor helping sustained growth in the period 1940–1970 was the reduction of political turmoil, particularly around national elections, with the creation of a single, dominant party. In 1946, the party founded by Plutarco Elías Calles in the wake of President-elect Álvaro Obregón's assassination in 1928 changed its name to the Institutional Revolutionary Party. With the party's presidential choice in 1946, Miguel Alemán Valdés, Mexico elected its first civilian president since Francisco I. Madero in 1911. With the subsequent elections of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952–58), Adolfo López Mateos (1958–64), and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964–70), there were no political opposition challenges to the government's implementation of economic programs. During the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas, there were significant policies in the social and political spheres that had impacts on future economic policies in Mexico, in particular nationalization of oil in 1938, as well as land reform, and nationalization of railways. Cárdenas was succeeded by the politically more moderate Manuel Ávila Camacho, who initiated a program of industrialization in early 1941 with the Law of Manufacturing Industries. One scholar has called the inaugural date of this law "the birthday of the Institutional Revolution," since it was the inception of import substitution industrialization. Further legislation in 1946 under President Miguel Alemán Valdés, the Law for Development of New and Necessary Industries, was passed. "In the long view, some of the permanent alterations in Mexico from World War II were economic." Mexico benefited significantly during World War II, by its participation on the side of the Allies. Mexico supplied labor to the U.S. via the Bracero Program, but its most significant contribution was in its supply of material to fight the war. It received cash payments for its material contributions, which meant that following the war the Mexican treasury had robust reserves. Although a participant in the war, like the U.S., Mexico was not a site of combat, so that in the post-war era, Mexico did not need to rebuild damaged infrastructure. However, with the resources available following the war, Mexico embarked on big infrastructure projects. Ávila Camacho used part of the accumulated savings to pay off foreign debts, so that Mexico's credit standing substantially improved (increasing investors' confidence in the government). With increased revenues coming from the war effort, the government was now in a position to distribute material benefits from the Revolution more widely; he used funds to subsidize food imports that especially affected urban workers. Workers in Mexico received higher salaries during the war, but there was a lack of consumer goods to purchase, so that workers had both personal savings and pent up demand for goods. A key government institution for development, founded under Lázaro Cárdenas's administration was Nacional Financiera (abbreviated Nafin), the national development bank, which funded the expansion of the industrial sector. Growth was sustained by the government's increasing commitment to primary education for the general population from the late 1920s through the 1940s. The enrollment rates of the country's youth increased threefold during this period; consequently when this generation was employed by the 1940s their economic output was more productive. Mexico also made investments in higher education that created a generation of scientists, social scientists, and engineers, who enabled Mexican industrial innovation. The founding of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) in 1936 as a government-funded institution in the northern part of Mexico City, trained a new generation of Mexicans. In northern Mexico, the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, known in Mexico as the Tec de Monterrey, was founded by northern industrialists in 1942, with the programs designed by a former faculty member of the IPN and modeled after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From a small, private inception, the Tec de Monterrey built a major campus inaugurated by President Alemán in 1946, and has been a magnet for students from other areas of Latin America. Import-substitution program and infrastructure projects In the years following World War II, President Miguel Alemán Valdés (1946–52) instituted a full-scale import-substitution program which stimulated output by boosting internal demand. The government raised import controls on consumer goods but relaxed them on capital goods (such as machinery for Mexican production of consumer goods), which it purchased with international reserves accumulated during the war. The government spent it heavily on infrastructure, including major dam projects to produce hydroelectric power, supply drinking water to cities and irrigation water to agriculture, and control flooding. By 1950 Mexico's road network had expanded to 21,000 kilometers, of which some 13,600 were paved. The economic stability of the country, high credit rating allowing borrowing, an increasingly educated work force, and savings allowing purchase of consumer goods were excellent conditions for the government's program of import substitution industrialization. Finished goods previously purchased abroad could be produced domestically with the purchase of machinery. One successful industry was textile production. Foreign transnational companies established branches in Mexico, such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, and Sears (Mexico) under Mexican laws regulating foreign investment. The automotive industry in Mexico had already been established shortly after the end of the military phase of the Mexican Revolution, with Buick and Ford Motor Company bringing production to Mexico in 1921 and 1925 respectively. With a growing middle class consumer market for such expensive consumer goods, the industrial base of Mexico expanded to meet the demand. The government fostered the development of consumer goods industries directed toward domestic markets by imposing high protective tariffs and other barriers to imports. The share of imports subject to licensing requirements rose from 28 percent in 1956 to an average of more than 60 percent during the 1960s and about 70 percent in the 1970s. Industry accounted for 22 percent of total output in 1950, 24 percent in 1960, and 29 percent in 1970. The share of total output arising from agriculture and other primary activities declined during the same period, while services stayed constant. The government promoted industrial expansion through public investment in agricultural, energy, and transportation infrastructure. Cities grew rapidly during these years, reflecting the shift of employment from agriculture to industry and services. The urban population increased at a high rate after 1940. Growth of the urban labor force exceeded even the growth rate of industrial employment, with surplus workers taking low-paying service jobs. Economic performance Mexico's strong economic performance continued into the 1960s, when GDP growth averaged about 7 percent overall and about 3 percent per capita. Consumer price inflation averaged only 3 percent annually. Manufacturing remained the country's dominant growth sector, expanding 7 percent annually and attracting considerable foreign investment. Mining grew at an annual rate of nearly 4 percent, trade at 6 percent, and agriculture at 3 percent. By 1970 Mexico had diversified its export base and become largely self-sufficient in food crops, steel, and most consumer goods. Although its imports remained high, most were capital goods used to expand domestic production. See also Economic history of Mexico Economy of Mexico La Década Perdida Tourism in Mexico References ^ Morales, Vidal Llerenas. "El desarrollo estabilizador". El Economista. Retrieved 2019-05-31. ^ Ortiz Mena L.N., Antonio (2005), "Mexico", The World Trade Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis, Springer US, pp. 2586–2618, doi:10.1007/0-387-22688-5_74, ISBN 9780387226859 ^ Reclaiming Revolution in Light of the "Mexican Miracle": Celestino Gasca and the Federacionistas Leales Insurrection of 1961 ^ Morales, Vidal Llerenas. "El desarrollo estabilizador". El Economista. Retrieved 2019-05-31. ^ Howard F. Cline, Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940–1960. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1962, p. 231. ^ Cline, Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, p. 232. ^ Sanford Mosk, Industrial Revolution in Mexico. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950. ^ Howard F. Cline, The United States and Mexico, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press, 1962, p. 184. ^ Cline, The United States and Mexico, p. 286. ^ Easterlin, R. "Why Isn't the Whole World Developed?", Appendix Table 1. The Journal of Economic History Vol. 41 No. 1, 1981 ^ Cline, The United States and Mexico, p. 301. ^ Cline, Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, pp. 68–81. ^ Cline, Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, pp. 63–66. ^ Daniel James, "Sears Roebuck's Mexican Revolution," Harper's Magazine (June 1959) 1–6. Further reading Cline, Howard F. The United States and Mexico, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press 1963. Cline, Howard F. Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940-1960. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1962. Government of Mexico, Nacional Financiera. The Economic Development of Mexico during a Quarter of a Century. Mexico 1959. Mosk, Sanford. Industrial Revolution in Mexico. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950. Teichert, Pedro C.M. Economic Policy Revolution and Industrialization in Latin America. University of Mississippi, Bureau of Business Research 1959. (esp. important, Chapter 12, "Mexican Experience of Balanced Growth." Wionczek, Miguel S. "Industrialization, Foreign Capital, and Technology Transfer: The Mexican Experience, 1930-1985." Development and Change, vol. 17, issue 2, April 1986, pp. 283-302. vteEconomic miracle and tiger economyPost-World War II Austria Belgium France Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Mexico Singapore South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan West Germany Later years Brazil Chile China Estonia India Indonesia Ireland Latvia Lithuania Malaysia Philippines Slovakia Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Dubai United States Massachusetts Vietnam
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economic history of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nafin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"golden age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)"},{"link_name":"Mexican economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"industrial production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_production"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Spanish"},{"link_name":"economic term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Further information: Economic history of MexicoLogo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank.The Mexican miracle (Spanish: Milagro mexicano) is a term used to refer to the country's inward-looking development strategy that produced sustained economic growth. It is considered to be a golden age in Mexico's economy in which the Mexican economy grew 6.8% each year.[1][2] It was a stabilizing economic plan which caused an average growth of 6.8% and industrial production to increase by 8% with inflation staying at only 2.5%. Beginning roughly in the 1940s, the Mexican government would begin to roll out the economic plan that they would call \"the Mexican miracle,\"[3] which would spark an economic boom beginning in 1954 spanning some 15 years and would last until 1970. In Mexico, the Spanish economic term used is \"Desarrollo estabilizador\"[4] or \"Stabilizing Development.\"","title":"Mexican miracle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plutarco Elías Calles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Obregón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Institutional Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"Miguel Alemán Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Francisco I. Madero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Ruiz Cortines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines"},{"link_name":"Adolfo López Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Díaz Ordaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"nationalization of oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manuel Ávila Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho"},{"link_name":"import substitution industrialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Miguel Alemán Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bracero Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracero_Program"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Instituto Politécnico Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"An important factor helping sustained growth in the period 1940–1970 was the reduction of political turmoil, particularly around national elections, with the creation of a single, dominant party. In 1946, the party founded by Plutarco Elías Calles in the wake of President-elect Álvaro Obregón's assassination in 1928 changed its name to the Institutional Revolutionary Party. With the party's presidential choice in 1946, Miguel Alemán Valdés, Mexico elected its first civilian president since Francisco I. Madero in 1911. With the subsequent elections of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952–58), Adolfo López Mateos (1958–64), and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964–70), there were no political opposition challenges to the government's implementation of economic programs.During the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas, there were significant policies in the social and political spheres that had impacts on future economic policies in Mexico, in particular nationalization of oil in 1938, as well as land reform, and nationalization of railways.[5] Cárdenas was succeeded by the politically more moderate Manuel Ávila Camacho, who initiated a program of industrialization in early 1941 with the Law of Manufacturing Industries. One scholar has called the inaugural date of this law \"the birthday of the Institutional Revolution,\" since it was the inception of import substitution industrialization.[6] Further legislation in 1946 under President Miguel Alemán Valdés, the Law for Development of New and Necessary Industries, was passed.[7]\"In the long view, some of the permanent alterations in Mexico from World War II were economic.\"[8] Mexico benefited significantly during World War II, by its participation on the side of the Allies. Mexico supplied labor to the U.S. via the Bracero Program, but its most significant contribution was in its supply of material to fight the war. It received cash payments for its material contributions, which meant that following the war the Mexican treasury had robust reserves. Although a participant in the war, like the U.S., Mexico was not a site of combat, so that in the post-war era, Mexico did not need to rebuild damaged infrastructure. However, with the resources available following the war, Mexico embarked on big infrastructure projects.Ávila Camacho used part of the accumulated savings to pay off foreign debts, so that Mexico's credit standing substantially improved (increasing investors' confidence in the government). With increased revenues coming from the war effort, the government was now in a position to distribute material benefits from the Revolution more widely; he used funds to subsidize food imports that especially affected urban workers. Workers in Mexico received higher salaries during the war, but there was a lack of consumer goods to purchase, so that workers had both personal savings and pent up demand for goods. A key government institution for development, founded under Lázaro Cárdenas's administration was Nacional Financiera (abbreviated Nafin), the national development bank, which funded the expansion of the industrial sector.[9]Growth was sustained by the government's increasing commitment to primary education for the general population from the late 1920s through the 1940s. The enrollment rates of the country's youth increased threefold during this period;[10] consequently when this generation was employed by the 1940s their economic output was more productive. Mexico also made investments in higher education that created a generation of scientists, social scientists, and engineers, who enabled Mexican industrial innovation. The founding of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) in 1936 as a government-funded institution in the northern part of Mexico City, trained a new generation of Mexicans. In northern Mexico, the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, known in Mexico as the Tec de Monterrey, was founded by northern industrialists in 1942, with the programs designed by a former faculty member of the IPN and modeled after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From a small, private inception, the Tec de Monterrey built a major campus inaugurated by President Alemán in 1946, and has been a magnet for students from other areas of Latin America.[11]","title":"Conditions for sustained growth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Miguel Alemán Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"import-substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import-substitution"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"credit rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Pepsi-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi-Cola"},{"link_name":"Sears (Mexico)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"automotive industry in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Buick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"domestic markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_market"},{"link_name":"imports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"public investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_bond"}],"sub_title":"Import-substitution program and infrastructure projects","text":"In the years following World War II, President Miguel Alemán Valdés (1946–52) instituted a full-scale import-substitution program which stimulated output by boosting internal demand. The government raised import controls on consumer goods but relaxed them on capital goods (such as machinery for Mexican production of consumer goods), which it purchased with international reserves accumulated during the war. The government spent it heavily on infrastructure, including major dam projects to produce hydroelectric power, supply drinking water to cities and irrigation water to agriculture, and control flooding.[12] By 1950 Mexico's road network had expanded to 21,000 kilometers, of which some 13,600 were paved.[13]The economic stability of the country, high credit rating allowing borrowing, an increasingly educated work force, and savings allowing purchase of consumer goods were excellent conditions for the government's program of import substitution industrialization. Finished goods previously purchased abroad could be produced domestically with the purchase of machinery. One successful industry was textile production. Foreign transnational companies established branches in Mexico, such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, and Sears (Mexico) under Mexican laws regulating foreign investment.[14] The automotive industry in Mexico had already been established shortly after the end of the military phase of the Mexican Revolution, with Buick and Ford Motor Company bringing production to Mexico in 1921 and 1925 respectively. With a growing middle class consumer market for such expensive consumer goods, the industrial base of Mexico expanded to meet the demand.The government fostered the development of consumer goods industries directed toward domestic markets by imposing high protective tariffs and other barriers to imports. The share of imports subject to licensing requirements rose from 28 percent in 1956 to an average of more than 60 percent during the 1960s and about 70 percent in the 1970s. Industry accounted for 22 percent of total output in 1950, 24 percent in 1960, and 29 percent in 1970. The share of total output arising from agriculture and other primary activities declined during the same period, while services stayed constant.The government promoted industrial expansion through public investment in agricultural, energy, and transportation infrastructure. Cities grew rapidly during these years, reflecting the shift of employment from agriculture to industry and services. The urban population increased at a high rate after 1940. Growth of the urban labor force exceeded even the growth rate of industrial employment, with surplus workers taking low-paying service jobs.","title":"Conditions for sustained growth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"foreign investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment"},{"link_name":"Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"export base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export"},{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food"},{"link_name":"crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"consumer goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_good"},{"link_name":"capital goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_good"}],"sub_title":"Economic performance","text":"Mexico's strong economic performance continued into the 1960s, when GDP growth averaged about 7 percent overall and about 3 percent per capita. Consumer price inflation averaged only 3 percent annually. Manufacturing remained the country's dominant growth sector, expanding 7 percent annually and attracting considerable foreign investment.Mining grew at an annual rate of nearly 4 percent, trade at 6 percent, and agriculture at 3 percent. By 1970 Mexico had diversified its export base and become largely self-sufficient in food crops, steel, and most consumer goods. Although its imports remained high, most were capital goods used to expand domestic production.","title":"Conditions for sustained growth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cline, Howard F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_F._Cline"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Economic_miracle_and_tiger_economy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_miracle_and_tiger_economy"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_miracle_and_tiger_economy"},{"link_name":"Economic miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_miracle"},{"link_name":"tiger economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_economy"},{"link_name":"Post-World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_economic_miracle"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_miracle"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_years"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Tiger"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Cub_Economies"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Cub_Economies"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Cub_Economies"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Cub_Economies"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_economic_boom_of_the_2000s"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Miracle"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi"}],"text":"Cline, Howard F. The United States and Mexico, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press 1963.\nCline, Howard F. Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940-1960. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1962.\nGovernment of Mexico, Nacional Financiera. The Economic Development of Mexico during a Quarter of a Century. Mexico 1959.\nMosk, Sanford. Industrial Revolution in Mexico. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950.\nTeichert, Pedro C.M. Economic Policy Revolution and Industrialization in Latin America. University of Mississippi, Bureau of Business Research 1959. (esp. important, Chapter 12, \"Mexican Experience of Balanced Growth.\"\nWionczek, Miguel S. \"Industrialization, Foreign Capital, and Technology Transfer: The Mexican Experience, 1930-1985.\" Development and Change, vol. 17, issue 2, April 1986, pp. 283-302.vteEconomic miracle and tiger economyPost-World War II\nAustria\nBelgium\nFrance\nGreece\nHong Kong\nItaly\nJapan\nMexico\nSingapore\nSouth Korea\nSpain\nSweden\nTaiwan\nWest Germany\nLater years\nBrazil\nChile\nChina\nEstonia\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIreland\nLatvia\nLithuania\nMalaysia\nPhilippines\nSlovakia\nThailand\nTurkey\nUnited Arab Emirates\nDubai\nUnited States\nMassachusetts\nVietnam","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nafin.jpg/260px-Nafin.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Economic history of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico"},{"title":"Economy of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico"},{"title":"La Década Perdida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida"},{"title":"Tourism in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico"}]
[{"reference":"Morales, Vidal Llerenas. \"El desarrollo estabilizador\". El Economista. Retrieved 2019-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/opinion/El-desarrollo-estabilizador-20180405-0138.html","url_text":"\"El desarrollo estabilizador\""}]},{"reference":"Ortiz Mena L.N., Antonio (2005), \"Mexico\", The World Trade Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis, Springer US, pp. 2586–2618, doi:10.1007/0-387-22688-5_74, ISBN 9780387226859","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-22688-5_74","url_text":"10.1007/0-387-22688-5_74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387226859","url_text":"9780387226859"}]},{"reference":"Morales, Vidal Llerenas. \"El desarrollo estabilizador\". El Economista. Retrieved 2019-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/opinion/El-desarrollo-estabilizador-20180405-0138.html","url_text":"\"El desarrollo estabilizador\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/opinion/El-desarrollo-estabilizador-20180405-0138.html","external_links_name":"\"El desarrollo estabilizador\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-22688-5_74","external_links_name":"10.1007/0-387-22688-5_74"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40664976","external_links_name":"Reclaiming Revolution in Light of the \"Mexican Miracle\": Celestino Gasca and the Federacionistas Leales Insurrection of 1961"},{"Link":"https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/opinion/El-desarrollo-estabilizador-20180405-0138.html","external_links_name":"\"El desarrollo estabilizador\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Tawse_Jollie
Ethel Tawse Jollie
["1 Career","2 Works","2.1 Articles","3 References","3.1 Bibliography","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Rhodesian politician (1874–1950) Ethel Colquhoun, from a 1907 publication. Ethel Maud Tawse Jollie OBE (8 March 1874 – 21 September 1950; née Cookson; widowed Colquhoun) was a writer and political activist in Southern Rhodesia who was the first female parliamentarian in the British overseas empire. Career Cookson was born Ethel Maude Cookson in Castle Church, Stafford, the daughter of Samuel Cookson, a doctor. She studied art under Anthony Ludovici at the Slade School of Fine Art where she met her first husband, explorer Archibald Ross Colquhoun. They married at St. Paul's church, Stafford, on 8 March 1900, and she accompanied her husband on tours across Asia, the Pacific, and Africa, before settling in Southern Rhodesia. After Colquhoun's death on 18 December 1914, she replaced him as editor of United Empire magazine. She later remarried a Rhodesian farmer called John Tawse Jollie. Tawse Jollie was one of the front figures in the campaign for Rhodesian self-rule, founding the Responsible Government Association in 1917. She was a leading member of the National Service League, the Imperial Maritime League, the British Women's Emigration Society, the Women's Unionist Association, and the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council. Ethel Tawse Jollie was an avowed anti-suffragist and anti-feminist. She died in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, on 21 September 1950. Jollie was a supporter of white supremacy, albeit she later came to view blacks as equal to whites. In 1937, she said Africans had to be integrated into a "composite civilisation" and further changes were possible, albeit there was no evidence of her ever supporting a fully integrated society."So far as political evolution goes, we may not be at the end of our own history. Under present conditions political or social equality would not be accepted by the white race and could not be exercised by the black one with any degree of advantage to themselves, but permutations and combinations may open out a compromise as yet unforeseen." Works Two on their Travels, ⁣ William Heinemann, 1902. The Whirlpool of Europe, with Archibald R. Colquhoun, Dodd, Mead & Company, 1907. The Vocation of Woman, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1913. Our Just Cause; Facts about the War for Ready Reference, William Heinemann, 1914. The Real Rhodesia, Hutchinson & Co., 1924. Native Administration in Southern Rhodesia, Royal Society of Arts, 1935 Articles ” On Some Overseas Poetry," United Empire, Vol. I, 1909/1910. "The Husband of Madame de Boigne," The Nineteenth Century, Vol. LXVII, January/June 1910. "Feminism and Education," The University Magazine, Vol. XII, 1913. "Woman and Morality," The Nineteenth Century, Vol. LXXV, January 1914. "The Superfluous Woman: Her Cause and Cure," The Living Age, Vol. LXIII, April/June 1914. "Archibald Colquhoun: A Memoir," United Empire, Vol. VI, 1915/1916. "As Others See Us," United Empire, Vol. VI, 1915/1916. "The Balkan States and the War," United Empire, Vol. VI, 1915/1916. "Some Humours of Housekeeping in Rhodesia," Blackwood's Magazine, Vol. CC, July/December 1916. "Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism," The Lotus Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, November 1917; Part II, Vol. 9, No. 3, December 1917. "Woman-Power and the Empire," United Empire, Vol. VIII, 1917/1918. "Germany and Africa," United Empire, Vol. IX, 1918/1919. "Rhodesia and the Union," United Empire, Vol. X, 1919/1920. "The Question of Southern Rhodesia," United Empire, Vol. XI, 1920. "The Future of Rhodesia," United Empire, Vol. XII, 1921. "Britain's New Colony," United Empire, Vol. XIV, 1923. References ^ Lowry, Donal (2004). "Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1848–1914)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. ^ "marriages". The Times. No. 36087. London. 12 March 1900. p. 1. ^ Lowry 1997, p. 262. ^ Lowry 1997. ^ Lowry 1997, p. 261. ^ "Ethel Jollie". Search Zimbabwe. Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ Omnimaster (21 February 2022). "White Woman's Country: Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia". Retrieved 14 June 2024. ^ Chaloner, Martin (1914). "The Solvency of Woman," The Edinburgh Review, Vol. 219. Bibliography Lowry, Donal (June 1997). "'White Woman's Country': Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia". Journal of Southern African Studies. 23 (2): 259–281. doi:10.1080/03057079708708536. JSTOR 2637621. Further reading Berlyn, Phillippa (1966). "On Ethel Tawse Jollie," Rhodesiana, No. 15. Berlyn, Phillippa (1969). "Ahead of Her Time," Illustrated Life Rhodesia, No. 3. Lowry, Donal, "Making Fresh Britains Across the Seas" in Fletcher, Ian Christopher, ed., (2012). Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race, Routledge. Lowry, Daniel William (Donal) (1989). The Life and Times of Ethel Tawse Jollie, Rhodes University. Riedi, Eliza (2002). "Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901–1914," The Historical Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3. Sanders, Valerie and Delap, Lucy (2010). Victorian and Edwardian Anti-Feminism, Routledge. External links Ethel Tawse Jollie The Romance of Melsetter Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council Preceded byLionel Cripps Member for Eastern 1920–1924 Council abolished Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly New constituency Member of Parliament for Umtali 1924–1928 Served alongside: Charles Eickhoff Constituency abolished Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Poland Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EthelColquhoun1907.tif"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ethel Colquhoun, from a 1907 publication.Ethel Maud Tawse Jollie OBE (8 March 1874 – 21 September 1950; née Cookson; widowed Colquhoun) was a writer and political activist in Southern Rhodesia who was the first female parliamentarian in the British overseas empire.[1]","title":"Ethel Tawse Jollie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Ludovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici"},{"link_name":"Slade School of Fine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art"},{"link_name":"Archibald Ross Colquhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Ross_Colquhoun"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry1997262-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry1997-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry1997261-5"},{"link_name":"National Service League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_League"},{"link_name":"Imperial Maritime League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Maritime_League"},{"link_name":"British Women's Emigration Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Women%27s_Emigration_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Women's Unionist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Unionist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"anti-suffragist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-suffragism"},{"link_name":"anti-feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifeminism"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Cookson was born Ethel Maude Cookson in Castle Church, Stafford, the daughter of Samuel Cookson, a doctor. She studied art under Anthony Ludovici at the Slade School of Fine Art where she met her first husband, explorer Archibald Ross Colquhoun. They married at St. Paul's church, Stafford, on 8 March 1900, and she accompanied her husband on tours across Asia, the Pacific, and Africa, before settling in Southern Rhodesia.[2] After Colquhoun's death on 18 December 1914, she replaced him as editor of United Empire magazine.[3] She later remarried a Rhodesian farmer called John Tawse Jollie.[4]Tawse Jollie was one of the front figures in the campaign for Rhodesian self-rule, founding the Responsible Government Association in 1917.[5] She was a leading member of the National Service League, the Imperial Maritime League, the British Women's Emigration Society, the Women's Unionist Association, and the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council. Ethel Tawse Jollie was an avowed anti-suffragist and anti-feminist. She died in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, on 21 September 1950.[6]Jollie was a supporter of white supremacy, albeit she later came to view blacks as equal to whites. In 1937, she said Africans had to be integrated into a \"composite civilisation\" and further changes were possible, albeit there was no evidence of her ever supporting a fully integrated society.\"So far as political evolution goes, we may not be at the end of our own history. Under present conditions political or social equality would not be accepted by the white race and could not be exercised by the black one with any degree of advantage to themselves, but permutations and combinations may open out a compromise as yet unforeseen.\"[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two on their Travels, ⁣","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/twoontheirtravel00colq#page/n7/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"The Whirlpool of Europe,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/whirlpoolofeurop00colq#page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"The Vocation of Woman,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/vocationofwoman00colquoft#page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Our Just Cause; Facts about the War for Ready Reference,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cihm_990291#page/n5/mode/2up"}],"text":"Two on their Travels, ⁣ William Heinemann, 1902.\nThe Whirlpool of Europe, with Archibald R. Colquhoun, Dodd, Mead & Company, 1907.\nThe Vocation of Woman, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1913.[8]\nOur Just Cause; Facts about the War for Ready Reference, William Heinemann, 1914.\nThe Real Rhodesia, Hutchinson & Co., 1924.\nNative Administration in Southern Rhodesia, Royal Society of Arts, 1935","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"” On Some Overseas Poetry,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire01royauoft#page/708/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"The Husband of Madame de Boigne,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury67londuoft#page/698/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"Feminism and Education,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/universitymagazi12mcgiuoft#page/258/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"The Superfluous Woman: Her Cause and Cure,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/livingagevolume01projgoog#page/n399/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"Archibald Colquhoun: A Memoir,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire06royauoft#page/98/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"As Others See Us,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire06royauoft#page/202/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"The Balkan States and the War,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire06royauoft#page/812/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"Some Humours of Housekeeping in Rhodesia,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/blackwoodsmagazi200edinuoft#page/640/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20543954"},{"link_name":"Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20543968"},{"link_name":"\"Woman-Power and the Empire,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire08royauoft#page/680/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"Germany and Africa,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire09royauoft#page/280/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"Rhodesia and the Union,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire10royauoft#page/482/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"The Question of Southern Rhodesia,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire11royauoft#page/n709/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"The Future of Rhodesia,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/unitedempire12royauoft#page/468/mode/2up"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"” On Some Overseas Poetry,\" United Empire, Vol. I, 1909/1910.\n\"The Husband of Madame de Boigne,\" The Nineteenth Century, Vol. LXVII, January/June 1910.\n\"Feminism and Education,\" The University Magazine, Vol. XII, 1913.\n\"Woman and Morality,\" The Nineteenth Century, Vol. LXXV, January 1914.\n\"The Superfluous Woman: Her Cause and Cure,\" The Living Age, Vol. LXIII, April/June 1914.\n\"Archibald Colquhoun: A Memoir,\" United Empire, Vol. VI, 1915/1916.\n\"As Others See Us,\" United Empire, Vol. VI, 1915/1916.\n\"The Balkan States and the War,\" United Empire, Vol. VI, 1915/1916.\n\"Some Humours of Housekeeping in Rhodesia,\" Blackwood's Magazine, Vol. CC, July/December 1916.\n\"Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism,\" The Lotus Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, November 1917; Part II, Vol. 9, No. 3, December 1917.\n\"Woman-Power and the Empire,\" United Empire, Vol. VIII, 1917/1918.\n\"Germany and Africa,\" United Empire, Vol. IX, 1918/1919.\n\"Rhodesia and the Union,\" United Empire, Vol. X, 1919/1920.\n\"The Question of Southern Rhodesia,\" United Empire, Vol. XI, 1920.\n\"The Future of Rhodesia,\" United Empire, Vol. XII, 1921.\n\"Britain's New Colony,\" United Empire, Vol. XIV, 1923.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Berlyn, Phillippa (1966). \"On Ethel Tawse Jollie,\" Rhodesiana, No. 15.\nBerlyn, Phillippa (1969). \"Ahead of Her Time,\" Illustrated Life Rhodesia, No. 3.\nLowry, Donal, \"Making Fresh Britains Across the Seas\" in Fletcher, Ian Christopher, ed., (2012). Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race, Routledge.\nLowry, Daniel William (Donal) (1989). The Life and Times of Ethel Tawse Jollie, Rhodes University.\nRiedi, Eliza (2002). \"Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901–1914,\" The Historical Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3.\nSanders, Valerie and Delap, Lucy (2010). Victorian and Edwardian Anti-Feminism, Routledge.","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"marriages\". The Times. No. 36087. London. 12 March 1900. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ethel Jollie\". Search Zimbabwe. Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.co.zw/wiki/ethel-jollie/","url_text":"\"Ethel Jollie\""}]},{"reference":"Omnimaster (21 February 2022). \"White Woman's Country: Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia\". Retrieved 14 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://omnilogos.com/white-woman-country-ethel-tawse-jollie-and-making-of-white-rhodesia/","url_text":"\"White Woman's Country: Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia\""}]},{"reference":"Lowry, Donal (June 1997). \"'White Woman's Country': Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia\". Journal of Southern African Studies. 23 (2): 259–281. doi:10.1080/03057079708708536. JSTOR 2637621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057079708708536","url_text":"10.1080/03057079708708536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637621","url_text":"2637621"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkapp_(Jan_Mayen)
Nordkapp (Jan Mayen)
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 71°9.6′N 7°57.6′W / 71.1600°N 7.9600°W / 71.1600; -7.9600Point of Jan Mayen, Norway Nordkapp is located on the north(east)ern tip of Jan Mayen. Nordkapp (North Cape) is the northernmost point of Jan Mayen, located at the northeastern extreme of the island. The cape is some 490 km east of eastern Greenland, 880 km west northwest of mainland Norway (Lofoten) and 950 km southwest of Sørkapp, Svalbard. References ^ "Nordkapp (Jan Mayen)". Norsk Polarinstitutt. Authority control databases VIAF 71°9.6′N 7°57.6′W / 71.1600°N 7.9600°W / 71.1600; -7.9600 This Jan Mayen location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha_Parmar
Abha Parmar
["1 Television","2 Films","3 References","4 External links"]
Indian TV actress Abha ParmarBornMumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOccupationActressChildren2 Abha Parmar is an Indian actress. She is known for her role in the soap opera Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?, Neeli Chhatri Wale and Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai. Television Year Show Role 2022 Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey Cameo as Neighbor in episode 1 2021–2023 Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet Mrs. Hooda "Dadi" 2021 Ishk Par Zor Nahi Durga Devi Malhotra 2020 Gudiya Hamari Sabhi Pe Bhari PutliBai 2018 Dil Se Dil Tak Mrs. Khan 2017-2019 Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Beena Aggarwal (Taiji) 2017 Kya Hal, Mister Panchal Balwanti 2017 Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani Seema Biswas 2016 Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein Gomti Dadi 2015 Tere Shahar Mein Rumzum Gupta 2014 Neeli Chhatri Wale Bua 2013 Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed Dadi 2011–2012 Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Madhumati Gupta 2007–2009 Naaginn Naagin's Bua 2005 Sabse Bada Rupaiya Multiple Roles Films Year Movie Role Director 2018 Sui Dhaaga Yogesh's Mother Sharat Katariya 2013 Special 26 Minister's Wife Neeraj Pandey 2006 Munna Pandey Berozgaar Manish Jain 2005 Ramji Londonwale Ramji's mother Sanjay Dayma 1989 Main Azaad Hoon Worker Tinnu Anand References ^ "Abha Parmar enter Zee Tv Show". The Times of India. ^ "Abha Parmar enters in new show". ^ "Abha Parmar enter in Neeli Chhatri". ^ "Abha Parmar Part Of Varun Dhawan And Anushka Sharma-Starrer Sui Dhaaga". External links Abha Parmar at IMDb
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Concert_(1985_America_album)
In Concert (1985 America album)
["1 Track listing","2 Reissues","3 References"]
1985 live album by AmericaIn ConcertLive album by AmericaReleasedJuly 1985RecordedJune 1, 1985VenueArlington Theater, Santa Barbara, CaliforniaGenrePop, rockLength33:31LabelCapitolProducerMatthew McCauleyAmerica chronology Perspective(1984) In Concert(1985) Encore: More Greatest Hits(1991) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic In Concert is the second official live album by American folk rock duo America, released by Capitol Records in July 1985. This was the sixth and last release by America on the Capitol Records label and was the first America album ever issued on the budding compact disc format. This was America's first album that failed to chart. No singles were released from the album. Fans present at the actual performance at the Arlington Theater have claimed that additional songs performed by the group, but not included on the final release, included "Sandman," "Never Be Lonely," "Can't Fall Asleep To A Lullaby", and "Old Man Took." Track listing "Tin Man" (Dewey Bunnell, Lee Bunnell) (3:30) "I Need You" (Gerry Beckley) (2:25) "The Border" (Russ Ballard, Bunnell) (3:54) "Sister Golden Hair" (Beckley) (3:12) "Company" (Bunnell) (3:28) "You Can Do Magic" (Ballard) (3:56) "Ventura Highway" (Bunnell) (3:25) "Daisy Jane" (Beckley) (2:57) "A Horse with No Name" (Bunnell) (3:52) "Survival" (Beckley) (3:00) Reissues A number of America CDs have been issued which recycle material from this particular concert recording, including the following: Ventura Highway & Other Favorites (1992) You Can Do Magic (1996) Premium Gold Collection (1996) Centenary Collection (1996) The Legendary America (1998) The Best of America (1999) Hits You Remember Live (2001) Live at Santa Barbara (2001) References ^ In Concert at AllMusic ^ America, In Concert Retrieved April 1, 2015 vteAmerica Gerry Beckley Dewey Bunnell Dan Peek Studio albums America Homecoming Hat Trick Holiday Hearts Hideaway Harbor Silent Letter Alibi View from the Ground Your Move Perspective Hourglass Human Nature Holiday Harmony Here & Now Back Pages Lost & Found Compilations History: America's Greatest Hits Encore: More Greatest Hits Highway The Definitive America The Complete Greatest Hits Live albums America Live In Concert (1985) In Concert (1995) Horse with No Name The Grand Cayman Concert Soundtracks The Last Unicorn Singles "A Horse with No Name" "I Need You" "Ventura Highway" "Muskrat Love" "Tin Man" "Lonely People" "Sister Golden Hair" "Daisy Jane" "Today's the Day" "Amber Cascades" "You Can Do Magic" "Right Before Your Eyes" "The Border" "Your Move" Related articles Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1980s pop rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I
1928–29 Nemzeti Bajnokság I
["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 Results","4 References"]
Football league seasonNemzeti Bajnokság ISeason1928–29← 1927–28 1929–30 → Statistics of Nemzeti Bajnokság I for the 1928–29 season. Overview It was contested by 12 teams, and MTK Hungária FC won the championship. League standings Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GR Pts 1 MTK Hungária FC 22 16 5 1 76 24 3.167 37 2 Ferencvárosi TC 22 16 4 2 79 20 3.950 36 3 Újpest FC 22 13 4 5 64 35 1.829 30 4 Bocskai FC 22 11 3 8 41 40 1.025 25 5 Bástya FC 22 10 3 9 40 35 1.143 23 6 III. Kerületi TUE 22 7 6 9 27 37 0.730 20 7 Nemzeti SC 22 7 5 10 33 39 0.846 19 8 Somogy FC 22 7 3 12 33 48 0.688 17 9 Kispest AC 22 5 6 11 27 48 0.563 16 10 Budai 33 22 5 5 12 32 60 0.533 15 11 Vasas SC 22 5 4 13 26 68 0.382 14 12 Sabaria FC 22 4 4 14 28 52 0.538 12 Source: rsssf.com Results Home \ Away KER BÁS BOC B33 FTC HUN KIS NEM SAB SOM ÚJP VAS III. Kerület 2–3 0–2 4–1 1–2 0–3 1–1 1–1 2–1 0–0 0–3 3–1 Bástya 0–2 6–1 6–1 0–6 0–2 2–1 1–3 1–2 1–2 0–1 4–0 Bocskai 1–1 2–1 4–2 1–3 3–3 0–2 2–1 3–2 2–1 3–1 2–2 Budai 33 2–2 0–1 1–4 2–6 0–4 3–1 2–0 0–0 4–1 1–7 2–4 Ferencváros 3–0 0–1 5–1 4–0 2–2 5–0 1–1 6–0 5–0 2–2 9–0 Hungária 4–0 1–1 0–2 4–1 3–1 2–1 4–0 3–2 9–2 3–3 8–0 Kispest 0–2 0–3 3–0 2–4 1–6 1–1 4–1 0–0 1–1 0–3 2–1 Nemzeti 1–3 4–0 2–1 2–2 1–2 1–4 2–2 2–1 0–0 1–3 1–0 Sabaria 1–1 0–3 3–1 0–1 0–1 2–3 2–2 0–6 2–1 0–4 3–2 Somogy 2–0 0–1 0–1 1–0 1–5 2–5 0–1 4–1 2–1 3–5 2–1 Újpest 5–0 2–2 1–0 2–2 1–3 0–1 7–1 1–2 6–5 3–2 0–3 Vasas 0–2 3–3 0–5 1–1 2–2 0–7 2–1 1–0 2–1 0–6 1–4 Source: rsssf.comLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. References Hungary - List of final tables (RSSSF) vteNemzeti Bajnokság ISeasons 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944 1945 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024-25 Clubs2024-25 Debrecen Diósgyőr Fehérvár Ferencváros Győr Kecskemét MTK Nyíregyháza Paks Puskás Akadémia Újpest Zalaegerszeg Former 33 FC III. Kerület VII. Kerület BAK Balmazújváros BEAC Békéscsaba BKV Bocskai BSC BTC BVSC Csepel Dorog Duna Dunaújváros FC Dunaújváros PASE Eger Egyetértés Elektromos Erzsébet ESMTK Főváros Gamma Ganz-MÁVAG Gázszer Gyirmót Herminamező Honvéd Kaposvár Kassa Kelenföld Kiskőrös KISTEXT Kolozsvár Komló Kőbánya Lampart Légierő Pápa MaDISz MAC MAK MÁVAG MÚE Műegyetem MVSC Nagykanizsa Nagyvárad Nemzeti Ózd Pereces Pécs Pécs-Baranya Phöbus Postás PVSK REAC Sabaria Salgótarján SFAC Siófok Somogy Sopron SorTex SZAC SZAK SZEAC Székesfehérvári MÁV Szegedi Honvéd Szegedi VSE Szolnok Szombathely Szürketaxi Tatabánya Terézváros Testvériség Tiszakécske Tokod Törekvés Tungsram Typographia Újpesti Törekvés Újvidék Vasas Vác Veszprém VAC Volán Zugló Competition Managers Winners Clubs Foreign players Stadiums System Statistics and awards Records I Records II All-time table Associated competitions Magyar Kupa Szuperkupa UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Europa Conference League Category vte1928–29 in European football « 1927–28 1929–30 » Domestic leagues Austria Belgium Bulgaria '28 '29 Czechoslovakia Denmark England Estonia '28 '29 Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '28 '29 Italy Latvia '28 '29 Lithuania '28 '29 Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Poland '28 '29 Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Yugoslavia '28 '29 Domestic cups Austria England France Luxembourg Northern Ireland Norway '28 '29 Palestine Portugal Republic of Ireland Scotland Spain '28 '29 Wales Portals: Association football Hungary This article about a Hungarian association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nemzeti Bajnokság I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_National_Championship_I"}],"text":"Statistics of Nemzeti Bajnokság I for the 1928–29 season.","title":"1928–29 Nemzeti Bajnokság I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTK Hungária FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTK_Hung%C3%A1ria_FC"}],"text":"It was contested by 12 teams, and MTK Hungária FC won the championship.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist.html"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Ker%C3%BCleti_TUE"},{"link_name":"BÁS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szegedi_AK"},{"link_name":"BOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocskai_FC"},{"link_name":"B33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_FC"},{"link_name":"FTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC"},{"link_name":"HUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTK_Budapest_FC"},{"link_name":"KIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC"},{"link_name":"NEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_SC"},{"link_name":"SAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaria_FC"},{"link_name":"SOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somogy_FC"},{"link_name":"ÚJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajpest_FC"},{"link_name":"VAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasas_SC"},{"link_name":"III. Kerület","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Ker%C3%BCleti_TUE"},{"link_name":"Bástya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szegedi_AK"},{"link_name":"Bocskai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocskai_FC"},{"link_name":"Budai 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_FC"},{"link_name":"Ferencváros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC"},{"link_name":"Hungária","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTK_Budapest_FC"},{"link_name":"Kispest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC"},{"link_name":"Nemzeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_SC"},{"link_name":"Sabaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaria_FC"},{"link_name":"Somogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somogy_FC"},{"link_name":"Újpest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajpest_FC"},{"link_name":"Vasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasas_SC"},{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist1920.html"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nKER\n\nBÁS\n\nBOC\n\nB33\n\nFTC\n\nHUN\n\nKIS\n\nNEM\n\nSAB\n\nSOM\n\nÚJP\n\nVAS\n\n\nIII. Kerület\n\n\n\n2–3\n\n0–2\n\n4–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–3\n\n3–1\n\n\nBástya\n\n0–2\n\n\n\n6–1\n\n6–1\n\n0–6\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n\nBocskai\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n4–2\n\n1–3\n\n3–3\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n\nBudai 33\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n\n\n2–6\n\n0–4\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–7\n\n2–4\n\n\nFerencváros\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n5–1\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n5–0\n\n1–1\n\n6–0\n\n5–0\n\n2–2\n\n9–0\n\n\nHungária\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n4–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–2\n\n9–2\n\n3–3\n\n8–0\n\n\nKispest\n\n0–2\n\n0–3\n\n3–0\n\n2–4\n\n1–6\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n4–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n2–1\n\n\nNemzeti\n\n1–3\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–4\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n\nSabaria\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n2–2\n\n0–6\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n0–4\n\n3–2\n\n\nSomogy\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–5\n\n2–5\n\n0–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n3–5\n\n2–1\n\n\nÚjpest\n\n5–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n7–1\n\n1–2\n\n6–5\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n0–3\n\n\nVasas\n\n0–2\n\n3–3\n\n0–5\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–7\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–6\n\n1–4\n\n\n\nSource: rsssf.comLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycastus
Lycastus
["1 Notes","2 References"]
For other uses, see Lycastus (disambiguation). Lycastus (Λύκαστος) may refer to: Lycastus, a Cretan king and son of Minos I and Itone. He was the husband of Ida, daughter of Corybas, and by her father of Minos II. Lycastus, twin brother of Parrhasius, whose parents were Ares and Phylonome, daughter of Nyctimus and Arcadia. Their mother was seduced by Ares in the guise of a shepherd; in fear of her father's wrath, she cast the newborn twins into the river Erymanthus. They did not drown and were washed into the hollow of an oak tree, where a she-wolf found and suckled them, giving up her own cubs. The twins were then adopted and raised by a shepherd named Gyliphus, and eventually succeeded to the throne of Arcadia. Their story is closely parallel, and is cited as such by Pseudo-Plutarch, to that of Romulus and Remus. Lycastus, lover of Eulimene, who unsuccessfully attempted to save his loved one from being sacrificed. Lycastus, an autochthon, eponym of the town Lycastus in Crete, which might as well have been named after the son of Minos. Notes ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.60.3 ^ Plutarch, Parallela minora 36 ^ Parthenius, 35 ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Lykastos ^ Eustathius on Homer, 1.1 References Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, Moralia with an English Translation by Frank Cole Babbitt. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1936. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website. Parthenius, Love Romances translated by Sir Stephen Gaselee (1882-1943), S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 69. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1916. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Parthenius, Erotici Scriptores Graeci, Vol. 1. Rudolf Hercher. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1858. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project. This article includes a list of Greek mythological figures with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific Greek mythology article referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended Greek mythology article, if one exists.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolombo_River
Bolombo River
["1 References"]
Location of the Bolombo River The Bolombo River is a river in Équateur province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Bolombo is a tributary of the Lopori River. The Lopori River joins with the Maringa River to the south, to form the Lulonga River, a tributary of the Congo River. The Bolombo flows through the Lopori / Maringa basin, also known as the Maringa-Lopori-Wamba forest Landscape, an area of great ecological importance. The major tributaries of the Bolombo include the Bloia River, the Loniuka and the Lololu. References ^ Jef Dupain; Janet Nackoney; Jean-Paul Kibambe; Didier Bokelo & David Williams. "Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape" (PDF). L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-10-14. ^ Geonames This article related to a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Location of the Bolombo River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ABIR_company_posts.svg/220px-ABIR_company_posts.svg.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Wings_(ballet)
Broken Wings (ballet)
["1 Production","2 Revivals","3 Frida","4 Awards and nominations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Ballet about Frida Kahlo Broken WingsChoreographerAnnabelle Lopez OchoaMusicPeter SalemPremiere13 April 2016 (2016-04-13)Sadler's Wells TheatreOriginal ballet companyEnglish National BalletCharactersFrida KahloDiego RiveraDesignDieuweke van ReijCreated forTamara RojoIrek Mukhamedov Broken Wings is a one-act ballet about Mexican painter Frida Kahlo, choreographed by Annabelle Lopez Ochoa, dramaturged by Nancy Meckler and designed by Dieuweke van Reij. The music was composed by Peter Salem, and featured Mexican folk song "La Llorona" sung by Chavela Vargas. The ballet premiered on 13 April 2016 at the Sadler's Wells Theatre, danced by the English National Ballet, with Tamara Rojo as Kahlo and Irek Mukhamedov as Kahlo's husband, Diego Rivera. Lopez Ochoa then created a three-act version titled Frida for the Dutch National Ballet, premiered in 2020. Production External videos Broken Wings: Frida and Diego (extract), YouTube video Broken Wings: Male Fridas (extract), YouTube video Annabelle Lopez Ochoa was commissioned by English National Ballet to create a ballet as a part of She Said, an all-female choreographer triple bill, which was planned by artistic director Tamara Rojo, as she had never danced in piece by a woman. Lopez Ochoa said she was already interested in creating a ballet about Frida Kahlo prior to the invitation, and decided to use this opportunity to do so, but noted she intended the ballet to "tell the basic facts of Kahlo's life before letting her choreography loose into a more abstract, surreal treatment". She also brought in dramaturg Nancy Meckler, who had worked with Lopez Ochoa on another project. Rojo, who is also a lead principal dancer, was asked to dance Kahlo, as she is a "petite, Hispanic dancer". Irek Mukhamedov, then 56, was cast as Diego Rivera at Rojo's suggestion, as he was "old enough" but "fit enough". Kahlo's main costume in the ballet is inspired by her 1944 self-portrait, The Broken Column, and the dancer portraying Rivera wears a fat suit. Revivals In 2019, Broken Wings was revived for another all-female choreographer mixed bill, She Persisted, with Katja Khaniukova taking over as Kahlo, and Mukhamedov reprising his role. Later that year, an excerpt of the ballet was performed at a gala in Guadalajara, Mexico, danced by Rojo and Yuri Possokhov. "La Llorona" was sung live by Geo Meneses. In 2020, in response to the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic on the performing arts, the English National Ballet streamed the performance online. It was filmed during the show's original run, danced by Rojo and Mukhamedov. Frida Dutch National Ballet's artistic director Ted Brandsen, who watched the original run of Broken Wings, said that he believed that Broken Wings "needed more space to breathe" but nevertheless was "impressed". Following the success of another piece by Lopez Ochoa in Amsterdam, Brandsen invited her to create a full-length version. The ballet premiered on 6 February 2020, with principal dancers Maia Makhateli and James Stout as Kahlo and Rivera respectively. This ballet kept 25 minutes from Broken Wings, revised 13 minutes, and the rest of the piece was filled by new choreography. This version also used original music by Peter Salem, and two other songs, "Que te vaya bonito" and "Noches de Ahuatepec" were also used in addition to "La Llorona". Dramaturg Nancy Meckler and designer Dieuweke van Reij, both of whom had worked on Broken Wings, were also brought back for Frida. Awards and nominations Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result Ref. 2016 Critics Circle National Dance Awards Best Classical Choreography Annabelle Lopez Ochoa Nominated Best Female Performance (Classical) Tamara Rojo Nominated Best Male Performance (Classical) Irek Mukhamedov Nominated 2019 Best Female Performance (Classical) Katja Khaniukova Won See also List of historical ballet characters References ^ Mackrell, Judith (22 March 2016). "Frida Kahlo's brush with ballet: Tamara Rojo dances the artist's life". The Guardian. ^ Loxton, Howard. "Broken Wings". British Theatre Guide. ^ Mackrell, Judith (14 April 2016). "English National Ballet: She Said review – Frida Kahlo and fantastic beasts in mixed evening". The Guardian. ^ Winship, Lyndsey (5 April 2019). "English National Ballet: She Persisted review – odes to Frida, Pina and Nora". The Guardian. ^ Forbes, Michael (25 July 2019). "World-class talent shines in ballet gala at the Auditorio Telmex". The Guadalajara Reporter. ^ Paskett, Zoe (16 April 2020). "The English National Ballet will stream free performances, including Tamara Rojo as Frida Kahlo". Evening Standard. ^ a b Siegal, Nina (17 January 2020). "Frida Kahlo Could Barely Walk. In This Ballet, She Dances". New York Times. ^ a b Watts, Graham (10 February 2020). "Dutch National Ballet – Frida – Amsterdam". DanceTabs. ^ a b c "2016 National Dance Awards – Announcement of Nominations". DanceTabs. 4 November 2016. ^ "National Dance Awards 2019: three wins for English National Ballet". English National Ballet. 19 February 2020. External links English National Ballet website Annabelle Lopez Ochoa website vteFrida KahloPaintings Self-portrait in a Velvet Dress (1926) Frieda and Diego Rivera (1931) Henry Ford Hospital (1932) My Dress Hangs There (1933) Memory, the Heart (1937) Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky (1937) The Frame (1938) Self-Portrait with Monkey (1938) The Suicide of Dorothy Hale (1938) What the Water Gave Me (1938) The Two Fridas (1939) Two Nudes in a Forest (1939) Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird (1940) The Wounded Table (1940) The Broken Column (1944) The Wounded Deer (1946) Self Portrait with Loose Hair (1947) Diego and I (1949) The Love Embrace of the Universe, the Earth (Mexico), Myself, Diego, and Señor Xolotl (1949) Works about Kahlo Frida Still Life (1983 film) Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo (1983) Frida (1991 opera) Diego et Frida (1993 biography) Frida (2002 film) Broken Wings (2016 ballet) Frida (2024 film) Other depictions The History of Mexico (1935 mural) Pan American Unity (1940 mural) Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Central (1947 mural) Cradle Will Rock (1999 film) Coco (2017 animated film) Related Frida Kahlo Home and Museum Diego Rivera (husband) Cristina Kahlo (sister) Guillermo Kahlo (father) Museo Dolores Olmedo vteDiego RiveraList of worksMurals History of Morelos, Conquest and Revolution (1929–1930) The History of Mexico (1929–1935) Pan American Unity (1940) Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central (1946–1947) Frescoes Detroit Industry Murals (1932–1933) Man at the Crossroads (1933, 1934) Other paintings The Rivals (1931) Zapata (1932) Glorious Victory (1954) Museums Anahuacalli Museum Frida Kahlo Museum Museo Dolores Olmedo Museo Mural Diego Rivera Pinacoteca Diego Rivera Culturaldepictions Frieda and Diego Rivera (1931 painting) The Two Fridas (1939 painting) Diego and I (1949 painting) The Love Embrace (1949 painting) Frida Still Life (1983 film) Frida (1991 opera) Diego et Frida (1993 book) Cradle Will Rock (1999 film) Frida (2002 film) Broken Wings (2016 ballet) Frida (2024 film) Related Angelina Beloff (1st wife) Guadalupe Marín (2nd wife) Frida Kahlo (3rd wife) Marie Vorobieff (conjugal partner) Marika Rivera (daughter) Ruth Rivera Marín (daughter) Cristina Kahlo (model and sister-in-law) Tina Modotti (model) Diego Rivera Gallery
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The music was composed by Peter Salem, and featured Mexican folk song \"La Llorona\" sung by Chavela Vargas. The ballet premiered on 13 April 2016 at the Sadler's Wells Theatre, danced by the English National Ballet, with Tamara Rojo as Kahlo and Irek Mukhamedov as Kahlo's husband, Diego Rivera. Lopez Ochoa then created a three-act version titled Frida for the Dutch National Ballet, premiered in 2020.","title":"Broken Wings (ballet)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annabelle Lopez Ochoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabelle_Lopez_Ochoa"},{"link_name":"English National Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Tamara Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Rojo"},{"link_name":"Frida Kahlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Kahlo"},{"link_name":"Nancy Meckler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Meckler"},{"link_name":"Irek Mukhamedov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irek_Mukhamedov"},{"link_name":"Diego Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rivera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Broken Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Column"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"fat suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_suit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Annabelle Lopez Ochoa was commissioned by English National Ballet to create a ballet as a part of She Said, an all-female choreographer triple bill, which was planned by artistic director Tamara Rojo, as she had never danced in piece by a woman. Lopez Ochoa said she was already interested in creating a ballet about Frida Kahlo prior to the invitation, and decided to use this opportunity to do so, but noted she intended the ballet to \"tell the basic facts of Kahlo's life before letting her choreography loose into a more abstract, surreal treatment\". She also brought in dramaturg Nancy Meckler, who had worked with Lopez Ochoa on another project. Rojo, who is also a lead principal dancer, was asked to dance Kahlo, as she is a \"petite, Hispanic dancer\". Irek Mukhamedov, then 56, was cast as Diego Rivera at Rojo's suggestion, as he was \"old enough\" but \"fit enough\".[1] Kahlo's main costume in the ballet is inspired by her 1944 self-portrait, The Broken Column,[2] and the dancer portraying Rivera wears a fat suit.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Geo Meneses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_Meneses"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic on the performing arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_COVID-19_coronavirus_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2019, Broken Wings was revived for another all-female choreographer mixed bill, She Persisted, with Katja Khaniukova taking over as Kahlo, and Mukhamedov reprising his role.[4] Later that year, an excerpt of the ballet was performed at a gala in Guadalajara, Mexico, danced by Rojo and Yuri Possokhov. \"La Llorona\" was sung live by Geo Meneses.[5] In 2020, in response to the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic on the performing arts, the English National Ballet streamed the performance online. It was filmed during the show's original run, danced by Rojo and Mukhamedov.[6]","title":"Revivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch National Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_National_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Maia Makhateli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Makhateli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabs-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabs-8"}],"text":"Dutch National Ballet's artistic director Ted Brandsen, who watched the original run of Broken Wings, said that he believed that Broken Wings \"needed more space to breathe\" but nevertheless was \"impressed\". Following the success of another piece by Lopez Ochoa in Amsterdam, Brandsen invited her to create a full-length version. The ballet premiered on 6 February 2020, with principal dancers Maia Makhateli and James Stout as Kahlo and Rivera respectively.[7][8]This ballet kept 25 minutes from Broken Wings, revised 13 minutes, and the rest of the piece was filled by new choreography. This version also used original music by Peter Salem, and two other songs, \"Que te vaya bonito\" and \"Noches de Ahuatepec\" were also used in addition to \"La Llorona\". Dramaturg Nancy Meckler and designer Dieuweke van Reij, both of whom had worked on Broken Wings, were also brought back for Frida.[7][8]","title":"Frida"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of historical ballet characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_ballet_characters"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_school_(disambiguation)
Night School (disambiguation)
["1 Literature","2 Film and TV","3 Music","4 Video games"]
Look up night school in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A night school is a school which holds courses in the evenings or at night. Night School may also refer to: Literature "Night School", a short story by Raymond Carver included in the 1976 collection Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? Night School (play), a play by Harold Pinter Nightschool (manga), a 2008 original English-language manga written and illustrated by Svetlana Chmakova Night School, by Mari Mancusi 2011 Night School, by Caroline Cooney 1995 Night School, by Isobelle Carmody 2009 Night School (novel), by Lee Child 2016 (Jack Reacher novel) Night School books by CJ Daugherty, 2012 Film and TV "Night School", a 1949 episode of the TV series The Life of Riley Night School (1956 film), a 1956 Japanese film Night School (1981 film), a 1981 horror film Night School (2018 film), a 2018 comedy film Night School: the Web Series, a British web series Music Night School, jazz album by Stanley Clarke 2007 "Night School", a track on Frank Zappa's 1986 album Jazz from Hell "Nightschool" by Scottish band The Xcerts In the Cold Wind We Smile Video games Night School Studio, an American indie video game developer Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Night School.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridadi_Stadium
Tridadi Stadium
["1 Tournament","2 References"]
Coordinates: 7°43′10″S 110°21′31″E / 7.719534°S 110.358567°E / -7.719534; 110.358567This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tridadi Stadium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tridadi StadiumAddressSlemanIndonesiaLocationSleman Regency, Special Region of YogyakartaCoordinates7°43′10″S 110°21′31″E / 7.719534°S 110.358567°E / -7.719534; 110.358567OwnerGovernment of Sleman RegencyOperatorGovernment of Sleman RegencyCapacity12,000SurfaceGrass fieldTenantsPSS SlemanSleman United Tridadi Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Sleman, Indonesia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is used as the home stadium for PSS Sleman and Sleman United. The stadium has a capacity of 12,000 people. Tournament This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2024) References 7°43′10″S 110°21′31″E / 7.719534°S 110.358567°E / -7.719534; 110.358567 This article about an Indonesian sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guy_Robinson
Robert G. Robinson
["1 Biography","2 Medal of Honor citation","3 Military awards","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
US Marine Corps officer and Medal of Honor recipient (1894–1974) This article is about a United States Marine Corps officer. For other people of the same name, see Robert Robinson (disambiguation). Robert G. RobinsonGunnery Sergeant Robert G. Robinson, USMCBorn(1894-04-30)April 30, 1894Wayne, Michigan, USDiedOctober 5, 1974(1974-10-05) (aged 80)St. Ignace, Michigan, USPlace of burialArlington National CemeteryAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Marine CorpsYears of service1917–1923RankFirst lieutenantUnit1st Marine Aviation ForceBattles/warsWorld War IAwardsMedal of Honor Robert Guy Robinson (April 30, 1894 – October 5, 1974) was a United States Marine Corps first lieutenant who earned the Medal of Honor as a gunnery sergeant during World War I. Biography Robert Robinson was born in Wayne, Michigan on April 30, 1894. On May 22, 1917, he enlisted as a private in the Marines and the action in France followed. Although seriously wounded during aerial action over Belgium, he continued to fight and successfully drove off attacking enemy scout planes before two additional bullet wounds forced his collapse. For his heroism and gallantry in this and previous action with enemy planes, while attached to the 1st Marine Aviation Force as an observer, GySgt Robinson received the nation's highest award. Gunnery Sergeant Robinson, shot 13 times in the abdomen, chest, and legs, and with his left arm virtually blown off at the elbow, helped bring the plane down in Belgian territory. His arm, hanging by a single tendon, was grafted back on by the surgeon-general of the Belgian army. The pilot of his plane, Lt Ralph Talbot of Weymouth, Massachusetts, who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for this same action, was killed in a plane crash a few days later. He was honorably discharged in 1919 as a gunnery sergeant and was appointed a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps Reserve. His retirement was effected in May 1923 and his promotion to the rank of first lieutenant in September 1936. Upon retirement, he made his home at St. Ignace, Michigan. Robinson died on October 5, 1974, at his home. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. Medal of Honor citation Reverse of the Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor awarded to Gunnery Sergeant Robinson ROBINSON, Robert Guy Gunnery Sergeant, U.S. Marine Corps 1st Marine Aviation Force Citation: For extraordinary heroism as observer in the 1st Marine Aviation Force at the front in France. In company with planes from Squadron 218, Royal Air Force, conducting an air raid on 8 October 1918, Gunnery Sergeant Robinson's plane was attacked by nine enemy scouts. In the fight which followed, he shot down one of the enemy planes. In a later air raid over Pitthan, Belgium, on 14 October 1918, his plane and one other became separated from their formation on account of motor trouble and were attacked by 12 enemy scouts. Acting with conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in the fight which ensured, Gunnery Sergeant Robinson, after shooting down one of the enemy planes, was struck by a bullet which carried away most of his elbow. At the same time his gun jammed. While his pilot maneuvered for position, he cleared the jam with one hand and returned to the fight. Although his left arm was useless, he fought off the enemy scouts until he collapsed after receiving two more bullet wounds, one in the stomach and one in the thigh. Military awards Robinson's military decorations and awards include: 1st row Medal of Honor 2nd row Purple Heart Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal World War I Victory Medal w/one bronze service star to denote credit for the Aviation service clasp See also Biography portal List of Medal of Honor recipients List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I References ^ "Burial Detail: Robinson, Robert G. (Section 46, Grave 390)". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website). Borch, Fred L. (2010). For Military Merit – Recipients of the Purple Heart. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-59114-086-3. "First Lieutenant Robert G. Robinson, USMCR, Who's Who in Marine Corps History, History Division, United States Marine Corps". Retrieved October 5, 2010. "Medal of Honor citation". Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2010.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. External links "Robert Guy Robinson". at ArlingtonCemetery.net. (Unofficial website). Authority control databases SNAC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_T._Ely_House
Richard T. Ely House
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 43°40′18″N 89°24′58″W / 43.67167°N 89.41611°W / 43.67167; -89.41611Historic house in Wisconsin, United States For other places of a similar name, see Ely House. United States historic placeRichard T. Ely HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of WisconsinShow map of the United StatesLocation205 N. Prospect Ave.Madison, WisconsinCoordinates43°40′18″N 89°24′58″W / 43.67167°N 89.41611°W / 43.67167; -89.41611Built1896ArchitectCharles Sumner FrostArchitectural styleColonial Revival/Georgian RevivalNRHP reference No.74000068Added to NRHPDecember 16, 1974 The Richard T. Ely House is a Georgian Revival-style house built in 1896 in Madison, Wisconsin - designed by Charles Sumner Frost for Richard T. Ely, a prominent economics professor. In 1974 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is located within the University Heights Historic District. History Richard Ely was one of Wisconsin's most important economics scholars. He was born in 1854 in New York and grew up on a farm there, absorbing Christian values from his devout father. He studied economics in Heidelberg University in Germany, learning a historical approach to economics that wasn't taught much in the U.S. yet. In 1881 he started teaching at the prestigious Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. During this time he married Anna Morris Anderson and they started a family. Up to this point, the classical approach to economics had dominated in the U.S. - the idea that free markets and laissez-faire treatment by government were the best way to promote economic growth. But along with economic growth, these ideas had led to evils like child labor. Ely was one of the early proponents in the U.S. of a new economics whose goal was not only growth, but also making people's lives better. He was a founder of the American Economic Association, and advocated public ownership of utilities, factory regulation, child labor laws, shorter workdays, labor unions, and restrictions on immigration. Many of these ideas lined up with Progressive reforms from that era. In 1892 the University of Wisconsin lured Ely from Johns Hopkins to direct its new School of Economics, Political Science, and History. That winter Madison saw labor strikes resulting from attempts to organize unions at two Madison printers. Ely was then a leader of the Christian Social Union, which aimed to apply Christian principles to address social problems. The CSU had a printing job pending at the Tracy-Gibbs Printing Company, the second company to strike, and Ely happened to be in charge of that printing job. He urged the company owner to unionize several times, and hinted that if the company didn't unionize, the CSU might take their business elsewhere. The printer didn't unionize, and the CSU let the job go forward with Tracy-Gibbs. But the following year Wisconsin's Superintendent of Public Instruction Oliver Elwin Wells accused Ely of "believ in strikes and boycotts," and of being in "constant consultation" with the union organizer, and of asserting that "where a skilled workman was needed, a dirty, dissipated, unmarried, unreliable, and unskilled man should be employed in preference to an industrious, skillful, trustworthy, non-union man who is the head of family." Wells also condemned Ely's writings: "Only the careful student will discover their utopian, impracticable, and pernicious doctrines...." Wells got his accusations printed in national papers and the Regents had to investigate. A trial before the Board of Regents ensued, but Wells couldn't substantiate his more damning claims. In the end, the Regents exonerated Ely, but beyond that they supported academic freedom in the statement from which "sifting and winnowing" comes: ...we could not for a moment think of recommending the dismissal or even the criticism of a teacher even if some of his opinions should, in some quarters, be regarded as visionary. Such a course would be equivalent to saying that no professor should teach anything which is not accepted by everybody as true. ... In all lines of academic investigation it is of the utmost importance that the investigator should be absolutely free to follow the indications of truth wherever they may lead. Whatever may be the limitations which trammel inquiry elsewhere, we believe the great state University of Wisconsin should ever encourage that continual and fearless sifting and winnowing by which alone the truth can be found. Ely in 1903 The Elys had their grand house built a couple years later, in 1896. They commissioned a design by Chicago architect Charles Sumner Frost, who had designed the Old Law Building on Bascom Hill a few years before. Frost designed a textbook Georgian Revival-style house, with a nearly symmetric façade, a hip-and-deck roof, and eaves decorated like a cornice with modillions. The front entrance is surrounded by sidelights and fanlight beneath a portico supported by Ionic columns. A rail surrounds the top of the portico, with a window topped with a broken pediment behind and flanked by pilasters. Atop all this is a centered pediment with a circular window. The first floor windows on the front are also elaborate, topped with broken pediments. In 1906 Ely helped organize the American Association for Labor Legislation, the American Association for Agriculture Legislation in 1917, and the Institute for Research in Land Economics and Public Utilities in 1920. With Ely's progressive ideals, he was a supporter of Governor Robert M. La Follette, but split with him when La Follette opposed U.S. involvement in World War I. Anna died in 1923. In 1925 Ely left the UW and the house in Madison, taking a position at Northwestern University. In 1974 Ely's house in Madison was added to the NRHP because it may be the city's best example of a Georgian Revival home, and for the house's association with the important economist. The house was designated a landmark by the Madison Landmarks Commission the same year. References ^ "Ely, Richard T., House". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2022-05-19. ^ "Richard T. Ely House". Landmark Hunter.com. Retrieved 2012-02-04. ^ "University Heights Historic District". Wisconsin Historical Society. January 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-22. ^ a b c d e "Richard Theodore Ely". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17. ^ a b c d Jeff Dean (1974-08-21), National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Ely, Richard T., House, National Park Service, retrieved 2022-05-15. With one photo. ^ Herfurth, Theodore (1948). "Sifting and Winnowing". Wisconsin Electronic Reader. UW-Madison and State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2022-05-18. ^ "Ely House". Historical Marker Database.org. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
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Ely House is a Georgian Revival-style house built in 1896 in Madison, Wisconsin - designed by Charles Sumner Frost for Richard T. Ely, a prominent economics professor. In 1974 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[1][2] It is located within the University Heights Historic District.[3]","title":"Richard T. Ely House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-4"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-5"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-4"},{"link_name":"free markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_markets"},{"link_name":"laissez-faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"American Economic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Association"},{"link_name":"Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-4"},{"link_name":"Oliver Elwin Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Elwin_Wells"},{"link_name":"sifting and winnowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifting_and_winnowing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ely-Richard-T.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Frost"},{"link_name":"Old Law Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascom_Hill#Old_Law_Building_(1891,_replaced)"},{"link_name":"Georgian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Revival"},{"link_name":"hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_roof"},{"link_name":"eaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaves"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"modillions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modillions"},{"link_name":"sidelights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidelights"},{"link_name":"fanlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanlight"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"Ionic columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_columns"},{"link_name":"pediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilasters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-4"},{"link_name":"Robert M. La Follette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-5"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyc-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Richard Ely was one of Wisconsin's most important economics scholars. He was born in 1854 in New York and grew up on a farm there, absorbing Christian values from his devout father.[4] He studied economics in Heidelberg University in Germany, learning a historical approach to economics that wasn't taught much in the U.S. yet.[5] In 1881 he started teaching at the prestigious Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. During this time he married Anna Morris Anderson and they started a family.[4]Up to this point, the classical approach to economics had dominated in the U.S. - the idea that free markets and laissez-faire treatment by government were the best way to promote economic growth. But along with economic growth, these ideas had led to evils like child labor. Ely was one of the early proponents in the U.S. of a new economics whose goal was not only growth, but also making people's lives better. He was a founder of the American Economic Association, and advocated public ownership of utilities, factory regulation, child labor laws, shorter workdays, labor unions, and restrictions on immigration. Many of these ideas lined up with Progressive reforms from that era.[4]In 1892 the University of Wisconsin lured Ely from Johns Hopkins to direct its new School of Economics, Political Science, and History. That winter Madison saw labor strikes resulting from attempts to organize unions at two Madison printers. Ely was then a leader of the Christian Social Union, which aimed to apply Christian principles to address social problems. The CSU had a printing job pending at the Tracy-Gibbs Printing Company, the second company to strike, and Ely happened to be in charge of that printing job. He urged the company owner to unionize several times, and hinted that if the company didn't unionize, the CSU might take their business elsewhere. The printer didn't unionize, and the CSU let the job go forward with Tracy-Gibbs. But the following year Wisconsin's Superintendent of Public Instruction Oliver Elwin Wells accused Ely of \"believ[ing] in strikes and boycotts,\" and of being in \"constant consultation\" with the union organizer, and of asserting that \"where a skilled workman was needed, a dirty, dissipated, unmarried, unreliable, and unskilled man should be employed in preference to an industrious, skillful, trustworthy, non-union man who is the head of family.\" Wells also condemned Ely's writings: \"Only the careful student will discover their utopian, impracticable, and pernicious doctrines....\" Wells got his accusations printed in national papers and the Regents had to investigate. A trial before the Board of Regents ensued, but Wells couldn't substantiate his more damning claims. In the end, the Regents exonerated Ely, but beyond that they supported academic freedom in the statement from which \"sifting and winnowing\" comes:...we could not for a moment think of recommending the dismissal or even the criticism of a teacher even if some of his opinions should, in some quarters, be regarded as visionary. Such a course would be equivalent to saying that no professor should teach anything which is not accepted by everybody as true. ... In all lines of academic investigation it is of the utmost importance that the investigator should be absolutely free to follow the indications of truth wherever they may lead. Whatever may be the limitations which trammel inquiry elsewhere, we believe the great state University of Wisconsin should ever encourage that continual and fearless sifting and winnowing by which alone the truth can be found.[6]Ely in 1903The Elys had their grand house built a couple years later, in 1896. They commissioned a design by Chicago architect Charles Sumner Frost, who had designed the Old Law Building on Bascom Hill a few years before. Frost designed a textbook Georgian Revival-style house, with a nearly symmetric façade, a hip-and-deck roof, and eaves decorated like a cornice with modillions. The front entrance is surrounded by sidelights and fanlight beneath a portico supported by Ionic columns. A rail surrounds the top of the portico, with a window topped with a broken pediment behind and flanked by pilasters. Atop all this is a centered pediment with a circular window. The first floor windows on the front are also elaborate, topped with broken pediments.[5]In 1906 Ely helped organize the American Association for Labor Legislation, the American Association for Agriculture Legislation in 1917, and the Institute for Research in Land Economics and Public Utilities in 1920.[4] With Ely's progressive ideals, he was a supporter of Governor Robert M. La Follette, but split with him when La Follette opposed U.S. involvement in World War I.[5] Anna died in 1923. In 1925 Ely left the UW and the house in Madison, taking a position at Northwestern University.[4]In 1974 Ely's house in Madison was added to the NRHP because it may be the city's best example of a Georgian Revival home, and for the house's association with the important economist.[5] The house was designated a landmark by the Madison Landmarks Commission the same year.[7]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Ely in 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ely-Richard-T.jpg/220px-Ely-Richard-T.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom
Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom
["1 Scandinavian ancestry of British peoples","2 Contemporary migration","3 Notable individuals","4 See also","5 References"]
Nordic and Scandinavian people in the United Kingdom refers to people from the Nordic countries who settled in the United Kingdom, their descendants, history and culture. There has been exchange of populations between Scandinavia and Great Britain at different periods over the past 1,400 years. Over the last couple of centuries, there has been regular migration from Scandinavia to Great Britain, from families looking to settle, businesspeople, academics to migrant workers, particularly those in the oil industry. Scandinavian ancestry of British peoples A study into the Scandinavian ancestry of British peoples found that there is evidence of particular concentrations in the Isle of Man, Shetland and Orkney; and to a lesser degree, in the Western Isles of Scotland and in the Wirral, West Lancashire, Cumbria and Yorkshire in England. Contemporary migration The 2001 UK Census recorded 22,525 people born in Sweden, 18,695 in Denmark, 13,798 in Norway, 11,322 in Finland and 1,552 in Iceland. In more recent estimates by the Office for National Statistics, Sweden was the only Scandinavian country to feature in the top 60 foreign countries of birth of UK residents in 2013, with an estimated 27,000 people. Notable individuals See also the categories British people of Scandinavian descent, Danish expatriates in the United Kingdom, Finnish expatriates in the United Kingdom, Icelandic expatriates in the United Kingdom, Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom, and Swedish expatriates in the United Kingdom This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The table below includes Britons with significant recent Nordic ancestry. Name Image Ancestry Occupation and notes Jacob Aagaard Denmark Danish-born Scottish chess grandmaster Damon Albarn Denmark English-Icelandic musician, singer and songwriter of Danish descent through his mother. Alexandra of Denmark Denmark Queen of the United Kingdom, consort of Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India Sir Ove Arup Denmark British engineer, founder of Arup Richard Ayoade Norway British comedian and actor with a Norwegian mother. Svend Bayer Denmark Potter Elynor and Zoe Bäckstedt Sweden Welsh racing cyclists, daughters of Swedish racing cyclist Magnus Bäckstedt Antonia Bernath Norway Actress Tom Blomqvist Sweden Racing driver, son of Swedish rally driver Stig Blomqvist W. D. Caröe Denmark Architect Roald Dahl Norway Author Sophie Dahl Norway Fashion model and granddaughter of Roald Dahl Camilla Dallerup Denmark Ballroom dancer, a former professional on BBC One's Strictly Come Dancing Britt Ekland Sweden Actress and Bond Girl Johan Eliasch Sweden UK-based businessman, chairman & CEO of sporting goods manufacturer Head and deputy treasurer of the Conservative Party Mariella Frostrup Norway Journalist and radio and television presenter Charles Hambro Denmark Banker and politician, part of the Hambros Banking dynasty Gustav Holst Sweden English composer and music teacher, best known for his orchestral suite The Planets Ashley Jensen Denmark Scottish actress Ulrika Jonsson Sweden Television personality Synnøve Karlsen Norway Actress Jessica Kellgren-Fozard Sweden YouTuber Jonas Kellgren Sweden First professor of rheumatology in the UK Felix Kjellberg Sweden Swedish YouTuber who moved to Brighton. Magnus Lund Norway English rugby union player John Lundstram Norway English footballer Jessica Madsen Denmark actress Magnus Magnusson Iceland Television presenter, notably for the BBC's Mastermind, and novelist Sally Magnusson Iceland News presenter and daughter of Magnus Magnusson Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough Sweden Artist and noblewoman Jan Mølby Denmark Former professional footballer who spent much of his career at Liverpool F.C. Kirsten O'Brien Norway TV presenter Hans Rausing Sweden Billionaire heir to the Tetra Pak/Tetra Laval dynasty Toby Regbo Norway Actor Christian Salvesen Norway Shipowner and businessman Edward Theodore Salvesen Norway Scottish lawyer, politician and judge Peter Schmeichel Denmark Former Manchester United goalkeeper; his son Kasper spent his childhood in Manchester. Nicholas Ashley-Cooper, 12th Earl of Shaftesbury Sweden Peer and runner Steve Simonsen Denmark English goalkeeper Rupert Svendsen-Cook Norway English Formula BMW UK race car driver Sandi Toksvig Denmark Comedian Christian Wolmar Sweden Journalist, author, and railway historian Patrick Wymark Finland English actor See also Swedes in the United Kingdom Danelaw Scandinavian migration to France References ^ Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England ^ Goodacre, S; Helgason, A; Nicholson, J; Southam, L; Ferguson, L; Hickey, E; Vega, E; Stefánsson, K; Ward, R; Sykes, B (2005). "Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods". Heredity. 95 (2): 129–135. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800661. PMID 15815712. ^ "Gene geography: Do you have Viking ancestry in your DNA?". Wellcome Trust. 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2010. ^ Branagan, Mark (30 January 2009). "'Time team' to seek out genetic secrets of Yorkshire's Viking past". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 9 January 2010. ^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 23 April 2015. ^ "Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)". Office for National Statistics. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2015. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals. vte Danes abroad and their descendantsAmericas Argentina Brazil Canada Greenland Mexico United States Venezuela Europe Germany Ireland United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Organizations Danes Worldwide Danish Cultural Institute See also: Nordic diaspora and Danes vte Finns abroad and their descendantsAmericas Argentina Brazil Canada Findians United States list Findians Europe Norway  Forest Finns, Kvens Russia  Ingrians Äyrämöiset Savakot Siberian Finns Korlaks Murmansk Finns Sweden Forest Finns, Tornedalians Switzerland Asia Japan  Oceania Australia New Zealand Categories Emigrants Expatriates People of Finnish descent Refugees Related Estonians Izhorians Karelians Livonians Sámi Vepsians Votians See also: Finns and Nordic diaspora vte Norwegians abroad and their descendantsEurope Denmark Finland Iceland Ireland Russia Sweden United Kingdom Africa South Africa Americas Brazil Canada Mexico United States Minnesota Dakota Venezuela Asia & Oceania Australia New Zealand See also: Nordic diaspora and Norwegians vte Icelanders abroad and their descendantsAmericas Brazil Canada United States Venezuela Europe United Kingdom Sweden  Oceania Australia New Zealand See also: Nordic diaspora and Icelanders vte Swedes abroad and their descendantsEurope Estonia Finland Russia Varangians Ukraine dialect United Kingdom Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Costa Rica Mexico United States Venezuela Oceania Australia New Zealand See also: Nordic diaspora and Swedes
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney"},{"link_name":"Western Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Isles"},{"link_name":"Wirral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"West Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodacre-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellcome-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branagan-4"}],"text":"A study into the Scandinavian ancestry of British peoples found that there is evidence of particular concentrations in the Isle of Man, Shetland and Orkney; and to a lesser degree, in the Western Isles of Scotland and in the Wirral, West Lancashire, Cumbria and Yorkshire in England.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Scandinavian ancestry of British peoples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 UK Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UK_Census"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OECD-5"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_estimates-6"}],"text":"The 2001 UK Census recorded 22,525 people born in Sweden, 18,695 in Denmark, 13,798 in Norway, 11,322 in Finland and 1,552 in Iceland.[5]In more recent estimates by the Office for National Statistics, Sweden was the only Scandinavian country to feature in the top 60 foreign countries of birth of UK residents in 2013, with an estimated 27,000 people.[6]","title":"Contemporary migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British people of Scandinavian descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:British_people_of_Scandinavian_descent"},{"link_name":"Danish expatriates in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Danish_expatriates_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Finnish expatriates in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_expatriates_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Icelandic expatriates in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Icelandic_expatriates_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Norwegian_expatriates_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Swedish expatriates in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Swedish_expatriates_in_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"See also the categories British people of Scandinavian descent, Danish expatriates in the United Kingdom, Finnish expatriates in the United Kingdom, Icelandic expatriates in the United Kingdom, Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom, and Swedish expatriates in the United KingdomThe table below includes Britons with significant recent Nordic ancestry.","title":"Notable individuals"}]
[]
[{"title":"Swedes in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"title":"Scandinavian migration to France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_migration_to_France"}]
[{"reference":"Goodacre, S; Helgason, A; Nicholson, J; Southam, L; Ferguson, L; Hickey, E; Vega, E; Stefánsson, K; Ward, R; Sykes, B (2005). \"Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods\". Heredity. 95 (2): 129–135. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800661. PMID 15815712.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800661","url_text":"\"Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800661","url_text":"10.1038/sj.hdy.6800661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15815712","url_text":"15815712"}]},{"reference":"\"Gene geography: Do you have Viking ancestry in your DNA?\". Wellcome Trust. 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2004/Features/WTX022535.htm","url_text":"\"Gene geography: Do you have Viking ancestry in your DNA?\""}]},{"reference":"Branagan, Mark (30 January 2009). \"'Time team' to seek out genetic secrets of Yorkshire's Viking past\". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 9 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/39Time-team39-to-seek-out.4930477.jp","url_text":"\"'Time team' to seek out genetic secrets of Yorkshire's Viking past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Country-of-birth database\". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 23 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls","url_text":"\"Country-of-birth database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development","url_text":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)\". Office for National Statistics. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls","url_text":"\"Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800661","external_links_name":"\"Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800661","external_links_name":"10.1038/sj.hdy.6800661"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15815712","external_links_name":"15815712"},{"Link":"http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2004/Features/WTX022535.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gene geography: Do you have Viking ancestry in your DNA?\""},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/39Time-team39-to-seek-out.4930477.jp","external_links_name":"\"'Time team' to seek out genetic secrets of Yorkshire's Viking past\""},{"Link":"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls","external_links_name":"\"Country-of-birth database\""},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls","external_links_name":"\"Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_language_(Sino-Tibetan)
Pahari language (Sino-Tibetan)
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal For Indic Pahari languages, see Northern Indo-Aryan languages. PahariRegionNepalNative speakersc. 3,500 (2011)Language familySino-Tibetan MahakirantiNewaricNewarPahariLanguage codesISO 639-3phjGlottologpaha1257LalitpurLocation of Lalitpur District, the region with the highest number of speakersCoordinates: 27°34′N 85°19′E / 27.57°N 85.32°E / 27.57; 85.32 Pahari is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language spoken by about 3,500 people in central Nepal. Pahari is closely related to Newar, and has until recently been treated in the linguistic literature as a dialect of it. Pahari shares 55–65% of its basic vocabulary with Newar, which suggests the two are not mutually intelligible, and their speakers consider them to be separate languages. The language is endangered as it is no longer being passed on to the next generation. The ethnic population number 13,600 (as of 2011), but only a quarter of them are native speakers of the language. Almost all Paharis speak Nepali, while some are also fluent in the ethnic languages of their neighbours, like Tamang or Newar. Pahari speakers are most numerous in Lalitpur district, but there are also communities in nearby regions: Sindhupalchok, Makwanpur, Ramechhap, Rautahat, Sindhuli and Kavre. There are at least two dialects – of Lalitpur and Sindhupalchok – and they are not mutually intelligible. The term Pahari (पहरी paharī, variously romanised as Pahari, Pahri, Pahi, Padhi, and Phri) is an exonym, although the speakers themselves use it. The Paharis' own terms for the language are Pihi in Lalitpur District and Pahara in Sindhupalchok. The term Nagarkoti has also been in use since the 19th century by speakers in Lalitpur district. The word Pahari is ambiguous: it is also sometimes used in rural areas to refer to Nepali, and it is the common name for several other languages of South Asia. References ^ Smith 2022, p. 3. ^ Smith 2022, pp. 4, 26–30. ^ Smith 2022, p. 30. ^ Smith 2022, pp. 2–3; Shrestha 2010, p. 1. ^ Smith 2022, pp. 3–4. ^ Smith 2022, pp. 2–3. ^ Smith 2022, p. 4. ^ Smith 2022, pp. 1–2. ^ Riccardi 2003. Sources Riccardi, Theodore (2003). "Nepali". In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7. Shrestha, Omkareshwor (2010). A Grammar of Pahari (PhD). Tribhuvan University. Smith, Brianne J. (2022). A Sociolinguistic Study of Pahari: A Language of Nepal (Report). Journal of Language Survey Reports. 2022-003.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Indo-Aryan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages"},{"link_name":"Tibeto-Burman language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_language"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_language"},{"link_name":"mutually intelligible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_intelligible"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20224,_26%E2%80%9330-2"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith202230-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20223%E2%80%934-5"},{"link_name":"Lalitpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Sindhupalchok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhupalchok_District"},{"link_name":"Makwanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makwanpur_District"},{"link_name":"Ramechhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramechhap_district"},{"link_name":"Rautahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautahat_District"},{"link_name":"Sindhuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhuli_District"},{"link_name":"Kavre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavre_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20222%E2%80%933-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20224-7"},{"link_name":"exonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20221%E2%80%932-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiccardi2003-9"},{"link_name":"several other languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_language"}],"text":"For Indic Pahari languages, see Northern Indo-Aryan languages.Pahari is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language spoken by about 3,500 people in central Nepal.Pahari is closely related to Newar, and has until recently been treated in the linguistic literature as a dialect of it. Pahari shares 55–65% of its basic vocabulary with Newar, which suggests the two are not mutually intelligible, and their speakers consider them to be separate languages.[2]The language is endangered as it is no longer being passed on to the next generation.[3] The ethnic population number 13,600 (as of 2011), but only a quarter of them are native speakers of the language.[4] Almost all Paharis speak Nepali, while some are also fluent in the ethnic languages of their neighbours, like Tamang or Newar.[5] Pahari speakers are most numerous in Lalitpur district, but there are also communities in nearby regions: Sindhupalchok, Makwanpur, Ramechhap, Rautahat, Sindhuli and Kavre.[6] There are at least two dialects – of Lalitpur and Sindhupalchok – and they are not mutually intelligible.[7]The term Pahari (पहरी paharī, variously romanised as Pahari, Pahri, Pahi, Padhi, and Phri) is an exonym, although the speakers themselves use it. The Paharis' own terms for the language are Pihi in Lalitpur District and Pahara in Sindhupalchok. The term Nagarkoti has also been in use since the 19th century by speakers in Lalitpur district.[8] The word Pahari is ambiguous: it is also sometimes used in rural areas to refer to Nepali,[9] and it is the common name for several other languages of South Asia.","title":"Pahari language (Sino-Tibetan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Indo-Aryan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7007-1130-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1130-7"},{"link_name":"A Grammar of Pahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/AGrammarOfPahariPhDDissertationByOmkareshworShrestha"},{"link_name":"A Sociolinguistic Study of Pahari: A Language of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/92594"}],"text":"Riccardi, Theodore (2003). \"Nepali\". In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.\nShrestha, Omkareshwor (2010). A Grammar of Pahari (PhD). Tribhuvan University. [A description of the variety of the hamlet of Kodku, Badikhel VDC, Lalitpur district]\nSmith, Brianne J. (2022). A Sociolinguistic Study of Pahari: A Language of Nepal (Report). Journal of Language Survey Reports. 2022-003.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Riccardi, Theodore (2003). \"Nepali\". In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC","url_text":"The Indo-Aryan languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1130-7","url_text":"978-0-7007-1130-7"}]},{"reference":"Shrestha, Omkareshwor (2010). A Grammar of Pahari (PhD). Tribhuvan University.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/AGrammarOfPahariPhDDissertationByOmkareshworShrestha","url_text":"A Grammar of Pahari"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Brianne J. (2022). A Sociolinguistic Study of Pahari: A Language of Nepal (Report). Journal of Language Survey Reports. 2022-003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/92594","url_text":"A Sociolinguistic Study of Pahari: A Language of Nepal"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/paha1257","external_links_name":"paha1257"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pahari_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&params=27.57_N_85.32_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"27°34′N 85°19′E / 27.57°N 85.32°E / 27.57; 85.32"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC","external_links_name":"The Indo-Aryan languages"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/AGrammarOfPahariPhDDissertationByOmkareshworShrestha","external_links_name":"A Grammar of Pahari"},{"Link":"https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/92594","external_links_name":"A Sociolinguistic Study of Pahari: A Language of Nepal"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kissinger
Nancy Kissinger
["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"]
American philanthropist (born 1934) Nancy KissingerKissinger at the Metropolitan Opera season opening in September 2009BornNancy Sharon Maginnes (1934-04-13) April 13, 1934 (age 90)New York City, U.S.Education Mount Holyoke College (BA) Harvard University OccupationPhilanthropistSpouse Henry Kissinger ​ ​(m. 1974; died 2023)​ Nancy Sharon Kissinger (née Maginnes; born April 13, 1934) is an American philanthropist and Rockefeller political aide, and the widow of former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. The couple married on March 30, 1974, in Arlington, Virginia. Life and career Nancy and Henry Kissinger in their New York City apartment with their dog Tyler, 1978 Nancy Maginnes was born in Manhattan and raised in White Plains, New York. She attended The Masters School in Dobbs Ferry, New York. Her parents were Agnes (born McKinley) and Albert Bristol Maginnes, a wealthy lawyer and football player. She received a B.A. in history in 1955 from Mount Holyoke College and later took a sabbatical from her Rockefeller research job to study at the Sorbonne in the late 1960s. Before her marriage, she was a long-time aide to New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, recommended to him in 1964 by Kissinger, then a professor at Harvard, where she was a student. Her first job was as Kissinger's researcher on a Rockefeller task force; she continued working for Rockefeller at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund after the task force finished its work. She later became director of international studies for Rockefeller's Commission on Critical Choices for Americans. References ^ "Kissinger and Nancy Maginnes, Rockefeller Aide, Are Wed Near Capital and Fly to Acapulco for Honeymoon". New York Times. March 31, 1974. ^ Kissinger: a biography, Walter Isaacson, Simon & Schuster, 1992 ^ Kissinger: 1923-1968: The Idealist by Niall Ferguson, Penguin Press, New York, 2015, p. 763. ^ "Somebody to Come Home To". Time Magazine. April 8, 1974. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. ^ "Nancy Kissinger Hospitalized with Undisclosed Ailment". Seattle Times. December 18, 1994. "Nancy Maginnes Kissinger." Almanac of Famous People, 9th ed. Thomson Gale, 2007. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC. Document Number: K1601047266. Fee, via Fairfax County Public Library. Accessed 2009-11-17/ External links Interview on her visit with Bess W. Truman in 1975, in Independence, Missouri, with her husband (larger photo at the Wayback Machine (archived February 5, 2005)) Nancy and father Albert Bristol Maginnes This biographical article about a philanthropist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nancy Sharon Kissinger (née Maginnes; born April 13, 1934) is an American philanthropist and Rockefeller political aide, and the widow of former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. The couple married on March 30, 1974, in Arlington, Virginia.[1]","title":"Nancy Kissinger"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_and_Henry_Kissinger_at_home_with_dog_Tyler,_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"White Plains, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York"},{"link_name":"The Masters School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masters_School"},{"link_name":"Dobbs Ferry, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_Ferry,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albert Bristol Maginnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maginnes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Mount Holyoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Governor"},{"link_name":"Nelson Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Brothers Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Brothers_Fund"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Commission on Critical Choices for Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Critical_Choices_for_Americans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Nancy and Henry Kissinger in their New York City apartment with their dog Tyler, 1978Nancy Maginnes was born in Manhattan and raised in White Plains, New York. She attended The Masters School in Dobbs Ferry, New York. Her parents were Agnes (born McKinley) and Albert Bristol Maginnes, a wealthy lawyer and football player.[2] She received a B.A. in history in 1955 from Mount Holyoke College and later took a sabbatical from her Rockefeller research job to study at the Sorbonne in the late 1960s.[3]Before her marriage, she was a long-time aide to New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, recommended to him in 1964 by Kissinger, then a professor at Harvard, where she was a student. Her first job was as Kissinger's researcher on a Rockefeller task force; she continued working for Rockefeller at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund after the task force finished its work.[4] She later became director of international studies for Rockefeller's Commission on Critical Choices for Americans.[5]","title":"Life and career"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Kissinger and Nancy Maginnes, Rockefeller Aide, Are Wed Near Capital and Fly to Acapulco for Honeymoon\". New York Times. March 31, 1974.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1FF7385F107A93C3AA1788D85F408785F9","url_text":"\"Kissinger and Nancy Maginnes, Rockefeller Aide, Are Wed Near Capital and Fly to Acapulco for Honeymoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Somebody to Come Home To\". Time Magazine. April 8, 1974. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081222062949/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908532,00.html","url_text":"\"Somebody to Come Home To\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine","url_text":"Time Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908532,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nancy Kissinger Hospitalized with Undisclosed Ailment\". Seattle Times. December 18, 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941218&slug=1947804","url_text":"\"Nancy Kissinger Hospitalized with Undisclosed Ailment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Times","url_text":"Seattle Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Zollner
Fred Zollner
["1 Pro basketball","2 Remembrance","3 References","4 Further reading"]
American industrialist (1901–1982) Fred Zollner (January 22, 1901 – June 21, 1982), nicknamed "Mr. Pro Basketball", was the founder and owner, along with his sister Janet, of the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons (now the Detroit Pistons) and a key figure in the merger of National Basketball League (NBL) and Basketball Association of America (BAA) into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. He was inducted as a contributor into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Zollner, an industrialist, was born in Little Falls, Minnesota and received a degree from the University of Minnesota in 1927. Zollner Corporation, formed in 1912, was a Tier-1 supplier of pistons to companies such as Ford, General Motors, International Harvester (now Navistar), John Deere and Outboard Marine. At one time, he employed more than 1,200 people in his Fort Wayne, Indiana foundry. The company had 230 employees when it was acquired by Kolbenschmidt Pierburg AG in 1999. Zollner Island in Lake Kabetogama in Voyageurs National Park, where he had a cabin, is named for him. Pro basketball The Zollner Pistons began playing in 1939 as an independent and in 1941 joined the National Basketball League, which was just shaking off its roots as an industrial league. In 1974, he recalled that, "Instead of making friends, we made enemies, because no one could beat us." He personally recruited his players, including later Hall of Famers Andy Phillip, Bob McDermott, Bob Houbregs, Buddy Jeannette and George Yardley. The Zollner Pistons were a very popular franchise, winning the world championship in 1944 and 1945, and reaching the NBA Finals in 1954 and 1955, losing both times. He was the first pro basketball team owner to hire a bench coach. Zollner brought together leaders of the NBL and the BAA to meet at his house in 1949. Sitting around his kitchen table, they agreed to merge, forming the NBA. In 1952, when he purchased a DC-3, Zollner was the first to fly his players to away games. Several years later, the Minneapolis Lakers were stranded in Milwaukee after playing a game against the Milwaukee Hawks; the temperature was −15 °F (−26 °C), and the train was running well behind schedule. Zollner sent the plane to Milwaukee to meet the players and bring them to the game, but due to a mixup, coach John Kundla was left behind. He had gone to the dining car and didn't get word. As the train pulled out the station, he looked out the window and saw the other players waving to him. The game started with Lakers player Jim Pollard acting as coach. Kundla arrived shortly before halftime, and tried to sneak to the bench, but the fans spotted him and roared. "I took quite a razzing from the guys for that," said John, "especially since we were ahead by eight when I arrived and we ended up losing by five." It soon became apparent that the NBA had outgrown small cities like Fort Wayne. In 1957, Zollner moved the team to Detroit, a much larger city that had previously had an NBA franchise, the Detroit Falcons, which failed after the 1946–47 season, the NBA's (BAA's) first. Since Detroit was the center of the automobile industry, the name Pistons still fit. However, they were nowhere near as successful as they had been in Fort Wayne; they would only tally two winning seasons in the next 17 years. By 1974, the Pistons' lackluster performance on the court was starting to hurt Zollner's bottom line; the team had never turned a profit since moving to Detroit. Even the best regular season in franchise history at the time was not enough to stop the bleeding. After the season, Zollner sold the Pistons to glass magnate William Davidson for $7 million (equal to $43 million in 2023). Zollner and Davidson remained the only two majority owners in the history of the NBA's second-oldest team until the death of Davidson in March, 2009. At the 1975 Silver Anniversary NBA All-Star Game, Zollner was named "Mr. Pro Basketball" for his status as a founder and longtime supporter of the NBA. He died in North Miami, Florida. On October 1, 1999, Zollner was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor. Remembrance Concordia Lutheran High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana, uses the Fred Zollner Athletic Complex for their athletics. The Zollner Foundation supports some charitable organizations in Indiana and in Florida. Trine University uses the Fred Zollner Athletic Stadium, completed in 2010, a micro–stadium for football, lacrosse and soccer. Indiana Tech in Fort Wayne, Indiana, named their engineering building the Zollner Engineering Center. References ^ "Fred Zollner". ^ "Before the Detroit Pistons, We Had the Fort Wayne-Zollner Pistons". 24 August 2019. ^ "The Big Z and His Misfiring Pistons". ^ Langlois, Keith. "A Wild Ride | The Official Site Of The Detroit Pistons". Nba.com. Retrieved July 9, 2013. ^ "NBA Pistons' Namesake Plant to Close". 14 April 2009. ^ "Not a lot of hoopla greeted Pistons 60 years ago". ^ "Fred Zollner, 81; Industrialist Formed Pistons of the N.b.a." The New York Times. 23 June 1982. ^ "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame :: Fred Zollner". Further reading Peterson, Robert W. (2002). "Seeds of the NBA". Cages to Jump Shots: Pro Basketball's Early Years. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 124–141. ISBN 0-8032-8772-0. vteDetroit Pistons general managers Fred Zollner (1954–1957) Otto Adams (1957) Fred DeLano (1957–1958) Nick Kerbawy (1958–1961) Fran Smith (1961–1964) Don Wattrick (1964–1965) Ed Coil (1966–1975) Oscar Feldman (1975–1977) Bob Kauffman (1977–1978) Oscar Feldman # (1978–1979) Jack McCloskey (1979–1992) Billy McKinney (1992–1995) Doug Collins (1995–1998) Rick Sund (1998–2000) Joe Dumars (2000–2014) Jeff Bower (2014–2018) Ed Stefanski (2018–2020) Troy Weaver (2020–2024) # denotes interim general manager vteNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 1999Players Kevin McHale Coach Billie Moore John Thompson Contributors Wayne Embry Fred Zollner vteMembers of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FamePlayersGuards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Braun Brennan Bryant Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper-Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Endacott Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Ginóbili Goodrich Greer Grentz Guerin Hammon Hanson Hardaway Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette Jenkins D. Johnson M. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Moncrief Monroe Moore C. Murphy Nash Page Parker Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas D. Thompson Vandivier Wade Wanzer Weatherspoon West Westphal J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bosh Boswell Bradley R. Brown Cash Catchings C. Cooper Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dandridge Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Duncan English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Garnett Gasol Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell Hudson L. Jackson G. Johnson B. Jones King Korać Kukoč Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Nowitzki Pettit Pierce Pippen Pollard Pullins Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Webber N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul-Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain T. Cooper Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Divac Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Griffith Gruenig Harris-Stewart Houbregs Issel Jackson W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley Maciel M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Sikma Thurmond Unseld Wachter Wallace Walton Washington Whalen Yao Coaches Adelman Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Bess Blair Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz-Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Fitch Fitzsimmons Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hixon Hobson Holzman Huggins Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Karl Keady Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Mulkey Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Popovich Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush B. Russell Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stanley Stevens Stringer Summitt Sutton Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson Tomjanovich VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Wright Yow Contributors Abbott Ackerman Attles Barksdale Baumann Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Costello Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Garfinkel Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harris Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt R. Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd Lobo McLendon Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Valvano Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Evans Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1948–1982 Wayland Baptist women's teams 1956–57 Tennessee A&I State men's team 1957–58 Tennessee A&I State men's team 1958–59 Tennessee A&I State men's team 1960 United States men's Olympic team 1965–66 Texas Western men's team 1976 United States women's Olympic team 1992 United States men's Olympic team All-American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
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He was inducted as a contributor into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.Zollner, an industrialist, was born in Little Falls, Minnesota and received a degree from the University of Minnesota in 1927. Zollner Corporation, formed in 1912, was a Tier-1 supplier of pistons to companies such as Ford, General Motors, International Harvester (now Navistar), John Deere and Outboard Marine. At one time, he employed more than 1,200 people in his Fort Wayne, Indiana foundry. The company had 230 employees when it was acquired by Kolbenschmidt Pierburg AG in 1999.[1]Zollner Island in Lake Kabetogama in Voyageurs National Park, where he had a cabin, is named for him.","title":"Fred Zollner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hall of Famers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Andy Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Phillip"},{"link_name":"Bob McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_McDermott"},{"link_name":"Bob Houbregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Houbregs"},{"link_name":"Buddy Jeannette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Jeannette"},{"link_name":"George Yardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Yardley"},{"link_name":"NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Hawks"},{"link_name":"John Kundla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kundla"},{"link_name":"Jim Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Detroit Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Falcons_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nba.com-4"},{"link_name":"the best regular season in franchise history at the time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Detroit_Pistons_season"},{"link_name":"William Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Davidson_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"North Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Zollner Pistons began playing in 1939 as an independent and in 1941 joined the National Basketball League, which was just shaking off its roots as an industrial league. In 1974, he recalled that, \"Instead of making friends, we made enemies, because no one could beat us.\" He personally recruited his players, including later Hall of Famers Andy Phillip, Bob McDermott, Bob Houbregs, Buddy Jeannette and George Yardley. The Zollner Pistons were a very popular franchise, winning the world championship in 1944 and 1945, and reaching the NBA Finals in 1954 and 1955, losing both times. He was the first pro basketball team owner to hire a bench coach.[2]Zollner brought together leaders of the NBL and the BAA to meet at his house in 1949. Sitting around his kitchen table, they agreed to merge, forming the NBA.In 1952, when he purchased a DC-3, Zollner was the first to fly his players to away games. Several years later, the Minneapolis Lakers were stranded in Milwaukee after playing a game against the Milwaukee Hawks; the temperature was −15 °F (−26 °C), and the train was running well behind schedule. Zollner sent the plane to Milwaukee to meet the players and bring them to the game, but due to a mixup, coach John Kundla was left behind. He had gone to the dining car and didn't get word. As the train pulled out the station, he looked out the window and saw the other players waving to him.The game started with Lakers player Jim Pollard acting as coach. Kundla arrived shortly before halftime, and tried to sneak to the bench, but the fans spotted him and roared. \"I took quite a razzing from the guys for that,\" said John, \"especially since we were ahead by eight when I arrived and we ended up losing by five.\"It soon became apparent that the NBA had outgrown small cities like Fort Wayne. In 1957, Zollner moved the team to Detroit, a much larger city that had previously had an NBA franchise, the Detroit Falcons, which failed after the 1946–47 season, the NBA's (BAA's) first. Since Detroit was the center of the automobile industry, the name Pistons still fit. However, they were nowhere near as successful as they had been in Fort Wayne; they would only tally two winning seasons in the next 17 years.[3]By 1974, the Pistons' lackluster performance on the court was starting to hurt Zollner's bottom line; the team had never turned a profit since moving to Detroit.[4] Even the best regular season in franchise history at the time was not enough to stop the bleeding. After the season, Zollner sold the Pistons to glass magnate William Davidson for $7 million (equal to $43 million in 2023). Zollner and Davidson remained the only two majority owners in the history of the NBA's second-oldest team until the death of Davidson in March, 2009.[5][6]At the 1975 Silver Anniversary NBA All-Star Game, Zollner was named \"Mr. Pro Basketball\" for his status as a founder and longtime supporter of the NBA. He died in North Miami, Florida.[7]On October 1, 1999, Zollner was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor.[8]","title":"Pro basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concordia Lutheran High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Lutheran_High_School_(Fort_Wayne,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"Trine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trine_University"},{"link_name":"Indiana Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Institute_of_Technology"}],"text":"Concordia Lutheran High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana, uses the Fred Zollner Athletic Complex for their athletics.\nThe Zollner Foundation supports some charitable organizations in Indiana and in Florida.\nTrine University uses the Fred Zollner Athletic Stadium, completed in 2010, a micro–stadium for football, lacrosse and soccer.\nIndiana Tech in Fort Wayne, Indiana, named their engineering building the Zollner Engineering Center.","title":"Remembrance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-8772-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8772-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Detroit_Pistons_general_manager_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Detroit_Pistons_general_manager_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Detroit_Pistons_general_manager_navbox"},{"link_name":"Detroit Pistons general managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Pistons"},{"link_name":"Fred Zollner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Otto Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Adams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fred DeLano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_DeLano"},{"link_name":"Nick Kerbawy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kerbawy"},{"link_name":"Fran Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Smith_(publicist)"},{"link_name":"Don Wattrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Wattrick"},{"link_name":"Ed Coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Coil"},{"link_name":"Oscar Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Bob Kauffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kauffman"},{"link_name":"Oscar Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Jack McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McCloskey"},{"link_name":"Billy McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_McKinney_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Doug Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Collins_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rick Sund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Sund"},{"link_name":"Joe Dumars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dumars"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bower_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ed Stefanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Stefanski"},{"link_name":"Troy Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Weaver"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1999_Basketball_HOF"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1999_Basketball_HOF"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1999_Basketball_HOF"},{"link_name":"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Kevin McHale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McHale_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Billie Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Moore"},{"link_name":"John Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thompson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Embry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Embry"},{"link_name":"Fred Zollner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame_members"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame_members"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame_members"},{"link_name":"Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_players_in_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"R. 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Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thompson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tomjanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Tomjanovich"},{"link_name":"VanDerveer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_VanDerveer"},{"link_name":"Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wade_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Watts"},{"link_name":"Wilkens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Wilkens"},{"link_name":"G. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Williams"},{"link_name":"R. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Williams_(basketball_coach)"},{"link_name":"Wooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wooden"},{"link_name":"Woolpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Woolpert"},{"link_name":"Wootten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wootten"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Wright_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Yow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Yow"},{"link_name":"Contributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame#Contributors"},{"link_name":"Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senda_Berenson_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Ackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Ackerman"},{"link_name":"Attles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Attles"},{"link_name":"Barksdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Barksdale"},{"link_name":"Baumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Baumann_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clair_Bee"},{"link_name":"Biasone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Biasone"},{"link_name":"H. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubie_Brown"},{"link_name":"W. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_A._Brown"},{"link_name":"Bunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunn_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Buss"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Clifton"},{"link_name":"Colangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Colangelo"},{"link_name":"Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Costello"},{"link_name":"Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Davidson_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Duer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_Duer"},{"link_name":"Embry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Embry"},{"link_name":"Fagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Fagan"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_A._Fisher"},{"link_name":"Fleisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Fleisher"},{"link_name":"Garfinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Garfinkel"},{"link_name":"Gavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gavitt"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gottlieb"},{"link_name":"Granik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Granik"},{"link_name":"Gulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Gulick_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Harris"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Harrison_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Hearn"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Hepp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Hepp"},{"link_name":"Hickox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Hickox"},{"link_name":"Hinkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hinkle"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Irish"},{"link_name":"M. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannie_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Jernstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jernstedt"},{"link_name":"R. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_William_Jones"},{"link_name":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Walter_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Knight"},{"link_name":"J. Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Krause"},{"link_name":"Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlark_Lemon"},{"link_name":"Liston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Liston"},{"link_name":"Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Lobo"},{"link_name":"McLendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLendon"},{"link_name":"Mokray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mokray"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Morgan_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Morgenweck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Morgenweck"},{"link_name":"Naismith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Naismith"},{"link_name":"Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Newell"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Newton"},{"link_name":"J. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Brien_(basketball,_born_1888)"},{"link_name":"L. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Podoloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Podoloff"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._V._Porter"},{"link_name":"Raveling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raveling"},{"link_name":"Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Reid_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Reinsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Reinsdorf"},{"link_name":"Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ripley"},{"link_name":"Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satch_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Saperstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Saperstein"},{"link_name":"Schabinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schabinger"},{"link_name":"St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_St._John"},{"link_name":"Stagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg"},{"link_name":"Stanković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borislav_Stankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Steitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Steitz"},{"link_name":"Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stern"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_(salesman)"},{"link_name":"Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Thorn"},{"link_name":"Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Tower"},{"link_name":"Trester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Trester"},{"link_name":"Valvano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Valvano"},{"link_name":"Vitale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Vitale"},{"link_name":"Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Wells"},{"link_name":"Welts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Welts"},{"link_name":"Wilke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wilke"},{"link_name":"Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Winter"},{"link_name":"Zollner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Referees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame#Referees"},{"link_name":"Bavetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Bavetta"},{"link_name":"Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Enright_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Evans_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Garretson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darell_Garretson"},{"link_name":"Hepbron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hepbron"},{"link_name":"Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hoyt"},{"link_name":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_P._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Leith"},{"link_name":"Mihalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Mihalik"},{"link_name":"Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Nucatola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nucatola"},{"link_name":"Quigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_C._Quigley"},{"link_name":"Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendy_Rudolph"},{"link_name":"Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Shirley"},{"link_name":"Strom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Strom"},{"link_name":"Tobey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Tobey_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walsh_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame#Teams"},{"link_name":"1948–1982 Wayland Baptist women's teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_Baptist_University#Women's_basketball"},{"link_name":"1956–57 Tennessee A&I State men's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Tennessee_A%26I_State_Tigers_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1957–58 Tennessee A&I State men's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Tennessee_A%26I_State_Tigers_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1958–59 Tennessee A&I State men's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Tennessee_A%26I_State_Tigers_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1960 United States men's Olympic team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_men%27s_Olympic_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1965–66 Texas Western men's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Texas_Western_Miners_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1976 United States women's Olympic team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_women%27s_Olympic_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1992 United States men's Olympic team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_men%27s_Olympic_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"All-American Red Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Red_Heads"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Germans"},{"link_name":"The First Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Team"},{"link_name":"Harlem Globetrotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters"},{"link_name":"Immaculata College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculata_University#Women's_basketball"},{"link_name":"New York Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Original Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Celtics"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1452566#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1859989/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000035034041"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/16492289"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDq97qCFK9f3kM3YGWDq"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n96058669"}],"text":"Peterson, Robert W. (2002). \"Seeds of the NBA\". Cages to Jump Shots: Pro Basketball's Early Years. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 124–141. ISBN 0-8032-8772-0.vteDetroit Pistons general managers\nFred Zollner (1954–1957)\nOtto Adams (1957)\nFred DeLano (1957–1958)\nNick Kerbawy (1958–1961)\nFran Smith (1961–1964)\nDon Wattrick (1964–1965)\nEd Coil (1966–1975)\nOscar Feldman (1975–1977)\nBob Kauffman (1977–1978)\nOscar Feldman # (1978–1979)\nJack McCloskey (1979–1992)\nBilly McKinney (1992–1995)\nDoug Collins (1995–1998)\nRick Sund (1998–2000)\nJoe Dumars (2000–2014)\nJeff Bower (2014–2018)\nEd Stefanski (2018–2020)\nTroy Weaver (2020–2024)\n# denotes interim general managervteNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 1999Players\nKevin McHale\nCoach\nBillie Moore\nJohn Thompson\nContributors\nWayne Embry\nFred ZollnervteMembers of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FamePlayersGuards\nR. Allen\nArchibald\nBeckman\nBelov\nBing\nBlazejowski\nBorgmann\nBraun\nBrennan\nBryant\nCervi\nCheeks\nClayton\nCooper-Dyke\nCousy\nDampier\nDavies\nDrexler\nDumars\nEdwards\nEndacott\nFrazier\nFriedman\nGalis\nGervin\nGinóbili\nGoodrich\nGreer\nGrentz\nGuerin\nHammon\nHanson\nHardaway\nHaynes\nHolman\nHyatt\nIsaacs\nIverson\nJeannette\nJenkins\nD. Johnson\nM. Johnson\nK. Jones\nS. Jones\nJordan\nKidd\nLieberman\nMaravich\nMarcari\nMarčiulionis\nMartin\nMcDermott\nMcGrady\nD. McGuire\nMeyers\nR. Miller\nMoncrief\nMonroe\nMoore\nC. Murphy\nNash\nPage\nParker\nPayton\nPetrović\nPhillip\nPosey\nRichmond\nRobertson\nRodgers\nRoosma\nJ. Russell\nSchommer\nScott\nSedran\nSharman\nK. Smith\nStaley\nSteinmetz\nStockton\nSwoopes\nThomas\nD. Thompson\nVandivier\nWade\nWanzer\nWeatherspoon\nWest\nWestphal\nJ. White\nWilkens\nWoodard\nWooden\nForwards\nArizin\nBarkley\nBarry\nBaylor\nBird\nBosh\nBoswell\nBradley\nR. Brown\nCash\nCatchings\nC. Cooper\nCunningham\nCurry\nDalipagić\nDandridge\nDantley\nDeBusschere\nDehnert\nDuncan\nEnglish\nErving\nFoster\nFulks\nGale\nGarnett\nGasol\nGates\nGola\nHagan\nHavlicek\nHawkins\nHayes\nHaywood\nHeinsohn\nHill\nHowell\nHudson\nL. Jackson\nG. Johnson\nB. Jones\nKing\nKorać\nKukoč\nLucas\nLuisetti\nK. Malone\nMcClain\nB. McCracken\nJ. McCracken\nMcGinnis\nMcHale\nMikkelsen\nC. Miller\nMullin\nNowitzki\nPettit\nPierce\nPippen\nPollard\nPullins\nRadja\nRamsey\nRodman\nSchayes\nE. Schmidt\nO. Schmidt\nStokes\nC. Thompson\nT. Thompson\nTwyman\nWalker\nWebber\nN. White\nWilkes\nWilkins\nWorthy\nYardley\nCenters\nAbdul-Jabbar\nBarlow\nBeaty\nBellamy\nChamberlain\nT. Cooper\nĆosić\nCowens\nCrawford\nDaniels\nDeBernardi\nDivac\nDonovan\nEwing\nGallatin\nGilmore\nGriffith\nGruenig\nHarris-Stewart\nHoubregs\nIssel\nJackson\nW. Johnson\nJohnston\nM. Krause\nKurland\nLanier\nLeslie\nLovellette\nLapchick\nMacauley\nMaciel\nM. Malone\nMcAdoo\nMeneghin\nMikan\nMourning\nS. Murphy\nMutombo\nOlajuwon\nO'Neal\nParish\nReed\nRisen\nRobinson\nB. Russell\nSabonis\nSampson\nSemjonova\nSikma\nThurmond\nUnseld\nWachter\nWallace\nWalton\nWashington\nWhalen\nYao\nCoaches\nAdelman\nAlexeeva\nP. Allen\nAnderson\nAuerbach\nAuriemma\nBarmore\nBarry\nBess\nBlair\nBlood\nBoeheim\nL. Brown\nCalhoun\nCalipari\nCann\nCarlson\nCarnesecca\nCarnevale\nCarril\nCase\nChancellor\nChaney\nConradt\nCrum\nDaly\nDean\nDíaz-Miguel\nDiddle\nDrake\nDriesell\nFerrándiz\nFitch\nFitzsimmons\nGaines\nGamba\nGardner\nGaze\nGill\nGomelsky\nGunter\nHannum\nHarshman\nHaskins\nHatchell\nHeinsohn\nHickey\nHixon\nHobson\nHolzman\nHuggins\nHughes\nHurley\nIba\nIzzo\nP. Jackson\nJulian\nKarl\nKeady\nKeaney\nKeogan\nKnight\nKrzyzewski\nKundla\nLambert\nLeonard\nLewis\nLitwack\nLoeffler\nLonborg\nMagee\nMcCutchan\nMcGraw\nA. McGuire\nF. McGuire\nMcLendon\nMeanwell\nMeyer\nMiller\nMoore\nMulkey\nNelson\nNikolić\nNovosel\nOlson\nPitino\nPopovich\nRamsay\nRichardson\nRiley\nRubini\nRupp\nRush\nB. Russell\nSachs\nSelf\nSharman\nShelton\nSloan\nD. Smith\nStanley\nStevens\nStringer\nSummitt\nSutton\nTarkanian\nTaylor\nTeague\nJ. Thompson\nTomjanovich\nVanDerveer\nWade\nWatts\nWilkens\nG. Williams\nR. Williams\nWooden\nWoolpert\nWootten\nWright\nYow\nContributors\nAbbott\nAckerman\nAttles\nBarksdale\nBaumann\nBee\nBiasone\nH. Brown\nW. Brown\nBunn\nBuss\nClifton\nColangelo\nCostello\nDavidson\nDouglas\nDuer\nEmbry\nFagan\nFisher\nFleisher\nGarfinkel\nGavitt\nGottlieb\nGranik\nGulick\nHarris\nHarrison\nHearn\nHenderson\nHepp\nHickox\nHinkle\nIrish\nM. Jackson\nJernstedt\nR. Jones\nKennedy\nKnight\nJ. Krause\nLemon\nListon\nLloyd\nLobo\nMcLendon\nMokray\nMorgan\nMorgenweck\nNaismith\nNewell\nNewton\nJ. O'Brien\nL. O'Brien\nOlsen\nPodoloff\nPorter\nRaveling\nReid\nReinsdorf\nRipley\nSanders\nSaperstein\nSchabinger\nSt. John\nStagg\nStanković\nSteitz\nStern\nTaylor\nThorn\nTower\nTrester\nValvano\nVitale\nWells\nWelts\nWilke\nWinter\nZollner\nReferees\nBavetta\nEnright\nEvans\nGarretson\nHepbron\nHoyt\nKennedy\nLeith\nMihalik\nNichols\nNucatola\nQuigley\nRudolph\nShirley\nStrom\nTobey\nWalsh\nTeams\n1948–1982 Wayland Baptist women's teams\n1956–57 Tennessee A&I State men's team\n1957–58 Tennessee A&I State men's team\n1958–59 Tennessee A&I State men's team\n1960 United States men's Olympic team\n1965–66 Texas Western men's team\n1976 United States women's Olympic team\n1992 United States men's Olympic team\nAll-American Red Heads\nBuffalo Germans\nThe First Team\nHarlem Globetrotters\nImmaculata College\nNew York Renaissance\nOriginal CelticsAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fred Zollner\".","urls":[{"url":"https://michigansportshof.org/inductee/fred-zollner/","url_text":"\"Fred Zollner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Before the Detroit Pistons, We Had the Fort Wayne-Zollner Pistons\". 24 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://orangebeanindiana.com/2019/08/24/before-the-detroit-pistons-we-had-the-fort-wayne-zollner-pistons/","url_text":"\"Before the Detroit Pistons, We Had the Fort Wayne-Zollner Pistons\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Z and His Misfiring Pistons\".","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1967/12/18/the-big-z-and-his-misfiring-pistons","url_text":"\"The Big Z and His Misfiring Pistons\""}]},{"reference":"Langlois, Keith. \"A Wild Ride | The Official Site Of The Detroit Pistons\". Nba.com. Retrieved July 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/pistons/features/davidson_partone.html","url_text":"\"A Wild Ride | The Official Site Of The Detroit Pistons\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBA Pistons' Namesake Plant to Close\". 14 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manufacturing.net/operations/news/13068922/nba-pistons-namesake-plant-to-close","url_text":"\"NBA Pistons' Namesake Plant to Close\""}]},{"reference":"\"Not a lot of hoopla greeted Pistons 60 years ago\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/nba/pistons/2017/03/20/lot-hoopla-greeted-pistons-years-ago/99438452/","url_text":"\"Not a lot of hoopla greeted Pistons 60 years ago\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fred Zollner, 81; Industrialist Formed Pistons of the N.b.a.\" The New York Times. 23 June 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/23/obituaries/fred-zollner-81-industrialist-formed-pistons-of-the-nba.html","url_text":"\"Fred Zollner, 81; Industrialist Formed Pistons of the N.b.a.\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame :: Fred Zollner\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/fred-zollner/","url_text":"\"The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame :: Fred Zollner\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Robert W. (2002). \"Seeds of the NBA\". Cages to Jump Shots: Pro Basketball's Early Years. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 124–141. ISBN 0-8032-8772-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8772-0","url_text":"0-8032-8772-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_buff
Fire buff
["1 Notable buffs","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
A fire buff is a person with considerable interest (a fan) in fire fighting and emergency services, while not being an active member of these services. Fire buffs may collect or promote information about the local emergency services, raise money for them, or attend emergencies as bystanders. In the latter case, a fire buff may be considered a nuisance or even a danger to operations by active service members. Many fire buffs are organized in associations, a small number of which are integrated into auxiliary services for their local fire stations. The term 'fire buff' is said to go back to the beginning of the 20th century, when early fire buffs attended emergencies during winter time wearing fur coats, thus coming to be called "buffalos". Notable buffs Arthur Fiedler, conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra Arthur "Smokestack" Hardy, volunteer fire fighter and black fire historian Rube Waddell, baseball player See also Fire photography References ^ a b What is a fire buff? - excerpt from Robert W. Masters: "Pictorial History of Firefighting", 1967 ^ "Sacramento Fire Buff Club Rehab Service". Archived from the original on 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2014-05-14. ^ Some question role of fire buff, The Boston Globe, June 11, 2005 External links International Fire Buff Associates This article relating to firefighting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Fire photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_photography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lindsey_(baseball)
Jim Lindsey (baseball)
["1 References","2 External links"]
American baseball player (1899-1963) Baseball player Jim LindseyLindsey in 1924PitcherBorn: (1899-01-24)January 24, 1899Greensburg, Louisiana, U.S.Died: October 25, 1963(1963-10-25) (aged 64)Jackson, Louisiana, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutMay 1, 1922, for the Cleveland IndiansLast MLB appearanceSeptember 27, 1937, for the Brooklyn DodgersMLB statisticsWin–loss record21–20Earned run average4.70Strikeouts175 Teams Cleveland Indians (1922, 1924) St. Louis Cardinals (1929–1933) Cincinnati Reds (1934) St. Louis Cardinals (1934) Brooklyn Dodgers (1937) Career highlights and awards World Series champion (1931) James Kendrick Lindsey (January 24, 1899 – October 25, 1963) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher from 1922 to 1937. He helped the Cardinals win the 1930 National League pennant and win the 1931 World Series. In 9 seasons Lindsey had a 21–20 win–loss record, 177 games, 20 games started, 5 complete games, 1 shutout, 80 games finished, 19 saves, 431 innings pitched, 507 hits, 261 runs, 225 earned runs, 25 home runs allowed, 176 walks allowed, 175 strikeouts, 12 hit batsmen, 9 wild pitches, 1,943 batters faced, 3 balks and a 4.70 ERA. In 1938, Lindsey was one of three managers of the Dayton Ducks of the Middle Atlantic League. Born in Greensburg, Louisiana, Lindsey died in Jackson, Louisiana, at the age of 64. References ^ Cohen, Alan. "Jim Lindsey". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved August 6, 2020. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Jim Lindsey at Find a Grave vteSt. Louis Cardinals 1931 World Series champions Sparky Adams Ray Blades Jim Bottomley Ripper Collins Paul Derringer Jake Flowers Frankie Frisch (NL MVP) Charlie Gelbert Burleigh Grimes Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Bill Hallahan Andy High Syl Johnson Jim Lindsey Gus Mancuso Pepper Martin Ernie Orsatti Flint Rhem Wally Roettger George Watkins Jimmie Wilson Manager Gabby Street Coaches Ray Blades Buzzy Wares Regular season This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Ms._Hyde
Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Home media","5 See also","6 Notes","7 External links"]
1995 film by David Price Dr. Jekyll and Ms. HydeTheatrical release posterDirected byDavid PriceScreenplay by Tim John Oliver Butcher William Davies William Osborne Story byDavid PriceBased onStrange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hydeby Robert Louis StevensonProduced by Robert Shapiro Jerry Leider Starring Sean Young Tim Daly Lysette Anthony Harvey Fierstein Stephen Tobolowsky Jeremy Piven CinematographyTom Priestley Jr.Edited byTony LombardoMusic byMark McKenzieProductioncompanyRastarDistributed by Savoy Pictures (United States) Cineplex Odeon Films (Canada) Rank Film Distributors (United Kingdom; through Rank-Castle Rock/Turner) Release dates August 25, 1995 (1995-08-25) (United States) December 8, 1995 (1995-12-08) (United Kingdom) Running time90 minutesCountries United Kingdom Canada United States LanguageEnglishBudget$8 millionBox office$3 million (US and UK) Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde is a 1995 science fiction comedy film directed by David Price, based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 horror novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. It stars Sean Young, Tim Daly, and Lysette Anthony. The story takes place in modern times and concerns a bumbling chemist who tampers with his great-grandfather's formula, accidentally transforming himself into a beautiful businesswoman who is determined to take over his life. Plot Dr. Richard Jacks is a perfumer working at a major fragrance company. His projects have failed and the chief executive, Mrs. Unterveldt rejects his latest perfume, claiming that it is a woman's perfume, and she wants a woman working on it. After his great-uncle dies, Richard attends the will reading. He receives nothing but old notes from scientific experiments and discovers that he is the great-grandson of Dr. Henry Jekyll. He then decides to add more estrogen to his ancestor's original formula, hoping to perfect it. He ingests the serum, but after waiting all night nothing happens. His alarm reminds him to attend a job interview at a restaurant. Shortly after being seated, the transformation starts. His arm hair disappears, his voice starts to change, and his penis and testicles transform into a vagina inside his pants. His hair grows out, and he grows breasts. Shocked, he runs out of the restaurant and back to his work lab. Adopting the alias of "Helen Hyde", the woman convinces Richard's colleagues that she is his new assistant. She rewrites his reports, is kind to his secretary, flirts with his superiors, Yves Dubois and Oliver Mintz, and rewards herself with a shopping spree. Later, Helen meets and befriends Richard's fiancée, Sarah, and convinces her to move out of his apartment. The next day, after several comments from colleagues, Richard realizes that he doesn't remember turning into Helen. Nonetheless, he feels invigorated and invites Sarah to his place for a romantic meal. Everything appears to be going well until he realizes he is transforming into Helen again, causing Sarah to flee in confusion. Helen becomes resentful at having to share a body. She stages a workplace accident for Richard's friend Pete so she can steal his job as a perfumer. She even attempts to seduce Oliver, but suddenly turns back into Richard, who is forced to flee in terror. Oliver names Helen as Richard's supervisor. When Richard tries handcuffing himself in underwear in order to shoot the transformation and keep Helen from leaving his apartment, he is surprised by Sarah, who believes they are having an affair after finding Helen's clothes in his closet. Helen then has a private meeting with Dubois and Mintz presenting "Indulge", a perfume she stole from Richard. She simultaneously fondles both men's crotches with her hosed feet to get their approval for Indulge. Helen then makes two videotapes, revealing to Richard that she intends to take over his body completely. Richard tries to get her fired by stripping naked in his office and writing obscene comments on his nude body, but miscalculates the transformation time which causes him not to transform, and Richard winds up getting fired. Helen also intercepts a call from Pete, who intends to prove that she stole his work; pretending to be a stranded driver and electrocutes him. Sarah is finally convinced when Richard shows her security footage of his first transformation. He manages to concoct a new formula to get rid of Helen for good, but Sarah must administer it once he transforms. To avoid letting her escape, Richard handcuffs his hands and straps his feet to a bed. Sarah only manages to administer part of the formula before Helen escapes to attend Indulge's launch party. Sarah follows Helen into the party and realizes that the formula is gradually changing her back into Richard. Once Helen goes up to celebrate the success of her new perfume, Sarah injects her with the remaining formula. Richard is restored to normal and gives a speech to his colleagues, admitting that he was really Helen but claiming that he needed to become a woman to understand them. His boss then hires him back, with a promotion and some vacation time so he can recover. Richard then walks out of the party with Sarah. Cast Sean Young as Helen Hyde, female form of Dr. Richard Jacks a nymphomaniac seductress with a quest for power; she uses her feet to climb the corporate ladder Tim Daly as Dr. Richard Jacks, great-grandson of Dr. Henry Jekyll, and a scientist whose only wish is to make a scientific breakthrough that will change his life for the better Lysette Anthony as Sarah Carver, Jacks's devoted girlfriend Stephen Tobolowsky as Oliver Mintz, Jacks's supervisor Harvey Fierstein as Yves DuBois, a marketing mogul Thea Vidale as Valerie, Jacks's overworked and disgruntled secretary Jeremy Piven as Pete Walston, Jacks's colleague Polly Bergen as Mrs. Unterveldt, the company's CEO Reception The film received a 14% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film was nominated for three Razzie Awards including Worst Actress for Sean Young, Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Screen Couple for Daly and Young. It was also nominated for Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy at the 1995 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards. "At an age when she should be hitting her stride", wrote film critic Mick LaSalle, "she is already parodying herself – parodying her public image, of all things, not her screen image...It's just possible that schlock is Young's natural element and roles like this her true calling". Hugo Davenport in The Daily Telegraph said, "Apart from being a travesty of Stevenson, it is so crass, witless and misogynistic that it makes Confessions of a Window Cleaner look like Dostoevsky". A review from The Austin Chronicle summarized the film by saying, "Overall, this PG-13 bore is neither crass enough nor intelligent enough to hold anyone's attention." Home media After its theatrical run, HBO Video released the film onto VHS and Laserdisc. It was released on DVD in 2004. See also List of American films of 1995 Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde, another, earlier, version of the story also featuring a female Hyde. Notes ^ LaSalle, Mick (September 1995). "Young is a Horror as 'Ms Hyde'". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Quoted at . ^ O' Bryan, Joey (September 1, 1995). "Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde". The Austin Chronicle. External links Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde at IMDb Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde at AllMovie Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde at Box Office Mojo Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde at Rotten Tomatoes Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde at the British Film Institute Wikiquote has quotations related to Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde. vteRobert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Character Adaptations Films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920, Paramount) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920, Haydon) Der Januskopf (1920) Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951) Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953) Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957) The Doctor's Horrible Experiment (1959) The Ugly Duckling (1959) My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (1960) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) The Nutty Professor (1963) Karutha Rathrikal (1967) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971) I, Monster (1971) Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo (1972) Engal Thanga Raja (1973) Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde (1976) Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot (1979) Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980) Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981) Chehre Pe Chehra (1981) Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1986) Edge of Sanity (1989) The Pagemaster (1994) Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995) Mary Reilly (1996) The Nutty Professor (1996) Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000) Jekyll & Hyde: Direct from Broadway (2001) Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) Van Helsing (2004) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (2008) The Nutty Professor (2008) The Mummy (2017) Doctor Jekyll (2023) Theatre Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life (1897) Jekyll & Hyde (1990) Television Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (1995–1998) Jekyll (2007) Once Upon a Time (2011–2018) Do No Harm (2013) Penny Dreadful (2014–2016) Jekyll and Hyde (2015) Animation The Impatient Patient (1942) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse (1947) Motor Mania (1950) Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954) Hyde and Hare (1955) Hyde and Go Tweet (1960) Mad Monster Party? (1967) Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters (1972) The Pagemaster (1994) The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly (2004) Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004) The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein (2008) Hotel Transylvania (2012) Video games Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1988) Jekyll and Hyde (2001) Van Helsing (2004) Music "Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive" (1983) "Bubba Hyde" (1995) Jekyll and Hyde (2003) Jekyll & Hyde en Español (2004) "Mz. Hyde" (2014) Comics Mister Hyde (introduced 1963) Batman: Two Faces (1998) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999–2019) Novels The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824) Mary Reilly (1990) Jekyll and Heidi (1999)
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He ingests the serum, but after waiting all night nothing happens. His alarm reminds him to attend a job interview at a restaurant. Shortly after being seated, the transformation starts. His arm hair disappears, his voice starts to change, and his penis and testicles transform into a vagina inside his pants. His hair grows out, and he grows breasts. Shocked, he runs out of the restaurant and back to his work lab.Adopting the alias of \"Helen Hyde\", the woman convinces Richard's colleagues that she is his new assistant. She rewrites his reports, is kind to his secretary, flirts with his superiors, Yves Dubois and Oliver Mintz, and rewards herself with a shopping spree. Later, Helen meets and befriends Richard's fiancée, Sarah, and convinces her to move out of his apartment.The next day, after several comments from colleagues, Richard realizes that he doesn't remember turning into Helen. Nonetheless, he feels invigorated and invites Sarah to his place for a romantic meal. Everything appears to be going well until he realizes he is transforming into Helen again, causing Sarah to flee in confusion. Helen becomes resentful at having to share a body. She stages a workplace accident for Richard's friend Pete so she can steal his job as a perfumer. She even attempts to seduce Oliver, but suddenly turns back into Richard, who is forced to flee in terror. Oliver names Helen as Richard's supervisor. When Richard tries handcuffing himself in underwear in order to shoot the transformation and keep Helen from leaving his apartment, he is surprised by Sarah, who believes they are having an affair after finding Helen's clothes in his closet.Helen then has a private meeting with Dubois and Mintz presenting \"Indulge\", a perfume she stole from Richard. She simultaneously fondles both men's crotches with her hosed feet to get their approval for Indulge. Helen then makes two videotapes, revealing to Richard that she intends to take over his body completely. Richard tries to get her fired by stripping naked in his office and writing obscene comments on his nude body, but miscalculates the transformation time which causes him not to transform, and Richard winds up getting fired. Helen also intercepts a call from Pete, who intends to prove that she stole his work; pretending to be a stranded driver and electrocutes him.Sarah is finally convinced when Richard shows her security footage of his first transformation. He manages to concoct a new formula to get rid of Helen for good, but Sarah must administer it once he transforms. To avoid letting her escape, Richard handcuffs his hands and straps his feet to a bed. Sarah only manages to administer part of the formula before Helen escapes to attend Indulge's launch party.Sarah follows Helen into the party and realizes that the formula is gradually changing her back into Richard. Once Helen goes up to celebrate the success of her new perfume, Sarah injects her with the remaining formula. Richard is restored to normal and gives a speech to his colleagues, admitting that he was really Helen but claiming that he needed to become a woman to understand them. His boss then hires him back, with a promotion and some vacation time so he can recover. Richard then walks out of the party with Sarah.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Young"},{"link_name":"nymphomaniac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersexuality"},{"link_name":"Tim Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Daly"},{"link_name":"Dr. Henry Jekyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"Lysette Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysette_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Stephen Tobolowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Tobolowsky"},{"link_name":"Harvey Fierstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Fierstein"},{"link_name":"Thea Vidale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Vidale"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Piven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Piven"},{"link_name":"Polly Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Bergen"}],"text":"Sean Young as Helen Hyde, female form of Dr. Richard Jacks a nymphomaniac seductress with a quest for power; she uses her feet to climb the corporate ladder\nTim Daly as Dr. Richard Jacks, great-grandson of Dr. Henry Jekyll, and a scientist whose only wish is to make a scientific breakthrough that will change his life for the better\nLysette Anthony as Sarah Carver, Jacks's devoted girlfriend\nStephen Tobolowsky as Oliver Mintz, Jacks's supervisor\nHarvey Fierstein as Yves DuBois, a marketing mogul\nThea Vidale as Valerie, Jacks's overworked and disgruntled secretary\nJeremy Piven as Pete Walston, Jacks's colleague\nPolly Bergen as Mrs. Unterveldt, the company's CEO","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"Razzie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzie_Awards"},{"link_name":"Stinkers Bad Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinkers_Bad_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mick LaSalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_LaSalle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaSalle,_Mick_1995-1"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Confessions of a Window Cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Window_Cleaner"},{"link_name":"Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Austin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The film received a 14% \"rotten\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.The film was nominated for three Razzie Awards including Worst Actress for Sean Young, Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Screen Couple for Daly and Young. It was also nominated for Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy at the 1995 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards.\"At an age when she should be hitting her stride\", wrote film critic Mick LaSalle, \"she is already parodying herself – parodying her public image, of all things, not her screen image...It's just possible that schlock is Young's natural element and roles like this her true calling\".[1] Hugo Davenport in The Daily Telegraph said, \"Apart from being a travesty of Stevenson, it is so crass, witless and misogynistic that it makes Confessions of a Window Cleaner look like Dostoevsky\".[2]A review from The Austin Chronicle summarized the film by saying, \"Overall, this PG-13 bore is neither crass enough nor intelligent enough to hold anyone's attention.\"[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HBO Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Home_Entertainment"}],"text":"After its theatrical run, HBO Video released the film onto VHS and Laserdisc. It was released on DVD in 2004.","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LaSalle,_Mick_1995_1-0"},{"link_name":"LaSalle, Mick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_LaSalle"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.movie-film-review.com/devrasp.asp?act=2&param=124"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Austin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle"}],"text":"^ LaSalle, Mick (September 1995). \"Young is a Horror as 'Ms Hyde'\". San Francisco Chronicle.\n\n^ Quoted\nat [1].\n\n^ O' Bryan, Joey (September 1, 1995). \"Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde\". The Austin Chronicle.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of American films of 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1995"},{"title":"Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Sister_Hyde"}]
[{"reference":"LaSalle, Mick (September 1995). \"Young is a Horror as 'Ms Hyde'\". San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_LaSalle","url_text":"LaSalle, Mick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"O' Bryan, Joey (September 1, 1995). \"Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde\". The Austin Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.movie-film-review.com/devrasp.asp?act=2&param=124","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112895/","external_links_name":"Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v135003","external_links_name":"Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=drjekyllandmshyde.htm","external_links_name":"Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dr_jekyll_and_ms_hyde","external_links_name":"Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/59876","external_links_name":"Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160527150722/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7d7d11e0","external_links_name":"Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twedie
Twedie
["1 History","2 Economy","3 References"]
District Capital in Ashanti Region, GhanaTwedieDistrict CapitalTwedieLocation in GhanaCoordinates: 6°39′36″N 1°43′26″W / 6.659896°N 1.723764°W / 6.659896; -1.723764Country GhanaRegionAshanti RegionDistrictAtwima Kwanwoma DistrictCapitalTwedieElevation318 ft (97 m) Twedie is a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. It's located 16 km west of Kumasi, the Ashanti Regional capital. Twedie is the district capital of the Atwima Kwanwoma District. History Twedie is under the traditional authority of the Asantehene. In 2007, this town was named by the legislative instrument (L.I) 1853 as the capital of the then newly created Atwima Kwanwoma District. However, fierce resistance from a rival community, Trede made the government backtrack on its earlier decision and rather named a compromise community, Atwima Foase as the District capital. The Chiefs and people of Twedie became aggrieved and sent the matter to the supreme Court of Ghana for redress. The matter travelled for five years and in May 2012, the Supreme court of Ghana quashed the Parliament's decision and restored Twedie as the capital of the Atwima Kwanwoma District. In 2017, the government decided to carry out the supreme Court's decision of May 2012 to relocate the administrative capital from Atwima Foase to Twedie. A new Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2253 therefore came into force in July 2017 by changing the District Administrative Capital from Atwima Foase to Twedie. This angered the Chiefs and residents of Atwima Foase which sparked of fierce agitations leading to the death of four (4) and several others sustaining various degrees of injuries. Economy Twedie has basically an agrarian economy with agricultural activities very high, with farming being the most important productive activity with respect to output, income and employment. About 62.6 percent of the working population is estimated to be engaged in agriculture. However, small holder farmers who use traditional methods dominate these activities. Twedie lies in the forest zone and has vast track of arable land and favourable rainfall patterns. The major crops produced include maize, cassava, vegetables, yam and plantain and tree crops (citrus, cocoa, oil palm). Tree crops are grown mainly for commercial purposes. The farmers in the Trede enjoy ready market for their produce because of the town's proximity to Kumasi. References ^ "COMPOSITE BUDGET FOR 2021-2024 PROGRAMME BASED BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR 2021 ATWIMA KWANWOMA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY" (PDF). mofep.gov.gh. 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-03. ^ "Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana". www.ghanadistricts.com. ^ "Foase: Two Shot Dead". Modern Ghana. ^ "'Accept Supreme Court decision on Atwima Kwanwoma District capital'". Graphic Online. ^ "Atwima Kwanwoma". mofa.gov.gh. Retrieved 2021-09-03. vteDistrict capitals in GhanaAhafo RegionLocation of Ahafor Region in Ghana Bechem Duayaw Nkwanta Goaso Hwidiem Kenyasi KukuomAshanti RegionLocation of Ashanti Region in Ghana Adansi Asokwa Adansi Asokwa Adugyama Agogo Agona Akumadan Akrofuom Asiwa Asokore Mampong Asokwa Barekese Bekwai Boamang Drobonso Effiduase Ejisu Ejura Fomena Jacobu Juaben Juaso Kodie Konongo-Odumase Kumasi Kumawu Kuntanase Kwadaso Mampong Mamponteng Mankranso Manso Adubia Manso Nkwanta New Edubiase Nkawie Nsuta Nyinahin Obuasi Offinso New Town Oforikrom Old Tafo Suame Tepa Tutuka TwedieBono RegionLocation of Bono Region in Ghana Banda Ahenkro Berekum Japekrom Dormaa Ahenkro Drobo Jinijini Nkrankwanta Nsawkaw Odumase Sampa Sunyani Wamfie WenchiBono East RegionLocation of Bono East Region in Ghana Atebubu Busunya Jema Kajaji Kintampo Kwame Danso Nkoranza Prang Techiman Tuobodom YejiCentral RegionLocation of Central Region in Ghana Abura-Dunkwa Afransi Agona Swedru Ajumako Apam Assin Bereku Assin Foso Awutu Breku Breman Asikuma Cape Coast Diaso Dunkwa-on-Offin Elmina Essarkyir Hemang Kasoa Nsaba Nsuaem Kyekyewere Potsin Saltpond Twifo Praso WinnebaEastern RegionLocation of Eastern Region in Ghana Abetifi Aburi Achiasi Adeiso Adukrom Akim Oda Akim Swedru Akropong Akwatia Anyinam Asamankese Asesewa Atimpoku Begoro Coaltar Donkorkrom Effiduase Kade Kibi Koforidua Krobo Odumase Kukurantumi Kwabeng Manso Mpraeso New Abirem Nkawkaw Nsawam Ofoase Osino Somanya Suhum TeaseGreater Accra RegionLocation of Greater Accra Region in Ghana Abeka Abokobi Accra Accra New Town Ada Foah Adenta Amasaman Ashaiman Dansoman Darkuman Dodowa Dzorwulu Kokomlemle Kpone La Lartebiokoshie Madina Ngleshie Amanfro Nima Ofankor Osu Prampram Sege Sowutuom Tema Tema Community 18 Teshie WeijaNorth East RegionLocation of North East Region in Ghana Bunkpurugu Chereponi Gambaga Nalerigu Walewale Yagaba YunyooNorthern RegionLocation of Northern Region in Ghana Bimbilla Gushegu Karaga Kpandae Kumbungu Nanton Saboba Sagnarigu Sang Savelugu Tamale Tatale Tolon Wulensi Yendi ZabzuguOti RegionLocation of Oti Region in Ghana Chinderi Dambai Jasikan Kadjebi Kete Krachi Kpassa Nkonya Ahenkro NkwantaSavannah RegionLocation of Savannah Region in Ghana Bole Buipe Daboia Damongo Kpalbe Salaga SawlaUpper East RegionLocation of Upper East Region in Ghana Bawku Bolgatanga Binduri Bongo Fumbisi Garu Navrongo Nangodi Paga Pusiga Sandema Tempane Tongo Zebilla ZuarunguUpper West RegionLocation of Upper West Region in Ghana Funsi Gwollu Issa Jirapa Lambussie Lawra Nadowli Nandom Tumu Wa WechiauVolta RegionLocation of Volta Region in Ghana Adaklu Waya Adidome Akatsi Anfoega Anloga Ave-Dakpa Battor Dugame Denu Dzodze Dzolokpuita Ho Hohoe Keta Kpandu Kpetoe Kpeve Sogakope Ve GolokwatiWestern RegionLocation of Western Region in Ghana Agona Nkwanta Asankragua Axim Daboase Half Assini Kwesimintsim Manso Amenfi Mpohor Nkroful Prestea Sekondi Shama Takoradi Tarkwa Wassa-AkropongWestern North RegionLocation of Western North Region in Ghana Adabokrom Akontombra Bibiani Bodi Dadieso Enchi Essam Juaboso WiawsoRegional capitals in bold Regions of Ghana Districts of Ghana List of Settlements in Ghana This Ashanti Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashanti Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Region"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kumasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi"},{"link_name":"Atwima Kwanwoma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwima_Kwanwoma_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"District Capital in Ashanti Region, GhanaTwedie is a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. It's located 16 km west of Kumasi, the Ashanti Regional capital. Twedie is the district capital of the Atwima Kwanwoma District.[1]","title":"Twedie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atwima Kwanwoma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwima_Kwanwoma_District"},{"link_name":"Atwima Kwanwoma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwima_Kwanwoma_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Twedie is under the traditional authority of the Asantehene. In 2007, this town was named by the legislative instrument (L.I) 1853 as the capital of the then newly created Atwima Kwanwoma District. However, fierce resistance from a rival community, Trede made the government backtrack on its earlier decision and rather named a compromise community, Atwima Foase as the District capital.The Chiefs and people of Twedie became aggrieved and sent the matter to the supreme Court of Ghana for redress. The matter travelled for five years and in May 2012, the Supreme court of Ghana quashed the Parliament's decision and restored Twedie as the capital of the Atwima Kwanwoma District.[2] In 2017, the government decided to carry out the supreme Court's decision of May 2012 to relocate the administrative capital from Atwima Foase to Twedie.\nA new Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2253 therefore came into force in July 2017 by changing the District Administrative Capital from Atwima Foase to Twedie. This angered the Chiefs and residents of Atwima Foase which sparked of fierce agitations leading to the death of four (4) and several others sustaining various degrees of injuries.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kumasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Twedie has basically an agrarian economy with agricultural activities very high, with farming being the most important productive activity with respect to output, income and employment. About 62.6 percent of the working population is estimated to be engaged in agriculture. However, small holder farmers who use traditional methods dominate these activities.Twedie lies in the forest zone and has vast track of arable land and favourable rainfall patterns. The major crops produced include maize, cassava, vegetables, yam and plantain and tree crops (citrus, cocoa, oil palm). Tree crops are grown mainly for commercial purposes. The farmers in the Trede enjoy ready market for their produce because of the town's proximity to Kumasi.[5]","title":"Economy"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Ahafor Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ahafo_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Ahafo_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Ashanti Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ashanti_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Ashanti_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Bono Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bono_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Bono_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Bono East Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bono_East_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Bono_East_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Central Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Central_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Central_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Eastern Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eastern_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Eastern_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Greater Accra Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_Accra_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Greater_Accra_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of North East Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/North_East_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-North_East_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Northern Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Northern_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Northern_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Oti Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oti_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Oti_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Savannah Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Savannah_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Savannah_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Upper East Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Upper_East_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Upper_East_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Upper West Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Upper_West_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Upper_West_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Volta Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Volta_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Volta_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Western Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Western_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Western_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Western North Region in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Western_North_in_Ghana_2018.svg/45px-Western_North_in_Ghana_2018.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"COMPOSITE BUDGET FOR 2021-2024 PROGRAMME BASED BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR 2021 ATWIMA KWANWOMA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY\" (PDF). mofep.gov.gh. 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/composite-budget/2021/AR/Atwima_Kwanwoma.pdf","url_text":"\"COMPOSITE BUDGET FOR 2021-2024 PROGRAMME BASED BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR 2021 ATWIMA KWANWOMA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana\". www.ghanadistricts.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanadistricts.com/Home/District/12","url_text":"\"Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foase: Two Shot Dead\". Modern Ghana.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modernghana.com/news/834135/foase-two-shot-dead.html","url_text":"\"Foase: Two Shot Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Accept Supreme Court decision on Atwima Kwanwoma District capital'\". Graphic Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/accept-supreme-court-decision-on-atwima-kwanwoma-district-capital.html","url_text":"\"'Accept Supreme Court decision on Atwima Kwanwoma District capital'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atwima Kwanwoma\". mofa.gov.gh. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://mofa.gov.gh/site/directorates/district-directorates/ashanti-region/151-atwima-kwanwoma","url_text":"\"Atwima Kwanwoma\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_postcode_area
SS postcode area
["1 Coverage","2 Map","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Postcode district boundaries: Postcode area within the United Kingdom "SS0" redirects here. Not to be confused with SSO, for which see SSO (disambiguation). Template:Attached KML/SS postcode areaKML is from WikidataPostcode area in United KingdomSouthend-on-SeaPostcode areaSSCoordinates: 51°33′47″N 0°35′53″E / 51.563°N 0.598°E / 51.563; 0.598CountryUnited KingdomPostcode areaSSPostcode area nameSouthend-on-SeaPost towns11Postcode districts19Postcode sectors81Postcodes (live)11,891Postcodes (total)17,265Statistics as at May 2020 The SS postcode area, also known as the Southend-on-Sea postcode area, is a group of seventeen postcode districts in England, within eleven post towns. These cover south-east Essex, including Southend-on-Sea, Basildon, Benfleet, Canvey Island, Hockley, Leigh-on-Sea, Rayleigh, Rochford, Stanford-le-Hope, Westcliff-on-Sea and Wickford. Coverage The approximate coverage of the postcode districts: Postcode district Post town Coverage Local authority area(s) SS0 WESTCLIFF-ON-SEA Westcliff-on-Sea, Chalkwell Southend-on-Sea SS1 WESTCLIFF-ON-SEA PO Boxes non-geographic SS1 SOUTHEND-ON-SEA Southend-on-Sea, Thorpe Bay Southend-on-Sea SS2 SOUTHEND-ON-SEA Southend-on-Sea, Prittlewell, Southchurch, Southend Airport Southend-on-Sea, Rochford SS3 SOUTHEND-ON-SEA Shoeburyness, Great Wakering, Little Wakering, Barling, Foulness Island Rochford, Southend-on-Sea SS4 ROCHFORD Rochford, Ashingdon, Canewdon, Stambridge, Paglesham Rochford SS5 HOCKLEY Hockley, Hullbridge, Hawkwell Rochford SS6 RAYLEIGH Rayleigh Rochford, Castle Point SS7 BENFLEET Hadleigh, South Benfleet, Thundersley Castle Point, Basildon SS8 CANVEY ISLAND Canvey Island Castle Point SS9 LEIGH-ON-SEA Leigh-on-Sea, Eastwood Southend-on-Sea, Rochford SS11 WICKFORD Wickford (north and east), Shotgate, Runwell, Battlesbridge, Rawreth Basildon, Chelmsford, Rochford SS12 WICKFORD Wickford (south and west), North Benfleet Basildon SS13 BASILDON Pitsea Basildon SS14 BASILDON Basildon Basildon SS15 BASILDON Laindon Basildon SS16 BASILDON Langdon Hills, Vange Basildon, Thurrock SS17 STANFORD-LE-HOPE Stanford-le-Hope, Corringham, Horndon-on-the-Hill, Fobbing Thurrock, Basildon SS22 SOUTHEND-ON-SEA International Masters Publishers non-geographic SS99 SOUTHEND-ON-SEA HM Revenue and Customs (VAT), First Data non-geographic Map KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/SS postcode areaKML is from Wikidata SS postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby CM, ME and RM postcode areas. See also Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom References ^ "ONS Postcode Directory Version Notes" (ZIP). National Statistics Postcode Products. Office for National Statistics. May 2020. Table 2. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Coordinates from mean of unit postcode points, "Code-Point Open". OS OpenData. Ordnance Survey. February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ Royal Mail, Address Management Guide, (2004) ^ a b c d "Non Geographic Codes" (PDF). Royal Mail Address Management Unit. July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013. External links Royal Mail's Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mail's Postcode Address File (PAF) vtePostcode areas in the United Kingdom and its dependencies AB AL B BA BB BD BH BL BN BR BS BT CA CB CF CH CM CO CR CT CV CW DA DD DE DG DH DL DN DT DY E EC EH EN EX FK FY G GL GU HA HD HG HP HR HS HU HX IG IP IV KA KT KW KY L LA LD LE LL LN LS LU M ME MK ML N NE NG NN NP NR NW OL OX PA PE PH PL PO PR RG RH RM S SA SE SG SK SL SM SN SO SP SR SS ST SW SY TA TD TF TN TQ TR TS TW UB W WA WC WD WF WN WR WS WV YO ZE Crown dependencies GY IM JE Overseas territories AI ASCN BBND BIQQ FIQQ GX KY MSR PCRN SIQQ STHL TDCU TKCA VG Non-geographic BF BX GIR XX Related UK lists: Postcode districts Post towns Postal counties London postal district
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SSO (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSO_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/SS postcode area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/SS_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"post towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_town"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Southend-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"Basildon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basildon"},{"link_name":"Benfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Benfleet"},{"link_name":"Canvey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvey_Island"},{"link_name":"Hockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley"},{"link_name":"Leigh-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"Rayleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Rochford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochford"},{"link_name":"Stanford-le-Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-le-Hope"},{"link_name":"Westcliff-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcliff-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"Wickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickford"}],"text":"Postcode area within the United Kingdom\"SS0\" redirects here. Not to be confused with SSO, for which see SSO (disambiguation).Template:Attached KML/SS postcode areaKML is from WikidataPostcode area in United KingdomThe SS postcode area, also known as the Southend-on-Sea postcode area,[2] is a group of seventeen postcode districts in England, within eleven post towns. These cover south-east Essex, including Southend-on-Sea, Basildon, Benfleet, Canvey Island, Hockley, Leigh-on-Sea, Rayleigh, Rochford, Stanford-le-Hope, Westcliff-on-Sea and Wickford.","title":"SS postcode area"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:","title":"Coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/SS_postcode_area&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/SS_postcode_area&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/SS postcode area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/SS_postcode_area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS_postcode_area_map.svg"},{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ME_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"RM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM_postcode_area"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/SS postcode areaKML is from WikidataSS postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby CM, ME and RM postcode areas.","title":"Map"}]
[{"image_text":"SS postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby CM, ME and RM postcode areas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SS_postcode_area_map.svg/600px-SS_postcode_area_map.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Postcode Address File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcode_Address_File"},{"title":"List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postcode_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]
[{"reference":"\"ONS Postcode Directory Version Notes\" (ZIP). National Statistics Postcode Products. Office for National Statistics. May 2020. Table 2. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/products/postcode-directories/-nspp-/onspd-user-guide-and-version-notes.zip","url_text":"\"ONS Postcode Directory Version Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Code-Point Open\". OS OpenData. Ordnance Survey. February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/products/code-point-open/","url_text":"\"Code-Point Open\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey","url_text":"Ordnance Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Non Geographic Codes\" (PDF). Royal Mail Address Management Unit. July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916141140/http://www.poweredbypaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/12July_current_non-geos-original.pdf","url_text":"\"Non Geographic Codes\""},{"url":"http://www.poweredbypaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/12July_current_non-geos-original.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team
2021 Tulane Green Wave football team
["1 Preseason","1.1 Coaching changes","1.2 Award watch lists","1.3 American Athletic Conference preseason media poll","2 Schedule","3 Game summaries","3.1 No. 2 Oklahoma","3.2 vs. Morgan State","3.3 at Ole Miss","3.4 UAB","3.5 at East Carolina","3.6 Houston","3.7 at No. 21 SMU","3.8 No. 2 Cincinnati","3.9 at UCF","3.10 Tulsa","3.11 South Florida","3.12 at Memphis","4 References"]
American college football season 2021 Tulane Green Wave footballConferenceAmerican Athletic ConferenceRecord2–10 (1–7 American)Head coachWillie Fritz (6th season)Offensive coordinatorChip Long (1st season)Offensive schemeSpreadDefensive coordinatorChris Hampton (1st season)Base defense4–2–5Home stadiumYulman StadiumGaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial StadiumLegion FieldSeasons← 20202022 → 2021 American Athletic Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team   W   L     W   L   No. 4 Cincinnati y$^   8 – 0     13 – 1   No. 17 Houston y   8 – 0     12 – 2   UCF   5 – 3     9 – 4   East Carolina   5 – 3     7 – 5   Tulsa   5 – 3     7 – 6   SMU   4 – 4     8 – 4   Memphis   3 – 5     6 – 6   Navy   3 – 5     4 – 8   Tulane   1 – 7     2 – 10   South Florida   1 – 7     2 – 10   Temple   1 – 7     3 – 9   Championship: Cincinnati 35, Houston 20 ^ – College Football Playoff participant$ – Conference championy – Championship game participantRankings from AP Poll The 2021 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University in the 2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Green Wave played their home games at Yulman Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, and competed in the American Athletic Conference. They were led by sixth-year head coach Willie Fritz. Preseason Coaching changes Prior to the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl in December 2020, offensive coordinator Will Hall accepted the head coaching role at Southern Miss. Chip Long was hired to replace Hall. On December 10, Fritz announced the firing of defensive coordinator Jack Curtis. Chris Hampton was named the new defensive coordinator on December 18. In March 2021, it was announced that Chris Watt would be the offensive line coach for Tulane. Award watch lists Listed in the order that they were released Award Player Position Year Bednarik Award Dorian Williams LB JR Doak Walker Award Cameron Carroll RB SO Rimington Trophy Sincere Haynesworth OL JR Ray Guy Award Ryan Wright P SR Paul Hornung Award Jha'Quan Jackson WR JR Wuerffel Trophy Richard Carthon S SR Manning Award Michael Pratt QB SO American Athletic Conference preseason media poll The American Athletic Conference preseason media poll was released at the virtual media day held August 4, 2021. Cincinnati, who finished the 2020 season ranked No. 8 nationally, was tabbed as the preseason favorite in the 2021 preseason media poll. Media poll Predicted finish Team Votes (1st place) 1 Cincinnati 262 (22) 2 UCF 241 (2) 3 SMU 188 4 Houston 181 5 Memphis 168 6 Tulsa 153 7 Tulane 132 т-8 East Carolina 85 т-8 Navy 85 10 Temple 46 11 South Florida 43 Schedule DateTimeOpponentSiteTVResultAttendanceSeptember 411:00 a.m.No. 2 Oklahoma*Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial StadiumNorman, OKABCL 35–4042,206 September 116:00 p.m.Morgan State*Legion FieldBirmingham, ALESPN+W 69–202,100 September 187:00 p.m.at No. 17 Ole Miss*Vaught–Hemingway StadiumOxford, MS (rivalry)ESPN2L 21–6154,198 September 257:00 p.m.UAB*Yulman StadiumNew Orleans, LAESPN+L 21–2816,023 October 22:30 p.m.at East CarolinaDowdy–Ficklen StadiumGreenville, NCESPN+L 29–5233,475 October 76:30 p.m.HoustonYulman StadiumNew Orleans, LAESPNL 22–4015,026 October 216:30 p.m.at No. 21 SMUGerald J. Ford StadiumUniversity Park, TXESPNL 26–5522,843 October 3011:00 a.m.No. 2 CincinnatiYulman StadiumNew Orleans, LAESPN2L 12–3117,012 November 63:00 p.m.at UCFBounce HouseOrlando, FLESPNUL 10–1441,030 November 133:00 p.m.TulsaYulman StadiumNew Orleans, LAESPNUL 13–20 OT22,784 November 2011:00 a.m.South FloridaYulman StadiumNew Orleans, LAESPN+W 45–1414,496 November 276:30 p.m.at MemphisLiberty Bowl Memorial StadiumMemphis, TNESPNUL 28–3327,416 *Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll and CFP Rankings after November 24 released prior to gameAll times are in Central time Schedule Source: ^ Originally scheduled to be played as a home game, the game against Oklahoma was moved to Norman, Oklahoma on August 30, 2021, due to safety concerns related to Hurricane Ida. Tulane remained the designated home team despite Oklahoma hosting the game. ^ Originally scheduled to be played as a home game, the game against Morgan State was moved to Birmingham, Alabama on September 2, 2021, due to safety concerns related to Hurricane Ida. Tulane remained the designated home team despite the neutral site. Game summaries No. 2 Oklahoma Oklahoma at Tulane 1 234Total • No. 2 Sooners 14 2330 40 Green Wave 14 0813 35 Date: September 4, 2021Location: Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial StadiumNorman, OKGame start: 11:07 a.m. EDTElapsed time: 3 hours and 57 minutesGame attendance: 42,206Game weather: 88 °F (31 °C) • Weather: Sunny • Wind: SW 14 MPHReferee: Michael VanderveldeTV announcers (ABC): Dave Pasch (play–by–play), Dusty Dvoracek (analyst), and Kris Budden (sideline reporter)          Scoring summary111:15TULNCameron Carroll 6-yard pass from Michael Pratt (Graham Dable kick)(8 plays, 55 yards, 3:08)TULN 7–0 05:59OUSpencer Rattler 1-yard rush (Gabe Brkic kick)(11 plays, 75 yards, 5:16)TIE 7–7 04:44TULNJaetavian Toles 15-yard rush (Graham Dable kick)(4 plays, 75 yards, 1:15)TULN 14–7 02:38OUCaleb Williams 1-yard rush (Gabe Brkic kick)(5 plays, 75 yards, 2:06)TIE 14–14 210:00OUKennedy Brooks 1-yard rush (Gabe Brkic kick)(9 plays, 84 yards, 4:53)OU 21–14 08:59OUGabe Brkic 26-yard field goal(4 plays, 2 yards, 0:49)OU 24–14 07:58OUGabe Brkic 51-yard field goal(4 plays, 0 yards, 0:53)OU 27–14 03:01OUMario Williams 6-yard pass from Spencer Rattler (Gabe Brkic kick)(7 plays, 78 yards, 3:03)OU 34–14 00:00OUGabe Brkic 56-yard field goal(3 plays, 2 yards, 0:30)OU 37–14 303:31TULNMichael Pratt 4-yard rush (Duece Watts two-point conversion rush)(11 plays, 42 yards, 3:44)OU 37–22 01:01OUGabe Brkic 55-yard field goal(7 plays, 37 yards, 2:30)OU 40–22 411:28TULNCameron Carroll 5-yard pass from Michael Pratt (two-point conversion rush attempt failed)(8 plays, 47 yards, 2:23)OU 40–28 02:18TULNWill Wallace 5-yard pass from Michael Pratt (Merek Glover kick)(8 plays, 80 yards, 2:45)OU 40–35 See also: 2021 Oklahoma Sooners football team Line Over/under OU –31.5 67 Statistics Oklahoma Tulane First downs 24 24 Total yards 430 396 Rushing yards 116 100 Passing yards 314 296 Turnovers 2 3 Time of possession 33:22 26:38 Team Category Player Statistics Oklahoma Passing Spencer Rattler 30/39, 304 yards, TD, 2 INT Rushing Kennedy Brooks 14 rushes, 87 yards, TD Receiving Marvin Mims 5 receptions, 117 yards Tulane Passing Michael Pratt 27/44, 296 yards, 3 TD Rushing Michael Pratt 15 rushes, 34 yards, TD Receiving Tyrick James 6 receptions, 93 yards vs. Morgan State See also: 2021 Morgan State Bears football team at Ole Miss See also: 2021 Ole Miss Rebels football team and Ole Miss–Tulane football rivalry Tulane Green Wave (1–1) at No. 17 Ole Miss Rebels (2–0) Period 1 2 34Total Green Wave 7 14 0021 No. 17 Rebels 19 21 21061 at Vaught–Hemingway Stadium • Oxford, MS Date: Saturday, September 18, 2021Game time: *8:45 p.m. CSTGame weather: Rain • Temperature: 75 °F (24 °C)Game attendance: 54,198Referee: Jason AutreyTV announcers (ESPN2): Anish Shroff (play-by-play) Mike Golic Jr. (color) Taylor McGregor (sideline)Pregame line: Ole Miss –14 • O/U: 77.5 Game information First Quarter (11:27) MISS – Henry Parrish Jr. 19 yard rush, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 7–0; 11 plays, 75 yards, 3:33 (6:41) MISS – Matt Corral 9 yard rush, Caden Costa kick missedOle Miss 13–0; 12 plays, 82 yards, 3:16 (3:40) TULN – Cameron Carroll 1 yard rush, Merek Glover kickOle Miss 13–7; 5 plays, 33 yards, 1:45 (0:00) MISS – Matt Corral 15 yard rush, two-point conversion failedOle Miss 19–7; 10 plays, 70 yards, 3:40 Second Quarter (9:30) MISS – Dontario Drummond 12 yard pass from Matt Corral, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 26–7; 8 plays, 80 yards, 2:32 (7:21) TULN – Shae Wyatt 39 yard pass from Michael Pratt, Merek Glover kickOle Miss 26–14; 6 plays, 66 yards, 2:09 (7:12) MISS – Jonathan Mingo 50 yard pass from Matt Corral, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 33–14; 1 play, 50 yards, 0:09 (2:26) MISS – Dontario Drummond 11 yard rush, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 40–14; 9 plays, 61 yards, 3:30 (0:42) TULN – Tyrick James 22 yard pass from Michael Pratt, Merek Glover kickOle Miss 40–21; 6 plays, 74 yards, 1:44 Third Quarter (11:35) MISS – Matt Corral 15 yard rush, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 47–21; 5 plays, 51 yards, 1:22 (10:59) MISS – Matt Corral 12 yard rush, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 54–21; 2 plays, 37 yards, 0:36 (7:56) MISS – Braylon Sanders 45 yard pass from Matt Corral, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 61–21; 4 plays, 75 yards, 0:51 Fourth Quarter No scoring plays *Originally scheduled to kickoff at 7:00 p.m. CST but was delayed due to inclement weather. Statistics TULN MISS First downs 14 41 Total yards 305 707 Passing yards 166 335 Rushing yards 139 372 Penalties 11–109 9–65 Turnovers 1 1 Time of possession 27:43 32:17 Team Category Player Statistics Tulane Passing Michael Pratt 10/18, 166 yards, 2 TD Rushing Devin Brumfield 9 carries, 47 yards Receiving Duece Watts 2 receptions, 51 yards Ole Miss Passing Matt Corral 23/31, 335 yards, 3 TD Rushing Jerrion Ealy 15 carries, 103 yards Receiving Jonathan Mingo 6 receptions, 136 yards, 1 TD UAB See also: 2021 UAB Blazers football team at East Carolina Tulane at East Carolina 1 234Total Green Wave 0 7166 29 • Pirates 17 14021 52 Date: October 2, 2021Location: Dowdy–Ficklen StadiumGreenville, NCGame start: 3:30 p.m. EDTElapsed time:  Game attendance: 33,475Game weather: • Weather: TBD • Wind: TBDReferee:  TV announcers (ESPN+): Mark Neely and Barrett Brooks         Scoring summary110:49ECUOwen Daffer 23-yard field goal(10 plays, 70 yards, 4:11)ECU 3–0 5:03ECUHolton Ahlers 17-yard run (Owen Daffer kick)(7 plays, 55 yards, 3:55)ECU 10–0 1:21ECUKeaton Mitchell 68-yard run (Owen Daffer kick)(2 plays, 80 yards, 0:40)ECU 17–0 213:18ECUTyler Snead 53-yard pass from Holton Ahlers (Owen Daffer kick)(4 plays, 61 yards, 1:28)ECU 24–0 9:38TULYgenio Booker 16-yard pass from Michael Pratt (Merek Glover kick)(10 plays, 75 yards, 3:40)ECU 24–7 0:36ECURahjai Harris 3-yard pass from Holton Ahlers (Owen Daffer kick)(11 plays, 76 yards, 3:27)ECU 31–7 310:43TULMichael Pratt 7-yard run (Michael Pratt pass to Tyrick James for two-point conversion) (7 plays, 75 yards, 4:17)ECU 31–15 3:39TULCameron Carroll 1-yard run (Michael Pratt run for two-point conversion)(10 plays, 91 yards, 3:22)ECU 31–23 413:33ECURahjai Harris 1-yard run (Owen Daffer kick)(10 plays, 75 yards, 5:06)ECU 38–23 8:15ECURyan Jones 14-yards pass from Mason Garcia (Owen Daffer kick)(7 plays, 30 yards, 3:51)ECU 45–23 6:53TULMichael Pratt 2-yard run (two-point run conversion failed)(4 plays, 75 yards, 1:22)ECU 45–29 1:06ECUKeaton Mitchell 30-yard run 3 plays, 61 yards, 1:34)ECU 52–29 See also: 2021 East Carolina Pirates football team Pregame line Over/under TULN –3.0 64.5 Statistics Tulane East Carolina First downs 19 25 Total yards 404 612 Rushing yards 124 310 Passing yards 280 302 Turnovers 4 0 Time of possession 25:41 34:19 Team Category Player Statistics Tulane Passing Michael Pratt 22/36, 268 yds, 1 TD, 3 INT Rushing Cameron Carroll 9 car, 80 yds, 1 TD Receiving Duece Watts 4 rec, 79 yds East Carolina Passing Holton Ahlers 21/32, 288 yds, 2 TD Rushing Keaton Mitchell 15 car, 222 yds, 2 TD Receiving Tyler Snead 4 rec, 78 yds, 1 TD Houston Houston at Tulane 1 234Total • Cougars 14 3914 40 Green Wave 0 1570 22 Date: October 7, 2021Location: Yulman StadiumNew Orleans, LAGame start: 6:30 p.m. CDTElapsed time: 3 hours and 19 minutesGame attendance: 15,026Game weather: 83 °F (28 °C) • Weather: Mostly Sunny • Wind: NE 4 MPHReferee: Tim RichTV announcers (ESPN): Matt Barrie (play-by-play), Roddy Jones (analyst) and Harry Lyles Jr. (sideline)       Scoring summary18:04HOUChristian Trahan 11-yard pass from Clayton Tune (Dalton Witherspoon kick)(11 plays, 76 yards, 5:14)HOU 7–0 0:22HOUJeremy Singleton 17-yard pass from Clayton Tune (Dalton Witherspoon kick)(7 plays, 64 yards, 2:58)HOU 14–0 210:45TULNTyrick James 13-yard pass from Michael Pratt (Christian Daniels Pass to Michael Pratt for two-point conversion)(5 plays, 73 yards, 1:53)HOU 14–8 3:33HOUDalton Witherspoon 46-yard field goal(7 plays, 20 yards, 2:26)HOU 17–8 2:11TULNTyjae Spears 39-yard run (Merek Glover kick)(6 plays, 75 yards, 1:22)HOU 17–15 313:18TULNWill Wallace 29-yard pass from Michael Pratt (Merek Glover kick)(1 play, 29 yards, 0:08)TULN 22–17 8:16HOUDalton Witherspoon 24-yard field goal(5 plays, 28 yards, 1:17)TULN 22–20 1:20HOUJeremy Singleton 29-yard pass from Clayton Tune (Two-point pass conversion failed)(11 plays, 80 yards, 4:40)HOU 26–22 49:28HOUTa'Zhawn Henry 8-yard run (Dalton Witherspoon kick)(6 plays, 39 yards, 3:20)HOU 33–22 1:03HOUAlton McCaskill 35-yard run (Dalton Witherspoon kick)(6 plays, 53 yards, 1:59)HOU 40–22 See also: 2021 Houston Cougars football team Line Over/under HOU –6.5 60 Statistics Houston Tulane First downs 18 17 Total yards 435 308 Rushing yards 147 94 Passing yards 288 214 Turnovers 0 1 Time of possession 31:34 28:26 Team Category Player Statistics Houston Passing Clayton Tune 23/36, 288 yards, 3 TDs Rushing Alton McCaskill 18 rushes, 93 yards, 1 TD Receiving KeSean Carter 6 receptions, 69 yards Tulane Passing Michael Pratt 20/30, 214 yards, 2 TDs Rushing Cameron Carroll 13 rushes, 68 yards Receiving Will Wallace 2 receptions, 54 yards, 1 TD at No. 21 SMU Tulane at Southern Methodist 1 234Total Green Wave 7 0127 26 • No. 21 Mustangs 17 14717 55 Date: October 21Location: Gerald J. Ford StadiumUniversity Park, TXGame start: 6:30 p.m. CDTElapsed time: 3:24Game attendance: 22,843Game weather: Temperature: 79 °F (26 °C) • Weather: Sunny • Wind: NE 6 MPHReferee: Hank JonesTV announcers (ESPN): Matt Barrie (play-by-play), Roddy Jones (analyst) & Harry Lyles Jr. (sideline)          Scoring summary19:56SMUBlake Mazza 22-yard field goal(14 plays, 50 yards, 5:04)SMU 3–0 6:08SMUTre Siggers 1-yard run (Blake Mazza kick)(6 plays, 81 yards, 2:30)SMU 10–0 1:04SMUTanner Mordecai 1-yard run (Blake Mazza kick)(11 plays, 88 yards, 3:07)SMU 17–0 0:22TULNShae Wyatt 10-yard pass from Michael Pratt (Merek Glover kick)(3 plays, 75 yards, 0:42)SMU 17–7 213:25SMUTommy McIntyre 24-yard pass from Tanner Mordecai (Blake Mazza kick)(6 plays, 96 yards, 1:57)SMU 24–7 0:53SMUReggie Roberson Jr. 22-yard pass from Tanner Mordecai (Blake Mazza kick)(9 plays, 91 yards, 4:24)SMU 31–7 312:18TULNShae Wyatt 11-yard pass from Michael Pratt (pass failed)(7 plays, 75 yards, 2:42)SMU 31–13 3:33SMUTre Siggers 9-yard run (Blake Mazza kick)(11 plays, 91 yards, 5:04)SMU 38–13 1:28TULNDuece Watts 4-yard pass from Michael Pratt (pass failed)(6 plays, 75 yards, 2:05)SMU 38–19 49:05SMUBlake Mazza 38-yard field goal(6 plays, 13 yards, 3:56)SMU 41–19 6:50TULNTyjae Spears 9-yard run (Merek Glover kick)(8 plays, 82 yards, 2:15)SMU 41–26 6:01SMUTyler Lavine 44-yard pass from Tanner Mordecai (Blake Mazza kick)(2 plays, 44 yards, 0:49)SMU 48–26 2:39SMUBrandon Epton Jr. 9-yard run (Blake Mazza kick)(6 plays, 37 yards, 2:47)SMU 55–26 See also: 2021 SMU Mustangs football team Pregame line Over/under SMU –14.5 70.5 Statistics TULN SMU First downs 18 31 Total yards 428 612 Rushing yards 194 174 Passing yards 234 438 Turnovers 1 0 Time of possession 25:37 34:23 Team Category Player Statistics Tulane Passing Michael Pratt 11/22, 234 yards, 3 TD Rushing Tyjae Spears 14 rushes, 85 yards, TD Receiving Jha'Quan Jackson 2 receptions, 93 yards SMU Passing Tanner Mordecai 30/42, 427 yards, 3 TD Rushing Tre Siggers 15 rushes, 81 yards, 2 TD Receiving Danny Gray 8 receptions, 140 yards No. 2 Cincinnati See also: 2021 Cincinnati Bearcats football team Cincinnati at Tulane 1 234Total • No. 2 Bearcats 7 7710 31 Green Wave 0 1200 12 Date: October 30, 2021Location: Yulman StadiumNew Orleans, LAGame start: 11:00 a.m. CDTElapsed time: 3 hours and 11 minutesGame attendance: 17,012Game weather: 62 °F (17 °C) • Weather: Partly Cloudy • Wind: NW 7 MPHReferee: Luke RichmondTV announcers (ESPN2): Anish Shroff (play-by-play), Mike Golic Jr. (analyst) and Taylor McGregor (sideline)     Scoring summary11:14CINJosh Whyle 16-yard pass from Desmond Ridder (Christian Lowery kick)(16 plays, 99 yards, 7:25)CIN 7–0 210:43TULNMarvin Moody 8-yard safety(0 plays, 0 yards, 0:00)CIN 7–2 7:58TULNTyjae Spears 47-yard run (Merek Glover kick)(6 plays, 66 yards, 2:34)TULN 7–9 6:19CINJerome Ford 3-yard run (Christian Lowery kick)(5 plays, 80 yards, 1:33)CIN 14–9 0:00TULNMerek Glover 41-yard field goal(4 plays, 26 yards, 0:30)CIN 14–12 33:12CINJosh Whyle 5-yard pass from Desmond Ridder (Christian Lowery kick)(13 plays, 66 yards, 5:55)CIN 21–12 46:16CINChristian Lowery 27-yard field goal(4 plays, 1 yard, 1:09)CIN 24–12 4:13CINJerome Ford 26-yard pass from Desmond Ridder (Christian Lowery kick)(2 plays, 29 yards, 0:49)CIN 31–12 Pregame line Over/under −28.0 61.5 Statistics CIN TULN First downs 18 17 Total yards 351 280 Rushing yards 124 187 Passing yards 227 93 Time of possession 28:12 31:48 Team Category Player Statistics CIN Passing Desmond Ridder 17/27, 227 yards, 3 TD, 1 INT Rushing Jerome Ford 18 carries, 65 yards, 1 TD Receiving Josh Whyle 4 receptions, 79 yards, 2 TD TULN Passing Kai Horton 7/16, 79 yards, 2 INT Rushing Tyjae Spears 19 carries, 106 yards, 1 TD Receiving Jha'Quan Jackson 3 receptions, 34 yards at UCF 1 2 3 4 Total Green Wave 0 0 10 0 10 Knights 7 0 7 0 14 See also: 2021 UCF Knights football team Tulsa See also: 2021 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team South Florida South Florida at Tulane 1 2Total Bulls 0 Green Wave 0 Date: November 20, 2021Location: Yulman StadiumNew Orleans, LAGame start: 11:00 a.m. CSTElapsed time:  Game attendance: 14,496Game weather: • Weather: TBD • Wind: TBDReferee:  TV announcers (ESPN+):   Scoring summary1 2 3 4 See also: 2021 South Florida Bulls football team Over/under     Statistics South Florida Tulane First downs     Total yards     Rushing yards     Passing yards     Turnovers     Time of possession     Team Category Player Statistics South Florida Passing     Rushing     Receiving     Tulane Passing     Rushing     Receiving     at Memphis Tulane at Memphis 1 2Total Green Wave 0 Tigers 0 Date: November 27, 2021Location: Liberty Bowl Memorial StadiumMemphis, TNGame start: TBD CSTElapsed time:  Game attendance:  Game weather: • Weather: TBD • Wind: TBDReferee:  TV announcers (ESPNU): Tiffany Greene, Jay Walker Scoring summary1 2 3 4 See also: 2021 Memphis Tigers football team Over/under     Statistics Tulane Memphis First downs     Total yards     Rushing yards     Passing yards     Turnovers     Time of possession     Team Category Player Statistics Tulane Passing     Rushing     Receiving     Memphis Passing     Rushing     Receiving     References ^ "Fritz Tabs Chip Long as Tulane's New Offensive Coordinator". Tulane Athletics. December 8, 2020. ^ Symonds, Tom (December 10, 2020). "Tulane fires defensive coordinator Jack Curtis". crescentcitysports.com. Retrieved December 12, 2020. ^ "Fritz Welcomes Back Chris Hampton as Tulane's New Defensive Coordinator". Tulane Athletics. December 18, 2020. ^ "2021 Bednarik Award Watch List: Kyle Hamilton, Kayvon Thibodeaux top names to watch". July 19, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "2021 Doak Walker Watch Release" (PDF). July 21, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "2021 Rimington Trophy Watch List". July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "Ray Guy Award". July 28, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "2021 Paul Hornung Award watch list released". July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "2021 Wuerffel Trophy Watch List". July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "Allstate Sugar Bowl announces Manning Award Watch List". August 5, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "Cincinnati Chosen as Favorite in American Preseason Media Poll". theAmerican.org. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ Kelley, Kevin (August 30, 2021). "Oklahoma at Tulane football game moved to Norman due to Hurricane Ida". FBSchedules.com. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ^ "Tulane moves second home game vs. Morgan St. to Birmingham". usatoday.com. September 2, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2022. ^ "2021 Tulane Football Schedule". FBS Schedules. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "Tulane Football Announces 2021 Schedule". Tulane Athletics. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "Tulane Green Wave vs. SMU Mustangs". Odds Shark. Retrieved October 20, 2021. vteTulane Green Wave footballVenues Sportsman's Park (1893–1894) Tulane Athletic Field (1895–1901) Athletic Park (1902–1907) Pelican Park (1908) First Tulane Stadium (1909–1916) Second Tulane Stadium (1917–1925) Third Tulane Stadium (1926–1974) Louisiana Superdome (1975–2013) Tad Gormley Stadium (2002–2004, 2008) (alternate) Yulman Stadium (2014–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Auburn LSU: Battle for the Rag Ole Miss Southern Miss: Battle for the Bell Culture & lore History Riptide "The Olive and the Blue" "The Hullabaloo" Marching Band Porter Cup Effect of Hurricane Katrina The Ten Win Turnaround People Head coaches NFL draftees All-Americans Statistical leaders Seasons 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 This college football 2020s season article is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season"},{"link_name":"Yulman Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulman_Stadium"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"American Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Willie Fritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Fritz"}],"text":"The 2021 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University in the 2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Green Wave played their home games at Yulman Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, and competed in the American Athletic Conference. They were led by sixth-year head coach Willie Fritz.","title":"2021 Tulane Green Wave football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Preseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Famous Idaho Potato Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Famous_Idaho_Potato_Bowl_(December)"},{"link_name":"Will Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Hall_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Southern Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles_football"},{"link_name":"Chip Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Long"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chris Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hampton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chris Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Watt"}],"sub_title":"Coaching changes","text":"Prior to the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl in December 2020, offensive coordinator Will Hall accepted the head coaching role at Southern Miss. Chip Long was hired to replace Hall.[1] On December 10, Fritz announced the firing of defensive coordinator Jack Curtis.[2] Chris Hampton was named the new defensive coordinator on December 18.[3]In March 2021, it was announced that Chris Watt would be the offensive line coach for Tulane.","title":"Preseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Award watch lists","text":"Listed in the order that they were released","title":"Preseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cincinnati_Bearcats_football_team"}],"sub_title":"American Athletic Conference preseason media poll","text":"The American Athletic Conference preseason media poll was released at the virtual media day held August 4, 2021.[11] Cincinnati, who finished the 2020 season ranked No. 8 nationally, was tabbed as the preseason favorite in the 2021 preseason media poll.","title":"Preseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team"},{"link_name":"Norman, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ida"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Morgan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Morgan_State_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Schedule Source:[14][15]^ Originally scheduled to be played as a home game, the game against Oklahoma was moved to Norman, Oklahoma on August 30, 2021, due to safety concerns related to Hurricane Ida. Tulane remained the designated home team despite Oklahoma hosting the game.[12]\n\n^ Originally scheduled to be played as a home game, the game against Morgan State was moved to Birmingham, Alabama on September 2, 2021, due to safety concerns related to Hurricane Ida. Tulane remained the designated home team despite the neutral site.[13]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Oklahoma Sooners football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team"}],"sub_title":"No. 2 Oklahoma","text":"See also: 2021 Oklahoma Sooners football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Morgan State Bears football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Morgan_State_Bears_football_team"}],"sub_title":"vs. Morgan State","text":"See also: 2021 Morgan State Bears football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Ole Miss Rebels football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss–Tulane football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Miss%E2%80%93Tulane_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Vaught–Hemingway Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaught%E2%80%93Hemingway_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Oxford, MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"ESPN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN2"},{"link_name":"Anish Shroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anish_Shroff"},{"link_name":"Mike Golic Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Golic_Jr."},{"link_name":"Michael Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pratt_(American_football)"}],"sub_title":"at Ole Miss","text":"See also: 2021 Ole Miss Rebels football team and Ole Miss–Tulane football rivalryTulane Green Wave (1–1) at No. 17 Ole Miss Rebels (2–0)\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nGreen Wave\n7\n14\n0021\n\nNo. 17 Rebels\n19\n21\n21061\n\nat Vaught–Hemingway Stadium • Oxford, MS\n\nDate: Saturday, September 18, 2021Game time: *8:45 p.m. CSTGame weather: Rain • Temperature: 75 °F (24 °C)Game attendance: 54,198Referee: Jason AutreyTV announcers (ESPN2): Anish Shroff (play-by-play) Mike Golic Jr. (color) Taylor McGregor (sideline)Pregame line: Ole Miss –14 • O/U: 77.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\nFirst Quarter\n(11:27) MISS – Henry Parrish Jr. 19 yard rush, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 7–0; 11 plays, 75 yards, 3:33\n(6:41) MISS – Matt Corral 9 yard rush, Caden Costa kick missedOle Miss 13–0; 12 plays, 82 yards, 3:16\n(3:40) TULN – Cameron Carroll 1 yard rush, Merek Glover kickOle Miss 13–7; 5 plays, 33 yards, 1:45\n(0:00) MISS – Matt Corral 15 yard rush, two-point conversion failedOle Miss 19–7; 10 plays, 70 yards, 3:40\nSecond Quarter\n(9:30) MISS – Dontario Drummond 12 yard pass from Matt Corral, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 26–7; 8 plays, 80 yards, 2:32\n(7:21) TULN – Shae Wyatt 39 yard pass from Michael Pratt, Merek Glover kickOle Miss 26–14; 6 plays, 66 yards, 2:09\n(7:12) MISS – Jonathan Mingo 50 yard pass from Matt Corral, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 33–14; 1 play, 50 yards, 0:09\n(2:26) MISS – Dontario Drummond 11 yard rush, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 40–14; 9 plays, 61 yards, 3:30\n(0:42) TULN – Tyrick James 22 yard pass from Michael Pratt, Merek Glover kickOle Miss 40–21; 6 plays, 74 yards, 1:44\nThird Quarter\n(11:35) MISS – Matt Corral 15 yard rush, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 47–21; 5 plays, 51 yards, 1:22\n(10:59) MISS – Matt Corral 12 yard rush, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 54–21; 2 plays, 37 yards, 0:36\n(7:56) MISS – Braylon Sanders 45 yard pass from Matt Corral, Caden Costa kickOle Miss 61–21; 4 plays, 75 yards, 0:51\nFourth Quarter\nNo scoring plays*Originally scheduled to kickoff at 7:00 p.m. CST but was delayed due to inclement weather.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 UAB Blazers football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UAB_Blazers_football_team"}],"sub_title":"UAB","text":"See also: 2021 UAB Blazers football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 East Carolina Pirates football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_East_Carolina_Pirates_football_team"}],"sub_title":"at East Carolina","text":"See also: 2021 East Carolina Pirates football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Houston Cougars football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Houston_Cougars_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Houston","text":"See also: 2021 Houston Cougars football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 SMU Mustangs football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_SMU_Mustangs_football_team"}],"sub_title":"at No. 21 SMU","text":"See also: 2021 SMU Mustangs football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Cincinnati Bearcats football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cincinnati_Bearcats_football_team"}],"sub_title":"No. 2 Cincinnati","text":"See also: 2021 Cincinnati Bearcats football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 UCF Knights football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UCF_Knights_football_team"}],"sub_title":"at UCF","text":"See also: 2021 UCF Knights football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Tulsa","text":"See also: 2021 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 South Florida Bulls football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_South_Florida_Bulls_football_team"}],"sub_title":"South Florida","text":"See also: 2021 South Florida Bulls football team","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Memphis Tigers football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Memphis_Tigers_football_team"}],"sub_title":"at Memphis","text":"See also: 2021 Memphis Tigers football team","title":"Game summaries"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Boju
Zhao Boju
["1 References"]
A Palace by Zhao Boju (c. 1120-c. 1182) Zhao Boju (Chinese: 赵伯驹; pinyin: Zhào Bójū; 1120–1182), was a Chinese painter during the early Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279). Zhao was born in the Hebei provence, and painted landscapes, figures, flowers, fruit and birds. None of his works survive, although some works have been falsely attributed to him, but we know of Zhao through the written descriptions by the art critic Zhao Xigu. References ^ "Zhao Boju Brief Biography". Retrieved 2012-05-08. Authority control databases: Artists KulturNav This article about a Chinese painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Wienholt_Hodson
Arnold Hodson
["1 Background","2 Colonial governor","3 Selected bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]
British Colonial Governor This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arnold Hodson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sir Arnold HodsonKCMGArnold Hodson with the Asantehene in 1935.Governor of the Falkland IslandsIn office1926–1930MonarchGeorge VPreceded byJohn MiddletonSucceeded byJames O'GradyGovernor of Sierra LeoneIn office1931–1934MonarchGeorge VPreceded byJoseph Aloysius ByrneSucceeded byHenry Monck-Mason MooreGovernor of the Gold CoastIn office1934–1941MonarchsGeorge VEdward VIIIGeorge VIPreceded byShenton ThomasSucceeded byAlan Burns Personal detailsBorn12 February 1881Died26 May 1944 (1944-05-27) (aged 63) Sir Arnold Wienholt Hodson KCMG (12 February 1881 – 26 May 1944) was a British colonial administrator who was Governor in turn of the Falkland Islands, Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast. Background Hodson was born in Bovey Tracey, Devonshire, in 1881, the eldest son of Algernon Hodson and Sarah Wienholt. He was educated at Felsted. Hodson was in Central Queensland 1900 to 1902 and was part of the Queensland Contingent for South Africa in 1902. He served in the Transvaal from 1902 to 1904. From 1904 until 1912 he was in the Bechuanaland Protectorate Police Force. His duties as a policeman and magistrate took him into the most remote parts of the territory, one of his missions being the Damaraland frontier at the time of the Herero and Nama Wars in German South-West Africa. He was also much involved in trying to reconcile conflicts between tribal chiefs. His several political missions cover a most important period of the history of Botswana. One of his journeys, in 1906, was made in the company of Sir Ralph Williams, Resident Commissioner, and was from Serowe to Livingstone and the Victoria Falls via Lake Ngami. Four years later Hodson organised a hunting trip for British High Commissioner Selborne, from Pandamatenga to Selous' old camp on the Mabebe Flats and on to the Chobe. Hodson then went on to Somaliland (1912–14). He served as Consul in Southern Abbysinia from 1914 to 1923, then as Consul in South West Abbysinia from 1923 to 1926. Colonial governor Hodson was Governor of the Falkland Islands (1926–30). During his tenure, a mountain - Mount Hodson (56°42'S, 27°13'W), the summit of Visokoi Island in the South Sandwich Islands - was named after him. Mount Hodson The most notable achievement of Hodson's reign as governor of the Falkland Islands was the development of radio communications within and beyond the islands. Working with the BBC, he connected the islands to the imperial broadcasting network. He also established a radio station in the islands. When he later moved to Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast, he continued work on his visions of establishing effective communication lines between various parts of the British Empire. From 1930 to 1934 he was Governor of Sierra Leone, where he was known as the "Sunshine Governor" and was responsible for the creation of the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service, which launched on 7 May 1934. He encouraged African participation in government and had Sierra Leone "natives" trained to do jobs that had previously been reserved for bureaucrats who were imported into the colony from Britain. That same year he was knighted. Finally, he was Governor of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) 1934-41, and was the impetus behind the introduction of the Gold Coast Broadcasting System (now Ghana Broadcasting Corporation). Hodson married Elizabeth Charlotte Sarah Hay, daughter of Major Malcolm Vivian Hay, in 1928. They had two daughters, Rosemary and Elizabeth. He died on 26 May 1944 in New York City, aged 63. Selected bibliography Arnold Hodson was the author of a number of books, including: Trekking the Great Thirst: Travel and Sport in the Kalahari Desert. London: T.F. Unwin, 1912. An Elementary and Practical Grammar of the Galla or Oromo Language. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1922. Seven Years in Southern Abyssinia. : T.F. Unwin, 1927. Where Lion Reign: an account of lion hunting and exploration in South West Abyssinia. London: Skeffington and Son Ltd, 1929. Hodson also wrote a play called The Downfall of Zachariah Fee, or "The Troubles of Santa Claus". References ^ a b "Sir Arnold Hodson", Geni.com. ^ "Arnold Wienholt Hodson". Retrieved 26 January 2013. ^ "About Ghana Broadcasting Corporation", GBC website. ^ Who Was Who 1980, p. 550. ^ "Governor Hodson's speech ... To the children of the Colony of the Falkland Islands and its Dependencies in the Town Hall, Stanley" (delivered before the performance of his play), Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge website. External links Works by or about Arnold Hodson at Internet Archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Netherlands Vatican Artists Photographers' Identities Other IdRef
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He served in the Transvaal from 1902 to 1904. \nFrom 1904 until 1912 he was in the Bechuanaland Protectorate Police Force. His duties as a policeman and magistrate took him into the most remote parts of the territory, one of his missions being the Damaraland frontier at the time of the Herero and Nama Wars in German South-West Africa. He was also much involved in trying to reconcile conflicts between tribal chiefs. His several political missions cover a most important period of the history of Botswana.One of his journeys, in 1906, was made in the company of Sir Ralph Williams, Resident Commissioner, and was from Serowe to Livingstone and the Victoria Falls via Lake Ngami. Four years later Hodson organised a hunting trip for British High Commissioner Selborne, from Pandamatenga to Selous' old camp on the Mabebe Flats and on to the Chobe.\nHodson then went on to Somaliland (1912–14). He served as Consul in Southern Abbysinia from 1914 to 1923, then as Consul in South West Abbysinia from 1923 to 1926.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-44-13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Visokoi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi_Island"},{"link_name":"South Sandwich Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visokoi_Island_ISS016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Hodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hodson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodson-2"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geni-1"}],"text":"Hodson was Governor of the Falkland Islands (1926–30). During his tenure, a mountain - Mount Hodson (56°42'S, 27°13'W), the summit of Visokoi Island in the South Sandwich Islands - was named after him.Mount HodsonThe most notable achievement of Hodson's reign as governor of the Falkland Islands was the development of radio communications within and beyond the islands.[2] Working with the BBC, he connected the islands to the imperial broadcasting network. He also established a radio station in the islands. When he later moved to Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast, he continued work on his visions of establishing effective communication lines between various parts of the British Empire.From 1930 to 1934 he was Governor of Sierra Leone, where he was known as the \"Sunshine Governor\" and was responsible for the creation of the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service, which launched on 7 May 1934. He encouraged African participation in government and had Sierra Leone \"natives\" trained to do jobs that had previously been reserved for bureaucrats who were imported into the colony from Britain. That same year he was knighted.\nFinally, he was Governor of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) 1934-41, and was the impetus behind the introduction of the Gold Coast Broadcasting System (now Ghana Broadcasting Corporation).[3]Hodson married Elizabeth Charlotte Sarah Hay, daughter of Major Malcolm Vivian Hay, in 1928. They had two daughters, Rosemary and Elizabeth. He died on 26 May 1944[4] in New York City, aged 63.[1]","title":"Colonial governor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Arnold Hodson was the author of a number of books, including:Trekking the Great Thirst: Travel and Sport in the Kalahari Desert. London: T.F. Unwin, 1912.\nAn Elementary and Practical Grammar of the Galla or Oromo Language. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1922.\nSeven Years in Southern Abyssinia. [London]: T.F. Unwin, 1927.\nWhere Lion Reign: an account of lion hunting and exploration in South West Abyssinia. London: Skeffington and Son Ltd, 1929.Hodson also wrote a play called The Downfall of Zachariah Fee, or \"The Troubles of Santa Claus\".[5]","title":"Selected bibliography"}]
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null
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Arnold+Hodson%22","external_links_name":"\"Arnold Hodson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Arnold+Hodson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Arnold+Hodson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Arnold+Hodson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Arnold+Hodson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Arnold+Hodson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.geni.com/people/Sir-Arnold-Hodson/170817","external_links_name":"\"Sir Arnold Hodson\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/arnoldhodson.htm","external_links_name":"\"Arnold Wienholt Hodson\""},{"Link":"http://www.gbcghana.com/aboutus","external_links_name":"\"About Ghana Broadcasting Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://bodiecreekbridge.com/BCB_08governor.html","external_links_name":"\"Governor Hodson's speech ... To the children of the Colony of the Falkland Islands and its Dependencies in the Town Hall, Stanley\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%20Wienholt%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hodson%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Arnold%20Wienholt%20Hodson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Arnold%20W%2E%20Hodson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Hodson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Arnold%20Hodson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arnold%20Wienholt%20Hodson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arnold%20W%2E%20Hodson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Hodson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20Wienholt%20Hodson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%20Wienholt%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hodson%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hodson%2C%20A%2E%20Wienholt%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arnold%20Hodson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Arnold%20Wienholt%20Hodson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Arnold%20W%2E%20Hodson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Hodson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Arnold%20Hodson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Arnold%20Wienholt%20Hodson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Arnold%20W%2E%20Hodson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Hodson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%20Wienholt%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Arnold%20Hodson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hodson%2C%20Arnold%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1944%22%20AND%20Hodson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Arnold Hodson"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/268091/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081176147","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38533947","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxtkhDy3tr9HThVTkRrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280928105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90636871","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073985708","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/171131","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/376146","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/22588612X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avan%C3%A0
Avanà
["1 History","2 Viticulture","3 Wine regions","3.1 DOC regulations","4 Styles","5 Synonyms","6 References"]
Variety of grape "Avana" redirects here. For other uses, see Avana (disambiguation). Avanà is a red Italian wine grape variety that is grown in the Piedmont wine region of northwest Italy. Historically, the grape has also been grown in the Dauphiné and Savoie wine region of eastern France where it was known as Hibou noir and in the Valais region of Switzerland. The grape is most often used as a blending variety in the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) zones of Pinerolese, with Barbera, Persan, Freisa and Neretta Cuneese, and Valsusa, with Barbera, Dolcetto, Neretta Cuneese and other local red Piemontese varieties. History The Susa Valley, where Avanà has a long history of production. Ampelographers believe that the first written mention of Avanà was under the synonym Avanato in the 1606 work of Italian agronomist Giovanni Battista Croce on the grapes of the Piedmont region. In the early 21st century, DNA analysis revealed that the Hibou noir grape was historically grown in what is today the Savoie region of France and Valais region of Switzerland was, in fact, the same Avanà grape that is still grown in the Susa Valley of Piedmont. From 1418 to 1713, Piedmont, Savoie and Valais were all part of the Duchy of Savoy and it is likely during this time that Avanà was introduced to each region though today the grape is mostly only found in Piedmont. DNA analysis also revealed that Avanà has a close parent-offspring relationship with the Savoie wine grape Cacaboué. The Swiss wine grape Amigne also appears to be closely related to Avanà though the exact nature of the relationship (which can be anything from half-sibling to niece/nephew to grandparent/grandchild) is not yet known. Viticulture Avanà is an early to mid-ripening grape variety that is known for given very highly irregular harvest yields from vintage to vintage. Among the viticultural hazards that the grape is most susceptible to is the fungal infection of powdery mildew. Wine regions Location of the Susa Valley within Piedmont. Today, Avanà is found almost exclusively in the Susa Valley region of Piedmont that links the city of Turin to the French wine region Savoie across the Alps. In 2000, there were 30 hectares (74 acres) of the grape variety in cultivation where it has been a permitted grape variety in the red blends of the Pinerolese (since 1996) and Valsusa (since 1997) DOCs. DOC regulations In the red wine only DOC of Pinerolese located in the provinces of Cuneo and Turin, Avanà grapes destined for DOC wine production must be limited to a harvest yield of 10 tonnes/hectare with the finished wines needing to attain minimum alcohol level of at least 10.5%. Wines labeled as just Pinerolese must contain a minimum of 50% of Barbera, Bonarda Piemontese, Nebbiolo and Neretta Cuneese with Avanà and other local red Piemontese varieties permitted to fill in the remainder of the blend. Barbera (pictured) is a common blending partner with Avanà. For Pinerolese Ramie, Avanà must make up a minimum of 30% of the blend with Avarengo and Neretta Cuneese required to make up an additional minimum of 15% and 20% of the blend, respectively, with other red wine grapes permitted to account up to a maximum of 35%. Additionally, a varietal style of Avanà can be produced within the 80 hectares (200 acres) of the DOC provided that the grape makes up at least 85% of the wine. The red wine only Valsusa DOC covers Avanà grown within 19 small rural communities between the villages of Almese and Exilles in the Susa Valley in the province of Turin. In 2000, there were only 9 hectares (22 acres) of grapes in production within the DOC. Here grapes are limited to a maximum harvest yield of 9 tonnes/ha with the finished wines needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 11%. The blend for the DOC wines must contain a 60% minimum collectively of Avanà, Barbera, Dolcetto and/or Nebbiolo with other local red grape varieties permitted to fill in the remainder. Styles According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson, as a varietal, Avanà tends to produce light-bodied wines with moderate acidity levels and low tannins that are meant to be consumed young rather than cellared. Synonyms Over the years, Avanà has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Alvana di Susa, Avana, Avana de Susa, Avana di Susa, Avana nero, Avanale, Avanas, Avanato, Avanè, Avane, Avenà, Avena, Avenai, Bibou, Davana, Eyholzer Roter, Guibou, Havana, Hibou, Hibou noir (in the Isère and Hautes-Alpes departments of France), Hivernais, Hyvernais, Luisant, Palofrais, Polafrais, Polofrais, Pometre, Promeche, Promere Raisin Cerise, Ribou and Vermaglio (in the town of Saluzzo in Piedmont). References ^ a b c d e f g J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours pg 69 Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978-1-846-14446-2 ^ a b c P. Saunders Wine Label Language pgs 191 & 212 Firefly Books 2004 ISBN 1-55297-720-X ^ Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Avanà Accessed: March 24th, 2014
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avana (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avana_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Italian wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine"},{"link_name":"grape variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_variety"},{"link_name":"Piedmont wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_wine"},{"link_name":"Dauphiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Savoie wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie_wine"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Denominazione di origine controllata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata"},{"link_name":"Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbera"},{"link_name":"Persan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persan_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Freisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freisa"},{"link_name":"Neretta Cuneese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neretta_Cuneese&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dolcetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolcetto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-1"}],"text":"\"Avana\" redirects here. For other uses, see Avana (disambiguation).Avanà is a red Italian wine grape variety that is grown in the Piedmont wine region of northwest Italy. Historically, the grape has also been grown in the Dauphiné and Savoie wine region of eastern France where it was known as Hibou noir and in the Valais region of Switzerland. The grape is most often used as a blending variety in the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) zones of Pinerolese, with Barbera, Persan, Freisa and Neretta Cuneese, and Valsusa, with Barbera, Dolcetto, Neretta Cuneese and other local red Piemontese varieties.[1]","title":"Avanà"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Val_susa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ampelographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelographer"},{"link_name":"agronomist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomist"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Croce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Battista_Croce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DNA analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_analysis"},{"link_name":"Susa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_Valley"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-1"},{"link_name":"Cacaboué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cacabou%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amigne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-1"}],"text":"The Susa Valley, where Avanà has a long history of production.Ampelographers believe that the first written mention of Avanà was under the synonym Avanato in the 1606 work of Italian agronomist Giovanni Battista Croce on the grapes of the Piedmont region. In the early 21st century, DNA analysis revealed that the Hibou noir grape was historically grown in what is today the Savoie region of France and Valais region of Switzerland was, in fact, the same Avanà grape that is still grown in the Susa Valley of Piedmont. From 1418 to 1713, Piedmont, Savoie and Valais were all part of the Duchy of Savoy and it is likely during this time that Avanà was introduced to each region though today the grape is mostly only found in Piedmont.[1]DNA analysis also revealed that Avanà has a close parent-offspring relationship with the Savoie wine grape Cacaboué. The Swiss wine grape Amigne also appears to be closely related to Avanà though the exact nature of the relationship (which can be anything from half-sibling to niece/nephew to grandparent/grandchild) is not yet known.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"early to mid-ripening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripe_(wine)"},{"link_name":"harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_(wine)"},{"link_name":"yields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yields_(wine)"},{"link_name":"vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage"},{"link_name":"viticultural hazards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticultural_hazards"},{"link_name":"powdery mildew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdery_mildew"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-1"}],"text":"Avanà is an early to mid-ripening grape variety that is known for given very highly irregular harvest yields from vintage to vintage. Among the viticultural hazards that the grape is most susceptible to is the fungal infection of powdery mildew.[1]","title":"Viticulture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valsusaposizione_it.png"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-1"}],"text":"Location of the Susa Valley within Piedmont.Today, Avanà is found almost exclusively in the Susa Valley region of Piedmont that links the city of Turin to the French wine region Savoie across the Alps. In 2000, there were 30 hectares (74 acres) of the grape variety in cultivation where it has been a permitted grape variety in the red blends of the Pinerolese (since 1996) and Valsusa (since 1997) DOCs.[1]","title":"Wine regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneo_(province)"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_(province)"},{"link_name":"alcohol level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_level"},{"link_name":"Bonarda Piemontese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonarda_Piemontese"},{"link_name":"Nebbiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebbiolo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uva_Barbera_-_Giorgio_Gallesio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avarengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarengo"},{"link_name":"varietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-2"},{"link_name":"Almese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almese"},{"link_name":"Exilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-2"}],"sub_title":"DOC regulations","text":"In the red wine only DOC of Pinerolese located in the provinces of Cuneo and Turin, Avanà grapes destined for DOC wine production must be limited to a harvest yield of 10 tonnes/hectare with the finished wines needing to attain minimum alcohol level of at least 10.5%. Wines labeled as just Pinerolese must contain a minimum of 50% of Barbera, Bonarda Piemontese, Nebbiolo and Neretta Cuneese with Avanà and other local red Piemontese varieties permitted to fill in the remainder of the blend.[2]Barbera (pictured) is a common blending partner with Avanà.For Pinerolese Ramie, Avanà must make up a minimum of 30% of the blend with Avarengo and Neretta Cuneese required to make up an additional minimum of 15% and 20% of the blend, respectively, with other red wine grapes permitted to account up to a maximum of 35%. Additionally, a varietal style of Avanà can be produced within the 80 hectares (200 acres) of the DOC provided that the grape makes up at least 85% of the wine.[2]The red wine only Valsusa DOC covers Avanà grown within 19 small rural communities between the villages of Almese and Exilles in the Susa Valley in the province of Turin. In 2000, there were only 9 hectares (22 acres) of grapes in production within the DOC. Here grapes are limited to a maximum harvest yield of 9 tonnes/ha with the finished wines needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 11%. The blend for the DOC wines must contain a 60% minimum collectively of Avanà, Barbera, Dolcetto and/or Nebbiolo with other local red grape varieties permitted to fill in the remainder.[2]","title":"Wine regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master of Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Wine"},{"link_name":"Jancis Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jancis_Robinson"},{"link_name":"varietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietal"},{"link_name":"light-bodied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_(wine)"},{"link_name":"acidity levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidity_levels"},{"link_name":"tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannins"},{"link_name":"consumed young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-1"}],"text":"According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson, as a varietal, Avanà tends to produce light-bodied wines with moderate acidity levels and low tannins that are meant to be consumed young rather than cellared.[1]","title":"Styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Hautes-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Alpes"},{"link_name":"Saluzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluzzo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VIVC-3"}],"text":"Over the years, Avanà has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Alvana di Susa, Avana, Avana de Susa, Avana di Susa, Avana nero, Avanale, Avanas, Avanato, Avanè, Avane, Avenà, Avena, Avenai, Bibou, Davana, Eyholzer Roter, Guibou, Havana, Hibou, Hibou noir (in the Isère and Hautes-Alpes departments of France), Hivernais, Hyvernais, Luisant, Palofrais, Polafrais, Polofrais, Pometre, Promeche, Promere Raisin Cerise, Ribou and Vermaglio (in the town of Saluzzo in Piedmont).[1][3]","title":"Synonyms"}]
[{"image_text":"The Susa Valley, where Avanà has a long history of production.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Val_susa.jpg/220px-Val_susa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of the Susa Valley within Piedmont.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Valsusaposizione_it.png/220px-Valsusaposizione_it.png"},{"image_text":"Barbera (pictured) is a common blending partner with Avanà.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Uva_Barbera_-_Giorgio_Gallesio.jpg/220px-Uva_Barbera_-_Giorgio_Gallesio.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=793","external_links_name":"Avanà"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Underground_(film)
Paris Underground (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
1945 film by Gregory Ratoff Paris UndergroundDirected byGregory RatoffWritten byBoris IngsterGertrude PurcellProduced byConstance BennettStarringConstance BennettGracie FieldsCinematographyLee GarmesEdward CronjagerEdited byJames E. NewcomMusic byAlexander TansmanProductioncompanyConstance Bennett ProductionsDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date October 19, 1945 (1945-10-19) Running time97 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1 million Paris Underground, also known as Madame Pimpernel, is a 1945 film directed by Gregory Ratoff, and based on the memoir of the same title by Etta Shiber. The film stars Constance Bennett and Gracie Fields as an American and an Englishwoman trapped in Paris when Nazi Germany invades in 1940, who rescue British airmen shot down in France and help them escape across the English Channel. This was also Bennett's only producing credit. The film's sets were designed by the art director Nicolai Remisoff. Alexandre Tansman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score (one of 21 nominations that year). Plot American Kitty de Mornay quarrels with her French husband Andre over her lack of concern over the imminent fall of Paris to the Germans. She is so ignorant of the danger she is in, she flees with her English friend Emmeline "Emmy" Quayle too late. They end up at the country inn of Pappa Renard. After serving them a meal, he reveals that a shot-down English flyer, Flight Lieutenant William Gray, is hiding out there. Since Renard is unwilling to continue sheltering Gray, the women decide to take him back to Paris with them. When their car has a flat, German Captain Kurt von Weber happens by and has one of his men change the tire. Since he is going to Paris too, von Weber personally drives them back, past all the German patrols and checkpoints. When he leaves, he gives Kitty his card, revealing that he is assigned to the military department of the Gestapo. They sneak Gray past Madame Martin, Emmy's concierge, and into her apartment. A week later, Gray decides he has to leave, as anyone caught sheltering an enemy soldier will be executed. Before he can, the Germans surround and search the building. The timely arrival of von Weber, with a bouquet of flowers, ensures that the search is cut short. Kitty suggests going out to a nightclub to get the German out of the apartment. At the club, they encounter Andre. While dancing, Kitty apprises Andre of her situation and asks for his help in getting Gray out. Following Andre's instructions, they contact Tissier, a baker. By bad luck, a German patrol happens by, and Emmy is taken in for questioning. After seeing Gray off, Kitty goes back to see what she can do for her friend. To her surprise, she finds Emmy at Tessier's place. Kitty is persuaded to help others escape with them. Emmy reluctantly decides to get involved too, just to keep Kitty out of trouble. They contact Father Dominique. Expecting to sneak one man into unoccupied France, they are surprised to find the priest hiding about a dozen in his crypt. The women take two with them, but when they reach Tissier's bakery, they learn that he has been shot. When they discover that the local cemetery is across the border, Kitty decides to use a funeral to get the men. The undertaker, however, informs them that the Germans are on guard against such attempts. However, he expects the aged Marquise de Montigny to pass away soon; when she does, the undertaker is glad to be able to give the worthy, yet poverty-stricken woman a lavish funeral procession, with the soldiers disguised as mourners. At the last moment, Kitty and Emmy decide to go back to continue smuggling. By 1942, the occupying Germans are frustrated that so many Allied soldiers are eluding them. Von Weber comes up with a plan to destroy the smuggling network. He arranges for a fake Allied pilot to be "shot down". The man is brought to Emmy's antique shop hidden inside a chest. She is warned, but he becomes suspicious and pulls a gun and calls the Gestapo. She is able to strike him on the head (fatally) with a candlestick when he is distracted. However, too much is overheard over the phone, and the Germans, led by von Weber, come for them; Andre is there as well, back from England on a mission for the Free French. Emmy is captured, but the others evade the first sweep, hiding in the basement. When they overhear that von Weber will not stop searching, utterly convinced Kitty is still in the building, she knocks Andre out and gives herself up to save him. They survive to be liberated by the Allies, though Emmy is so unhinged by her ordeal that she at first does not even recognize her friend. Cast Constance Bennett as Kitty de Mornay Gracie Fields as Emmeline Quayle Kurt Kreuger as Capt. Kurt von Weber Charles Andre as Father Dominique Leslie Vincent as Lt. William Gray Eily Malyon as Madame Martin Gregory Gaye as Tissier George Rigaud as Andre de Mornay Vladimir Sokoloff as Undertaker Richard Ryen as Mons. Renard Maurice Cass as Patriot Adrienne D'Ambricourt as Margot Andrew McLaglen as Sgt. McNair Reception Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it was unlikely "that the film will cause more than a ripple of interest, although the moviegoer who chances inside should still find it possible to drum up some vicarious excitement over the fate of the two ladies and their rapid turnover of proteges." Bosley Crowther of The New York Times was unenthusiastic, writing, "it is hard to imagine that the actual participants in that work were as la-de-da and frolicsome about it as are Miss Bennett and Miss Fields." Glenn Erickson gave the movie an unfavorable review, calling it a "rather undistinguished spy thriller. It has reasonable production values but lacks a strong script and is shaky in the credibility department." References ^ "Bankrollers". Variety. 11 May 1949. p. 16. ^ Scheuer, Philip K. (5 December 1945). "Underground Gets Movie Treatment". Los Angeles Times. p. 9. ^ Crowther, Bosley (20 October 1945). "The Screen: 'Paris Underground,' Constance Bennett Production, New Bill at Gotham". The New York Times. p. 17. ^ "Paris Underground". DVD Savant. External links Paris Underground at IMDb Paris Underground at the TCM Movie Database Paris Underground at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Gregory Ratoff Sins of Man (1936) Lancer Spy (1937) Wife, Husband and Friend (1939) Rose of Washington Square (1939) Hotel for Women (1939) Intermezzo (1939) Day-Time Wife (1939) Barricade (1939) I Was an Adventuress (1940) Public Deb No. 1 (1940) Adam Had Four Sons (1941) The Corsican Brothers (1941) The Men in Her Life (1941) Two Yanks in Trinidad (1942) Footlight Serenade (1942) Something to Shout About (1943) The Heat's On (1943) Song of Russia (1944) Irish Eyes Are Smiling (1944) Where Do We Go from Here? (1945) Paris Underground (1945) Do You Love Me (1946) Carnival in Costa Rica (1947) Moss Rose (1947) That Dangerous Age (1949) Black Magic (1949) My Daughter Joy (1950) Taxi (1953) Abdulla the Great (1955) Oscar Wilde (1960)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory Ratoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Ratoff"},{"link_name":"the memoir of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Underground_(book)"},{"link_name":"Constance Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Gracie Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Fields"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Nicolai Remisoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Remisoff"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Tansman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Tansman"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score"}],"text":"Paris Underground, also known as Madame Pimpernel, is a 1945 film directed by Gregory Ratoff, and based on the memoir of the same title by Etta Shiber.The film stars Constance Bennett and Gracie Fields as an American and an Englishwoman trapped in Paris when Nazi Germany invades in 1940, who rescue British airmen shot down in France and help them escape across the English Channel. This was also Bennett's only producing credit. The film's sets were designed by the art director Nicolai Remisoff.Alexandre Tansman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score (one of 21 nominations that year).","title":"Paris Underground (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concierge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concierge"},{"link_name":"unoccupied France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"}],"text":"American Kitty de Mornay quarrels with her French husband Andre over her lack of concern over the imminent fall of Paris to the Germans. She is so ignorant of the danger she is in, she flees with her English friend Emmeline \"Emmy\" Quayle too late. They end up at the country inn of Pappa Renard. After serving them a meal, he reveals that a shot-down English flyer, Flight Lieutenant William Gray, is hiding out there. Since Renard is unwilling to continue sheltering Gray, the women decide to take him back to Paris with them. When their car has a flat, German Captain Kurt von Weber happens by and has one of his men change the tire. Since he is going to Paris too, von Weber personally drives them back, past all the German patrols and checkpoints. When he leaves, he gives Kitty his card, revealing that he is assigned to the military department of the Gestapo. They sneak Gray past Madame Martin, Emmy's concierge, and into her apartment.A week later, Gray decides he has to leave, as anyone caught sheltering an enemy soldier will be executed. Before he can, the Germans surround and search the building. The timely arrival of von Weber, with a bouquet of flowers, ensures that the search is cut short. Kitty suggests going out to a nightclub to get the German out of the apartment. At the club, they encounter Andre. While dancing, Kitty apprises Andre of her situation and \nasks for his help in getting Gray out.Following Andre's instructions, they contact Tissier, a baker. By bad luck, a German patrol happens by, and Emmy is taken in for questioning. After seeing Gray off, Kitty goes back to see what she can do for her friend. To her surprise, she finds Emmy at Tessier's place.Kitty is persuaded to help others escape with them. Emmy reluctantly decides to get involved too, just to keep Kitty out of trouble. They contact Father Dominique. Expecting to sneak one man into unoccupied France, they are surprised to find the priest hiding about a dozen in his crypt. The women take two with them, but when they reach Tissier's bakery, they learn that he has been shot. When they discover that the local cemetery is across the border, Kitty decides to use a funeral to get the men. The undertaker, however, informs them that the Germans are on guard against such attempts. However, he expects the aged Marquise de Montigny to pass away soon; when she does, the undertaker is glad to be able to give the worthy, yet poverty-stricken woman a lavish funeral procession, with the soldiers disguised as mourners. At the last moment, Kitty and Emmy decide to go back to continue smuggling.By 1942, the occupying Germans are frustrated that so many Allied soldiers are eluding them. Von Weber comes up with a plan to destroy the smuggling network. He arranges for a fake Allied pilot to be \"shot down\". The man is brought to Emmy's antique shop hidden inside a chest. She is warned, but he becomes suspicious and pulls a gun and calls the Gestapo. She is able to strike him on the head (fatally) with a candlestick when he is distracted. However, too much is overheard over the phone, and the Germans, led by von Weber, come for them; Andre is there as well, back from England on a mission for the Free French. Emmy is captured, but the others evade the first sweep, hiding in the basement. When they overhear that von Weber will not stop searching, utterly convinced Kitty is still in the building, she knocks Andre out and gives herself up to save him.They survive to be liberated by the Allies, though Emmy is so unhinged by her ordeal that she at first does not even recognize her friend.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constance Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Gracie Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Fields"},{"link_name":"Kurt Kreuger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Kreuger"},{"link_name":"Leslie Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Eily Malyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eily_Malyon"},{"link_name":"Gregory Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Gaye"},{"link_name":"George Rigaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rigaud"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Sokoloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Sokoloff"},{"link_name":"Richard Ryen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ryen"},{"link_name":"Maurice Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Cass"},{"link_name":"Adrienne D'Ambricourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_D%27Ambricourt"},{"link_name":"Andrew McLaglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McLaglen"}],"text":"Constance Bennett as Kitty de Mornay\nGracie Fields as Emmeline Quayle\nKurt Kreuger as Capt. Kurt von Weber\nCharles Andre as Father Dominique\nLeslie Vincent as Lt. William Gray\nEily Malyon as Madame Martin\nGregory Gaye as Tissier\nGeorge Rigaud as Andre de Mornay\nVladimir Sokoloff as Undertaker\nRichard Ryen as Mons. Renard\nMaurice Cass as Patriot\nAdrienne D'Ambricourt as Margot\nAndrew McLaglen as Sgt. McNair","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bosley Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Glenn Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Erickson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it was unlikely \"that the film will cause more than a ripple of interest, although the moviegoer who chances inside should still find it possible to drum up some vicarious excitement over the fate of the two ladies and their rapid turnover of proteges.\"[2]Bosley Crowther of The New York Times was unenthusiastic, writing, \"it is hard to imagine that the actual participants in that work [smuggling downed airmen to safety] were as la-de-da and frolicsome about it as are Miss Bennett and Miss Fields.\"\n[3]Glenn Erickson gave the movie an unfavorable review, calling it a \"rather undistinguished spy thriller. It has reasonable production values but lacks a strong script and is shaky in the credibility department.\"[4]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bankrollers\". Variety. 11 May 1949. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety174-1949-05/page/n71/mode/1up?q=%22negative+cost%22","url_text":"\"Bankrollers\""}]},{"reference":"Scheuer, Philip K. (5 December 1945). \"Underground Gets Movie Treatment\". Los Angeles Times. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crowther, Bosley (20 October 1945). \"The Screen: 'Paris Underground,' Constance Bennett Production, New Bill at Gotham\". The New York Times. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther","url_text":"Crowther, Bosley"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1945/10/20/archives/the-screen-paris-underground-constance-bennett-production-new-bill.html","url_text":"\"The Screen: 'Paris Underground,' Constance Bennett Production, New Bill at Gotham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris Underground\". DVD Savant.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s1591pari.html","url_text":"\"Paris Underground\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connelly_(disambiguation)
John Connelly
["1 See also"]
John Connelly may refer to: John Connelly (baseball) (died 2013), American college baseball coach John Connelly (1910s footballer), English footballer John Connelly (footballer, born 1938) (1938–2012), English footballer John Connelly (historian), American historian John Connelly (musician) (born 1962), front man and guitarist with band Nuclear Assault John Connelly (prospector) (1860–1928), Australian prospector and mine owner John E. Connelly (1925–2009), Pittsburgh casino and riverboat owner John R. Connelly (1870–1940), U.S. Representative from Kansas See also John Connally (1917–1993), American politician John Connolly (disambiguation) John Conolly (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Connelly (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connelly_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"John Connelly (1910s footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connelly_(1910s_footballer)"},{"link_name":"John Connelly (footballer, born 1938)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connelly_(footballer,_born_1938)"},{"link_name":"John Connelly (historian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connelly_(historian)"},{"link_name":"John Connelly (musician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connelly_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Connelly (prospector)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connelly_(prospector)"},{"link_name":"John E. Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Connelly"},{"link_name":"John R. Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Connelly"}],"text":"John Connelly (baseball) (died 2013), American college baseball coach\nJohn Connelly (1910s footballer), English footballer\nJohn Connelly (footballer, born 1938) (1938–2012), English footballer\nJohn Connelly (historian), American historian\nJohn Connelly (musician) (born 1962), front man and guitarist with band Nuclear Assault\nJohn Connelly (prospector) (1860–1928), Australian prospector and mine owner\nJohn E. Connelly (1925–2009), Pittsburgh casino and riverboat owner\nJohn R. Connelly (1870–1940), U.S. Representative from Kansas","title":"John Connelly"}]
[]
[{"title":"John Connally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally"},{"title":"John Connolly (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connolly_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"John Conolly (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conolly_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_Connelly&namespace=0"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_Connelly&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Goffey
Chris Goffey
["1 Early life","2 Motoring press","3 Top Gear","4 Later career","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
Christopher Robert Goffey (born 17 October 1945) is an English journalist and television personality, best known as a presenter of the BBC motoring television series Top Gear. He was with Channel 4 since the mid-1980s and worked with two motoring programmes (The Motor Show and Wheeltracks) before returning to Top Gear. He has worked on many different corporate, instructional, and motivational films for a variety of clients. Early life Goffey was born in Bury, Greater Manchester. From 1965 he honed his skills with the Ruislip Northwood Post, the Bucks Advertiser (now the Bucks Herald), and the Slough Evening Mail. Motoring press Between 1972 and 1977 Goffey worked as a member of the editorial team of Britain's Autocar magazine, where for five years his responsibilities included the news pages. Recognition came in 1975 when he was designated News Editor. Leaving Autocar in 1977, he obtained his own editorship with the journal Motor Trader. He is a member of the Guild of Motoring Writers. Top Gear Goffey's first foray into television was on the Thames Television series Drive In and its successor Wheels in the late 1970s but in 1981 he crossed over to the BBC to join Top Gear. His demeanour was deliberately understated, calm, and practical when dealing with all road tests on Top Gear. His beard, formal attire, and common sense were a direct foil to the more in-your-face antics of his colleague Jeremy Clarkson. However, during a race among all the Top Gear presenters in SEAT Ibizas in 1996, Clarkson noted that the last time Goffey had been on a track, he had been "tearing the tyres off an Audi 80". In another incident contrasting with his sedate image, Goffey accidentally overturned an Austin Maestro while conducting a test drive for the programme to mark the car's launch. Goffey left Top Gear in 2000 – the year before its initial cancellation by the BBC – after sustaining a broken neck in a horse riding accident. Later career Goffey was one of the presenters, alongside Richard Hammond and Brendan Coogan, on the first series of Dream Deals, a motoring show which aired on the Men & Motors channel, in 2001. In a May 2007 Top Gear Magazine column (now removed), Jeremy Clarkson suggested that he would like Goffey back on the programme and would prefer a more serious approach but that the audience wanted them to "cock about". Personal life Goffey is the father of music video director Nic Goffey and Supergrass drummer Danny Goffey. He married Linda Nolan in north-west Surrey in 1969. They live in South Oxfordshire, and have three grandchildren through son Danny. References ^ Debrett's Archived 11 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c "News: Promotion for Goffey". Autocar. 147 (nbr 4221): 17. 1 October 1977. ^ a b The Road Show Talks To Top Gear's Chris Goffey, retrieved 24 October 2023 External links Chris Goffey profile
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"}],"text":"He was with Channel 4 since the mid-1980s and worked with two motoring programmes (The Motor Show and Wheeltracks) before returning to Top Gear. He has worked on many different corporate, instructional, and motivational films for a variety of clients.","title":"Chris Goffey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bury, Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Ruislip Northwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruislip-Northwood_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"Bucks Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_Herald"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar197710-2"}],"text":"Goffey was born in Bury, Greater Manchester. From 1965 he honed his skills with the Ruislip Northwood Post, the Bucks Advertiser (now the Bucks Herald), and the Slough Evening Mail.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar197710-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar197710-2"},{"link_name":"Guild of Motoring Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guild_of_Motoring_Writers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Between 1972 and 1977 Goffey worked as a member of the editorial team of Britain's Autocar magazine, where for five years his responsibilities included the news pages.[2] Recognition came in 1975 when he was designated News Editor. Leaving Autocar in 1977, he obtained his own editorship with the journal Motor Trader.[2] He is a member of the Guild of Motoring Writers.","title":"Motoring press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thames Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"SEAT Ibizas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT_Ibiza"},{"link_name":"Audi 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_80"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Austin Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maestro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Goffey's first foray into television was on the Thames Television series Drive In and its successor Wheels in the late 1970s but in 1981 he crossed over to the BBC to join Top Gear. His demeanour was deliberately understated, calm, and practical when dealing with all road tests on Top Gear. His beard, formal attire, and common sense were a direct foil to the more in-your-face antics of his colleague Jeremy Clarkson. However, during a race among all the Top Gear presenters in SEAT Ibizas in 1996, Clarkson noted that the last time Goffey had been on a track, he had been \"tearing the tyres off an Audi 80\". [citation needed] In another incident contrasting with his sedate image, Goffey accidentally overturned an Austin Maestro while conducting a test drive for the programme to mark the car's launch.[3]Goffey left Top Gear in 2000 – the year before its initial cancellation by the BBC – after sustaining a broken neck in a horse riding accident.[3]","title":"Top Gear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Brendan Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Coogan"},{"link_name":"Men & Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_%26_Motors"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Goffey was one of the presenters, alongside Richard Hammond and Brendan Coogan, on the first series of Dream Deals, a motoring show which aired on the Men & Motors channel, in 2001.In a May 2007 Top Gear Magazine column (now removed), Jeremy Clarkson suggested that he would like Goffey back on the programme and would prefer a more serious approach but that the audience wanted them to \"cock about\".[citation needed]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nic Goffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_and_Nic"},{"link_name":"Supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass"},{"link_name":"Danny Goffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Goffey"},{"link_name":"South Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Oxfordshire"}],"text":"Goffey is the father of music video director Nic Goffey and Supergrass drummer Danny Goffey.\nHe married Linda Nolan in north-west Surrey in 1969. They live in South Oxfordshire, and have three grandchildren through son Danny.","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"News: Promotion for Goffey\". Autocar. 147 (nbr 4221): 17. 1 October 1977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"The Road Show Talks To Top Gear's Chris Goffey, retrieved 24 October 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6jjRisX1vQ","url_text":"The Road Show Talks To Top Gear's Chris Goffey"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.debretts.com/people-of-today/profile/3452/Chris-Robert-GOFFEY","external_links_name":"Debrett's"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111131621/http://www.debretts.com/people-of-today/profile/3452/Chris-Robert-GOFFEY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6jjRisX1vQ","external_links_name":"The Road Show Talks To Top Gear's Chris Goffey"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713121436/http://www.journalistdirectory.com/journalist/XAELm/Christopher-Goffey","external_links_name":"Chris Goffey profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotelva
Kotelva
["1 Location","2 History","3 Notable people","4 References"]
Rural locality in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine Rural settlement in Poltava Oblast, UkraineKotelva КотельваRural settlement FlagCoat of armsKotelvaLocation of Kotelva in Poltava OblastShow map of Poltava OblastKotelvaLocation of Kotelva in UkraineShow map of UkraineCoordinates: 50°3′51.68″N 34°44′58.16″E / 50.0643556°N 34.7494889°E / 50.0643556; 34.7494889Country UkraineOblast Poltava OblastRaionPoltava RaionFounded1582Government • Head of city councilIvan M. HarkvenkoArea • Total26.87 km2 (10.37 sq mi)Elevation102 m (335 ft)Population (2022) • Total11,778Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code38600Area code5350 Kotelva (Ukrainian: Котельва) is a rural settlement in Poltava Raion, Poltava Oblast, northeastern Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Kotelva settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 11,778 (2022 estimate). Location Kotelva is in the northeastern area of forest on the left tributary of the Vorskla, the Kotelva. Kotelva is 66 km from Poltava on N12 and 35 km from the nearest train station. History Two settlements of the Bandaryhynska culture dating back to the 12th and 10th centuries BC were found on the outskirts of Kotelva. Kotelva was one of the earliest settlements of the Left-bank Hetmanate. The settlement emerged in the mid-16th century and in 1709 was temporarily included in Slobodian. The emergence of a new settlement on the left bank laid its development in both the political and religious areas. Kotelva was first mentioned in writing in 1582 when Hetman Skalozub told it about the attack of the Crimean state units. In 1638, inhabitants of the town first attacked against the Polish authorities in the army of Hetman Pivtorakozhuka. For ten years, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, Kotelva inhabitants participated in battles under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the second half of the 17th century and in the first half of the 18th century Kotelva was a fortress protecting against attacks of Crimean and Nogai troops. In January 1709, Charles XII of Sweden spared the city. Later deceit town came under the direct jurisdiction of Grand Duchy of Moscow and entered into the Akhtyrsky regiment of Sloboda Ukraine. The church remained subordinate to the Kyiv Metropolis. Subsequently, Kotelva rebuilt the castle in 1718. In 1722, the Akhtyrsky Regiment was excluded from Kyiv province and went into the Military College. In the 1732 census, Kotelva had a population of 3,877. Holy Trinity Church In 1743, another census was held. Kotelva now had 8,433 inhabitants. The town was given a coat of arms. In 1812, the Holy Trinity Church, its largest architectural monument, was built. With a population around 20,000, Kotelva was one of the largest villages in Ukraine until 1930. At the time it had a large cottage industry, mainly involved in weaving. In 1979, the town had a population of 12,000. Until 18 July 2020, Kotelva was the administrative center of Kotelva Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Poltava Oblast to four. The area of Kotelva Raion was merged into Poltava Raion. Until 26 January 2024, Kotelva was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Kotelva became a rural settlement. Notable people Yuriy Fomenko, footballer Sydir Kovpak, partisan leader Valery Storozhik, actor References ^ "Ukrainian Zip Codes". Angelfire. Retrieved 2015-09-25. ^ "Котелевская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022. ^ a b Kubijovyc, Volodymyr (2016-05-26). Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume II: G-K. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442651180. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. ^ "Что изменится в Украине с 1 января". glavnoe.in.ua (in Russian). 1 January 2024. ^ "Sydir Kovpak". Герои страны ("Heroes of the Country") (in Russian). vteAdministrative divisions of Poltava OblastAdministrative center: PoltavaRaions Kremenchuk Lubny Myrhorod Poltava Hromadas Bilotserkivka Bilyky Chornukhy Chutove Drabynivka Dykanka Hadiach Hlobyne Hoholeve Horishni Plavni Hradyzk Hrebinka Kamiani Potoky Karlivka Khorol Kobeliaky Kolomatske Komyshnia Kotelva Kozelshchyna Krasna Luka Kremenchuk Lanna Liutenka Lokhvytsia Lubny Machukhy Martynivka Mashivka Mykhailivka Myrhorod Nekhvoroshcha Novo Haleshchyna Novi Sanzhary Novoorzhytske Novoselivka Obolon Omelnyk Opishnia Orzhytsia Petrivka-Romenska Pishchane Poltava Pryshyb Pyriatyn Reshetylivka Romodan Semenivka Sencha Serhiivka Shcherbani Shyshaky Skorokhodove Tereshky Velyka Bahachka Velyka Rublivka Velyki Budyshcha Velyki Sorochyntsi Zavodske Zinkiv Cities Hadiach Hlobyne Horishni Plavni Hrebinka Karlivka Khorol Kobeliaky Kremenchuk Lokhvytsia Lubny Myrhorod Poltava Pyriatyn Reshetylivka Zavodske Zinkiv Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"rural settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine#Rural_settlements"},{"link_name":"Poltava Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Raion"},{"link_name":"Poltava Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kotelva settlement hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotelva_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hromadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admreform_2020_kotelva-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ua2022estimate-3"}],"text":"Rural settlement in Poltava Oblast, UkraineKotelva (Ukrainian: Котельва) is a rural settlement in Poltava Raion, Poltava Oblast, northeastern Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Kotelva settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[2] Population: 11,778 (2022 estimate).[3]","title":"Kotelva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vorskla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorskla"},{"link_name":"Kotelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotelva_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava"},{"link_name":"N12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N12_road_(Ukraine)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kotelva is in the northeastern area of forest on the left tributary of the Vorskla, the Kotelva. Kotelva is 66 km from Poltava on N12 and 35 km from the nearest train station.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Left-bank Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Khmelnytsky Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Bohdan Khmelnytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky"},{"link_name":"Crimean and Nogai troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_raids_into_East_Slavic_lands"},{"link_name":"Charles XII of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Akhtyrsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtyrsky"},{"link_name":"Sloboda Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.),_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Kotelva Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotelva_Raion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glavnoe-7"}],"text":"Two settlements of the Bandaryhynska culture dating back to the 12th and 10th centuries BC were found on the outskirts of Kotelva.Kotelva was one of the earliest settlements of the Left-bank Hetmanate. The settlement emerged in the mid-16th century and in 1709 was temporarily included in Slobodian. The emergence of a new settlement on the left bank laid its development in both the political and religious areas.Kotelva was first mentioned in writing in 1582 when Hetman Skalozub told it about the attack of the Crimean state units. In 1638, inhabitants of the town first attacked against the Polish authorities in the army of Hetman Pivtorakozhuka. For ten years, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, Kotelva inhabitants participated in battles under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the second half of the 17th century and in the first half of the 18th century Kotelva was a fortress protecting against attacks of Crimean and Nogai troops. In January 1709, Charles XII of Sweden spared the city. Later deceit town came under the direct jurisdiction of Grand Duchy of Moscow and entered into the Akhtyrsky regiment of Sloboda Ukraine. The church remained subordinate to the Kyiv Metropolis.Subsequently, Kotelva rebuilt the castle in 1718. In 1722, the Akhtyrsky Regiment was excluded from Kyiv province and went into the Military College. In the 1732 census, Kotelva had a population of 3,877.Holy Trinity ChurchIn 1743, another census was held. Kotelva now had 8,433 inhabitants. The town was given a coat of arms. In 1812, the Holy Trinity Church, its largest architectural monument, was built.[4]With a population around 20,000, Kotelva was one of the largest villages in Ukraine until 1930. At the time it had a large cottage industry, mainly involved in weaving. In 1979, the town had a population of 12,000.[4]Until 18 July 2020, Kotelva was the administrative center of Kotelva Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Poltava Oblast to four. The area of Kotelva Raion was merged into Poltava Raion.[5][6]Until 26 January 2024, Kotelva was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Kotelva became a rural settlement.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuriy Fomenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Fomenko"},{"link_name":"Sydir Kovpak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydir_Kovpak"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Valery Storozhik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Storozhik"}],"text":"Yuriy Fomenko, footballer\nSydir Kovpak, partisan leader[8]\nValery Storozhik, actor","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Holy Trinity Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.%29%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.%29%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha_Sukta
Purusha Sukta
["1 Contents","1.1 Purusha","1.2 Creation","1.3 Yajna","2 Context","3 Authenticity","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Rigvedic hymn dedicated to Purusha Part of a series onHinduism Hindus History OriginsHistorical Hindu synthesis (500/200 BCE–300 CE) History Indus Valley Civilisation Historical Vedic religion Dravidian folk religion Śramaṇa Tribal religions in India Traditional Itihasa-Purana Epic-Puranic royal genealogies Epic-Puranic chronology Traditions Major traditions Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Vaishnavism List Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Other major Devas / Devis Vedic: Agni Ashvins Chandra Indra Prajapati Pushan Rudra Surya Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic: Dattatreya Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Kubera Radha Rama Shakti Sita Vishvakarma Concepts Worldview Cosmology Mythology Ontology Tattvas Subtle elements Panchikarana Gross elements Guṇas Supreme reality Brahman Nirguna Saguna Om Saccidānanda God Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Meaning of life Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Stages of life Brahmacharya Gṛhastha Vānaprastha Sannyasa Three paths to liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Liberation Mokṣa-related topics: Paramātman Maya Karma Saṃsāra Mind Ātman (self) Anātman (non-self) Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) Prajña (wisdom) Ānanda (happiness) Viveka (discernment) Vairagya (dispassion) Sama (equanimity) Dama (temperance) Uparati (self-settledness) Titiksha (forbearance) Shraddha (faith) Samadhana (concentration) Arishadvargas (six enemies) Ahamkara (attachment) Ethics Niti śastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Achourya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Arjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Sources of dharma Epistemology Pratyakṣa (perception) Anumāṇa (inference) Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) Śabda (word, testimony) Practices Worship, sacrifice, and charity Puja Ārtī Prarthana Śrauta Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Kīrtana Yajna Homa Tarpana Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Yatra Tirthadana Matha Nritta-Nritya Dāna Sevā Meditation Tapas Dhyana Samādhāna Nididhyāsana Yoga Sadhu Yogi Yogini Asana Sādhanā Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Rāja yoga Kundalini yoga Arts Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odissi Sattriya Bhagavata Mela Yakshagana Dandiya Raas Carnatic music Pandav Lila Kalaripayattu Silambam Adimurai Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Pumsavana Simantonayana Simantonnayana Jatakarma Nāmakaraṇa Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyāraṃbhaṃ Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartanam Vivaha Antyesti Festivals Diwali Holi Maha Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami-Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbh Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Philosophical schools Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mīmāṃsā Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Shuddhadvaita Dvaitadvaita Akshar Purushottam Darshan Other schools Shaiva Kapalika Pashupata Pratyabhijña Vaishnava Pancharatra Charvaka Gurus, sants, philosophers Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jaimini Jamadagni Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Patanjali Pāṇini Prashastapada Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Abhinavagupta Adi Shankara Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Alvars Basava Chaitanya Ramdas Kathiababa Chakradhara Chāngadeva Dadu Dayal Eknath Gangesha Upadhyaya Santadas Kathiababa Gaudapada Gorakshanatha Haridasa Thakur Harivansh Jagannatha Dasa Jayanta Bhatta Jayatīrtha Jiva Goswami Jñāneśvar Kabir Kanaka Dasa Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Madhusūdana Madhva Matsyendranatha Morya Gosavi Mukundarāja Namadeva Narahari Tirtha Narasimha Saraswati Nayanars Nimbarkacharya Prabhākara Purandara Dasa Raghavendra Swami Raghunatha Siromani Raghuttama Tirtha Ram Charan Ramananda Ramanuja Ramprasad Sen Ravidas Rupa Goswami Samarth Ramdas Sankardev Satyanatha Tirtha Siddheshwar Sripada Srivallabha Sripadaraja Surdas Swaminarayan Śyāma Śastri Tukaram Tulsidas Tyagaraja Vācaspati Miśra Vadiraja Tirtha Vallabha Valluvar Vedanta Desika Vidyaranya Vyasaraja Modern Aurobindo Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chandrashekarendra Saraswati Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Mahavatar Babaji Mahesh Yogi Narayana Guru Nigamananda Nisargadatta Maharaj Prabhupada Radhakrishnan R. D. Ranade Ramakrishna Rama Tirtha Ramana Maharshi Ravi Shankar Ramdas Samarth Sathya Sai Baba Shirdi Sai Baba Shraddhanand Satyadhyana Tirtha Siddharameshwar Maharaj Sivananda Trailanga U. G. Krishnamurti Upasni Maharaj Vethathiri Maharishi Vivekananda Yogananda Texts Sources and classification of scripture Śruti Smṛti Ācāra Ātmatuṣṭi Scriptures Timeline of Hindu texts Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads Upanishads Rigveda: Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda: Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda: Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda: Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyākaraṇa Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agamas (Hinduism) Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Other textsPuranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Devi Bhagavata Purana Naradiya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmanda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Markandeya Purana Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras, sutras, and samhitas Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Shilpa Shastras Kama Sutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Panchadasi Stotras and stutis Kanakadhara Stotra Shiva Stuti Vayu Stuti Tamil literature Tirumurai Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Tiruppukal Kural Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram Five Great Epics Eighteen Greater Texts Eighteen Lesser Texts Athichudi Iraiyanar Akapporul Abirami Antati Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam Vinayagar Agaval Society Varna Four varnas: Brahmana Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Varna-less: Dalit Varna-related topics: Jāti Other society-related topics: Discrimination Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Organisations Reform movements Other topics Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Caribbean Shaktism Hindu culture Architecture Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and other religions Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Criticism Glossary Outline Hinduism portalvte The first two verses of the Purusha sukta, with Sayanacharya's commentary. Page of Max Müller's Rig-Veda-samhita rendered into the devanagari script, the Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans (reprint, London 1974). Purusha Sukta (Sanskrit: पुरुषसूक्तम्, IAST: Puruṣasuktam) is a hymn in the Rigveda, dedicated to the Purusha, the "Cosmic Being". It is considered to have been a relatively late addition to the scripture — probably, to accord theological sanction to an increasingly unequal Kuru polity — and is the only hymn to mention the four varnas in explicit, alluding to a hierarchical division of the society. The hymn is also found in the three other Vedas but in slightly different forms. Contents The Purusha Sukta gives a description of the spiritual unity of the universe. It presents the nature of Purusha, or the cosmic being, as both immanent in the manifested world and yet transcendent to it. From this being, the Sukta holds, the original creative will (identified with Vishvakarma, Hiranyagarbha or Prajapati) proceeds which causes the projection of the universe in space and time. The Purusha Sukta, in the seventh verse, hints at the organic connectedness of the various classes of society. Purusha The Purusha is defined in verses 2 to 5 of the Sukta. He is described as a being who pervades everything conscious and unconscious universally. He is poetically depicted as a being with thousand heads, eyes and legs, enveloping not just the earth, but the entire universe from all sides and transcending it by ten fingers length – or transcending in all 10 dimensions. All manifestations, in past, present and future, is held to be the Purusha alone. It is also proclaimed that he transcends his creation. The immanence of the Purusha in manifestation and yet his transcendence of it is similar to the viewpoint held by panentheists. Finally, his glory is held to be even greater than the portrayal in this Sukta. Creation Verses 5–15 hold the creation of the Rig Veda. Creation is described to have started with the origination of Virat, or the astral body from the Purusha. In Virat, omnipresent intelligence manifests itself which causes the appearance of diversity. In the verses following, it is held that Purusha through a sacrifice of himself, brings forth the avian, forest-dwelling, and domestic animals, the three Vedas, the meters (of the mantras). Then follows a verse that states that from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet the four varnas (categories) are born. After the verse, the Sukta states that the moon takes birth from the Purusha's mind and the sun from his eyes. Indra and Agni descend from his mouth and from his vital breath, air is born. The firmament comes from his navel, the heavens from his head, the earth from his feet and quarters of space from his ears. Through this creation, underlying unity of human, cosmic and divine realities is espoused, for all are seen arising out of same original reality, the Purusha. Yajna The Purusha Sukta holds that the world is created by and out of a Yajna or exchange of the Purusha. All forms of existence are held to be grounded in this primordial yajna. In the seventeenth verse, the concept of Yajna itself is held to have arisen out of this original sacrifice. In the final verses, yajna is extolled as the primordial energy ground for all existence. Context The Sukta gives an expression to immanence of radical unity in diversity and is therefore, seen as the foundation of the Vaishnava thought, Bhedabheda school of philosophy and Bhagavata theology. The concept of the Purusha is from the Samkhya Philosophy. It seems to be an interpolation into the Rigveda since it is out of character with the other hymns dedicated to nature gods. The Purusha Sukta is repeated with some variations in the Atharva Veda (19.6). Sections of it also occur in the Panchavimsha Brahmana, Vajasaneyi Samhita and the Taittiriya Aranyaka. Among Puranic texts, the Sukta has been elaborated in the Bhagavata Purana (2.5.35 to 2.6.1–29) and in the Mahabharata (Mokshadharma Parva 351 and 352). Authenticity The verses about social estates in the Purusha Sukta are considered to belong to the latest layer of the Rigveda by scholars such as V. Nagarajan, Jamison and Brereton. V. Nagarajan believes that it was an "interpolation" to give "divine sanction" to an unequal division in society that was in existence at the time of its composition. He states "The Vedic Hymns had been composed before the Varna scheme was implemented. The Vedic society was not organized on the basis of varnas. The Purusha Sukta might have been a later interpolation to secure Vedic sanction for that scheme". Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, a professor of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality". See also Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 90 Śrī Sūkta Historical Vedic religion List of suktas and stutis Nasadiya Sukta (Hymn of Creation) Agganna Sutta — a Buddhist critique Varna (Hinduism) and Caste system in India Notes ^ a b The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Translated by Stephanie W., Jamison; Brereton, Joel P. (Three Volume Set ed.). Oxford University Press. 2014. pp. 5, 57–58, 1537–1540. ISBN 9780199370184. ^ a b Witzel, Michael (2023-06-28). "The Realm of the Kuru: Origins and Development of the First State in India". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 28 (1): 47, 97, 123–126. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2023.1.22065. ISSN 1084-7561. ^ a b The Purusha sukta in Daily Invocations by Swami Krishnananda ^ Swami Krishnananda. A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India. Divine Life Society, p. 19 ^ Aiyar, B.V. Kamesvara (1898). The Purusha Sukta. G.A. Natesan, Madras. ^ Koller, The Indian Way 2006, p. 44. ^ Koller, The Indian Way 2006, pp. 45–47. ^ Haberman, David L. River of Love in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India. University of California Press; 1 edition (September 10, 2006). P. 34. ISBN 0520247906. ^ S. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy, Vol.  1. ^ Visvanathan, Cosmology and Critique 2011, p. 148. ^ David Keane (2016). Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 9781317169512. ^ Jamison, Stephanie; et al. (2014). The Rigveda : The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Sources Koller, John M. (2006), The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India (2nd ed.), Pearson Education, ISBN 0131455788 Visvanathan, Meera (2011), "Cosmology and Critique: Charting a History of the Purusha Sukta", in Roy, Kumkum (ed.), Insights and Interventions: Essays in Honour of Uma Chakravarti, Delhi: Primus Books, pp. 143–168, ISBN 978-93-80607-22-1 Rosen, Steven (2006), Essential Hinduism, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0275990060 Further reading Coomaraswamy, Ananda, Rigveda 10.90.1: aty atiṣṭhad daśāṅgulám, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 66, no. 2 (1946), 145-161. Deo, Shankarrao (Member of India's Constituent Assembly and co-author of the Constitution of India), Upanishadateel daha goshti OR Ten stories from the Upanishads, Continental Publication, Pune, India, (1988), 41–46. Swami Amritananda's translation of Sri Rudram and Purushasuktam,, Ramakrishna Mission, Chennai. Patrice Lajoye, "Puruṣa", Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée / New Comparative Mythologie, 1, 2013: http://nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/02/03/patrice-lajoye-purusha.html Purusha Sookta commentary by Dr. Bannanje Govindacharya. External links Translation by Ralph Griffith at Internet Sacred Text Archive Ramanuja school interpretation. vteRigvedaMandalas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Deities Devas Agni Indra Soma Ushas Visvedevas Maruts Ashvins Tvashtr Ribhus Pushan Rudra Mitra Varuna Aryaman Asuras Vritra Susna Dasas Danu Danavas Rivers Sapta Sindhu Nadistuti Sarasvati Sindhu Sarayu Rasā Yavyavati Drishadvati Rishis Saptarishi Gritsamada Vishvamitra Vamadeva Atri Angiras Bharadvaja Vasishtha Dirghatamas
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Page of Max Müller's Rig-Veda-samhita rendered into the devanagari script, the Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans (reprint, London 1974).Purusha Sukta (Sanskrit: पुरुषसूक्तम्, IAST: Puruṣasuktam) is a hymn in the Rigveda, dedicated to the Purusha, the \"Cosmic Being\".[1] It is considered to have been a relatively late addition to the scripture — probably, to accord theological sanction to an increasingly unequal Kuru polity — and is the only hymn to mention the four varnas in explicit, alluding to a hierarchical division of the society.[1][2] The hymn is also found in the three other Vedas but in slightly different forms.[2]","title":"Purusha Sukta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immanent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purusha-3"},{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Vishvakarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishvakarma"},{"link_name":"Hiranyagarbha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbha"},{"link_name":"Prajapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajapati"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Purusha Sukta gives a description of the spiritual unity of the universe. It presents the nature of Purusha, or the cosmic being, as both immanent in the manifested world and yet transcendent to it.[3] From this being, the Sukta holds, the original creative will (identified with Vishvakarma, Hiranyagarbha or Prajapati) proceeds which causes the projection of the universe in space and time.[4] The Purusha Sukta, in the seventh verse, hints at the organic connectedness of the various classes of society.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purush-5"},{"link_name":"panentheists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheism"}],"sub_title":"Purusha","text":"The Purusha is defined in verses 2 to 5 of the Sukta. He is described as a being who pervades everything conscious and unconscious universally. He is poetically depicted as a being with thousand heads, eyes and legs, enveloping not just the earth, but the entire universe from all sides and transcending it by ten fingers length – or transcending in all 10 dimensions. All manifestations, in past, present and future, is held to be the Purusha alone.[5] It is also proclaimed that he transcends his creation. The immanence of the Purusha in manifestation and yet his transcendence of it is similar to the viewpoint held by panentheists. Finally, his glory is held to be even greater than the portrayal in this Sukta.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_myth"},{"link_name":"Rig Veda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Veda"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"mantras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantras"},{"link_name":"varnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Agni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purusha-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller,_The_Indian_Way200644-6"}],"sub_title":"Creation","text":"Verses 5–15 hold the creation of the Rig Veda. Creation is described to have started with the origination of Virat, or the astral body from the Purusha. In Virat, omnipresent intelligence manifests itself which causes the appearance of diversity. In the verses following, it is held that Purusha through a sacrifice of himself, brings forth the avian, forest-dwelling, and domestic animals, the three Vedas, the meters (of the mantras). Then follows a verse that states that from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet the four varnas (categories) are born.After the verse, the Sukta states that the moon takes birth from the Purusha's mind and the sun from his eyes. Indra and Agni descend from his mouth and from his vital breath, air is born. The firmament comes from his navel, the heavens from his head, the earth from his feet and quarters of space from his ears.[3] Through this creation, underlying unity of human, cosmic and divine realities is espoused, for all are seen arising out of same original reality, the Purusha.[6]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller,_The_Indian_Way200645%E2%80%9347-7"}],"sub_title":"Yajna","text":"The Purusha Sukta holds that the world is created by and out of a Yajna or exchange of the Purusha. All forms of existence are held to be grounded in this primordial yajna. In the seventeenth verse, the concept of Yajna itself is held to have arisen out of this original sacrifice. In the final verses, yajna is extolled as the primordial energy ground for all existence.[7]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaishnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnava"},{"link_name":"Bhedabheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhedabheda"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Atharva Veda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharva_Veda"},{"link_name":"Panchavimsha Brahmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchavimsha_Brahmana"},{"link_name":"Vajasaneyi Samhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajasaneyi_Samhita"},{"link_name":"Taittiriya Aranyaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Aranyaka"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisvanathan,_Cosmology_and_Critique2011148-10"},{"link_name":"Puranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"}],"text":"The Sukta gives an expression to immanence of radical unity in diversity and is therefore, seen as the foundation of the Vaishnava thought, Bhedabheda school of philosophy and Bhagavata theology.[8]The concept of the Purusha is from the Samkhya Philosophy. It seems to be an interpolation into the Rigveda since it is out of character with the other hymns dedicated to nature gods.[9]The Purusha Sukta is repeated with some variations in the Atharva Veda (19.6). Sections of it also occur in the Panchavimsha Brahmana, Vajasaneyi Samhita and the Taittiriya Aranyaka.[10] Among Puranic texts, the Sukta has been elaborated in the Bhagavata Purana (2.5.35 to 2.6.1–29) and in the Mahabharata (Mokshadharma Parva 351 and 352).","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dkeane-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jamison57-12"}],"text":"The verses about social estates in the Purusha Sukta are considered to belong to the latest layer of the Rigveda by scholars such as V. Nagarajan, Jamison and Brereton. V. Nagarajan believes that it was an \"interpolation\" to give \"divine sanction\" to an unequal division in society that was in existence at the time of its composition. He states \"The Vedic Hymns had been composed before the Varna scheme was implemented. The Vedic society was not organized on the basis of varnas. The Purusha Sukta might have been a later interpolation to secure Vedic sanction for that scheme\".[11] Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, a professor of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, \"there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system\", and \"the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality\".[12]","title":"Authenticity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780199370184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199370184"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Realm of the Kuru: Origins and Development of the First State in India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/ejvs/article/view/22065"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11588/ejvs.2023.1.22065","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11588%2Fejvs.2023.1.22065"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1084-7561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1084-7561"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-purusha_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-purusha_3-1"},{"link_name":"Daily Invocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.swami-krishnananda.org/invoc/in_pura.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Swami Krishnananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Krishnananda"},{"link_name":"Divine Life Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Life_Society"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-purush_5-0"},{"link_name":"The Purusha Sukta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/purushasukta00unkngoog"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller,_The_Indian_Way200644_6-0"},{"link_name":"Koller, The Indian Way 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKoller,_The_Indian_Way2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller,_The_Indian_Way200645%E2%80%9347_7-0"},{"link_name":"Koller, The Indian Way 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKoller,_The_Indian_Way2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"River of Love in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&dq=purusha+sukta+vedanta&pg=PA34"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0520247906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520247906"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisvanathan,_Cosmology_and_Critique2011148_10-0"},{"link_name":"Visvanathan, Cosmology and Critique 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVisvanathan,_Cosmology_and_Critique2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dkeane_11-0"},{"link_name":"Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yRntCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781317169512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317169512"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jamison57_12-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-937018-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937018-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0131455788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131455788"},{"link_name":"\"Cosmology and Critique: Charting a History of the Purusha Sukta\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TGzbPNdtJGsC&pg=PR5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-80607-22-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-22-1"},{"link_name":"Essential Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0275990060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275990060"}],"text":"^ a b The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Translated by Stephanie W., Jamison; Brereton, Joel P. (Three Volume Set ed.). Oxford University Press. 2014. pp. 5, 57–58, 1537–1540. ISBN 9780199370184.\n\n^ a b Witzel, Michael (2023-06-28). \"The Realm of the Kuru: Origins and Development of the First State in India\". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 28 (1): 47, 97, 123–126. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2023.1.22065. ISSN 1084-7561.\n\n^ a b The Purusha sukta in Daily Invocations by Swami Krishnananda\n\n^ Swami Krishnananda. A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India. Divine Life Society, p. 19\n\n^ Aiyar, B.V. Kamesvara (1898). The Purusha Sukta. G.A. Natesan, Madras.\n\n^ Koller, The Indian Way 2006, p. 44.\n\n^ Koller, The Indian Way 2006, pp. 45–47.\n\n^ Haberman, David L. River of Love in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India. University of California Press; 1 edition (September 10, 2006). P. 34. ISBN 0520247906.\n\n^ S. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy, Vol.  1.\n\n^ Visvanathan, Cosmology and Critique 2011, p. 148.\n\n^ David Keane (2016). Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 9781317169512.\n\n^ Jamison, Stephanie; et al. (2014). The Rigveda : The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4.SourcesKoller, John M. (2006), The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India (2nd ed.), Pearson Education, ISBN 0131455788\nVisvanathan, Meera (2011), \"Cosmology and Critique: Charting a History of the Purusha Sukta\", in Roy, Kumkum (ed.), Insights and Interventions: Essays in Honour of Uma Chakravarti, Delhi: Primus Books, pp. 143–168, ISBN 978-93-80607-22-1\nRosen, Steven (2006), Essential Hinduism, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0275990060","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coomaraswamy, Ananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy"},{"link_name":"http://nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/02/03/patrice-lajoye-purusha.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/02/03/patrice-lajoye-purusha.html"}],"text":"Coomaraswamy, Ananda, Rigveda 10.90.1: aty atiṣṭhad daśāṅgulám, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 66, no. 2 (1946), 145-161.\nDeo, Shankarrao (Member of India's Constituent Assembly and co-author of the Constitution of India), Upanishadateel daha goshti OR Ten stories from the Upanishads, Continental Publication, Pune, India, (1988), 41–46.\nSwami Amritananda's translation of Sri Rudram and Purushasuktam,, Ramakrishna Mission, Chennai.\nPatrice Lajoye, \"Puruṣa\", Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée / New Comparative Mythologie, 1, 2013: http://nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/02/03/patrice-lajoye-purusha.html\nPurusha Sookta commentary by Dr. Bannanje Govindacharya.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Translated by Stephanie W., Jamison; Brereton, Joel P. (Three Volume Set ed.). Oxford University Press. 2014. pp. 5, 57–58, 1537–1540. ISBN 9780199370184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199370184","url_text":"9780199370184"}]},{"reference":"Witzel, Michael (2023-06-28). \"The Realm of the Kuru: Origins and Development of the First State in India\". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 28 (1): 47, 97, 123–126. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2023.1.22065. ISSN 1084-7561.","urls":[{"url":"https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/ejvs/article/view/22065","url_text":"\"The Realm of the Kuru: Origins and Development of the First State in India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fejvs.2023.1.22065","url_text":"10.11588/ejvs.2023.1.22065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1084-7561","url_text":"1084-7561"}]},{"reference":"Aiyar, B.V. Kamesvara (1898). The Purusha Sukta. G.A. Natesan, Madras.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/purushasukta00unkngoog","url_text":"The Purusha Sukta"}]},{"reference":"David Keane (2016). Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 9781317169512.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yRntCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26","url_text":"Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317169512","url_text":"9781317169512"}]},{"reference":"Jamison, Stephanie; et al. (2014). The Rigveda : The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937018-4","url_text":"978-0-19-937018-4"}]},{"reference":"Koller, John M. (2006), The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India (2nd ed.), Pearson Education, ISBN 0131455788","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131455788","url_text":"0131455788"}]},{"reference":"Visvanathan, Meera (2011), \"Cosmology and Critique: Charting a History of the Purusha Sukta\", in Roy, Kumkum (ed.), Insights and Interventions: Essays in Honour of Uma Chakravarti, Delhi: Primus Books, pp. 143–168, ISBN 978-93-80607-22-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TGzbPNdtJGsC&pg=PR5","url_text":"\"Cosmology and Critique: Charting a History of the Purusha Sukta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-22-1","url_text":"978-93-80607-22-1"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Steven (2006), Essential Hinduism, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0275990060","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C","url_text":"Essential Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275990060","url_text":"978-0275990060"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Artois
Robert I, Count of Artois
["1 Life","2 Marriage","3 Death","4 References","5 Sources"]
Count of Artois Robert ICount of ArtoisReign1237 - 1250SuccessorRobert IIBorn25 September 1216Died8 February 1250(1250-02-08) (aged 33)SpouseMatilda of BrabantIssueBlanche, Queen of NavarreRobert II, Count of ArtoisHouseCapetFatherLouis VIII of FranceMotherBlanche of Castile Robert I (25 September 1216 – 8 February 1250), called the Good, was the first Count of Artois. He was the fifth (and second surviving) son of King Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile. Life He received Artois as an appanage, in accordance with the will of his father (died 1226) on attaining his majority in 1237 (aged twenty-one). In 1240 Pope Gregory IX, in conflict with Emperor Frederick II, offered to crown Robert as emperor in opposition to Frederick, but the French count refused to pretend to such a title. Coat of Arms of Robert of Artois Marriage On 14 June 1237 Robert married Matilda, daughter of Henry II of Brabant and Marie of Hohenstaufen. They had two children: Blanche (1248–1302) Robert II (1250–1302), who succeeded to Artois. Death While participating in the Seventh Crusade, Robert died while leading a reckless attack on Al Mansurah, without the knowledge of his brother King Louis IX. After fording a river, he and a group of Knights Templars charged a Mamluk outpost, during which the Mamluk commander, Fakhr-ad-Din Yusuf, was killed. Emboldened by his success, Robert, the Templar knights, and a contingent of English troops charged into the town and became trapped in the narrow streets. According to Jean de Joinville, Robert defended himself for some time in a house there, but was at last overpowered and killed. References ^ Dunbabin 2014, p. 244. ^ Wood 1966, p. 23. ^ Nieus 2005, p. 166, 176. ^ Gee 2002, p. 141. ^ Nieus 2005, p. 166. ^ a b c Strayer 1969, p. 499-501. Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert I of Artois. Dunbabin, Jean (2014). Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century. Routledge. Gee, Loveday Lewes (2002). Women, art, and patronage from Henry III to Edward III, 1216-1377. The Boydell Press. Nieus, Jean-François (2005). Un pouvoir comtal entre Flandre et France: Saint-Pol, 1000-1300 (in French). De Boeck & Larcier. Strayer, Joseph R. (1969). "Crusades of Louis IX". In Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.). A History of the Crusades. Vol. II. University of Wisconsin. Wood, Charles T. (1966). The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy. Harvard University Press. French nobility VacantMerged into the crownTitle last held byLouis Count of Artois 1237–1250 Succeeded byRobert II Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
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He was the fifth (and second surviving) son of King Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile.[1]","title":"Robert I, Count of Artois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appanage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood196623-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"Emperor Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_province_fr_Artois.svg"}],"text":"He received Artois as an appanage, in accordance with the will of his father (died 1226) on attaining his majority in 1237 (aged twenty-one).[2] In 1240 Pope Gregory IX, in conflict with Emperor Frederick II, offered to crown Robert as emperor in opposition to Frederick, but the French count refused to pretend to such a title.Coat of Arms of Robert of Artois","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Marie of Hohenstaufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Hohenstaufen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENieus2005166,_176-3"},{"link_name":"Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGee2002141-4"},{"link_name":"Robert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENieus2005166-5"}],"text":"On 14 June 1237 Robert married Matilda, daughter of Henry II of Brabant and Marie of Hohenstaufen.[3]They had two children:Blanche (1248–1302)[4]\nRobert II (1250–1302),[5] who succeeded to Artois.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seventh Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Al Mansurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mansurah"},{"link_name":"Louis IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrayer1969499-501-6"},{"link_name":"Knights Templars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrayer1969499-501-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrayer1969499-501-6"},{"link_name":"Jean de Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville"}],"text":"While participating in the Seventh Crusade, Robert died while leading a reckless attack on Al Mansurah, without the knowledge of his brother King Louis IX.[6] After fording a river, he and a group of Knights Templars charged a Mamluk outpost, during which the Mamluk commander, Fakhr-ad-Din Yusuf, was killed.[6] Emboldened by his success, Robert, the Templar knights, and a contingent of English troops charged into the town and became trapped in the narrow streets.[6] According to Jean de Joinville, Robert defended himself for some time in a house there, but was at last overpowered and killed.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert I of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_I_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/frenchapanagesca0000wood"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375325#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/81604884"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk8VRCgFDrd8dtpyXH3cP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/137409753"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137409753.html?language=en"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert I of Artois.Dunbabin, Jean (2014). Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century. Routledge.\nGee, Loveday Lewes (2002). Women, art, and patronage from Henry III to Edward III, 1216-1377. The Boydell Press.\nNieus, Jean-François (2005). Un pouvoir comtal entre Flandre et France: Saint-Pol, 1000-1300 (in French). De Boeck & Larcier.\nStrayer, Joseph R. (1969). \"Crusades of Louis IX\". In Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.). A History of the Crusades. Vol. II. University of Wisconsin.\nWood, Charles T. (1966). The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy. Harvard University Press.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Warren_Phelps
A. Warren Phelps
["1 Background","2 Public office","3 Personal life and death","4 References"]
American politician A. Warren Phelps (August 11, 1829 – October 19, 1885) was an American businessman from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who served one term as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Milwaukee, as well as serving on Milwaukee's Common Council and Board of School Directors. Background He was born August 11, 1829, in Fort Covington, New York, son of Daniel and Levica Phelps, both descendants of the Pilgrims; his mother was a cousin of Daniel Webster and a descendant of Doctor and General Joseph Warren. The Phelps family moved in 1838 to Wisconsin, settling for about a year in Johnstown before removing to Milwaukee. Warren studied mostly under private tutors, and finished his schooling at Dr. Buck's private academy. After finishing school, he worked for his father, a tanner, and then for two years as a travelling salesman for a patent medicine company. Disliking the sales business, he began to work as a bookkeeper for various local businesses, eventually becoming a partner in the lumber business of Benjamin Bagnall in 1857. He remained in this business until 1870, when he went into the coal business instead, at first in partnership with S. L. Elmore as "Elmore and Phelps" and then from 1875 on his own. Public office Phelps served on the Milwaukee Common Council in 1871–1872, and was elected in 1873 to represent the 4th Milwaukee County Assembly district (the Fourth Ward of the City of Milwaukee) as a candidate of the Liberal Reform Party, a short-lived coalition of Democrats, reform and Liberal Republicans, and Grangers formed in 1873 in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, which secured the election for two years of William Robert Taylor as Governor of Wisconsin, as well as electing a number of state legislators. Phelps polled 706 votes to 602 for Republican L. A. Proctor; Democratic incumbent Gottlob E. Weiss, who had won the seat the year before by one vote, was not a candidate for re-election. He was assigned to, and chaired, the standing committee on internal improvements. He sought re-election in 1874 as a Democrat, but came in third, behind Republican Stephen A. Harrison and independent Julius Wechselberg. In 1882, he was appointed to the Board of School Directors from the 4th Ward. At the time of his death, he was an active Democrat, and had been slated to be appointed Postmaster of Milwaukee, a hope later dashed. Personal life and death In 1855, Phelps married Delight Bartlett, with whom he had four children (two still living as of 1877), who died while the children were still young. In 1869 he married Carrie Sumner of Southbridge, Massachusetts. In October 1885, Phelps died from injuries sustained in a runaway horse accident. The day before Phelps' funeral, Milwaukee Police Chief Ries issued an order to arrest the owners of all horses left unhitched. On December 24 of that same year, Carrie Phelps and their son A. W. Phelps Jr. were injured in another runaway horse incident, when a horse hitched to the same buggy which Warren Sr. had been driving at the time of his fatal accident panicked and careened down Grand Avenue, eventually overturning the buggy and throwing both of them from the carriage. References ^ "Members of the Wisconsin Legislature 1848–1999 State of Wisconsin Legislative Bureau. Information Bulletin 99-1, September 1999. p. 93 Archived 2006-12-09 at the Wayback Machine ^ "A. Warren Phelps" in, United States Biographical Dictionary and Portrait Gallery of Eminent and Self-Made Men: Wisconsin Volume, Vol. 1 Chicago, Cincinnati and New York: American Biographical Publishing Company, 1877; p. 53 ^ "William Robert Taylor, Wisconsin Historical Society". Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ Turner, A. J., ed. The legislative manual of the state of Wisconsin: comprising the constitutions of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin, Jefferson's manual, forms and laws for the regulation of business; also, lists and tables for reference, etc. Thirteenth Annual Edition. Madison: Atwood and Culver, Printers and Stereotypers, 1874; pp. 463, 475, 479 ^ "The Election; Great Victory Achieved by the Republicans of Milwaukee" Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, November 4, 1874; Vol. XXI, Number 253; p. 1, cols. 2 &3 ^ "Municipal Deadlock All of Mayor Stowell's Appointments, except Wason, Rejected by the Council" Milwaukee Daily Sentinel April 25, 1882; pg. 2, col.2 ^ "A Day in the City Democratic Disposition of Federal Offices; A. W. Phelps Chosen to Reign in the Postoffice" Milwaukee Sentinel December 30, 1884; pg. 3, col. 1 ^ "Standing by Paul; Cleveland Not Apt to Revoke His Appointment" Milwaukee Sentinel May 15, 1885; p. 1, col. 4 ^ "A. W. Phelps Dying" Milwaukee Sentinel October 19, 1885; pg. 2; col. 6 ^ "One Hundred in a Month: Ninety-four Arrests since the Order for the Hitchging of Horses" Milwaukee Sentinel November 20, 1885; pg. 8; col. 2 ^ "A Serious Accident; Mrs. A. W. Phelps and Son Injured on Grand Avenue Today" Milwaukee Daily JournalDecember 24, 1885; p. 1, col. 4 ^ "A Day in the City: Injured by a Runaway: Mrs. A. Warren PHelps and Son Thrown Out of a Buggy" Milwaukee Sentinel December 25, 1885; p. 2, col. 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Common Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Common_Council"},{"link_name":"Board of School Directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A. Warren Phelps (August 11, 1829 – October 19, 1885) was an American businessman from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who served one term as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Milwaukee, as well as serving on Milwaukee's Common Council and Board of School Directors.[1]","title":"A. Warren Phelps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Covington, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Covington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Pilgrims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster"},{"link_name":"Joseph Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Warren"},{"link_name":"Johnstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown,_Rock_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"travelling salesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door-to-door"},{"link_name":"patent medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine"},{"link_name":"bookkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookkeeper"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He was born August 11, 1829, in Fort Covington, New York, son of Daniel and Levica Phelps, both descendants of the Pilgrims; his mother was a cousin of Daniel Webster and a descendant of Doctor and General Joseph Warren. The Phelps family moved in 1838 to Wisconsin, settling for about a year in Johnstown before removing to Milwaukee. Warren studied mostly under private tutors, and finished his schooling at Dr. Buck's private academy. After finishing school, he worked for his father, a tanner, and then for two years as a travelling salesman for a patent medicine company.Disliking the sales business, he began to work as a bookkeeper for various local businesses, eventually becoming a partner in the lumber business of Benjamin Bagnall in 1857. He remained in this business until 1870, when he went into the coal business instead, at first in partnership with S. L. Elmore as \"Elmore and Phelps\" and then from 1875 on his own.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee Common Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Common_Council"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Liberal Reform Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_(19th_century_Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Grangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"William Robert Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Governor of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gottlob E. Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_E._Weiss"},{"link_name":"standing committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_committee"},{"link_name":"internal improvements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_improvements"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Harrison"},{"link_name":"Julius Wechselberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wechselberg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Postmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Phelps served on the Milwaukee Common Council in 1871–1872, and was elected in 1873 to represent the 4th Milwaukee County Assembly district (the Fourth Ward of the City of Milwaukee) as a candidate of the Liberal Reform Party, a short-lived coalition of Democrats, reform and Liberal Republicans, and Grangers formed in 1873 in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, which secured the election for two years of William Robert Taylor as Governor of Wisconsin,[3] as well as electing a number of state legislators. Phelps polled 706 votes to 602 for Republican L. A. Proctor; Democratic incumbent Gottlob E. Weiss, who had won the seat the year before by one vote, was not a candidate for re-election. He was assigned to, and chaired, the standing committee on internal improvements.[4]He sought re-election in 1874 as a Democrat, but came in third, behind Republican Stephen A. Harrison and independent Julius Wechselberg.[5]In 1882, he was appointed to the Board of School Directors from the 4th Ward.[6]At the time of his death, he was an active Democrat, and had been slated to be appointed Postmaster of Milwaukee,[7] a hope later dashed.[8]","title":"Public office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southbridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"runaway horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolting_(horse)#Runaways"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Police Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1855, Phelps married Delight Bartlett, with whom he had four children (two still living as of 1877), who died while the children were still young. In 1869 he married Carrie Sumner of Southbridge, Massachusetts.In October 1885, Phelps died from injuries sustained in a runaway horse accident.[9] The day before Phelps' funeral, Milwaukee Police Chief Ries issued an order to arrest the owners of all horses left unhitched.[10] On December 24 of that same year, Carrie Phelps and their son A. W. Phelps Jr. were injured in another runaway horse incident, when a horse hitched to the same buggy which Warren Sr. had been driving at the time of his fatal accident panicked and careened down Grand Avenue, eventually overturning the buggy and throwing both of them from the carriage.[11][12]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"William Robert Taylor, Wisconsin Historical Society\". Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001142716/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2700&keyword=taylor","url_text":"\"William Robert Taylor, Wisconsin Historical Society\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2700&keyword=taylor","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/pubs/ib/99ib1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Members of the Wisconsin Legislature 1848–1999 State of Wisconsin Legislative Bureau. Information Bulletin 99-1, September 1999. p. 93"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061209014416/http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/pubs/ib/99ib1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001142716/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2700&keyword=taylor","external_links_name":"\"William Robert Taylor, Wisconsin Historical Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2700&keyword=taylor","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.WIBlueBk1874","external_links_name":"Turner, A. J., ed. The legislative manual of the state of Wisconsin: comprising the constitutions of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin, Jefferson's manual, forms and laws for the regulation of business; also, lists and tables for reference, etc. Thirteenth Annual Edition. Madison: Atwood and Culver, Printers and Stereotypers, 1874; pp. 463, 475, 479"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_people
List of foods named after people
["1 A","2 B","3 C","4 D","5 E","6 F","7 G","8 H","9 I","10 J","11 K","12 L","13 M","14 N","15 O","16 P","17 Q","18 R","19 S","20 T","21 U","22 V","23 W","24 X","25 Y","26 Food-related","27 See also","28 References","29 Bibliography","30 Further reading"]
For other lists of eponyms (names derived from people), see Eponym. For a list of eponyms sorted by name, see List of eponyms. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of foods named after people" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of foods and dishes named after people. A Fettuccine Alfredo with chicken (left) Pommes Anna Poularde Adelina Patti – named for 19th-century opera singer Adelina Patti. Woodcock salmis Agnès Sorel – one of the dishes Agnès Sorel (1422–1450) is reputed to have created herself. A garnish, soup, timbales, and tartlets all bear her name, as later chefs remembered her for her interest in food. Big Hearted Al candy bar – early-20th-century presidential candidate Al Smith had this candy bar named after him by an admirer who owned a candy company. Fillet of Beef Prince Albert – Queen Victoria's Consort Prince Albert (1819–1861). Also named for him: an English white sauce, the pea and apple varieties, Coburg Soup (brussels sprouts and smoked bacon) and probably Albert Pudding. Poularde Albufera, Albufera Sauce – Louis Gabriel Suchet (1770–1826), one of Napoleon's generals and Marshal of France for a time, was named duc d'Albufera after a lake near Valencia, Spain, to mark his victory there during the Peninsular War. Marie-Antoine Carême created several dishes in the duke's honor, including duck, beef, and the sauce that accompanies this chicken. Alexandertorte – possibly Tsar Alexander I, the gourmet Russian tsar who employed Antonin Carême. Finland claims the creation, allegedly by Swiss pastry chefs in Helsinki in 1818, in anticipation of the tsar's visit there. Gâteau Alexandra – like her husband Edward VII, Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925) was honoured by an assortment of foods named after her when she was Princess of Wales and Queen. Besides this chocolate cake, there is consommé Alexandra, soup, sole, chicken quail, and various meat dishes. Lobster Duke Alexis – the Russian Grand-Duke Alexis made a highly publicized visit to the U.S. in 1871. A dinner for him at Delmonico's featured this, and was kept on the menu by chef Charles Ranhofer. Fettuccine Alfredo – Alfredo di Lelio, an early-20th-century Italian chef invented the dish for his pregnant wife at his Roman restaurant and popularized it among tourists. Consommé Princess Alice – this consommé with artichoke hearts and lettuce is named for Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (1883–1981), one of Queen Victoria's granddaughters. Alice B. Toklas' hashish fudge – due to the recipe being included in her book, The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book. Amundsen's Dessert – (1872–1928), invented for the Norwegian polar explorer by Norwegian-American friends in Wisconsin not long before he died in an Arctic plane crash. Omelette André Theuriet – the French novelist and poet André Theuriet (1833–1907) has this omelette with truffles and asparagus named for him. Angelina Burdett plum – bred by a Mr. Dowling of Southampton, England around 1850, was named after the philanthropist Baroness Angelina Burdett-Coutts (1814–1906). Pommes Anna – the casserole of sliced potatoes cooked in butter was created and named by French chef Adolphe Dugléré for the 19th-century courtesan/actress Anna Deslions, who frequented Dugléré's Café Anglais (Paris). "Potatoes Annette" is a version of Potatoes Anna, with the potatoes julienned instead of in rounds. Arnold Palmer – beverage of half lemonade and half iced-tea, named for the golfer, Arnold Palmer. Omelette Arnold Bennett – an unfolded omelette with smoked haddock invented at the Savoy Hotel for the writer Arnold Bennett Oreiller de la Belle Aurore – Claudine-Aurore Récamier, the mother of Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, also has a lobster dish named after her but this elaborate game pie was one of her son's favorite dishes. The large square pie contains a variety of game birds and their livers, veal, pork, truffles, aspic, and much else, in puff pastry. Château Ausone red Bordeaux wine – Ausonius (310–395), the poet employed by Valentinian I to tutor the Roman emperor's son, retired to the Bordeaux region and wrote about oyster farming. The wine named after him is said to be made of grapes grown on the site of his villa. B Battenberg cake Bing cherries Eggs Benedict Bachwürfel – a cubiform confectionery named after Johann S. Bach, following the style of the Mozartkugel. Baco noir – a hybrid grape, named after its breeder, Maurice Baco. Baldwin apple – Colonel Loammi Baldwin (1745–1807), a commander of militia at the Battle of Lexington, found this apple between 1784 and 1793 while working as a surveyor and engineer on the Middlesex Canal in Massachusetts. Chicken Cardinal la Balue – Cardinal Jean la Balue (1421–1491), a somewhat notorious minister to Louis XI, is remembered in this dish of chicken, crayfish, and mashed potatoes. Barros Luco – is a popular hot sandwich in Chile that includes beef and melted cheese in one of several types of bread. The sandwich is named after Chilean president Ramón Barros Luco, and was coined in the restaurant of the National Congress of Chile, where president Luco always asked for this sandwich. Bartlett pear – The English Williams pear variety was inadvertently renamed by Massachusetts nurseryman Enoch Bartlett, early 19th century. Williams was a 17th-century English horticulturist. Bauru – This popular Brazilian sandwich was created by college student Casimiro Pinto Neto, nicknamed "Bauru." Battenberg cake – probably named after one of the late-19th-century princely Battenberg family living in England, who gave up their German titles during World War I and changed their name to Mountbatten. Béarnaise sauce – although often thought to indicate the region of Béarn, the sauce name may well originate in the nickname of French king Henry IV (1553–1610), "le Grand Béarnais." Béchamel sauce – named to flatter the maître d'Hotel to Louis XIV, Louis de Béchamel, Marquis de Nointel (1630–1703), also a financier and ambassador. Bellini (cocktail) – Giovanni Bellini Ham mousseline à la Belmont – August Belmont (1816–1890) was born in Prussia and emigrated to the U.S. to work for the New York branch of Rothschild's. He became an extremely wealthy banker, married the daughter of Commodore Matthew Perry, and was a leading figure in New York society and American horse racing. This dish was created at Delmonico's by Charles Ranhofer, probably for a dinner given there in Belmont's honor. Eggs Benedict – at least two main accounts. Lemuel Benedict, a New York stockbroker, claimed to have gone to the Waldorf Hotel for breakfast one day in 1894 while suffering a hangover. He asked for a restorative in the form of toast, bacon, poached eggs, and Hollandaise sauce on the side. The maître d' (Oscar of the Waldorf) took an interest in Benedict's order, and adapted it for the Waldorf menu, substituting English muffins and ham, adding truffles, and naming it after Benedict. The other version: in 1893, Charles Ranhofer, head chef of Delmonico's, created the dish for Mr. and/or Mrs. LeGrand Benedict, New York stockbroker and socialite. Eggs Benedict XVI – Pope Benedict XVI, born Joseph Alois Ratzinger (1927) now has a Germanic version of the original Eggs Benedict named after him. Rye bread and sausage or sauerbraten replace the English muffins and Canadian bacon. Ben-Gurion's rice – folk name for Israeli couscous, named for Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, who spurred Eugen Proper, one of the founders of Osem, to devise a wheat-based substitute for rice. Eggs Berlioz – Hector Berlioz (1803–1869), the notable French composer, has his name on a dish of soft-boiled eggs, elevated by the addition of croustades, duchesse potatoes, and truffles and mushrooms in a Madeira sauce. Beyti kebab – Beyti Güler, Turkish restaurateur. Bibb lettuce – John B. Bibb, mid-19th-century amateur horticulturist of Frankfort, Kentucky. Oysters Bienville – this New Orleans dish of baked oysters in a shrimp sauce was named for Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville (1680–1767), French governor of Louisiana and founder of New Orleans (1718). Bing cherry – Oregon horticulturist Seth Luelling (or Lewelling) developed the cherry around 1875, with the help of his Manchurian foreman Bing, after whom he named it. Bintje – a very successful potato variety created by Dutch schoolteacher Kornelis Lieuwes De Vries who in 1905 named it after one of his pupils: the then 17 year old Bintje Jansma. In 1976 she died in Franeker (Friesland) at age 88. The Bintje is equally suitable for boiling, baking, and for French fries, mashed potato and potato chips. It is the most widely cultivated potato in France and Belgium. Bismarck herring, Bismarcks, Schlosskäse Bismarck – Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), chief figure in the unification of Germany in 1870 and first Chancellor of the German Empire, has many foods named after him, including pickled herring, pastry, and cheese. Eggs in a Mold Bizet – Georges Bizet (1838–1875), the French composer of Carmen and other operas, has a consommé named for him as well as these eggs cooked in molds lined with minced pickled tongue, served on artichoke hearts. Sole Bolivar – South American revolutionary Simón Bolívar (1783–1830). Bolo Martha Rocha  – a cake named after Martha Rocha, the 1954 Miss Brazil. Bonaparte's Ribs – an early-19th-century English sweet named after Napoleon Bonaparte Boysenberry – Rudolf Boysen, botanist and Anaheim park superintendent, developed the loganberry/raspberry/blackberry cross around the 1920s. The berry was subsequently grown, named and marketed in the 1930s by Walter Knott of Knott's Berry Farm in California. Bramley apple – Matthew Bramley, butcher who in 1846 bought a cottage in Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England, which had previously belonged to Mary Ann Brailsford, who had planted the first bramley tree there in 1809. Brillat-Savarin cheese – Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826) has many dishes named for him besides this cheese, including partridge, eggs, garnishes, savory pastries, and the Savarin cake. Brillat-Savarin was the influential French author of The Physiology of Taste, in which he advocated viewing cuisine as a science. Hot Brown – J. Graham Brown, owner of the Brown Hotel, which first served the hot sandwich. Parson Brown orange – Rev. Nathan L. Brown, 19th-century Florida minister and orange grower, developed what was to become the leading commercial orange of the time in the U.S. Bulhão Pato clams – Portuguese poet, essay writer, memorialist, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, renowned bon vivant and epicurean. Burbank plum – Luther Burbank (1849–1926), renowned American horticulturist, bred many new varieties of plants, including this and the Russet Burbank potato. C Five clementines whole, peeled, halved and sectioned A Cobb salad Cumberland sauce atop duck confit crepes Caesar cocktail – named for Julius Caesar by Canadian bartender Walter Chell. Caesar's mushroom – probably named for Julius Caesar, this mushroom of southern France is also called the King of Mushrooms. There is also a Caesar potato. Caesar salad – Caesar Cardini (1896–1956) or one of his associates created this salad at the restaurant of the Hotel Caesar in Tijuana. Carpaccio – named for painter Vittore Carpaccio. So named due to the similarity of the color of the thinly sliced raw beef to the red hue Carpaccio was known for. Caruso sauce – Enrico Caruso Galantine of pheasants Casimir-Perier – Casimir-Perier (1847–1907) was a French politician working under Sadi Carnot, who briefly took office after Carnot was assassinated. Casimir-Perier was president for six months, until he resigned in 1895 under attacks from the leftist opposition party. Charles Ranhofer named this dish and one of palmettes after him. Chaliapin steak – made by the order of Feodor Chaliapin (1873–1938) in Japan. Charlotte Corday – Charlotte Corday (1768–1793), the assassin of the radical Jean-Paul Marat was paid tribute with an ice cream dessert by Charles Ranhofer of Delmonico's. Charlotte Russe – a dessert invented by the French chef Marie Antoine Carême (1784–1833), who named it in honor of his Russian employer Czar Alexander I ("Russe" being the French equivalent of the adjective, "Russian"). Other historians say that this sweet dish took its name from Queen Charlotte (1744–1818), wife of George III. Chateaubriand – a cut and a recipe for steak named for Vicomte François René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848), French writer and diplomat. His chef Montinireil is thought to have created the dish around 1822 while Chateaubriand was ambassador to England. There is also a kidney dish named for him. Chiboust cream – a cream filling invented by the French pastry chef Chiboust in Paris around 1846, and intended to fill his Gâteau Saint-Honoré. The filling is also called Saint-Honoré cream. Choron sauce – Alexandre Étienne Choron Christian IX cheese – honoring King Christian IX of Denmark (1818–1906), this is a caraway-seeded semi-firm Danish cheese. Chaudfroid of chicken Clara Morris – Clara Morris (1848–1925) was a popular 19th-century American actress, specializing in the period's emotional dramas. She became something of an overnight success when she debuted in New York in 1870, after growing up and working in Ohio ballet and theater. She had an active career until taste in drama changed in the 1890s and she turned to writing. Ranhofer named this dish for her. Clementines – named for Père Clément Rodier, a French monk living in North Africa at the beginning of the 20th century. Allegedly, he either found a natural mutation of the mandarin orange which he grew, or he created a hybrid of the mandarin and the Seville oranges. The fruit, however, may have originated long before in Asia. Cleopatra Mandarin – presumably, Cleopatra VII (69–30 BC), of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and the last queen of Egypt, is the name source for this orange and the 'Cleopatra' ('Ortley') apple. Peach pudding à la Cleveland – Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), 22nd and 24th U.S. president, was given this dish by Charles Ranhofer, who may have felt presidents deserved desserts named after them as much as Escoffier's ladies, even if Cleveland was reputed to not much like French food. Veuve Clicquot – a brand of Champagne, named after Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin the widow ('veuve' in French) of François Clicquot. Cobb salad – Robert H. Cobb, owner of the Hollywood Brown Derby restaurant, who is said to have invented the salad as a late-night snack for himself around 1936–1937. Scrambled eggs à la Columbus – Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), the Italian sailor who claimed the New World for Spain, has a dish of scrambled eggs with ham, fried slices of blood pudding and beef brains named after him. Cox's Orange Pippin – apple named after its developer Richard Cox (1777–1845), a retired brewer, in Buckinghamshire, England. Lady Curzon Soup – Lady Curzon, née Mary Victoria Leiter (1870–1906), the wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, has this turtle soup with sherry attributed to her. Allegedly, she directed the inclusion of sherry when a teetotalling guest prevented the usual serving of alcohol at a dinner, around 1905. Lady Curzon was the daughter of Chicago businessman Levi Z. Leiter, who co-founded the original department store later called Marshall Field's. D Dartois – François-Victor-Armand Dartois (1780–1867), once very well known author of French vaudeville plays, is commemorated by this pastry, made in several versions both sweet and savory. Shrimp DeJonghe – shrimp and garlic casserole created at DeJonghe's Hotel, an early-20th-century restaurant in Chicago, owned by brothers from Belgium. Sirloin of beef à la de Lesseps – Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805–1894), French builder of the Suez Canal and first to try to build the Panama Canal, was honored with a dinner at Delmonico's in 1880. A banana dessert at the dinner was afterward termed "à la Panama." Ranhofer named this beef dish after de Lesseps, probably well before de Lesseps' 1889 bankruptcy scandal. Delmonico steak – named for the Delmonico brothers' restaurant Delmonico's, at one time considered the finest restaurant in the United States. Delmonico steak and Lobster à la Delmonico are among the many named for the restaurant and/or its owners. The restaurant's chef Charles Ranhofer (1836–1899) named many dishes after historic figures, celebrities of the day, and favored customers. Chicken Demidov – Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato (1813–1870), from a wealthy Russian industrialist family, lived in Paris from an early age with his mother, Elizaveta Alexandrovna Stroganova, whose family's name is found on this list with Beef Stroganoff. Both were extreme admirers of Napoleon, to the point where Demidov had a brief marriage to Princess Mathilde Bonaparte, niece of Napoleon, and he also bought the Elba house of exile to turn into a museum. He was a patron of artists, and a bon vivant. There are two chicken dishes named after him. This one is elaborately stuffed, smothered, tied up and garnished. The Demidov (also seen as "Demidoff") name is also applied to dishes of rissoles and red snapper. Veal pie à la Dickens – probably around the time the popular novelist Charles Dickens (1812–1870) was making his second visit to New York, in 1867, Charles Ranhofer created this dish in his honor at Delmonico's. Ranhofer also had Beet fritters à la Dickens on the menu. Doboschtorte or Dobostorta – Josef Dobos, well-known Hungarian pastry chef, (born 1847), created the multi-layered chocolate torte in Budapest or Vienna. Dongpo pork – squares of pork, half lean meat and half fat, pan-fried then braised. Named after poet Su Dongpo (1037–1101) Soup du Barry – Madame du Barry (1743–1793), favorite of Louis XV of France after the death of the Marquise de Pompadour in 1764, had several dishes named for her, often involving cauliflower, as in this soup. The cauliflower is said to have been a reference to her elaborate powdered wigs. Sole Dubois – named for the 19th-century French chef Urbain Dubois. (see Veal Prince Orloff) Sole Dugléré – Adolphe Dugléré (1805–1884), starting as a student of Antonin Carême, became head chef at the famed Café Anglais in Paris in 1866, where he created and named many well-known dishes. Several dishes of fish bear his own name. Salad à la Dumas – Alexandre Dumas, père (1802–1870), noted French author. Apparently a favorite of Charles Ranhofer, there are also timbales, stewed woodcock, and mushrooms à la Dumas. Duxelles – a mushroom-based sauce or garnish attributed to the great 17th-century French chef François Pierre La Varenne (1615–1678) was probably named for his employer, Nicolas Chalon du Blé, marquis d'Uxelles. A variety of dishes use this name. E Poularde Edouard VII – like his mother Queen Victoria, Edward VII (1841–1910), noted as a gourmand, had many compliments paid him in the form of foods, both when he was Prince of Wales and later as King. Besides this chicken stuffed with foie gras, there are dishes of turbot, brill, sole, eggs, cake, the King Edward VII potato, the Edward VII apple, et al. Elliott Blueberry named for Arthur Elliot Endicott Pear – John Endicott (c. 1588–1665), early settler and governor of Massachusetts, imported pear trees from England (variety name unknown) c. 1630. The fruit was given his name. Esterhazy torte – named after Paul III Anton, Prince Esterházy, diplomat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Steak Esterházy – probably a 19th-century Prince Esterházy of Hungary, of a family close to Austrian royalty. Sweetbreads à l'Eugénie – Eugénie de Montijo (1826–1920), wife of Napoleon III, was very probably the inspiration for this dish by Charles Ranhofer. Eve's Pudding – British apple pudding named after Eve, because of the presence of apples in the dessert. The pudding was first mentioned in 1823. Elvis Sandwich – A favorite of American rock musician Elvis Presley, a peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich. F Marechal Foch – a hybrid grape variety, named after the French Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch. Soup Fontanges – the soup of sorrel and peas in consommé with cream and egg yolks is named after Mlle. de Fontanges, Marie Angelique de Scorailles (1659–1681), Louis XIV's mistress between Mme. de Montespan and Mme. de Maintenon. Bananas Foster – named after Richard Foster, regular customer and friend of New Orleans restaurant Brennan's owner Owen Brennan, 1951. Frangelico – Fra Angelico Frangipane – almond pastry filling and tart named for Marquis Muzio Frangipani, a 16th-century Italian of the Frangipane family (also known as Cesar Frangipani) living in Paris. He invented a well-known bitter-almond scented glove perfume, used by Louis XIII. G Green Gage plum or Greengage – Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet (1695–1744) is believed to have brought the plum to England from France around 1725. Knowingly or unknowingly, he renamed the plum that in France was called Reine Claude, after Francis I's wife Claude (1499–1524), daughter of Louis XII. Galliano (liqueur) – Giuseppe Galliano Cherry Garcia ice cream – Ben & Jerry's homage to Grateful Dead leader Jerry Garcia (1942–1995). Garibaldi biscuits – English biscuits named for Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882), Italian patriot and leader of the drive to unite Italy, after his wildly popular visit to England in 1864. There is also a French demi-glâce sauce with mustard and anchovies, and a consommé named after him. Baron de bœuf à la St. George – a dinner in honor of British guests was probably being held at Delmonico's when Ranhofer named this dish. Saint George, a Roman soldier, was martyred c. 304, and was adopted as England's patron saint in the 13th century. The dinner finished with "Plum Pudding à la St. George." Chicken sauté George Sand – George Sand, the pseudonym of French author Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin, Baronne Dudevant (1804–1876), a major figure in mid-19th-century Parisian salons, had several dishes named for her, including fish consommé and sole. German chocolate cake – originally known as German's chocolate cake – the 1950s American cake took its name from Baker's German's Sweet Chocolate, which in turn took its name from Sam German who developed the sweet baking chocolate (between milk and semi-sweet) in 1852. Graham crackers, Graham flour – Sylvester Graham, 19th-century American Presbyterian minister and proponent of a puritan lifestyle based on teetotalling, vegetarianism, and whole wheat. Granny Smith – Granny Smith is an apple originating in Australia from 1868 from a chance seedling propagated by Marie Ana (Granny) Smith, hence the apple is named after her. Earl Grey tea – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Viscount Howick, and British Prime Minister 1830–1834. Lady Grey Tea James Grieve apple – an old variety of apple. It gets its name from its breeder, James Grieve, who raised the apple in Edinburgh, Scotland some time before 1893. Bombe Grimaldi – kümmel-flavored Bombe glacée, a frozen dessert probably named for a late-19th-century member or relative of Monaco's royal Grimaldi family. There is also an apple flan Grimaldi. Gundel palacsinta – Hungarian chef Gundel Károly is credited with inventing some 20 dishes, the best known this crêpe-like pancake stuffed with rum-infused raisins and nuts and served with a chocolate-rum sauce. Estomacs de dinde à la Gustave Doré – Gustave Doré (1832–1883) was France's most popular book illustrator of the 19th century. Charles Ranhofer created this dish of turkey in his honor. Gustavus Adolphus pastry – named for Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus the Great and eaten every year on his death day, the 6 November, especially in Gothenburg. H Hamantash – a small pastry allegedly named for the hat of the cruel Persian official outwitted by Queen Esther and hanged, Haman, in the Book of Esther. The pastries are traditionally eaten at Purim. Hass avocado – in the 1920s, California postal worker Rudolph Hass set out to grow a number of Lyon avocado trees in his backyard. One of the seedlings he bought was a chance variant which produced fruit, his children apparently noticed as unique. Hass patented the variety in 1935, and it now makes up about 75% of U.S. avocado production. Heath bar – the American "English toffee" bar is named for brothers Bayard and Everett Heath, Illinois confectioners who developed it in the 1920s and eventually turned the local favorite into a nationally popular candy bar. Oh Henry! – the candy bar introduced by the Williamson Candy Company in Chicago, 1920, was named for a young man who frequented the company store and was often commandeered to do odd jobs with that call. Hillel Sandwich – a traditional seder food, it consists of horseradish between two pieces of matzot, and was named after the Rabbi Hillel. In temple times, it also contained lamb. Hitlerszalonna – a dense fruit jam that was eaten by Hungarian troops and civilians during World War II. Hungarian soldiers received food provisions from the Germans, and it was often fruit flavored jam instead of bacon. So the soldiers started to refer to this jam as the emperor's bacon, and the "emperor" was Adolf Hitler. Schnitzel à la Holstein – Baron Friedrich von Holstein (1837–1909), primary German diplomat after Otto von Bismarck, serving Kaiser Wilhelm II. The gourmet Holstein liked to have a variety of foods on one plate, and the original dish consisted of a veal cutlet topped by a fried egg, anchovies, capers, and parsley, and surrounded by small piles of caviar, crayfish tails, smoked salmon, mushrooms, and truffles. Contemporary versions tend to be pared down to the cutlet, egg, anchovies and capers. Gâteau Saint-Honoré – pastry named for the French patron saint of bakers, confectioners, and pastry chefs, Saint Honoré or Honorius (died 653), Bishop of Amiens. The pastry chef Chiboust is thought to have invented it in his Paris shop in 1846. Hopjes – are a type of Dutch sweets with a slight coffee and caramel flavour that originated in the 18th century. The hopje is named after Baron Hendrik Hop who was recalled as an envoy in Brussels when the French invaded Belgium in 1792. He moved into rooms above the confectioners Van Haaren & Nieuwerkerk. He was addicted to coffee and the story goes that one night he left his coffee with sugar and cream on the heater, where it evaporated. On tasting the resulting substance, he loved it. His doctor advised him not to drink coffee so he asked the confectioner Theodorus van Haaren to make him some "lumps of coffee". After some experimenting, Van Haaren created a sweet made of coffee, caramel, cream and butter. Hubbard squash – Elizabeth Hubbard, who talked up the qualities of the heretofore unnamed squash in Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 1842–1843. Omelette St. Hubert – the patron saint of hunters, St. Hubert of Liège (656–727), the son of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitane, has several dishes involving game named after him: this omelette with a game purée, tournedos of venison, a consommé, timbales of game meat and truffles, et al. The first bishop of Liège is said to have converted after seeing a stag with a cross in its antlers while he was hunting on a Good Friday. Humboldt pudding – Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), explorer and influential naturalist, has one of Ranhofer's elaborate molded puddings named after him. I Timbales à la Irving – Washington Irving (1789–1859), the American author, given Charles Ranhofer's penchant for honoring writers with his creations, is the likely source of the name. Iskender kebap – its invention is attributed to İskender Efendi who lived in Bursa in the late 19th century. J Coquilles St. Jacques – the French term for scallops, and the Anglo-American term for the popular scallop dish with butter and garlic, owe their name to St. James the Great (died 44 AD), fisherman and first martyred apostle. His major shrine in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, drew pilgrims in quantity from all over Europe. The scallop's shell became an emblem of the pilgrimage as it was used as a water cup along the way, and sewn to the pilgrims' clothes like a badge. The scallop became an emblem of St. James, himself, although the timing is unclear. In Spanish, the scallop has "pilgrims" as part of its name, rather than Santiago. Jansson's Temptation – thought to be named after the Swedish opera singer Per Janzon (1844–1889). Apricots with rice à la Jefferson – Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), third U.S. president, is honored appropriately with this Ranhofer dessert and with Jefferson rice, a recently developed strain of Texas rice. Jefferson was very interested in improving American rice culture, to which end he illegally smuggled Piedmont rice out of Italy. During his term as U.S. minister to France, Jefferson found the French preferred the qualities of Italian rice to Carolina rice. On a trip to see Rome, Jefferson stopped in Turin to collect a cache of seeds, and never reached Rome. The rice did reach the U.S. Jefferson Davis pie – southern U.S. chess pie named for Jefferson Davis (1808–1889), the first president of the Confederate States of America. Jenny Lind melon, Jenny Lind Soup, Oysters and Ham Jenny Lind – Jenny Lind (1820–1887), the "Swedish Nightingale", was already a singing star in Europe when P. T. Barnum convinced her to tour the U.S. Her 1850 visit caused a sensation, and a number of foods were named in her honor. Jesse Fish orange – popular 18th-century orange grown by New Yorker Jesse Fish, a.k.a. Joseph Fish (died 1798) before the Revolutionary War on Anastasia Island in Florida. Jésus sausage – Jesus has small sausages of the French Basque and Savoy regions named after him. One version is called the Baby Jésus de Lyon. Trout, Joan of Arc – the French martyr Joan of Arc (1412–1431) is remembered in this dish by Charles Ranhofer. Joffre cake – chocolate ganache cake created at Bucharest's Casa Capșa restaurant, in honor of a visit by French Marshal Joseph Joffre, shortly after World War I. John Dory – the English name for a saltwater fish known elsewhere in Europe as Saint Peter's (San Pietro, Saint-Pierre, San Pedro) fish is said to be a reference to Saint Peter's role as "janitor" or doorkeeper at the gates of heaven. Legends claim that spots on the fish are either the fisherman apostle's fingerprints, or a reminder of the coin he found in the fish's mouth—a story from the Gospel of Luke. Docteur Jules Guyot pear – 19th-century French agronomist Dr. Jules Guyot, c. 1870. Guyot did work for Napoléon III in several agricultural fields. Flounder Jules Janin – Jules Gabriel Janin (1804–1874) was a somewhat eccentric 19th-century French dramatic critic. A good friend of Dumas and Berlioz, Janin wrote several novels; the best known is perhaps The Dead Donkey and the Guillotined Woman. Sole Jules Verne – Jules Verne (1828–1905), the French novelist, had several dishes named after him besides this, including a sauce, a garnish, grenades of turkey, breasts of partridge, and meat dishes. K Kaiser rolls – originally, rolls made by a Viennese baker in about 1487 for Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, whose profile was stamped on top. Kaiserschmarrn – the Austrian pancakes were created for Franz Joseph I (1848–1916). Poached eggs à la Kapisztrán – Italian lawyer/judge of German parentage, turned Franciscan friar and itinerant preacher, János Kapisztrán (né Capistrano, 1386–1456) became a Hungarian hero at the age of 70 when he helped defeat the Turkish invasion at Belgrade on the direction of Pope Calixtus III. Canonized in 1690, he is also known as St. John Capistran. Lady Kennys, also ledikenis – this Bengali sweet of fried chhana balls (a milk-based chickpea-flour dough) stuffed with raisins is named after Lady Charlotte Canning (1817–1861), Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria, and the wife of the Governor-General of India (1856–1862), Lord Charles John Canning. The Cannings were in India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and Lady Canning's popularity there is remembered in this sweet which was one of her admitted favorites. Chicken à la King – William King of Philadelphia has been credited in 1915 (upon his death) as the inventor of this dish. One theory (without historical evidence) claims that the dish may have been first named "Chicken à la Keene" after James R. Keene, a London-born American staying at London's Claridge's Hotel in 1881 just after his horse had won a major race in Paris. Other stories make claims for an American origin: Delmonico's chef Charles Ranhofer creating the dish for Foxhall P. Keene, James R.'s son, in the early 1890s, or chef George Greenwald making it for Mr. and Mrs. E. Clark King (II or III) at the Brighton Beach Hotel in New York, about 1898. No royalty is involved in any of the stories. Kneipp bread – A whole wheat bread, common in Norway, named for Bavarian priest Sebastian Kneipp Kossuth Cakes – pastry originating in late-19th-century Baltimore, Maryland, named for Hungarian patriot Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894), leader of the 1848 Hungarian Revolution, who visited the U.S. in 1851–1852. Kung Pao chicken – (also spelled Kung Po chicken) Sichuan cuisine dish, named after Ding Baozhen (1820–1886), a late Qing Dynasty official whose title was Gōng Bǎo (宮保) (palace guardian). L Crawfish Lafayette en Crêpe – Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834), famed French supporter of the American Revolution, is most likely the name source of this New Orleans dish. Lafayette gingerbread was also a popular cake in the 19th-century U.S., with recipes in many cookbooks. Dartois Laguipière – Laguipière (c. 1750–1812) an influential French chef and mentor of Antonin Câreme, worked for the noted Condé family, Napoleon, and finally Marshal Joachim Murat, whom he accompanied on Napoleon's invasion of Russia. He died on the retreat from Moscow. This double-eponym savory pastry, filled with sweetbreads and truffles (see Dartois above), is one of many dishes with his name, either his own recipes or those of other chefs commemorating him, including consommé, various sauces, beef tournedos and fish. Shrimp Lamaze – developed by chef Johann Lamprecht at Philadelphia's Warwick Hotel. The dish is named after the proprietor of the Warwick Hotel, George Lamaze. Lord Lambourne – an apple cultivar developed in England in about 1907 was introduced in 1923, and named after the then-president of the Royal Horticultural Society. Lamingtons – these small cakes, considered one of Australia's national foods, are usually considered to be named after Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington, who was governor of Queensland 1896–1901. There are other interesting claims. Lane cake – Named after its inventor Emma Rylander Lane, of Clayton, Alabama, who won first prize with it at the county fair in Columbus, Georgia. General Leclerc pear – the French pear developed in the 1950s and introduced in 1974 is named for Jacques-Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902–1947), World War II French war hero. General Leclerc, as he was better known, dropped his last name during the Occupation to protect his family. Leibniz-Keks – German butter biscuit named for philosopher and mathematician Leibniz Li Hongzhang hotchpotch – a stew named after Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang (1823–1901) Biff à la Lindström – this Swedish beef dish is thought to be named the man who brought it from Russia to Sweden. Henrik Lindström is said to have been born in St. Petersburg, Russia. Swedish food lore has it that the army officer brought the recipe to the Hotel Witt in Kalmar, Sweden, c. 1862. The beets and capers included may indicate Russian origin or influence. Lindy candy bar – Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974), the pioneering aviator who was first to fly solo, non-stop, across the Atlantic, had at least two American candy bars named after him; another – the "Winning Lindy." Cream of cardoon soup à la Livingston – David Livingstone (1813–1873), Scottish missionary and explorer has this Delmonico's soup named after him, also available in celery. Loganberry – a cross of a blackberry and a raspberry, was accidentally created in 1883 in Santa Cruz, California, by the American lawyer and horticulturist James Harvey Logan. Crab Louis – (pronounced Loo-ey) while Louis XIV is often cited as the inspiration because of his notorious fondness for food, The Davenport Hotel (Spokane) in Spokane, Washington claims Louis Davenport is the name source and inventor. Davenport was a Spokane restaurateur from 1889 on, and opened the hotel in 1914. There are several other alleged creators, including Victor Hirtzler (see Celery Victor). Macaroni Lucullus – Lucullus (c. 106–56 BC), full name Lucius Licinius Lucullus Ponticus, was perhaps the earliest recorded gastronome in the Western world. After a long spell of wars, the Roman general retired to a life of indulgence and opulence, most evident in his gardens and his cuisine. His name has become associated with numerous dishes of the over-the-top sort, using haute cuisine's favorite luxury staples—truffles, foie gras, asparagus tips, artichoke hearts, sweetbreads, cockscombs, game, Madeira, and so on. Macaroni Lucullus incorporates truffles and foie gras. Lussekatter, St. Lucia buns – Swedish saffron buns named for Saint Lucia of Syracuse (283–304), whose name day, December 13, was once considered the longest night of the year. As Lucia means light, the saint was incorporated into the celebration when these buns are traditionally eaten. The Swedish term, Lucia's cats, refers to the bun's curled shape. Luther Burger – a hamburger or cheeseburger with one or more glazed doughnuts in place of the bun was allegedly named for and was a favorite (and possible invention) of singer, songwriter and record producer Luther Vandross (1951–2005). Dean Lyder – a cocktail which is a variation on the perfect Manhattan. It is made with the usual whiskey and equal parts sweet and dry vermouth, but with added orange bitters and zest, giving it a 'big, bold character'. It is named for Courtney Lyder (born 1966), dean of UCLA School of Nursing. M Chicken Maintenon – a chicken dish made with lemon and toast named for Louis XIV's mistress Mme. de Maintenon. Mamie Eisenhower fudge – the wife of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mamie Doud Eisenhower (1896–1979) had this candy named after her when she revealed it was a White House favorite. Mamie Eisenhower was First Lady from 1952 to 1960. Mapo tofu – the name Mapo (麻婆) is thought to refer to a (possibly fictional) old pockmarked-face lady by the name of Chen, who invented and sold the dish. It is thus sometimes translated as "Pockmarked-Face Lady's Tofu", or "Pockmarked Mother Chen's Tofu". Sole Marco Polo – the renowned explorer and traveler Marco Polo (1254–1324) has this dish of sole with lobster and, somewhat oddly, tomato, named after him. À la Maréchale – Marshal's wife style. Usually this term denotes dishes made from tender pieces of meat, such as cutlets, escalopes, supremes, sweetbreads, or fish, which are treated à l'anglais ("English-style"), i.e. coated with eggs and bread crumbs, and sautéed. It is unknown after whom the recipe is named. It is speculated that it could be associated with the Maréchale de Luxembourg (1707–1787), the wife of Charles-François-Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg (1702–1764) and a major society hostess. Margarita – there are many claims for the name of this tequila/lime/orange liqueur cocktail. Dallas socialite Margarita Samas said she invented it in 1948 for one of her Acapulco parties. Enrique Bastate Gutierrez claimed he invented it in Tijuana in the 1940s for Rita Hayworth. Hayworth's real name was Margarita Cansino, and another story connects the drink to her during an earlier time when she was dancing in Tijuana nightclubs under that name. Carlos Herrera said he created and named the cocktail in his Tijuana restaurant in 1938–1939 for Marjorie King. Ms. King was reportedly allergic to all alcohol except tequila, and had asked for something besides a straight shot. Around this same general time period, Nevada bartender Red Hinton said he'd named the cocktail after his girlfriend Margarita Mendez. Other stories exist. Pizza Margherita – Queen Margherita of Savoy (1851–1926) was presented with this pizza in the colors of the Italian flag on a trip to Naples, c. 1889. Many people claimed to have created it. Sole Marguery – Nicholas Marguery (1834–1910), famed French chef, created and named this dish, along with others, for himself and his restaurant Marguery in Paris. The Marie biscuit, a type of biscuit similar to a rich tea biscuit also known as María biscuit or Maria cookie (Netherlands), was created by the London bakery Peek Freans in 1874 to commemorate the marriage of the Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia to the Duke of Edinburgh. It became popular throughout Europe, particularly in Spain where, following the Civil War, the biscuit became a symbol of the country's economic recovery after bakeries produced mass quantities to consume a surplus of wheat. Chicken Maria Theresia – Maria Theresia (1717–1780), Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and wife of Emperor Franz I. Coffee Maria Theresia includes cream and orange liqueur. Consommé Marie Stuart – Mary Stuart (1542–1587), Queen of Scots, was appropriately Frenchified by Ranhofer in naming this dish. She, herself, had adopted Stuart vs. Stewart while living in France. Martha Washington's Cake – Martha Washington (1731–1802), wife of George Washington, is remembered for this fruitcake. Her original recipe for her "Great Cake" called for 40 eggs, 5 pounds of fruit, and similar quantities of other ingredients. Bloody Mary – a popular cocktail containing vodka, tomato juice, and usually other spices or flavorings, named after Queen Mary I of England, Poires Mary Garden – Mary Garden (1874–1967) was a hugely popular opera singer in Europe and the U.S. at the start of the 20th century. Born in Scotland, she emigrated to the U.S. as a child, then came to Paris in 1897 to complete her training. After her 1900 debut at the Opéra-Comique, she was much sought-after by composers for starring roles in their operas. Escoffier made this dish in her honor, and is said to have told a friend once that all his best dishes had been created "for the ladies". (see Melba, Rachel, Réjane, et al. below) Mary Jane – peanut butter and molasses candy bars developed by Charles N. Miller in 1914, and named after his favorite aunt. Mary Thomas – egg-salad and bacon with thin slice of onion within quality slices of toast. Served at Arnold's Bar and Grill and Mullane's Parkside Cafe, both of Cincinnati. Massillon – the small almond pastry is named for noted French bishop and preacher Jean-Baptiste Massillon (1663–1742), a temporary favorite of Louis XIV. The pastry originated in the town of Hyères, where Massillon was born. Pâté chaud ris de veau à la McAllister – most likely, Samuel Ward McAllister (1827–1895) is the name source of the hot veal pâté Charles Ranhofer created at Delmonico's. McAllister was best known for his list of the 400 people he considered New York City society. McIntosh apple – John McIntosh (1777–1846), American-Canadian farmer who discovered the variety in Ontario, Canada in 1796 or 1811. McJordan sandwich – Michael Jordan (1963), The McJordan consisted of a McDonald's Quarter Pounder with bacon and barbecue sauce. It was sold regionally in the Chicago area for a limited time in 1992, at the height of Jordan's career. Peach Melba – Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931). Chef Auguste Escoffier at the Savoy Hotel in 1892 or 1893 heard her sing at Covent Garden and was inspired to create a dessert for her, and which he named after her. Melba toast – Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931), Australian soprano, née Mitchell, took her stage name from her hometown of Melbourne. In 1892–1893, she was living at the Savoy Hotel in London, which was then managed by César Ritz and Auguste Escoffier. During an illness, the singer favored some extremely dry toast which was subsequently named for her. Around this same time, Escoffier created the dessert Peach Melba in her honor. There is also a Melba garnish (raspberry sauce) that is an ingredient of Peach Melba. Bisque of shrimps à la Melville – when the great American author Herman Melville (1819–1891) died in New York, he had been almost forgotten for decades. Charles Ranhofer, however, remembered him with this seafood dish. Beef tenderloin minions à la Meyerbeer – Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864), the influential 19th-century opera composer, is honored by this dish. Mirepoix – carrot and onion mixture used for sauces and garnishes is thought to be named after Gaston Pierre de Lévis, duc de Mirepoix, 18th-century Marshal of France and one of Louis XV's ambassadors. Modjeskas – A caramel with a marshmallow inside, named after actress Helena Modjesksa. Poulet sauté Montesquieu – culinary tribute to the philosopher and author, Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat (1689–1755), major intellect during the French Enlightenment. There is also a frozen dessert, "Plombière Montesquieu." Potage anglais de poisson à Lady Morgan – Lady Morgan, née Sydney Owenson (1776–1859), a popular Irish novelist, was visiting Baron James Mayer de Rothschild in 1829, when Câreme created this elaborate fish soup in her honor. If you have several days available, you can make it yourself. Mornay sauce – diplomat and writer Philippe de Mornay (1549–1623), a member of Henri IV's court, is often cited as the name source for this popular cheese version of Béchamel sauce. The alternative story is that 19th-century French chef Joseph Voiron invented it and named it after one of his cooks, Mornay, his oldest son. Mozartkugel – Salzburg, the birthplace of composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), is also the place where this marzipan/nougat-filled chocolate was created c. 1890. Also in the composer's honor, Ranhofer created "Galantine of pullet à la Mozart" at Delmonico's. Lamb cutlets Murillo – Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617–1682), the influential Spanish painter, was apparently a favorite artist of Charles Ranhofer. N Nachos in a bowl. Nachos – first created c. 1943 by Ignacio "Nacho" Anaya, the original nachos consisted of fried corn tortillas covered with melted cheddar cheese and jalapeño peppers. Napoleon – an alternate name for mille-feuille, was probably not named for the Emperor, but for the city of Naples. Napoleon Brandy – a sort of brandy named for Napoleon Bonaparte. Bigarreau Napoleon cherry – unlike the pastry, the French cherry was most likely named after Napoleon Bonaparte, his son Napoleon II, or his nephew Napoleon III. The sweet, white-fleshed (bigarreau) cherry often used in maraschino cherry production fell into the hands of Oregon's Seth Luelling of Bing cherry fame (the Napoleon is a forebear of the Bing), and he renamed it the Royal Anne. Subsequently, the cherry also became known as Queen Anne cherry in North America. Lord Nelson apple – Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758–1805), British hero of the Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson also has a dish of mutton cutlets named after him, as well as an early-19th-century boiled sweet (or hard candy) somewhat indelicately called "Nelson's balls". Nesselrode Pudding – Russian diplomat Count Karl Robert von Nesselrode (1780–1862) had several dishes named for him, usually containing chestnuts, like this iced dessert. Lobster Newberg – variously spelled Newburg and Newburgh, and now applied to other seafood besides lobster, this dish is usually attributed to a Captain Ben Wenberg, who brought the recipe he had supposedly found in his travels to Delmonico's in the late 19th century. The chef, Charles Ranhofer, reproduced the dish for him and put it on the restaurant menu as Lobster Wenberg. Allegedly, the two men had a falling-out, Ranhofer took the dish off the menu, and returned it, renamed, only at other customers' insistence. Marshal Ney – the elaborate Ranhofer dessert—molded tiers of meringue shells, vanilla custard, and marzipan—is named after Napoleon's Marshal Michel Ney (1769–1815), who led the retreat from Moscow and was a commander at Waterloo. O Potatoes O'Brien – possibly William Smith O'Brien (1803–1864), who led the Irish revolt subsequent to the Great Famine of Ireland is the source of the name. Bath Oliver biscuits – Dr William Oliver (1695–1764) of Bath, England concocted these as a digestive aid for his patients. Oliver had opened a bath for the treatment of gout, and was largely responsible for 18th-century Bath becoming a popular health resort. Salade Olivier – a salad composed of diced vegetables and sometimes meat, bound in mayonnaise, invented in the 1860s by Lucien Olivier, the chef of the Hermitage Restaurant in Moscow. Œufs sur le plat Omer Pasha – the Hungarian-Croatian Mihailo Latas known as Omer Pasha Latas (1806–1871), commander-in-chief of Turkish forces allied with the French and English during the Crimean War had this sort of Hungarian/Turkish dish of eggs named for him. In the U.S., Ranhofer made a dish of hashed mutton Omer Pasha, as well as eggs on a dish. Veal Prince Orloff – Count Gregory Orloff, paramour of tzarina Catherine the Great is often cited. Much more likely, Urbain Dubois, noted 19th-century French chef, created the dish for his veal-hating employer Prince Nicolas Orloff, minister to tzar Nicolas I, hence the multiple sauces and seasonings. Stuffed pheasant à la Prince Orloff was created by Charles Ranhofer. Veal Oscar – Sweden's King Oscar II (1829–1907) The dish was first served at Restaurant Operakällaren, Stockholm, Sweden in 1897 in conjunction with the world fair. It was composed by the French mâitre de cuisine of the Operakällaren restaurant, Paul Edmond Malaise, for the 25th anniversary of the accession of King Oscar II to the throne. Choron sauce that has the color of red as the same as the kings royal mantle is piped in the shape of an "O" around a slice of fried fillet of veal. On top the fillet, a white slice of lobster tail and a slice of black truffle are placed to symbolize the black and white outer trimming on the royal mantle and you create King Oscar's crowned monogram. This is topped with two white sticks of asparagus, forming a Roman number two as for the number of the king being Oscar the 2nd. Contemporary versions may substitute chicken and crab. Oysters Rockefeller – a cooked hors d'ouervre identified with New Orleans, it is named after John D. Rockefeller Osmania Biscuit – biscuit named after Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad P Selle d'agneau à la Paganini – Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840), Italian opera composer and brilliant violinist, has this lamb dish named after him, probably by Charles Ranhofer. Parsnips Molly Parkin – Molly Parkin, Welsh artist and novelist. The dish, comprising parsnip, cream, tomatoes and cheese, was created for her by the food writer Denis Curtis in the 1970s. Hachis Parmentier. Potatoes Parmentier – Antoine-Augustin Parmentier (1737–1817), chief proponent in reversing the French public view about the once-despised potato. Parmentier discovered the food value of the vegetable while a prisoner of war in Germany, where the potato had already been accepted. Pastilles – Giovanni Pastilla, Italian confectioner to Marie de' Medici, is said to have accompanied her to Paris on her marriage to Henri IV, and created some form of the tablets named after him there. Lobster Paul Bert – Paul Bert (1833–1886) was a French physiologist, diplomat, and politician, but is perhaps best known for his research on the effect of air pressure on the body. Charles Ranhofer was either a friend or fan of the father of aerospace medicine. Pavlova – Anna Pavlova (1881–1931), Russian ballerina. Both Australia and New Zealand have claimed to be the source of the meringue ("light as Pavlova") and fruit dessert. Pedro Ximenez – a Vinifera grape, named after the soldier who allegedly brought it to Spain. Dr Pepper – Charles T. Pepper. The soft drink invented by pharmacist Charles Alderton in 1885 at a Waco, Texas drugstore owned by Wade Morrison is said to be named for Morrison's first employer, who owned a pharmacy in Virginia. Dom Pérignon (wine) – Dom Pérignon (1638–1715), (Pierre) a French Benedictine monk, expert winemaker and developer of the first true champagne in the late 17th century. Petre Roman cake – marshmallow and vanilla cream cake named after Petre Roman, the first Prime Minister of Romania after the 1989 revolution. Eggs Picabia – Named by Gertrude Stein in her The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook after Francis Picabia (22 January 1879 – 30 November 1953) and his recipe. Chicken Picasso – this creamy chicken dish was named after Pablo Picasso. Sole Picasso – this fruity fish was named after Pablo Picasso. The dish consists of fried or grilled sole and warm fruit in a ginger-lemon sauce. Pio Quinto – this Nicaraguan dessert was named after Pope Pius V. Pizza Di Rosso – pizza topped with sliced tomatoes, black olives, mozzarella, eggplant and capsicum. Named after Count Enrico Di Rosso who selected the ingredients to create this variety of vegetarian pizza the colours of which resemble the red and white of the Order of St. George of which the Count is Patron. Pozharsky cutlet (or Pojarski) – Pozharsky family were innkeepers in Torzhok, Russia. Darya Pozharskaya was favored by Tsar Nicholas I for her version of minced veal and chicken cutlets. An especially juicy and tender consistency was achieved by adding butter to minced meat. The originals were reformed on veal chop or chicken wing bones, respectively, for presentation. Rissoles Pompadour – the Marquise de Pompadour, Jeanne Poisson (1721–1764), official paramour of Louis XV from 1745 until her death, has had many dishes named after her besides these savory fried pastries. Mme. Pompadour's interest in cooking is remembered with lamb, sole, chicken, beef, pheasant, garnishes, croquettes, cakes and desserts, created by a number of chefs during and after her life. Praline – César de Choiseul, Count du Plessis-Praslin (1598–1675), by his officer of the table Lassagne, presented at the court of Louis XIII. The caramelized almond confection was transformed at some point in Louisiana to a pecan-based one. This praline has gone on to be known by another eponym in the U.S.: Aunt Bill's Brown Candy. Aunt Bill's identity is apparently unknown. Princess cake – three Swedish princesses, Margaretha (later Princess of Denmark), Märtha (later Crown Princess of Norway), and Astrid (later Queen of the Belgians). Prinzregententorte – Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria Toronchino Procope – Charles Ranhofer named this ice cream dessert after the Sicilian Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli, whose Café Procope, opening in Paris in 1686, introduced flavored ices to the French. Q A Queen Mary cocktail: beer, grenadine and maraschino cherries Queen Mary (beer cocktail) – a mix of beer and grenadine, named after Queen Mary of Teck. Queen Mother's Cake – in the 1950s, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1901–2002) was served this flourless chocolate cake by her friend Jan Smeterlin (1892–1967), well-known Polish pianist. Smeterlin had acquired the recipe in Austria, and the Queen Mother's fondness for the cake produced its name, via either Smeterlin, food writer Clementine Paddleford or dessert maven Maida Heatter. Queen of Sheba cake – the originally French gâteau de la reine Saba, a chocolate cake, is named for the 10th-century-BC African Queen of Sheba, guest of King Solomon of Israel. R Lamprey à la Rabelais – François Rabelais (c. 1484–1553), French monk, turned physician, turned famed writer and satirist, was honored in this dish by Delmonico's chef Charles Ranhofer. Tournedos Rachel – from singing in the streets of Paris as a child, Swiss-born Elisa-Rachel Félix (1821–1858) went on to become known as the greatest French tragedienne of her day. Her stage name Rachel is used for a number of dishes—consommé, eggs, sweetbreads, et al.—many created by Escoffier. In New York City, Charles Ranhofer created "artichokes à la Rachel" in her honor. Ramos Gin Fizz – Henry C. Ramos, New Orleans bartender, created this cocktail c. 1888, at either Meyer's Restaurant or the Imperial Cabinet Saloon, and named it after himself. Chicken Raphael Weill – Raphael Weill (1837–1920) arrived in San Francisco from France at the age of 18. Within a few years he had founded what was to be one of California's largest department stores. Later he helped found the well-known Bohemian Club, which still exists. He liked to cook, and is remembered in San Francisco restaurants with this dish. Reggie Bar – Reggie Jackson (born 1946), American baseball player of the 1970s, had this now-discontinued candy bar named for him. Salad Réjane – Gabrielle Réjane was the stage name for Gabrielle-Charlotte Reju (1856–1920), a French actress at the start of the 20th century. Escoffier named several dishes for her, including consommé, sole, and œufs à la neige. Reuben sandwich – possibly Reuben Kolakofsky (1874–1960) made it for a poker group gathered at his restaurant in an Omaha, Nebraska hotel c. 1925, or Arnold Reuben, a New York restaurateur (1883–1970), may have created and named it c. 1914. Rigó Jancsi – the Viennese chocolate and cream pastry is named after the Gypsy violinist, Rigó Jancsi (by Hungarian use, Rigó is his last name, Jancsi his first, called literally 'Blackbird Johnny'). He is perhaps best known for his part in one of the great late-19th-century society scandales. In 1896, Clara Ward, Princesse de Caraman-Chimay. The Princesse de Chimay saw the charming Rigó Jancsi, first violinist playing Hungarian Gypsy music in a Paris restaurant in 1896 while dining with her husband, Prince de Chimay. She ran off with Rigó, married him, divorced him, and later married two other men too. Robert E. Lee Cake – southern U.S. lemon layer cake named for American Civil War General Robert E. Lee (1807–1870). Strawberries Romanoff – although there are a number of claimants for the creation of this dish, including the Hollywood restaurateur self-styled "Prince Michael Romanoff", credit is most often given to Marie-Antoine Carême, when he was chef to tzar Alexander I around 1820. Romanoff was the house name of the Russian rulers. Ronald Reagan's Hamburger Soup – Ronald Reagan, while President, had this recipe issued publicly in 1986, after he had gotten flak for saying he liked French soups. Ross Sauce – a multipurpose barbecue sauce invented by Scott Ross in Habersham County, Georgia. Scott Ross, a high school chemistry teacher and wrestling coach, says that his sauce "goes great on anything" suggesting salad, popcorn, and almost anything but meats. Tournedos Rossini – Gioacchino Rossini (1792–1868), Italian composer known almost as well as a gastronome. A friend of Carême, Prince Metternich, et al., Rossini had many dishes named for him: eggs, chicken, soup, salad, cannelloni, sole, risotto, pheasant, and more. Escoffier was responsible for many of these. Charles Ranhofer created "Meringued pancakes à la Rossini." Soufflé Rothschild – a dessert soufflé created by Marie-Antoine Carême for Baron James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868) and Baroness Betty de Rothschild (1805–1886) in the 1820s. The Baron was a notable French banker and diplomat. It was originally flavoured with Goldwasser but is now flavoured with a variety of other liqueurs and spirits including kirsch. This dessert was a favourite of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (1900–2002). Roy Rogers – a non-alcoholic mixed drink made with cola and grenadine syrup, named after actor Roy Rogers (1911–1998). Rumford's Soup – Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford Runeberg torte (Runebergintorttu / Runebergstårta) – named after the Finnish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1804–1877) and his wife, writer Fredrika Runeberg (1807–1879), who invented the pastry. Johan Ludvig Runeberg's birthday, 5 February, is in Finland Runeberg-day and it is celebrated with this almond-pastry. There is also a variation of this called the Fredrika-pastry. Baby Ruth candy bar – most likely, Babe Ruth (1895–1948) was the inspiration for the name. Although the Curtiss Candy Co. has insisted from the beginning that the candy bar was named after a daughter of Grover Cleveland, Ruth Cleveland died in 1904 at the age of 12, while the Baby Ruth was introduced in 1921 right at a time when George Herman Ruth, Jr. had become a baseball superstar. Very early versions of the wrapper offer a baseball glove for 79 cents. Babe Ruth's announced intent to sue the company is probably what drove and perpetuated the dubious cover story. S Beef Stroganoff served atop pasta Sachertorte – Franz Sacher, Vienna, 1832, working for Prince Metternich. Chicken filets Sadi Carnot – chef Charles Ranhofer almost certainly had French President Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837–1894) in mind, not his uncle, the physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796–1832). Flan Sagan – see Talleyrand below. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord held the title of Prince of Żagań. This flan of truffles, mushrooms, and calves' brains was one of several Sagan-named dishes, usually involving brains, including a garnish and scrambled eggs. Salisbury steak – Dr. James H. Salisbury (1823–1905), early U.S. health food advocate, created this dish and advised his patients to eat it three times a day, while limiting their intake of "poisonous" vegetables and starches. Beef hash Sam Ward – Samuel Cutler Ward (1814–1884) was perhaps the most influential Washington lobbyist of the mid-19th century. He was as well known for his entertaining as his political work, apparently agreeing with Talleyrand that dining well was essential to diplomacy. Why Ranhofer named a beef hash after him is open to speculation. Sandwich – John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792) did not invent the sandwich. Meat between slices of bread had been eaten long before him. But as the often-repeated story goes, his title name was applied to it c. 1762, after he frequently called for the easily handled food while entertaining friends. Their card games then were not interrupted by the need for forks and such. Sarah Bernhardt Cakes – French actress Sarah Bernhardt (1844–1923). The pastry may be Danish in origin. There is a Sole Sarah Bernhardt, and a soufflé. "Sarah Bernhardt" may indicate a dish garnished with a purée of foie gras, and Delmonico's "Sarah Potatoes", by Charles Ranhofer, are most likely named for the actress. Eggs Sardou – Invented at the New Orleans restaurant Antoine's and named after the French dramatist Victorien Sardou Schillerlocken – two quite distinct foods named after the curly hair of the German poet Friedrich von Schiller (1759–1805). One is cream-filled puff pastry cornets; the other is long strips of smoked dogfish belly flaps. Ranhofer named a dessert of pancakes rolled up, sliced, and layered in a mold Schiller pudding. Seckel pear – although little is known about the origin of this American pear, it is generally believed that a Pennsylvania farmer named Seckel discovered the fruit in the Delaware River Valley near Philadelphia, in the 18th or early 19th century. Lobster cutlets à la Shelley – Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822), the great English poet, drowned off the coast of Italy. Charles Ranhofer remembered him with this. Shirley Temple – the classic children's cocktail of club soda, grenadine, and a maraschino cherry was invented in the late 1930s at Hollywood's Chasen's restaurant for the child star Shirley Temple (1928–2014). A slice of orange and a straw is suggested; the paper parasol is optional. Reinette Simirenko – an apple variety discovered by Ukrainian pomologist Lev Simirenko in his garden and named after his father Platon Simirenko. The origin of this cultivar is unclear. It was one of the most widely grown apple varieties in the Soviet Union. Veal Sinatra – a veal stuffed with a buttery cream sauce, vegetables, meat and/or seafood named after the famous jazz singer Frank Sinatra Soubise sauce – the onion purée or béchamel sauce with added onion purée is probably named after the 18th-century aristocrat Charles de Rohan, Prince de Soubise, and Marshal of France. Eggs Stanley – Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), the famed British explorer, has several dishes named for him, usually with onions and a small amount of curry seasoning. A recipe for these poached eggs has a sauce with 1/2 teaspoon of curry powder. Beef Stroganoff – a 19th-century Russian dish, named for a Count Stroganov (possibly Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov or Count Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov) Sukjunamul – Shin Suk-ju Crepes Suzette – said to have been created for then-Prince of Wales Edward VII on 31 January 1896, at the Café de Paris in Monte Carlo. When the prince ordered a special dessert for himself and a young female companion, Henri Charpentier, then 16 (1880–1961), produced the flaming crepe dish. Edward reportedly asked that the dessert be named after his companion (Suzette) rather than himself. However, Larousse disputes Charpentier's claim. Ellen Svinhufvud cake – named in 1930s after Ellen Svinhufvud (1869–1953), the wife of President of Finland Pehr Evind Svinhufvud. Sydney Smith's salad dressing – Salad dressing named after founder of the Edinburgh Review, Sydney Smith (1771–1845). He was a clergyman who wrote a poem which describes how to make this salad. Popular in the 19th century among American cooks. T Takuan General Tso's chicken Takuan – named after Takuan Sōhō, it is pickled daikon radish Talleyrand – a pineapple savarin is one of many dishes named for the epicurean French statesman Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754–1838). An influential negotiator at the Congress of Vienna, Talleyrand considered dining a major part of diplomacy. Antonin Câreme worked for him for a time, and Talleyrand was instrumental in furthering his career. The host's eponymous dishes include sauces, tournedos, veal, croquettes, orange fritters, et al. Tarte Tatin – Stephine Tatin (1838–1917) and Caroline Tatin (1847–1911). In French, the tarte is known as à la Demoiselles Tatin for the sisters who ran the Hotel Tatin in Lamotte-Beuvron, France. Stephine allegedly invented the upside-down tart accidentally in the fall of 1898, but the pastry may be much older. Beef Tegetthoff – Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff (1827–1871), Austrian naval hero, is celebrated by this beef dish with seafood ragoût. Chicken Tetrazzini – named for operatic soprano Luisa Tetrazzini, the "Florentine Nightingale" (1871–1941), and created in San Francisco. Tootsie Rolls – Clara "Tootsie" Hirshfield, the small daughter of Leo Hirshfield, developer of the first paper-wrapped penny candy, in New York, 1896. Biscuit Tortoni – the Italian Tortoni, working at the Café Velloni which had opened in Paris in 1798, bought the place and renamed it the Café Tortoni. It became a very successful restaurant and ice cream parlor in the 19th century. This ice cream dish is said to be one of his creations. General Tso's chicken – Named for General Zuǒ Zōngtáng (1812–1885; variously spelled Tzo, Cho, Zo, Zhou, etc.) of the Qing Dynasty, although it was not contemporaneous with him. U Chicken Soup Ujházi – said to have been made of rooster originally, this soup was the creation of amateur chef and well-known Hungarian actor Ede Ujházi c. 1900. Cases of squabs Umberto – Umberto I (1844–1900), king of Italy and husband of pizza's Queen Margherita, has this Delmonico's dish by Ranhofer named after him. V Celery Victor Purée of wild ducks van Buren – Martin van Buren (1782–1862), 8th president of the United States, developed a taste for French cuisine while a minister in London, where he became acquainted with Talleyrand's dining philosophy. During his presidency, White House dinners were even more French than in Jefferson's day. Ranhofer may have been returning the compliment with this soup. Van Gogh potato – artist Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) is commemorated by this potato developed in the Netherlands in 1976. Soupe aux truffes noires VGE  – dedicated to Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (abbreviated VGE) and created by Paul Bocuse in 1975. Fillets of Brill Véron – Dr. Louis Désiré Véron (1798–1867) gave up his Parisian medical practice for the more fashionable life as a writer, manager of the Opera, paramour of the actress Rachel, political influence, and pre-eminent host of lavish dinners for the elite. Véron sauce accompanies the brill. Celery Victor – Victor Hirtzler, (c. 1875–1935) well-known American chef from Strasbourg, France considered this braised celery dish one of his two best recipes, the other being Sole Edward VII. Both dishes were created at San Francisco's St. Francis Hotel, where Hirtzler was head chef from 1904 to 1926. His 1919 cookbook can be seen in full at Hotel St. Francis Cookbook. Lamb chops Victor Hugo – the renowned French author, Victor Hugo (1802–1885), is commemorated with these, and with fillets of plover. Victoria plum and Victoria Sponge or Sandwich Cake – Queen Victoria (1819–1901). Many dishes are named for the British Queen, including sole, eggs, salad, a garnish, several sauces, a cherry spice cake, a bombe, small tarts, et al. There is also a Victoria pea and a Victoria apple. Vidal blanc – a hybrid grape variety, named after its breeder, Jean-Louis Vidal W A cross-section view of a Beef Wellington sliced open Waldorf salad – salad made at the Waldorf hotel originally as a joke for a particularly persnickety patron. Wallenberg Steak – Scandinavian dish of minced veal named after the prominent and wealthy Swedish Wallenberg family. Contemporary versions use turkey and moose meat. Wild Duckling à la Walter Scott – dish named for the Scottish writer Walter Scott (1771–1832) includes Dundee marmalade and whisky. Pears Wanamaker – of the Philadelphia merchant Wanamaker family, Rodman Wanamaker (1863–1928) seems most likely to be the inspiration for this dish. The son of John Wanamaker, founder of the family business, Rodman Wanamaker went to Paris in 1889 to oversee the Paris branch of their department store. When he returned to the U.S. in 1899, he kept his Paris home and contacts. Washington pie – George Washington (1732–1799), first U.S. president, has this cake named after him, as well as a French sauce or garnish containing corn. Beef Wellington – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852), British hero of the Battle of Waterloo, has this dish of beef with pâté, mushrooms, truffles and Madeira sauce, all encased in a pastry crust, named after him. It was probably created by his personal chef. Theories vary: either the Duke had no sense of taste and didn't care what he was eating (leaving his chef to his own devices), or he loved the dish so much that it had to be served at every formal dinner, or the shape of the concoction resembles the Wellington boot. Lobster Wenberg – see Lobster Newberg. Wibele – Jakob Christian Carl Wibel, he invented this sweet pastry in 1763 Fraises Wilhelmine – A dessert of strawberries, macerated in orange juice, powdered sugar and kirsch, served with Crème Chantilly, created by Auguste Escoffier and named after Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Wilhelmina Pepermunt, a Dutch peppermint candy, is also named after her. Prince William Cider Apple – Created to celebrate the 21st birthday of Prince William. It was named the "Prince William" after he said in an interview that he was a cider drinker. Large, robust yet mild in nature with a red flush and will make a cider of fair complexion, well balanced with much character. The "Prince William" will be the first of more than 360 varieties of traditional English cider apples grown over the centuries to be given a royal name. Fillets à la Peg Woffington – Peg Woffington, Irish actress (1720–1760). A recipe exists for "Woffington Sauce" for fish, and also for an orange-based sweet, Corbeilles à la Peg Woffington. Eggs Woodhouse – Named after Woodhouse, long suffering valet of Sterling Archer in the animated sitcom Archer. It is a variation of Eggs Benedict, with the main differences being the addition of artichoke hearts, creamed spinach, bechamel sauce, Ibérico ham, black truffle and beluga caviar. Woolton pie – Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton. Lord Woolton was the British Minister of Food during World War II. This root vegetable pie created by the chefs at London's Savoy Hotel marked Woolton's drive to get people to eat more vegetables instead of meat. X Potage à la Xavier – this cream soup with chicken has at least two stories associated with its name. Some sources say that the gourmand Louis XVIII (1755–1824) invented the soup when he was Comte de Provence, and known as Louis Stanislas Xavier de France. Others suggest the soup was named after Francis Xavier (1506–1552), a Basque missionary to Goa and India. Y Yemas de Santa Theresa de Ávila – these sweets made from lemon-flavoured candied egg yolks from the Spanish city of Ávila are named after its Saint, Theresa of Ávila. Food-related Pasteurization – Louis Pasteur See also List of words derived from toponyms List of foods and drinks named after places Lists of etymologies Portals: Food Biography Society Lists References ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Foods you didn't know were named after people". Fox News. June 5, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2015. ^ a b c d e f Skidelsky, William (February 4, 2012). "The 10 best foods named after people – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2015. ^ "Oreiller de la Belle Aurore". smallparty.org. ^ "Eggs Benedict XVI". Archived from the original on February 13, 2006. ^ Gaunt, Doram (9 May 2008) "Ben-Gurion's Rice", Haaretz. Retrieved July 21, 2023. ^ Gilbar 2008, p. 14. ^ Gilbar 2008, p. 5. ^ "Charlotte Russe Cake History, Charlotte Malakoff, Apple Charlotte, Whats Cooking America". whatscookingamerica.net. 26 May 2015. ^ a b Gilbar 2008, p. 15. ^ Claiborne, Craig (19 September 1977). "De Gustibus: More on Lady Curzon's Turtle Soup". The New York Times. ^ Gilbar 2008, p. 10. ^ Barry Popik. "The Big Apple: Chicken a la King". barrypopik.com. ^ lamingtons ^ "Anhui Cuisine". China Daily. 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ^ Wright, Bekah (April 1, 2013) "The Lyder Side of Westwood", UCLA Magazine ^ "History". Bauer's Candies. Retrieved 2022-07-27. ^ "ESoupSong 49: The Hardest Soup in the World". ^ Gilbar 2008, pp. 6–7. ^ Gilbar 2008, p. 7. ^ "Osmania biscuit". 6 February 2019. ^ "Traditionsenlig tårtfrossa – Prinsessyra bäddar för prinsesstårtans vecka" (in Swedish). Cisionwire. 2009-09-17. Archived from the original on 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2009-12-19. ^ a b Gundel, Karoly (1992). Gundel's Hungarian cookbook. Budapest: Corvina. ISBN 963-13-3600-X. OCLC 32227400.page 130 ^ a b Gilbar 2008, p. 30. ^ "Feeding America". ^ "EGGS WOODHOUSE: An Expensive Dish for Archer Fans". ^ "ARCHER – HOW TO ARCHER – DVD EXTRAS (SEASON 03)". YouTube. Bibliography Gilbar, S. (2008). Chicken A La King And The Buffalo Wing: Food Names And The People And Places That Inspired Them. F+W Media. ISBN 978-1-58297-525-2. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Food named for people. The Epicurean by Charles Ranhofer. Cookbook including many dishes Ranhofer named after various individuals. Feeding America: Historic American Cookbook Project (Michigan State University Library). "28 Foods Named After People". Mental Floss. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2015. "What's in a Name?". The Bloomsbury Review. 3 (2–6). 1983.
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For a list of eponyms sorted by name, see List of eponyms.This is a list of foods and dishes named after people.","title":"List of foods named after people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicken_fettuccine_alfredo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fettuccine Alfredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettuccine_Alfredo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pommes_Anna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pommes Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommes_Anna"},{"link_name":"Poularde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"},{"link_name":"Adelina Patti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina_Patti"},{"link_name":"Woodcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcock"},{"link_name":"Agnès Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Sorel"},{"link_name":"Big Hearted Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith"},{"link_name":"candy bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_bar"},{"link_name":"Al Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith"},{"link_name":"Fillet of Beef Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillet_of_Beef_Prince_Albert"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"white sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sauce"},{"link_name":"pea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"Albert Pudding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Pudding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poularde Albufera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poularde_Albufera"},{"link_name":"Albufera Sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albufera_Sauce"},{"link_name":"Louis Gabriel Suchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Suchet"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Marie-Antoine Carême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoine_Car%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Alexandertorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandertorte"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Gâteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Alexandra of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Lobster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster"},{"link_name":"Grand-Duke Alexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Delmonico's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmonico%27s"},{"link_name":"Charles Ranhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer"},{"link_name":"Fettuccine Alfredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettuccine_Alfredo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Consommé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consomm%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Alice B. Toklas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_B._Toklas"},{"link_name":"hashish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish"},{"link_name":"The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alice_B._Toklas_Cook_Book"},{"link_name":"Amundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen"},{"link_name":"Dessert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert"},{"link_name":"Omelette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omelette"},{"link_name":"André Theuriet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Theuriet"},{"link_name":"Angelina Burdett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelina_Burdett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum"},{"link_name":"Angelina Burdett-Coutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Burdett-Coutts"},{"link_name":"Pommes Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommes_Anna"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Dugléré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Dugl%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Anna Deslions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Deslions"},{"link_name":"Café Anglais (Paris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Anglais_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_(drink)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Omelette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omelette"},{"link_name":"Savoy Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Arnold Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skidelsky_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Oreiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_pie"},{"link_name":"Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Anthelme_Brillat-Savarin"},{"link_name":"game pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_pie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Château Ausone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ausone"},{"link_name":"red Bordeaux wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine"},{"link_name":"Ausonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausonius"},{"link_name":"Valentinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"}],"text":"Fettuccine Alfredo with chicken (left)Pommes AnnaPoularde Adelina Patti – named for 19th-century opera singer Adelina Patti.\nWoodcock salmis Agnès Sorel – one of the dishes Agnès Sorel (1422–1450) is reputed to have created herself. A garnish, soup, timbales, and tartlets all bear her name, as later chefs remembered her for her interest in food.\nBig Hearted Al candy bar – early-20th-century presidential candidate Al Smith had this candy bar named after him by an admirer who owned a candy company.\nFillet of Beef Prince Albert – Queen Victoria's Consort Prince Albert (1819–1861). Also named for him: an English white sauce, the pea and apple varieties, Coburg Soup (brussels sprouts and smoked bacon) and probably Albert Pudding.\nPoularde Albufera, Albufera Sauce – Louis Gabriel Suchet (1770–1826), one of Napoleon's generals and Marshal of France for a time, was named duc d'Albufera after a lake near Valencia, Spain, to mark his victory there during the Peninsular War. Marie-Antoine Carême created several dishes in the duke's honor, including duck, beef, and the sauce that accompanies this chicken.\nAlexandertorte – possibly Tsar Alexander I, the gourmet Russian tsar who employed Antonin Carême. Finland claims the creation, allegedly by Swiss pastry chefs in Helsinki in 1818, in anticipation of the tsar's visit there.\nGâteau Alexandra – like her husband Edward VII, Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925) was honoured by an assortment of foods named after her when she was Princess of Wales and Queen. Besides this chocolate cake, there is consommé Alexandra, soup, sole, chicken quail, and various meat dishes.\nLobster Duke Alexis – the Russian Grand-Duke Alexis made a highly publicized visit to the U.S. in 1871. A dinner for him at Delmonico's featured this, and was kept on the menu by chef Charles Ranhofer.\nFettuccine Alfredo – Alfredo di Lelio, an early-20th-century Italian chef invented the dish for his pregnant wife[1] at his Roman restaurant and popularized it among tourists.\nConsommé Princess Alice – this consommé with artichoke hearts and lettuce is named for Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (1883–1981), one of Queen Victoria's granddaughters.\nAlice B. Toklas' hashish fudge – due to the recipe being included in her book, The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book.\nAmundsen's Dessert – (1872–1928), invented for the Norwegian polar explorer by Norwegian-American friends in Wisconsin not long before he died in an Arctic plane crash.\nOmelette André Theuriet – the French novelist and poet André Theuriet (1833–1907) has this omelette with truffles and asparagus named for him.\nAngelina Burdett plum – bred by a Mr. Dowling of Southampton, England around 1850, was named after the philanthropist Baroness Angelina Burdett-Coutts (1814–1906).\nPommes Anna – the casserole of sliced potatoes cooked in butter was created and named by French chef Adolphe Dugléré for the 19th-century courtesan/actress Anna Deslions, who frequented Dugléré's Café Anglais (Paris). \"Potatoes Annette\" is a version of Potatoes Anna, with the potatoes julienned instead of in rounds.\nArnold Palmer – beverage of half lemonade and half iced-tea, named for the golfer, Arnold Palmer.\nOmelette Arnold Bennett – an unfolded omelette with smoked haddock invented at the Savoy Hotel for the writer Arnold Bennett[2]\nOreiller de la Belle Aurore – Claudine-Aurore Récamier, the mother of Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, also has a lobster dish named after her but this elaborate game pie was one of her son's favorite dishes. The large square pie contains a variety of game birds and their livers, veal, pork, truffles, aspic, and much else, in puff pastry.[3]\nChâteau Ausone red Bordeaux wine – Ausonius (310–395), the poet employed by Valentinian I to tutor the Roman emperor's son, retired to the Bordeaux region and wrote about oyster farming. The wine named after him is said to be made of grapes grown on the site of his villa.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battenbergcake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battenberg cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battenberg_cake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bing_Cherries_(USDA_ARS).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bing cherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_cherry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_Eggs_Benedict.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eggs Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Bachwürfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachw%C3%BCrfel"},{"link_name":"Johann S. Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_S._Bach"},{"link_name":"Mozartkugel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozartkugel"},{"link_name":"Baco noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baco_noir"},{"link_name":"Maurice Baco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Baco"},{"link_name":"Baldwin apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_apple"},{"link_name":"Loammi Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loammi_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lexington"},{"link_name":"Chicken Cardinal la Balue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Cardinal_la_Balue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Jean la Balue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Jean_la_Balue"},{"link_name":"Louis XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Barros Luco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barros_Luco"},{"link_name":"Ramón Barros Luco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Barros_Luco"},{"link_name":"National Congress of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Bartlett pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_pear"},{"link_name":"Williams pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_pear"},{"link_name":"Enoch Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Bauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauru_(sandwich)"},{"link_name":"Battenberg cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battenberg_cake"},{"link_name":"Battenberg family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battenberg_family"},{"link_name":"Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountbatten"},{"link_name":"Béarnaise sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9arnaise_sauce"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Béchamel sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis de Béchamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_B%C3%A9chamel"},{"link_name":"Bellini (cocktail)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellini_(cocktail)"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Ham mousseline à la Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ham_mousseline_%C3%A0_la_Belmont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"August Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Belmont"},{"link_name":"Commodore Matthew Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Matthew_Perry"},{"link_name":"Eggs Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs_Benedict"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skidelsky_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Lemuel Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuel_Benedict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Hollandaise sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandaise_sauce"},{"link_name":"Oscar of the Waldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Tschirky"},{"link_name":"Charles Ranhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer"},{"link_name":"Delmonico's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmonico%27s"},{"link_name":"LeGrand Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeGrand_Benedict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Joseph Alois Ratzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Eggs Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs_Benedict"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Israeli couscous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_couscous"},{"link_name":"David Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"Osem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osem_(company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eggs Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggs_Berlioz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Beyti kebab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyti_kebab"},{"link_name":"Beyti Güler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beyti_G%C3%BCler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bibb lettuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibb_lettuce"},{"link_name":"John B. Bibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B._Bibb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oysters Bienville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oysters_Bienville"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville"},{"link_name":"Bing cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_cherry"},{"link_name":"Seth Luelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Luelling"},{"link_name":"Bintje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintje"},{"link_name":"French fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries"},{"link_name":"Bismarck herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_herring"},{"link_name":"Bismarcks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarcks"},{"link_name":"Schlosskäse Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlossk%C3%A4se_Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Eggs in a Mold Bizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggs_in_a_Mold_Bizet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georges Bizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"Sole Bolivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sole_Bolivar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Bolo Martha Rocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolo_Martha_Rocha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_Martha_Rocha"},{"link_name":"Martha Rocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Rocha"},{"link_name":"Miss Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bonaparte's Ribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonaparte%27s_Ribs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Boysenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boysenberry"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Boysen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Boysen"},{"link_name":"Walter Knott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Knott"},{"link_name":"Knott's Berry Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knott%27s_Berry_Farm"},{"link_name":"Bramley apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramley_apple"},{"link_name":"Matthew Bramley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Bramley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brillat-Savarin cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillat-Savarin_cheese"},{"link_name":"Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Anthelme_Brillat-Savarin"},{"link_name":"Savarin cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savarin_cake"},{"link_name":"The Physiology of Taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physiology_of_Taste"},{"link_name":"Hot Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Brown"},{"link_name":"Brown Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Hotel_(Louisville,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Parson Brown orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_orange#Other_Valencias"},{"link_name":"Bulhão Pato clams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulh%C3%A3o_Pato_clams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burbank plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%27Climax%27"},{"link_name":"Luther Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank"},{"link_name":"Russet Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet_Burbank"}],"text":"Battenberg cakeBing cherriesEggs BenedictBachwürfel – a cubiform confectionery named after Johann S. Bach, following the style of the Mozartkugel.\nBaco noir – a hybrid grape, named after its breeder, Maurice Baco.\nBaldwin apple – Colonel Loammi Baldwin (1745–1807), a commander of militia at the Battle of Lexington, found this apple between 1784 and 1793 while working as a surveyor and engineer on the Middlesex Canal in Massachusetts.\nChicken Cardinal la Balue – Cardinal Jean la Balue (1421–1491), a somewhat notorious minister to Louis XI, is remembered in this dish of chicken, crayfish, and mashed potatoes.\nBarros Luco – is a popular hot sandwich in Chile that includes beef and melted cheese in one of several types of bread. The sandwich is named after Chilean president Ramón Barros Luco, and was coined in the restaurant of the National Congress of Chile, where president Luco always asked for this sandwich.\nBartlett pear – The English Williams pear variety was inadvertently renamed by Massachusetts nurseryman Enoch Bartlett, early 19th century. Williams was a 17th-century English horticulturist.\nBauru – This popular Brazilian sandwich was created by college student Casimiro Pinto Neto, nicknamed \"Bauru.\"\nBattenberg cake – probably named after one of the late-19th-century princely Battenberg family living in England, who gave up their German titles during World War I and changed their name to Mountbatten.\nBéarnaise sauce – although often thought to indicate the region of Béarn, the sauce name may well originate in the nickname of French king Henry IV (1553–1610), \"le Grand Béarnais.\"\nBéchamel sauce – named to flatter the maître d'Hotel to Louis XIV, Louis de Béchamel, Marquis de Nointel (1630–1703), also a financier and ambassador.\nBellini (cocktail) – Giovanni Bellini\nHam mousseline à la Belmont – August Belmont (1816–1890) was born in Prussia and emigrated to the U.S. to work for the New York branch of Rothschild's. He became an extremely wealthy banker, married the daughter of Commodore Matthew Perry, and was a leading figure in New York society and American horse racing. This dish was created at Delmonico's by Charles Ranhofer, probably for a dinner given there in Belmont's honor.\nEggs Benedict – at least two main accounts.[2] Lemuel Benedict, a New York stockbroker, claimed to have gone to the Waldorf Hotel for breakfast one day in 1894 while suffering a hangover.[1] He asked for a restorative in the form of toast, bacon, poached eggs, and Hollandaise sauce on the side. The maître d' (Oscar of the Waldorf) took an interest in Benedict's order, and adapted it for the Waldorf menu, substituting English muffins and ham, adding truffles, and naming it after Benedict. The other version: in 1893, Charles Ranhofer, head chef of Delmonico's, created the dish for Mr. and/or Mrs. LeGrand Benedict, New York stockbroker[1] and socialite.\nEggs Benedict XVI – Pope Benedict XVI, born Joseph Alois Ratzinger (1927) now has a Germanic version of the original Eggs Benedict named after him. Rye bread and sausage or sauerbraten replace the English muffins and Canadian bacon.[4]\nBen-Gurion's rice – folk name for Israeli couscous, named for Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, who spurred Eugen Proper, one of the founders of Osem, to devise a wheat-based substitute for rice.[5]\nEggs Berlioz – Hector Berlioz (1803–1869), the notable French composer, has his name on a dish of soft-boiled eggs, elevated by the addition of croustades, duchesse potatoes, and truffles and mushrooms in a Madeira sauce.\nBeyti kebab – Beyti Güler, Turkish restaurateur.\nBibb lettuce – John B. Bibb, mid-19th-century amateur horticulturist of Frankfort, Kentucky.\nOysters Bienville – this New Orleans dish of baked oysters in a shrimp sauce was named for Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville (1680–1767), French governor of Louisiana and founder of New Orleans (1718).\nBing cherry – Oregon horticulturist Seth Luelling (or Lewelling) developed the cherry around 1875, with the help of his Manchurian foreman Bing, after whom he named it.\nBintje – a very successful potato variety created by Dutch schoolteacher Kornelis Lieuwes De Vries who in 1905 named it after one of his pupils: the then 17 year old Bintje Jansma. In 1976 she died in Franeker (Friesland) at age 88. The Bintje is equally suitable for boiling, baking, and for French fries, mashed potato and potato chips. It is the most widely cultivated potato in France and Belgium.\nBismarck herring, Bismarcks, Schlosskäse Bismarck – Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), chief figure in the unification of Germany in 1870 and first Chancellor of the German Empire, has many foods named after him, including pickled herring, pastry, and cheese.\nEggs in a Mold Bizet – Georges Bizet (1838–1875), the French composer of Carmen and other operas, has a consommé named for him as well as these eggs cooked in molds lined with minced pickled tongue, served on artichoke hearts.\nSole Bolivar – South American revolutionary Simón Bolívar (1783–1830).\nBolo Martha Rocha [pt] – a cake named after Martha Rocha, the 1954 Miss Brazil.\nBonaparte's Ribs – an early-19th-century English sweet named after Napoleon Bonaparte\nBoysenberry – Rudolf Boysen, botanist and Anaheim park superintendent, developed the loganberry/raspberry/blackberry cross around the 1920s. The berry was subsequently grown, named and marketed in the 1930s by Walter Knott of Knott's Berry Farm in California.\nBramley apple – Matthew Bramley, butcher who in 1846 bought a cottage in Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England, which had previously belonged to Mary Ann Brailsford, who had planted the first bramley tree there in 1809.\nBrillat-Savarin cheese – Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826) has many dishes named for him besides this cheese, including partridge, eggs, garnishes, savory pastries, and the Savarin cake. Brillat-Savarin was the influential French author of The Physiology of Taste, in which he advocated viewing cuisine as a science.\nHot Brown – J. Graham Brown, owner of the Brown Hotel, which first served the hot sandwich.\nParson Brown orange – Rev. Nathan L. Brown, 19th-century Florida minister and orange grower, developed what was to become the leading commercial orange of the time in the U.S.\nBulhão Pato clams – Portuguese poet, essay writer, memorialist, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, renowned bon vivant and epicurean.\nBurbank plum – Luther Burbank (1849–1926), renowned American horticulturist, bred many new varieties of plants, including this and the Russet Burbank potato.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clementines_whole,_peeled,_half_and_sectioned.jpg"},{"link_name":"clementines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobb_salad,_9_May_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cobb salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_salad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duck_confit_crepes_with_Cumberland_sauce.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cumberland sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_sauce"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(cocktail)"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Caesar's mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_caesarea"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"King of Mushrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Mushrooms&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caesar potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesar_potato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caesar salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_salad"},{"link_name":"Caesar Cardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Cardini"},{"link_name":"Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Carpaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpaccio"},{"link_name":"Vittore Carpaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Caruso sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caruso_sauce"},{"link_name":"Enrico Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Caruso"},{"link_name":"Galantine of pheasants Casimir-Perier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galantine_of_pheasants_Casimir-Perier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Casimir-Perier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier"},{"link_name":"Sadi Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot"},{"link_name":"palmettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmette"},{"link_name":"Chaliapin steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaliapin_steak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Feodor Chaliapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Corday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Corday_(dessert)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Corday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Corday"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Marat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat"},{"link_name":"Charles Ranhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer"},{"link_name":"Delmonico's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmonico%27s"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Russe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Russe"},{"link_name":"dessert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert"},{"link_name":"chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoine Carême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoine_Car%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Czar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czar"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Queen Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chateaubriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaubriand_steak"},{"link_name":"Vicomte François René de Chateaubriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicomte_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Chiboust cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiboust_cream"},{"link_name":"Chiboust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiboust&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gâteau Saint-Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2teau_Saint-Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Saint-Honoré cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Honor%C3%A9_cream"},{"link_name":"Choron sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choron_sauce"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Étienne Choron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_%C3%89tienne_Choron"},{"link_name":"Christian IX cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_IX_cheese&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian IX of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Chaudfroid of chicken Clara Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaudfroid_of_chicken_Clara_Morris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clara Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Morris"},{"link_name":"Clementines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine"},{"link_name":"Clément Rodier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Rodier"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Mandarin"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"'Ortley'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortley_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Peach pudding à la Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peach_pudding_%C3%A0_la_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Veuve Clicquot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veuve_Clicquot"},{"link_name":"Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Clicquot_Ponsardin"},{"link_name":"Cobb salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_salad"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Cobb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brown Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Derby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbar15-9"},{"link_name":"Scrambled eggs à la Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scrambled_eggs_%C3%A0_la_Columbus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Cox's Orange Pippin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin"},{"link_name":"Richard Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cox_(horticulturist)"},{"link_name":"Lady Curzon Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Curzon_Soup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lady Curzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Curzon,_Baroness_Curzon_of_Kedleston"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India"},{"link_name":"Lord George Nathaniel Curzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nathaniel_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston"},{"link_name":"Levi Z. Leiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Zeigler_Leiter"},{"link_name":"Marshall Field's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Five clementines whole, peeled, halved and sectionedA Cobb saladCumberland sauce atop duck confit crepesCaesar cocktail – named for Julius Caesar by Canadian bartender Walter Chell.\nCaesar's mushroom – probably named for Julius Caesar, this mushroom of southern France is also called the King of Mushrooms. There is also a Caesar potato.\nCaesar salad – Caesar Cardini (1896–1956) or one of his associates created this salad at the restaurant of the Hotel Caesar in Tijuana.[1][6]\nCarpaccio – named for painter Vittore Carpaccio. So named due to the similarity of the color of the thinly sliced raw beef to the red hue Carpaccio was known for.[1][7]\nCaruso sauce – Enrico Caruso\nGalantine of pheasants Casimir-Perier – Casimir-Perier (1847–1907) was a French politician working under Sadi Carnot, who briefly took office after Carnot was assassinated. Casimir-Perier was president for six months, until he resigned in 1895 under attacks from the leftist opposition party. Charles Ranhofer named this dish and one of palmettes after him.\nChaliapin steak – made by the order of Feodor Chaliapin (1873–1938) in Japan.\nCharlotte Corday – Charlotte Corday (1768–1793), the assassin of the radical Jean-Paul Marat was paid tribute with an ice cream dessert by Charles Ranhofer of Delmonico's.\nCharlotte Russe – a dessert invented by the French chef Marie Antoine Carême (1784–1833), who named it in honor of his Russian employer Czar Alexander I (\"Russe\" being the French equivalent of the adjective, \"Russian\"). Other historians say that this sweet dish took its name from Queen Charlotte (1744–1818), wife of George III.[8]\nChateaubriand – a cut and a recipe for steak named for Vicomte François René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848), French writer and diplomat.[1] His chef Montinireil is thought to have created the dish around 1822 while Chateaubriand was ambassador to England. There is also a kidney dish named for him.\nChiboust cream – a cream filling invented by the French pastry chef Chiboust in Paris around 1846, and intended to fill his Gâteau Saint-Honoré. The filling is also called Saint-Honoré cream.\nChoron sauce – Alexandre Étienne Choron\nChristian IX cheese – honoring King Christian IX of Denmark (1818–1906), this is a caraway-seeded semi-firm Danish cheese.\nChaudfroid of chicken Clara Morris – Clara Morris (1848–1925) was a popular 19th-century American actress, specializing in the period's emotional dramas. She became something of an overnight success when she debuted in New York in 1870, after growing up and working in Ohio ballet and theater. She had an active career until taste in drama changed in the 1890s and she turned to writing. Ranhofer named this dish for her.\nClementines – named for Père Clément Rodier, a French monk living in North Africa at the beginning of the 20th century. Allegedly, he either found a natural mutation of the mandarin orange which he grew, or he created a hybrid of the mandarin and the Seville oranges. The fruit, however, may have originated long before in Asia.\nCleopatra Mandarin – presumably, Cleopatra VII (69–30 BC), of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and the last queen of Egypt, is the name source for this orange and the 'Cleopatra' ('Ortley') apple.\nPeach pudding à la Cleveland – Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), 22nd and 24th U.S. president, was given this dish by Charles Ranhofer, who may have felt presidents deserved desserts named after them as much as Escoffier's ladies, even if Cleveland was reputed to not much like French food.\nVeuve Clicquot – a brand of Champagne, named after Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin the widow ('veuve' in French) of François Clicquot.\nCobb salad – Robert H. Cobb, owner of the Hollywood Brown Derby restaurant, who is said to have invented the salad as a late-night snack for himself around 1936–1937.[1][9]\nScrambled eggs à la Columbus – Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), the Italian sailor who claimed the New World for Spain, has a dish of scrambled eggs with ham, fried slices of blood pudding and beef brains named after him.\nCox's Orange Pippin – apple named after its developer Richard Cox (1777–1845), a retired brewer, in Buckinghamshire, England.\nLady Curzon Soup – Lady Curzon, née Mary Victoria Leiter (1870–1906), the wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, has this turtle soup with sherry attributed to her. Allegedly, she directed the inclusion of sherry when a teetotalling guest prevented the usual serving of alcohol at a dinner, around 1905. Lady Curzon was the daughter of Chicago businessman Levi Z. Leiter, who co-founded the original department store later called Marshall Field's.[10]","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dartois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dartois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François-Victor-Armand Dartois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor-Armand_Dartois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shrimp DeJonghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_DeJonghe"},{"link_name":"Sirloin of beef à la de Lesseps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirloin_of_beef_%C3%A0_la_de_Lesseps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand de Lesseps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Delmonico steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmonico_steak"},{"link_name":"Delmonico's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmonico%27s_Restaurant"},{"link_name":"Charles Ranhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer"},{"link_name":"Chicken Demidov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Demidov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Nikolaievich_Demidov,_1st_Prince_of_San_Donato"},{"link_name":"Elizaveta Alexandrovna Stroganova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizaveta_Alexandrovna_Stroganova"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Mathilde Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"},{"link_name":"Veal pie à la Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veal_pie_%C3%A0_la_Dickens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Beet fritters à la Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beet_fritters_%C3%A0_la_Dickens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doboschtorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobos_Cake"},{"link_name":"Dobostorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobos_Cake"},{"link_name":"Josef Dobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Dobos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dongpo pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongpo_pork"},{"link_name":"Su Dongpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Dongpo"},{"link_name":"Soup du Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_du_Barry"},{"link_name":"Madame du Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_du_Barry"},{"link_name":"Louis XV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Marquise de Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquise_de_Pompadour"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sole Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sole_Dubois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urbain Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Dubois"},{"link_name":"Veal Prince Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal_Prince_Orloff"},{"link_name":"Sole Dugléré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sole_Dugl%C3%A9r%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Dugléré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Dugl%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Antonin Carême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Car%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Salad à la Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salad_%C3%A0_la_Dumas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas, père","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Duxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxelles"},{"link_name":"François Pierre La Varenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_La_Varenne"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Chalon du Blé, marquis d'Uxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Chalon_du_Bl%C3%A9,_marquis_d%27Uxelles"}],"text":"Dartois – François-Victor-Armand Dartois (1780–1867), once very well known author of French vaudeville plays, is commemorated by this pastry, made in several versions both sweet and savory.\nShrimp DeJonghe – shrimp and garlic casserole created at DeJonghe's Hotel, an early-20th-century restaurant in Chicago, owned by brothers from Belgium.\nSirloin of beef à la de Lesseps – Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805–1894), French builder of the Suez Canal and first to try to build the Panama Canal, was honored with a dinner at Delmonico's in 1880. A banana dessert at the dinner was afterward termed \"à la Panama.\" Ranhofer named this beef dish after de Lesseps, probably well before de Lesseps' 1889 bankruptcy scandal.\nDelmonico steak – named for the Delmonico brothers' restaurant Delmonico's, at one time considered the finest restaurant in the United States. Delmonico steak and Lobster à la Delmonico are among the many named for the restaurant and/or its owners. The restaurant's chef Charles Ranhofer (1836–1899) named many dishes after historic figures, celebrities of the day, and favored customers.\nChicken Demidov – Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato (1813–1870), from a wealthy Russian industrialist family, lived in Paris from an early age with his mother, Elizaveta Alexandrovna Stroganova, whose family's name is found on this list with Beef Stroganoff. Both were extreme admirers of Napoleon, to the point where Demidov had a brief marriage to Princess Mathilde Bonaparte, niece of Napoleon, and he also bought the Elba house of exile to turn into a museum. He was a patron of artists, and a bon vivant. There are two chicken dishes named after him. This one is elaborately stuffed, smothered, tied up and garnished. The Demidov (also seen as \"Demidoff\") name is also applied to dishes of rissoles and red snapper.\nVeal pie à la Dickens – probably around the time the popular novelist Charles Dickens (1812–1870) was making his second visit to New York, in 1867, Charles Ranhofer created this dish in his honor at Delmonico's. Ranhofer also had Beet fritters à la Dickens on the menu.\nDoboschtorte or Dobostorta – Josef Dobos, well-known Hungarian pastry chef, (born 1847), created the multi-layered chocolate torte in Budapest or Vienna.\nDongpo pork – squares of pork, half lean meat and half fat, pan-fried then braised. Named after poet Su Dongpo (1037–1101)\nSoup du Barry – Madame du Barry (1743–1793), favorite of Louis XV of France after the death of the Marquise de Pompadour in 1764, had several dishes named for her, often involving cauliflower, as in this soup. The cauliflower is said to have been a reference to her elaborate powdered wigs.[11]\nSole Dubois – named for the 19th-century French chef Urbain Dubois. (see Veal Prince Orloff)\nSole Dugléré – Adolphe Dugléré (1805–1884), starting as a student of Antonin Carême, became head chef at the famed Café Anglais in Paris in 1866, where he created and named many well-known dishes. Several dishes of fish bear his own name.\nSalad à la Dumas – Alexandre Dumas, père (1802–1870), noted French author. Apparently a favorite of Charles Ranhofer, there are also timbales, stewed woodcock, and mushrooms à la Dumas.\nDuxelles – a mushroom-based sauce or garnish attributed to the great 17th-century French chef François Pierre La Varenne (1615–1678) was probably named for his employer, Nicolas Chalon du Blé, marquis d'Uxelles. A variety of dishes use this name.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poularde Edouard VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poularde_Edouard_VII&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Edward_VII_potato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward VII apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII_apple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elliott Blueberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Blueberry"},{"link_name":"Endicott Pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_Pear"},{"link_name":"John Endicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Endicott"},{"link_name":"Esterhazy torte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhazy_torte"},{"link_name":"Paul III Anton, Prince Esterházy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_III_Anton,_Prince_Esterh%C3%A1zy"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Steak Esterházy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Esterh%C3%A1zy"},{"link_name":"Esterházy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Esterh%C3%A1zy"},{"link_name":"Sweetbreads à l'Eugénie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweetbreads_%C3%A0_l%27Eug%C3%A9nie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eugénie de Montijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butter,_banana_and_bacon_sandwich"}],"text":"Poularde Edouard VII – like his mother Queen Victoria, Edward VII (1841–1910), noted as a gourmand, had many compliments paid him in the form of foods, both when he was Prince of Wales and later as King. Besides this chicken stuffed with foie gras, there are dishes of turbot, brill, sole, eggs, cake, the King Edward VII potato, the Edward VII apple, et al.\nElliott Blueberry named for Arthur Elliot\nEndicott Pear – John Endicott (c. 1588–1665), early settler and governor of Massachusetts, imported pear trees from England (variety name unknown) c. 1630. The fruit was given his name.\nEsterhazy torte – named after Paul III Anton, Prince Esterházy, diplomat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.\nSteak Esterházy – probably a 19th-century Prince Esterházy of Hungary, of a family close to Austrian royalty.\nSweetbreads à l'Eugénie – Eugénie de Montijo (1826–1920), wife of Napoleon III, was very probably the inspiration for this dish by Charles Ranhofer.\nEve's Pudding – British apple pudding named after Eve, because of the presence of apples in the dessert. The pudding was first mentioned in 1823.\nElvis Sandwich – A favorite of American rock musician Elvis Presley, a peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marechal Foch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marechal_Foch"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Foch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch"},{"link_name":"Soup Fontanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soup_Fontanges&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mlle. de Fontanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_de_Fontanges"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Mme. de Montespan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mme._de_Montespan"},{"link_name":"Mme. de Maintenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mme._de_Maintenon"},{"link_name":"Bananas Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananas_Foster"},{"link_name":"Brennan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan%27s"},{"link_name":"Owen Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Brennan_(restaurateur)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Frangelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangelico"},{"link_name":"Fra Angelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico"},{"link_name":"Frangipane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangipane"},{"link_name":"Muzio Frangipani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzio_Frangipani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frangipane family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangipane_family"},{"link_name":"Cesar Frangipani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cesar_Frangipani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France"}],"text":"Marechal Foch – a hybrid grape variety, named after the French Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch.\nSoup Fontanges – the soup of sorrel and peas in consommé with cream and egg yolks is named after Mlle. de Fontanges, Marie Angelique de Scorailles (1659–1681), Louis XIV's mistress between Mme. de Montespan and Mme. de Maintenon.\nBananas Foster – named after Richard Foster, regular customer and friend of New Orleans restaurant Brennan's owner Owen Brennan, 1951.[1]\nFrangelico – Fra Angelico\nFrangipane – almond pastry filling and tart named for Marquis Muzio Frangipani, a 16th-century Italian of the Frangipane family (also known as Cesar Frangipani) living in Paris. He invented a well-known bitter-almond scented glove perfume, used by Louis XIII.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Gage plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greengage"},{"link_name":"Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Gage,_7th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skidelsky_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Reine Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reine_Claude"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Galliano (liqueur)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliano_(liqueur)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Galliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Galliano"},{"link_name":"Cherry Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Ben & Jerry's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_%26_Jerry%27s"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Jerry Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Garibaldi biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi_biscuit"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"Baron de bœuf à la St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_de_b%C5%93uf_%C3%A0_la_St._George&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Chicken sauté George Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_saut%C3%A9_George_Sand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sand"},{"link_name":"German chocolate cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_chocolate_cake"},{"link_name":"German's chocolate cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%27s_chocolate_cake"},{"link_name":"Baker's German's Sweet Chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker%27s_German%27s_Sweet_Chocolate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sam German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_German&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Graham crackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_crackers"},{"link_name":"Graham flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_flour"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Graham"},{"link_name":"Granny Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith"},{"link_name":"chance seedling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_seedling"},{"link_name":"Earl Grey tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea"},{"link_name":"Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey"},{"link_name":"Lady Grey Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Grey_(tea)"},{"link_name":"James Grieve apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grieve_apple"},{"link_name":"Bombe Grimaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombe_Grimaldi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kümmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCmmel_(liqueur)"},{"link_name":"Bombe glacée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe_glac%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Grimaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi"},{"link_name":"Gundel palacsinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gundel_palacsinta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"},{"link_name":"Gundel Károly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundel_K%C3%A1roly"},{"link_name":"crêpe-like pancake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacsinta"},{"link_name":"Estomacs de dinde à la Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estomacs_de_dinde_%C3%A0_la_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus pastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_pastry"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_the_Great"}],"text":"Green Gage plum or Greengage – Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet (1695–1744) is believed to have brought the plum to England from France around 1725.[2] Knowingly or unknowingly, he renamed the plum that in France was called Reine Claude, after Francis I's wife Claude (1499–1524), daughter of Louis XII.\nGalliano (liqueur) – Giuseppe Galliano\nCherry Garcia ice cream – Ben & Jerry's homage to Grateful Dead leader Jerry Garcia (1942–1995).\nGaribaldi biscuits – English biscuits named for Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882), Italian patriot and leader of the drive to unite Italy, after his wildly popular visit to England in 1864. There is also a French demi-glâce sauce with mustard and anchovies, and a consommé named after him.\nBaron de bœuf à la St. George – a dinner in honor of British guests was probably being held at Delmonico's when Ranhofer named this dish. Saint George, a Roman soldier, was martyred c. 304, and was adopted as England's patron saint in the 13th century. The dinner finished with \"Plum Pudding à la St. George.\"\nChicken sauté George Sand – George Sand, the pseudonym of French author Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin, Baronne Dudevant (1804–1876), a major figure in mid-19th-century Parisian salons, had several dishes named for her, including fish consommé and sole.\nGerman chocolate cake – originally known as German's chocolate cake – the 1950s American cake took its name from Baker's German's Sweet Chocolate, which in turn took its name from Sam German who developed the sweet baking chocolate (between milk and semi-sweet) in 1852.[1]\nGraham crackers, Graham flour – Sylvester Graham, 19th-century American Presbyterian minister and proponent of a puritan lifestyle based on teetotalling, vegetarianism, and whole wheat.\nGranny Smith – Granny Smith is an apple originating in Australia from 1868 from a chance seedling propagated by Marie Ana (Granny) Smith, hence the apple is named after her.\nEarl Grey tea – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Viscount Howick, and British Prime Minister 1830–1834.\nLady Grey Tea\nJames Grieve apple – an old variety of apple. It gets its name from its breeder, James Grieve, who raised the apple in Edinburgh, Scotland some time before 1893.\nBombe Grimaldi – kümmel-flavored Bombe glacée, a frozen dessert probably named for a late-19th-century member or relative of Monaco's royal Grimaldi family. There is also an apple flan Grimaldi.\nGundel palacsinta – Hungarian chef Gundel Károly is credited with inventing some 20 dishes, the best known this crêpe-like pancake stuffed with rum-infused raisins and nuts and served with a chocolate-rum sauce.\nEstomacs de dinde à la Gustave Doré – Gustave Doré (1832–1883) was France's most popular book illustrator of the 19th century. Charles Ranhofer created this dish of turkey in his honor.\nGustavus Adolphus pastry – named for Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus the Great and eaten every year on his death day, the 6 November, especially in Gothenburg.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamantash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamantash"},{"link_name":"Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther"},{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Book of Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther"},{"link_name":"Purim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim"},{"link_name":"Hass avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_avocado"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Hass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Hass"},{"link_name":"Lyon avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyon_avocado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heath bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_bar"},{"link_name":"Bayard and Everett Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayard_and_Everett_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oh Henry!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Henry!"},{"link_name":"Hillel Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hillel_Sandwich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"seder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover_Seder"},{"link_name":"horseradish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish"},{"link_name":"matzot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzah"},{"link_name":"Hillel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Hitlerszalonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlerszalonna"},{"link_name":"Hungarian troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Schnitzel à la Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schnitzel_%C3%A0_la_Holstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friedrich von Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Wilhelm II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II"},{"link_name":"Gâteau Saint-Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2teau_Saint-Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Saint Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Amiens"},{"link_name":"Hopjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopjes"},{"link_name":"Hubbard squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_squash"},{"link_name":"Omelette St. Hubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omelette_St._Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Hubert of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Hubert_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Bertrand, Duke of Aquitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertrand,_Duke_of_Aquitane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bishop of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Humboldt pudding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humboldt_pudding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"}],"text":"Hamantash – a small pastry allegedly named for the hat of the cruel Persian official outwitted by Queen Esther and hanged, Haman, in the Book of Esther. The pastries are traditionally eaten at Purim.\nHass avocado – in the 1920s, California postal worker Rudolph Hass set out to grow a number of Lyon avocado trees in his backyard. One of the seedlings he bought was a chance variant which produced fruit, his children apparently noticed as unique. Hass patented the variety in 1935, and it now makes up about 75% of U.S. avocado production.\nHeath bar – the American \"English toffee\" bar is named for brothers Bayard and Everett Heath, Illinois confectioners who developed it in the 1920s and eventually turned the local favorite into a nationally popular candy bar.\nOh Henry! – the candy bar introduced by the Williamson Candy Company in Chicago, 1920, was named for a young man who frequented the company store and was often commandeered to do odd jobs with that call.\nHillel Sandwich – a traditional seder food, it consists of horseradish between two pieces of matzot, and was named after the Rabbi Hillel. In temple times, it also contained lamb.\nHitlerszalonna – a dense fruit jam that was eaten by Hungarian troops and civilians during World War II. Hungarian soldiers received food provisions from the Germans, and it was often fruit flavored jam instead of bacon. So the soldiers started to refer to this jam as the emperor's bacon, and the \"emperor\" was Adolf Hitler.\nSchnitzel à la Holstein – Baron Friedrich von Holstein (1837–1909), primary German diplomat after Otto von Bismarck, serving Kaiser Wilhelm II. The gourmet Holstein liked to have a variety of foods on one plate, and the original dish consisted of a veal cutlet topped by a fried egg, anchovies, capers, and parsley, and surrounded by small piles of caviar, crayfish tails, smoked salmon, mushrooms, and truffles. Contemporary versions tend to be pared down to the cutlet, egg, anchovies and capers.\nGâteau Saint-Honoré – pastry named for the French patron saint of bakers, confectioners, and pastry chefs, Saint Honoré or Honorius (died 653), Bishop of Amiens. The pastry chef Chiboust is thought to have invented it in his Paris shop in 1846.\nHopjes – are a type of Dutch sweets with a slight coffee and caramel flavour that originated in the 18th century. The hopje is named after Baron Hendrik Hop who was recalled as an envoy in Brussels when the French invaded Belgium in 1792. He moved into rooms above the confectioners Van Haaren & Nieuwerkerk. He was addicted to coffee and the story goes that one night he left his coffee with sugar and cream on the heater, where it evaporated. On tasting the resulting substance, he loved it. His doctor advised him not to drink coffee so he asked the confectioner Theodorus van Haaren to make him some \"lumps of coffee\". After some experimenting, Van Haaren created a sweet made of coffee, caramel, cream and butter.\nHubbard squash – Elizabeth Hubbard, who talked up the qualities of the heretofore unnamed squash in Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 1842–1843.\nOmelette St. Hubert – the patron saint of hunters, St. Hubert of Liège (656–727), the son of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitane, has several dishes involving game named after him: this omelette with a game purée, tournedos of venison, a consommé, timbales of game meat and truffles, et al. The first bishop of Liège is said to have converted after seeing a stag with a cross in its antlers while he was hunting on a Good Friday.\nHumboldt pudding – Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), explorer and influential naturalist, has one of Ranhofer's elaborate molded puddings named after him.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timbales à la Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timbales_%C3%A0_la_Irving&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving"},{"link_name":"Iskender kebap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskender_kebap"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey"}],"text":"Timbales à la Irving – Washington Irving (1789–1859), the American author, given Charles Ranhofer's penchant for honoring writers with his creations, is the likely source of the name.\nIskender kebap – its invention is attributed to İskender Efendi who lived in Bursa in the late 19th century.","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coquilles St. Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallop"},{"link_name":"St. James the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Jansson's Temptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansson%27s_Temptation"},{"link_name":"Per Janzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per_Janzon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apricots with rice à la Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apricots_with_rice_%C3%A0_la_Jefferson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Jefferson rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_rice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"Piedmont rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piedmont_rice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carolina rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolina_rice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_pie"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Jenny Lind melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Lind_melon"},{"link_name":"Jenny Lind Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Lind_Soup"},{"link_name":"Oysters and Ham Jenny Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oysters_and_Ham_Jenny_Lind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jenny Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Lind"},{"link_name":"P. T. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum"},{"link_name":"Jesse Fish orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Fish_orange&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jesse Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Fish"},{"link_name":"Joseph Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fish"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Island"},{"link_name":"Jésus sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A9sus_sausage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Baby Jésus de Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_J%C3%A9sus_de_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Trout, Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trout,_Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Joffre cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffre_cake"},{"link_name":"ganache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganache"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Casa Capșa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Cap%C8%99a"},{"link_name":"Joseph Joffre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Joffre"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"John Dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dory"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"Docteur Jules Guyot pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Docteur_Jules_Guyot_pear&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jules Guyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Guyot"},{"link_name":"Napoléon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III"},{"link_name":"Flounder Jules Janin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flounder_Jules_Janin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jules Gabriel Janin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Gabriel_Janin"},{"link_name":"The Dead Donkey and the Guillotined Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dead_Donkey_and_the_Guillotined_Woman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sole Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sole_Jules_Verne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"}],"text":"Coquilles St. Jacques – the French term for scallops, and the Anglo-American term for the popular scallop dish with butter and garlic, owe their name to St. James the Great (died 44 AD), fisherman and first martyred apostle. His major shrine in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, drew pilgrims in quantity from all over Europe. The scallop's shell became an emblem of the pilgrimage as it was used as a water cup along the way, and sewn to the pilgrims' clothes like a badge. The scallop became an emblem of St. James, himself, although the timing is unclear. In Spanish, the scallop has \"pilgrims\" as part of its name, rather than Santiago.\nJansson's Temptation – thought to be named after the Swedish opera singer Per Janzon (1844–1889).\nApricots with rice à la Jefferson – Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), third U.S. president, is honored appropriately with this Ranhofer dessert and with Jefferson rice, a recently developed strain of Texas rice. Jefferson was very interested in improving American rice culture, to which end he illegally smuggled Piedmont rice out of Italy. During his term as U.S. minister to France, Jefferson found the French preferred the qualities of Italian rice to Carolina rice. On a trip to see Rome, Jefferson stopped in Turin to collect a cache of seeds, and never reached Rome. The rice did reach the U.S.\nJefferson Davis pie – southern U.S. chess pie named for Jefferson Davis (1808–1889), the first president of the Confederate States of America.\nJenny Lind melon, Jenny Lind Soup, Oysters and Ham Jenny Lind – Jenny Lind (1820–1887), the \"Swedish Nightingale\", was already a singing star in Europe when P. T. Barnum convinced her to tour the U.S. Her 1850 visit caused a sensation, and a number of foods were named in her honor.\nJesse Fish orange – popular 18th-century orange grown by New Yorker Jesse Fish, a.k.a. Joseph Fish (died 1798) before the Revolutionary War on Anastasia Island in Florida.\nJésus sausage – Jesus has small sausages of the French Basque and Savoy regions named after him. One version is called the Baby Jésus de Lyon.[citation needed]\nTrout, Joan of Arc – the French martyr Joan of Arc (1412–1431) is remembered in this dish by Charles Ranhofer.\nJoffre cake – chocolate ganache cake created at Bucharest's Casa Capșa restaurant, in honor of a visit by French Marshal Joseph Joffre, shortly after World War I.\nJohn Dory – the English name for a saltwater fish known elsewhere in Europe as Saint Peter's (San Pietro, Saint-Pierre, San Pedro) fish is said to be a reference to Saint Peter's role as \"janitor\" or doorkeeper at the gates of heaven. Legends claim that spots on the fish are either the fisherman apostle's fingerprints, or a reminder of the coin he found in the fish's mouth—a story from the Gospel of Luke.\nDocteur Jules Guyot pear – 19th-century French agronomist Dr. Jules Guyot, c. 1870. Guyot did work for Napoléon III in several agricultural fields.\nFlounder Jules Janin – Jules Gabriel Janin (1804–1874) was a somewhat eccentric 19th-century French dramatic critic. A good friend of Dumas and Berlioz, Janin wrote several novels; the best known is perhaps The Dead Donkey and the Guillotined Woman.\nSole Jules Verne – Jules Verne (1828–1905), the French novelist, had several dishes named after him besides this, including a sauce, a garnish, grenades of turkey, breasts of partridge, and meat dishes.","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaiser rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_roll"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Kaiserschmarrn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserschmarrn"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Poached eggs à la Kapisztrán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poached_eggs_%C3%A0_la_Kapisztr%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"János Kapisztrán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kapisztr%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Pope Calixtus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_III"},{"link_name":"St. John Capistran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Capistran"},{"link_name":"ledikenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledikeni"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_cuisine"},{"link_name":"chhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhana"},{"link_name":"Lady Charlotte Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Canning,_Countess_Canning"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Lord Charles John Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Chicken à la King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_%C3%A0_la_King"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"James R. Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Keene"},{"link_name":"Claridge's Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claridge%27s"},{"link_name":"Delmonico's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmonico%27s"},{"link_name":"Charles Ranhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer"},{"link_name":"Foxhall P. Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhall_P._Keene"},{"link_name":"George Greenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Greenwald&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. Clark King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._Clark_King&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brighton Beach Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brighton_Beach_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kneipp bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneippbr%C3%B8d"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Kneipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Kneipp"},{"link_name":"Kossuth Cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kossuth_Cakes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lajos Kossuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Kung Pao chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Pao_chicken"},{"link_name":"Sichuan cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine"}],"text":"Kaiser rolls – originally, rolls made by a Viennese baker in about 1487 for Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, whose profile was stamped on top.\nKaiserschmarrn – the Austrian pancakes were created for Franz Joseph I (1848–1916).\nPoached eggs à la Kapisztrán – Italian lawyer/judge of German parentage, turned Franciscan friar and itinerant preacher, János Kapisztrán (né Capistrano, 1386–1456) became a Hungarian hero at the age of 70 when he helped defeat the Turkish invasion at Belgrade on the direction of Pope Calixtus III. Canonized in 1690, he is also known as St. John Capistran.\nLady Kennys, also ledikenis – this Bengali sweet of fried chhana balls (a milk-based chickpea-flour dough) stuffed with raisins is named after Lady Charlotte Canning (1817–1861), Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria, and the wife of the Governor-General of India (1856–1862), Lord Charles John Canning. The Cannings were in India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and Lady Canning's popularity there is remembered in this sweet which was one of her admitted favorites.\nChicken à la King – William King of Philadelphia has been credited in 1915 (upon his death) as the inventor of this dish.[12] One theory (without historical evidence) claims that the dish may have been first named \"Chicken à la Keene\" after James R. Keene, a London-born American staying at London's Claridge's Hotel in 1881 just after his horse had won a major race in Paris. Other stories make claims for an American origin: Delmonico's chef Charles Ranhofer creating the dish for Foxhall P. Keene, James R.'s son, in the early 1890s, or chef George Greenwald making it for Mr. and Mrs. E. Clark King (II or III) at the Brighton Beach Hotel in New York, about 1898. No royalty is involved in any of the stories.\nKneipp bread – A whole wheat bread, common in Norway, named for Bavarian priest Sebastian Kneipp\nKossuth Cakes – pastry originating in late-19th-century Baltimore, Maryland, named for Hungarian patriot Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894), leader of the 1848 Hungarian Revolution, who visited the U.S. in 1851–1852.\nKung Pao chicken – (also spelled Kung Po chicken) Sichuan cuisine dish, named after Ding Baozhen (1820–1886), a late Qing Dynasty official whose title was Gōng Bǎo (宮保) (palace guardian).","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crawfish Lafayette en Crêpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crawfish_Lafayette_en_Cr%C3%AApe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marquis de Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Lafayette gingerbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lafayette_gingerbread&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dartois Laguipière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dartois_Laguipi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laguipière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laguipi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Joachim Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Murat"},{"link_name":"Dartois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dartois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shrimp Lamaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrimp_Lamaze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Warwick Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Lord Lambourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lambourne_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Lamingtons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamingtons"},{"link_name":"Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cochrane-Baillie,_2nd_Baron_Lamington"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lane cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_cake"},{"link_name":"General Leclerc pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Leclerc_pear&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque"},{"link_name":"Leibniz-Keks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz-Keks"},{"link_name":"Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"Li Hongzhang hotchpotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Hongzhang_hotchpotch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Li Hongzhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Hongzhang"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Biff à la Lindström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_%C3%A0_la_Lindstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Henrik Lindström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Lindstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lindy candy bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindy_candy_bar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"Cream of cardoon soup à la Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cream_of_cardoon_soup_%C3%A0_la_Livingston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"Loganberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loganberry"},{"link_name":"James Harvey Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harvey_Logan"},{"link_name":"Crab Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_Louis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbar15-9"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"The Davenport Hotel (Spokane)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Davenport_Hotel_(Spokane)"},{"link_name":"Louis Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Victor Hirtzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hirtzler"},{"link_name":"Celery Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery_Victor"},{"link_name":"Macaroni Lucullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macaroni_Lucullus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullus"},{"link_name":"haute cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Lussekatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussekatter"},{"link_name":"St. Lucia buns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucia_buns"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"longest night of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_night_of_the_year"},{"link_name":"Luther Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burger"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"Dean Lyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Lyder"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)"},{"link_name":"whiskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey"},{"link_name":"vermouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth"},{"link_name":"orange bitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_bitters"},{"link_name":"zest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)"},{"link_name":"Courtney Lyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Lyder"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Crawfish Lafayette en Crêpe – Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834), famed French supporter of the American Revolution, is most likely the name source of this New Orleans dish. Lafayette gingerbread was also a popular cake in the 19th-century U.S., with recipes in many cookbooks.\nDartois Laguipière – Laguipière (c. 1750–1812) an influential French chef and mentor of Antonin Câreme, worked for the noted Condé family, Napoleon, and finally Marshal Joachim Murat, whom he accompanied on Napoleon's invasion of Russia. He died on the retreat from Moscow. This double-eponym savory pastry, filled with sweetbreads and truffles (see Dartois above), is one of many dishes with his name, either his own recipes or those of other chefs commemorating him, including consommé, various sauces, beef tournedos and fish.\nShrimp Lamaze – developed by chef Johann Lamprecht at Philadelphia's Warwick Hotel. The dish is named after the proprietor of the Warwick Hotel, George Lamaze.\nLord Lambourne – an apple cultivar developed in England in about 1907 was introduced in 1923, and named after the then-president of the Royal Horticultural Society.\nLamingtons – these small cakes, considered one of Australia's national foods, are usually considered to be named after Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington, who was governor of Queensland 1896–1901. There are other interesting claims.[13]\nLane cake – Named after its inventor Emma Rylander Lane, of Clayton, Alabama, who won first prize with it at the county fair in Columbus, Georgia.\nGeneral Leclerc pear – the French pear developed in the 1950s and introduced in 1974 is named for Jacques-Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902–1947), World War II French war hero. General Leclerc, as he was better known, dropped his last name during the Occupation to protect his family.\nLeibniz-Keks – German butter biscuit named for philosopher and mathematician Leibniz\nLi Hongzhang hotchpotch – a stew named after Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang (1823–1901)[14]\nBiff à la Lindström – this Swedish beef dish is thought to be named the man who brought it from Russia to Sweden. Henrik Lindström is said to have been born in St. Petersburg, Russia. Swedish food lore has it that the army officer brought the recipe to the Hotel Witt in Kalmar, Sweden, c. 1862. The beets and capers included may indicate Russian origin or influence.\nLindy candy bar – Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974), the pioneering aviator who was first to fly solo, non-stop, across the Atlantic, had at least two American candy bars named after him; another – the \"Winning Lindy.\"\nCream of cardoon soup à la Livingston – David Livingstone (1813–1873), Scottish missionary and explorer has this Delmonico's soup named after him, also available in celery.\nLoganberry – a cross of a blackberry and a raspberry, was accidentally created in 1883 in Santa Cruz, California, by the American lawyer and horticulturist James Harvey Logan.\nCrab Louis[9] – (pronounced Loo-ey) while Louis XIV is often cited as the inspiration because of his notorious fondness for food, The Davenport Hotel (Spokane) in Spokane, Washington claims Louis Davenport is the name source and inventor. Davenport was a Spokane restaurateur from 1889 on, and opened the hotel in 1914. There are several other alleged creators, including Victor Hirtzler (see Celery Victor).\nMacaroni Lucullus – Lucullus (c. 106–56 BC), full name Lucius Licinius Lucullus Ponticus, was perhaps the earliest recorded gastronome in the Western world. After a long spell of wars, the Roman general retired to a life of indulgence and opulence, most evident in his gardens and his cuisine. His name has become associated with numerous dishes of the over-the-top sort, using haute cuisine's favorite luxury staples—truffles, foie gras, asparagus tips, artichoke hearts, sweetbreads, cockscombs, game, Madeira, and so on. Macaroni Lucullus incorporates truffles and foie gras.\nLussekatter, St. Lucia buns – Swedish saffron buns named for Saint Lucia of Syracuse (283–304), whose name day, December 13, was once considered the longest night of the year. As Lucia means light, the saint was incorporated into the celebration when these buns are traditionally eaten. The Swedish term, Lucia's cats, refers to the bun's curled shape.\nLuther Burger – a hamburger or cheeseburger with one or more glazed doughnuts in place of the bun was allegedly named for and was a favorite (and possible invention) of singer, songwriter and record producer Luther Vandross (1951–2005).\nDean Lyder – a cocktail which is a variation on the perfect Manhattan. It is made with the usual whiskey and equal parts sweet and dry vermouth, but with added orange bitters and zest, giving it a 'big, bold character'. It is named for Courtney Lyder (born 1966), dean of UCLA School of Nursing.[15]","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mme. de Maintenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mme._de_Maintenon"},{"link_name":"Mamie Eisenhower fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamie_Eisenhower_fudge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Mamie Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Mapo tofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapo_doufu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skidelsky_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Sole Marco Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sole_Marco_Polo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marco Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo"},{"link_name":"À la Maréchale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_la_Mar%C3%A9chale"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles-François-Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Piney-Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Margarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita"},{"link_name":"Margarita Samas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Samas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rita Hayworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth"},{"link_name":"Marjorie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marjorie_King&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Margarita Mendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Mendez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pizza Margherita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Margherita"},{"link_name":"Margherita of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Sole Marguery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sole_Marguery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Marguery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Marguery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_biscuit"},{"link_name":"Maria Alexandrovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Chicken Maria Theresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Maria_Theresia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresia"},{"link_name":"Franz I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Coffee Maria Theresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee_Maria_Theresia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Consommé Marie Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consomm%C3%A9_Marie_Stuart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mary Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"Martha Washington's Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington%27s_Cake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martha Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Bloody Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(cocktail)"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Poires Mary Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poires_Mary_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mary Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Garden"},{"link_name":"Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escoffier"},{"link_name":"Mary Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_(candy)"},{"link_name":"Charles N. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_N._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arnold's Bar and Grill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%27s_Bar_and_Grill"},{"link_name":"Massillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massillon"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Massillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Massillon"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pâté chaud ris de veau à la McAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A2t%C3%A9_chaud_ris_de_veau_%C3%A0_la_McAllister&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ward McAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ward_McAllister"},{"link_name":"McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)"},{"link_name":"John McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McIntosh_(farmer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Peach Melba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_Melba"},{"link_name":"Dame Nellie Melba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Nellie_Melba"},{"link_name":"Auguste Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Escoffier"},{"link_name":"Savoy Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Melba toast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_toast"},{"link_name":"Dame Nellie Melba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Nellie_Melba"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Savoy Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Hotel"},{"link_name":"César Ritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ritz"},{"link_name":"Auguste Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Escoffier"},{"link_name":"Peach Melba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_Melba"},{"link_name":"Bisque of shrimps à la Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bisque_of_shrimps_%C3%A0_la_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Beef tenderloin minions à la Meyerbeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beef_tenderloin_minions_%C3%A0_la_Meyerbeer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Meyerbeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer"},{"link_name":"Mirepoix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirepoix_(cuisine)"},{"link_name":"Gaston Pierre de Lévis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Pierre_de_L%C3%A9vis"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Poulet sauté Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poulet_saut%C3%A9_Montesquieu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baron de Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_de_Montesquieu"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Potage anglais de poisson à Lady Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potage_anglais_de_poisson_%C3%A0_Lady_Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lady Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Sydney Owenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Owenson"},{"link_name":"James Mayer de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mornay sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornay_sauce"},{"link_name":"Philippe de Mornay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Mornay"},{"link_name":"Henri IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_IV"},{"link_name":"Béchamel sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce"},{"link_name":"Joseph Voiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Voiron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mozartkugel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozartkugel"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Lamb cutlets Murillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamb_cutlets_Murillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Esteban Murillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo"}],"text":"Chicken Maintenon – a chicken dish made with lemon and toast named for Louis XIV's mistress Mme. de Maintenon.\nMamie Eisenhower fudge – the wife of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mamie Doud Eisenhower (1896–1979) had this candy named after her when she revealed it was a White House favorite. Mamie Eisenhower was First Lady from 1952 to 1960.\nMapo tofu – the name Mapo (麻婆) is thought to refer to a (possibly fictional) old pockmarked-face lady[2] by the name of Chen, who invented and sold the dish. It is thus sometimes translated as \"Pockmarked-Face Lady's Tofu\", or \"Pockmarked Mother Chen's Tofu\".\nSole Marco Polo – the renowned explorer and traveler Marco Polo (1254–1324) has this dish of sole with lobster and, somewhat oddly, tomato, named after him.\nÀ la Maréchale – Marshal's wife style. Usually this term denotes dishes made from tender pieces of meat, such as cutlets, escalopes, supremes, sweetbreads, or fish, which are treated à l'anglais (\"English-style\"), i.e. coated with eggs and bread crumbs, and sautéed. It is unknown after whom the recipe is named. It is speculated that it could be associated with the Maréchale de Luxembourg (1707–1787), the wife of Charles-François-Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg (1702–1764) and a major society hostess.\nMargarita – there are many claims for the name of this tequila/lime/orange liqueur cocktail. Dallas socialite Margarita Samas said she invented it in 1948 for one of her Acapulco parties. Enrique Bastate Gutierrez claimed he invented it in Tijuana in the 1940s for Rita Hayworth. Hayworth's real name was Margarita Cansino, and another story connects the drink to her during an earlier time when she was dancing in Tijuana nightclubs under that name. Carlos Herrera said he created and named the cocktail in his Tijuana restaurant in 1938–1939 for Marjorie King. Ms. King was reportedly allergic to all alcohol except tequila, and had asked for something besides a straight shot. Around this same general time period, Nevada bartender Red Hinton said he'd named the cocktail after his girlfriend Margarita Mendez. Other stories exist.\nPizza Margherita – Queen Margherita of Savoy (1851–1926) was presented with this pizza in the colors of the Italian flag on a trip to Naples, c. 1889. Many people claimed to have created it.\nSole Marguery – Nicholas Marguery (1834–1910), famed French chef, created and named this dish, along with others, for himself and his restaurant Marguery in Paris.\nThe Marie biscuit, a type of biscuit similar to a rich tea biscuit also known as María biscuit or Maria cookie (Netherlands), was created by the London bakery Peek Freans in 1874 to commemorate the marriage of the Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia to the Duke of Edinburgh. It became popular throughout Europe, particularly in Spain where, following the Civil War, the biscuit became a symbol of the country's economic recovery after bakeries produced mass quantities to consume a surplus of wheat.\nChicken Maria Theresia – Maria Theresia (1717–1780), Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and wife of Emperor Franz I. Coffee Maria Theresia includes cream and orange liqueur.\nConsommé Marie Stuart – Mary Stuart (1542–1587), Queen of Scots, was appropriately Frenchified by Ranhofer in naming this dish. She, herself, had adopted Stuart vs. Stewart while living in France.\nMartha Washington's Cake – Martha Washington (1731–1802), wife of George Washington, is remembered for this fruitcake. Her original recipe for her \"Great Cake\" called for 40 eggs, 5 pounds of fruit, and similar quantities of other ingredients.\nBloody Mary – a popular cocktail containing vodka, tomato juice, and usually other spices or flavorings, named after Queen Mary I of England,\nPoires Mary Garden – Mary Garden (1874–1967) was a hugely popular opera singer in Europe and the U.S. at the start of the 20th century. Born in Scotland, she emigrated to the U.S. as a child, then came to Paris in 1897 to complete her training. After her 1900 debut at the Opéra-Comique, she was much sought-after by composers for starring roles in their operas. Escoffier made this dish in her honor, and is said to have told a friend once that all his best dishes had been created \"for the ladies\". (see Melba, Rachel, Réjane, et al. below)\nMary Jane – peanut butter and molasses candy bars developed by Charles N. Miller in 1914, and named after his favorite aunt.\nMary Thomas – egg-salad and bacon with thin slice of onion within quality slices of toast. Served at Arnold's Bar and Grill and Mullane's Parkside Cafe, both of Cincinnati.\nMassillon – the small almond pastry is named for noted French bishop and preacher Jean-Baptiste Massillon (1663–1742), a temporary favorite of Louis XIV. The pastry originated in the town of Hyères, where Massillon was born.\nPâté chaud ris de veau à la McAllister – most likely, Samuel Ward McAllister (1827–1895) is the name source of the hot veal pâté Charles Ranhofer created at Delmonico's. McAllister was best known for his list of the 400 people he considered New York City society.\nMcIntosh apple – John McIntosh (1777–1846), American-Canadian farmer who discovered the variety in Ontario, Canada in 1796 or 1811.\nMcJordan sandwich – Michael Jordan (1963), The McJordan consisted of a McDonald's Quarter Pounder with bacon and barbecue sauce. It was sold regionally in the Chicago area for a limited time in 1992, at the height of Jordan's career.\nPeach Melba – Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931). Chef Auguste Escoffier at the Savoy Hotel in 1892 or 1893 heard her sing at Covent Garden and was inspired to create a dessert for her, and which he named after her.\nMelba toast – Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931), Australian soprano, née Mitchell, took her stage name from her hometown of Melbourne. In 1892–1893, she was living at the Savoy Hotel in London, which was then managed by César Ritz and Auguste Escoffier. During an illness, the singer favored some extremely dry toast which was subsequently named for her. Around this same time, Escoffier created the dessert Peach Melba in her honor. There is also a Melba garnish (raspberry sauce) that is an ingredient of Peach Melba.\nBisque of shrimps à la Melville – when the great American author Herman Melville (1819–1891) died in New York, he had been almost forgotten for decades. Charles Ranhofer, however, remembered him with this seafood dish.\nBeef tenderloin minions à la Meyerbeer – Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864), the influential 19th-century opera composer, is honored by this dish.\nMirepoix – carrot and onion mixture used for sauces and garnishes is thought to be named after Gaston Pierre de Lévis, duc de Mirepoix, 18th-century Marshal of France and one of Louis XV's ambassadors.\nModjeskas – A caramel with a marshmallow inside, named after actress Helena Modjesksa.[16]\nPoulet sauté Montesquieu – culinary tribute to the philosopher and author, Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat (1689–1755), major intellect during the French Enlightenment. There is also a frozen dessert, \"Plombière Montesquieu.\"\nPotage anglais de poisson à Lady Morgan – Lady Morgan, née Sydney Owenson (1776–1859), a popular Irish novelist, was visiting Baron James Mayer de Rothschild in 1829, when Câreme created this elaborate fish soup in her honor. If you have several days available, you can make it yourself.[17]\nMornay sauce – diplomat and writer Philippe de Mornay (1549–1623), a member of Henri IV's court, is often cited as the name source for this popular cheese version of Béchamel sauce. The alternative story is that 19th-century French chef Joseph Voiron invented it and named it after one of his cooks, Mornay, his oldest son.\nMozartkugel – Salzburg, the birthplace of composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), is also the place where this marzipan/nougat-filled chocolate was created c. 1890. Also in the composer's honor, Ranhofer created \"Galantine of pullet à la Mozart\" at Delmonico's.\nLamb cutlets Murillo – Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617–1682), the influential Spanish painter, was apparently a favorite artist of Charles Ranhofer.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nachos_at_restaurant_Solmu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nachos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachos"},{"link_name":"Ignacio \"Nacho\" Anaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Anaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_News_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"mille-feuille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille-feuille"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Brandy"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Bigarreau Napoleon cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ann_cherry"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Napoleon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_II"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ann_cherry"},{"link_name":"Lord Nelson apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Nelson_apple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Admiral Horatio Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Horatio_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"Nesselrode Pudding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesselrode_Pudding"},{"link_name":"Karl Robert von Nesselrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Robert_von_Nesselrode"},{"link_name":"Lobster Newberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster_Newberg"},{"link_name":"Ben Wenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Wenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delmonico's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmonico%27s"},{"link_name":"Charles Ranhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer"},{"link_name":"Marshal Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshal_Ney_(dessert)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michel Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"}],"text":"Nachos in a bowl.Nachos – first created c. 1943 by Ignacio \"Nacho\" Anaya, the original nachos consisted of fried corn tortillas covered with melted cheddar cheese and jalapeño peppers.[1][18]\nNapoleon – an alternate name for mille-feuille, was probably not named for the Emperor, but for the city of Naples.\nNapoleon Brandy – a sort of brandy named for Napoleon Bonaparte.\nBigarreau Napoleon cherry – unlike the pastry, the French cherry was most likely named after Napoleon Bonaparte, his son Napoleon II, or his nephew Napoleon III. The sweet, white-fleshed (bigarreau) cherry often used in maraschino cherry production fell into the hands of Oregon's Seth Luelling of Bing cherry fame (the Napoleon is a forebear of the Bing), and he renamed it the Royal Anne. Subsequently, the cherry also became known as Queen Anne cherry in North America.\nLord Nelson apple – Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758–1805), British hero of the Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson also has a dish of mutton cutlets named after him, as well as an early-19th-century boiled sweet (or hard candy) somewhat indelicately called \"Nelson's balls\".\nNesselrode Pudding – Russian diplomat Count Karl Robert von Nesselrode (1780–1862) had several dishes named for him, usually containing chestnuts, like this iced dessert.\nLobster Newberg – variously spelled Newburg and Newburgh, and now applied to other seafood besides lobster, this dish is usually attributed to a Captain Ben Wenberg, who brought the recipe he had supposedly found in his travels to Delmonico's in the late 19th century. The chef, Charles Ranhofer, reproduced the dish for him and put it on the restaurant menu as Lobster Wenberg. Allegedly, the two men had a falling-out, Ranhofer took the dish off the menu, and returned it, renamed, only at other customers' insistence.\nMarshal Ney – the elaborate Ranhofer dessert—molded tiers of meringue shells, vanilla custard, and marzipan—is named after Napoleon's Marshal Michel Ney (1769–1815), who led the retreat from Moscow and was a commander at Waterloo.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potatoes O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatoes_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"William Smith O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Great Famine of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Bath Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Dr William Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_William_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Bath, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_England"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"Salade Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salade_Olivier"},{"link_name":"Lucien Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Olivier"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermitage_Restaurant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Œufs sur le plat Omer Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%92ufs_sur_le_plat_Omer_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Omer Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Veal Prince Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal_Prince_Orloff"},{"link_name":"Gregory Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Orloff"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Urbain Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Dubois"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Orloff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicolas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_I"},{"link_name":"Veal Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal_Oscar"},{"link_name":"Oscar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Choron sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choron_sauce"},{"link_name":"Oysters Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oysters_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"hors d'ouervre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27ouervre"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"John D. Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skidelsky_2012-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Osmania Biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_Biscuit"},{"link_name":"Mir Osman Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Nizam of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Potatoes O'Brien – possibly William Smith O'Brien (1803–1864), who led the Irish revolt subsequent to the Great Famine of Ireland is the source of the name.\nBath Oliver biscuits – Dr William Oliver (1695–1764) of Bath, England concocted these as a digestive aid for his patients. Oliver had opened a bath for the treatment of gout, and was largely responsible for 18th-century Bath becoming a popular health resort.\nSalade Olivier – a salad composed of diced vegetables and sometimes meat, bound in mayonnaise, invented in the 1860s by Lucien Olivier, the chef of the Hermitage Restaurant in Moscow.\nŒufs sur le plat Omer Pasha – the Hungarian-Croatian Mihailo Latas known as Omer Pasha Latas (1806–1871), commander-in-chief of Turkish forces allied with the French and English during the Crimean War had this sort of Hungarian/Turkish dish of eggs named for him. In the U.S., Ranhofer made a dish of hashed mutton Omer Pasha, as well as eggs on a dish.\nVeal Prince Orloff – Count Gregory Orloff, paramour of tzarina Catherine the Great is often cited. Much more likely, Urbain Dubois, noted 19th-century French chef, created the dish for his veal-hating employer Prince Nicolas Orloff, minister to tzar Nicolas I, hence the multiple sauces and seasonings. Stuffed pheasant à la Prince Orloff was created by Charles Ranhofer.\nVeal Oscar – Sweden's King Oscar II (1829–1907) The dish was first served at Restaurant Operakällaren, Stockholm, Sweden in 1897 in conjunction with the world fair. It was composed by the French mâitre de cuisine of the Operakällaren restaurant, Paul Edmond Malaise, for the 25th anniversary of the accession of King Oscar II to the throne. Choron sauce that has the color of red as the same as the kings royal mantle is piped in the shape of an \"O\" around a slice of fried fillet of veal. On top the fillet, a white slice of lobster tail and a slice of black truffle are placed to symbolize the black and white outer trimming on the royal mantle and you create King Oscar's crowned monogram. This is topped with two white sticks of asparagus, forming a Roman number two as for the number of the king being Oscar the 2nd. Contemporary versions may substitute chicken and crab.\nOysters Rockefeller – a cooked hors d'ouervre identified with New Orleans, it is named after John D. Rockefeller[2][19]\nOsmania Biscuit – biscuit named after Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad[20]","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selle d'agneau à la Paganini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selle_d%27agneau_%C3%A0_la_Paganini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Paganini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini"},{"link_name":"Molly Parkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Parkin"},{"link_name":"parsnip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherd%27s_pie_at_restaurant_Hell_Hunt,_Tallinn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Potatoes Parmentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachis_Parmentier"},{"link_name":"Antoine-Augustin Parmentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Parmentier"},{"link_name":"Pastilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastille"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Pastilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Pastilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lobster Paul Bert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobster_Paul_Bert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Bert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bert"},{"link_name":"Pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlova_(food)"},{"link_name":"Anna Pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavlova"},{"link_name":"Pedro Ximenez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Ximenez"},{"link_name":"Vinifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera"},{"link_name":"Dr Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Pepper"},{"link_name":"Charles T. Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_T._Pepper"},{"link_name":"Charles Alderton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alderton"},{"link_name":"Wade Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Dom Pérignon (wine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Dom Pérignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(person)"},{"link_name":"Petre Roman cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petre_Roman_cake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petre Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petre_Roman"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"1989 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_revolution"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Stein"},{"link_name":"Francis Picabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Picabia"},{"link_name":"Chicken Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Sole Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sole_Picasso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Pio Quinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Quinto"},{"link_name":"Nicaraguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Pizza Di Rosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pizza_Di_Rosso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza"},{"link_name":"mozzarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozzarella"},{"link_name":"eggplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant"},{"link_name":"capsicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum"},{"link_name":"Pozharsky cutlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozharsky_cutlet"},{"link_name":"Torzhok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torzhok"},{"link_name":"Tsar Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_I"},{"link_name":"Rissoles Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rissoles_Pompadour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marquise de Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquise_de_Pompadour"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Praline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)"},{"link_name":"César de Choiseul, Count du Plessis-Praslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar,_duc_de_Choiseul"},{"link_name":"Lassagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lassagne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Aunt Bill's Brown Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aunt_Bill%27s_Brown_Candy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Princess cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_cake"},{"link_name":"Margaretha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaretha_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Märtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_M%C3%A4rtha_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Astrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Prinzregententorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinzregententorte"},{"link_name":"Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Toronchino Procope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toronchino_Procope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Procopio_dei_Coltelli"},{"link_name":"Café Procope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Procope"}],"text":"Selle d'agneau à la Paganini – Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840), Italian opera composer and brilliant violinist, has this lamb dish named after him, probably by Charles Ranhofer.\nParsnips Molly Parkin – Molly Parkin, Welsh artist and novelist. The dish, comprising parsnip, cream, tomatoes and cheese, was created for her by the food writer Denis Curtis in the 1970s.Hachis Parmentier.Potatoes Parmentier – Antoine-Augustin Parmentier (1737–1817), chief proponent in reversing the French public view about the once-despised potato. Parmentier discovered the food value of the vegetable while a prisoner of war in Germany, where the potato had already been accepted.\nPastilles – Giovanni Pastilla, Italian confectioner to Marie de' Medici, is said to have accompanied her to Paris on her marriage to Henri IV, and created some form of the tablets named after him there.\nLobster Paul Bert – Paul Bert (1833–1886) was a French physiologist, diplomat, and politician, but is perhaps best known for his research on the effect of air pressure on the body. Charles Ranhofer was either a friend or fan of the father of aerospace medicine.\nPavlova – Anna Pavlova (1881–1931), Russian ballerina. Both Australia and New Zealand have claimed to be the source of the meringue (\"light as Pavlova\") and fruit dessert.\nPedro Ximenez – a Vinifera grape, named after the soldier who allegedly brought it to Spain.\nDr Pepper – Charles T. Pepper. The soft drink invented by pharmacist Charles Alderton in 1885 at a Waco, Texas drugstore owned by Wade Morrison is said to be named for Morrison's first employer, who owned a pharmacy in Virginia.\nDom Pérignon (wine) – Dom Pérignon (1638–1715), (Pierre) a French Benedictine monk, expert winemaker and developer of the first true champagne in the late 17th century.\nPetre Roman cake – marshmallow and vanilla cream cake named after Petre Roman, the first Prime Minister of Romania after the 1989 revolution.\nEggs Picabia – Named by Gertrude Stein in her The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook after Francis Picabia (22 January 1879 – 30 November 1953) and his recipe.\nChicken Picasso – this creamy chicken dish was named after Pablo Picasso.\nSole Picasso – this fruity fish was named after Pablo Picasso. The dish consists of fried or grilled sole and warm fruit in a ginger-lemon sauce.\nPio Quinto – this Nicaraguan dessert was named after Pope Pius V.\nPizza Di Rosso – pizza topped with sliced tomatoes, black olives, mozzarella, eggplant and capsicum. Named after Count Enrico Di Rosso who selected the ingredients to create this variety of vegetarian pizza the colours of which resemble the red and white of the Order of St. George of which the Count is Patron.\nPozharsky cutlet (or Pojarski) – Pozharsky family were innkeepers in Torzhok, Russia. Darya Pozharskaya was favored by Tsar Nicholas I for her version of minced veal and chicken cutlets. An especially juicy and tender consistency was achieved by adding butter to minced meat. The originals were reformed on veal chop or chicken wing bones, respectively, for presentation.\nRissoles Pompadour – the Marquise de Pompadour, Jeanne Poisson (1721–1764), official paramour of Louis XV from 1745 until her death, has had many dishes named after her besides these savory fried pastries. Mme. Pompadour's interest in cooking is remembered with lamb, sole, chicken, beef, pheasant, garnishes, croquettes, cakes and desserts, created by a number of chefs during and after her life.\nPraline – César de Choiseul, Count du Plessis-Praslin (1598–1675), by his officer of the table Lassagne, presented at the court of Louis XIII. The caramelized almond confection was transformed at some point in Louisiana to a pecan-based one. This praline has gone on to be known by another eponym in the U.S.: Aunt Bill's Brown Candy. Aunt Bill's identity is apparently unknown.\nPrincess cake – three Swedish princesses, Margaretha (later Princess of Denmark), Märtha (later Crown Princess of Norway), and Astrid (later Queen of the Belgians).[21]\nPrinzregententorte – Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria\nToronchino Procope – Charles Ranhofer named this ice cream dessert after the Sicilian Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli, whose Café Procope, opening in Paris in 1686, introduced flavored ices to the French.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Official_Queen_Mary_Cocktail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_(cocktail)"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"grenadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadine"},{"link_name":"maraschino cherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraschino_cherry"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary (beer cocktail)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_(beer_cocktail)"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary of Teck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"Queen Mother's Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_Mother%27s_Cake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"Jan Smeterlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Smeterlin"},{"link_name":"Clementine Paddleford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine_Paddleford"},{"link_name":"Maida Heatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Heatter"},{"link_name":"Queen of Sheba cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba_cake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gâteau de la reine Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A2teau_de_la_reine_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Queen of Sheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba"},{"link_name":"King Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon"}],"text":"A Queen Mary cocktail: beer, grenadine and maraschino cherriesQueen Mary (beer cocktail) – a mix of beer and grenadine, named after Queen Mary of Teck.\nQueen Mother's Cake – in the 1950s, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1901–2002) was served this flourless chocolate cake by her friend Jan Smeterlin (1892–1967), well-known Polish pianist. Smeterlin had acquired the recipe in Austria, and the Queen Mother's fondness for the cake produced its name, via either Smeterlin, food writer Clementine Paddleford or dessert maven Maida Heatter.\nQueen of Sheba cake – the originally French gâteau de la reine Saba, a chocolate cake, is named for the 10th-century-BC African Queen of Sheba, guest of King Solomon of Israel.","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamprey à la Rabelais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamprey_%C3%A0_la_Rabelais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François Rabelais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais"},{"link_name":"Charles Ranhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer"},{"link_name":"Tournedos Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tournedos_Rachel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elisa-Rachel Félix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa-Rachel_F%C3%A9lix"},{"link_name":"Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel"},{"link_name":"Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escoffier"},{"link_name":"Ramos Gin Fizz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramos_Gin_Fizz"},{"link_name":"Henry C. Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_C._Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chicken Raphael Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Raphael_Weill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raphael Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Weill"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Club"},{"link_name":"Reggie Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggie_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reggie Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Jackson"},{"link_name":"candy bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_bar"},{"link_name":"Salad Réjane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salad_R%C3%A9jane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Réjane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_R%C3%A9jane"},{"link_name":"Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escoffier"},{"link_name":"Reuben sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_sandwich"},{"link_name":"Reuben Kolakofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reuben_Kolakofsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Arnold Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Reuben&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rigó Jancsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigo_Jancsi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gundel_1992-22"},{"link_name":"Rigó Jancsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigo_Jancsi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gundel_1992-22"},{"link_name":"Clara Ward, Princesse de Caraman-Chimay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Ward,_Princesse_de_Caraman-Chimay"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Gypsy music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ta"},{"link_name":"Prince de Chimay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_de_Chimay"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Lee_Cake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Strawberries Romanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strawberries_Romanoff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince Michael Romanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Romanoff"},{"link_name":"Marie-Antoine Carême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoine_Car%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Romanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanoff"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan's Hamburger Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Reagan%27s_Hamburger_Soup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skidelsky_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Ross Sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross_Sauce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tournedos Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournedos_Rossini"},{"link_name":"Gioacchino Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioacchino_Rossini"},{"link_name":"Carême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Prince Metternich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Metternich"},{"link_name":"Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escoffier"},{"link_name":"Soufflé Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souffl%C3%A9_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Marie-Antoine Carême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoine_Car%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"James Mayer de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Betty de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Goldwasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwasser"},{"link_name":"kirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirschwasser"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"Roy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers_(cocktail)"},{"link_name":"Roy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Rumford's Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford%27s_Soup"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson,_Count_Rumford"},{"link_name":"Runeberg torte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runeberg_torte"},{"link_name":"Johan Ludvig Runeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg"},{"link_name":"Fredrika Runeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrika_Runeberg"},{"link_name":"Baby Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ruth Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Cleveland"}],"text":"Lamprey à la Rabelais – François Rabelais (c. 1484–1553), French monk, turned physician, turned famed writer and satirist, was honored in this dish by Delmonico's chef Charles Ranhofer.\nTournedos Rachel – from singing in the streets of Paris as a child, Swiss-born Elisa-Rachel Félix (1821–1858) went on to become known as the greatest French tragedienne of her day. Her stage name Rachel is used for a number of dishes—consommé, eggs, sweetbreads, et al.—many created by Escoffier. In New York City, Charles Ranhofer created \"artichokes à la Rachel\" in her honor.\nRamos Gin Fizz – Henry C. Ramos, New Orleans bartender, created this cocktail c. 1888, at either Meyer's Restaurant or the Imperial Cabinet Saloon, and named it after himself.\nChicken Raphael Weill – Raphael Weill (1837–1920) arrived in San Francisco from France at the age of 18. Within a few years he had founded what was to be one of California's largest department stores. Later he helped found the well-known Bohemian Club, which still exists. He liked to cook, and is remembered in San Francisco restaurants with this dish.\nReggie Bar – Reggie Jackson (born 1946), American baseball player of the 1970s, had this now-discontinued candy bar named for him.\nSalad Réjane – Gabrielle Réjane was the stage name for Gabrielle-Charlotte Reju (1856–1920), a French actress at the start of the 20th century. Escoffier named several dishes for her, including consommé, sole, and œufs à la neige.\nReuben sandwich – possibly Reuben Kolakofsky (1874–1960) made it for a poker group gathered at his restaurant in an Omaha, Nebraska hotel c. 1925, or Arnold Reuben, a New York restaurateur (1883–1970), may have created and named it c. 1914.\nRigó Jancsi – the Viennese chocolate and cream pastry[22] is named after the Gypsy violinist, Rigó Jancsi[22] (by Hungarian use, Rigó is his last name, Jancsi his first, called literally 'Blackbird Johnny'). He is perhaps best known for his part in one of the great late-19th-century society scandales. In 1896, Clara Ward, Princesse de Caraman-Chimay. The Princesse de Chimay saw the charming Rigó Jancsi, first violinist playing Hungarian Gypsy music in a Paris restaurant in 1896 while dining with her husband, Prince de Chimay. She ran off with Rigó, married him, divorced him, and later married two other men too.\nRobert E. Lee Cake – southern U.S. lemon layer cake named for American Civil War General Robert E. Lee (1807–1870).\nStrawberries Romanoff – although there are a number of claimants for the creation of this dish, including the Hollywood restaurateur self-styled \"Prince Michael Romanoff\", credit is most often given to Marie-Antoine Carême, when he was chef to tzar Alexander I around 1820. Romanoff was the house name of the Russian rulers.\nRonald Reagan's Hamburger Soup – Ronald Reagan, while President, had this recipe issued publicly in 1986, after he had gotten flak for saying he liked French soups.[2]\nRoss Sauce – a multipurpose barbecue sauce invented by Scott Ross in Habersham County, Georgia. Scott Ross, a high school chemistry teacher and wrestling coach, says that his sauce \"goes great on anything\" suggesting salad, popcorn, and almost anything but meats.\nTournedos Rossini – Gioacchino Rossini (1792–1868), Italian composer known almost as well as a gastronome. A friend of Carême, Prince Metternich, et al., Rossini had many dishes named for him: eggs, chicken, soup, salad, cannelloni, sole, risotto, pheasant, and more. Escoffier was responsible for many of these. Charles Ranhofer created \"Meringued pancakes à la Rossini.\"\nSoufflé Rothschild – a dessert soufflé created by Marie-Antoine Carême for Baron James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868) and Baroness Betty de Rothschild (1805–1886) in the 1820s. The Baron was a notable French banker and diplomat. It was originally flavoured with Goldwasser but is now flavoured with a variety of other liqueurs and spirits including kirsch. This dessert was a favourite of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (1900–2002).\nRoy Rogers – a non-alcoholic mixed drink made with cola and grenadine syrup, named after actor Roy Rogers (1911–1998).\nRumford's Soup – Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford\nRuneberg torte (Runebergintorttu / Runebergstårta) – named after the Finnish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1804–1877) and his wife, writer Fredrika Runeberg (1807–1879), who invented the pastry. Johan Ludvig Runeberg's birthday, 5 February, is in Finland Runeberg-day and it is celebrated with this almond-pastry. There is also a variation of this called the Fredrika-pastry.\nBaby Ruth candy bar – most likely, Babe Ruth (1895–1948) was the inspiration for the name. Although the Curtiss Candy Co. has insisted from the beginning that the candy bar was named after a daughter of Grover Cleveland, Ruth Cleveland died in 1904 at the age of 12, while the Baby Ruth was introduced in 1921 right at a time when George Herman Ruth, Jr. had become a baseball superstar. Very early versions of the wrapper offer a baseball glove for 79 cents. Babe Ruth's announced intent to sue the company is probably what drove and perpetuated the dubious cover story.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beef_Stroganoff_on_Pasta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beef Stroganoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_Stroganoff"},{"link_name":"Sachertorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachertorte"},{"link_name":"Franz Sacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Sacher"},{"link_name":"Prince Metternich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Metternich"},{"link_name":"Chicken filets Sadi Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_filets_Sadi_Carnot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie François Sadi Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot"},{"link_name":"Flan Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flan_Sagan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talleyrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talleyrand"},{"link_name":"Charles Maurice de Talleyrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand"},{"link_name":"Żagań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Salisbury steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_steak"},{"link_name":"Dr. James H. Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._James_H._Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Beef hash Sam Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beef_hash_Sam_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cutler Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cutler_Ward"},{"link_name":"Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich"},{"link_name":"John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bernhardt Cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Bernhardt_Cakes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"soufflé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souffl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Eggs Sardou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs_Sardou"},{"link_name":"Antoine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%27s"},{"link_name":"Victorien Sardou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorien_Sardou"},{"link_name":"Schillerlocken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schillerlocken"},{"link_name":"Friedrich von Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller"},{"link_name":"dogfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalidae"},{"link_name":"Schiller pudding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schiller_pudding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seckel pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seckel_pear"},{"link_name":"Seckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seckel"},{"link_name":"Lobster cutlets à la Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobster_cutlets_%C3%A0_la_Shelley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Percy Bysshe Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Shirley Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Temple_cocktail"},{"link_name":"grenadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadine"},{"link_name":"Chasen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasen%27s"},{"link_name":"Shirley Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Temple"},{"link_name":"Reinette Simirenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinette_Simirenko"},{"link_name":"Veal Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veal_Sinatra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Soubise sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubise_sauce"},{"link_name":"Charles de Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Rohan"},{"link_name":"Eggs Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggs_Stanley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Morton Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Morton_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Beef Stroganoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_Stroganoff"},{"link_name":"Count Stroganov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Stroganov"},{"link_name":"Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Alexandrovich_Stroganov"},{"link_name":"Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Dmitriyevich_Stroganov"},{"link_name":"Sukjunamul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukjunamul"},{"link_name":"Shin Suk-ju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Suk-ju"},{"link_name":"Crepes Suzette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepes_Suzette"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Henri Charpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Charpentier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Larousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larousse_Gastronomique"},{"link_name":"Ellen Svinhufvud cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Svinhufvud_cake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ellen Svinhufvud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Svinhufvud"},{"link_name":"Pehr Evind Svinhufvud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud"},{"link_name":"Sydney Smith's salad dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Smith%27s_salad_dressing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Review"},{"link_name":"Sydney Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Smith"}],"text":"Beef Stroganoff served atop pastaSachertorte – Franz Sacher, Vienna, 1832, working for Prince Metternich.\nChicken filets Sadi Carnot – chef Charles Ranhofer almost certainly had French President Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837–1894) in mind, not his uncle, the physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796–1832).\nFlan Sagan – see Talleyrand below. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord held the title of Prince of Żagań. This flan of truffles, mushrooms, and calves' brains was one of several Sagan-named dishes, usually involving brains, including a garnish and scrambled eggs.\nSalisbury steak – Dr. James H. Salisbury (1823–1905), early U.S. health food advocate, created this dish and advised his patients to eat it three times a day, while limiting their intake of \"poisonous\" vegetables and starches.\nBeef hash Sam Ward – Samuel Cutler Ward (1814–1884) was perhaps the most influential Washington lobbyist of the mid-19th century. He was as well known for his entertaining as his political work, apparently agreeing with Talleyrand that dining well was essential to diplomacy. Why Ranhofer named a beef hash after him is open to speculation.\nSandwich – John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792) did not invent the sandwich. Meat between slices of bread had been eaten long before him. But as the often-repeated story goes, his title name was applied to it c. 1762, after he frequently called for the easily handled food while entertaining friends. Their card games then were not interrupted by the need for forks and such.\nSarah Bernhardt Cakes – French actress Sarah Bernhardt (1844–1923). The pastry may be Danish in origin. There is a Sole Sarah Bernhardt, and a soufflé. \"Sarah Bernhardt\" may indicate a dish garnished with a purée of foie gras, and Delmonico's \"Sarah Potatoes\", by Charles Ranhofer, are most likely named for the actress.\nEggs Sardou – Invented at the New Orleans restaurant Antoine's and named after the French dramatist Victorien Sardou\nSchillerlocken – two quite distinct foods named after the curly hair of the German poet Friedrich von Schiller (1759–1805). One is cream-filled puff pastry cornets; the other is long strips of smoked dogfish belly flaps. Ranhofer named a dessert of pancakes rolled up, sliced, and layered in a mold Schiller pudding.\nSeckel pear – although little is known about the origin of this American pear, it is generally believed that a Pennsylvania farmer named Seckel discovered the fruit in the Delaware River Valley near Philadelphia, in the 18th or early 19th century.\nLobster cutlets à la Shelley – Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822), the great English poet, drowned off the coast of Italy. Charles Ranhofer remembered him with this.\nShirley Temple – the classic children's cocktail of club soda, grenadine, and a maraschino cherry was invented in the late 1930s at Hollywood's Chasen's restaurant for the child star Shirley Temple (1928–2014). A slice of orange and a straw is suggested; the paper parasol is optional.\nReinette Simirenko – an apple variety discovered by Ukrainian pomologist Lev Simirenko in his garden and named after his father Platon Simirenko. The origin of this cultivar is unclear. It was one of the most widely grown apple varieties in the Soviet Union.\nVeal Sinatra – a veal stuffed with a buttery cream sauce, vegetables, meat and/or seafood named after the famous jazz singer Frank Sinatra\nSoubise sauce – the onion purée or béchamel sauce with added onion purée is probably named after the 18th-century aristocrat Charles de Rohan, Prince de Soubise, and Marshal of France.\nEggs Stanley – Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), the famed British explorer, has several dishes named for him, usually with onions and a small amount of curry seasoning. A recipe for these poached eggs has a sauce with 1/2 teaspoon of curry powder.\nBeef Stroganoff – a 19th-century Russian dish, named for a Count Stroganov (possibly Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov or Count Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov)\nSukjunamul – Shin Suk-ju\nCrepes Suzette – said to have been created for then-Prince of Wales Edward VII on 31 January 1896, at the Café de Paris in Monte Carlo. When the prince ordered a special dessert for himself and a young female companion, Henri Charpentier, then 16 (1880–1961), produced the flaming crepe dish. Edward reportedly asked that the dessert be named after his companion (Suzette) rather than himself. However, Larousse disputes Charpentier's claim.\nEllen Svinhufvud cake – named in 1930s after Ellen Svinhufvud (1869–1953), the wife of President of Finland Pehr Evind Svinhufvud.\nSydney Smith's salad dressing – Salad dressing named after founder of the Edinburgh Review, Sydney Smith (1771–1845). He was a clergyman who wrote a poem which describes how to make this salad. Popular in the 19th century among American cooks.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takuan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Takuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Tso%27s_Chicken.JPG"},{"link_name":"General Tso's chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Tso%27s_chicken"},{"link_name":"Takuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuan"},{"link_name":"Takuan Sōhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"daikon radish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikon"},{"link_name":"Talleyrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talleyrand"},{"link_name":"savarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savarin_cake"},{"link_name":"Talleyrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talleyrand"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"Tarte Tatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarte_Tatin"},{"link_name":"Stephine Tatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephine_Tatin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caroline Tatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Tatin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hotel Tatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Tatin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beef Tegetthoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beef_Tegetthoff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Tegetthoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff"},{"link_name":"Chicken Tetrazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrazzini"},{"link_name":"Luisa Tetrazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Tetrazzini"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbar30-23"},{"link_name":"Tootsie Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tootsie_Rolls"},{"link_name":"Clara \"Tootsie\" Hirshfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clara_%22Tootsie%22_Hirshfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leo Hirshfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Hirshfield"},{"link_name":"Biscuit Tortoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit_Tortoni"},{"link_name":"Café Tortoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caf%C3%A9_Tortoni_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"General Tso's chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Tso%27s_chicken"},{"link_name":"Zuǒ Zōngtáng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu%C7%92_Z%C5%8Dngt%C3%A1ng"},{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbar30-23"}],"text":"TakuanGeneral Tso's chickenTakuan – named after Takuan Sōhō, it is pickled daikon radish\nTalleyrand – a pineapple savarin is one of many dishes named for the epicurean French statesman Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754–1838). An influential negotiator at the Congress of Vienna, Talleyrand considered dining a major part of diplomacy. Antonin Câreme worked for him for a time, and Talleyrand was instrumental in furthering his career. The host's eponymous dishes include sauces, tournedos, veal, croquettes, orange fritters, et al.\nTarte Tatin – Stephine Tatin (1838–1917) and Caroline Tatin (1847–1911). In French, the tarte is known as à la Demoiselles Tatin for the sisters who ran the Hotel Tatin in Lamotte-Beuvron, France. Stephine allegedly invented the upside-down tart accidentally in the fall of 1898, but the pastry may be much older.\nBeef Tegetthoff – Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff (1827–1871), Austrian naval hero, is celebrated by this beef dish with seafood ragoût.\nChicken Tetrazzini – named for operatic soprano Luisa Tetrazzini,[23] the \"Florentine Nightingale\" (1871–1941), and created in San Francisco.\nTootsie Rolls – Clara \"Tootsie\" Hirshfield, the small daughter of Leo Hirshfield, developer of the first paper-wrapped penny candy, in New York, 1896.\nBiscuit Tortoni – the Italian Tortoni, working at the Café Velloni which had opened in Paris in 1798, bought the place and renamed it the Café Tortoni. It became a very successful restaurant and ice cream parlor in the 19th century. This ice cream dish is said to be one of his creations.\nGeneral Tso's chicken – Named for General Zuǒ Zōngtáng (1812–1885; variously spelled Tzo, Cho, Zo, Zhou, etc.) of the Qing Dynasty,[23] although it was not contemporaneous with him.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicken Soup Ujházi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Soup_Ujh%C3%A1zi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ede Ujházi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ede_Ujh%C3%A1zi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cases of squabs Umberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cases_of_squabs_Umberto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Umberto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I"},{"link_name":"Queen Margherita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Margherita"}],"text":"Chicken Soup Ujházi – said to have been made of rooster originally, this soup was the creation of amateur chef and well-known Hungarian actor Ede Ujházi c. 1900.[citation needed]\nCases of squabs Umberto – Umberto I (1844–1900), king of Italy and husband of pizza's Queen Margherita, has this Delmonico's dish by Ranhofer named after him.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celery_Victor_(7033758499).jpg"},{"link_name":"Celery Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery_Victor"},{"link_name":"Purée of wild ducks van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9e_of_wild_ducks_van_Buren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martin van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_van_Buren"},{"link_name":"Talleyrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talleyrand"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Van Gogh potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Gogh_potato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Soupe aux truffes noires VGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soupe_aux_truffes_noires_VGE&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soupe_aux_truffes_noires_VGE"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"Paul Bocuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bocuse"},{"link_name":"Fillets of Brill Véron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fillets_of_Brill_V%C3%A9ron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis Désiré Véron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_V%C3%A9ron"},{"link_name":"Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Véron sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A9ron_sauce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celery Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery_Victor"},{"link_name":"Victor Hirtzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hirtzler"},{"link_name":"Sole Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sole_Edward_VII&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lamb chops Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamb_chops_Victor_Hugo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Victoria plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_plum"},{"link_name":"Victoria Sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Sponge"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Victoria pea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_pea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Victoria apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_apple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vidal blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidal_blanc"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Vidal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Celery VictorPurée of wild ducks van Buren – Martin van Buren (1782–1862), 8th president of the United States, developed a taste for French cuisine while a minister in London, where he became acquainted with Talleyrand's dining philosophy. During his presidency, White House dinners were even more French than in Jefferson's day. Ranhofer may have been returning the compliment with this soup.\nVan Gogh potato – artist Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) is commemorated by this potato developed in the Netherlands in 1976.\nSoupe aux truffes noires VGE [fr] – dedicated to Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (abbreviated VGE) and created by Paul Bocuse in 1975.\nFillets of Brill Véron – Dr. Louis Désiré Véron (1798–1867) gave up his Parisian medical practice for the more fashionable life as a writer, manager of the Opera, paramour of the actress Rachel, political influence, and pre-eminent host of lavish dinners for the elite. Véron sauce accompanies the brill.\nCelery Victor – Victor Hirtzler, (c. 1875–1935) well-known American chef from Strasbourg, France considered this braised celery dish one of his two best recipes, the other being Sole Edward VII. Both dishes were created at San Francisco's St. Francis Hotel, where Hirtzler was head chef from 1904 to 1926. His 1919 cookbook can be seen in full at Hotel St. Francis Cookbook.[24]\nLamb chops Victor Hugo – the renowned French author, Victor Hugo (1802–1885), is commemorated with these, and with fillets of plover.\nVictoria plum and Victoria Sponge or Sandwich Cake – Queen Victoria (1819–1901). Many dishes are named for the British Queen, including sole, eggs, salad, a garnish, several sauces, a cherry spice cake, a bombe, small tarts, et al. There is also a Victoria pea and a Victoria apple.\nVidal blanc – a hybrid grape variety, named after its breeder, Jean-Louis Vidal","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beef_Wellington_-_Crosscut.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beef Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Waldorf salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_salad"},{"link_name":"Wallenberg Steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallenberg_Steak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wallenberg family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallenberg_family"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Pears Wanamaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pears_Wanamaker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rodman Wanamaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodman_Wanamaker"},{"link_name":"John Wanamaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wanamaker"},{"link_name":"Washington pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_pie"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Beef Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Wellington boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_boot"},{"link_name":"Lobster Wenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobster_Wenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lobster Newberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster_Newberg"},{"link_name":"Wibele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wibele"},{"link_name":"Fraises Wilhelmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraises_Wilhelmine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsch"},{"link_name":"Auguste Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Escoffier"},{"link_name":"Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina Pepermunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_Pepermunt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince William Cider Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_William_Cider_Apple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"Fillets à la Peg Woffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fillets_%C3%A0_la_Peg_Woffington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peg Woffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg_Woffington"},{"link_name":"Corbeilles à la Peg Woffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corbeilles_%C3%A0_la_Peg_Woffington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eggs Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggs_Woodhouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Archer_characters#Recurring_characters"},{"link_name":"Sterling Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Archer_characters#Sterling_Archer"},{"link_name":"Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Woolton pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolton_pie"},{"link_name":"Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton"},{"link_name":"Savoy Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Hotel"}],"text":"A cross-section view of a Beef Wellington sliced openWaldorf salad – salad made at the Waldorf hotel originally as a joke for a particularly persnickety patron.\nWallenberg Steak – Scandinavian dish of minced veal named after the prominent and wealthy Swedish Wallenberg family. Contemporary versions use turkey and moose meat.\nWild Duckling à la Walter Scott – dish named for the Scottish writer Walter Scott (1771–1832) includes Dundee marmalade and whisky.\nPears Wanamaker – of the Philadelphia merchant Wanamaker family, Rodman Wanamaker (1863–1928) seems most likely to be the inspiration for this dish. The son of John Wanamaker, founder of the family business, Rodman Wanamaker went to Paris in 1889 to oversee the Paris branch of their department store. When he returned to the U.S. in 1899, he kept his Paris home and contacts.\nWashington pie – George Washington (1732–1799), first U.S. president, has this cake named after him, as well as a French sauce or garnish containing corn.\nBeef Wellington – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852), British hero of the Battle of Waterloo, has this dish of beef with pâté, mushrooms, truffles and Madeira sauce, all encased in a pastry crust, named after him. It was probably created by his personal chef. Theories vary: either the Duke had no sense of taste and didn't care what he was eating (leaving his chef to his own devices), or he loved the dish so much that it had to be served at every formal dinner, or the shape of the concoction resembles the Wellington boot.\nLobster Wenberg – see Lobster Newberg.\nWibele – Jakob Christian Carl Wibel, he invented this sweet pastry in 1763\nFraises Wilhelmine – A dessert of strawberries, macerated in orange juice, powdered sugar and kirsch, served with Crème Chantilly, created by Auguste Escoffier and named after Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Wilhelmina Pepermunt, a Dutch peppermint candy, is also named after her.\nPrince William Cider Apple – Created to celebrate the 21st birthday of Prince William. It was named the \"Prince William\" after he said in an interview that he was a cider drinker. Large, robust yet mild in nature with a red flush and will make a cider of fair complexion, well balanced with much character. The \"Prince William\" will be the first of more than 360 varieties of traditional English cider apples grown over the centuries to be given a royal name.\nFillets à la Peg Woffington – Peg Woffington, Irish actress (1720–1760). A recipe exists for \"Woffington Sauce\" for fish, and also for an orange-based sweet, Corbeilles à la Peg Woffington.\nEggs Woodhouse – Named after Woodhouse, long suffering valet of Sterling Archer in the animated sitcom Archer. It is a variation of Eggs Benedict, with the main differences being the addition of artichoke hearts, creamed spinach, bechamel sauce, Ibérico ham, black truffle and beluga caviar.[25][26]\nWoolton pie – Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton. Lord Woolton was the British Minister of Food during World War II. This root vegetable pie created by the chefs at London's Savoy Hotel marked Woolton's drive to get people to eat more vegetables instead of meat.","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potage à la Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potage_%C3%A0_la_Xavier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"}],"text":"Potage à la Xavier – this cream soup with chicken has at least two stories associated with its name. Some sources say that the gourmand Louis XVIII (1755–1824) invented the soup when he was Comte de Provence, and known as Louis Stanislas Xavier de France. Others suggest the soup was named after Francis Xavier (1506–1552), a Basque missionary to Goa and India.","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yemas de Santa Theresa de Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemas_de_Santa_Teresa"},{"link_name":"Theresa of Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_of_%C3%81vila"}],"text":"Yemas de Santa Theresa de Ávila – these sweets made from lemon-flavoured candied egg yolks from the Spanish city of Ávila are named after its Saint, Theresa of Ávila.","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasteurization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization"},{"link_name":"Louis Pasteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur"}],"text":"Pasteurization – Louis Pasteur","title":"Food-related"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicken A La King And The Buffalo Wing: Food Names And The People And Places That Inspired Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3PEbXaQALeUC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58297-525-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-525-2"}],"text":"Gilbar, S. (2008). Chicken A La King And The Buffalo Wing: Food Names And The People And Places That Inspired Them. F+W Media. ISBN 978-1-58297-525-2.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food named for people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_named_for_people"},{"link_name":"The Epicurean by Charles Ranhofer.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100212205808/http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/authors/author_ranhofer.html"},{"link_name":"Ranhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer"},{"link_name":"\"28 Foods Named After People\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mentalfloss.com/article/52331/28-foods-named-after-people"},{"link_name":"Mental Floss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Floss"},{"link_name":"\"What's in a Name?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8M3hAAAAMAAJ&q=%22foods+named+after+people%22"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Food named for people.The Epicurean by Charles Ranhofer. Cookbook including many dishes Ranhofer named after various individuals. Feeding America: Historic American Cookbook Project (Michigan State University Library).\n\"28 Foods Named After People\". Mental Floss. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2015.\n\"What's in a Name?\". The Bloomsbury Review. 3 (2–6). 1983.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Fettuccine Alfredo with chicken (left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chicken_fettuccine_alfredo.JPG/220px-Chicken_fettuccine_alfredo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pommes Anna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Pommes_Anna.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battenberg cake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Battenbergcake.jpg/220px-Battenbergcake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bing cherries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bing_Cherries_%28USDA_ARS%29.jpg/220px-Bing_Cherries_%28USDA_ARS%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eggs Benedict","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2_Eggs_Benedict.jpg/220px-2_Eggs_Benedict.jpg"},{"image_text":"Five clementines whole, peeled, halved and sectioned","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Clementines_whole%2C_peeled%2C_half_and_sectioned.jpg/220px-Clementines_whole%2C_peeled%2C_half_and_sectioned.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Cobb salad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cobb_salad%2C_9_May_2006.jpg/220px-Cobb_salad%2C_9_May_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cumberland sauce atop duck confit crepes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Duck_confit_crepes_with_Cumberland_sauce.jpg/220px-Duck_confit_crepes_with_Cumberland_sauce.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nachos in a bowl.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nachos_at_restaurant_Solmu.jpg/220px-Nachos_at_restaurant_Solmu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hachis Parmentier.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Shepherd%27s_pie_at_restaurant_Hell_Hunt%2C_Tallinn.jpg/220px-Shepherd%27s_pie_at_restaurant_Hell_Hunt%2C_Tallinn.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Queen Mary cocktail: beer, grenadine and maraschino cherries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Official_Queen_Mary_Cocktail.jpg/220px-The_Official_Queen_Mary_Cocktail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beef Stroganoff served atop pasta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Beef_Stroganoff_on_Pasta.jpg/220px-Beef_Stroganoff_on_Pasta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Takuan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Takuan.jpg/220px-Takuan.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Tso's chicken","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/General_Tso%27s_Chicken.JPG/220px-General_Tso%27s_Chicken.JPG"},{"image_text":"Celery Victor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Celery_Victor_%287033758499%29.jpg/220px-Celery_Victor_%287033758499%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cross-section view of a Beef Wellington sliced open","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Beef_Wellington_-_Crosscut.jpg/220px-Beef_Wellington_-_Crosscut.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of words derived from toponyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms"},{"title":"List of foods and drinks named after places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_and_drinks_named_after_places"},{"title":"Lists of etymologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_etymologies"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"title":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"title":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lists"}]
[{"reference":"\"Foods you didn't know were named after people\". Fox News. June 5, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/leisure/2014/06/05/foods-didnt-know-were-named-after-people/","url_text":"\"Foods you didn't know were named after people\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"}]},{"reference":"Skidelsky, William (February 4, 2012). \"The 10 best foods named after people – in pictures\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2012/feb/05/ten-best-foods-named-after-people-in-pictures","url_text":"\"The 10 best foods named after people – in pictures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Oreiller de la Belle Aurore\". smallparty.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smallparty.org/yoram/cooking/belle_aurore/","url_text":"\"Oreiller de la Belle Aurore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eggs Benedict XVI\". Archived from the original on February 13, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060213052403/http://www.historycooks.com/item.asp?recordid=eggsbenedict16&pagestyle=default","url_text":"\"Eggs Benedict XVI\""},{"url":"http://www.historycooks.com/item.asp?recordid=eggsbenedict16&pagestyle=default","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charlotte Russe Cake History, Charlotte Malakoff, Apple Charlotte, Whats Cooking America\". whatscookingamerica.net. 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/Cakes/CharlotteRusse.htm","url_text":"\"Charlotte Russe Cake History, Charlotte Malakoff, Apple Charlotte, Whats Cooking America\""}]},{"reference":"Claiborne, Craig (19 September 1977). \"De Gustibus: More on Lady Curzon's Turtle Soup\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/19/archives/de-gustibus-more-on-lady-curzons-turtle-soup.html","url_text":"\"De Gustibus: More on Lady Curzon's Turtle Soup\""}]},{"reference":"Barry Popik. \"The Big Apple: Chicken a la King\". barrypopik.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/chicken_a_la_king/","url_text":"\"The Big Apple: Chicken a la King\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anhui Cuisine\". China Daily. 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-01/09/content_297512.htm","url_text":"\"Anhui Cuisine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily","url_text":"China Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Bauer's Candies. Retrieved 2022-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bauerscandy.com/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESoupSong 49: The Hardest Soup in the World\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soupsong.com/zjun04.html","url_text":"\"ESoupSong 49: The Hardest Soup in the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Osmania biscuit\". 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vahrehvah.com/osmania-biscuit","url_text":"\"Osmania biscuit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditionsenlig tårtfrossa – Prinsessyra bäddar för prinsesstårtans vecka\" (in Swedish). Cisionwire. 2009-09-17. Archived from the original on 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2009-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101017062034/http://www.cisionwire.se/frodinge-mejeri/traditionsenlig-tartfrossa---prinsessyra-baddar-for-prinsesstartans-vecka-2","url_text":"\"Traditionsenlig tårtfrossa – Prinsessyra bäddar för prinsesstårtans vecka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cision","url_text":"Cisionwire"},{"url":"http://www.cisionwire.se/frodinge-mejeri/traditionsenlig-tartfrossa---prinsessyra-baddar-for-prinsesstartans-vecka-2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gundel, Karoly (1992). Gundel's Hungarian cookbook. Budapest: Corvina. ISBN 963-13-3600-X. OCLC 32227400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-13-3600-X","url_text":"963-13-3600-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32227400","url_text":"32227400"}]},{"reference":"\"Feeding America\".","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/books/book_73.cfm","url_text":"\"Feeding America\""}]},{"reference":"\"EGGS WOODHOUSE: An Expensive Dish for Archer Fans\".","urls":[{"url":"https://onthegas.org/food/eggs-woodhouse","url_text":"\"EGGS WOODHOUSE: An Expensive Dish for Archer Fans\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARCHER – HOW TO ARCHER – DVD EXTRAS (SEASON 03)[cookery with archer]\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wy1vLBf4CqI","url_text":"\"ARCHER – HOW TO ARCHER – DVD EXTRAS (SEASON 03)[cookery with archer]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Gilbar, S. (2008). Chicken A La King And The Buffalo Wing: Food Names And The People And Places That Inspired Them. F+W Media. ISBN 978-1-58297-525-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3PEbXaQALeUC","url_text":"Chicken A La King And The Buffalo Wing: Food Names And The People And Places That Inspired Them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-525-2","url_text":"978-1-58297-525-2"}]},{"reference":"\"28 Foods Named After People\". Mental Floss. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mentalfloss.com/article/52331/28-foods-named-after-people","url_text":"\"28 Foods Named After People\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Floss","url_text":"Mental Floss"}]},{"reference":"\"What's in a Name?\". The Bloomsbury Review. 3 (2–6). 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8M3hAAAAMAAJ&q=%22foods+named+after+people%22","url_text":"\"What's in a Name?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria-Theresa_of_Austria
Maria Theresa
["1 Birth and early life","2 Marriage","3 Accession","4 War of the Austrian Succession","5 Seven Years' War","6 Family life","6.1 Childbearing","6.2 Illnesses and deaths","6.3 Dynastic marriage policy","7 Religious views and policies","7.1 Jesuits","7.2 Jews","7.3 Protestants","7.4 Eastern Orthodox Christians","8 Reforms","8.1 Institutional","8.2 Medicine","8.3 Law","8.4 Education","8.5 Censorship","8.6 Economy","9 Late reign","10 Legacy","10.1 Memorials and honours","10.2 In media","11 Titles, styles, honours, and arms","11.1 Titles and styles","11.2 Arms","12 Issue","13 Ancestry","14 See also","15 References","15.1 Footnotes","15.2 Citations","15.3 Sources","16 External links"]
Ruler of Habsburg dominions from 1740 to 1780 For other uses, see Maria Theresa (disambiguation). Maria TheresaPortrait by Martin van Meytens, 1759Holy Roman EmpressGrand Duchess consort of TuscanyTenure13 September 1745 – 18 August 1765Queen of Bohemia1st reign20 October 1740 – 19 December 1741PredecessorCharles IISuccessorCharles Albert2nd reign12 May 1743 – 29 November 1780Coronation12 May 1743PredecessorCharles AlbertSuccessorJoseph IIArchduchess of AustriaQueen of Hungary and CroatiaReign20 October 1740 – 29 November 1780Coronation25 June 1741PredecessorCharles IIISuccessorJoseph IIBorn(1717-05-13)13 May 1717Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman EmpireDied29 November 1780(1780-11-29) (aged 63)Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman EmpireBurialImperial CryptSpouse Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor ​ ​(m. 1736; died 1765)​Issuemore... Archduchess Maria Elisabeth Archduchess Maria Anna Archduchess Maria Carolina Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen Archduchess Maria Elisabeth Archduke Charles Joseph Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor Archduchess Maria Carolina Archduchess Maria Johanna Archduchess Maria Josepha Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau Maria Antonia, Queen of France Maximilian Francis, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne NamesMaria Theresia Walburga Amalia ChristinaHouseHabsburgFatherCharles VI, Holy Roman EmperorMotherElisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbüttelReligionCatholic ChurchSignature Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right). She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Galicia and Lodomeria, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, and Holy Roman Empress. Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died on 20 October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it. He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). Moreover, upon his death, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime. Frederick II of Prussia (who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia in the eight-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the Seven Years' War. Although she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor Francis I, and her eldest son, Emperor Joseph II, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa ruled as an autocratic sovereign with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, and Gerard van Swieten. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. A pious Catholic, she despised Jews and Protestants, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the state church. Birth and early life Painting of three-year-old Maria Theresa within the gardens of Hofburg Palace The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold Johann, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling. Maria Theresa replaced Maria Josepha as heir presumptive to the Habsburg realms the moment she was born; Charles VI had issued the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 which had placed his nieces behind his own daughters in the line of succession. Charles sought the other European powers' approval for disinheriting his nieces. They exacted harsh terms: in the Treaty of Vienna, Great Britain demanded that Austria abolish the Ostend Company in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction. In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony, United Provinces, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Denmark, Sardinia, Bavaria, and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction. France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria, and Prussia later reneged. Archduchess Maria Theresa, by Andreas Möller Little more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister, Maria Anna, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724. The portraits of the imperial family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine and Maria Anna. The Prussian ambassador noted that she had large blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth and a notably strong body. Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other. Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from horse riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her Hungarian coronation ceremony. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. Her education was overseen by Jesuits. Contemporaries thought her Latin to be quite good, but in all else, the Jesuits did not educate her well. Her spelling and punctuation were unconventional and she lacked the formal manner and speech which had characterised her Habsburg predecessors. Maria Theresa developed a close relationship with Countess Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, who taught her etiquette. She was educated in drawing, painting, music and dancing – the disciplines which would have prepared her for the role of queen consort. Her father allowed her to attend meetings of the council from the age of 14 but never discussed the affairs of state with her. Even though he had spent the last decades of his life securing Maria Theresa's inheritance, Charles never prepared his daughter for her future role as sovereign. Marriage The question of Maria Theresa's marriage was raised early in her childhood. Leopold Clement of Lorraine was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. These plans were forestalled by his death from smallpox that year. Leopold Clement's younger brother, Francis Stephen, was invited to Vienna. Even though Francis Stephen was his favourite candidate for Maria Theresa's hand, the Emperor considered other possibilities. Religious differences prevented him from arranging his daughter's marriage to the Protestant prince Frederick of Prussia. In 1725, he betrothed her to Charles of Spain and her sister, Maria Anna, to Philip of Spain. However, other European powers compelled him to renounce the pact he had made with the Queen of Spain, Elisabeth Farnese, and the betrothal to Charles was broken off. Maria Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved. Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their wedding breakfast, by Martin van Meytens. Charles VI (in the red-plumed hat) is seated at the center of the table. Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine, but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the War of the Polish Succession. Louis XV of France demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine to accommodate his father-in-law, Stanisław I, who had been deposed as King of Poland. Francis Stephen was to receive the Grand Duchy of Tuscany upon the death of childless Grand Duke Gian Gastone de' Medici. The couple were married on 12 February 1736 at the Augustinian Church in Vienna. The Duchess of Lorraine's love for her husband was strong and possessive. The letters she sent to him shortly before their marriage expressed her eagerness to see him; his letters, on the other hand, were stereotyped and formal. She was very jealous of her husband and his infidelity was the greatest problem of their marriage, with Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg, as his best-known mistress. Maria Theresa in 1730, by Venetian painter, Rosalba Carriera. Upon Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1738, Charles VI sent the young couple to make their formal entry into Tuscany. The Triumphal Arch of the Lorraine was erected at the Porta Galla in celebration, where it remains today. Their stay in Florence was brief. Charles VI soon recalled them, as he feared he might die while his heiress was miles away in Tuscany. In the summer of 1738, Austria suffered defeats during the ongoing Russo-Turkish War. The Turks reversed Austrian gains in Serbia, Wallachia and Bosnia. The Viennese rioted at the cost of the war. Francis Stephen was popularly despised, as he was thought to be a cowardly French spy. The war was concluded the next year with the Treaty of Belgrade. Accession Maria Theresa's procession through the Graben, 22 November 1740. The pregnant queen is on way to hear High Mass at St. Stephen's Cathedral before receiving homage. Charles VI died on 20 October 1740, probably of mushroom poisoning. He had ignored the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs. The Emperor, who spent his entire reign securing the Pragmatic Sanction, left Austria in an impoverished state, bankrupted by the recent Turkish war and the War of the Polish Succession; the treasury contained only 100,000 florins, which were claimed by his widow. The army had also been weakened due to these wars; instead of the full number of 160,000, the army had been reduced to about 108,000, and they were scattered in small areas from the Austrian Netherlands to Transylvania, and from Silesia to Tuscany. They were also poorly trained and discipline was lacking. Later Maria Theresa even made a remark: "as for the state in which I found the army, I cannot begin to describe it." Maria Theresa found herself in a difficult situation. She did not know enough about matters of state and she was unaware of the weakness of her father's ministers. She decided to rely on her father's advice to retain his counselors and to defer to her husband, whom she considered to be more experienced, on other matters. Both decisions later gave cause for regret. Ten years later, Maria Theresa recalled in her Political Testament the circumstances under which she had ascended: "I found myself without money, without credit, without army, without experience and knowledge of my own and finally, also without any counsel because each one of them at first wanted to wait and see how things would develop." She dismissed the possibility that other countries might try to seize her territories and immediately started ensuring the imperial dignity for herself; since a woman could not be elected Holy Roman Empress, Maria Theresa wanted to secure the imperial office for her husband, but Francis Stephen did not possess enough land or rank within the Holy Roman Empire. In order to make him eligible for the imperial throne and to enable him to vote in the imperial elections as King of Bohemia (which she could not do because of her sex), Maria Theresa made Francis Stephen co-ruler of the Austrian and Bohemian lands on 21 November 1740. It took more than a year for the Diet of Hungary to accept Francis Stephen as co-ruler, since they asserted that the sovereignty of Hungary could not be shared. Despite her love for him and his position as co-ruler, Maria Theresa never allowed her husband to decide matters of state and often dismissed him from council meetings when they disagreed. The first display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of homage of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. It was an elaborate public event which served as a formal recognition and legitimation of her accession. The oath of fealty to Maria Theresa was taken on the same day in the Ritterstube of the Hofburg. War of the Austrian Succession Main article: War of the Austrian Succession Maria Theresa being crowned Queen Regnant of Hungary, St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg Maria Theresa as the Queen Regnant of Hungary Immediately after her accession, a number of European sovereigns who had recognised Maria Theresa as heir broke their promises. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance. Maria Theresa did secure recognition from King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, who had not accepted the Pragmatic Sanction during her father's lifetime, in November 1740. In December, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Duchy of Silesia and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. Maria Theresa decided to fight for the mineral-rich province. Frederick even offered a compromise: he would defend Maria Theresa's rights if she agreed to cede to him at least a part of Silesia. Francis Stephen was inclined to consider such an arrangement, but the Queen and her advisers were not, fearing that any violation of the Pragmatic Sanction would invalidate the entire document. Maria Theresa's firmness soon assured Francis Stephen that they should fight for Silesia, and she was confident that she would retain "the jewel of the House of Austria". The resulting war with Prussia is known as the First Silesian War. The invasion of Silesia by Frederick was the start of a lifelong enmity; she referred to him as "that evil man". As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released Marshall Neipperg, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War. Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Mollwitz in April 1741. France drew up a plan to partition Austria between Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Spain: Bohemia and Upper Austria would be ceded to Bavaria, whose Elector would become emperor, whereas Moravia and Upper Silesia would be granted to the Electorate of Saxony, Lower Silesia and Glatz to Prussia, and the entire Austrian Lombardy to Spain. Marshall Belle-Isle joined Frederick at Olmütz. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. Francis Stephen urged Maria Theresa to reach a rapprochement with Prussia, as did Great Britain. Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations. Contrary to all expectations, the young Queen gained significant support from Hungary. Her coronation as Queen of Hungary suo jure took place in St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 25 June 1741. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Hungarian Diet. To appease those who considered her gender to be a serious obstacle, Maria Theresa assumed masculine titles. Thus, in nomenclature, Maria Theresa was archduke and king; normally, however, she was styled as queen. By July, attempts at conciliation had completely collapsed. Maria Theresa's ally, Augustus III of Poland, now became her enemy, and George II declared the Electorate of Hanover to be neutral. Therefore, she needed troops from Hungary in order to support the war effort. Although she had already won the admiration of the Hungarians, the number of volunteers was only in the hundreds. Since she required them in thousands or even tens of thousands, she decided to appear before the Hungarian Diet on 11 September 1741 while wearing the Holy Crown of Hungary. She began addressing the Diet in Latin, and she asserted that "the very existence of the Kingdom of Hungary, of our own person and children, and our crown, are at stake. Forsaken by all, we place our sole reliance in the fidelity and long-tried valor of the Hungarians." The response was rather boorish, with the queen being questioned and even heckled by members of the Diet; someone cried that she "better apply to Satan than the Hungarians for help." However, she managed to show her gift for theatrical displays by holding her son and heir, Joseph, while weeping, and she dramatically consigned the future king to the defense of the "brave Hungarians". This act managed to win the sympathy of the members, and they declared that they would die for Maria Theresa. Engraved by Gustav Adolph Müller after Martin van Mytens, the Younger, Maria Theresa of Austria, 1742, engraving In 1741, the Austrian authorities informed Maria Theresa that the Bohemian populace would prefer Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, to her as sovereign. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: "I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery." She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to the Bohemian chancellor, Count Philip Kinsky: "My mind is made up. We must put everything at stake to save Bohemia." On 26 October, the Elector of Bavaria captured Prague and declared himself King of Bohemia. Maria Theresa, then in Hungary, wept on learning of the loss of Bohemia. Charles Albert was unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII on 24 January 1742, which made him the only non-Habsburg to be in that position since 1440. The Queen, who regarded the election as a catastrophe, caught her enemies unprepared by insisting on a winter campaign; the same day he was elected emperor, Austrian troops under Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller captured Munich, Charles Albert's capital. She has, as you well know, a terrible hatred for France, with which nation it is most difficult for her to keep on good terms, but she controls this passion except when she thinks to her advantage to display it. She detests Your Majesty, but acknowledges your ability. She cannot forget the loss of Silesia, nor her grief over the soldiers she lost in wars with you. Prussian ambassador's letter to Frederick the Great The Treaty of Breslau of June 1742 ended hostilities between Austria and Prussia. With the First Silesian War at an end, the Queen soon made the recovery of Bohemia her priority. French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. On 12 May 1743, Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia in St. Vitus Cathedral suo jure. Prussia became anxious at Austrian advances on the Rhine frontier, and Frederick again invaded Bohemia, beginning a Second Silesian War; Prussian troops sacked Prague in August 1744. The French plans fell apart when Charles VII died in January 1745. The French overran the Austrian Netherlands in May. Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia (with the exception of Austrian Silesia by the Treaty of Dresden in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War). The wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle, which concluded the eight-year conflict, recognised Prussia's possession of Silesia, and Maria Theresa ceded the Duchy of Parma to Philip of Spain. France had successfully conquered the Austrian Netherlands, but Louis XV, wishing to prevent potential future wars with Austria, returned them to Maria Theresa. Seven Years' War Main article: Seven Years' War The Battle of Kolín, 1757 Frederick of Prussia's invasion of Saxony in August 1756 began a Third Silesian War and sparked the wider Seven Years' War. Maria Theresa and Prince Kaunitz wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia. Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador to Versailles from 1750 to 1753 to win over the French. Meanwhile, the British rebuffed requests from Maria Theresa to aid her in reclaiming Silesia, and Frederick II himself managed to secure the Treaty of Westminster (1756) with them. Subsequently, Maria Theresa sent Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg, to negotiate an agreement with France, and the result was the First Treaty of Versailles of 1 May 1756. Thus, the efforts of Kaunitz and Starhemberg managed to pave a way for a Diplomatic Revolution; previously, France was one of Austria's archenemies together with Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but after the agreement, they were united by a common cause against Prussia. However, historians have blamed this treaty for France's devastating defeats in the war, since Louis XV was required to deploy troops in Germany and to provide subsidies of 25–30 million pounds a year to Maria Theresa that were vital for the Austrian war effort in Bohemia and Silesia. On 1 May 1757, the Second Treaty of Versailles was signed, whereby Louis XV promised to provide Austria with 130,000 men in addition to 12 million florins yearly. They would also continue the war in Continental Europe until Prussia could be compelled to abandon Silesia and Glatz. In return, Austria would cede several towns in the Austrian Netherlands to the son-in-law of Louis XV, Philip of Parma, who in turn would grant his Italian duchies to Maria Theresa. Maximilian von Browne commanded the Austrian troops. Following the indecisive Battle of Lobositz in 1756, he was replaced by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law. However, he was appointed only because of his familial relations; he turned out to be an incompetent military leader, and he was replaced by Leopold Joseph von Daun, Franz Moritz von Lacy and Ernst Gideon von Laudon. Frederick himself was startled by Lobositz; he eventually re-grouped for another attack in June 1757. The Battle of Kolín that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Frederick lost one third of his troops, and before the battle was over, he had left the scene. Subsequently, Prussia was defeated at Hochkirch in Saxony on 14 October 1758, at Kunersdorf in Brandenburg on 12 August 1759, and at Landeshut near Glatz in June 1760. Hungarian and Croat light hussars led by Count Hadik raided Berlin in 1757. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. However, these victories did not enable the Habsburgs to win the war, as the French and Habsburg armies were destroyed by Frederick at Rossbach in 1757. After the defeat in Torgau on 3 November 1760, Maria Theresa realised that she could no longer reclaim Silesia without Russian support, which vanished after the death of Empress Elizabeth in early 1762. In the meantime, France was losing badly in America and India, and thus they had reduced their subsidies by 50%. Since 1761, Kaunitz had tried to organise a diplomatic congress to take advantage of the accession of George III of Great Britain, as he did not really care about Germany. Finally, the war was concluded by the Treaty of Hubertusburg and Paris in 1763. Austria had to leave the Prussian territories that were occupied. Although Silesia remained under the control of Prussia, a new balance of power was created in Europe, and Austrian position was strengthened by it thanks to its alliance with the Bourbons in Madrid, Parma and Naples. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations. Family life Maria Theresa with her family, 1754, by Martin van Meytens Childbearing Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children in nineteen years from 1737 to 1756. Thirteen survived infancy, but only ten survived into adulthood. The first child, Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. The child's sex caused great disappointment and so would the births of Maria Anna, the eldest surviving child, and Maria Carolina (1740–1741). While fighting to preserve her inheritance, Maria Theresa gave birth to a son, Joseph, named after Saint Joseph, to whom she had repeatedly prayed for a male child during the pregnancy. Maria Theresa's favourite child, Maria Christina, was born on her 25th birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army at Chotusitz. Five more children were born during the war: (the second) Maria Elisabeth, Charles, Maria Amalia, Leopold and (the second) Maria Carolina (b. & d. 1748). During this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. Five children were born during the peace between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War: Maria Johanna, Maria Josepha, (the third) Maria Carolina, Ferdinand and Maria Antonia. She delivered her last child, Maximilian Francis, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39. Maria Theresa asserted that, had she not been almost always pregnant, she would have gone into battle herself. Illnesses and deaths Mural by Franz Anton Maulbertsch in the Hofburg, Innsbruck, commissioned by Maria Theresa in remembrance of her daughters who died in childhood: Maria Johanna (1750–1762), Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), Maria Carolina (1740–1741) and Maria Carolina (1748) Four of Maria Theresa's children died before reaching adolescence. Her eldest daughter Maria Elisabeth died from stomach cramps at the age of three. Her third child, the first of three daughters named Maria Carolina, died shortly after her first birthday. The second Maria Carolina was born feet first in 1748. As it became evident that she would not survive, preparations were hastily made to baptize her while still living; according to traditional Catholic belief, unbaptized infants would be condemned to eternity in limbo. Maria Theresa's physician Gerard van Swieten assured her that the infant was still living when baptized, but many at court doubted this. Maria Theresa's mother, Empress Elisabeth Christine, died in 1750. Four years later, Maria Theresa's governess, Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, died. She showed her gratitude to Countess Fuchs by having her buried in the Imperial Crypt along with the members of the imperial family. Smallpox was a constant threat to members of the royal family. In July 1749, Maria Christina survived a bout of the disease, followed in January 1757 by Maria Theresa's eldest son Joseph. In January 1761, the disease killed her second son Charles at the age of fifteen. In December 1762, her twelve-year-old daughter Johanna likewise died in agony from the disease. In November 1763, Joseph's first wife Isabella died from the disease. Joseph's second wife Empress Maria Josepha likewise caught the disease in May 1767 and died a week later. Maria Theresa ignored the risk of infection and embraced her daughter-in-law before the sick chamber was sealed to outsiders. Maria Theresa in fact contracted smallpox from her daughter-in-law. Throughout the city prayers were made for her recovery, and the sacrament was displayed in all churches. Joseph slept in one of his mother's antechambers and hardly left her bedside. On 1 June, Maria Theresa was given the last rites. When the news came in early June that she had survived the crisis, there was huge rejoicing at the court and amongst the populace of Vienna. In October 1767, Maria Theresa's sixteen-year-old daughter Josepha also showed signs of the disease. It was assumed that she had caught the infection when she went with her mother to pray in the Imperial Crypt next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha (Joseph's wife). Archduchess Josepha started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. Maria Carolina was to replace her as the pre-determined bride of King Ferdinand IV of Naples. Maria Theresa blamed herself for her daughter's death for the rest of her life because, at the time, the concept of an extended incubation period was largely unknown and it was believed that Josepha had caught smallpox from the body of the late empress. The last in the family to be infected with the illness was the twenty-four year old Elisabeth. Although she recovered, she was badly scarred with pock marks from the illness. Maria Theresa's losses to smallpox, especially in the epidemic of 1767, were decisive in her sponsoring trials to prevent the illness through inoculation, and subsequently insisting on members of the imperial family receiving inoculation. Dynastic marriage policy Shortly after giving birth to the younger children, Maria Theresa was confronted with the task of marrying off the elder ones. She led the marriage negotiations along with the campaigns of her wars and the duties of state. She used them as pawns in dynastic games and sacrificed their happiness for the benefit of the state. A devoted but self-conscious mother, she wrote to all of her children at least once a week and believed herself entitled to exercise authority over her children regardless of their age and rank. The dowager empress with family, 1776, by Heinrich Füger In April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married Louis, Dauphin of France, by proxy in Vienna. Maria Antonia's education was neglected, and when the French showed an interest in her, her mother went about educating her as best she could about the court of Versailles and the French. Maria Theresa kept up a fortnightly correspondence with Maria Antonia, now called Marie Antoinette, in which she often reproached her for laziness and frivolity and scolded her for failing to conceive a child. Maria Theresa was not just critical of Marie Antoinette. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. She criticized Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organization, and Maria Amalia for her poor French and haughtiness. The only child she did not constantly scold was Maria Christina, who enjoyed her mother's complete confidence, though she failed to please her mother in one aspect – she did not produce any surviving children. One of Maria Theresa's greatest wishes was to have as many grandchildren as possible, but she had only about two dozen at the time of her death, of which all the eldest surviving daughters were named after her, with the exception of Princess Carolina of Parma, her eldest granddaughter by Maria Amalia. Religious views and policies Maria Theresa and her family celebrating Saint Nicholas, by Archduchess Maria Christina, in 1762 Like all members of the House of Habsburg, Maria Theresa was a Catholic, and a devout one. She believed that religious unity was necessary for a peaceful public life and explicitly rejected the idea of religious toleration. She even advocated for a state church and contemporary travelers criticized her regime as bigoted, intolerant and superstitious. However, she never allowed the church to interfere with what she considered to be prerogatives of a monarch and kept Rome at arm's length. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots. Overall, the ecclesiastical policies of Maria Theresa were enacted to ensure the primacy of state control in church-state relations. She was also influenced by Jansenist ideas. One of the most important aspects of Jansenism was the advocacy of maximum freedom of national churches from Rome. Although Austria had always stressed the rights of the state in relation to the church, Jansenism provided new theoretical justification for this. Maria Theresa promoted the Greek Catholics and emphasized their equal status with Latin Church Catholics. Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public flagellantism. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders. Jesuits Her relationship with the Jesuits was complex. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors, and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers convinced her that the order posed a danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree that removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy, and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's Apostolicum pascendi bull, which was in favour of the Jesuits, and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order. Jews Joseph, Maria Theresa's eldest son and co-ruler, in 1775, by Anton von Maron Maria Theresa regarded both the Jews and Protestants as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them. She was probably the most anti-Jewish monarch of her time, having inherited the traditional prejudices of her ancestors and acquired new ones. This was a product of commonplace antisemitism and was not kept secret in her time. In 1777, she wrote of the Jews: "I know of no greater plague than this race, which on account of its deceit, usury and avarice is driving my subjects into beggary. Therefore as far as possible, the Jews are to be kept away and avoided." Her hatred was so deep that she was willing to tolerate Protestant businessmen and financiers in Vienna, such as the Swiss-born Johann von Fries, since she wanted to break free from the Jewish financiers. In December 1744, she proposed to her ministers the expulsion of around 10,000 Jews from Prague amid accusations that they were disloyal at the time of the Bavarian-French occupation during the War of the Austrian Succession. The order was then expanded to all Jews of Bohemia and major cities of Moravia. Her first intention was to deport all Jews by 1 January, but having accepted the advice of her ministers, had the deadline postponed. The expulsion was executed only for Prague and only retracted in 1748 due to economic considerations and pressures from other countries, including Great Britain. In the third decade of her reign, Maria Theresa issued edicts that offered some state protection to her Jewish subjects. She forbade the forcible conversion of Jewish children to Christianity in 1762, and in 1763 she forbade Catholic clergy from extracting surplice fees from her Jewish subjects. In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a blood libel in the village of Orkuta. Notwithstanding her continuing strong dislike of Jews, Maria Theresa supported Jewish commercial and industrial activity in Austria. There were also parts of the realm where the Jews were treated better, such as Trieste, Gorizia and Vorarlberg. Protestants In contrast to Maria Theresa's efforts to expel the Jews, she aimed to convert the Protestants (whom she regarded as heretics) to Catholicism. Commissions were formed to seek out secret Protestants and intern them in workhouses, where they would be given the chance to subscribe to approved statements of Catholic faith. If they accepted, they were to be allowed to return to their homes. However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile. Maria Theresa exiled Protestants from Austria to Transylvania, including 2,600 from Upper Austria in the 1750s. Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous". Despite her policies, practical, demographic and economic considerations prevented her from expelling the Protestants en masse. In 1777, she abandoned the idea of expelling Moravian Protestants after Joseph, who was opposed to her intentions, threatened to abdicate as emperor and co-ruler. In February 1780, after a number of Moravians publicly declared their faith, Joseph demanded a general freedom to worship. However, Maria Theresa refused to grant this for as long as she lived. In May 1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary. Freedom of religion was granted only in the Declaration of Tolerance issued by Joseph immediately after Maria Theresa's death. Eastern Orthodox Christians Confirmation of Serbian privileges, issued by Maria Theresa in 1743 Further information: Metropolitanate of Karlovci and Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation The policies of Maria Theresa's government toward their Eastern Orthodox subjects were marked by special interests, relating not only to complex religious situations in various southern and eastern regions of the Habsburg monarchy, inhabited by Eastern Orthodox Christians, mainly Serbs and Romanians, but also regarding the political aspirations of the Habsburg court toward several neighbouring lands and regions in Southeastern Europe still held by the declining Ottoman Empire and inhabited by an Eastern Orthodox population. Maria Theresa's government confirmed (1743) and continued to uphold old privileges granted to their Eastern Orthodox subjects by previous Habsburg monarchs (emperors Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI), but at the same time, new reforms were enforced, establishing much firmer state control over the Serbian Orthodox Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Those reforms were initiated by royal patents, known as Regulamentum privilegiorum (1770) and Regulamentum Illyricae Nationis (1777), and finalized in 1779 by the Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation, a comprehensive document that regulated all major issues relating to the religious life of their Eastern Orthodox subjects and the administration of the Serbian Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Maria Theresa's rescript of 1779 was kept in force until 1868. Reforms Maria Theresa in 1762, by Jean-Étienne Liotard Institutional Maria Theresa was as conservative in matters of state as in those of religion, but she implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency. She employed Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000 men, paid for with 14 million florins extracted from crown lands. The central government was responsible for funding the army, although Haugwitz instituted taxation of the nobility, who had never before had to pay taxes. Moreover, after Haugwitz was appointed the head of the new central administrative agency, dubbed the Directory, (Directorium in publicis et cameralibus) in 1749, he initiated a radical centralization of state institutions down to the level of the District Office (Kreisamt). Thanks to this effort, by 1760 there was a class of government officials numbering around 10,000. However, Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary were almost completely untouched by this reform. In the case of Hungary, Maria Theresa was particularly mindful of her promise that she would respect the privileges in the kingdom, including the immunity of nobles from taxation. In light of the failure to reclaim Silesia during the Seven Years' War, the governing system was once again reformed to strengthen the state. The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate financial bodies. She also refounded the Hofkammer in 1762, which was a ministry of finances that controlled all revenues from the monarchy. In addition to this, the Hofrechenskammer, or exchequer, was tasked with the handling of all financial accounts. Meanwhile, in 1760, Maria Theresa created the Council of State (Staatsrat), composed of the state chancellor, three members of the high nobility and three knights, which served as a committee of experienced people who advised her. The council of state lacked executive or legislative authority; nevertheless, it showed the difference between the form of government employed by Maria Theresa and that of Frederick II of Prussia. Unlike the latter, Maria Theresa was not an autocrat who acted as her own minister. Prussia would adopt this form of government only after 1807. Maria Theresa doubled the state revenue from 20 to 40 million florins between 1754 and 1764, though her attempt to tax clergy and nobility was only partially successful. These financial reforms greatly improved the economy. After Kaunitz became the head of the new Staatsrat, he pursued a policy of "aristocratic enlightenment" that relied on persuasion to interact with the estates, and he was also willing to retract some of Haugwitz's centralization to curry favour with them. Nonetheless, the governing system remained centralised, and a strong institution made it possible for Kaunitz to increase state revenues substantially. In 1775, the Habsburg monarchy achieved its first balanced budget, and by 1780, the Habsburg state revenue had reached 50 million florins. Medicine After Maria Theresa recruited Gerard van Swieten from the Netherlands, he also employed a fellow Dutchman named Anton de Haen, who founded the Viennese Medicine School (Wiener Medizinische Schule). Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs. After the smallpox epidemic of 1767, she promoted inoculation, which she had learned of through her correspondence with Maria Antonia, Electress of Saxony (who in turn probably knew of it through her own correspondence with Frederick the Great). After unsuccessfully inviting the Sutton brothers from England to introduce their technique in Austria, Maria Theresa obtained information on current practices of smallpox inoculation in England. She overrode the objections of Gerard van Swieten (who doubted the effectiveness of the technique), and ordered that it be tried on thirty-four newborn orphans and sixty-seven orphans between the ages of five and fourteen years. The trial was successful, establishing that inoculation was effective in protecting against smallpox, and safe (in the case of the test subjects). The empress therefore ordered the construction of an inoculation centre, and had herself and two of her children inoculated. She promoted inoculation in Austria by hosting a dinner for the first sixty-five inoculated children in Schönbrunn Palace, waiting on the children herself. Maria Theresa was responsible for changing Austrian physicians' negative view of inoculation. In 1770, she enacted a strict regulation of the sale of poisons, and apothecaries were obliged to keep a poison register recording the quantity and circumstances of every sale. If someone unknown tried to purchase a poison, that person had to provide two character witnesses before a sale could be effectuated. Three years later, she prohibited the use of lead in any eating or drinking vessels; the only permitted material for this purpose was pure tin. Law She is most unusually ambitious and hopes to make the House of Austria more renowned than it has ever been. Prussian ambassador's letter to Frederick II of Prussia The centralization of the Habsburg government necessitated the creation of a unified legal system. Previously, various lands in the Habsburg realm had their own laws. These laws were compiled and the resulting Codex Theresianus could be used as a basis for legal unification. In 1769, the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana was published, and this was a codification of the traditional criminal justice system since the Middle Ages. This criminal code allowed the possibility of establishing the truth through torture, and it also criminalised witchcraft and various religious offenses. Although this law came into force in Austria and Bohemia, it was not valid in Hungary. Maria Theresa is credited, however, in ending the witch hunts in Zagreb, opposing the methods used against Magda Logomer (also called Herrucina), who was the last prosecuted witch in Zagreb following her intervention. She was particularly concerned with the sexual morality of her subjects. Thus, she established a Chastity Commission (Keuschheitskommission) in 1752 to clamp down on prostitution, homosexuality, adultery and even sex between members of different religions. This Commission cooperated closely with the police, and the Commission even employed secret agents to investigate private lives of men and women with bad reputation. They were authorised to raid banquets, clubs, and private gatherings, and to arrest those suspected of violating social norms. The punishments included whipping, deportation, or even the death penalty. In 1776, Austria outlawed torture, at the particular behest of Joseph II. Much unlike Joseph, but with the support of religious authorities, Maria Theresa was opposed to the abolition of torture. Born and raised between Baroque and Rococo eras, she found it difficult to fit into the intellectual sphere of the Enlightenment, which is why she only slowly followed humanitarian reforms on the continent. From an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands. Education Throughout her reign, Maria Theresa made the promotion of education a priority. Initially this was focused on the wealthier classes. She permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which influenced the decline of theology as the main foundation of university education. Furthermore, educational institutions were created to prepare officials for work in the state bureaucracy: the Theresianum was established in Vienna in 1746 to educate nobles' sons, a military school named the Theresian Military Academy was founded in Wiener Neustadt in 1751, and an Oriental Academy for future diplomats was created in 1754. In the 1770s, reform of the schooling system for all levels of society became a major policy. Stollberg-Rilinger notes that the reform of the primary schools in particular was the most long-lasting success of Maria Theresa's later reign, and one of the few policy agendas in which she was not in open conflict with her son and nominal co-ruler Joseph II. The need for the reform became evident after the census of 1770–1771, which revealed the widespread illiteracy of the populace. Maria Theresa thereupon wrote to her rival Frederick II of Prussia to request him to allow the Silesian school reformer Johann Ignaz von Felbiger to move to Austria. Felbiger's first proposals were made law by December 1774. Austrian historian Karl Vocelka observed that the educational reforms enacted by Maria Theresa were "really founded on Enlightenment ideas," although the ulterior motive was still to "meet the needs of an absolutist state, as an increasingly sophisticated and complicated society and economy required new administrators, officers, diplomats and specialists in virtually every area." Maria Theresa's reform established secular primary schools, which children of both sexes from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend. The curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere rote learning. Education was to be multilingual; children were to be instructed first in their mother tongue and then in later years in German. Prizes were given to the most able students to encourage ability. Attention was also given to raising the status and pay of teachers, who were forbidden to take on outside employment. Teacher training colleges were established to train teachers in the latest techniques. The education reform was met with considerable opposition. Predictably, some of this came from peasants who wanted the children to work in the fields instead. Maria Theresa crushed the dissent by ordering the arrest of all those opposed. However, much of the opposition came from the imperial court, particularly amongst aristocrats who saw their power threatened by the reformers or those who feared that that greater literacy would expose the population to Protestant or Enlightenment ideas. Felbiger's reforms were nevertheless pushed through, as a result of the consistent support of Maria Theresa and her minister Franz Sales Greiner. The reform of the primary schools largely met Maria Theresa's aim of raising literacy standards, as evidenced by the higher proportions of children who attended school; this was particularly the case in the Archdiocese of Vienna, where school attendance increased from 40% in 1780 to a sensational 94% by 1807. Nevertheless, high rates of illiteracy persisted in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century, The teacher training colleges (in particular the Vienna Normal School) produced hundreds of new teachers who spread the new system over the following decades. However, the number of secondary schools decreased, since the quantity of new schools founded failed to make up for the numbers of Jesuit schools abolished. As a result, secondary schooling became more exclusive. Censorship Her regime was also known for institutionalising censorship of publications and learning. English author Sir Nathaniel Wraxall once wrote from Vienna: "he injudicious bigotry of the Empress may chiefly be attributed the deficiency . It is hardly credible how many books and productions of every species, and in every language, are proscribed by her. Not only Voltaire and Rousseau are included in the list, from the immoral tendency or licentious nature of their writings; but many authors whom we consider as unexceptionable or harmless, experience a similar treatment." The censorship particularly affected works that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. Ironically, for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an "enlightened" man. Economy Maria Theresa endeavoured to increase the living standards and quality of life of the people, since she could see a causal link between peasant living standards, productivity and state revenue. The Habsburg government under her rule also tried to strengthen its industry through government interventions. After the loss of Silesia, they implemented subsidies and trade barriers to encourage the move of Silesian textile industry to northern Bohemia. In addition, they cut back guild privileges, and internal duties on trade were either reformed or removed (such as the case for the Austrian-Bohemian lands in 1775). Maria Theresa depicted on her Thaler In the late part of her reign, Maria Theresa undertook reform of the system of serfdom, which was the basis for agriculture in eastern parts of her lands (particularly Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary and Galicia). Although Maria Theresa had initially been reluctant to meddle in such affairs, government interventions were made possible by the perceived need for economic power and the emergence of a functioning bureaucracy. The census of 1770–71 gave the peasants opportunity to express their grievances directly to the royal commissioners and made evident to Maria Theresa the extent to which their poverty was the result of the extreme demands for forced labour (called "robota" in Czech) by the landlords. On some estates, the landlords demanded that the peasants work up to seven days per week in tilling the nobles' land, so that the only time available for the peasants to till their own land was at night. An additional prompt to reform was the famine which afflicted the empire in the early 1770s. Bohemia was particularly hard hit. Maria Theresa was increasingly influenced by the reformers Franz Anton von Blanc and Tobias Philipp von Gebler, who called for radical changes to the serf system to allow the peasants to make a living. In 1771–1778, Maria Theresa issued a series of "Robot Patents" (i.e. regulations regarding forced labour), which regulated and restricted peasant labour only in the German and Bohemian parts of the realm. The goal was to ensure that peasants not only could support themselves and their family members, but also help cover the national expenditure in peace or war. By late 1772, Maria Theresa had decided on more radical reform. In 1773, she entrusted her minister Franz Anton von Raab with a model project on the crown lands in Bohemia: he was tasked to divide up the large estates into small farms, convert the forced labour contracts into leases, and enable the farmers to pass the leaseholds onto their children. Raab pushed the project through so successfully that his name was identified with the program, which became known as Raabisation. After the success of the program on the crown lands, Maria Theresa had it also implemented on the former Jesuit lands, as well as crown lands in other parts of her empire. However, Maria Theresa's attempts to extend the Raab system to the great estates belonging to the Bohemian nobles were fiercely resisted by the nobles. They claimed that the crown had no right to interfere with the serf system, since the nobles were the original owners of the land and had allowed the peasants to work it on stipulated conditions. The nobles also claimed that the system of forced labour had no connection with the peasants' poverty, which was a result of the peasants' own wastefulness and the increased royal taxes. Somewhat surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria Theresa's son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of serfdom. In a letter to his brother Leopold, of 1775, Joseph complained that his mother intended to "abolish serfdom entirely and arbitrarily destroy the centuries-old property relations." He complained that "no consideration was being taken for the landlords, who were threatened with the loss of more than half their income. For many of them, who are carrying debts, this would mean financial ruin." By 1776, the court was polarized: on one side was a small reform party (including Maria Theresa, Raab, Blanc, Gebler and Greiner); on the conservative side were Joseph and the rest of the court. Joseph argued that it was difficult to find a middle way between the interests of the peasants and nobles; he suggested instead that the peasants negotiate with their landlords to reach an outcome. Joseph's biographer Derek Beales calls this change of course "puzzling". In the ensuing struggle, Joseph forced Blanc to leave the court. Because of the opposition, Maria Theresa was unable to carry out the planned reform and had to settle on a compromise. The system of serfdom was only abolished after Maria Theresa's death, in the Serfdom Patent (1781) issued (in another change of course) by Joseph II as sole ruler. Late reign Maria Theresa as a widow in 1773, by Anton von Maron. Peace holds the olive crown above her head, reaffirming Maria Theresa's monarchical status. This was the last commissioned state portrait of Maria Theresa. Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in Innsbruck celebrating the wedding of his second surviving son, Leopold. Maria Theresa was devastated. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. She completely withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. Throughout her widowhood, she spent the whole of August and the eighteenth of each month alone in her chamber, which negatively affected her mental health. She described her state of mind shortly after Francis's death: "I hardly know myself now, for I have become like an animal with no true life or reasoning power." Upon his accession to the imperial throne, Joseph ruled less land than his father had in 1740, since he had given up his rights over Tuscany to Leopold, and thus he only controlled Falkenstein and Teschen. Believing that the emperor must possess enough land to maintain his standing as emperor, Maria Theresa, who was used to being assisted in the administration of her vast realms, declared Joseph to be her new co-ruler on 17 September 1765. From then on, mother and son had frequent ideological disagreements. The 22 million florins that Joseph inherited from his father was injected into the treasury. Maria Theresa had another loss in February 1766 when Haugwitz died. She gave her son absolute control over the military following the death of Leopold Joseph von Daun. According to Austrian historian Robert A. Kann, Maria Theresa was a monarch of above-average qualifications but intellectually inferior to Joseph and Leopold. Kann asserts that she nevertheless possessed qualities appreciated in a monarch: warm heart, practical mind, firm determination and sound perception. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria Theresa's. The relationship between Maria Theresa and Joseph was not without warmth but was complicated and their personalities clashed. Despite his intellect, Maria Theresa's force of personality often made Joseph cower. Sometimes, she openly admired his talents and achievements, but she was also not hesitant to rebuke him. She even wrote: "We never see each other except at dinner ... His temper gets worse every day ... Please burn this letter ... I just try to avoid public scandal." In another letter, also addressed to Joseph's companion, she complained: "He avoids me ... I am the only person in his way and so I am an obstruction and a burden ... Abdication alone can remedy matters." After much contemplation, she chose not to abdicate. Joseph himself often threatened to resign as co-regent and emperor, but he, too, was induced not to do so. Her threats of abdication were rarely taken seriously; Maria Theresa believed that her recovery from smallpox in 1767 was a sign that God wished her to reign until death. It was in Joseph's interest that she remained sovereign, for he often blamed her for his failures and thus avoided taking on the responsibilities of a monarch. Joseph and Prince Kaunitz arranged the First Partition of Poland despite Maria Theresa's protestations. Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the Polish people. She even once argued, "What right have we to rob an innocent nation that it has hitherto been our boast to protect and support?" The duo argued that it was too late to abort now. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia would do it with or without Austrian participation. Maria Theresa claimed and eventually took Galicia and Lodomeria; in the words of Frederick, "the more she cried, the more she took". A few years after the partition, Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). Following the signing of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774 that concluded the war, Austria entered into negotiations with the Sublime Porte. Thus, in 1775, the Ottoman Empire ceded the northwestern part of Moldavia (subsequently known as Bukovina) to Austria. Subsequently, on 30 December 1777, Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria died without leaving any children. As a result, his territories were coveted by ambitious men, including Joseph, who tried to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands. This alarmed Frederick II of Prussia, and thus the War of the Bavarian Succession erupted in 1778. Maria Theresa very unwillingly consented to the occupation of Bavaria, and a year later she made peace proposals to Frederick II despite Joseph's objections. Although Austria managed to gain the Innviertel area, this "Potato War" caused a setback to the financial improvement that the empress had made. The 500,000 florins in annual revenue from 100,000 inhabitants of Innviertel were not comparable to the 100,000,000 florins that were spent during the war. Maria Theresa and her husband are interred in the double tomb which she had inscribed as a widow. It is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the smallpox attack in 1767, as 18th-century writers asserted. She suffered from shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, distress, necrophobia and insomnia. She later developed edema. Maria Theresa fell ill on 24 November 1780. Her physician, Dr. Störk, thought her condition serious, although her son Joseph was confident that she would recover in no time. By 26 November, she asked for the last rites, and on 28 November, the doctor told her that the time had come. On 29 November, she died surrounded by her remaining children. Her body is buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna next to her husband in a coffin she had inscribed during her lifetime. Her longtime rival Frederick the Great, on hearing of her death, said that she had honored her throne and her sex, and although he had fought against her in three wars, he never considered her his enemy. With her death, the House of Habsburg died out and was replaced by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Joseph II, already co-sovereign of the Habsburg dominions, succeeded her and introduced sweeping reforms in the empire; Joseph produced nearly 700 edicts per year (or almost two per day), whereas Maria Theresa issued only about 100 edicts annually. Legacy Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public persona and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection in her subjects; a notable example was how she projected dignity and simplicity to awe the people in Pressburg before she was crowned as Queen (Regnant) of Hungary. Her 40-year reign was considered to be very successful when compared to other Habsburg rulers. Her reforms had transformed the empire into a modern state with a significant international standing. She centralised and modernised its institutions, and her reign was considered as the beginning of the era of "enlightened absolutism" in Austria, with a brand new approach toward governing: the measures undertaken by rulers became more modern and rational, and thoughts were given to the welfare of the state and the people. Many of her policies were not in line with the ideals of the Enlightenment (such as her support of torture), and she was still very much influenced by Catholicism from the previous era. Vocelka even stated that "taken as a whole the reforms of Maria Theresa appear more absolutist and centralist than enlightened, even if one must admit that the influence of enlightened ideas is visible to a certain degree." Despite being among the most successful Habsburg monarchs and remarkable leaders of the 18th century, Maria Theresa has not captured the interest of contemporary historians or media, perhaps due her hardened nature. Memorials and honours Oath of allegiance ceremony of cabinet II of Austrian chancellor Sebastian Kurz in the Maria Theresa Room of the Hofburg palace (2020) Hungarian President László Sólyom with U.S. President George W. Bush in the Maria Theresa Room of Sándor Palace (2006) A number of streets and squares were named after her throughout the empire as well as statues and monuments built. In Vienna a large bronze monument was built in her honour at Maria-Theresien-Platz in 1888. The Maria Theresia Garden Square (Uzhhorod) was constructed in her memory as recently as 2013. City of Subotica was renamed in her honor in 1779, as Maria-Theresiapolis, sometimes spelled as Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel. A number of her descendants were named in her honour. These include: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770), Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827), Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia, Marie Thérèse of France, Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855), Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879), Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867), Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886), Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919), Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909), and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933). Her granddaughter Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily became Holy Roman Empress as well in 1792. The Imperial and Royal Navy ship SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was laid down in 1891. The Military Order of Maria Theresa was founded by her in 1757 and remained in existence until after World War I. The Theresianum was founded by her in 1746 and is one of Austria's finest schools. The Maria Theresa thaler was issued during her reign but was continued to be struck afterwards and became legal tender as far as the Persian Gulf region and Southeast Asia. The Austrian Mint continues to issue it. Asteroid 295 Theresia was named in her honour in 1890. The garrison town of Terezin (Theresienstadt) in Bohemia was constructed in 1780 and named after her. A crystal chandelier with Bohemian crystal glass was named in her honour and is known as the Marie Therese chandelier. The Maria Theresa Room (Maria-Theresien-Zimmer) in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg palace is named in her honour and a large state portrait of her by Martin van Meytens's school from 1741 depicting her in the Hungarian coronation dress hangs in the centre. All oath of allegiance ceremonies of a newly elected government of Austria are conducted in this room with the signing taking place underneath her portrait. 22nd Volunteer Cavalry Division 'Maria Theresa' (1943–1945) The Maria Theresa Room is the most elegant room in the Sándor Palace, Budapest, the official residence of the President of Hungary. It has a portrait of the queen dressed for her coronation, alongside a portrait of her husband Emperor Francis I on the other side. The room was especially tailored in memory of the reconciliation between the monarch and the government and is used for official state receptions. In media She has appeared as the main figure in a number of films and series such as the 1951 Maria Theresa and Maria Theresia, an Austria-Czech television miniseries from 2017. In the 2006 film Marie Antoinette, Marianne Faithfull portrayed Maria Theresa opposite Kirsten Dunst in the title role. Years before, she appeared as a minor character in the 1938 film Marie Antoinette, starring Norma Shearer, in which she was portrayed by Alma Kruger. Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles Her title after the death of her husband was: Maria Theresa, by the Grace of God, Dowager Empress of the Romans, Queen of Hungary, of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, etc.; Archduchess of Austria; Duchess of Burgundy, of Styria, of Carinthia and of Carniola; Grand Princess of Transylvania; Margravine of Moravia; Duchess of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders, of Württemberg, of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Milan, of Mantua, of Parma, of Piacenza, of Guastalla, of Auschwitz and of Zator; Princess of Swabia; Princely Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Hainault, of Kyburg, of Gorizia and of Gradisca; Margravine of Burgau, of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Countess of Namur; Lady of the Wendish Mark and of Mechlin; Dowager Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Arms Coat of arms of Maria Theresa Coat of arms of Maria Theresa,found on the Maria Theresa Thaler Issue No. Name Birth Death Notes 1 Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria 5 February 1737 7 June 1740 died in childhood, no issue 2 Archduchess Maria Anna 6 October 1738 19 November 1789 died unmarried, no issue 3 Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 12 January 1740 25 January 1741 died in childhood likely from smallpox, no issue 4 Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II 13 March 1741 20 February 1790 married 1) Princess Isabella Maria of Parma (1741–1763), married 2) Princess Marie Josephe of Bavaria (1739–1767) – second cousin, had issue from his first marriage (two daughters, who died young) 5 Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria 13 May 1742 24 June 1798 married Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (1738–1822), her second cousin, had issue (one stillborn daughter) 6 Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria 13 August 1743 22 September 1808 died unmarried, no issue 7 Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria 1 February 1745 18 January 1761 died of smallpox, no issue 8 Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria 26 February 1746 18 June 1806 married Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (1751–1802), had issue. 9 Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II 5 May 1747 1 March 1792 married Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), had issue. Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 (abdicated 1790), Holy Roman Emperor from 1790, Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia from 1790. 10 Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 17 September 1748 17 September 1748 died during birth. 11 Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria 4 February 1750 23 December 1762 died of smallpox, no issue 12 Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria 19 March 1751 15 October 1767 died of smallpox, no issue 13 Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 13 August 1752 7 September 1814 married King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily (1751–1825); had issue 14 Archduke Ferdinand of Austria 1 June 1754 24 December 1806 married Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa, heiress of Breisgau and of Modena, had issue (Austria-Este). Duke of Breisgau from 1803. 15 Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria 2 November 1755 16 October 1793 married Louis XVI of France and Navarre (1754–1793) and became Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre. Had children but no grandchildren. Executed by guillotine. 16 Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria 8 December 1756 27 July 1801 Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, 1784. Ancestry Ancestors of Maria Theresa 8. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 4. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 9. Maria Anna of Austria 2. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 10. Philip William, Elector Palatine 5. Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 11. Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 1. Maria Theresa of Austria 12. Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick 6. Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick 13. Elisabeth Juliane of Holstein-Norburg 3. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick 14. Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen 7. Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen 15. Christine Friederike of Württemberg See also Kings of Bohemia family tree Kings of Hungary family tree List of people with the most children References Footnotes ^ Members of the Habsburg dynasty often married their close relatives; examples of such inbreeding were uncle-niece pairs (Maria Theresa's grandfather Leopold and Margaret Theresa of Spain, Philip II of Spain and Anna of Austria, Philip IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria, etc). Maria Theresa, however, descended from Leopold I's third wife who was not closely related to him, and her parents were only distantly related. Beales 1987, pp. 20–21. ^ Rather than using the formal manner and speech, Maria Theresa spoke (and sometimes wrote) Viennese German, which she picked up from her servants and ladies-in-waiting. Spielman 1993, p. 206. ^ Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis Stephen to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "No renunciation, no archduchess." Beales 1987, p. 23. ^ Francis Stephen was at the time Grand Duke of Tuscany, but Tuscany had not been part of the Holy Roman Empire since the Peace of Westphalia. His only possessions within the Empire were the Duchy of Teschen and County of Falkenstein. Beales 2005, p. 190. ^ The day after the entrance of Prussia into Silesia, Francis Stephen exclaimed to the Prussian envoy, Major General Borcke: "Better the Turks before Vienna, better the surrender of the Netherlands to France, better every concession to Bavaria and Saxony, than the renunciation of Silesia!" Browning 1994, p. 43. ^ She explained her resolution to the Count furthermore: "I shall have all my armies, all my Hungarians killed off before I cede so much as an inch of ground." Browning 1994, p. 76. ^ At the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, Count Podewils was sent as an ambassador to the Austrian court by King Frederick II of Prussia. Podewils wrote detailed descriptions of Maria Theresa's physical appearance and how she spent her days. Mahan 1932, p. 230. ^ It takes at least a week for the smallpox rash to appear after a person is infected. Since the rash appeared two days after Maria Josepha had visited the vault, the Archduchess must have been infected much before visiting the vault. Hopkins 2002, p. 64. ^ The eldest surviving daughters of Maria Theresa's children were Maria Theresa of Austria (by Joseph), Maria Theresa of Tuscany (by Leopold), Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (by Maria Carolina), Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (by Ferdinand) and Marie Thérèse of France (by Marie Antoinette). ^ In a letter to Joseph, she wrote: "What, without a dominant religion? Toleration, indifferentism, are exactly the right means to undermine everything... What other restraint exists? None. Neither the gallows nor the wheel... I speak politically now, not as a Christian. Nothing is so necessary and beneficial as religion. Would you allow everyone to act according to his fantasy? If there were no fixed cult, no subjection to the Church, where should we be? The law of might would take command." Crankshaw 1970, p. 302 ^ In German: Maria Theresia von Gottes Gnaden Heilige Römische Kaiserinwitwe, Königin zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slavonien, Gallizien, Lodomerien, usw., Erzherzogin zu Österreich, Herzogin zu Burgund, zu Steyer, zu Kärnten und zu Crain, Großfürstin zu Siebenbürgen, Markgräfin zu Mähren, Herzogin zu Braband, zu Limburg, zu Luxemburg und zu Geldern, zu Württemberg, zu Ober- und Nieder-Schlesien, zu Milan, zu Mantua, zu Parma, zu Piacenza, zu Guastala, zu Auschwitz und Zator, Fürstin zu Schwaben, gefürstete Gräfin zu Habsburg, zu Flandern, zu Tirol, zu Hennegau, zu Kyburg, zu Görz und zu Gradisca, Markgräfin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, zu Burgau, zu Ober- und Nieder-Lausitz, Gräfin zu Namur, Frau auf der Windischen Mark und zu Mecheln, Herzoginwitwe zu Lothringen und Baar, Großherzoginwitwe zu Toskana Citations ^ Goldsmith 1936, p. 17. ^ Morris 1937, p. 21. ^ a b Mahan 1932, p. 6. ^ a b Mahan 1932, p. 12. ^ a b Ingrao 2000, p. 129. ^ Crankshaw 1970, p. 24. ^ "Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI". 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Maria Theresa (Catholic Encyclopaedia) Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa, (1717–1780) Archduchess of Austria (1740–1780) Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–1780) Maria Theresa House of HabsburgBorn: 13 May 1717 Died: 29 November 1780 Regnal titles Preceded byEmperor Charles VI Queen of Bohemia 1740–1741 Succeeded byEmperor Charles VII Duchess of Parma and Piacenza 1740–1748 Succeeded byPhilip of Spain Queen of Hungary and CroatiaArchduchess of AustriaDuchess of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier, Luxembourg and Milan;Countess of Flanders,Hainaut and Namur 1740–1780with Francis I (1740–1765)Joseph II (1765–1780) Succeeded byEmperor Joseph II Preceded byEmperor Charles VII Queen of Bohemia 1743–1780with Francis I (1743–1765)Joseph II (1765–1780) New titleFirst Partition of Poland Queen of Galicia and Lodomeria 1772–1780 German royalty VacantTitle last held byMaria Amalia of Austria Empress consort of theHoly Roman Empire 1745–1765 Succeeded byMaria Josepha of Bavaria French royalty VacantTitle last held byÉlisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans Duchess consort of Lorraine and Bar 1736–1737 Succeeded byCatherine Opalińska Italian royalty Preceded byAnna Maria Franziskaof Saxe-Lauenburg Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany 1737–1765 Succeeded byMaria Luisa of Spain Links to related articles vteMonarchs of HungaryFamily treeHouse of ÁrpádGrand Princes Álmos (c. 850–c. 895) Árpád (c. 895–c. 907) Zoltán (c. 907–c. 947) Fajsz (c. 947–c. 955) Taksony (c. 955–c. 972) Géza (c. 972–997) Stephen (997–1000) Kings Stephen I (1000–1038) Peter (1038–1041; 1044–1046) Samuel (1041–1044) Andrew I (1046–1060) Béla I (1060–1063) Solomon (1063–1074) Géza I (1074–1077) Ladislaus I (1077–1095) Coloman (1095–1116) Stephen II (1116–1131) Béla II (1131–1141) Géza II (1141–1162) Stephen III (1162–1172) Ladislaus II (1162–1163) Stephen IV (1163–1165) Béla III (1172–1196) Emeric (1196–1204) Ladislaus III (1204–1205) Andrew II (1205–1235) Béla IV (1235–1270) Stephen V (1270–1272) Ladislaus IV (1272–1290) Andrew III (1290–1301) House of Přemysl Wenceslaus (1301–1305) House of Wittelsbach Otto (1305–1307) Capetian House of Anjou Charles I (1308–1342) Louis I (1342–1382) Maria (1382–1385; 1386–1395) Charles II (1385–1386) House of Luxembourg Sigismund (1387–1437) House of Habsburg Albert (1437–1439) Ladislaus V (1440–1457) House of Jagiellon Vladislaus I (1440–1444) House of Hunyadi Matthias I (1458–1490) House of Jagiellon Vladislaus II (1490–1516) Louis II (1516–1526) House of Zápolya John (1526–1540) John Sigismund (1540–1570) House of Habsburg Ferdinand I (1526–1564) Maximilian (1564–1576) Rudolph (1576–1608) Matthias II (1608–1619) Ferdinand II (1619–1637) Ferdinand III (1637–1657) Ferdinand IV (1647–1654) Leopold I (1657–1705) Joseph I (1705–1711) Charles III (1711–1740) Maria Theresa (1740–1780) House of Habsburg-Lorraine Joseph II (1780–1790) Leopold II (1790–1792) Francis (1792–1835) Ferdinand V (1835–1848) Francis Joseph (1848–1916) Charles IV (1916–1918) Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. vteMonarchs of BohemiaPřemyslidLegendary Czech Krok Libuše Přemysl the Ploughman Valasca Nezamysl Mnata Vojen Vnislav Křesomysl Neklan Hostivít c. 870–1198 (Dukes) Bořivoj I Spytihněv I Vratislaus I Saint Wenceslaus Boleslaus I Boleslaus II Boleslaus III Vladivoj Boleslaus the Brave1 Jaromír Oldřich Bretislaus I Spytihněv II Vratislaus II (I)2 Conrad I Bretislaus II Bořivoj II Svatopluk the Lion Vladislaus I Sobeslaus I Vladislaus II (I)2 Frederick Sobeslaus II Frederick Conrad II Otto Wenceslaus II Ottokar I Henry Bretislaus Vladislaus III Henry 1198–1306 (Kings) Ottokar I Wenceslaus I Ottokar II Wenceslaus II Wenceslaus III Non-dynastic1306–1310 Henry the Carinthian Rudolph I Luxembourg1310–1437 John the Blind Charles IV (I) Wenceslaus IV Sigismund Habsburg1437–1457 Albert Interregnum Ladislaus the Posthumous Non-dynastic1457–1471 George Matthias I3 Jagiellonian1471–1526 Vladislaus II Louis Habsburg1526–1780 Ferdinand I Maximilian Rudolph II Matthias II Ferdinand II Frederick4 Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles II Charles Albert (II)3, 5 Maria Theresa Habsburg-Lorraine1780–1918 Joseph II Leopold II Francis II (I) Ferdinand V Francis Joseph Charles I (III) 1 Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty 2 During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title 3 Antiking 4 Elector Palatine from the Wittelsbach dynasty 5 Prince-elector of Bavaria from the Wittelsbach dynasty vteMonarchs of CroatiaHouse of Trpimirović Tomislav Trpimir II Krešimir I Miroslav Michael Krešimir II Stephen Držislav Svetoslav Suronja Krešimir III / Gojslav Stephen I Peter Krešimir IV Demetrius Zvonimir Stephen II House of Árpád Ladislaus I (Álmos as duke) House of Snačić Petar Snačić (pretender) Croatia in personal union with Hungary Rulers of Croatia after 1102 (1102–1918) House of Savoy-Aosta(Independent State of Croatia) Tomislav II (king designate) vteMonarchs of LuxembourgCounty of Luxemburg (963–1354)Elder House of Luxembourg (963–1136) Siegfried (963–998) Henry I (998–1026) Henry II (1026–1047) Giselbert (1047–1059) Conrad I (1059–1086) Henry III (1086–1096) William I (1096–1131) Conrad II (1131–1136) House of Namur (1136–1189) Henry IV (1136–1189) House of Hohenstaufen (1196–1197) Otto (1196–1197) House of Namur (1197–1247) Ermesinde (1197–1247), with Theobald (1197–1214), and then Waleran (1214–1226) House of Limburg (1247–1354) Henry V (1247–1281) Henry VI (1281–1288) Henry VII (1288–1313) John I (1313–1346) Charles I (1346–1353) Wenceslaus I (1353–1354) Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794)House of Limburg (1354–1443) Wenceslaus I (1354–1383) Wenceslaus II (1383–1388) Jobst (1388–1411) Elisabeth (1411–1443) with Anthony (1411–1415), and then John II (1418–1425) House of Valois-Burgundy (1443–1482) Philip I (1443–1467) Charles II (1467–1477) Mary I (1477–1482) and Maximilian I (1477–1482) House of Habsburg (1482–1700) Philip II (1482–1506) Charles III (1506–1556) Philip III (1556–1598) Isabella Clara Eugenia (1598–1621) and Albert (1598–1621) Philip IV (1621–1665) Charles IV (1665–1700) House of Bourbon (1700–1712) Philip V (1700–1712) House of Wittelsbach (1712–1713) Maximilian II (1712–1713) House of Habsburg (1713–1780) Charles V (1713–1740) Mary II (1740–1780) House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1780–1794) Joseph (1780–1790) Leopold (1790–1792) Francis (1792–1794) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815)House of Orange-Nassau (1815–1890) William I (1815–1840) William II (1840–1849) William III (1849–1890) House of Nassau-Weilburg (1890–present) Adolphe (1890–1905) William IV (1905–1912) Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919) Charlotte (1919–1964) Jean (1964–2000) Henri (since 2000) vteMonarchs of AustriaHouse of Babenberg Leopold I the Illustrious (976–994) Henry I the Strong (994–1018) Adalbert the Victorious (1018–1055) Ernest the Brave (1055–1075) Leopold II the Fair (1075–1095) Leopold III the Good (1095–1136) Leopold the Generous (1137–1141) Henry II Jasomirgott (1141–1177) Leopold V the Virtuous (1177–1194) Frederick I the Catholic (1195–1198) Leopold VI the Glorious (1198–1230) Frederick II the Quarrelsome (1230–1246) Interregnum Vladislaus of Moravia (claimant 1246–1247) Herman VI of Baden (claimant 1248–1250) Frederick I of Baden (claimant 1250–1268) Ottokar II of Bohemia (claimant 1251–1278) House of HabsburgAustria Rudolf I (1278–1282) Albert I (1282–1308) Rudolf II the Debonair (1282–1283) Rudolf III the Good (1298–1307) Frederick I the Fair (1308–1330) Leopold I the Glorious (1308–1326) Albert II the Wise (1330–1358) Otto I the Merry (1330–1339) Frederick II (1339–1344) Leopold II (1339–1344) Rudolf IV the Founder (1358–1365) Leopold III the Just (1365-1379) Albert III the Pigtail (1365-1395) Albert IV the Patient (1395-1404) Albert V (1404–1439) Ladislaus I the Posthumous (1440–1457) Frederick V the Peaceful (1457–1493) Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519) Charles I (1519–1521) Ferdinand I (1521–1564) Maximilian II (1564–1576) Rudolf V (1576–1608) Matthias (1608–1619) Albert VII (1619) Ferdinand III (1590, 1619–1637) Ferdinand IV (1637–1657) Leopold V (1623–1632) Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662) Sigismund Francis (1662–1665) Leopold VI (1657, 1665–1705) Joseph I (1705–1711) Charles III (1711–1740) Maria Theresa (1740–1780) Francis I Stephen (1740–1765) Joseph II (1765–1790) Leopold VII (1790–1792) Francis II (1792–1835) Ferdinand I (1835–1848) Francis Joseph I (1848–1916) Charles I (1916–1918) House of HabsburgStyria, Carinthia, Carniola Leopold III the Just (1365–1386) William the Courteous (1386–1406) Leopold IV the Fat (1386–1411) Ernest the Iron (1402–1424) Frederick V the Peaceful (1424–1493) Albert VI the Prodigal (1457–1463) Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519) Charles I (1519–1521) Ferdinand I (1521–1564) Charles II (1564–1590) Ferdinand III (1590–1637) House of HabsburgTyrol Rudolf IV the Founder (1363–1365) Leopold III the Just (1365–1386) William the Courteous (1386–1406) Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets (1406–1439) Sigismund the Rich (1439–1490) Maximilian I the Last Knight (1490–1519) Charles I (1519–1521) Ferdinand I (1521–1564) Ferdinand II (1564–1595) Matthias (1595–1619) Albert VII (1619) Ferdinand III (1619–1623) Leopold V (1623–1632) Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662) Sigismund Francis (1662–1665) Leopold VI (1665–1705) vteDukes of Parma Pier Luigi (1545–47) Ottavio (1556–86) Alexander (1586–92) Ranuccio I (1592–1622) Odoardo (1622–46) Ranuccio II (1646–94) Francesco (1694–1727) Antonio (1727–31) Charles I (1731–35) Charles II (1735–40) Maria Theresa (1740–48) Philip (1748–65) Ferdinand (1765–1802) Cambacérès (Parma) (1808-1814) Lebrun (Piacenza) (1808-1814) Marie Louise (1814–47) Charles Louis (1847–49) Charles III (1849–54) Robert I (1854–1859)Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty: Robert* (1859–1907) Henry* (1907–39) Joseph* (1939–50) Elias* (1950–59) Robert II* (1959–74) Xavier* (1974–77) Carlos Hugo* (1977–2010) Carlos* (2010–present)* denotes titular Duke vteHouse of Habsburg-LorraineMaria Theresa & Francis IChildren Archduchess Maria Elisabeth Archduchess Maria Anna, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies Archduchess Maria Karolina Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen Archduchess Maria Elisabeth Archduke Charles Joseph Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor Archduchess Maria Carolina Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela Archduchess Maria Josepha Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este Maria Antonia, Queen of France Archduke Maximilian Francis Grandchildren Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria Francis IV, Duke of Modena Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph Archduke Maximilian Archduke Karl Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria Great-grandchildren Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord Francis V, Duke of Modena Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón Great-great-grandchildren Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria Armorial of theHoly Roman EmpireJoseph IISpouse(s) HRH Princess Isabella of Parma HI&RH Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria Children Archduchess Maria Theresa Leopold IISpouse(s) HRH Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain Children Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria Archduke Anton Victor Archduchess Maria Amalia Archduke John Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria Archduke Louis Archduke Rudolf Grandchildren Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany Archduchess Maria Luisa Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia Maria Teresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen Archduke Karl Ferdinand Archduke Friedrich Archduchess Maria Karoline Archduke Wilhelm Franz Archduchess Hermine, Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska Archduke Joseph Karl, Palatine of Hungary Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia Archduke Leopold Ludwig Archduke Ernest Archduke Sigismund Archduke Rainer Ferdinand Archduke Heinrich Anton Great-grandchildren Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany Archduke Karl Salvator Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg and Büdingen Archduke Ludwig Salvator Archduke Johann Salvator Archduchess Mathilda Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen Maria Christina, Queen of Spain Archduke Charles Stephen Archduke Eugen Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans Margarethe Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis |Archduke Joseph August, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Ladislaus Philipp Great-great-grandchildren Archduchess Maria Antonietta, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies Archduke Leopold Ferdinand Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony Archduke Joseph Ferdinand Archduke Peter Ferdinand Archduchess Maria Theresa Archduke Leopold Salvator Archduke Franz Salvator Karoline Marie, Princess August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Maria Christina, Hereditary Princess of Salm-Salm Maria Anna, Princess Elias of Bourbon-Parma Maria Henrietta, Princess Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Isabella, Princess Georg of Bavaria Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen Archduchess Eleonora Renata, Princess Radziwiłł Archduke Karl Albrecht Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryska Archduke Leo Karl Archduke Wilhelm Archduke Joseph Francis Great-great-great-grandchildren Archduke Gottfried Helena, Hereditary Duchess of Württemberg Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg Archduchess Dolores Archduchess Immaculata Archduchess Margaretha Archduke Rainer Archduke Leopold Archduchess Maria Antonia Archduke Anton Archduchess Assunta Archduke Franz Josef Archduke Karl Pius Elisabeth Franziska, Countess Countess von Waldburg zu Zeil und Hohenems Archduke Franz Karl Salvator Archduke Hubert Salvator Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg Margaret, Princess of Monteleone Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg Archduke Joseph Árpád Archduke Géza Great-great-great-great-grandchildren Archduke Dominic Archduke Eduard Francis IISpouse(s) HH Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg HRH Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily HI&RH Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este HRH Duchess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria Children Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma Ferdinand I of Austria Maria Leopoldina, Queen of Portugal Clementina, Princess of Salerno Archduke Joseph Franz Maria Carolina, Crown Princess of Saxony Archduke Franz Karl Archduchess Maria Anna Grandchildren Franz Joseph I of Austria Maximilian I of Mexico Archduke Karl Ludwig Archduchess Maria Anna Karolina Archduke Ludwig Viktor vtePrincesses of Lorraine by marriageGenerations start with the daughters-in-law of Réné II1st generation Antoinette of Bourbon 2nd generation Princess Christina of Denmark Anna d'Este 3rd generation Princess Claude of France Catherine of Cleves 4th generation Princess Catherine of Navarre Margherita Gonzaga Christina of Salm Catherine Henriette de Bourbon, Légitimée de France Marguerite-Philippe du Cambout Marie de Rohan Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse 5th generation Nicole de Lorraine* Béatrice de Cusance Claude-Françoise of Lorraine* 6th generation Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans 7th generation Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans 8th generation Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria Marie Louise de Rohan *also a princess of Lorraine in her own right vteAustrian archduchesses by descentGenerations are numbered by male-line descent from Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.1st generation Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria 2nd generation Margaret, Duchess of Savoy 3rd generation Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France* Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway* Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia* Catherine, Queen of Portugal* 4th generation Maria, Holy Roman Empress* Joanna, Princess of Portugal* Elisabeth, Queen of Poland Anna, Duchess of Bavaria Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg Magdalena Catherine, Queen of Poland Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua Margaret Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara Helena Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 5th generation Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands** Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy** Anna, Queen of Spain Elisabeth, Queen of France Margaret (1567–1633) Maria (1584–1649) Anna, Holy Roman Empress Anna, Queen of Poland Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania Catherine Renata Gregoria Maximiliana Eleanor (1582–1620) Margaret, Queen of Spain Constance, Queen of Poland Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 6th generation Anna, Queen of France** María** Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress** Margarita** Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress 7th generation Maria Theresa, Queen of France** Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress* Maria Anna, Queen of Spain Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress 8th generation Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria Maria Elisabeth Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal Maria Theresa Maria Josepha Maria Magdalena 9th generation Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine 10th generation Maria Elisabeth^ Maria Anna^ Maria Carolina^ Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen^ Maria Elisabeth^ Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma^ Johanna^ Maria Josepha^ Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples^ Maria Antonia, Queen of France^ 11th generation Maria Theresa Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony^ Maria Anna^ Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria^ Maria Amalia^ Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia# Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria# Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria# 12th generation Marie Louise, Empress of the French Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil Clementina, Princess of Salerno Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony Maria Anna Maria Luisa^ Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia^ Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies Maria Caroline Hermine Elisabeth Franziska Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord# Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón# 13th generation Maria Anna Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria^ Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani^ Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen^ Mathilda Maria Christina, Queen of Spain Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria# 14th generation Sophie Princess Gisela of Bavaria Marie Valerie Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg Maria Annunciata Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein Maria Antonietta^ Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony^ Maria Theresa^ Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^ Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst Princess Isabella of Bavaria Eleonora Renata, Princess Radziwill Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski 15th generation Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz Helena, Duchess of Württemberg^ Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg^ Dolores^ Maria Inmaculata^ Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio^ Princess Maria Antonia^ Assunta^ Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil^ Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg^ Margaret, Princess of Monteleone Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg 16th generation Adelheid Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein 17th generation Gabriela Walburga, Countess Douglas Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz 18th generation Eleonore Zsófia Ildikó * also an infanta of Spain ** also an infanta of Spain and Portugal ^ also a princess of Tuscany # also a princess of Modena vteGrand Duchesses of Tuscany Archduchess Joanna of Austria (1574–1578) Donna Bianca Cappello (1579–1587) Princess Christina of Lorraine (1589–1609) Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria (1609–1621) Princess Vittoria della Rovere (1634–1670) Princess Marguerite Louise of Orléans (1670–1721) Duchess Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg (1689–1728) Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1737–1765) Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (1765–1790) Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily (1790–1801) Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony (1821–1824) Princess Maria Anna of Saxony (1824–1832) Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies (1833–1859) vteQueens and empresses of GermanyEast Francia during the Carolingian dynasty (843–911) Hemma Liutgard of Saxony Richardis Ota East Francia (911–919)Kingdom of Germany (919–962) Cunigunde of Swabia Matilda of Ringelheim Eadgyth Adelaide of Italy Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) Adelaide of Italy Theophanu Cunigunde of Luxembourg Gisela of Swabia Gunhilda of Denmark Agnes of Poitou Bertha of Savoy Eupraxia of Kiev Constance of Sicily Matilda of England Richenza of Northeim Gertrude of Comburg Gertrude of Sulzbach Adelaide of Vohburg Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy Constance, Queen of Sicily Irene Angelina Beatrice of Swabia Constance of Aragon Margaret of Austria Isabella II of Jerusalem Isabella of England Bianca Lancia Elisabeth of Bavaria Gertrude of Hohenberg Isabella of Burgundy Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg Elisabeth of Carinthia Margaret of Brabant Beatrice of Silesia Isabella of Aragon Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut Blanche of Valois Anne of Bavaria Anna von Schweidnitz Elizabeth of Pomerania Joanna of Bavaria Sophia of Bavaria Elisabeth of Nuremberg Barbara of Cilli Elizabeth of Luxembourg Eleanor of Portugal Bianca Maria Sforza Isabella of Portugal Anne of Bohemia and Hungary Maria of Austria Anna of Tyrol Eleonora Gonzaga Maria Anna of Spain Maria Leopoldine of Austria Eleonora Gonzaga Margaret Theresa of Spain Claudia Felicitas of Austria Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Maria Amalia Maria Theresa Maria Josepha of Bavaria Maria Luisa of Spain Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily German Empire (1871–1918) Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Victoria of the United Kingdom Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein vteHoly Roman EmpressesCarolingian Empire Ermengarde of Hesbaye Judith of Bavaria Ermengarde of Tours Engelberga of Parma Richilde of Provence Saint Richardis of Nordgau Ageltrude of Benevento Ota of Neustria Anna of Constantinople Bertila of Parma Anna of Provence Holy Roman Empire Adelaide of Italy Theophanu of Constantinople Cunigunde of Luxembourg Gisela of Swabia Agnes of Poitou Bertha of Savoy Eupraxia of Kiev Matilda of England Richenza of Northeim Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy Constance, Queen of Sicily Beatrice of Swabia Maria of Brabant Constance of Aragon Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem Isabella of England Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut Anna of Świdnica Elizabeth of Pomerania Barbara of Cilli Eleanor of Portugal Bianca Maria of Milan Isabella of Portugal Maria of Spain Anna of Tyrol Eleonora of Mantua Maria Anna of Spain Maria Leopoldine of Austria Eleonora of Mantua Margaret Theresa of Spain Claudia Felicitas of Austria Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Maria Amalia of Austria Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary Maria Josepha of Bavaria Ludovica of Spain Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily For Empresses after 1806, see Empresses of Austria and the corresponding template Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium 2 United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Theresa (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Habsburg dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"suo jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_jure"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Galicia and Lodomeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_and_Lodomeria"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lorrainian_royal_consorts#House_of_Vaudemont,_1473%E2%80%931737"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tuscan_consorts#House_of_Lorraine,_1737%E2%80%931765"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_empresses#House_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Pragmatic Sanction of 1713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713"},{"link_name":"Prince Eugene of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"War of the Austrian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"autocratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy"},{"link_name":"Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Haugwitz"},{"link_name":"Gerard van Swieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Swieten"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Austria#Protestantism"},{"link_name":"state church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Ruler of Habsburg dominions from 1740 to 1780For other uses, see Maria Theresa (disambiguation).Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right). She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Galicia and Lodomeria, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, and Holy Roman Empress.Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died on 20 October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it. He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). Moreover, upon his death, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime. Frederick II of Prussia (who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia in the eight-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the Seven Years' War.Although she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor Francis I, and her eldest son, Emperor Joseph II, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa ruled as an autocratic sovereign with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, and Gerard van Swieten. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. A pious Catholic, she despised Jews and Protestants, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the state church.","title":"Maria Theresa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Theresa,_age_3.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Hofburg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Leopold Johann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Johann_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith193617-1"},{"link_name":"dowager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowager"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Amalia_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonore_Magdalene_of_Neuburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193721-2"},{"link_name":"Maria Josepha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Amalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan19326-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan19326-3"},{"link_name":"Leopold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Mutual Pact of Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Pact_of_Succession"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193212-4"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193212-4"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"Pragmatic Sanction of 1713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000129-5"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1731)"},{"link_name":"Ostend Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197024-6"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark-Norway"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Diet of the Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brittanica1-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andreas_Moeller_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Theresia_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andreas Möller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_M%C3%B8ller_(portrait_painter)"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(1718%E2%80%931744)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000128-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193223-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932228-10"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hungarian coronation ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Hungarian_monarch"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197019%E2%80%9321-12"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Karoline_von_Fuchs-Mollard"},{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193221%E2%80%9322-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193728-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199437-16"}],"text":"Painting of three-year-old Maria Theresa within the gardens of Hofburg PalaceThe second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold Johann,[1] and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers.[2] Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia.[3] It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them,[3] even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother.[4] Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling.[4]Maria Theresa replaced Maria Josepha as heir presumptive to the Habsburg realms the moment she was born; Charles VI had issued the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 which had placed his nieces behind his own daughters in the line of succession.[5] Charles sought the other European powers' approval for disinheriting his nieces. They exacted harsh terms: in the Treaty of Vienna, Great Britain demanded that Austria abolish the Ostend Company in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction.[6] In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony, United Provinces, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Denmark, Sardinia, Bavaria, and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction.[7] France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria, and Prussia later reneged.Archduchess Maria Theresa, by Andreas MöllerLittle more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister, Maria Anna, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724.[8] The portraits of the imperial family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine and Maria Anna.[9] The Prussian ambassador noted that she had large blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth and a notably strong body.[10] Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other.[a]Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from horse riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her Hungarian coronation ceremony. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. Her education was overseen by Jesuits. Contemporaries thought her Latin to be quite good, but in all else, the Jesuits did not educate her well.[11] Her spelling and punctuation were unconventional and she lacked the formal manner and speech which had characterised her Habsburg predecessors.[b] Maria Theresa developed a close relationship with Countess Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, who taught her etiquette. She was educated in drawing, painting, music and dancing – the disciplines which would have prepared her for the role of queen consort.[12] Her father allowed her to attend meetings of the council from the age of 14 but never discussed the affairs of state with her.[13] Even though he had spent the last decades of his life securing Maria Theresa's inheritance, Charles never prepared his daughter for her future role as sovereign.[14]","title":"Birth and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leopold Clement of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Cl%C3%A9ment,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193224%E2%80%9325-17"},{"link_name":"Francis Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197022-18"},{"link_name":"Frederick of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193227-19"},{"link_name":"Charles of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193226-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193725%E2%80%9326-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festm%C3%A5ltid_vid_hovet_i_Wien_En_grand_couvert_(Johan_Lundberg)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15746.tif"},{"link_name":"wedding breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_breakfast"},{"link_name":"Martin van Meytens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_van_Meytens"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193227-19"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193237-22"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Stanisław I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_I_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Gian Gastone de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197025-24"},{"link_name":"Augustinian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinian_Church,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193238-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932261-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith193655-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193239-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932261%E2%80%93262-29"},{"link_name":"Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Wilhelmina_von_Neipperg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932262%E2%80%93263-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosalba_Carriera_-_Maria_Theresa,_Archduchess_of_Habsburg_(1717-1780)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rosalba Carriera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalba_Carriera"},{"link_name":"Triumphal Arch of the Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_the_Lorraine,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197026-31"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197025%E2%80%9326-32"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoider1972-33"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"The question of Maria Theresa's marriage was raised early in her childhood. Leopold Clement of Lorraine was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. These plans were forestalled by his death from smallpox that year.[15]Leopold Clement's younger brother, Francis Stephen, was invited to Vienna. Even though Francis Stephen was his favourite candidate for Maria Theresa's hand,[16] the Emperor considered other possibilities. Religious differences prevented him from arranging his daughter's marriage to the Protestant prince Frederick of Prussia.[17] In 1725, he betrothed her to Charles of Spain and her sister, Maria Anna, to Philip of Spain. However, other European powers compelled him to renounce the pact he had made with the Queen of Spain, Elisabeth Farnese, and the betrothal to Charles was broken off. Maria Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved.[18][19]Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their wedding breakfast, by Martin van Meytens. Charles VI (in the red-plumed hat) is seated at the center of the table.Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine,[17] but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the War of the Polish Succession.[20] Louis XV of France demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine to accommodate his father-in-law, Stanisław I, who had been deposed as King of Poland.[c] Francis Stephen was to receive the Grand Duchy of Tuscany upon the death of childless Grand Duke Gian Gastone de' Medici.[21] The couple were married on 12 February 1736 at the Augustinian Church in Vienna.[22]The Duchess of Lorraine's love for her husband was strong and possessive.[23] The letters she sent to him shortly before their marriage expressed her eagerness to see him; his letters, on the other hand, were stereotyped and formal.[24][25] She was very jealous of her husband and his infidelity was the greatest problem of their marriage,[26] with Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg, as his best-known mistress.[27]Maria Theresa in 1730, by Venetian painter, Rosalba Carriera.Upon Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1738, Charles VI sent the young couple to make their formal entry into Tuscany. The Triumphal Arch of the Lorraine was erected at the Porta Galla in celebration, where it remains today. Their stay in Florence was brief. Charles VI soon recalled them, as he feared he might die while his heiress was miles away in Tuscany.[28] In the summer of 1738, Austria suffered defeats during the ongoing Russo-Turkish War. The Turks reversed Austrian gains in Serbia, Wallachia and Bosnia. The Viennese rioted at the cost of the war. Francis Stephen was popularly despised, as he was thought to be a cowardly French spy.[29] The war was concluded the next year with the Treaty of Belgrade.[30][page needed]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oath_of_Fealty_to_Maria_Theresa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"St. Stephen's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielman1993207-34"},{"link_name":"Prince Eugene of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000129-5"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw19703-35"},{"link_name":"florins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193747-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1977145%E2%80%93146-37"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199437-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199437-16"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"imperial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_election"},{"link_name":"King of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"co-ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregency"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales2005182%E2%80%93183-39"},{"link_name":"Diet of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales2005189-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoider19738-41"},{"link_name":"homage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"oath of fealty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_fealty"},{"link_name":"Hofburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielman1993207-34"}],"text":"Maria Theresa's procession through the Graben, 22 November 1740. The pregnant queen is on way to hear High Mass at St. Stephen's Cathedral before receiving homage.[31]Charles VI died on 20 October 1740, probably of mushroom poisoning. He had ignored the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs.[5] The Emperor, who spent his entire reign securing the Pragmatic Sanction, left Austria in an impoverished state, bankrupted by the recent Turkish war and the War of the Polish Succession;[32] the treasury contained only 100,000 florins, which were claimed by his widow.[33] The army had also been weakened due to these wars; instead of the full number of 160,000, the army had been reduced to about 108,000, and they were scattered in small areas from the Austrian Netherlands to Transylvania, and from Silesia to Tuscany. They were also poorly trained and discipline was lacking. Later Maria Theresa even made a remark: \"as for the state in which I found the army, I cannot begin to describe it.\"[34]Maria Theresa found herself in a difficult situation. She did not know enough about matters of state and she was unaware of the weakness of her father's ministers. She decided to rely on her father's advice to retain his counselors and to defer to her husband, whom she considered to be more experienced, on other matters. Both decisions later gave cause for regret. Ten years later, Maria Theresa recalled in her Political Testament the circumstances under which she had ascended: \"I found myself without money, without credit, without army, without experience and knowledge of my own and finally, also without any counsel because each one of them at first wanted to wait and see how things would develop.\"[14]She dismissed the possibility that other countries might try to seize her territories and immediately started ensuring the imperial dignity for herself;[14] since a woman could not be elected Holy Roman Empress, Maria Theresa wanted to secure the imperial office for her husband, but Francis Stephen did not possess enough land or rank within the Holy Roman Empire.[d] In order to make him eligible for the imperial throne and to enable him to vote in the imperial elections as King of Bohemia (which she could not do because of her sex), Maria Theresa made Francis Stephen co-ruler of the Austrian and Bohemian lands on 21 November 1740.[35] It took more than a year for the Diet of Hungary to accept Francis Stephen as co-ruler, since they asserted that the sovereignty of Hungary could not be shared.[36] Despite her love for him and his position as co-ruler, Maria Theresa never allowed her husband to decide matters of state and often dismissed him from council meetings when they disagreed.[37]The first display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of homage of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. It was an elaborate public event which served as a formal recognition and legitimation of her accession. The oath of fealty to Maria Theresa was taken on the same day in the Ritterstube of the Hofburg.[31]","title":"Accession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A1ria_Ter%C3%A9zia_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_a_Szent_M%C3%A1rton_sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1zban.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Regnant of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Queens_regnant_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Pressburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Theresia_als_K%C3%B6nigin_von_Ungarn_zu_Pferde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Regnant of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Queens_regnant_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Charles Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193747-36"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199438-42"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197043-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199443-44"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199442,_44-46"},{"link_name":"First Silesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Silesian_War"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982218-47"},{"link_name":"Marshall Neipperg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Reinhard_von_Neipperg"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199444-48"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mollwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mollwitz"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199452%E2%80%9353-49"},{"link_name":"Upper Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Glatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odzko"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197056-50"},{"link_name":"Marshall Belle-Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Louis_Auguste_Fouquet,_duc_de_Belle-Isle"},{"link_name":"Olmütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"rapprochement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapprochement"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197057-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197058-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199466-53"},{"link_name":"suo jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_jure"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's 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Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932121-58"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932122-59"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932122-59"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932122-59"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193774-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Theresa_Print_dli_0613700281_cor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199465-61"},{"link_name":"Bohemian chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bohemian_High_Chancellors"},{"link_name":"Philip Kinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kinsky_of_Wchinitz_and_Tettau"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1977151-62"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"King of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199479-64"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200686-65"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199488-66"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199492-67"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_von_Khevenh%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197093-68"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1994114-70"},{"link_name":"St. Vitus Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"suo jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_jure"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197096%E2%80%9397-71"},{"link_name":"Second Silesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Silesian_War"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197097-72"},{"link_name":"Austrian Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197099-73"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Philip of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw197099%E2%80%93100-74"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitford1970158-75"}],"text":"Maria Theresa being crowned Queen Regnant of Hungary, St. Martin's Cathedral, PressburgMaria Theresa as the Queen Regnant of HungaryImmediately after her accession, a number of European sovereigns who had recognised Maria Theresa as heir broke their promises. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance.[33] Maria Theresa did secure recognition from King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, who had not accepted the Pragmatic Sanction during her father's lifetime, in November 1740.[38]In December, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Duchy of Silesia and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. Maria Theresa decided to fight for the mineral-rich province.[39] Frederick even offered a compromise: he would defend Maria Theresa's rights if she agreed to cede to him at least a part of Silesia. Francis Stephen was inclined to consider such an arrangement, but the Queen and her advisers were not, fearing that any violation of the Pragmatic Sanction would invalidate the entire document.[40] Maria Theresa's firmness soon assured Francis Stephen that they should fight for Silesia,[e] and she was confident that she would retain \"the jewel of the House of Austria\".[41] The resulting war with Prussia is known as the First Silesian War. The invasion of Silesia by Frederick was the start of a lifelong enmity; she referred to him as \"that evil man\".[42]As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released Marshall Neipperg, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War.[43] Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Mollwitz in April 1741.[44] France drew up a plan to partition Austria between Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Spain: Bohemia and Upper Austria would be ceded to Bavaria, whose Elector would become emperor, whereas Moravia and Upper Silesia would be granted to the Electorate of Saxony, Lower Silesia and Glatz to Prussia, and the entire Austrian Lombardy to Spain.[45] Marshall Belle-Isle joined Frederick at Olmütz. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. Francis Stephen urged Maria Theresa to reach a rapprochement with Prussia, as did Great Britain.[46] Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations.[47]Contrary to all expectations, the young Queen gained significant support from Hungary.[48] Her coronation as Queen of Hungary suo jure took place in St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 25 June 1741. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Hungarian Diet. To appease those who considered her gender to be a serious obstacle, Maria Theresa assumed masculine titles. Thus, in nomenclature, Maria Theresa was archduke and king; normally, however, she was styled as queen.[49][50]By July, attempts at conciliation had completely collapsed. Maria Theresa's ally, Augustus III of Poland, now became her enemy,[51] and George II declared the Electorate of Hanover to be neutral.[52] Therefore, she needed troops from Hungary in order to support the war effort. Although she had already won the admiration of the Hungarians, the number of volunteers was only in the hundreds. Since she required them in thousands or even tens of thousands, she decided to appear before the Hungarian Diet on 11 September 1741 while wearing the Holy Crown of Hungary. She began addressing the Diet in Latin, and she asserted that \"the very existence of the Kingdom of Hungary, of our own person and children, and our crown, are at stake. Forsaken by all, we place our sole reliance in the fidelity and long-tried valor of the Hungarians.\"[53] The response was rather boorish, with the queen being questioned and even heckled by members of the Diet; someone cried that she \"better apply to Satan than the Hungarians for help.\"[54] However, she managed to show her gift for theatrical displays by holding her son and heir, Joseph, while weeping, and she dramatically consigned the future king to the defense of the \"brave Hungarians\".[54] This act managed to win the sympathy of the members, and they declared that they would die for Maria Theresa.[54][55]Engraved by Gustav Adolph Müller after Martin van Mytens, the Younger, Maria Theresa of Austria, 1742, engravingIn 1741, the Austrian authorities informed Maria Theresa that the Bohemian populace would prefer Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, to her as sovereign. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: \"I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery.\"[56] She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to the Bohemian chancellor, Count Philip Kinsky: \"My mind is made up. We must put everything at stake to save Bohemia.\"[57][f] On 26 October, the Elector of Bavaria captured Prague and declared himself King of Bohemia. Maria Theresa, then in Hungary, wept on learning of the loss of Bohemia.[58] Charles Albert was unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII on 24 January 1742, which made him the only non-Habsburg to be in that position since 1440.[59] The Queen, who regarded the election as a catastrophe,[60] caught her enemies unprepared by insisting on a winter campaign;[61] the same day he was elected emperor, Austrian troops under Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller captured Munich, Charles Albert's capital.[62]She has, as you well know, a terrible hatred for France, with which nation it is most difficult for her to keep on good terms, but she controls this passion except when she thinks to her advantage to display it. She detests Your Majesty, but acknowledges your ability. She cannot forget the loss of Silesia, nor her grief over the soldiers she lost in wars with you.\n\n\nPrussian ambassador's letter to Frederick the Great[g]The Treaty of Breslau of June 1742 ended hostilities between Austria and Prussia. With the First Silesian War at an end, the Queen soon made the recovery of Bohemia her priority.[63] French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. On 12 May 1743, Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia in St. Vitus Cathedral suo jure.[64]Prussia became anxious at Austrian advances on the Rhine frontier, and Frederick again invaded Bohemia, beginning a Second Silesian War; Prussian troops sacked Prague in August 1744. The French plans fell apart when Charles VII died in January 1745. The French overran the Austrian Netherlands in May.[65]Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia (with the exception of Austrian Silesia by the Treaty of Dresden in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War).[66] The wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle, which concluded the eight-year conflict, recognised Prussia's possession of Silesia, and Maria Theresa ceded the Duchy of Parma to Philip of Spain.[67] France had successfully conquered the Austrian Netherlands, but Louis XV, wishing to prevent potential future wars with Austria, returned them to Maria Theresa.[68]","title":"War of the Austrian Succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kolín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Third Silesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Silesian_War"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Kaunitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970238-76"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Westminster (1756)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1756)"},{"link_name":"Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Adam,_Prince_of_Starhemberg"},{"link_name":"First Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1756)"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201480%E2%80%9382-77"},{"link_name":"France's devastating defeats in the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201482-78"},{"link_name":"Second Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1757)"},{"link_name":"Philip of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201482-78"},{"link_name":"Maximilian von Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Ulysses_Browne"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lobositz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lobositz"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970240-79"},{"link_name":"Leopold Joseph von Daun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Joseph_von_Daun"},{"link_name":"Franz Moritz von Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Moritz_von_Lacy"},{"link_name":"Ernst Gideon von Laudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Gideon_von_Laudon"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201483-80"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kolín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970242-81"},{"link_name":"Hochkirch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hochkirch"},{"link_name":"Kunersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf"},{"link_name":"Landeshut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landeshut_(1760)"},{"link_name":"Count Hadik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Hadik"},{"link_name":"raided Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1757_raid_on_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Rossbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rossbach"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201483-80"},{"link_name":"Torgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Torgau"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Hubertusburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201483-80"},{"link_name":"Bourbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201484-82"}],"text":"The Battle of Kolín, 1757Frederick of Prussia's invasion of Saxony in August 1756 began a Third Silesian War and sparked the wider Seven Years' War. Maria Theresa and Prince Kaunitz wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia.[69] Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador to Versailles from 1750 to 1753 to win over the French. Meanwhile, the British rebuffed requests from Maria Theresa to aid her in reclaiming Silesia, and Frederick II himself managed to secure the Treaty of Westminster (1756) with them. Subsequently, Maria Theresa sent Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg, to negotiate an agreement with France, and the result was the First Treaty of Versailles of 1 May 1756. Thus, the efforts of Kaunitz and Starhemberg managed to pave a way for a Diplomatic Revolution; previously, France was one of Austria's archenemies together with Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but after the agreement, they were united by a common cause against Prussia.[70] However, historians have blamed this treaty for France's devastating defeats in the war, since Louis XV was required to deploy troops in Germany and to provide subsidies of 25–30 million pounds a year to Maria Theresa that were vital for the Austrian war effort in Bohemia and Silesia.[71]On 1 May 1757, the Second Treaty of Versailles was signed, whereby Louis XV promised to provide Austria with 130,000 men in addition to 12 million florins yearly. They would also continue the war in Continental Europe until Prussia could be compelled to abandon Silesia and Glatz. In return, Austria would cede several towns in the Austrian Netherlands to the son-in-law of Louis XV, Philip of Parma, who in turn would grant his Italian duchies to Maria Theresa.[71]Maximilian von Browne commanded the Austrian troops. Following the indecisive Battle of Lobositz in 1756, he was replaced by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law.[72] However, he was appointed only because of his familial relations; he turned out to be an incompetent military leader, and he was replaced by Leopold Joseph von Daun, Franz Moritz von Lacy and Ernst Gideon von Laudon.[73] Frederick himself was startled by Lobositz; he eventually re-grouped for another attack in June 1757. The Battle of Kolín that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Frederick lost one third of his troops, and before the battle was over, he had left the scene.[74] Subsequently, Prussia was defeated at Hochkirch in Saxony on 14 October 1758, at Kunersdorf in Brandenburg on 12 August 1759, and at Landeshut near Glatz in June 1760. Hungarian and Croat light hussars led by Count Hadik raided Berlin in 1757. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. However, these victories did not enable the Habsburgs to win the war, as the French and Habsburg armies were destroyed by Frederick at Rossbach in 1757.[73] After the defeat in Torgau on 3 November 1760, Maria Theresa realised that she could no longer reclaim Silesia without Russian support, which vanished after the death of Empress Elizabeth in early 1762. In the meantime, France was losing badly in America and India, and thus they had reduced their subsidies by 50%. Since 1761, Kaunitz had tried to organise a diplomatic congress to take advantage of the accession of George III of Great Britain, as he did not really care about Germany. Finally, the war was concluded by the Treaty of Hubertusburg and Paris in 1763. Austria had to leave the Prussian territories that were occupied.[73] Although Silesia remained under the control of Prussia, a new balance of power was created in Europe, and Austrian position was strengthened by it thanks to its alliance with the Bourbons in Madrid, Parma and Naples. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations.[75]","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Theresia_im_Kreise_ihrer_Familie.jpg"}],"text":"Maria Theresa with her family, 1754, by Martin van Meytens","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1737)"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1738)"},{"link_name":"Maria Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Carolina_of_Austria_(born_1740)"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Maria Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"Chotusitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chotusitz"},{"link_name":"Maria Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1743)"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria_(born_1745)"},{"link_name":"Maria Amalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maria Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Carolina_of_Austria_(stillborn_1748)"},{"link_name":"War of the Austrian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Maria Johanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Johanna_Gabriela_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Josepha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Caroline_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este"},{"link_name":"Maria Antonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Francis_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932266%E2%80%93271,_313-83"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017291f-84"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982218-47"}],"sub_title":"Childbearing","text":"Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children in nineteen years from 1737 to 1756. Thirteen survived infancy, but only ten survived into adulthood. The first child, Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. The child's sex caused great disappointment and so would the births of Maria Anna, the eldest surviving child, and Maria Carolina (1740–1741). While fighting to preserve her inheritance, Maria Theresa gave birth to a son, Joseph, named after Saint Joseph, to whom she had repeatedly prayed for a male child during the pregnancy. Maria Theresa's favourite child, Maria Christina, was born on her 25th birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army at Chotusitz. Five more children were born during the war: (the second) Maria Elisabeth, Charles, Maria Amalia, Leopold and (the second) Maria Carolina (b. & d. 1748). During this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. Five children were born during the peace between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War: Maria Johanna, Maria Josepha, (the third) Maria Carolina, Ferdinand and Maria Antonia. She delivered her last child, Maximilian Francis, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39.[76][77] Maria Theresa asserted that, had she not been almost always pregnant, she would have gone into battle herself.[42]","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_Anton_Maulbertschl_-_deceased_children_of_Maria_Theresa_(Riesensaal).jpg"},{"link_name":"Franz Anton Maulbertsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Anton_Maulbertsch"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"Maria Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1737)"},{"link_name":"Maria Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Carolina_of_Austria_(born_1740)"},{"link_name":"limbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo"},{"link_name":"Gerard van Swieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Swieten"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017306%E2%80%93310-85"},{"link_name":"Imperial Crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Crypt,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan193222-86"},{"link_name":"Smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Maria Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017507-87"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria_(born_1745)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017507,_935_n193-88"},{"link_name":"Johanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Johanna_Gabriela_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017507-87"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabella_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017497,_508-89"},{"link_name":"Maria Josepha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970273-90"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017508-91"},{"link_name":"last rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017508f-92"},{"link_name":"Josepha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Imperial Crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Crypt"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand IV of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017511-94"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(1743%E2%80%931808)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017511-94"},{"link_name":"inoculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017504%E2%80%93515-95"}],"sub_title":"Illnesses and deaths","text":"Mural by Franz Anton Maulbertsch in the Hofburg, Innsbruck, commissioned by Maria Theresa in remembrance of her daughters who died in childhood: Maria Johanna (1750–1762), Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), Maria Carolina (1740–1741) and Maria Carolina (1748)Four of Maria Theresa's children died before reaching adolescence. Her eldest daughter Maria Elisabeth died from stomach cramps at the age of three. Her third child, the first of three daughters named Maria Carolina, died shortly after her first birthday. The second Maria Carolina was born feet first in 1748. As it became evident that she would not survive, preparations were hastily made to baptize her while still living; according to traditional Catholic belief, unbaptized infants would be condemned to eternity in limbo. Maria Theresa's physician Gerard van Swieten assured her that the infant was still living when baptized, but many at court doubted this.[78]Maria Theresa's mother, Empress Elisabeth Christine, died in 1750. Four years later, Maria Theresa's governess, Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, died. She showed her gratitude to Countess Fuchs by having her buried in the Imperial Crypt along with the members of the imperial family.[79]Smallpox was a constant threat to members of the royal family. In July 1749, Maria Christina survived a bout of the disease, followed in January 1757 by Maria Theresa's eldest son Joseph.[80] In January 1761, the disease killed her second son Charles at the age of fifteen.[81] In December 1762, her twelve-year-old daughter Johanna likewise died in agony from the disease.[80] In November 1763, Joseph's first wife Isabella died from the disease.[82] Joseph's second wife Empress Maria Josepha likewise caught the disease in May 1767 and died a week later. Maria Theresa ignored the risk of infection and embraced her daughter-in-law before the sick chamber was sealed to outsiders.[83][84]Maria Theresa in fact contracted smallpox from her daughter-in-law. Throughout the city prayers were made for her recovery, and the sacrament was displayed in all churches. Joseph slept in one of his mother's antechambers and hardly left her bedside. On 1 June, Maria Theresa was given the last rites. When the news came in early June that she had survived the crisis, there was huge rejoicing at the court and amongst the populace of Vienna.[85]In October 1767, Maria Theresa's sixteen-year-old daughter Josepha also showed signs of the disease. It was assumed that she had caught the infection when she went with her mother to pray in the Imperial Crypt next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha (Joseph's wife). Archduchess Josepha started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. Maria Carolina was to replace her as the pre-determined bride of King Ferdinand IV of Naples. Maria Theresa blamed herself for her daughter's death for the rest of her life because, at the time, the concept of an extended incubation period was largely unknown and it was believed that Josepha had caught smallpox from the body of the late empress.[h][86] The last in the family to be infected with the illness was the twenty-four year old Elisabeth. Although she recovered, she was badly scarred with pock marks from the illness.[86] Maria Theresa's losses to smallpox, especially in the epidemic of 1767, were decisive in her sponsoring trials to prevent the illness through inoculation, and subsequently insisting on members of the imperial family receiving inoculation.[87]","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932271-96"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales1987194-97"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariatheresiaoldfamily.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Füger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_F%C3%BCger"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"Dauphin of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"},{"link_name":"proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_marriage"},{"link_name":"court of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales1987194-97"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales1987194-97"},{"link_name":"Princess Carolina of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Carolina_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales1987194-97"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Dynastic marriage policy","text":"Shortly after giving birth to the younger children, Maria Theresa was confronted with the task of marrying off the elder ones. She led the marriage negotiations along with the campaigns of her wars and the duties of state. She used them as pawns in dynastic games and sacrificed their happiness for the benefit of the state.[88] A devoted but self-conscious mother, she wrote to all of her children at least once a week and believed herself entitled to exercise authority over her children regardless of their age and rank.[89]The dowager empress with family, 1776, by Heinrich FügerIn April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married Louis, Dauphin of France, by proxy in Vienna. Maria Antonia's education was neglected, and when the French showed an interest in her, her mother went about educating her as best she could about the court of Versailles and the French. Maria Theresa kept up a fortnightly correspondence with Maria Antonia, now called Marie Antoinette, in which she often reproached her for laziness and frivolity and scolded her for failing to conceive a child.[89]Maria Theresa was not just critical of Marie Antoinette. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. She criticized Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organization, and Maria Amalia for her poor French and haughtiness. The only child she did not constantly scold was Maria Christina, who enjoyed her mother's complete confidence, though she failed to please her mother in one aspect – she did not produce any surviving children.[89]One of Maria Theresa's greatest wishes was to have as many grandchildren as possible, but she had only about two dozen at the time of her death, of which all the eldest surviving daughters were named after her, with the exception of Princess Carolina of Parma, her eldest granddaughter by Maria Amalia.[89][i]","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_family.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"religious toleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_toleration"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales200569-100"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932251-101"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKann1980187-102"},{"link_name":"Jansenist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenism"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982223-103"},{"link_name":"Greek Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimka19995-104"},{"link_name":"flagellantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellantism"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982222-105"}],"text":"Maria Theresa and her family celebrating Saint Nicholas, by Archduchess Maria Christina, in 1762Like all members of the House of Habsburg, Maria Theresa was a Catholic, and a devout one. She believed that religious unity was necessary for a peaceful public life and explicitly rejected the idea of religious toleration. She even advocated for a state church[j] and contemporary travelers criticized her regime as bigoted, intolerant and superstitious.[90] However, she never allowed the church to interfere with what she considered to be prerogatives of a monarch and kept Rome at arm's length. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots.[91] Overall, the ecclesiastical policies of Maria Theresa were enacted to ensure the primacy of state control in church-state relations.[92] She was also influenced by Jansenist ideas. One of the most important aspects of Jansenism was the advocacy of maximum freedom of national churches from Rome. Although Austria had always stressed the rights of the state in relation to the church, Jansenism provided new theoretical justification for this.[93]Maria Theresa promoted the Greek Catholics and emphasized their equal status with Latin Church Catholics.[94] Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public flagellantism. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders.[95]","title":"Religious views and policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII"},{"link_name":"Apostolicum pascendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolicum_pascendi"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932253-106"}],"sub_title":"Jesuits","text":"Her relationship with the Jesuits was complex. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors, and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers convinced her that the order posed a danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree that removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy, and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's Apostolicum pascendi bull, which was in favour of the Jesuits, and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.[96]","title":"Religious views and policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anton_von_Maron_006.png"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Anton von Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_von_Maron"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales200514-107"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017644-108"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970313-109"},{"link_name":"Johann von Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Fries"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200687-110"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932254-111"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200687-110"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKann1980189%E2%80%93190-112"},{"link_name":"surplice fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplice_fees"},{"link_name":"blood libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatai1996203-113"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar200132%E2%80%9333-114"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Gorizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Vorarlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorarlberg"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2000201-115"}],"sub_title":"Jews","text":"Joseph, Maria Theresa's eldest son and co-ruler, in 1775, by Anton von MaronMaria Theresa regarded both the Jews and Protestants as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them.[97][98] She was probably the most anti-Jewish monarch of her time, having inherited the traditional prejudices of her ancestors and acquired new ones. This was a product of commonplace antisemitism and was not kept secret in her time. In 1777, she wrote of the Jews: \"I know of no greater plague than this race, which on account of its deceit, usury and avarice is driving my subjects into beggary. Therefore as far as possible, the Jews are to be kept away and avoided.\"[99] Her hatred was so deep that she was willing to tolerate Protestant businessmen and financiers in Vienna, such as the Swiss-born Johann von Fries, since she wanted to break free from the Jewish financiers.[100]In December 1744, she proposed to her ministers the expulsion of around 10,000 Jews from Prague amid accusations that they were disloyal at the time of the Bavarian-French occupation during the War of the Austrian Succession. The order was then expanded to all Jews of Bohemia and major cities of Moravia. Her first intention was to deport all Jews by 1 January, but having accepted the advice of her ministers, had the deadline postponed.[101] The expulsion was executed only for Prague and only retracted in 1748 due to economic considerations and pressures from other countries, including Great Britain.[100][102]In the third decade of her reign, Maria Theresa issued edicts that offered some state protection to her Jewish subjects. She forbade the forcible conversion of Jewish children to Christianity in 1762, and in 1763 she forbade Catholic clergy from extracting surplice fees from her Jewish subjects. In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a blood libel in the village of Orkuta.[103] Notwithstanding her continuing strong dislike of Jews, Maria Theresa supported Jewish commercial and industrial activity in Austria.[104] There were also parts of the realm where the Jews were treated better, such as Trieste, Gorizia and Vorarlberg.[105]","title":"Religious views and policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017644%E2%80%93647-116"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017647%E2%80%93666-117"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Upper Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200687-110"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales200514-107"},{"link_name":"Moravian Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Church"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2000201-115"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017665-118"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017666-119"}],"sub_title":"Protestants","text":"In contrast to Maria Theresa's efforts to expel the Jews, she aimed to convert the Protestants (whom she regarded as heretics) to Catholicism.[106] Commissions were formed to seek out secret Protestants and intern them in workhouses, where they would be given the chance to subscribe to approved statements of Catholic faith. If they accepted, they were to be allowed to return to their homes. However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile.[107] Maria Theresa exiled Protestants from Austria to Transylvania, including 2,600 from Upper Austria in the 1750s.[100] Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as \"unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous\".[97] Despite her policies, practical, demographic and economic considerations prevented her from expelling the Protestants en masse. In 1777, she abandoned the idea of expelling Moravian Protestants after Joseph, who was opposed to her intentions, threatened to abdicate as emperor and co-ruler. [105] In February 1780, after a number of Moravians publicly declared their faith, Joseph demanded a general freedom to worship. However, Maria Theresa refused to grant this for as long as she lived. In May 1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary.[108] Freedom of religion was granted only in the Declaration of Tolerance issued by Joseph immediately after Maria Theresa's death.[109]","title":"Religious views and policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carske_privilegije.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitanate of Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_Rescript_of_the_Illyrian_Nation"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christians"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronza201051%E2%80%9362-120"},{"link_name":"Metropolitanate of Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_Rescript_of_the_Illyrian_Nation"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004166%E2%80%93167,_196%E2%80%93197-121"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoc%C5%9Fan2015243%E2%80%93258-122"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Orthodox Christians","text":"Confirmation of Serbian privileges, issued by Maria Theresa in 1743Further information: Metropolitanate of Karlovci and Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian NationThe policies of Maria Theresa's government toward their Eastern Orthodox subjects were marked by special interests, relating not only to complex religious situations in various southern and eastern regions of the Habsburg monarchy, inhabited by Eastern Orthodox Christians, mainly Serbs and Romanians, but also regarding the political aspirations of the Habsburg court toward several neighbouring lands and regions in Southeastern Europe still held by the declining Ottoman Empire and inhabited by an Eastern Orthodox population.[110]Maria Theresa's government confirmed (1743) and continued to uphold old privileges granted to their Eastern Orthodox subjects by previous Habsburg monarchs (emperors Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI), but at the same time, new reforms were enforced, establishing much firmer state control over the Serbian Orthodox Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Those reforms were initiated by royal patents, known as Regulamentum privilegiorum (1770) and Regulamentum Illyricae Nationis (1777), and finalized in 1779 by the Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation, a comprehensive document that regulated all major issues relating to the religious life of their Eastern Orthodox subjects and the administration of the Serbian Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Maria Theresa's rescript of 1779 was kept in force until 1868.[111][112]","title":"Religious views and policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Theresia11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean-Étienne Liotard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard"}],"text":"Maria Theresa in 1762, by Jean-Étienne Liotard","title":"Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne199738-123"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Haugwitz"},{"link_name":"florins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970192-124"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200688-125"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200688-125"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201486-126"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200689-127"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200689-127"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201485-128"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982221%E2%80%93222-129"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne199738-123"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970195-130"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970196-131"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200690-132"}],"sub_title":"Institutional","text":"Maria Theresa was as conservative in matters of state as in those of religion, but she implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency.[113] She employed Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000 men, paid for with 14 million florins extracted from crown lands. The central government was responsible for funding the army, although Haugwitz instituted taxation of the nobility, who had never before had to pay taxes.[114] Moreover, after Haugwitz was appointed the head of the new central administrative agency, dubbed the Directory, (Directorium in publicis et cameralibus) in 1749, he initiated a radical centralization of state institutions down to the level of the District Office (Kreisamt).[115] Thanks to this effort, by 1760 there was a class of government officials numbering around 10,000. However, Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary were almost completely untouched by this reform.[115] In the case of Hungary, Maria Theresa was particularly mindful of her promise that she would respect the privileges in the kingdom, including the immunity of nobles from taxation.[116]In light of the failure to reclaim Silesia during the Seven Years' War, the governing system was once again reformed to strengthen the state.[117] The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate financial bodies.[117] She also refounded the Hofkammer in 1762, which was a ministry of finances that controlled all revenues from the monarchy. In addition to this, the Hofrechenskammer, or exchequer, was tasked with the handling of all financial accounts.[118] Meanwhile, in 1760, Maria Theresa created the Council of State (Staatsrat), composed of the state chancellor, three members of the high nobility and three knights, which served as a committee of experienced people who advised her. The council of state lacked executive or legislative authority; nevertheless, it showed the difference between the form of government employed by Maria Theresa and that of Frederick II of Prussia. Unlike the latter, Maria Theresa was not an autocrat who acted as her own minister. Prussia would adopt this form of government only after 1807.[119]Maria Theresa doubled the state revenue from 20 to 40 million florins between 1754 and 1764, though her attempt to tax clergy and nobility was only partially successful.[113][120] These financial reforms greatly improved the economy.[121] After Kaunitz became the head of the new Staatsrat, he pursued a policy of \"aristocratic enlightenment\" that relied on persuasion to interact with the estates, and he was also willing to retract some of Haugwitz's centralization to curry favour with them. Nonetheless, the governing system remained centralised, and a strong institution made it possible for Kaunitz to increase state revenues substantially. In 1775, the Habsburg monarchy achieved its first balanced budget, and by 1780, the Habsburg state revenue had reached 50 million florins.[122]","title":"Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerard van Swieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Swieten"},{"link_name":"Anton de Haen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_de_Haen"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2009160-133"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970310-134"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"inoculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation"},{"link_name":"Maria Antonia, Electress of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Gerard van Swieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Swieten"},{"link_name":"Schönbrunn Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins200264%E2%80%9365-135"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017504%E2%80%93515-95"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970309-136"}],"sub_title":"Medicine","text":"After Maria Theresa recruited Gerard van Swieten from the Netherlands, he also employed a fellow Dutchman named Anton de Haen, who founded the Viennese Medicine School (Wiener Medizinische Schule).[123] Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs.[124]After the smallpox epidemic of 1767, she promoted inoculation, which she had learned of through her correspondence with Maria Antonia, Electress of Saxony (who in turn probably knew of it through her own correspondence with Frederick the Great). After unsuccessfully inviting the Sutton brothers from England to introduce their technique in Austria, Maria Theresa obtained information on current practices of smallpox inoculation in England. She overrode the objections of Gerard van Swieten (who doubted the effectiveness of the technique), and ordered that it be tried on thirty-four newborn orphans and sixty-seven orphans between the ages of five and fourteen years. The trial was successful, establishing that inoculation was effective in protecting against smallpox, and safe (in the case of the test subjects). The empress therefore ordered the construction of an inoculation centre, and had herself and two of her children inoculated. She promoted inoculation in Austria by hosting a dinner for the first sixty-five inoculated children in Schönbrunn Palace, waiting on the children herself. Maria Theresa was responsible for changing Austrian physicians' negative view of inoculation.[125][87]In 1770, she enacted a strict regulation of the sale of poisons, and apothecaries were obliged to keep a poison register recording the quantity and circumstances of every sale. If someone unknown tried to purchase a poison, that person had to provide two character witnesses before a sale could be effectuated. Three years later, she prohibited the use of lead in any eating or drinking vessels; the only permitted material for this purpose was pure tin.[126]","title":"Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932230-137"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2009157%E2%80%93158-138"},{"link_name":"Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutio_Criminalis_Theresiana"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2009158-139"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Magda Logomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Logomer"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandst%C3%A4tter1986163-142"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw-143"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1936167%E2%80%93168-144"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932242-145"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw-143"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKann1980179-146"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger201485-128"}],"sub_title":"Law","text":"She is most unusually ambitious and hopes to make the House of Austria more renowned than it has ever been.\n\n\nPrussian ambassador's letter to Frederick II of Prussia[127]The centralization of the Habsburg government necessitated the creation of a unified legal system. Previously, various lands in the Habsburg realm had their own laws. These laws were compiled and the resulting Codex Theresianus could be used as a basis for legal unification.[128] In 1769, the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana was published, and this was a codification of the traditional criminal justice system since the Middle Ages. This criminal code allowed the possibility of establishing the truth through torture, and it also criminalised witchcraft and various religious offenses. Although this law came into force in Austria and Bohemia, it was not valid in Hungary.[129]Maria Theresa is credited, however, in ending the witch hunts in Zagreb, opposing the methods used against Magda Logomer (also called Herrucina), who was the last prosecuted witch in Zagreb following her intervention.[130][131]She was particularly concerned with the sexual morality of her subjects. Thus, she established a Chastity Commission (Keuschheitskommission) in 1752[132] to clamp down on prostitution, homosexuality, adultery and even sex between members of different religions.[133] This Commission cooperated closely with the police, and the Commission even employed secret agents to investigate private lives of men and women with bad reputation.[134] They were authorised to raid banquets, clubs, and private gatherings, and to arrest those suspected of violating social norms.[135] The punishments included whipping, deportation, or even the death penalty.[133]In 1776, Austria outlawed torture, at the particular behest of Joseph II. Much unlike Joseph, but with the support of religious authorities, Maria Theresa was opposed to the abolition of torture. Born and raised between Baroque and Rococo eras, she found it difficult to fit into the intellectual sphere of the Enlightenment, which is why she only slowly followed humanitarian reforms on the continent.[136]From an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands.[118]","title":"Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne199738-123"},{"link_name":"Theresianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresianum"},{"link_name":"Theresian Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresian_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Wiener Neustadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Neustadt"},{"link_name":"Oriental Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.k._Akademie_f%C3%BCr_Orientalische_Sprachen"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200691-147"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017714-148"},{"link_name":"Johann Ignaz von Felbiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ignaz_von_Felbiger"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017708f-149"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2000200-150"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970308-151"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2000200-150"},{"link_name":"rote learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_learning"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200692-152"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017710-153"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017709-154"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200692-152"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970308-151"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017712%E2%80%93714.-155"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017714-148"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2000200-150"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017713f-156"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Throughout her reign, Maria Theresa made the promotion of education a priority. Initially this was focused on the wealthier classes. She permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which influenced the decline of theology as the main foundation of university education.[113] Furthermore, educational institutions were created to prepare officials for work in the state bureaucracy: the Theresianum was established in Vienna in 1746 to educate nobles' sons, a military school named the Theresian Military Academy was founded in Wiener Neustadt in 1751, and an Oriental Academy for future diplomats was created in 1754.[137]In the 1770s, reform of the schooling system for all levels of society became a major policy. Stollberg-Rilinger notes that the reform of the primary schools in particular was the most long-lasting success of Maria Theresa's later reign, and one of the few policy agendas in which she was not in open conflict with her son and nominal co-ruler Joseph II.[138] The need for the reform became evident after the census of 1770–1771, which revealed the widespread illiteracy of the populace. Maria Theresa thereupon wrote to her rival Frederick II of Prussia to request him to allow the Silesian school reformer Johann Ignaz von Felbiger to move to Austria. Felbiger's first proposals were made law by December 1774.[139] Austrian historian Karl Vocelka observed that the educational reforms enacted by Maria Theresa were \"really founded on Enlightenment ideas,\" although the ulterior motive was still to \"meet the needs of an absolutist state, as an increasingly sophisticated and complicated society and economy required new administrators, officers, diplomats and specialists in virtually every area.\"[140]Maria Theresa's reform established secular primary schools, which children of both sexes from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend.[141][140] The curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere rote learning.[142] Education was to be multilingual; children were to be instructed first in their mother tongue and then in later years in German.[143] Prizes were given to the most able students to encourage ability. Attention was also given to raising the status and pay of teachers, who were forbidden to take on outside employment. Teacher training colleges were established to train teachers in the latest techniques.[144]The education reform was met with considerable opposition. Predictably, some of this came from peasants who wanted the children to work in the fields instead.[142] Maria Theresa crushed the dissent by ordering the arrest of all those opposed.[141] However, much of the opposition came from the imperial court, particularly amongst aristocrats who saw their power threatened by the reformers or those who feared that that greater literacy would expose the population to Protestant or Enlightenment ideas. Felbiger's reforms were nevertheless pushed through, as a result of the consistent support of Maria Theresa and her minister Franz Sales Greiner.[145] The reform of the primary schools largely met Maria Theresa's aim of raising literacy standards, as evidenced by the higher proportions of children who attended school; this was particularly the case in the Archdiocese of Vienna, where school attendance increased from 40% in 1780 to a sensational 94% by 1807.[138] Nevertheless, high rates of illiteracy persisted in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century,[140] The teacher training colleges (in particular the Vienna Normal School) produced hundreds of new teachers who spread the new system over the following decades. However, the number of secondary schools decreased, since the quantity of new schools founded failed to make up for the numbers of Jesuit schools abolished. As a result, secondary schooling became more exclusive.[146]","title":"Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathaniel Wraxall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Wraxall"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rousseau"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1936138-157"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1936138-157"}],"sub_title":"Censorship","text":"Her regime was also known for institutionalising censorship of publications and learning. English author Sir Nathaniel Wraxall once wrote from Vienna: \"[T]he injudicious bigotry of the Empress may chiefly be attributed the deficiency [in learning]. It is hardly credible how many books and productions of every species, and in every language, are proscribed by her. Not only Voltaire and Rousseau are included in the list, from the immoral tendency or licentious nature of their writings; but many authors whom we consider as unexceptionable or harmless, experience a similar treatment.\"[147] The censorship particularly affected works that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. Ironically, for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an \"enlightened\" man.[147]","title":"Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000188-158"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200692-152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MariaTheresia_Talero-Anverso001.jpg"},{"link_name":"her Thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler"},{"link_name":"serfdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200693-159"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017726%E2%80%93728-160"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017728f-161"},{"link_name":"Robot Patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Patent"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannicarobot-162"},{"link_name":"Franz Anton von Raab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Anton_von_Raab"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017726%E2%80%93731-163"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017731%E2%80%93733-164"},{"link_name":"Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017739-165"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017739-165"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017739.-166"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales1987346-167"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStollberg-Rilinger2017740%E2%80%93742-168"},{"link_name":"Serfdom Patent (1781)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_Patent_(1781)"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannicarobot-162"}],"sub_title":"Economy","text":"Maria Theresa endeavoured to increase the living standards and quality of life of the people, since she could see a causal link between peasant living standards, productivity and state revenue.[148] The Habsburg government under her rule also tried to strengthen its industry through government interventions. After the loss of Silesia, they implemented subsidies and trade barriers to encourage the move of Silesian textile industry to northern Bohemia. In addition, they cut back guild privileges, and internal duties on trade were either reformed or removed (such as the case for the Austrian-Bohemian lands in 1775).[142]Maria Theresa depicted on her ThalerIn the late part of her reign, Maria Theresa undertook reform of the system of serfdom, which was the basis for agriculture in eastern parts of her lands (particularly Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary and Galicia). Although Maria Theresa had initially been reluctant to meddle in such affairs, government interventions were made possible by the perceived need for economic power and the emergence of a functioning bureaucracy.[149] The census of 1770–71 gave the peasants opportunity to express their grievances directly to the royal commissioners and made evident to Maria Theresa the extent to which their poverty was the result of the extreme demands for forced labour (called \"robota\" in Czech) by the landlords. On some estates, the landlords demanded that the peasants work up to seven days per week in tilling the nobles' land, so that the only time available for the peasants to till their own land was at night.[150]An additional prompt to reform was the famine which afflicted the empire in the early 1770s. Bohemia was particularly hard hit. Maria Theresa was increasingly influenced by the reformers Franz Anton von Blanc and Tobias Philipp von Gebler, who called for radical changes to the serf system to allow the peasants to make a living.[151] In 1771–1778, Maria Theresa issued a series of \"Robot Patents\" (i.e. regulations regarding forced labour), which regulated and restricted peasant labour only in the German and Bohemian parts of the realm. The goal was to ensure that peasants not only could support themselves and their family members, but also help cover the national expenditure in peace or war.[152]By late 1772, Maria Theresa had decided on more radical reform. In 1773, she entrusted her minister Franz Anton von Raab with a model project on the crown lands in Bohemia: he was tasked to divide up the large estates into small farms, convert the forced labour contracts into leases, and enable the farmers to pass the leaseholds onto their children. Raab pushed the project through so successfully that his name was identified with the program, which became known as Raabisation. After the success of the program on the crown lands, Maria Theresa had it also implemented on the former Jesuit lands, as well as crown lands in other parts of her empire.[153]However, Maria Theresa's attempts to extend the Raab system to the great estates belonging to the Bohemian nobles were fiercely resisted by the nobles. They claimed that the crown had no right to interfere with the serf system, since the nobles were the original owners of the land and had allowed the peasants to work it on stipulated conditions. The nobles also claimed that the system of forced labour had no connection with the peasants' poverty, which was a result of the peasants' own wastefulness and the increased royal taxes. Somewhat surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria Theresa's son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of serfdom.[154] In a letter to his brother Leopold, of 1775, Joseph complained that his mother intended to \"abolish serfdom entirely and arbitrarily destroy the centuries-old property relations.\" He complained that \"no consideration was being taken for the landlords, who were threatened with the loss of more than half their income. For many of them, who are carrying debts, this would mean financial ruin.\"[155] By 1776, the court was polarized: on one side was a small reform party (including Maria Theresa, Raab, Blanc, Gebler and Greiner); on the conservative side were Joseph and the rest of the court.[155] Joseph argued that it was difficult to find a middle way between the interests of the peasants and nobles; he suggested instead that the peasants negotiate with their landlords to reach an outcome.[156] Joseph's biographer Derek Beales calls this change of course \"puzzling\".[157] In the ensuing struggle, Joseph forced Blanc to leave the court. Because of the opposition, Maria Theresa was unable to carry out the planned reform and had to settle on a compromise.[158] The system of serfdom was only abolished after Maria Theresa's death, in the Serfdom Patent (1781) issued (in another change of course) by Joseph II as sole ruler.[152]","title":"Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anton_von_Maron_005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anton von Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_von_Maron"},{"link_name":"olive crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_branch"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYonan2003116%E2%80%93117-169"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYonan2003112-170"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970267-171"},{"link_name":"Falkenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkenstein,_Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Teschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales2005194-172"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales2005192-173"},{"link_name":"Leopold Joseph von Daun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Joseph_von_Daun"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970268,_271-174"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKann1980157-175"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales2005182-176"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales2005183-177"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales2005183-177"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeales2005185-178"},{"link_name":"First Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000194-179"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970285-180"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Catherine II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Galicia and Lodomeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_and_Lodomeria"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000195-181"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca"},{"link_name":"Sublime Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_Porte"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Bukovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2009154-182"},{"link_name":"Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_III_Joseph,_Elector_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000195-181"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200694-183"},{"link_name":"War of the Bavarian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000196-184"},{"link_name":"Innviertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innviertel"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller200694-183"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000196-184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaisergruft_2286201074_fdea9c4cfa_b.jpg"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"shortness of breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)"},{"link_name":"cough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"},{"link_name":"necrophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophobia"},{"link_name":"insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932334-185"},{"link_name":"last rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw1970336%E2%80%93338-186"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1936272-187"},{"link_name":"Imperial Crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Crypt,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1932335-188"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitford1970287-189"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg-Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao2000197-190"}],"text":"Maria Theresa as a widow in 1773, by Anton von Maron. Peace holds the olive crown above her head, reaffirming Maria Theresa's monarchical status. This was the last commissioned state portrait of Maria Theresa.[159]Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in Innsbruck celebrating the wedding of his second surviving son, Leopold. Maria Theresa was devastated. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. She completely withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. Throughout her widowhood, she spent the whole of August and the eighteenth of each month alone in her chamber, which negatively affected her mental health.[160] She described her state of mind shortly after Francis's death: \"I hardly know myself now, for I have become like an animal with no true life or reasoning power.\"[161]Upon his accession to the imperial throne, Joseph ruled less land than his father had in 1740, since he had given up his rights over Tuscany to Leopold, and thus he only controlled Falkenstein and Teschen. Believing that the emperor must possess enough land to maintain his standing as emperor,[162] Maria Theresa, who was used to being assisted in the administration of her vast realms, declared Joseph to be her new co-ruler on 17 September 1765.[163] From then on, mother and son had frequent ideological disagreements. The 22 million florins that Joseph inherited from his father was injected into the treasury. Maria Theresa had another loss in February 1766 when Haugwitz died. She gave her son absolute control over the military following the death of Leopold Joseph von Daun.[164]According to Austrian historian Robert A. Kann, Maria Theresa was a monarch of above-average qualifications but intellectually inferior to Joseph and Leopold. Kann asserts that she nevertheless possessed qualities appreciated in a monarch: warm heart, practical mind, firm determination and sound perception. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria Theresa's.[165]The relationship between Maria Theresa and Joseph was not without warmth but was complicated and their personalities clashed. Despite his intellect, Maria Theresa's force of personality often made Joseph cower.[166] Sometimes, she openly admired his talents and achievements, but she was also not hesitant to rebuke him. She even wrote: \"We never see each other except at dinner ... His temper gets worse every day ... Please burn this letter ... I just try to avoid public scandal.\"[167] In another letter, also addressed to Joseph's companion, she complained: \"He avoids me ... I am the only person in his way and so I am an obstruction and a burden ... Abdication alone can remedy matters.\"[167] After much contemplation, she chose not to abdicate. Joseph himself often threatened to resign as co-regent and emperor, but he, too, was induced not to do so. Her threats of abdication were rarely taken seriously; Maria Theresa believed that her recovery from smallpox in 1767 was a sign that God wished her to reign until death. It was in Joseph's interest that she remained sovereign, for he often blamed her for his failures and thus avoided taking on the responsibilities of a monarch.[168]Joseph and Prince Kaunitz arranged the First Partition of Poland despite Maria Theresa's protestations. Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the Polish people.[169] She even once argued, \"What right have we to rob an innocent nation that it has hitherto been our boast to protect and support?\"[170] The duo argued that it was too late to abort now. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia would do it with or without Austrian participation. Maria Theresa claimed and eventually took Galicia and Lodomeria; in the words of Frederick, \"the more she cried, the more she took\".[171]A few years after the partition, Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). Following the signing of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774 that concluded the war, Austria entered into negotiations with the Sublime Porte. Thus, in 1775, the Ottoman Empire ceded the northwestern part of Moldavia (subsequently known as Bukovina) to Austria.[172] Subsequently, on 30 December 1777, Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria died without leaving any children.[171] As a result, his territories were coveted by ambitious men, including Joseph, who tried to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands.[173] This alarmed Frederick II of Prussia, and thus the War of the Bavarian Succession erupted in 1778. Maria Theresa very unwillingly consented to the occupation of Bavaria, and a year later she made peace proposals to Frederick II despite Joseph's objections.[174] Although Austria managed to gain the Innviertel area, this \"Potato War\" caused a setback to the financial improvement that the empress had made.[173] The 500,000 florins in annual revenue from 100,000 inhabitants of Innviertel were not comparable to the 100,000,000 florins that were spent during the war.[174]Maria Theresa and her husband are interred in the double tomb which she had inscribed as a widow.It is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the smallpox attack in 1767, as 18th-century writers asserted. She suffered from shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, distress, necrophobia and insomnia. She later developed edema.[175]Maria Theresa fell ill on 24 November 1780. Her physician, Dr. Störk, thought her condition serious, although her son Joseph was confident that she would recover in no time. By 26 November, she asked for the last rites, and on 28 November, the doctor told her that the time had come. On 29 November, she died surrounded by her remaining children.[176][177] Her body is buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna next to her husband in a coffin she had inscribed during her lifetime.[178]Her longtime rival Frederick the Great, on hearing of her death, said that she had honored her throne and her sex, and although he had fought against her in three wars, he never considered her his enemy.[179] With her death, the House of Habsburg died out and was replaced by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Joseph II, already co-sovereign of the Habsburg dominions, succeeded her and introduced sweeping reforms in the empire; Joseph produced nearly 700 edicts per year (or almost two per day), whereas Maria Theresa issued only about 100 edicts annually.[180]","title":"Late reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199467-191"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYonan20113-192"},{"link_name":"enlightened absolutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2009154%E2%80%93155-193"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2009156-194"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVocelka2000202-195"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"text":"Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public persona and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection in her subjects; a notable example was how she projected dignity and simplicity to awe the people in Pressburg before she was crowned as Queen (Regnant) of Hungary.[181] Her 40-year reign was considered to be very successful when compared to other Habsburg rulers. Her reforms had transformed the empire into a modern state with a significant international standing.[182] She centralised and modernised its institutions, and her reign was considered as the beginning of the era of \"enlightened absolutism\" in Austria, with a brand new approach toward governing: the measures undertaken by rulers became more modern and rational, and thoughts were given to the welfare of the state and the people.[183] Many of her policies were not in line with the ideals of the Enlightenment (such as her support of torture), and she was still very much influenced by Catholicism from the previous era.[184] Vocelka even stated that \"taken as a whole the reforms of Maria Theresa appear more absolutist and centralist than enlightened, even if one must admit that the influence of enlightened ideas is visible to a certain degree.\"[185] Despite being among the most successful Habsburg monarchs and remarkable leaders of the 18th century, Maria Theresa has not captured the interest of contemporary historians or media, perhaps due her hardened nature.[186]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_Angelobung_der_Bundesregierung_(49345113843).jpg"},{"link_name":"Austrian chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_chancellor"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Kurz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz"},{"link_name":"Hofburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BushSolyom2006-02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hungarian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_President"},{"link_name":"László Sólyom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_S%C3%B3lyom"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Sándor Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Palace"},{"link_name":"Maria-Theresien-Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria-Theresien-Platz"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresia Garden Square (Uzhhorod)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresia_Garden_Square_(Uzhhorod)"},{"link_name":"Subotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subotica"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1762%E2%80%931770)"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1767%E2%80%931827)"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este,_Queen_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Marie Thérèse of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy_(1803%E2%80%931879)"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1816%E2%80%931867)"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1817%E2%80%931886)"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Teresa_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies_(1867%E2%80%931909)"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)"},{"link_name":"SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kaiserin_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Maria_Theresia"},{"link_name":"Military Order of Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"Theresianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresianum"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"295 Theresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/295_Theresia"},{"link_name":"Terezin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terezin"},{"link_name":"chandelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Hofburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg"},{"link_name":"Martin van Meytens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_van_Meytens"},{"link_name":"oath of allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_allegiance"},{"link_name":"government of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Sándor Palace, Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Palace,_Budapest"},{"link_name":"President of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Hungary"}],"sub_title":"Memorials and honours","text":"Oath of allegiance ceremony of cabinet II of Austrian chancellor Sebastian Kurz in the Maria Theresa Room of the Hofburg palace (2020)Hungarian President László Sólyom with U.S. President George W. Bush in the Maria Theresa Room of Sándor Palace (2006)A number of streets and squares were named after her throughout the empire as well as statues and monuments built. In Vienna a large bronze monument was built in her honour at Maria-Theresien-Platz in 1888. The Maria Theresia Garden Square (Uzhhorod) was constructed in her memory as recently as 2013.City of Subotica was renamed in her honor in 1779, as Maria-Theresiapolis, sometimes spelled as Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel.[187]A number of her descendants were named in her honour. These include:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770),\nMaria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827),\nMaria Theresa of Naples and Sicily,\nMaria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia,\nMarie Thérèse of France,\nMaria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855),\nMaria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879),\nMaria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867),\nArchduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886),\nMaria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919),\nPrincess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909), and\nArchduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933). Her granddaughter Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily became Holy Roman Empress as well in 1792.The Imperial and Royal Navy ship SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia was laid down in 1891.\nThe Military Order of Maria Theresa was founded by her in 1757 and remained in existence until after World War I.\nThe Theresianum was founded by her in 1746 and is one of Austria's finest schools.\nThe Maria Theresa thaler was issued during her reign but was continued to be struck afterwards and became legal tender as far as the Persian Gulf region and Southeast Asia. The Austrian Mint continues to issue it.[188]\nAsteroid 295 Theresia was named in her honour in 1890.\nThe garrison town of Terezin (Theresienstadt) in Bohemia was constructed in 1780 and named after her.\nA crystal chandelier with Bohemian crystal glass was named in her honour and is known as the Marie Therese chandelier.[189][190][191][192][193]\nThe Maria Theresa Room (Maria-Theresien-Zimmer) in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg palace is named in her honour and a large state portrait of her by Martin van Meytens's school from 1741 depicting her in the Hungarian coronation dress hangs in the centre. All oath of allegiance ceremonies of a newly elected government of Austria are conducted in this room with the signing taking place underneath her portrait.[194]\n22nd Volunteer Cavalry Division 'Maria Theresa' (1943–1945)\nThe Maria Theresa Room is the most elegant room in the Sándor Palace, Budapest, the official residence of the President of Hungary. It has a portrait of the queen dressed for her coronation, alongside a portrait of her husband Emperor Francis I on the other side. The room was especially tailored in memory of the reconciliation between the monarch and the government and is used for official state receptions.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_(film)"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresia_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Marianne Faithfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Dunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Norma Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer"},{"link_name":"Alma Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Kruger"}],"sub_title":"In media","text":"She has appeared as the main figure in a number of films and series such as the 1951 Maria Theresa and Maria Theresia, an Austria-Czech television miniseries from 2017. In the 2006 film Marie Antoinette, Marianne Faithfull portrayed Maria Theresa opposite Kirsten Dunst in the title role.Years before, she appeared as a minor character in the 1938 film Marie Antoinette, starring Norma Shearer, in which she was portrayed by Alma Kruger.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles, styles, honours, and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by the Grace of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoider19731-205"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"}],"sub_title":"Titles and styles","text":"Her title after the death of her husband was:Maria Theresa, by the Grace of God, Dowager Empress of the Romans, Queen of Hungary, of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, etc.; Archduchess of Austria; Duchess of Burgundy, of Styria, of Carinthia and of Carniola; Grand Princess of Transylvania; Margravine of Moravia; Duchess of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders, of Württemberg, of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Milan, of Mantua, of Parma, of Piacenza, of Guastalla, of Auschwitz and of Zator; Princess of Swabia; Princely Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Hainault, of Kyburg, of Gorizia and of Gradisca; Margravine of Burgau, of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Countess of Namur; Lady of the Wendish Mark and of Mechlin; Dowager Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany.[195][k]","title":"Titles, styles, honours, and arms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arms","title":"Titles, styles, honours, and arms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Philip William, Elector Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_William,_Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonore_Magdalene_of_Neuburg"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Amalie_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rudolph,_Duke_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Juliane of Holstein-Norburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Juliane_of_Holstein-Norburg"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ernest_I,_Prince_of_Oettingen-Oettingen"},{"link_name":"Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Louise_of_Oettingen-Oettingen"},{"link_name":"Christine Friederike of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Friederike_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"}],"text":"Ancestors of Maria Theresa[196] 8. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 4. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 9. Maria Anna of Austria 2. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 10. Philip William, Elector Palatine 5. Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 11. Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 1. Maria Theresa of Austria 12. Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick 6. Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick 13. Elisabeth Juliane of Holstein-Norburg 3. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick 14. Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen 7. Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen 15. Christine Friederike of Württemberg","title":"Ancestry"}]
[{"image_text":"Painting of three-year-old Maria Theresa within the gardens of Hofburg Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Maria_Theresa%2C_age_3.jpeg/220px-Maria_Theresa%2C_age_3.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Archduchess Maria Theresa, by Andreas Möller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Andreas_Moeller_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Theresia_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/220px-Andreas_Moeller_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Theresia_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their wedding breakfast, by Martin van Meytens. Charles VI (in the red-plumed hat) is seated at the center of the table.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Festm%C3%A5ltid_vid_hovet_i_Wien_En_grand_couvert_%28Johan_Lundberg%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15746.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Festm%C3%A5ltid_vid_hovet_i_Wien_En_grand_couvert_%28Johan_Lundberg%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15746.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa in 1730, by Venetian painter, Rosalba Carriera.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rosalba_Carriera_-_Maria_Theresa%2C_Archduchess_of_Habsburg_%281717-1780%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Rosalba_Carriera_-_Maria_Theresa%2C_Archduchess_of_Habsburg_%281717-1780%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa's procession through the Graben, 22 November 1740. The pregnant queen is on way to hear High Mass at St. Stephen's Cathedral before receiving homage.[31]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oath_of_Fealty_to_Maria_Theresa.jpg/220px-Oath_of_Fealty_to_Maria_Theresa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa being crowned Queen Regnant of Hungary, St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/M%C3%A1ria_Ter%C3%A9zia_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_a_Szent_M%C3%A1rton_sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1zban.jpg/220px-M%C3%A1ria_Ter%C3%A9zia_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_a_Szent_M%C3%A1rton_sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1zban.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa as the Queen Regnant of Hungary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Maria_Theresia_als_K%C3%B6nigin_von_Ungarn_zu_Pferde.jpg/220px-Maria_Theresia_als_K%C3%B6nigin_von_Ungarn_zu_Pferde.jpg"},{"image_text":"Engraved by Gustav Adolph Müller after Martin van Mytens, the Younger, Maria Theresa of Austria, 1742, engraving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Maria_Theresa_Print_dli_0613700281_cor.jpg/218px-Maria_Theresa_Print_dli_0613700281_cor.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Battle of Kolín, 1757","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg/220px-Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa with her family, 1754, by Martin van Meytens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Maria_Theresia_im_Kreise_ihrer_Familie.jpg/220px-Maria_Theresia_im_Kreise_ihrer_Familie.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mural by Franz Anton Maulbertsch in the Hofburg, Innsbruck, commissioned by Maria Theresa in remembrance of her daughters who died in childhood: Maria Johanna (1750–1762), Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), Maria Carolina (1740–1741) and Maria Carolina (1748)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Franz_Anton_Maulbertschl_-_deceased_children_of_Maria_Theresa_%28Riesensaal%29.jpg/220px-Franz_Anton_Maulbertschl_-_deceased_children_of_Maria_Theresa_%28Riesensaal%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The dowager empress with family, 1776, by Heinrich Füger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mariatheresiaoldfamily.jpg/220px-Mariatheresiaoldfamily.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa and her family celebrating Saint Nicholas, by Archduchess Maria Christina, in 1762","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_family.jpg/220px-Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_family.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph, Maria Theresa's eldest son and co-ruler, in 1775, by Anton von Maron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Anton_von_Maron_006.png/220px-Anton_von_Maron_006.png"},{"image_text":"Confirmation of Serbian privileges, issued by Maria Theresa in 1743","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carske_privilegije.jpg/170px-Carske_privilegije.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa in 1762, by Jean-Étienne Liotard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maria_Theresia11.jpg/220px-Maria_Theresia11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa depicted on her Thaler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MariaTheresia_Talero-Anverso001.jpg/220px-MariaTheresia_Talero-Anverso001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa as a widow in 1773, by Anton von Maron. Peace holds the olive crown above her head, reaffirming Maria Theresa's monarchical status. This was the last commissioned state portrait of Maria Theresa.[159]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Anton_von_Maron_005.jpg/170px-Anton_von_Maron_005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa and her husband are interred in the double tomb which she had inscribed as a widow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kaisergruft_2286201074_fdea9c4cfa_b.jpg/170px-Kaisergruft_2286201074_fdea9c4cfa_b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oath of allegiance ceremony of cabinet II of Austrian chancellor Sebastian Kurz in the Maria Theresa Room of the Hofburg palace (2020)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2020_Angelobung_der_Bundesregierung_%2849345113843%29.jpg/220px-2020_Angelobung_der_Bundesregierung_%2849345113843%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hungarian President László Sólyom with U.S. President George W. Bush in the Maria Theresa Room of Sándor Palace (2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BushSolyom2006-02.jpg/220px-BushSolyom2006-02.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg/60px-Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Kings of Bohemia family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Bohemia_family_tree"},{"title":"Kings of Hungary family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Hungary_family_tree"},{"title":"List of people with the most children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_the_most_children"}]
[{"reference":"\"Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/473697/Pragmatic-Sanction-of-Emperor-Charles-VI","url_text":"\"Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI\""}]},{"reference":"Varga, Benedek M. (2020). \"Making Maria Theresia 'King' Of Hungary\". The Historical Journal. 64 (2): 233–254. doi:10.1017/S0018246X20000151. ISSN 0018-246X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X20000151","url_text":"\"Making Maria Theresia 'King' Of Hungary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X20000151","url_text":"10.1017/S0018246X20000151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X","url_text":"0018-246X"}]},{"reference":"Kern, Edmund M. (January 1999). \"An End to Witch Trials in Austria: Reconsidering the Enlightened State\". Austrian History Yearbook. 30: 159–185. doi:10.1017/S006723780001599X. ISSN 1558-5255. PMID 21180204.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/austrian-history-yearbook/article/abs/an-end-to-witch-trials-in-austria-reconsidering-the-enlightened-state/92DA384B3EE7A60D470EB2706A05529C","url_text":"\"An End to Witch Trials in Austria: Reconsidering the Enlightened State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS006723780001599X","url_text":"10.1017/S006723780001599X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-5255","url_text":"1558-5255"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21180204","url_text":"21180204"}]},{"reference":"Balog, Zdenko (1 February 2017). \"Magda Logomer Herucina\". Cris XVIII.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/31623821","url_text":"\"Magda Logomer Herucina\""}]},{"reference":"Krämer, Klaus (15 March 2017). \"What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/what-made-austrias-maria-theresa-a-one-of-a-kind-ruler/a-37935974","url_text":"\"What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robotpatent\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Robotpatent","url_text":"\"Robotpatent\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, A. Wess (28 January 2022). \"A Habsburg to Be Reckoned With: Two Books on Maria Theresa\". Wsj.com. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/review-a-habsburg-to-be-reckoned-with-two-books-on-maria-theresa-austria-shadow-empress-11643385756","url_text":"\"A Habsburg to Be Reckoned With: Two Books on Maria Theresa\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Subotica\". subotica.rs. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.subotica.rs/index/page/id/42/lg/en/","url_text":"\"The History of Subotica\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231004235446/https://www.subotica.rs/index/page/id/42/lg/en/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Re-strikes: Maria Theresa Taler in Silver\". Muenzeoesterreich.at.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muenzeoesterreich.at/eng/invest/investment-coins/maria-theresa-taler","url_text":"\"Modern Re-strikes: Maria Theresa Taler in Silver\""}]},{"reference":"\"What are Maria Theresa Chandeliers?\". Glowlighting.com. 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glowlighting.com/what-are-maria-theresa-chandeliers/","url_text":"\"What are Maria Theresa Chandeliers?\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Artglass.cz.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artglass.cz/en/company/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"300th Anniversary of Maria Theresa's Birth\". Lightingcompany.co.uk. 11 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lightingcompany.co.uk/blog/300th-anniversary-of-maria-theresas-birth/","url_text":"\"300th Anniversary of Maria Theresa's Birth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blog : Maria Theresa Chandeliers\". Classicalchandeliers.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classicalchandeliers.co.uk/blog/tag/maria-theresa-chandeliers/","url_text":"\"Blog : Maria Theresa Chandeliers\""}]},{"reference":"\"History and Styles of Chandeliers\". Nonsololuce.com. 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nonsololuce.com/en/history-and-styles-of-chandeliers/","url_text":"\"History and Styles of Chandeliers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maria Theresia: Eine Frau, die alles im Blick hat\". Bundespraesident.at.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundespraesident.at/aktuelles/detail/maria-theresien-zimmer","url_text":"\"Maria Theresia: Eine Frau, die alles im Blick hat\""}]},{"reference":"Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3","url_text":"Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans"}]},{"reference":"Beales, Derek (1987). Joseph II: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521242401.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=COw8AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Joseph II: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521242401","url_text":"0521242401"}]},{"reference":"Beller, Steven (2006). A Concise History of Austria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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Central European History. 5 (3): 195–207. doi:10.1017/s0008938900015478. S2CID 145605956.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0008938900015478","url_text":"10.1017/s0008938900015478"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145605956","url_text":"145605956"}]},{"reference":"Roider, Karl (1973). Maria Theresa. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0135561914.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mariatheresa0000roid/page/86","url_text":"Maria Theresa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0135561914","url_text":"0135561914"}]},{"reference":"Spielman, John Philip (1993). The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Norman
Roy Norman
["1 Playing career","2 Death","3 References"]
Australian rugby league footballer For the Australian Olympic sprinter, see Roy Norman (athlete). Roy NormanPersonal informationFull nameRoy Joseph Patrick NormanBorn1885Petersham, New South WalesDied4 July 1967 (aged 81–82)Bondi, New South WalesPlaying informationPositionWing, Centre Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1910–12 Annandale 33 16 3 0 54 1913–14 Glebe 20 12 0 0 36 1915 Annandale 1 0 0 0 0 1916 Western Suburbs 3 0 0 0 0 Total 57 28 3 0 90 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 1910 New South Wales 1 0 0 0 0 1911 Metropolis 1 1 0 0 3 Source: Roy Joseph Patrick Norman (1885-1967) was an Australian rugby league player who played in the 1910s. Playing career Norman was one of four brothers who turned out for four Sydney based rugby league teams in the foundation years of the NSWRFL. The elder brother of Bernard, Ray and Rex, Norman played rugby league until he turned 31 in 1916. Norman also made one appearance for New South Wales team in 1910. Death Norman died on 7 July 1967, aged 82. References ^ "Roy Norman - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project". Rugbyleagueproject.org. ^ Alan Whiticker/Glen Hudson: Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players. 1995. (ISBN 1875169571) ^ Sydney Morning Herald: Death Notice 6/7/1967 This Australian rugby league football biography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloborhynchus_capito
Nicorhynchus
["1 History","2 Description","3 Classification","4 References"]
Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Cretaceous period NicorhynchusTemporal range: Albian–Cenomanian, ~105–92.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Holotype jaw fragment of N. capito in multiple views Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Order: †Pterosauria Suborder: †Pterodactyloidea Clade: †Anhangueria Family: †Anhangueridae Subfamily: †Coloborhynchinae Genus: †NicorhynchusHolgado & Pêgas, 2020 Type species †Ornithocheirus capitoSeeley, 1870 Species †N. capito (Seeley, 1870) †N. fluviferox (Jacobs et al., 2019) Synonyms Synonyms of N. capito Ornithocheirus capito Seeley, 1870 Coloborhynchus capito (Seeley, 1870) Ornithocheirus reedi Seeley, 1870 Criorhynchus reedi (Seeley, 1870) Coloborhynchus reedi (Seeley, 1870) Synonyms of N. fluviferox Coloborhynchus fluviferox Jacobs et al., 2019 Nicorhynchus (meaning "knucker snout", in reference to its likely ecology) is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Cretaceous period. It contains two species, the type species, N. capito, from the Cambridge Greensand of England, and N. fluviferox from the Kem Kem Group of Morocco. These species were previously assigned to Coloborhynchus. History The genus Coloborhynchus has had a convoluted history, with many species having been assigned to the genus. In 2013, Rodrigues and Kellner considered Coloborhynchus to be monotypic, containing only C. clavirostris, and placed most other species in other genera, or declared them nomina dubia. One of these species was Coloborhynchus capito, which was originally named by Harry Seeley in 1870 as a species of Ornithocheirus. Its holotype is CAMSM B 54625, a snout. In 2001, this species was moved to Coloborhynchus by David Unwin, who also synonymized Ornithocheirus reedi (known from a lost specimen) with it. Rodrigues and Kellner recognized that the species was distinct from Coloborhynchus, but did not give it a new name pending the discovery of more complete material. N. fluviferox holotype snout In 2018, Jacobs et al. named a new species of Coloborhynchus, C. fluviferox from the Ifezouane Formation of the Kem Kem Group of Morocco based on a partial snout, and also tentatively referred another specimen from the same locality to a different, unnamed species. A 2020 review of a subfamily called Coloborhynchinae by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pêgas moved both C. capito and C. fluviferox to a new genus, Nicorhynchus, and also associated the unnamed Ifezouane Formation coloborhynchine to N. fluviferox. The name Nicorhynchus is derived from the Old English nicor (knucker, a kind of water dragon) and the Ancient Greek rhynchos ("snout"), in reference to its likely ecology as a fish-eating, flying reptile found in river and marine deposits. However, a review of Kem Kem pterosaurs found the traits that distinguish Nicorhynchus from Coloborhynchus to be subtle enough to justify their synonymy, stating that the material was damaged and fragmentary enough to support this. Description Restoration of N. fluviferox The species N. capito represents the second largest known anhanguerid (after a Tropeognathus specimen), and indeed the second largest toothed pterosaur known after Tropeognathus. A referred specimen from the Cambridge Greensand of England described in 2011 consists of a very large upper jaw tip which displays the tooth characteristics that distinguish N. capito from other species. The jaw tip is nearly 10 cm (3.9 in) tall and 5.6 cm (2.2 in) wide, with teeth up to 1.3 cm (0.51 in) in base diameter. If the proportions of this specimen were consistent with species of Coloborhynchus, the total skull length could have been up to 75 cm (30 in), leading to an estimated wingspan of 7 m (23 ft). Classification The describers of the genus, Holgado and Pêgas, had recovered Nicorhynchus within the subfamily Coloborhynchinae, which in turn was within the family Anhangueridae, sister taxon to Uktenadactylus. Their cladogram is shown below. Anhangueridae Tropeognathinae Siroccopteryx Tropeognathus Mythunga Ferrodraco Coloborhynchinae Aerodraco Coloborhynchus Nicorhynchus Uktenadactylus Anhanguerinae Caulkicephalus Guidraco Ludodactylus Liaoningopterus Cearadactylus Maaradactylus Anhanguera References ^ a b c Holgado, B.; Pêgas, R.V. (2020). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi:10.4202/app.00751.2020. ^ Rodrigues, T.; Kellner, A. (2013). "Taxonomic review of the Ornithocheirus complex (Pterosauria) from the Cretaceous of England". ZooKeys (308): 1–112. Bibcode:2013ZooK..308....1R. doi:10.3897/zookeys.308.5559. PMC 3689139. PMID 23794925. ^ Jacobs, M.L.; Martill, D.M.; Ibrahim, N.; Longrich, N. (2019). "A new species of Coloborhynchus (Pterosauria, Ornithocheiridae) from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa". Cretaceous Research. 95: 77–88. Bibcode:2019CrRes..95...77J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.018. S2CID 134439172. ^ Smith, Roy E.; Ibrahim, Nizar; Longrich, Nicholas; Unwin, David M.; Jacobs, Megan L.; Williams, Cariad J.; Zouhri, Samir; Martill, David M. (2023-02-04). "The pterosaurs of the Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco". PalZ. 97 (3): 519–568. Bibcode:2023PalZ...97..519S. doi:10.1007/s12542-022-00642-6. ISSN 1867-6812. ^ Kellner, A.W.A.; Campos, D.A.; Sayão, J.M.; Saraiva, A.N.A.F.; Rodrigues, T.; Oliveira, G.; Cruz, L.A.; Costa, F.R.; Silva, H.P.; Ferreira, J.S. (2013). "The largest flying reptile from Gondwana: A new specimen of Tropeognathus cf. T. mesembrinus Wellnhofer, 1987 (Pterodactyloidea, Anhangueridae) and other large pterosaurs from the Romualdo Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 85 (1): 113–135. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652013000100009. PMID 23538956. ^ Martill, D.M.; Unwin, D.M. (2011). "The world's largest toothed pterosaur, NHMUK R481, an incomplete rostrum of Coloborhynchus capito (Seeley 1870) from the Cambridge Greensand of England". Cretaceous Research. 34: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.09.003. vtePterosauria Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Archosauria Clade: Avemetatarsalia Clade: Pterosauromorpha Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Pterosauria see below↓ PterosauriaPterosauria Daohugoupterus Preondactylia Austriadactylus Preondactylus Caviramidae? Carniadactylus? Caviramus Raeticodactylus? Austriadraconidae Arcticodactylus? Austriadraco Seazzadactylus Eopterosauria Austriadraco? Peteinosaurus? Preondactylia? EudimorphodontoideaRaeticodactylidae Caviramus? Pachagnathus Raeticodactylus Yelaphomte Eudimorphodontidae Arcticodactylus? Eudimorphodontinae Carniadactylus? Eudimorphodon Zambellisauria? Peteinosaurus? Macronychoptera Herbstosaurus Dimorphodontidae Allkaruen? Caelestiventus Dimorphodon Parapsicephalus? Peteinosaurus? Rhamphinion? Lonchognatha? Eudimorphodon? NovialoideaCampylognathoididae Bergamodactylus Campylognathoides BreviquartossaRhamphorhynchidae Dolicorhamphus? Klobiodon Parapsicephalus? Scaphognathinae? Rhamphorhynchinae Bellubrunnus Cacibupteryx Dorygnathus Harpactognathus Nesodactylus Orientognathus Qinglongopterus RhamphorhynchaeAngustinaripterini Angustinaripterus Dearc Harpactognathus? Qinglongopterus? Sericipterus Rhamphorhynchini Cacibupteryx? Nesodactylus? Rhamphorhynchus Digibrevisauria?Scaphognathidae? Fenghuangopterus Jianchangnathus Jianchangopterus Scaphognathus Sordes? Pterodactylomorpha see below↓ PterodactylomorphaPterodactylomorpha Allkaruen? Sordes? Monofenestrata Archaeoistiodactylus Normannognathus Anurognathidae? Darwinoptera Ceoptera Pterorhynchus Wukongopteridae Kunpengopterus Wukongopterinae Archaeoistiodactylus? Cuspicephalus Darwinopterus Douzhanopterus? Wukongopterus Pterodactyliformes Changchengopterus? Douzhanopterus CaelidraconesAnurognathidae Mesadactylus Anurognathinae Anurognathus Dendrorhynchoides? Jeholopterus? Luopterus Vesperopterylus Batrachognathinae Batrachognathus Cascocauda Dendrorhynchoides? Jeholopterus? Sinomacrops Pterodactyloidea Dermodactylus Eurolimnornis Herbstosaurus? Kryptodrakon Ningchengopterus Pangupterus Samrukia? Wenupteryx Lophocratia see below↓ LophocratiaArchaeopterodactyloidea Prejanopterus Germanodactylidae Altmuehlopterus? Germanodactylus Normannognathus? Tendaguripterus? Euctenochasmatia Diopecephalus Pterodactylus CtenochasmatoideaGallodactylidae Aurorazhdarcho? Cycnorhamphus Normannognathus? Petrodactyle? Moganopterinae? Aurorazhdarchia Aerodactylus Gallodactylidae? Aurorazhdarchidae Ardeadactylus? Aurorazhdarcho Huanhepterus? Ctenochasmatidae Ardeadactylus? Balaenognathus Cathayopterus Cratonopterus Elanodactylus Forfexopterus Gladocephaloideus Kepodactylus Liaodactylus Otogopterus Petrodactyle Pterofiltrus Moganopterinae? Feilongus Moganopterus Gnathosaurinae Gnathosaurus Huanhepterus? Lusognathus Plataleorhynchus Tacuadactylus Ctenochasmatinae Ctenochasma Pterodaustrini Beipiaopterus Eosipterus Gegepterus Pterodaustro Eupterodactyloidea Altmuehlopterus? Ornithocheiroidea see below↓ OrnithocheiroideaOrnithocheiroidea Piksi? TapejaroideaDsungaripteridae Banguela? Lonchognathosaurus? Noripterus Ordosipterus Puntanipterus? Tendaguripterus? Dsungaripterinae Domeykodactylus Dsungaripterus Azhdarchoidea Argentinadraco Keresdrakon? Leptostomia? Montanazhdarcho Ornithostoma NeoazhdarchiaTapejaromorpha Bennettazhia Keresdrakon? Thalassodromidae? Aerotitan? Alanqa? Argentinadraco? Banguela? Kariridraco Lacusovagus? Leptostomia? Thalassodromeus Tupuxuara Xericeps? TapejariformesCaupedactylia? Aymberedactylus Caupedactylus Tapejaridae Afrotapejara Sinopterinae Afrotapejara? Bakonydraco? Eopteranodon? Huaxiadraco Huaxiapterus Nemicolopterus Sinopterus Wightia Tapejarinae Aymberedactylus? Caupedactylus? Keresdrakon? Lacusovagus? Vectidraco Tapejarini Bakonydraco? Europejara Tapejara Tupandactylus Caiuajarina Caiuajara Torukjara Azhdarchomorpha Cretornis? Microtuban Xericeps Dsungaripteromorpha? Alanqidae? Alanqa Argentinadraco? Keresdrakon? Leptostomia? Montanazhdarcho? Xericeps? Neopterodactyloidea Eoazhdarcho Chaoyangopteridae Apatorhamphus? Argentinadraco? Eoazhdarcho? Lacusovagus Meilifeilong Microtuban? Xericeps? Chaoyangopterinae Chaoyangopterus Jidapterus Shenzhoupterus Azhdarchiformes Montanazhdarcho? Radiodactylus Alanqidae? Azhdarchidae Alanqa? Bogolubovia Navajodactylus? Palaeocursornis Tethydraco? Volgadraco? Azhdarchinae Aerotitan? Albadraco Azhdarcho Mistralazhdarcho Quetzalcoatlinae Aralazhdarcho Arambourgiania Cryodrakon Eurazhdarcho Hatzegopteryx Phosphatodraco Quetzalcoatlus Thanatosdrakon Wellnhopterus? Zhejiangopterus Pteranodontoidea see below↓ PteranodontoideaPteranodontoidea Santanadactylus PteranodontiaPteranodontidae Bogolubovia? Dawndraco Ornithostoma? Pteranodon Tethydraco? Volgadraco? Nyctosauromorpha Alamodactylus Cretornis? Aponyctosauria Alcione Epapatelo Simurghia Nyctosauridae Barbaridactylus Muzquizopteryx Nyctosaurus Volgadraco? Ornithocheiromorpha Aussiedraco Serradraco Unwindia Lonchodectidae Hongshanopterus? Ikrandraco? Lonchodectes Lonchodraco? Targaryendraco? Lanceodontia Draigwenia? Lonchodraconidae Ikrandraco Lonchodraco Istiodactyliformes Hongshanopterus Linlongopterus Yixianopterus Lonchodectidae? Mimodactylidae Haopterus Linlongopterus Mimodactylus Istiodactylidae Lingyuanopterus Longchengpterus Luchibang Nurhachius Istiodactylinae Istiodactylus Liaoxipterus Ornithocheiriformes Barbosania Brasileodactylus Cearadactylus Hamipterus Boreopteridae Boreopterus Zhenyuanopterus OrnithocheiraeOrnithocheiridae Araripesaurus Arthurdactylus Camposipterus? Caulkicephalus? Cimoliopterus? Haliskia? Tropeognathus? Ornithocheirinae Aetodactylus? Camposipterus? Coloborhynchus? Draigwenia? Ferrodraco? Guidraco? Ludodactylus? Mythunga? Ornithocheirus Siroccopteryx? Uktenadactylus? Targaryendraconia?Cimoliopteridae Aetodactylus Camposipterus? Cimoliopterus Targaryendraconidae Aussiedraco? Barbosania? Targaryendraco Anhangueria Brasileodactylus? Ornithocheiridae? Hamipteridae? Hamipterus Iberodactylus AnhangueridaeTropeognathinae? Amblydectes? Ferrodraco? Haliskia? Mythunga? Siroccopteryx? Thapunngaka Tropeognathus Coloborhynchinae? Aerodraco Coloborhynchus Nicorhynchus Siroccopteryx? Uktenadactylus Anhanguerinae Anhanguera Caulkicephalus? Cearadactylus? Guidraco Liaoningopterus Ludodactylus Maaradactylus Portals: Paleontology United Kingdom Morocco
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knucker"},{"link_name":"anhanguerid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhanguerid"},{"link_name":"pterosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Greensand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Greensand"},{"link_name":"Kem Kem Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_Kem_Group"},{"link_name":"Coloborhynchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloborhynchus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holgado2020-1"}],"text":"Nicorhynchus (meaning \"knucker snout\", in reference to its likely ecology) is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Cretaceous period. It contains two species, the type species, N. capito, from the Cambridge Greensand of England, and N. fluviferox from the Kem Kem Group of Morocco. These species were previously assigned to Coloborhynchus.[1]","title":"Nicorhynchus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coloborhynchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloborhynchus"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"nomina dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium"},{"link_name":"Harry Seeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Seeley"},{"link_name":"Ornithocheirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithocheirus"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"David Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Unwin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rodrigues2013-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicorhynchus_fluviferox.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ifezouane Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ifezouane_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kem Kem Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_Kem_Group"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jacobs2019-3"},{"link_name":"Coloborhynchinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloborhynchinae"},{"link_name":"knucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knucker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holgado2020-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The genus Coloborhynchus has had a convoluted history, with many species having been assigned to the genus. In 2013, Rodrigues and Kellner considered Coloborhynchus to be monotypic, containing only C. clavirostris, and placed most other species in other genera, or declared them nomina dubia. One of these species was Coloborhynchus capito, which was originally named by Harry Seeley in 1870 as a species of Ornithocheirus. Its holotype is CAMSM B 54625, a snout. In 2001, this species was moved to Coloborhynchus by David Unwin, who also synonymized Ornithocheirus reedi (known from a lost specimen) with it. Rodrigues and Kellner recognized that the species was distinct from Coloborhynchus, but did not give it a new name pending the discovery of more complete material.[2]N. fluviferox holotype snoutIn 2018, Jacobs et al. named a new species of Coloborhynchus, C. fluviferox from the Ifezouane Formation of the Kem Kem Group of Morocco based on a partial snout, and also tentatively referred another specimen from the same locality to a different, unnamed species.[3] A 2020 review of a subfamily called Coloborhynchinae by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pêgas moved both C. capito and C. fluviferox to a new genus, Nicorhynchus, and also associated the unnamed Ifezouane Formation coloborhynchine to N. fluviferox. The name Nicorhynchus is derived from the Old English nicor (knucker, a kind of water dragon) and the Ancient Greek rhynchos (\"snout\"), in reference to its likely ecology as a fish-eating, flying reptile found in river and marine deposits.[1]However, a review of Kem Kem pterosaurs found the traits that distinguish Nicorhynchus from Coloborhynchus to be subtle enough to justify their synonymy, stating that the material was damaged and fragmentary enough to support this.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coloborhynchus_fluviferox_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg"},{"link_name":"anhanguerid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhanguerid"},{"link_name":"Tropeognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropeognathus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellner2013-5"},{"link_name":"Tropeognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropeognathus"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Greensand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Greensand"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martill&unwin2011-6"}],"text":"Restoration of N. fluviferoxThe species N. capito represents the second largest known anhanguerid (after a Tropeognathus specimen),[5] and indeed the second largest toothed pterosaur known after Tropeognathus. A referred specimen from the Cambridge Greensand of England described in 2011 consists of a very large upper jaw tip which displays the tooth characteristics that distinguish N. capito from other species. The jaw tip is nearly 10 cm (3.9 in) tall and 5.6 cm (2.2 in) wide, with teeth up to 1.3 cm (0.51 in) in base diameter. If the proportions of this specimen were consistent with species of Coloborhynchus, the total skull length could have been up to 75 cm (30 in), leading to an estimated wingspan of 7 m (23 ft).[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uktenadactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uktenadactylus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holgado2020-1"},{"link_name":"Anhangueridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhangueridae"},{"link_name":"Tropeognathinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropeognathinae"},{"link_name":"Siroccopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siroccopteryx"},{"link_name":"Tropeognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropeognathus"},{"link_name":"Mythunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythunga"},{"link_name":"Ferrodraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrodraco"},{"link_name":"Coloborhynchinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloborhynchinae"},{"link_name":"Aerodraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodraco"},{"link_name":"Coloborhynchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloborhynchus"},{"link_name":"Uktenadactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uktenadactylus"},{"link_name":"Anhanguerinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhanguerinae"},{"link_name":"Caulkicephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulkicephalus"},{"link_name":"Guidraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidraco"},{"link_name":"Ludodactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludodactylus"},{"link_name":"Liaoningopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoningopterus"},{"link_name":"Cearadactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cearadactylus"},{"link_name":"Maaradactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaradactylus"},{"link_name":"Anhanguera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhanguera_(pterosaur)"}],"text":"The describers of the genus, Holgado and Pêgas, had recovered Nicorhynchus within the subfamily Coloborhynchinae, which in turn was within the family Anhangueridae, sister taxon to Uktenadactylus. Their cladogram is shown below.[1]Anhangueridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTropeognathinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSiroccopteryx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTropeognathus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMythunga\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFerrodraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColoborhynchinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAerodraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColoborhynchus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNicorhynchus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUktenadactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnhanguerinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCaulkicephalus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGuidraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLudodactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiaoningopterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCearadactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMaaradactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnhanguera","title":"Classification"}]
[{"image_text":"N. fluviferox holotype snout","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nicorhynchus_fluviferox.jpg/220px-Nicorhynchus_fluviferox.jpg"},{"image_text":"Restoration of N. fluviferox","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coloborhynchus_fluviferox_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg/170px-Coloborhynchus_fluviferox_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Holgado, B.; Pêgas, R.V. (2020). \"A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae\". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi:10.4202/app.00751.2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.00751.2020","url_text":"\"A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.00751.2020","url_text":"10.4202/app.00751.2020"}]},{"reference":"Rodrigues, T.; Kellner, A. (2013). \"Taxonomic review of the Ornithocheirus complex (Pterosauria) from the Cretaceous of England\". ZooKeys (308): 1–112. Bibcode:2013ZooK..308....1R. doi:10.3897/zookeys.308.5559. PMC 3689139. PMID 23794925.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3689139","url_text":"\"Taxonomic review of the Ornithocheirus complex (Pterosauria) from the Cretaceous of England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ZooK..308....1R","url_text":"2013ZooK..308....1R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.308.5559","url_text":"10.3897/zookeys.308.5559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3689139","url_text":"3689139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23794925","url_text":"23794925"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, M.L.; Martill, D.M.; Ibrahim, N.; Longrich, N. (2019). \"A new species of Coloborhynchus (Pterosauria, Ornithocheiridae) from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa\". Cretaceous Research. 95: 77–88. Bibcode:2019CrRes..95...77J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.018. S2CID 134439172.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-new-species-of-coloborhynchus-pterosauria-ornithocheiridae-from-the-midcretaceous-of-north-africa(d0467c1b-2328-4004-8ad3-13a2d7a08bac).html","url_text":"\"A new species of Coloborhynchus (Pterosauria, Ornithocheiridae) from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CrRes..95...77J","url_text":"2019CrRes..95...77J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2018.10.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134439172","url_text":"134439172"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Roy E.; Ibrahim, Nizar; Longrich, Nicholas; Unwin, David M.; Jacobs, Megan L.; Williams, Cariad J.; Zouhri, Samir; Martill, David M. (2023-02-04). \"The pterosaurs of the Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco\". PalZ. 97 (3): 519–568. Bibcode:2023PalZ...97..519S. doi:10.1007/s12542-022-00642-6. ISSN 1867-6812.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12542-022-00642-6","url_text":"\"The pterosaurs of the Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PalZ...97..519S","url_text":"2023PalZ...97..519S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12542-022-00642-6","url_text":"10.1007/s12542-022-00642-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1867-6812","url_text":"1867-6812"}]},{"reference":"Kellner, A.W.A.; Campos, D.A.; Sayão, J.M.; Saraiva, A.N.A.F.; Rodrigues, T.; Oliveira, G.; Cruz, L.A.; Costa, F.R.; Silva, H.P.; Ferreira, J.S. (2013). \"The largest flying reptile from Gondwana: A new specimen of Tropeognathus cf. T. mesembrinus Wellnhofer, 1987 (Pterodactyloidea, Anhangueridae) and other large pterosaurs from the Romualdo Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Brazil\". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 85 (1): 113–135. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652013000100009. PMID 23538956.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0001-37652013000100009","url_text":"\"The largest flying reptile from Gondwana: A new specimen of Tropeognathus cf. T. mesembrinus Wellnhofer, 1987 (Pterodactyloidea, Anhangueridae) and other large pterosaurs from the Romualdo Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Brazil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0001-37652013000100009","url_text":"10.1590/S0001-37652013000100009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23538956","url_text":"23538956"}]},{"reference":"Martill, D.M.; Unwin, D.M. (2011). \"The world's largest toothed pterosaur, NHMUK R481, an incomplete rostrum of Coloborhynchus capito (Seeley 1870) from the Cambridge Greensand of England\". Cretaceous Research. 34: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.09.003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2011.09.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2011.09.003"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_Matjasic
Jure Matjašič
["1 References","2 External links"]
Slovenian footballer Jure MatjašičPersonal informationDate of birth (1992-05-31) 31 May 1992 (age 32)Place of birth Maribor, SloveniaHeight 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s) WingerTeam informationCurrent team Rudar VelenjeNumber 23Youth career0000–2011 Drava PtujSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2010–2011 Drava Ptuj 14 (1)2011–2016 Zavrč 134 (16)2016–2018 Domžale 26 (2)2018 Sacramento Republic 24 (2)2019–2020 Aluminij 65 (6)2021 Celje 7 (0)2021–2022 Aluminij 17 (0)2023 FC Gleisdorf 09 13 (5)2023 FC Gratkorn 1 (1)2023– Rudar Velenje 15 (3)International career2016 Slovenia 1 (0)2017 Slovenia B 2 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16 December 2023 Jure Matjašič (born 31 May 1992) is a Slovenian footballer who plays as a winger for Rudar Velenje. References ^ a b "Slovenia – J. Matjašič – Profile with news, career statistics and history". Soccerway. Retrieved 17 July 2021. External links Jure Matjašič at NZS (in Slovene) Jure Matjašič at Soccerway.com Jure Matjašič at WorldFootball.net Jure Matjašič at National-Football-Teams.com Jure Matjašič at FBref.com Jure Matjašič at EU-Football.info Jure Matjašič at ÖFB (in German) This biographical article relating to Slovenian association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Winger"},{"link_name":"Rudar Velenje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Rudar_Velenje"}],"text":"Jure Matjašič (born 31 May 1992) is a Slovenian footballer who plays as a winger for Rudar Velenje.","title":"Jure Matjašič"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Slovenia – J. Matjašič – Profile with news, career statistics and history\". Soccerway. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/jure-matjasic/97565/","url_text":"\"Slovenia – J. Matjašič – Profile with news, career statistics and history\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Addison
Percy Addison
["1 Naval career","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
Royal Navy officer (1875–1952) SirAlbert AddisonAdmiral Addison in November 1927.Born8 November 1875Southsea, PortsmouthDied13 November 1952(1952-11-13) (aged 77)New Forest, HampshireAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal NavyYears of service1889–19291939–1946RankAdmiralCommands heldDestroyer Flotilla, Mediterranean Squadron (1924–26)HM Australian Fleet (1922–24)9th Submarine Flotilla (1917–19)HMS Maidstone (1917–19)HMS E52 (1917)HMS Dartmouth (1915–17)HMS Bonaventure (1909–10)HMS Hazard (1906–07)Battles/warsFirst World WarSecond World WarAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the British EmpireCompanion of the Order of the BathCompanion of the Order of St Michael and St GeorgeMentioned in DespatchesChevalier of the Order of the Légion d'honneur (France)Croix de guerre (France)Military Order of Savoy (Italy)Order of the Rising Sun (Japan) Admiral Sir Albert Percy Addison, KBE, CB, CMG (8 November 1875 – 13 November 1952) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy. He was the Rear Admiral Commanding His Majesty's Australian Fleet from 30 April 1922 to 30 April 1924. During the First World War he was recognised by the British Admiralty as an authority on submarines, and his knowledge of that class of ship was used extensively. Naval career Joining the Royal Navy on 15 July 1889 as a naval cadet, he was promoted to sub-lieutenant on 14 March 1895, and lieutenant on 22 June 1897. He received specialised training in torpedoes, and was posted as a lieutenant (T) to the battleship HMS Victorious on 15 January 1901, as she served on the Mediterranean Station. After service on HMS Mercury, he was later promoted to commander on 31 December 1907 and later to captain on 30 June 1913. He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George while commanding HMS Dartmouth, during the pursuit of and engagement with Austrian cruisers in the Strait of Otranto which had attacked the Allied drifter line on 14 May 1917. HMS Dartmouth was torpedoed on 15 May 1917 by the German submarine UC-25 after the engagement but he successfully brought his ship safely into port. Later while commanding submarine HMS E52, he led the action which sunk UC-63 (commanded by Oberleutenant Karsten von Heydebrec) on 1 November 1917 at Goodwin Sands, Dover Straits. For his war service during the Great War he was also appointed Chevalier of the Order of the Légion d'honneur and awarded the Croix de guerre. From April 1920 to March 1922 he was appointed Director of Torpedoes and Mining. He became Rear Admiral Commanding His Majesty's Australian Fleet between 30 April 1922 and 30 April 1924. He was promoted to rear admiral on 2 November 1923. After his appointment with the Australian Fleet ceased, he commanded the Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Squadron. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1924, and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 3 June 1931. He became the Director of Dockyards to the Admiralty from 1928 to 1937. After retiring on 1 March 1929, he was recalled in September 1939 at the outbreak of the Second World War. He retired in April 1946, and died on 13 November 1952. Notes ^ a b The Argus (Melbourne, Vic) – Friday 10 February 1922. p6. ^ The Argus (Melbourne, Vic) – Tuesday 22 April 1924. p10. ^ "No. 26757". The London Gazette. 10 July 1896. p. 3978. ^ "No. 26865". The London Gazette. 22 June 1897. p. 3443. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36347. London. 9 January 1901. p. 8. ^ "No. 28733". The London Gazette. 1 July 1913. p. 4640. ^ "No. 30258". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 August 1917. p. 8985. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC-63". U-Boat War in World War I. Uboat.net. Retrieved 29 August 2009. ^ "No. 32941". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 May 1924. p. 4408. ^ "No. 33722". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1931. p. 3629. ^ Obituary, The Times, Saturday, 15 November 1952; p. 8; Issue 52470; col E References The Argus (Melbourne, Vic) – Friday 10 February 1922. p6. (online edition) The Argus (Melbourne, Vic) – Tuesday 22 April 1924. p10. (online edition) External links Royal Navy (RN) officers 1939–1945 Military offices Preceded byRear Admiral John Dumaresq Rear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Fleet 1922–1924 Succeeded byRear Admiral Thomas Wardle vteFleet Commanders of the Royal Australian NavyRear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Fleet Sir George Patey Sir William Pakenham Arthur Leveson Sir Lionel Halsey John Dumaresq Albert Addison Thomas Wardle Rear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Squadron George Hyde Edward Evans Leonard Holbrook Robin Dalglish Wilbraham Ford Richard Lane-Poole Wilfred Custance Wilfrid Patterson John Crace Victor Crutchley John Collins Charles Nichols Harold Farncomb John Collins Harold Farncomb Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet John Eccles John Eaton Roy Dowling Henry Burrell David Harries Henry Burrell Galfry Gatacre Hastings Harrington Alan McNicoll Otto Becher Thomas Morrison Victor Smith Richard Peek Gordon Crabb David Stevenson William Dovers David Stevenson William Dovers Anthony Synnot David Wells Geoffrey Gladstone Neil McDonald James Willis David Leach Peter Doyle John Stevens Michael Hudson Geoffrey Woolrych Ian Knox Peter Sinclair Maritime Commander Australia Peter Sinclair Ian MacDougall Ken Doolan Robert Walls Donald Chalmers Chris Oxenbould Chris Ritchie John Lord Geoffrey Smith Raydon Gates Rowan Moffitt Davyd Thomas Commander Australian Fleet Davyd Thomas Nigel Coates Steve Gilmore Tim Barrett Stuart Mayer Jonathan Mead Mark Hammond Jonathan Earley
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral Commanding His Majesty's Australian Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_Australian_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Argus_1922._p6-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"British Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Admiral Sir Albert Percy Addison, KBE, CB, CMG (8 November 1875 – 13 November 1952) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy. He was the Rear Admiral Commanding His Majesty's Australian Fleet from 30 April 1922 to 30 April 1924.[1] During the First World War he was recognised by the British Admiralty as an authority on submarines, and his knowledge of that class of ship was used extensively.[2]","title":"Percy Addison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sub-lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS Victorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victorious_(1895)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"HMS Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Mercury_(1878)"},{"link_name":"commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"HMS Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dartmouth_(1911)"},{"link_name":"Strait of Otranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Otranto"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Imperial_Navy"},{"link_name":"UC-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-25"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"HMS E52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_E52"},{"link_name":"UC-63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-63"},{"link_name":"Goodwin Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin_Sands"},{"link_name":"Dover Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Straits"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Chevalier of the Order of the Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"Croix de guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)"},{"link_name":"Director of Torpedoes and Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Director_of_Underwater_Weapons_Materials"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Argus_1922._p6-1"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Director of Dockyards to the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Director_of_Dockyards"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Joining the Royal Navy on 15 July 1889 as a naval cadet, he was promoted to sub-lieutenant on 14 March 1895,[3] and lieutenant on 22 June 1897.[4] He received specialised training in torpedoes, and was posted as a lieutenant (T) to the battleship HMS Victorious on 15 January 1901, as she served on the Mediterranean Station.[5] After service on HMS Mercury, he was later promoted to commander on 31 December 1907 and later to captain on 30 June 1913.[6]He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George while commanding HMS Dartmouth, during the pursuit of and engagement with Austrian cruisers in the Strait of Otranto which had attacked the Allied drifter line on 14 May 1917. HMS Dartmouth was torpedoed on 15 May 1917 by the German submarine UC-25 after the engagement but he successfully brought his ship safely into port.[7]Later while commanding submarine HMS E52, he led the action which sunk UC-63 (commanded by Oberleutenant Karsten von Heydebrec) on 1 November 1917 at Goodwin Sands, Dover Straits.[8] For his war service during the Great War he was also appointed Chevalier of the Order of the Légion d'honneur and awarded the Croix de guerre. From April 1920 to March 1922 he was appointed Director of Torpedoes and Mining.He became Rear Admiral Commanding His Majesty's Australian Fleet between 30 April 1922 and 30 April 1924.[1] He was promoted to rear admiral on 2 November 1923. After his appointment with the Australian Fleet ceased, he commanded the Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Squadron. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1924,[9] and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 3 June 1931.[10] He became the Director of Dockyards to the Admiralty from 1928 to 1937.After retiring on 1 March 1929, he was recalled in September 1939 at the outbreak of the Second World War. He retired in April 1946, and died on 13 November 1952.[11]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Argus_1922._p6_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Argus_1922._p6_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"No. 26757\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26757/page/3978"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"No. 26865\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26865/page/3443"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"No. 28733\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28733/page/4640"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"No. 30258\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30258/supplement/8985"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"WWI U-boats: UC-63\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=UC+63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"No. 32941\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32941/supplement/4408"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"No. 33722\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33722/supplement/3629"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"text":"^ a b The Argus (Melbourne, Vic) – Friday 10 February 1922. p6.\n\n^ The Argus (Melbourne, Vic) – Tuesday 22 April 1924. p10.\n\n^ \"No. 26757\". The London Gazette. 10 July 1896. p. 3978.\n\n^ \"No. 26865\". The London Gazette. 22 June 1897. p. 3443.\n\n^ \"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36347. London. 9 January 1901. p. 8.\n\n^ \"No. 28733\". The London Gazette. 1 July 1913. p. 4640.\n\n^ \"No. 30258\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 August 1917. p. 8985.\n\n^ Helgason, Guðmundur. \"WWI U-boats: UC-63\". U-Boat War in World War I. Uboat.net. Retrieved 29 August 2009.\n\n^ \"No. 32941\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 May 1924. p. 4408.\n\n^ \"No. 33722\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1931. p. 3629.\n\n^ Obituary, The Times, Saturday, 15 November 1952; p. 8; Issue 52470; col E","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Pishvai
Mohammad Javad Pishvai
["1 References"]
Iranian cleric This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mohammad Javad Pishvai" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Mohammad Javad Pishvai" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Seyyed Mohammad Javad PishvaiSeyyed Mohammad Javad Pishvai (Persian:سید_محمد_جواد_پیشوایی ; Bandar-e Anzali, b. 1944) is the religious leader of Bandar-e Anzali, appointed by a handwritten verdict of Ayatollah Khomeini 5 days after the establishment of the Islamic Republic. Seyyed Mohammad Javad Pishvai with his father Ayatollah Seyyed Aboutaleb Pishvai in 1961. This picture was taken just after he had been dressed in clerical garbs by Ayatollah Khomeini. He was born a son of Ayatollah Seyyed Aboutaleb Pishvai, religious leader of Bandar-e Anzali from 1951 to 1978. In 1961 he was dressed in clerical garbs by Ayatollah Khomeini, who had come to pay a visit to his father Ayatollah Pishvai. From 1965 to 1975 he attended Hakim Religious School in Qom in order to receive a certificate granting him the right to represent religious institutions. In 1981, Ayatollah Khomeini sent him, as the supreme's leader official representative, across the country on a religious mission to Sistan and Baluchestan Province, a place very unlike the Caspian harbor city Pishvai represented before. Pishvai on the battleground during the Iran-Iraq War Pishvai in 1964, giving his first lecture in the Grand Mosque of Bandar-e Anzali Pishvai giving a speech in his hometown of Bandar-e Anzali References ^ "سید محمد جواد پیشوایی". Tebyan. Retrieved 2 August 2018. ^ "مقدمات". Anzaliclub.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayatolah-pishvaee02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bandar-e Anzali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali"},{"link_name":"Bandar-e Anzali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali"},{"link_name":"Ayatollah Khomeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayatolah-pishvaee01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aboutaleb Pishvai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboutaleb_Pishvai"},{"link_name":"Bandar-e Anzali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali"},{"link_name":"Qom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayatolah-pishvaee04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayatolah-pishvaee03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayatolah-pishvaee05.jpg"}],"text":"Seyyed Mohammad Javad PishvaiSeyyed Mohammad Javad Pishvai (Persian:سید_محمد_جواد_پیشوایی ; Bandar-e Anzali, b. 1944) is the religious leader of Bandar-e Anzali, appointed by a handwritten verdict of Ayatollah Khomeini 5 days after the establishment of the Islamic Republic.Seyyed Mohammad Javad Pishvai with his father Ayatollah Seyyed Aboutaleb Pishvai in 1961. This picture was taken just after he had been dressed in clerical garbs by Ayatollah Khomeini.He was born a son of Ayatollah Seyyed Aboutaleb Pishvai, religious leader of Bandar-e Anzali from 1951 to 1978. In 1961 he was dressed in clerical garbs by Ayatollah Khomeini, who had come to pay a visit to his father Ayatollah Pishvai. From 1965 to 1975 he attended Hakim Religious School in Qom in order to receive a certificate granting him the right to represent religious institutions.In 1981, Ayatollah Khomeini sent him, as the supreme's leader official representative, across the country on a religious mission to Sistan and Baluchestan Province, a place very unlike the Caspian harbor city Pishvai represented before.[1][2]Pishvai on the battleground during the Iran-Iraq War\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPishvai in 1964, giving his first lecture in the Grand Mosque of Bandar-e Anzali\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPishvai giving a speech in his hometown of Bandar-e Anzali","title":"Mohammad Javad Pishvai"}]
[{"image_text":"Seyyed Mohammad Javad Pishvai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ayatolah-pishvaee02.jpg/220px-Ayatolah-pishvaee02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seyyed Mohammad Javad Pishvai with his father Ayatollah Seyyed Aboutaleb Pishvai in 1961. This picture was taken just after he had been dressed in clerical garbs by Ayatollah Khomeini.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ayatolah-pishvaee01.jpg/220px-Ayatolah-pishvaee01.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"سید محمد جواد پیشوایی\". Tebyan. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tebyan-zn.ir/Article/famous_man/clergy_great_man/%D8%AE%D9%85/143224.html","url_text":"\"سید محمد جواد پیشوایی\""}]},{"reference":"\"مقدمات\". Anzaliclub.","urls":[{"url":"http://anzaliclub.ir/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85/","url_text":"\"مقدمات\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_Custom
DeSoto Series S-10
["1 References"]
See also: Chevrolet Deluxe and Dodge Deluxe American car model sold 1942, 1946–1952 Motor vehicle Series S-10OverviewManufacturerDeSoto (Chrysler)Also calledDeSoto Diplomat (export)Model years1942, 1946–1952AssemblyLynch Road AssemblyLos Angeles (Maywood) AssemblyWyoming Road AssemblyBody and chassisClassFull-sizeBody style2-door coupe4-door sedan4-door station wagonLayoutFR layoutRelatedDeSoto SuburbanDodge DeluxeDodge WayfarerPlymouth DeluxeChrysler WindsorDodge CustomDodge CoronetPowertrainEngine236.7 cu in (3.9 L) Chrysler Straight-6 (1946),(1946-1950)250.5 cu in (4.1 L) Chrysler Straight-6 (1951-1952)Transmission3-speed manualGyro Fluid DriveDimensionsWheelbase121.5 in (3,086 mm) Length205.8 in (5,227 mm) (1949)208.3 in (5,291 mm) (1951)Width73.2 in (1,859 mm) ChronologyPredecessorDeSoto SixSuccessorDeSoto Powermaster (straight six)DeSoto Firedome (V8) The DeSoto Series S-10 is an automobile produced by DeSoto from 1942 through to the 1952 model year. While in production, the Series S-10, which was sold with the trim package DeLuxe, was DeSoto's entry-level car, and was offered primarily as two-door and four-door sedans while the Custom offered upscale interiors and appearance including a 7-passenger sedan and the extended-wheelbase Suburban sedans. The body was claimed to be "rust proofed". The DeLuxe differed from the more upmarket Custom line by having less trim, fewer standard features, and plainer interiors in fewer color combinations. A six-tube and an eight-tube radio were optional. The Deluxe shared its engine with the Custom, and was powered by Chrysler's L-head 237 cu in (3.88 L) six-cylinder engine, delivering 109 bhp (81 kW) at 3600 rpm. The DeSoto had full instrumentation. Deluxes produced during the 1946, 1947, 1948 and first half of the 1949 model years used DeSoto's prewar bodies, slightly updated following the end of World War II. In 1948, low-pressure tires became standard equipment. Custom models, along with Deluxe models, produced during the 1946, 1947, 1948 and first half of the 1949 model years used DeSoto's prewar bodies. A fully redesigned Custom was launched in the second half of 1949, along with a redesigned Deluxe, and these cars are referred to as “1949 Second Series” models. In 1950, the Custom gained DeSoto's first station wagon body style, which was not offered as a Deluxe and gave the choice of optional wooden panels bonded to the exterior steel body. The Custom also received DeSoto's first hardtop coupe, which featured pillarless door design and offered interior equipment and refinement from the convertible, and again, the Deluxe was excluded from the premium body style. Standard equipment included two-speed electric windshield wipers, a trunk light and full carpeting. In 1951, the brakes grew to 12 inches in diameter. The Deluxe remained DeSoto's base model until it was replaced by the DeSoto Powermaster in 1953, while Customs were unseated as DeSoto's premium model range with the introduction of the V8-powered 1952 Firedome model range of cars. 1949 DeSoto Deluxe Four-Door Sedan 1952 DeSoto Deluxe Club Coupe 1961 DeSoto References ^ "Directory Index: DeSoto/1946_DeSoto/1946_DeSoto_Advance_Information_Folder". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5. ^ "1951 DeSota Foldout". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ^ Kimes, Beverly (1996). standard catalog of American Cars 1805–1942. Krause publications. pp. 431–441. ISBN 0-87341-478-0. ^ "1946 DeSoto Brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ^ "1946 DeSoto Advance Information". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ^ "1947 DeSoto Owners Manual". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ^ "1951 DeSoto Foldout". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08. Wikimedia Commons has media related to De Soto Deluxe Series. Wikimedia Commons has media related to De Soto Custom Series. vteDeSotoA division of Chrysler Corporation (1928–1961)Models Adventurer Airflow Airstream DeSoto (1961) Diplomat (export) Firedome Fireflite Firesweep Powermaster Six Eight Series S-10 Suburban Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chevrolet Deluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Deluxe"},{"link_name":"Dodge Deluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Deluxe"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"DeSoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kimes1996-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"},{"link_name":"Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_Suburban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"six-cylinder engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-six_engine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"},{"link_name":"station wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"},{"link_name":"DeSoto Powermaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_Powermaster"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"Firedome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_Firedome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeSoto_Deluxe_1949.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%2752_DeSoto_(Auto_classique_VAQ_Mont_St-Hilaire_%2711).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1961_DeSoto_Fireflite.jpg"}],"text":"See also: Chevrolet Deluxe and Dodge DeluxeAmerican car model sold 1942, 1946–1952Motor vehicleThe DeSoto Series S-10 is an automobile produced by DeSoto from 1942 through to the 1952 model year.[4] While in production, the Series S-10, which was sold with the trim package DeLuxe, was DeSoto's entry-level car, and was offered primarily as two-door and four-door sedans while the Custom offered upscale interiors and appearance including a 7-passenger sedan[2] and the extended-wheelbase Suburban sedans. The body was claimed to be \"rust proofed\".[5]The DeLuxe differed from the more upmarket Custom line by having less trim, fewer standard features, and plainer interiors in fewer color combinations. A six-tube and an eight-tube radio were optional.[6]The Deluxe shared its engine with the Custom, and was powered by Chrysler's L-head 237 cu in (3.88 L) six-cylinder engine, delivering 109 bhp (81 kW) at 3600 rpm. The DeSoto had full instrumentation.[7]Deluxes produced during the 1946, 1947, 1948 and first half of the 1949 model years used DeSoto's prewar bodies, slightly updated following the end of World War II. In 1948, low-pressure tires became standard equipment.[2] Custom models, along with Deluxe models, produced during the 1946, 1947, 1948 and first half of the 1949 model years used DeSoto's prewar bodies. A fully redesigned Custom was launched in the second half of 1949, along with a redesigned Deluxe, and these cars are referred to as “1949 Second Series” models.In 1950, the Custom gained DeSoto's first station wagon body style, which was not offered as a Deluxe and gave the choice of optional wooden panels bonded to the exterior steel body.[2] The Custom also received DeSoto's first hardtop coupe, which featured pillarless door design and offered interior equipment and refinement from the convertible, and again, the Deluxe was excluded from the premium body style.[2] Standard equipment included two-speed electric windshield wipers, a trunk light and full carpeting. In 1951, the brakes grew to 12 inches in diameter.[8][2]The Deluxe remained DeSoto's base model until it was replaced by the DeSoto Powermaster in 1953, while Customs were unseated as DeSoto's premium model range with the introduction of the V8-powered 1952 Firedome model range of cars.1949 DeSoto Deluxe Four-Door Sedan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1952 DeSoto Deluxe Club Coupe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1961 DeSoto","title":"DeSoto Series S-10"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Directory Index: DeSoto/1946_DeSoto/1946_DeSoto_Advance_Information_Folder\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/DeSoto/1946_DeSoto/1946_DeSoto_Advance_Information_Folder/1946%20DeSoto%20Advance%20Information%20Folder-02.html","url_text":"\"Directory Index: DeSoto/1946_DeSoto/1946_DeSoto_Advance_Information_Folder\""}]},{"reference":"Flory Jr., J. \"Kelly\" (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3229-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-3229-5"}]},{"reference":"\"1951 DeSota Foldout\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/DeSoto/1951_DeSoto/1951_DeSoto_Foldout/1951%20DeSoto%20Foldout-16.html","url_text":"\"1951 DeSota Foldout\""}]},{"reference":"Kimes, Beverly (1996). standard catalog of American Cars 1805–1942. Krause publications. pp. 431–441. ISBN 0-87341-478-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-478-0","url_text":"0-87341-478-0"}]},{"reference":"\"1946 DeSoto Brochure\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/DeSoto/1946_DeSoto/1946_DeSoto_Brochure/1946%20DeSoto%20%207A%20.html","url_text":"\"1946 DeSoto Brochure\""}]},{"reference":"\"1946 DeSoto Advance Information\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/DeSoto/1946_DeSoto/1946_DeSoto_Advance_Information_Folder/1946%20DeSoto%20Advance%20Information%20Folder-03.html","url_text":"\"1946 DeSoto Advance Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"1947 DeSoto Owners Manual\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/DeSoto/1947_DeSoto/1947_DeSoto_Owners_Manual/1947%20DeSoto%20Owners%20Manual-02-03.html","url_text":"\"1947 DeSoto Owners Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"1951 DeSoto Foldout\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/DeSoto/1951_DeSoto/1951_DeSoto_Foldout/1951%20DeSoto%20Foldout-12-13-14-15.html","url_text":"\"1951 DeSoto Foldout\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_Kean
Katja K
["1 Acting career","1.1 Awards and nominations","2 Selective filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Danish pornographic actress, actress, singer and fashion designer (born 1968) Katja KBornSussi la Cour' (1968-02-07) 7 February 1968 (age 56)Frederiksberg, DenmarkOther namesKatja KeanHeight1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in) Katja K, also known as Katja Kean and Sussi la Cour Dollenz (born 7 February 1968 in Denmark as Sussi la Cour), is a Danish and international former pornographic actress, businesswoman, sitcom actress, singer, columnist, author, and media personality. Sussi La Cour studied experience leadership (Danish oplevelsesledelse) at Roskilde Universitetscenter (RUC) in Denmark. She married Constance co-star Marco Dollenz whose last name she took in 2016. She later divorced her husband She owned an underwear company, Katja K Underwear, for women with an edge, which she ran for five years. Author Henrik List wrote a biography (based on interviews with her) titled Katja KXXX – Stjerne I Syndens By (ISBN 9788779730533). These days she works as a project manager for an upscale boutique hotel in France.(year 2024) Acting career Kean starred in two adult films produced by Academy Award-nominated filmmaker Lars von Trier's company Zentropa: Constance (1998) and Pink Prison (1999). In 2002, Kean changed her stage name from "Katja Kean" to "Katja K". Kean had a prominent role in the Danish sitcom Langt fra Las Vegas (Far from Las Vegas). She sang with Danish musician Dario Campeotto on his single "Save Your Love". She also appeared on a Filur track called "Sunset Boulevard". Per the Internet Adult Film Database, she has starred in 30 cover films, and was a contract girl for the American production company called Sincity, based in California. Her adult career was from the year 1997 and ended in 2000, by her own choice. Awards and nominations Year Ceremony Result Award Work 2000 AVN Award Nominated Best Actress – Video Millennium Nominated Best New Starlet — 2001 AVN Award Nominated Best All-Girl Sex Scene - Film (with Ava Vincent) Virtuoso Nominated Best All-Girl Sex Scene - Film (with Shay Sweet) Watchers Selective filmography Constance (1998) Katja Kean's Sports Spectacular (1998) Pink Prison (1999) Buried Treasure (2000) Watchers (2000) Langt fra Las Vegas (2001) Bald Beaver Blast (2005) References ^ "Kunsten at købe lingeri | Arnold Busck". www.arnoldbusck.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-11-11. ^ "Katja K om porno-fortid: Der er noget, jeg må tilstå". www.bt.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-11-11. ^ Sussi la Cour Facebook Page ^ "Sussi La Cour: Jeg har accepteret, hvem jeg er" (in Danish). 4 April 2013. ^ a b "AVN 2000 Nominations". AVN.com. Archived from the original on 2000-03-02. Retrieved 2013-08-08. ^ a b "2001 AVN Awards Nominations List". AVN.com. Archived from the original on 2001-03-09. Retrieved 2013-08-08. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katja K. (in Danish) "Stjerne i syndens by", excerpt from book by Henrik List, Berlingske Tidende, 26 February 2003. Katja K at the Internet Adult Film Database Katja K at the European Girls Adult Film Database Katja K at the Adult Film Database Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kunsten at købe lingeri | Arnold Busck\". www.arnoldbusck.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arnoldbusck.dk/boeger/humor/kunsten-kobe-lingeri","url_text":"\"Kunsten at købe lingeri | Arnold Busck\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katja K om porno-fortid: Der er noget, jeg må tilstå\". www.bt.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bt.dk/blogs/klar-laest-katja-k-om-porno-fortid-jeg-maa-tilstaa-at-jeg-har-udnyttet-mange-maend-i","url_text":"\"Katja K om porno-fortid: Der er noget, jeg må tilstå\""}]},{"reference":"Sussi la Cour Facebook Page","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/sussi.lacour.3","url_text":"Sussi la Cour Facebook Page"}]},{"reference":"\"Sussi La Cour: Jeg har accepteret, hvem jeg er\" (in Danish). 4 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://go.tv2.dk/articlefornoejelse/id-66821277:sussi-la-cour-jeg-har-accepteret-hvem-jeg-er.html","url_text":"\"Sussi La Cour: Jeg har accepteret, hvem jeg er\""}]},{"reference":"\"AVN 2000 Nominations\". AVN.com. Archived from the original on 2000-03-02. Retrieved 2013-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000302100333/http://www.avn.com/awards/noms.html","url_text":"\"AVN 2000 Nominations\""},{"url":"http://www.avn.com/awards/noms.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2001 AVN Awards Nominations List\". AVN.com. Archived from the original on 2001-03-09. Retrieved 2013-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010309213908/http://www.avnawards.com/nominees.html","url_text":"\"2001 AVN Awards Nominations List\""},{"url":"http://www.avnawards.com/nominees.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gabrielse
Johannes Gabrielse
["1 Some works","2 References","3 External links"]
Dutch artist Johannes Gabrielse (1881, Westkapelle – 16 June 1945, Ambarawa) was a Dutch artist born in Zeeland, who died in a Japanese internment camp in the Dutch East Indies. He taught his daughter Corrie Gabriëlse. He was also the uncle of Mary Gabrielse, also an artist. Gabriëlse studied at the National School for Teachers (1898–1901) and the Rijksakademie (1901–1902) in Amsterdam. Well known for his illustrations of Indonesia for Dutch school books as well as wall prints (School platen) published by the publishers Wolters from Groningen. He also is remembered for his sketches of life in the Japanese camps during World War II. Some of his work is kept at the Dutch museum Museon in The Hague. He illustrated textbooks, including From Mother to child language and New language in the Dutch East Indies. He also made many oil paintings and he was book cover designer. He was however more than just a school illustrator and produced a number of paintings in oil. He sketched extensively, with his sketches being produced in a book form just before the war. Some works Hille Butter (1903) Hugo Kruyt (1933) Leids hoogleraar Jan van Leeuwen (1905) Maria Suzanna Willinge-Sligcher (1939) Church Lomblen. Lithograph after a painting by Gabriëlse References https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Johannes--johan--Gabrielse/91BF453EBC5BF1A5 External links Article in Dutch encyclopedia on Johannes Gabrielse Museum with both artists work Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Artists RKD Artists People Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westkapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westkapelle,_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Ambarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarawa"},{"link_name":"artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeland"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Corrie Gabriëlse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrie_Gabri%C3%ABlse"},{"link_name":"Mary Gabrielse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gabrielse"},{"link_name":"Rijksakademie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksakademie_van_beeldende_kunsten"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"illustrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Wolters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Museon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museon"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintings"}],"text":"Johannes Gabrielse (1881, Westkapelle – 16 June 1945, Ambarawa) was a Dutch artist born in Zeeland, who died in a Japanese internment camp in the Dutch East Indies.He taught his daughter Corrie Gabriëlse. He was also the uncle of Mary Gabrielse, also an artist.Gabriëlse studied at the National School for Teachers (1898–1901) and the Rijksakademie (1901–1902) in Amsterdam.Well known for his illustrations of Indonesia for Dutch school books as well as wall prints (School platen) published by the publishers Wolters from Groningen. He also is remembered for his sketches of life in the Japanese camps during World War II. Some of his work is kept at the Dutch museum Museon in The Hague.He illustrated textbooks, including From Mother to child language and New language in the Dutch East Indies. He also made many oil paintings and he was book cover designer.He was however more than just a school illustrator and produced a number of paintings in oil. He sketched extensively, with his sketches being produced in a book form just before the war.","title":"Johannes Gabrielse"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Hille_Butter_(1903)_door_Johan_Gabri%C3%ABlse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hille Butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hille_Butter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KruytGabrielse1933.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugo Kruyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Rudolph_Kruyt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JvLeeuwen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Sligcher_door_Johan_Gabri%C3%ABlse_in_1939.JPG"},{"link_name":"Maria Suzanna Willinge-Sligcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Suzanna_Willinge-Sligcher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kleurenlitho_van_een_kerk_op_Lomblen_TMnr_5426-10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lomblen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomblen"}],"text":"Hille Butter (1903)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHugo Kruyt (1933)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeids hoogleraar Jan van Leeuwen (1905)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaria Suzanna Willinge-Sligcher (1939)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch Lomblen. Lithograph after a painting by Gabriëlse","title":"Some works"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Allot
John Allot
["1 References"]
Sir John Allot (or Allott) was a 16th-century English merchant and politician who served as Lord Mayor of London. He was the fourth son of a Lincolnshire squire, Richard Allot of Great Lymber. He came to London and joined the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers. He was elected in 1580 as one of the Sheriffs of London, serving with Ralph Woodcock, and in 1590 he was elected Lord Mayor of London. He did not finish his term, though. He died on 17 September 1591 and was buried at St Margaret Moses; the remainder of his term was served by Sir Rowland Hayward (as his second term). He had a daughter, Margaret, who married William Albany of Oxsted. Another daughter, Anne, married Thomas Pigott, MP, and secondly Sir John Gibson, MP. References ^ Maddison, A.R. "Lincolnshire Pedigrees" pg. 12 ^ Fisher, Eden and co. "A Short History of the Lord Mayors' Pageants", p. 50 ^ "Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society" pg. 305 ^ "PIGOTT, Thomas II, of Doddershall, Bucks. | History of Parliament Online". ^ "GIBSON, Sir John (1576-1639), of Welburn, Yorks. | History of Parliament Online". Civic offices Preceded byJohn Harte Lord Mayor of London 1590–1591 Succeeded byRowland Hayward
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"PIGOTT, Thomas II, of Doddershall, Bucks. | History of Parliament Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/pigott-thomas-ii","url_text":"\"PIGOTT, Thomas II, of Doddershall, Bucks. | History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"GIBSON, Sir John (1576-1639), of Welburn, Yorks. | History of Parliament Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/gibson-sir-john-1576-1639","url_text":"\"GIBSON, Sir John (1576-1639), of Welburn, Yorks. | History of Parliament Online\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telfair_Museum_of_Art
Telfair Museums
["1 Buildings","1.1 Telfair Academy","1.2 Owens-Thomas House & Slave Quarters","1.3 Jepson Center","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°04′44″N 81°05′43″W / 32.07889°N 81.09528°W / 32.07889; -81.09528This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Telfair Museums" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Art museum in Georgia, United StatesTelfair MuseumsTelfair Academy in 2015LocationSavannah, GeorgiaUnited StatesTypeArt museumPublic transit accessChatham Area TransitWebsitewww.telfair.org Telfair Museums, in the historic district of Savannah, Georgia, was the first public art museum in the Southern United States. Founded through the bequest of Mary Telfair (1791–1875), a prominent local citizen, and operated by the Georgia Historical Society until 1920, the museum opened in 1886 in the Telfair family's renovated Regency style mansion, known as the Telfair Academy. The museum currently contains a collection of over 4,500 American and European paintings, sculptures, and works on paper, housed in three buildings: the 1818 Telfair Academy (formerly the Telfair family home); the 1816 Owens-Thomas House & Slave Quarters, which are both National Historic Landmarks designed by British architect William Jay in the early nineteenth century; and the contemporary Jepson Center for the Arts, designed by Moshe Safdie and completed in 2006. Buildings Each of the museum's three buildings houses a collection corresponding to the era in which it was built. Telfair Academy Main article: Telfair Academy The Telfair Academy contains two nineteenth-century period rooms, and it houses nineteenth- and twentieth-century American and European art from the museum's permanent collection including paintings, works on paper, sculpture, and decorative arts. The Bird Girl statue is currently on view in this building as part of the museum's "BEFORE MIDNIGHT: BONAVENTURE AND THE BIRD GIRL" exhibition. Owens-Thomas House & Slave Quarters This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Owens-Thomas House in 2011 The Owens-Thomas House & Slave Quarters contains a decorative arts collection composed primarily of Owens family furnishings, along with American and European objects dating from 1750 to 1830. Additionally the site includes intact urban slave quarters and a parterre garden. Jepson Center Lobby of the Jepson Center The Jepson Center for the Arts features contemporary art galleries of American Southern art, African American art, photography, works-on-paper, two galleries for large traveling exhibitions, a community gallery, a children's gallery, and two outdoor sculpture terraces. External links Media related to Telfair Museums at Wikimedia Commons www.telfair.org Official web site 32°04′44″N 81°05′43″W / 32.07889°N 81.09528°W / 32.07889; -81.09528 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcombe_drilling_protest
Balcombe drilling protest
["1 Background","2 Drilling","3 Protests","4 No Dash for Gas camp","5 Direct action","6 Significance","7 Judicial Review Request","8 See also","9 References","10 External links and further reading"]
Coordinates: 51°2′50.09″N 0°7′56.75″W / 51.0472472°N 0.1324306°W / 51.0472472; -0.1324306 (The drilling pad)Anti-fracking protest Balcombe anti-fracking protest - July 2013 51°2′50.09″N 0°7′56.75″W / 51.0472472°N 0.1324306°W / 51.0472472; -0.1324306 (The drilling pad) The Balcombe drilling protest occurred when test drilling and possible fracking for petroleum were proposed in 2012 near Balcombe, a village in West Sussex England. Local residents protested and anti-fracking environmentalists in the UK made it a focus of attention. The drill pad is located in a wooded area known as Lower Stumble Wood. Background After the initial announcement of plans to drill a local protest group was formed and a picnic was held. There was considerable opposition to exploration plans with a poll conducted by the Balcombe Parish Council showing that 82% of local residents were opposed. Cuadrilla Resources, the company that proposes to drill the well, engaged in public relations efforts attempting to convince villagers that the project was both useful and safe. Previous exploration by Conoco in the same area in 1986 was abandoned due to low production of oil. As of June 2013 Balcombe had emerged as a focus of opposition to fracking in the Weald Basin of southeast England. No actual permits that allowed for fracking were ever asked for or issued. Drilling In July 2013 a licence to drill the well was granted by the Environment Agency and Cuadrilla began transporting equipment and supplies to the test site. The well would be 3,000 feet (910 m) deep with a possible 2,500 feet (760 m) horizontal leg. The property is owned by the Balcombe Estate which is managed by Simon Greenwood, a local resident and a member of the Balcombe Parish Council that granted permission for the well. It is the opinion of Mr. Greenwood that there is low risk for a well regulated under UK regulations. Protests On 25 July 2013 colourfully dressed protestors blocked the gates to the site and prevented passage of a lorry with drilling equipment. On 26 July there was a heavy police presence at the gates and about a dozen protestors were arrested and charged with violation of section 241 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 which governs picketing. Protests continued on 27 July and additional protestors were arrested. Frack Off protestors from outside the immediate area have proven to be aggressive and creative. After receiving intelligence developed by the local police of credible threats of direct action the company suspended drilling on 16 August. Up to 1,000 protesters were expected for a six-day "Reclaim the Power" camp at the annual meeting of the No Dash for Gas environmental action movement. Workshops in skills-sharing in campaign building and direct action were planned. The height of the security fence around the site was doubled and razor wire installed. No Dash for Gas camp Hundreds of protesters from throughout the UK camped on private land at the so-called No Dash for Gas "Reclaim the Power" camp during the weekend of 17–18 August about a mile from the drilling pad in a field west of Cherry Lane near the intersection with London Road (B2036)in Cuckfield Parish. Facilities such as kitchens and toilets were erected without permission to support hundreds of expected participants. 38 Degrees, a not-for-profit political-activism organisation reported raising £50,000 with £30,000 budgeted to support local groups, £10,000 for training, and £10,000 on development of internet sites and infrastructure. 2,000 marched in Balcombe on held Sunday with direct action scheduled to commence on Monday. After 2 days of direct action protests the camp began breaking up on Wednesday 21 August, leaving a contingent of those who have been protesting since July behind. Direct action On 19 August activists engaged in direct actions at Cuadrilla headquarters in Lichfield, Staffordshire and at the London offices of Bell Pottinger, which conducts its public relations. A few protesters gained entry to Cuadrilla's building and posted banners reading "Reclaim the Power" and "Power to the People," and, at Bell Pottinger, several protesters super glued themselves to the entrance, posting a banner over its entrance reading "Bell Pottinger Fracking Liars." The entrance to the drilling site was also blocked by protesters who were locked together. There was a heavy police presence. As the day progressed the protesters where pushed to the side; dozens of arrests were made including Caroline Lucas the only Green Party MP. Lucas was released on bail the next day. Most arrests at the entrance to the drilling site were made under a section of the Public Order Act, failure to comply with a condition made by a senior police officer on the scene. There were also direct actions at the homes of Lord Howell and Francis Maude, the Conservative MP who represents Balcombe. Significance According to Fiona Harvey of The Guardian the Balcombe protests coincide with movement of the issue of hydraulic fracturing to the front of the public agenda in the United Kingdom. The initial permits to drill near Balcombe were issued routinely as were permits in other parts of the UK such as Lancashire where fracking operations are believed to have resulted in two small earthquakes. As of August 2013 public opinion was evenly divided with about 40% of the public for and 40% against. The Balcombe protests occurred against a background of political and public relations blunders such as this remark by the government energy minister Michael Fallon:The beauty of that - please don't write this down - is that of course are underneath the commentariat. All these people writing leaders saying, `Why don't they get on with shale?' We are going to see how thick their rectory walls are, whether they like the flaring at the end of the drive. There is growing public awareness of the potential impacts of industrial scale exploitation of shale gas. Judicial Review Request Main article: R (Frack Free Balcombe Residents Association) v West Sussex CC On 5 December 2014 the High Court has dismissed Frack Free Balcombe Residents’ Association’s (FFBRA’s) claim for a judicial review to quash the County Council’s grant of planning permission for oil and gas exploration and appraisal south of Balcombe. According to Mr Justice Gilbart, author of the judgement, there was never really a question of fracking at Balcombe: I have no doubt whatever that this proposal has caused considerable concern to the Claimant Association. I recognise also that some parts of the public are concerned about the process commonly known as “fracking” although I must observe also that this application did not seek permission for that activity. The judgement concludes by rejecting the request for a judicial review. See also Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing Anti-fracking movement 2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas References ^ Stanley Reed (7 August 2013). "Goals Collide in Drilling Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2013. ^ "Balcombe Residents against Fracking?". Balcombe Parish Council. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013. ^ Stanley Reed (24 May 2013). "British Villagers, Fearing Fracking, Protest Plan for Drilling". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2013. ^ Jan Goodey (July 2013). "The UK's anti fracking movement is growing". The Ecologist. Retrieved 29 July 2013. ^ Geoffrey Lean (28 June 2013). "Fracking faces tough foes in leafy Sussex Shale gas and oil may hold the key to Britain's energy troubles – but not if grassroots protesters have their way". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ^ "Protesters speak out as Balcombe fracking company is granted permit - West Sussex County Times". www.wscountytimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ Frack Free Balcombe Residents' Association versus West Sussex County Council westsussex.gov.uk ^ a b Robert Booth (25 July 2013). "Anti-fracking protesters halt Sussex shale gas operation: Activists in Balcombe block lorry carrying equipment for drilling operation that is due to start next week". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2013. ^ a b Fiona Harvey; Franklin Stuart (20 August 2013). "Balcombe landlord publicly reveals support for fracking: Simon Greenwood says controversial process should go ahead if West Sussex well is found to be economically viable". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2013. ^ Robert Booth (26 July 2013). "Anti-fracking activists arrested at West Sussex drilling site: Police remove protesters blockading Balcombe site where energy company Cuadrilla is looking for shale oil". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2013. ^ "Fracking Demo: Police Arrest 18 Protesters: A dozen people have been charged after scuffles at an anti-fracking protest in the village of Balcombe, West Sussex". Sky News. 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013. ^ Jon Henley (30 July 2013). "Fracking protest: who's who in the battle of Balcombe?: The campaigners lining up against the exploratory shale-gas well in West Sussex are a surprisingly disparate bunch, including a pop star's daughter and a former page 3 model". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ Peter Walker (1 August 2013). "Frack Off protesters bring a little fire engine trouble to Balcombe oil site: Fracking firm's work at West Sussex drilling site brought to a halt after activists locked themselves to vehicle parked outside gates". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ Stanley Reed (16 August 2013). "Shale Gas Company Suspends Drilling in Southern England". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 August 2013. ^ a b c "Fracking protesters gather for six-day camp as Balcombe drilling suspended: Cuadrilla scales back operation on advice of police, with up to 1,000 more campaigners expected in West Sussex". The Guardian. Press Association. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013. ^ Fiona Harvey (16 August 2013). "Drilling pause for Balcombe fracking protests is sensible move, say police: Cuadrilla says it has halted drilling in West Sussex out of concern for health and safety of employees and protesters". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 August 2013. ^ "Activists set up fracking protest campsite in Balcombe". BBC. 17 August 2013. ^ Paul Bignell (18 August 2013). "Balcombe fracking protest widens: Second campsite opens as activists prepare to step up their campaign against shale gas exploration in Sussex". The Independent. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ Mark Townsend (17 August 2013). "Middle England and the eco-warriors say victory is theirs in the battle for Balcombe: Campaign of 'civil disobedience' hopes to build on early gains against energy company Cuadrilla". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ "LOCATION OF PROTEST CAMP". Balcombe Parish Council. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013. ^ a b Fiona Harvey (19 August 2013). "Anti-fracking campaigners target Cuadrilla HQ: Activists target energy company's headquarters and its PR firm Bell Pottinger in protest at plans to drill for shale gas". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ "Balcombe anti-fracking protest camp draws to a close". BBC. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013. ^ Fiona Harvey; Peter Walker (19 August 2013). "Caroline Lucas among dozens arrested in Balcombe anti-fracking protest: UK's only Green party MP is arrested along with dozens of anti-fracking protesters in a 'day of action' across the UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ Michael Quinion. "Commentariat". World Wide Words. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ "Michael Fallon defends fracking comments: Energy minister Michael Fallon has defended comments about fracking, in which he appeared to suggest the process would affect those living near gas drilling sites". BBC. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ Fiona Harvey (19 August 2013). "Anti-fracking protests in Balcombe signal major shift in public awareness: Cuadrilla demonstrations show how fracking has gone from largely ignored to hotly debated, both publicly and politically". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ "Oil and gas exploration and fracking". West Sussex County Council. External links and further reading Fracking Report prepared by the Balcombe Parish Council and published May 2012 "Lucy Mangan: fracking idiots: 'Governments should never support something that has a name so semantically suggestive'" "Fracking: a botch on the landscape: Britain's nascent shale gas industry is in danger of being doused by inept PR and poor practice" Respect our village poster Guardian Live Blog August 19 Video of the Bell Pottinger protest on 19 August 2013 1:32:31 "Balcombe anti-fracking protest – in pictures" "Fracking protests in UK: 48 hours of direct action - in pictures" "Balcombe residents divided over fracking - audio slideshow" "A day on the anti-fracking frontline in Balcombe - video" Daily updates by Frack Off (specific link is to day 42, September 4, 2013) Frack Free Balcombe Residents Association
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balcombe_anti-fracking_protest_-_July_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"51°2′50.09″N 0°7′56.75″W / 51.0472472°N 0.1324306°W / 51.0472472; -0.1324306 (The drilling pad)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balcombe_drilling_protest&params=51_2_50.09_N_0_7_56.75_W_scale:10000_region:GB&title=The+drilling+pad"},{"link_name":"fracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracking"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Balcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcombe"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT8713-1"},{"link_name":"drill pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_pad"}],"text":"Anti-fracking protestBalcombe anti-fracking protest - July 201351°2′50.09″N 0°7′56.75″W / 51.0472472°N 0.1324306°W / 51.0472472; -0.1324306 (The drilling pad)\nThe Balcombe drilling protest occurred when test drilling and possible fracking for petroleum were proposed in 2012 near Balcombe, a village in West Sussex England. Local residents protested and anti-fracking environmentalists in the UK made it a focus of attention.[1] The drill pad is located in a wooded area known as Lower Stumble Wood.","title":"Balcombe drilling protest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"picnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poll-2"},{"link_name":"Cuadrilla Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuadrilla_Resources"},{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"Conoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT52413-3"},{"link_name":"Weald Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald_Basin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ecologist713-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph62813-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After the initial announcement of plans to drill a local protest group was formed and a picnic was held. There was considerable opposition to exploration plans with a poll conducted by the Balcombe Parish Council showing that 82% of local residents were opposed.[2] Cuadrilla Resources, the company that proposes to drill the well, engaged in public relations efforts attempting to convince villagers that the project was both useful and safe. Previous exploration by Conoco in the same area in 1986 was abandoned due to low production of oil.[3] As of June 2013 Balcombe had emerged as a focus of opposition to fracking in the Weald Basin of southeast England.[4][5] No actual permits that allowed for fracking were ever asked for or issued.[6][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environment Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian72513-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianGreenwood-9"}],"text":"In July 2013 a licence to drill the well was granted by the Environment Agency and Cuadrilla began transporting equipment and supplies to the test site. The well would be 3,000 feet (910 m) deep with a possible 2,500 feet (760 m) horizontal leg.[8] The property is owned by the Balcombe Estate which is managed by Simon Greenwood, a local resident and a member of the Balcombe Parish Council that granted permission for the well. It is the opinion of Mr. Greenwood that there is low risk for a well regulated under UK regulations.[9]","title":"Drilling"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balcombe_anti_frack_protest.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian72513-8"},{"link_name":"Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992"},{"link_name":"picketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing_(protest)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian72613-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky72713-11"},{"link_name":"Frack Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frack_Off"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian73013-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian80113-13"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT8813-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian81613-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian81613-15"},{"link_name":"razor wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_tape"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2-16"}],"text":"On 25 July 2013 colourfully dressed protestors blocked the gates to the site and prevented passage of a lorry with drilling equipment.[8] On 26 July there was a heavy police presence at the gates and about a dozen protestors were arrested and charged with violation of section 241 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 which governs picketing.[10] Protests continued on 27 July and additional protestors were arrested.[11] Frack Off protestors from outside the immediate area[12] have proven to be aggressive and creative.[13] After receiving intelligence developed by the local police of credible threats of direct action the company suspended drilling on 16 August.[14] Up to 1,000 protesters were expected for a six-day \"Reclaim the Power\" camp at the annual meeting of the No Dash for Gas environmental action movement.[15] Workshops in skills-sharing in campaign building and direct action were planned.[15] The height of the security fence around the site was doubled and razor wire installed.[16]","title":"Protests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent81813-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victory-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Camp-20"},{"link_name":"38 Degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_Degrees"},{"link_name":"not-for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"political-activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian81913-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian81613-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC82113-22"}],"text":"Hundreds of protesters from throughout the UK camped on private land [17] at the so-called No Dash for Gas \"Reclaim the Power\" camp[18] during the weekend of 17–18 August[19] about a mile from the drilling pad in a field west of Cherry Lane near the intersection with London Road (B2036)in Cuckfield Parish.[20] Facilities such as kitchens and toilets were erected without permission to support hundreds of expected participants. 38 Degrees, a not-for-profit political-activism organisation reported raising £50,000 with £30,000 budgeted to support local groups, £10,000 for training, and £10,000 on development of internet sites and infrastructure. 2,000 marched in Balcombe on held[21] Sunday with direct action scheduled to commence on Monday.[15] After 2 days of direct action protests the camp began breaking up on Wednesday 21 August, leaving a contingent of those who have been protesting since July behind.[22]","title":"No Dash for Gas camp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"direct actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Bell Pottinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Pottinger"},{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"banners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner"},{"link_name":"super glued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacrylate"},{"link_name":"banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian81913-21"},{"link_name":"Caroline Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Public Order Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianGreenwood-9"},{"link_name":"Lord Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Howell,_Baron_Howell_of_Guildford"},{"link_name":"Francis Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Maude"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianLucas-23"}],"text":"On 19 August activists engaged in direct actions at Cuadrilla headquarters in Lichfield, Staffordshire and at the London offices of Bell Pottinger, which conducts its public relations. A few protesters gained entry to Cuadrilla's building and posted banners reading \"Reclaim the Power\" and \"Power to the People,\" and, at Bell Pottinger, several protesters super glued themselves to the entrance, posting a banner over its entrance reading \"Bell Pottinger Fracking Liars.\" The entrance to the drilling site was also blocked by protesters who were locked together. There was a heavy police presence.[21] As the day progressed the protesters where pushed to the side; dozens of arrests were made including Caroline Lucas the only Green Party MP. Lucas was released on bail the next day. Most arrests at the entrance to the drilling site were made under a section of the Public Order Act, failure to comply with a condition made by a senior police officer on the scene.[9] There were also direct actions at the homes of Lord Howell and Francis Maude, the Conservative MP who represents Balcombe.[23]","title":"Direct action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"government energy minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"Michael Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fallon"},{"link_name":"Weald Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald_Basin"},{"link_name":"commentariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattering_classes"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentariat-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC8413-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianHarvey81913-26"}],"text":"According to Fiona Harvey of The Guardian the Balcombe protests coincide with movement of the issue of hydraulic fracturing to the front of the public agenda in the United Kingdom. The initial permits to drill near Balcombe were issued routinely as were permits in other parts of the UK such as Lancashire where fracking operations are believed to have resulted in two small earthquakes.[citation needed] As of August 2013 public opinion was evenly divided with about 40% of the public for and 40% against. The Balcombe protests occurred against a background of political and public relations blunders such as this remark by the government energy minister Michael Fallon:The beauty of that - please don't write this down - is that of course [the oil and gas resources of the Weald Basin] are underneath the commentariat.[24] All these people writing leaders saying, `Why don't they get on with shale?' We are going to see how thick their rectory walls are, whether they like the flaring at the end of the drive.[25]There is growing public awareness of the potential impacts of industrial scale exploitation of shale gas.[26]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.westsussex.gov.uk/planning/oil-gas-exploration-and-fracking/"},{"link_name":"judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.westsussex.gov.uk/planning/oil-gas-exploration-and-fracking/"}],"text":"On 5 December 2014 the High Court has dismissed Frack Free Balcombe Residents’ Association’s (FFBRA’s) claim for a judicial review to quash the County Council’s grant of planning permission for oil and gas exploration and appraisal south of Balcombe.[27]According to Mr Justice Gilbart, author of the judgement, there was never really a question of fracking at Balcombe:I have no doubt whatever that this proposal has caused considerable concern to the Claimant Association. I recognise also that some parts of the public are concerned about the process commonly known as “fracking” although I must observe also that this application did not seek permission for that activity.The judgement concludes by rejecting the request for a judicial review.","title":"Judicial Review Request"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fracking Report prepared by the Balcombe Parish Council and published May 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//balcombeparishcouncil.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/the-fracking-report.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Lucy Mangan: fracking idiots: 'Governments should never support something that has a name so semantically suggestive'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/aug/17/lucy-mangan-fracking"},{"link_name":"\"Fracking: a botch on the landscape: Britain's nascent shale gas industry is in danger of being doused by inept PR and poor practice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/fracking-botch-on-landscape"},{"link_name":"Respect our village poster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//balcombeparishcouncil.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/bpc-poster.pdf"},{"link_name":"Guardian Live Blog August 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/aug/19/fracking-protests-uk-live-blog"},{"link_name":"Video of the Bell Pottinger protest on 19 August 2013 1:32:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160216191353/http://bambuser.com/v/3827104"},{"link_name":"\"Balcombe anti-fracking protest – in pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2013/aug/18/balcombe-fracking-protest-pictures"},{"link_name":"\"Fracking protests in UK: 48 hours of direct action - in pictures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2013/aug/20/fracking-protests-uk-48-hours-in-pictures"},{"link_name":"\"Balcombe residents divided over fracking - audio slideshow\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/interactive/2013/aug/19/balcombe-residents-divided-fracking-audio-slideshow"},{"link_name":"\"A day on the anti-fracking frontline in Balcombe - video\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2013/aug/19/day-anti-fracking-protest-balcombe-video"},{"link_name":"Daily updates by Frack Off (specific link is to day 42, September 4, 2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//frack-off.org.uk/latest-news-from-the-great-gas-gala-day-42/"},{"link_name":"Frack Free Balcombe Residents Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//frackfreebalcombe.org.uk/"}],"text":"Fracking Report prepared by the Balcombe Parish Council and published May 2012\n\"Lucy Mangan: fracking idiots: 'Governments should never support something that has a name so semantically suggestive'\"\n\"Fracking: a botch on the landscape: Britain's nascent shale gas industry is in danger of being doused by inept PR and poor practice\"\nRespect our village poster\nGuardian Live Blog August 19\nVideo of the Bell Pottinger protest on 19 August 2013 1:32:31\n\"Balcombe anti-fracking protest – in pictures\"\n\"Fracking protests in UK: 48 hours of direct action - in pictures\"\n\"Balcombe residents divided over fracking - audio slideshow\"\n\"A day on the anti-fracking frontline in Balcombe - video\"\nDaily updates by Frack Off (specific link is to day 42, September 4, 2013)\nFrack Free Balcombe Residents Association","title":"External links and further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Balcombe anti-fracking protest - July 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Balcombe_anti-fracking_protest_-_July_2013.jpg/220px-Balcombe_anti-fracking_protest_-_July_2013.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Balcombe_anti_frack_protest.jpg/220px-Balcombe_anti_frack_protest.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_hydraulic_fracturing"},{"title":"Anti-fracking movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement"},{"title":"2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9314_Romanian_protests_against_shale_gas"}]
[{"reference":"Stanley Reed (7 August 2013). \"Goals Collide in Drilling Protests\". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/business/energy-environment/08iht-green08.html","url_text":"\"Goals Collide in Drilling Protests\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balcombe Residents against Fracking?\". Balcombe Parish Council. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://balcombeparishcouncil.com/2013/08/17/balcombe-residents-against-fracking/","url_text":"\"Balcombe Residents against Fracking?\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley Reed (24 May 2013). \"British Villagers, Fearing Fracking, Protest Plan for Drilling\". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/business/global/british-village-protests-plan-for-shale-gas-drilling.html","url_text":"\"British Villagers, Fearing Fracking, Protest Plan for Drilling\""}]},{"reference":"Jan Goodey (July 2013). \"The UK's anti fracking movement is growing\". The Ecologist. Retrieved 29 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/2016997/the_uks_anti_fracking_movement_is_growing.html","url_text":"\"The UK's anti fracking movement is growing\""}]},{"reference":"Geoffrey Lean (28 June 2013). \"Fracking faces tough foes in leafy Sussex Shale gas and oil may hold the key to Britain's energy troubles – but not if grassroots protesters have their way\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130702071442/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/energy/10148552/Fracking-faces-tough-foes-in-leafy-Sussex.html","url_text":"\"Fracking faces tough foes in leafy Sussex Shale gas and oil may hold the key to Britain's energy troubles – but not if grassroots protesters have their way\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/energy/10148552/Fracking-faces-tough-foes-in-leafy-Sussex.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Protesters speak out as Balcombe fracking company is granted permit - West Sussex County Times\". www.wscountytimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125849/http://www.wscountytimes.co.uk/news/local/protesters-speak-out-as-balcombe-fracking-company-is-granted-permit-1-5322532","url_text":"\"Protesters speak out as Balcombe fracking company is granted permit - West Sussex County Times\""},{"url":"http://www.wscountytimes.co.uk/news/local/protesters-speak-out-as-balcombe-fracking-company-is-granted-permit-1-5322532","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Booth (25 July 2013). \"Anti-fracking protesters halt Sussex shale gas operation: Activists in Balcombe block lorry carrying equipment for drilling operation that is due to start next week\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/25/anti-fracking-protesters-sussex-shale","url_text":"\"Anti-fracking protesters halt Sussex shale gas operation: Activists in Balcombe block lorry carrying equipment for drilling operation that is due to start next week\""}]},{"reference":"Fiona Harvey; Franklin Stuart (20 August 2013). \"Balcombe landlord publicly reveals support for fracking: Simon Greenwood says controversial process should go ahead if West Sussex well is found to be economically viable\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/20/balcombe-landlord-support-fracking-oil","url_text":"\"Balcombe landlord publicly reveals support for fracking: Simon Greenwood says controversial process should go ahead if West Sussex well is found to be economically viable\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Booth (26 July 2013). \"Anti-fracking activists arrested at West Sussex drilling site: Police remove protesters blockading Balcombe site where energy company Cuadrilla is looking for shale oil\". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/26/anti-fracking-activists-arrested-sussex","url_text":"\"Anti-fracking activists arrested at West Sussex drilling site: Police remove protesters blockading Balcombe site where energy company Cuadrilla is looking for shale oil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fracking Demo: Police Arrest 18 Protesters: A dozen people have been charged after scuffles at an anti-fracking protest in the village of Balcombe, West Sussex\". Sky News. 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/story/1121010/fracking-demo-police-arrest-18-protesters","url_text":"\"Fracking Demo: Police Arrest 18 Protesters: A dozen people have been charged after scuffles at an anti-fracking protest in the village of Balcombe, West Sussex\""}]},{"reference":"Jon Henley (30 July 2013). \"Fracking protest: who's who in the battle of Balcombe?: The campaigners lining up against the exploratory shale-gas well in West Sussex are a surprisingly disparate bunch, including a pop star's daughter and a former page 3 model\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/shortcuts/2013/jul/30/fracking-protest-battle-of-balcombe","url_text":"\"Fracking protest: who's who in the battle of Balcombe?: The campaigners lining up against the exploratory shale-gas well in West Sussex are a surprisingly disparate bunch, including a pop star's daughter and a former page 3 model\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Walker (1 August 2013). \"Frack Off protesters bring a little fire engine trouble to Balcombe oil site: Fracking firm's work at West Sussex drilling site brought to a halt after activists locked themselves to vehicle parked outside gates\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/01/frack-off-protest-fracking-fire-engine-balcombe-oil","url_text":"\"Frack Off protesters bring a little fire engine trouble to Balcombe oil site: Fracking firm's work at West Sussex drilling site brought to a halt after activists locked themselves to vehicle parked outside gates\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley Reed (16 August 2013). \"Shale Gas Company Suspends Drilling in Southern England\". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/17/business/energy-environment/shale-gas-company-suspends-drilling-in-southern-england.html","url_text":"\"Shale Gas Company Suspends Drilling in Southern England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fracking protesters gather for six-day camp as Balcombe drilling suspended: Cuadrilla scales back operation on advice of police, with up to 1,000 more campaigners expected in West Sussex\". The Guardian. Press Association. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/16/fracking-protesters-camp-balcombe-drilling","url_text":"\"Fracking protesters gather for six-day camp as Balcombe drilling suspended: Cuadrilla scales back operation on advice of police, with up to 1,000 more campaigners expected in West Sussex\""}]},{"reference":"Fiona Harvey (16 August 2013). \"Drilling pause for Balcombe fracking protests is sensible move, say police: Cuadrilla says it has halted drilling in West Sussex out of concern for health and safety of employees and protesters\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/16/drilling-pause-balcombe-fracking-protests-cuadrilla","url_text":"\"Drilling pause for Balcombe fracking protests is sensible move, say police: Cuadrilla says it has halted drilling in West Sussex out of concern for health and safety of employees and protesters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Activists set up fracking protest campsite in Balcombe\". BBC. 17 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23737365","url_text":"\"Activists set up fracking protest campsite in Balcombe\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Bignell (18 August 2013). \"Balcombe fracking protest widens: Second campsite opens as activists prepare to step up their campaign against shale gas exploration in Sussex\". The Independent. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/balcombe-fracking-protest-widens-second-campsite-opens-as-activists-prepare-to-step-up-their-campaign-against-shale-gas-exploration-in-sussex-8772721.html","url_text":"\"Balcombe fracking protest widens: Second campsite opens as activists prepare to step up their campaign against shale gas exploration in Sussex\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Townsend (17 August 2013). \"Middle England and the eco-warriors say victory is theirs in the battle for Balcombe: Campaign of 'civil disobedience' hopes to build on early gains against energy company Cuadrilla\". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/17/balcombe-fracking-shale-gas-protests-sussex","url_text":"\"Middle England and the eco-warriors say victory is theirs in the battle for Balcombe: Campaign of 'civil disobedience' hopes to build on early gains against energy company Cuadrilla\""}]},{"reference":"\"LOCATION OF PROTEST CAMP\". Balcombe Parish Council. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://balcombeparishcouncil.com/2013/08/16/location-of-protest-camp/","url_text":"\"LOCATION OF PROTEST CAMP\""}]},{"reference":"Fiona Harvey (19 August 2013). \"Anti-fracking campaigners target Cuadrilla HQ: Activists target energy company's headquarters and its PR firm Bell Pottinger in protest at plans to drill for shale gas\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/19/anti-fracking-campaigners-cuadrilla-hq","url_text":"\"Anti-fracking campaigners target Cuadrilla HQ: Activists target energy company's headquarters and its PR firm Bell Pottinger in protest at plans to drill for shale gas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balcombe anti-fracking protest camp draws to a close\". BBC. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-23778323","url_text":"\"Balcombe anti-fracking protest camp draws to a close\""}]},{"reference":"Fiona Harvey; Peter Walker (19 August 2013). \"Caroline Lucas among dozens arrested in Balcombe anti-fracking protest: UK's only Green party MP is arrested along with dozens of anti-fracking protesters in a 'day of action' across the UK\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/19/caroline-lucas-arrest-balcombe-anti-fracking","url_text":"\"Caroline Lucas among dozens arrested in Balcombe anti-fracking protest: UK's only Green party MP is arrested along with dozens of anti-fracking protesters in a 'day of action' across the UK\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Quinion. \"Commentariat\". World Wide Words. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-com3.htm","url_text":"\"Commentariat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Fallon defends fracking comments: Energy minister Michael Fallon has defended comments about fracking, in which he appeared to suggest the process would affect those living near gas drilling sites\". BBC. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23565258","url_text":"\"Michael Fallon defends fracking comments: Energy minister Michael Fallon has defended comments about fracking, in which he appeared to suggest the process would affect those living near gas drilling sites\""}]},{"reference":"Fiona Harvey (19 August 2013). \"Anti-fracking protests in Balcombe signal major shift in public awareness: Cuadrilla demonstrations show how fracking has gone from largely ignored to hotly debated, both publicly and politically\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/19/fracking-protests-balcombe-cuadrilla-politics","url_text":"\"Anti-fracking protests in Balcombe signal major shift in public awareness: Cuadrilla demonstrations show how fracking has gone from largely ignored to hotly debated, both publicly and politically\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oil and gas exploration and fracking\". West Sussex County Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westsussex.gov.uk/planning/oil-gas-exploration-and-fracking/","url_text":"\"Oil and gas exploration and fracking\""}]}]
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suggestive'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/fracking-botch-on-landscape","external_links_name":"\"Fracking: a botch on the landscape: Britain's nascent shale gas industry is in danger of being doused by inept PR and poor practice\""},{"Link":"http://balcombeparishcouncil.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/bpc-poster.pdf","external_links_name":"Respect our village poster"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/aug/19/fracking-protests-uk-live-blog","external_links_name":"Guardian Live Blog August 19"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216191353/http://bambuser.com/v/3827104","external_links_name":"Video of the Bell Pottinger protest on 19 August 2013 1:32:31"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2013/aug/18/balcombe-fracking-protest-pictures","external_links_name":"\"Balcombe anti-fracking protest – in 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Groocock
Clifford Groocock
["1 References"]
British trade union leader Clifford Groocock Groocock (20 April 1895 – 9 February 1988) was a British trade union leader. Born as Clifford Groocock Hincks, he was brought up as a Methodist, and from 1917 was a lay preacher. By 1921 he was living in Hinckley in Leicestershire, and working as a hosiery hand. That year, he dropped his surname, and became known as "Clifford Groocock Groocock". He became active in the Hinckley and District Hosiery Union, and in 1930 he was elected as its general secretary. Under Groocock's leadership, the Hinckley union grew, with membership reaching 6,000 by 1939. However, during World War II this fell back to 4,000 members, and he learned that the Transport and General Workers' Union and the National Union of General and Municipal Workers were proposing to start recruiting hosiery workers in the East Midlands. As a result, he came to support Horace Moulden's proposal that the various local hosiery unions should merge and form a national union. In 1945, Groocock took his union into the new National Union of Hosiery and Knitwear Workers, and he became its first general secretary. Despite the title, this post was only that of second-in-command, with Moulden as general president being its most prominent figure. Groocock also remained leader of the new union's Hinckley section. Like Moulden, Groocock saw himself as a social democrat, favouring good relationships with employers and minimising industrial action. The union grew as a national force, and Groocock retired in 1960. References ^ England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007 ^ a b c d Gurnham, Richard (1976). A History of the Trade Union movement in the Hosiery and Knitwear Industry. Leicester: National Union of Hosiery and Knitwear Workers. pp. 102–159. ^ "Clifford Groocock Groocock". London Gazette. 21 January 1921. Retrieved 25 February 2019. ^ Marsh, Arthur; Ryan, Victoria; Smethurst, John B. (1994). Historical Directory of Trade Unions. Vol. 4. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 9780859679008. Trade union offices Preceded byJohn Bailey General Secretary of the Hinckley and District Hosiery Union 1930–1944 Succeeded byPosition abolished Preceded byNew position General Secretary of the National Union of Hosiery and Knitwear Workers 1945–1960 Succeeded byGeorge Dearing
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"lay preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_preacher"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gurnham-2"},{"link_name":"Hinckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinckley"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hinckley and District Hosiery Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinckley_and_District_Hosiery_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gurnham-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Transport and General Workers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"National Union of General and Municipal Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_General_and_Municipal_Workers"},{"link_name":"Horace Moulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Moulden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gurnham-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marsh-4"},{"link_name":"National Union of Hosiery and Knitwear Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Hosiery_and_Knitwear_Workers"},{"link_name":"social democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democrat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gurnham-2"}],"text":"Clifford Groocock Groocock (20 April 1895 – 9 February 1988)[1] was a British trade union leader.Born as Clifford Groocock Hincks, he was brought up as a Methodist, and from 1917 was a lay preacher.[2] By 1921 he was living in Hinckley in Leicestershire, and working as a hosiery hand. That year, he dropped his surname, and became known as \"Clifford Groocock Groocock\".[3] He became active in the Hinckley and District Hosiery Union, and in 1930 he was elected as its general secretary.[2]Under Groocock's leadership, the Hinckley union grew, with membership reaching 6,000 by 1939. However, during World War II this fell back to 4,000 members, and he learned that the Transport and General Workers' Union and the National Union of General and Municipal Workers were proposing to start recruiting hosiery workers in the East Midlands. As a result, he came to support Horace Moulden's proposal that the various local hosiery unions should merge and form a national union.[2][4]In 1945, Groocock took his union into the new National Union of Hosiery and Knitwear Workers, and he became its first general secretary. Despite the title, this post was only that of second-in-command, with Moulden as general president being its most prominent figure. Groocock also remained leader of the new union's Hinckley section. Like Moulden, Groocock saw himself as a social democrat, favouring good relationships with employers and minimising industrial action. The union grew as a national force, and Groocock retired in 1960.[2]","title":"Clifford Groocock"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Gurnham, Richard (1976). A History of the Trade Union movement in the Hosiery and Knitwear Industry. Leicester: National Union of Hosiery and Knitwear Workers. pp. 102–159.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Clifford Groocock Groocock\". London Gazette. 21 January 1921. Retrieved 25 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32202/page/650","url_text":"\"Clifford Groocock Groocock\""}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Arthur; Ryan, Victoria; Smethurst, John B. (1994). Historical Directory of Trade Unions. Vol. 4. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 9780859679008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldirect0004mars","url_text":"Historical Directory of Trade Unions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859679008","url_text":"9780859679008"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32202/page/650","external_links_name":"\"Clifford Groocock Groocock\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldirect0004mars","external_links_name":"Historical Directory of Trade Unions"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur%E2%80%93Zeya_Plain
Amur–Zeya Plain
["1 Geography","2 Flora","3 References"]
Coordinates: 52°40′N 128°30′E / 52.667°N 128.500°E / 52.667; 128.500Amur–Zeya PlainAmur–Zeya PlainLocation in Amur Oblast Highest pointPeak904Elevation300 m (980 ft)DimensionsLength480 km (300 mi)Width240 km (150 mi)GeographyCountryRussiaFederal subjectAmur OblastRange coordinates52°40′N 128°30′E / 52.667°N 128.500°E / 52.667; 128.500Parent rangeSouth Siberian System Amur–Zeya Plain (Russian: Амурско-Зейское плато) is plateau in Amur Oblast, Russia. The climate is continental with features of the monsoon, with cold, snowless winters and moderately warm summers. There are places gold deposits. The first exploration of the plateau was made by Russian pioneers in the 17th century. Geography It is located on the left bank of the middle reaches of the Amur river, between the Amur and Zeya. To the north it is bound by the Tukuringra Range and the Dzhagdy Range. The Nora and the Orlovka (Mamyn), right tributaries of the Selemdzha, flow across the plateau. The average height of the plateau is about 300 meters, the highest - 904 m. The plateau is dominated by plains, ridged and hilly terrain; in the Amur valley terrain extremely dismembered. Crystalline basement rocks are overlain by layers of sand and clay deposits in the Neogene period lakes and ancient channels of the Amur and Zeya. The distribution of permafrost is patchy. Flora On the territory of the plateau common features include larch and pine forests and birch. In the south is characterized by shrub thickets of oak and set of marshes and wetlands. References ^ Амурско-Зейское плато - Great Soviet Encyclopedia : (in 30 vols.) / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. ^ Nora - Great Soviet Encyclopedia : (in 30 vols.) / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"Amur Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"}],"text":"Amur–Zeya Plain (Russian: Амурско-Зейское плато) is plateau in Amur Oblast, Russia.The climate is continental with features of the monsoon, with cold, snowless winters and moderately warm summers. There are places gold deposits. The first exploration of the plateau was made by Russian pioneers in the 17th century.","title":"Amur–Zeya Plain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur"},{"link_name":"Zeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeya_(river)"},{"link_name":"Tukuringra Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tukuringra_Range&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dzhagdy Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhagdy_Range"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS%D0%95-1"},{"link_name":"Nora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_(river)"},{"link_name":"Orlovka (Mamyn)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlovka_(Mamyn)"},{"link_name":"Selemdzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selemdzha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill"},{"link_name":"Crystalline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"Neogene period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene_period"},{"link_name":"permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"}],"text":"It is located on the left bank of the middle reaches of the Amur river, between the Amur and Zeya. To the north it is bound by the Tukuringra Range and the Dzhagdy Range.[1] The Nora and the Orlovka (Mamyn), right tributaries of the Selemdzha, flow across the plateau.[2]The average height of the plateau is about 300 meters, the highest - 904 m. The plateau is dominated by plains, ridged and hilly terrain; in the Amur valley terrain extremely dismembered.Crystalline basement rocks are overlain by layers of sand and clay deposits in the Neogene period lakes and ancient channels of the Amur and Zeya. The distribution of permafrost is patchy.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"larch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larch"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"}],"text":"On the territory of the plateau common features include larch and pine forests and birch. In the south is characterized by shrub thickets of oak and set of marshes and wetlands.","title":"Flora"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amur%E2%80%93Zeya_Plain&params=52_40_N_128_30_E_type:mountain_dim:240km","external_links_name":"52°40′N 128°30′E / 52.667°N 128.500°E / 52.667; 128.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amur%E2%80%93Zeya_Plain&params=52_40_N_128_30_E_type:mountain_dim:240km","external_links_name":"52°40′N 128°30′E / 52.667°N 128.500°E / 52.667; 128.500"},{"Link":"http://bse.sci-lib.com/article049617.html","external_links_name":"Амурско-Зейское плато"},{"Link":"http://bse.sci-lib.com/article082521.html","external_links_name":"Nora"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_T161L
List of Huawei phones
["1 Ascend series","2 Ascend G series","3 Ascend Mate series/Mate series","4 Ascend P series/P series/Pura series","5 Ascend W series","6 Ascend Y series","7 Nova series","8 Ascend GX series","9 G series","10 T Series","11 U Series","12 Y series","13 Honor series (former sub-brand of Huawei)","14 Enjoy series","15 See also","16 References"]
HuaweiManufacturerHuaweiTypeMobile devicesOperating systemAndroid(Current OS since 2012) (Current OS without Google since 2019), Windows Phone, EMUI HarmonyOS (Current OS)Websiteconsumer.huawei.com The following is a list of Huawei phones. The date in brackets is the date of initial release. Huawei's two flagship smartphone lines are the Mate and Pura series. Ascend series Model Version Launch date Discontinued? Ascend M680 October 2010 Yes Ascend II July 2011 Yes Ascend G series List of G series phones (discontinued) Huawei Ascend G300 (2012) Huawei Ascend G312 (2012) Huawei Ascend G330 (2012) Huawei Ascend G510-0010 (2013) Huawei Ascend G525 (2013) Huawei Ascend G526 (2013) Huawei Ascend G535 (2014) Huawei Ascend g750 u10 (2012) Huawei Ascend G610 (2013) Huawei Ascend G615 (2013) Huawei Ascend G620s (2014) Huawei Ascend G630 (2014) Huawei Ascend G7 (2014) Huawei Ascend G700 (2013) Huawei Ascend G740 (2013) Ascend Mate series/Mate series Main article: Huawei Mate series Huawei Ascend Mate (2013) Huawei Ascend Mate 2 (4G) (2014) Huawei Ascend Mate 7 Huawei Mate S (2015) Huawei Mate SE (2017) Huawei Mate 8 (2015) Huawei Mate 9 (2016) Huawei Mate 9 Lite (also called Honor 6X) Huawei Mate 9 Pro (2016) Huawei Porsche Design Mate 9 Huawei Mate 10 (2017) Huawei Mate 10 Pro (2017) Huawei Mate 10 Lite (2017) Huawei Porsche Design Mate 10 (2017) Huawei Porsche Design Mate RS (2018) Huawei Mate 20 (2018) Huawei Mate 20 Pro (2018) Huawei Mate 20 Lite (2018) Huawei Mate 20 X (2018) Huawei Mate 20 Porsche RS (2018) Huawei Mate X (2019) Huawei Mate 30 (2019) Huawei Mate 30 Pro (2019) Huawei Mate 30 (5G) (2019) Huawei Mate 30 Pro (5G) (2019) Huawei Mate 30E Pro 5G (2020) Huawei Mate 30 RS (2019) Huawei MatePad Pro (2019) Huawei Mate Xs (2020) Huawei mate Xs2 (2022) Huawei Mate 40 (2020) Huawei Mate 40 Pro (2020) Huawei Mate 40 Pro+ (2020) Huawei Mate 40 RS (2020) Huawei Mate 40E (2021) Huawei Mate 40E 4G (2021) Huawei Mate 40 Pro 4G (2021) Huawei Mate 50 (2022) Huawei Mate 50 Pro (2022) Huawei Mate 60 (2023) Huawei Mate 60 Pro (2023) Huawei Mate 50 RS Porsche Design (2022) Huawei Mate X2 (2021) Huawei Mate X2 4G (2021) Huawei Mate X3 (2023) Ascend P series/P series/Pura series Main article: Huawei Pura series Huawei Ascend P1 (2012, discontinued) Huawei Ascend P1 LTE (2012, discontinued) Huawei Ascend P1 S (2012, discontinued) Huawei Ascend P1 XL (2012, discontinued) Huawei Ascend P2 (2013, discontinued) Huawei Ascend P6 (2013, discontinued) Huawei Ascend P7 (2014) Huawei Ascend P7 mini (2014, discontinued) Huawei Ascend P7 Sapphire Edition (2014, discontinued) Huawei P8 (2015, discontinued) Huawei P8 Max (2015, discontinued) Huawei P8 lite (2015, discontinued) Huawei P8 lite (Honor 8 Lite / P9 Lite 2017 / Nova Lite / GR3 2017) (2017, discontinued) Huawei P9 (2016, discontinued) Huawei P9 lite (Huawei G9) (2016, discontinued) Huawei P9 lite mini (2017, discontinued) (Nova Lite 2017) Huawei P9 Plus (2016, discontinued) Huawei P10 (2017, discontinued) Huawei P10 Plus (2017, discontinued) Huawei P10 lite (Nova Youth) (2017, discontinued) Huawei P Smart (2017, discontinued) Huawei P Smart Pro (2018, discontinued) Huawei P20 (2018, discontinued) Huawei P20 Pro (2018, discontinued) Huawei P20 lite (also called Nova 3e) (2018, discontinued) Huawei P Smart + (Nova 3i) (2018, discontinued) Huawei P Smart (2019, discontinued) Huawei P Smart Z (2019, discontinued) Huawei P30 (2019, discontinued) Huawei P30 Pro (2019, discontinued) Huawei P30 lite (2019, discontinued) (known as Nova 4e) Huawei P30 New Edition (2020, discontinued) Huawei P30 lite New Edition (2020, discontinued) Huawei P Smart (2020, discontinued) Huawei P Smart S (2020, discontinued) (known as Enjoy 10s / Y8p) Huawei P40 (2020, discontinued) Huawei P40 lite (2020, discontinued) (known as Nova 6 SE / Nova 7i) Huawei P40 lite E (2020, discontinued) (known as Y7p) Huawei P40 Pro (2020, discontinued) Huawei P40 Pro+ (2020, discontinued) Huawei P40 lite 5G (2020, discontinued) (known as Nova 7 SE) Huawei P40 4G (2021, discontinued) Huawei P Smart 2021 (2020, discontinued) (known as Y7a, models PPA-LX1 and PPA-LX2) Huawei P50 (2021, discontinued) Huawei P50 Pro (2021, discontinued) Huawei P50 Pocket (2021) Huawei P50E (2022) Huawei P60 (2023) Huawei P60 Pro (2023) Huawei P60 Art (2023) Huawei Pocket 2 (2024) Huawei Pura70 (2024) Huawei Pura70 Pro (2024) Huawei Pura70 Pro+ (2024) Huawei Pura70 Ultra (2024) Ascend W series List of W series phones (discontinued) Huawei Ascend W1 (2013) Huawei Ascend W2 (2013) Ascend Y series List of Ascend Y series phones (discontinued) Huawei Ascend Y (2012) Huawei Ascend Y100 (2012) Huawei Ascend Y200 (2012) Huawei Ascend Y201 Huawei Ascend Y201 Pro (2012) Huawei Ascend Y210D (2013) Huawei Ascend Y220 (2014) Huawei Ascend Y221 (2014) Huawei Ascend Y300 (2013) Huawei Y300II (2014) Huawei Ascend Y320 (2013) Huawei Ascend Y321 Huawei Ascend Y330 (2014) Huawei Ascend Y511 (2013) Huawei Ascend Y520 (2014) Huawei Ascend Y530 (2014) Huawei Ascend Y540 (2015) Huawei Ascend Y550 (2014) Huawei Y635 (2015) Nova series The Nova series is aimed at mobile selfie enthusiasts List of Nova series phones Model Year Released Processor Internal storage RAM Rear camera Front camera Charging Battery Capacity 5G Connectivity Nova October 2016 Snapdragon 625 32GB 3GB 12MP 8MP 18W HUAWEI Quick Charge 3020 mAh No Nova Plus (also known as G9 Plus and Maimang 5) 16MP 3340 mAh Nova lite (also known as P8 lite 2017, P9 lite 2017 and Honor 8 Lite) February 2017 Kirin 655 16/32/64GB 3/4GB 12MP 3000 mAh Nova Smart (also known as Enjoy 6S and Honor 6C) April 2017 Snapdragon 435 16GB 2GB 13MP 5MP 3020 mAh Nova Youth (also known as P10 lite) May 2017 Kirin 658 32/64GB 3/4GB 12MP 8MP 18W HUAWEI Quick Charge 3000 mAh Nova lite+ (also known as Y7) August 2017 Snapdragon 435 16GB 2GB 4000 mAh Nova Young (P10 lite) MT6737T 13MP 5MP 3000 mAh Nova lite 2017 (also known as P9 lite mini and Y6 Pro 2017) Snapdragon 425 3020 mAh Nova 2 June 2017 Kirin 659 64GB 4GB 12MP 8MP 20MP 18W HUAWEI Quick Charge 2950 mAh No Nova 2 Plus June 2017 64/128GB 3340 mAh Nova 2i (Also known as Mate 10 lite, Maimang 6 & Honor 9i India) March 2018 Snapdragon 430 64GB 16MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 13MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 3000 mAh Nova 2s December 2017 Kirin 960 64/128GB 4/6GB 16MP 20MP (B/W, wide) 32MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 18W HUAWEI Quick Charge 3340 mAh Nova 2 lite (also known as Y7 Prime 2018) March 2018 Snapdragon 430 32/64GB 3/4GB 13MP 2MP (Depth) 8MP 3000 mAh Nova 3i (also known as P Smart+) July 2018 Kirin 710 64/128GB 4/6GB 16MP 2MP (Depth) 24MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 10W 3340 mAh No Nova 3 August 2018 Kirin 970 16MP (Wide) 24MP (B/W, wide) 18W HUAWEI Quick Charge 3750 mAh Nova 3e (Also known as P20 lite) March 2018 Kirin 659 4GB 16MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 24MP (Wide) 3000 mAh Nova 4 December 2018 Kirin 970 128GB 6/8GB 48MP (Wide) 16MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 25MP 18W HUAWEI Quick Charge 3750 mAh No Nova Lite 3 (also known as P Smart 2019) January 2019 Kirin 710 32GB 3GB 13MP 2MP (Depth) 8MP 10W 3400 mAh No Nova 4e (also known as P30 lite) March 2019 Kirin 710 128GB 6/8GB 24MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 32MP 18W HUAWEI Quick Charge 3750 mAh No Nova 5i (also known as P20 lite 2019) June 2019 Kirin 710F 128GB 6/8GB 24MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 24MP 10W 4000 mAh No Nova 5 June 2019 Kirin 810 8GB 48MP (Wide) 16MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 32MP 40W HUAWEI Supercharge 3500 mAh Nova 5 Pro June 2019 Kirin 985 128/256GB Nova 5i Pro July 2019 Kirin 810 6/8GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 20W HUAWEI Quick Charge 4000 mAh Nova 5T September 2019 Kirin 980 48MP (Wide) 16MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 22.5w HUAWEI Supercharge 3750 mAh Nova 5z November 2019 Kirin 810 64/128GB 6GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 20W HUAWEI Quick Charge 4000 mAh Nova 6SE (also known as P40 lite in Europe) December 2019 Kirin 810 128GB 8GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 40w HUAWEI Supercharge 4200 mAh No Nova 6 December 2019 Kirin 990 40MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 8MP (Telephoto) 32MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 40w HUAWEI Supercharge 4100 mAh Nova 6 5G Kirin 990 5G 128/256GB 4200 mAh Yes Nova 7i (also known as P40 lite in Europe) February 2020 Kirin 810 128GB 8GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 40w HUAWEI Supercharge 4200 mAh Yes Nova 7SE 5G (also known as P40 lite 5G in Europe) April 2020 Kirin 820 5G 128/256GB 6/8GB 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 40w HUAWEI Supercharge 5w Reverse Charging 4000 mAh Yes Nova 7 5G Kirin 985 5G 8GB 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 8MP (Telephoto) 2MP (Macro) 32MP 40w HUAWEI Supercharge 5w Reverse Charging 4000 mAh Yes Nova 7 Pro 5G 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 8MP (Periscope telephoto) 2MP (Macro) 32MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) Nova Lite 3+ (also known as P Smart 2020) May 2020 Kirin 710 128GB 4GB 13MP 2MP (Depth) 8MP 10W 3400 mAh No Nova 7SE 5G Youth October 2020 Dimensity 800U 128GB 8GB 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 40w HUAWEI Supercharge 4000 mAh Yes Nova 8SE 5G November 2020 Dimensity 720 Dimensity 800U 128GB 8GB 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 66W HUAWEI Supercharge 3600 mAh Yes Nova 8 5G January 2021 Kirin 985 5G 128/256GB 32MP 66W HUAWEI Supercharge 5W Reverse Charging 3800 mAh Yes Nova 8 Pro 5G 16MP (Wide) 32MP (Ultrawide) 4000 mAh Nova 8 Pro 4G June 2021 Kirin 985 4G No Nova 8i July 2021 Snapdragon 662 128GB 6/8GB 16MP 66W HUAWEI Supercharge 4300 mAh Nova 8 August 2021 Kirin 820E 128/256GB 8GB 32MP 66W HUAWEI Supercharge 5W Reverse Charging 3800 mAh Nova 8 SE Youth Kirin 710A 128GB 48MP (Wide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 40W HUAWEI Supercharge 4000 mAh Nova 8 SE 4G November 2021 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 66W HUAWEI Supercharge Nova Y60 September 2021 Helio P35 64GB 4GB 13MP (Wide) 5MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 10W 5000 mAh Nova 9 September 2021 Snapdragon 778 4G 128/256GB 8GB 50MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 66W HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging 4000 mAh No Nova 9 Pro 100w HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging 4300 mAh Nova 9 SE March 2022 Snapdragon 680 4G 6/8GB 108MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 66W HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging 4000 mAh Nova Y9a (also known as Y9a) January 2022 Helio G80 128GB 8GB 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 22.5W HUAWEI Supercharge 4200 mAh No 40W HUAWEI Supercharge 4300 mAh Nova Y70 (also known as Nova Y70 Plus in South East Asia and South Africa ) May 2022 Kirin 710A 64/128GB 4GB 48MP (Wide) 5MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 22.5W HUAWEI Supercharge 6000 mAh Nova Y90 July 2022 Snapdragon 680 4G 128GB 4/6/8GB 50MP (Wide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 40W HUAWEI Supercharge 5000 mAh Nova 10 July 2022 Snapdragon 778 4G 128/256GB 6/8GB 50MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 60MP (Ultrawide) 66W HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging 4000 mAh No Nova 10 Pro 8GB 60MP (Ultrawide) 8MP (Telephoto) 100w HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging 4500 mAh Nova 10z September 2022 Kirin 710A 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 16MP 66W HUAWEI Supercharge 4000 mAh Nova 10 SE October 2022 Snapdragon 680 4G 6/8GB 108MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 4500 mAh Nova 10 Youth March 2023 8GB 108MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 40W HUAWEI Supercharge 4000 mAh Nova 11 April 2023 Snapdragon 778 4G 128/256/512GB 8GB 50MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 60MP (Ultrawide) 66W HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging 4500 mAh No Nova 11 Pro 256/512GB 60MP (Ultrawide) 8MP (Telephoto) 100w HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging Nova 11 Utra 512GB Nova 11i May 2023 Snapdragon 680 128/256GB 8GB 108MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 40W HUAWEI Supercharge 5000 mAh No Nova Y71 Kirin 710A 128GB 8GB 48MP (Wide) 5MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 22.5W HUAWEI Supercharge 6000 mAh No Nova Y91 May 2023 Snapdragon 680 128/256GB 6/8GB 50MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 7000 mAh Nova 11 SE October 2023 256/512GB 108MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 32MP 66W HUAWEI Supercharge 4500 mAh No Nova 12 December 2023 Kirin 830 256/512GB 8GB 50MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 60MP (Ultrawide) 66W HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging 4600 mAh Yes Nova 12 Pro Kirin 9000S 256/512GB 60MP (Ultrawide) 8MP (Telephoto) 100W HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging Nova 12 Ultra 512GB 1TB Nova Y72 January 2024 Kirin 710A 128/256GB 8GB 50MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 22.5W HUAWEI Supercharge 6000 mAh No Nova 12s (also known as Nova 12 Lite in China) March 2024 Snapdragon 778 4G 256/512GB 8GB 50MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 60MP (Ultrawide) 66W HUAWEI Supercharge/ Reverse Charging 4500 mAh No Nova 12i Snapdragon 680 128/256GB 108MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 32MP 40W HUAWEI Supercharge 5000 mAh Nova 12 SE 256GB 108MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 32MP 66W HUAWEI Supercharge 4500 mAh Ascend GX series List of Ascend GX series phones Huawei Ascend GX (2014) Huawei Ascend GX-2 Huawei Ascend GX-3 Huawei Ascend GX-4 Huawei Ascend GX-5 Huawei Ascend GX-6 Huawei Ascend GX-7 Huawei Ascend GX-8 Huawei Ascend GX-9 G series List of G series phones Huawei G8 (G7 Plus in China) (2015) Huawei G9 lite (P9 lite) (2016) Huawei G9 Plus (2016, the Chinese version of Huawei Nova Plus) Huawei GR3 Huawei GR5 (known as Honor 5X) Huawei GR5 2017 (known as Honor 6X) Huawei GR3 2017 Huawei GT3 (known as GR5 mini, Honor 5c and Honor 7 Lite) T Series List of T series phones (discontinued) Huawei T120 Huawei T161L Huawei T156 Huawei T158 Huawei T201 Huawei T208 Huawei T211 Huawei T261L Huawei T330 Huawei T552 U Series List of U series phones (discontinued) Huawei U1000 Huawei U1100 Huawei U1270 Huawei U3300 Huawei U7310 Huawei U7510 Huawei U8100 Huawei U8110 Huawei U9130 Compass Huawei U9150 Y series List of Y series phones (discontinued) Model Released Processor Internal storage RAM Rear Camera Front Camera Charging Speed Battery Y360 (also known as Y3) March 2015 MediaTek MT6582 4GB 512MB 5MP 2MP 2.75W 1730 mAh Y560 (also known as Y5) June 2015 Snapdragon 210 8GB 1GB 5W 2000 mAh Y5c (also known as Honor Bee in India) July 2015 Spreadtrum SC7731 8MP 1730 mAh Y6 (also known as Honor 4A in China) Snapdragon 210 8GB 1/2GB 2200 mAh Y6 Pro (also known as Enjoy 5 and Honor Play 5X) October 2015 Mediatek MT6735P 16GB 2GB 13MP 5MP 10W 4000 mAh Y3 II April 2016 MediaTek MT6582M 8GB 1GB 5MP 2MP 2100 mAh Y5 II (also known as Honor 5) MediaTek MT6582 8MP 2200 mAh Y6 II (also known as Honor Holly 3 in India and Honor 5A in Malaysia) August 2016 Kirin 620 16GB 2GB 13MP 8MP 10W 3100 mAh Y6 II Compact (also known as Honor 5A) September 2016 Mediatek MT6735 5MP 2200 mAh Y3 2017 (also known as Y5 lite 2017 in Latin America) May 2017 MediaTek MT6737M MT6580M 8/32GB 1GB 8MP 2MP 2200 mAh Y5 2017 April 2017 MediaTek MT6737T 16GB 2GB 5MP 3000 mAh Y6 2017 (also known as Nova Young in Italy) May 2017 16GB 2GB 13MP 10W Y7 (also known as Ascend XT2 in the US and Nova Lite+ in Italy) Snapdragon 435 8MP 4000 mAh Y7 Prime (also known as Enjoy 7 Plus in China and Honor Holly 4 Plus in India) June 2017 32GB 3GB Y6 Pro 2017 (also known as Nova lite 2017 and P9 lite mini) October 2017 Snapdragon 425 16GB 2GB 13MP 5MP 3020 mAh Y7 2018 March 2018 Snapdragon 430 16GB 2GB 13MP 8MP 10W 3000 mAh Y7 Prime 2018 32/64GB 3/4GB 13MP 2MP (Depth) Y7 Pro 2018 32GB 3GB Y9 2018 (also known as Enjoy 8 Plus in China) Kirin 659 32/64/128GB 3/4GB 16MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 13MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 4000 mAh Y6 2018 April 2018 Snapdragon 425 16GB 2/3GB 13MP 5MP 10W 3000 mAh Y6 Prime 2018 16/32GB 8MP Y3 2018 May 2018 MT6737M 8GB 1GB 8MP 2MP 2280 mAh Y5 Prime May 2018 MediaTek MT6739 16/32GB 2GB 13MP 5MP 3020 mAh Y5 2018 (Also known as Enjoy 8e Youth) June 2018 16GB 1/2GB 8MP Y5 lite December 2018 1GB Y9 2019 (also known as Enjoy 9 Plus in China) October2018 Kirin 710 64/128GB 3/4/6GB 13MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 16MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 10W 4000 mAh Y Max (also known as Enjoy Max in China) November 2018 Snapdragon 660 4GB 16MP 2MP (Depth) 8MP 5000 mAh Y7 Prime 2019 January 2019 Qualcomm Snapdragon 450 32/64GB 3GB 13MP 2MP (Depth) 16MP 4000 mAh Y7 Pro 2019 32/64/128GB 3/4GB Y6 2019 February 2019 MediaTek Helio A22 32GB 2GB 13MP 8MP 3020 mAh Y6 Pro 2019 3GB Y7 2019 March 2019 Snapdragon 450 32/64GB 3/4GB 13MP 2MP (Depth) 4000 mAh Y6 Prime 2019 MediaTek Helio A22 64GB 3GB 13MP 3020 mAh Y5 2019 April 2019 MediaTek Helio A22 16/32GB 2GB 5MP Y9 Prime 2019 August 2019 Kirin 710F 64/128GB 4GB 16MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 10W 4000 mAh Y6s (also known as Honor 8A, Honor 8A Pro, Honor 8A Prime and Honor 8A 2020) January 2020 MediaTek Helio P35 32/64GB 3GB 13MP 8MP 10W 3020 mAh Y7p (also known as P40 lite E) February 2020 Kirin 710F 64GB 4GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 4000 mAh Y5p (also known as Honor 9S) May 2020 MediaTek Helio P22 32GB 2GB 8MP 5MP 3020 mAh Y6p 32/64GB 3/4GB 13MP (Wide) 5MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 5000 mAh Y8s Kirin 710 64/128GB 4GB 48MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 4000 mAh Y8p Kirin 710F 128GB 4/6GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 16MP Y9a (also known as Nova Y9a) September 2020 MediaTek Helio G80 128GB 6/8GB 64MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 22.5W HUAWEI Supercharge 4200 mAh 40W HUAWEI Supercharge 4300 mAh Y7a (also known as P Smart 2021 in Europe) October 2020 Kirin 710A 64/128GB 4GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 22.5W HUAWEI Supercharge 5000 mAh Honor series (former sub-brand of Huawei) The appeal of Honor, formerly a sub-brand in Huawei's broader smartphone portfolio aimed at the youth market, is that it packs many of the advanced features of the company's premium line of Huawei-brand phones at significantly lower cost. Honor (Huawei U8860) (2011) Honor 2 (Huawei U9508) (2012) Honor 3 outdoor (2013) Honor 3C (2013) Honor 3X (2013) Honor 3C 4G (2014) Honor 3C Play (2014) Honor 4X (2014) Honor 4C (2015) Honor 4A (2015) Honor 5X (2015) Honor 6 (2014) Honor 6 Plus (2014) Honor 6X (2016) Honor 7 (2015) Honor 7A (2018) Honor 7i (2015) Honor 7X (2017) Honor 7C (2018) Honor 7S (also called Honor Play 7) (2018) Honor 8 (2016) Honor 8 Lite (2017) Honor V8 (2016) Honor 8 Pro (also called Honor V9 in China) (2017) Honor 9 (2017) Honor 9 Lite (2017) Honor 9i (a.k.a. Honor 9N in India) (2018) Honor 9i (for India) (a.k.a. Huawei Mate 10 Lite, Maimang 6, Nova 2i) Honor View 10 (2017) (also called Honor V10 in China) Honor View 20 (2018) (also called Honor V20 in China) Honor View 30 (2019) (also called Honor V30 in China) Honor View 30 Pro (2019) (also called Honor V30 Pro in China) Honor 10 (2018) Honor 10 GT (2018) Honor 10 Lite (2018) Honor 20 (2019) Honor 20 Pro (2019) Honor 20 Lite (2019) Honor 30 (2020) Honor 30 Pro (2020) Honor 30 Pro+ (2020) Honor 30S (2020) Honor 30 Lite (2020) Honor 30i (2020) Honor Play (2018) Honor Play 3 (2019) Honor Play 3e (2019) Honor Play 4 (2020) Honor Play 4 Pro (2020) Honor Play 4T (2020) Honor Play 4T Pro (2020) Honor Note 10 (2018) Honor 8X (2018) Honor 8X Max (2018) Honor 8C (2018) Honor Magic (2016) Honor Magic 2 (2018) Honor 8A (2019) (also called Honor 8A Pro, Honor 8A Prime, Honor 8A 2020) Honor X10 (2020) Honor X10 Max (2020) Honor 10X Lite (2020) Enjoy series The Huawei Enjoy series is a series of phones sold exclusively in China. The Enjoy series actually encompasses many different phones from other Huawei phone series, primarily the Huawei Y series, however it also has phones from the Honor sub-brand and the P series. The Enjoy series phones are completely identical to the phones they reflect in other series, with the only difference being software (Chinese ROM) and branding. There is only one phone exclusive to the Enjoy series: Model Processor Internal storage RAM Rear Camera Front Camera Battery 5G Connectivity Enjoy 5 (also known as Y6 Pro) Mediatek MT6735P 16GB 2GB 13 MP (Wide) 5MP 4000 mAh No Enjoy 5s Mediatek MT6753T 2200 mAh Enjoy 6 Mediatek MT6750 16GB 3GB 13 MP 5MP 4100 mAh Enjoy 6s (also known as Honor 6C, Nova Smart) Qualcomm Snapdragon 435 2GB 3020 mAh Enjoy 7 Plus (also known as Y7 Prime) Qualcomm Snapdragon 435 32/64GB 3/4GB 12 MP 8MP 4000 mAh Enjoy 8 (also known as Honor 7C) Qualcomm Snapdragon 450 32/64GB 3/4GB 12MP 2MP (Depth) 8MP 3000 mAh Enjoy 8 Plus (also known as Y9 2018) Kirin 659 32/64/128GB 3/4GB 16MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 13MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 4000 mAh Enjoy 9 Qualcomm Snapdragon 450 32/64GB 3/4GB 13MP 2MP (Depth) 8MP 4000 mAh Enjoy 9 Plus (also known as Y9 2019) Kirin 710 128GB 4/6GB 16MP 2MP (Depth) Enjoy 9s 64/128GB 24MP 16MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 3400 mAh Enjoy 9e Mediatek Helio P35 32/64GB 3GB 13MP 3020 mAh Enjoy 10 Kirin 710F 64/128GB 4/6GB 48MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 4000 mAh Enjoy 10 Plus 128GB 4/6/8GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 16MP Enjoy 10s (also known as P Smart S in Europe and Y8p) 64GB 6GB Enjoy 10e Mediatek Helio P35 64/128GB 4GB 13MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 5000 mAh Enjoy Z 5G MediaTek Dimensity 800 5G 64/128GB 8GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Depth) 16MP 4000 mAh Yes Enjoy 20 MediaTek Dimensity 720 5G 128GB 4/6 GB 13MP (Wide) 5MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 8MP 5000 mAh Enjoy 20 Plus 6/8 GB 48MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 16MP 4200 mAh Enjoy 20 Pro MediaTek Dimensity 800 5G 4000 mAh Enjoy 20 SE Kirin 710A 4/8 GB 13MP (Wide) 8MP (Ultrawide) 2MP (Macro) 8MP 5000 mAh No Enjoy 20e Mediatek Helio P35 Kirin 710A 64/128GB 4/6 GB 13MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) Enjoy 50 Kirin 710A 128/256GB 6/8 GB 13MP (Wide) 2MP (Macro) 8MP 6000 mAh No Enjoy 50 Pro (also known as Nova Y90) Qualcomm Snapdragon 680 8 GB 50MP (Wide) 2MP (Macro) 2MP (Depth) 5000 mAh Enjoy 50z (also known as Nova Y61) 6/8 GB 5MP Enjoy 60 Kirin 710A 128/256GB 8 GB 48MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 6000 mAh No Enjoy 60X (also known as Nova Y91) Qualcomm Snapdragon 680 128/256/512GB 50MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 7000 mAh Enjoy 60 Pro (also known as Nova 11i) 128/256GB 48MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 5000 mAh Enjoy 70 (also known as Nova Y72) Kirin 710A 128/256GB 8 GB 50MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 8MP 6000 mAh No Enjoy 70 Pro (also known as Nova 12i) Qualcomm Snapdragon 680 108MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 5000 mAh Enjoy 70z Kirin 710A 13MP (Wide) 2MP (Depth) 6000 mAh See also Motorola Moto#Smartphones Samsung Galaxy#Phones Products of Xiaomi#Smartphones List of iPhone models List of LG mobile phones References ^ "Huawei Ascend M860 Price in India, Specifications (1st March 2022)". ^ "Huawei Ascend II - Full phone specifications". ^ "Huawei Mate 20 pro,la batterie et plus des détails Mate 20". GEEK-WIN (in French). 2018-09-29. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2018-09-29. ^ "Huawei P20 information page". 2018-06-10. Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-06-10. ^ https://consumer-tkb.huawei.com/weknow/servlet/show/knowAttachmentServlet?knowId=de-de15767552 ^ "HUAWEI P50 series with Snapdragon 888 chip, Price, Release Date". Goriber.Tech. 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021. ^ "Huawei Pocket 2 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. Retrieved 2024-04-15. ^ Michail. "Huawei Pura 70 series officially teased". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2024-04-15. ^ "Huawei U1000". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U1100". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U1270". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U3300". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U7310". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U7510". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U8100". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U8110". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U9130 Compass". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Huawei U9150". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ Auchard, Eric (15 May 2018). "Huawei seeks to defend European gains with mid-priced Honor 10 phone". Reuters. ^ "Huawei U8860 Honor - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 2 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 3 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 6 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 6 Plus - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 7 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 7X - Full phone specifications". m.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 8 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 8 Pro - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 9 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Huawei Honor 10 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. vteHuaweiSmart devicesPhonesAscend Huawei Ascend Ascend P P1 P2 P6 P7 Ascend D D quad quad XL D1 1 XL D2 Ascend G G6 G7 G300 G330 G600 G750 Ascend Mate Mate 2 Mate 7 W1 W2 Ascend Y300 P/Pura series Huawei P8 P8 Max P9 9 Plus 9 lite P10 P20 P30 P40 40 lite P50 50 Pocket P60 Pura 70 (Pura70 Pro, Pura70 Pro+, Pura70 Ultra) Mate series Huawei Mate S 8 9 9 lite 10 20 30 40 50 60 Foldable series X Xs X2 Xs 2 X3 X5 Nova series Huawei Nova & Nova Plus lite 2017 lite+ Smart Youth 2 2 Plus 2i 2 lite 2s 3 3e 3i 4 4e 5 5 Pro 5i 5i Pro 5T 5z 6 6 SE 7 7 Pro 7i 7 SE Youth 8 8 Pro 8 SE Youth 8i 9 9 SE 10 10 Pro 10 SE 10z 11 11 Pro/Ultra 11 SE 11i 12 12 Pro/Ultra 12 SE 12i 12s/12 Lite Y60 Y61 Y70/Y70 Plus/Y71 Y90 G series Huawei G7 Plus/G8 G9 Plus 9 lite GT3 GR3 2017 GR5 2017 5 mini Other Huawei G6600 Passport G Play Mini M835 Pocket 2 Pocket S Premia Sonic STREAM X GL07S T156 T158 T161L T201 T208 T211 T261L T300 U120 U121 U1000 U1100 U1250 U1270 U1310 U2801 U3300 U7310 U7510 T-Mobile Tap (U7519) U8100 U8110 IDEOS U8150 T-Mobile Pulse (U8220) U8230 U8800 U9130 Compass U9150 Nexus 6P Tablets Huawei Ideos Tablet S7 Honor Tablet 5 Mediapad M5 Mediapad M6 MatePad Pro Laptops MateBook MateBook X Pro Wearables Watch GT X Gentle Monster Eyewear Watch GT 2 2e 2 Pro Watch Fit X Gentle Monster Eyewear II CPU/NPU Kirin Kunpeng / Ascend Atlas Tiangang (5G) Balong (modem - 5G/5.5G) OS EulerOS openEuler UniProton NestOS HarmonyOS HarmonyOS NEXT OpenHarmony Oniro OS version history LiteOS EMUI Huawei VRP E5 E220 SingleRAN 4G eLTE Ark Compiler BiSheng Compiler DevEco Studio ArkTS eTS Cangjie Hvigor EROFS Huawei PanGu MindSpore ArkUI ArkUI-X GaussDB openGauss MetaERP Celia Huawei HiCar NearLink L2HC Communicationsinfrastructure Softswitches Next generation home location register Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystems xDSL Passive optical network Network switches Service delivery platforms Base station subsystems Services Huawei Mobile Services AppGallery HMS Core Petal Maps Network integration services Object storage services Huawei Music Huawei Video Huawei Cloud Services Huawei GameCenter Huawei Themes Huawei Health Find Device People Ren Zhengfei (CEO) Liang Hua (Chairman) Sun Yafang (former chairwoman) Meng Wanzhou (deputy chair & CFO) Xu Zhijun (deputy chair) Other New IP Huawei Developer Conference Huawei Developer Day Huawei Symantec HiSilicon Criticism of Huawei Li Hongyuan incident Nano Memory Huawei FreeBuds Huawei Sound X Huawei Sound Joy Huawei Vision Huawei MateView Huawei MateBook Huawei MateStation HarmonyOS Sans Huawei MRP nweb (ArkWeb) layer Huawei Ox Horn Campus Huawei Intelligent Automotive Solution Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei"}],"text":"The following is a list of Huawei phones. The date in brackets is the date of initial release.Huawei's two flagship smartphone lines are the Mate and Pura series.","title":"List of Huawei phones"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ascend series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend G300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_G300"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend G330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_G330"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend g750 u10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_G600"}],"text":"List of G series phones (discontinued)Huawei Ascend G300 (2012)\nHuawei Ascend G312 (2012)\nHuawei Ascend G330 (2012)\nHuawei Ascend G510-0010 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend G525 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend G526 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend G535 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend g750 u10 (2012)\nHuawei Ascend G610 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend G615 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend G620s (2014)\nHuawei Ascend G630 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend G7 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend G700 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend G740 (2013)","title":"Ascend G series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend Mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_Mate"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend Mate 2 (4G)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_Mate_2_4G"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_S"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_8"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_9"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_10"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 10 Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_10_Pro"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 10 Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_10#Huawei_Mate_10_Lite"},{"link_name":"Huawei Porsche Design Mate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Porsche_Design_Mate_10"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_X"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_30"},{"link_name":"Huawei MatePad Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_MatePad_Pro"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_40"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_50"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 50 Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_50_Pro"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate 50 RS Porsche Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_50_RS_Porsche_Design"},{"link_name":"Huawei Mate X2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Mate_X2"}],"text":"Huawei Ascend Mate (2013)\nHuawei Ascend Mate 2 (4G) (2014)\nHuawei Ascend Mate 7\nHuawei Mate S (2015)\nHuawei Mate SE (2017)\nHuawei Mate 8 (2015)\nHuawei Mate 9 (2016)\nHuawei Mate 9 Lite (also called Honor 6X)\nHuawei Mate 9 Pro (2016)\nHuawei Porsche Design Mate 9\nHuawei Mate 10 (2017)\nHuawei Mate 10 Pro (2017)\nHuawei Mate 10 Lite [also known as Huawei Nova 2i or Huawei Maimang 6 or Honor 9i (in India)] (2017)\nHuawei Porsche Design Mate 10 (2017)\nHuawei Porsche Design Mate RS (2018)\nHuawei Mate 20 (2018)[3]\nHuawei Mate 20 Pro (2018)\nHuawei Mate 20 Lite (2018)\nHuawei Mate 20 X (2018)\nHuawei Mate 20 Porsche RS (2018)\nHuawei Mate X (2019)\nHuawei Mate 30 (2019)\nHuawei Mate 30 Pro (2019)\nHuawei Mate 30 (5G) (2019)\nHuawei Mate 30 Pro (5G) (2019)\nHuawei Mate 30E Pro 5G (2020)\nHuawei Mate 30 RS (2019)\nHuawei MatePad Pro (2019)\nHuawei Mate Xs (2020)\nHuawei mate Xs2 (2022)\nHuawei Mate 40 (2020)\nHuawei Mate 40 Pro (2020)\nHuawei Mate 40 Pro+ (2020)\nHuawei Mate 40 RS (2020)\nHuawei Mate 40E (2021)\nHuawei Mate 40E 4G (2021)\nHuawei Mate 40 Pro 4G (2021)\nHuawei Mate 50 (2022)\nHuawei Mate 50 Pro (2022)\nHuawei Mate 60 (2023)\nHuawei Mate 60 Pro (2023)\nHuawei Mate 50 RS Porsche Design (2022)\nHuawei Mate X2 (2021)\nHuawei Mate X2 4G (2021)\nHuawei Mate X3 (2023)","title":"Ascend Mate series/Mate series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend P1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P1"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend P2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P2"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend P6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P6"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend P7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P7"},{"link_name":"Huawei P8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P8"},{"link_name":"Huawei P8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P8"},{"link_name":"Huawei P8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P8"},{"link_name":"Huawei P9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P9"},{"link_name":"Huawei P10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P10"},{"link_name":"Huawei P20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P20"},{"link_name":"Huawei P20 Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P20_Pro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nova 3i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Nova_3i"},{"link_name":"Huawei P30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P30"},{"link_name":"Huawei P40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P40"},{"link_name":"Nova 7i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Nova_7i"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Huawei P50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P50"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Huawei Ascend P1 (2012, discontinued)\nHuawei Ascend P1 LTE (2012, discontinued)\nHuawei Ascend P1 S (2012, discontinued)\nHuawei Ascend P1 XL (2012, discontinued)\nHuawei Ascend P2 (2013, discontinued)\nHuawei Ascend P6 (2013, discontinued)\nHuawei Ascend P7 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend P7 mini (2014, discontinued)\nHuawei Ascend P7 Sapphire Edition (2014, discontinued)\nHuawei P8 (2015, discontinued)\nHuawei P8 Max (2015, discontinued)\nHuawei P8 lite (2015, discontinued)\nHuawei P8 lite (Honor 8 Lite / P9 Lite 2017 / Nova Lite / GR3 2017) (2017, discontinued)\nHuawei P9 (2016, discontinued)\nHuawei P9 lite (Huawei G9) (2016, discontinued)\nHuawei P9 lite mini (2017, discontinued) (Nova Lite 2017)\nHuawei P9 Plus (2016, discontinued)\nHuawei P10 (2017, discontinued)\nHuawei P10 Plus (2017, discontinued)\nHuawei P10 lite (Nova Youth) (2017, discontinued)\nHuawei P Smart (2017, discontinued)\nHuawei P Smart Pro (2018, discontinued)\nHuawei P20 (2018, discontinued)\nHuawei P20 Pro (2018, discontinued)\nHuawei P20 lite (also called Nova 3e)[4] (2018, discontinued)\nHuawei P Smart + (Nova 3i) (2018, discontinued)\nHuawei P Smart (2019, discontinued)\nHuawei P Smart Z (2019, discontinued)\nHuawei P30 (2019, discontinued)\nHuawei P30 Pro (2019, discontinued)\nHuawei P30 lite (2019, discontinued) (known as Nova 4e)\nHuawei P30 New Edition (2020, discontinued)\nHuawei P30 lite New Edition (2020, discontinued)\nHuawei P Smart (2020, discontinued)\nHuawei P Smart S (2020, discontinued) (known as Enjoy 10s / Y8p)\nHuawei P40 (2020, discontinued)\nHuawei P40 lite (2020, discontinued) (known as Nova 6 SE / Nova 7i)\nHuawei P40 lite E (2020, discontinued) (known as Y7p)\nHuawei P40 Pro (2020, discontinued)\nHuawei P40 Pro+ (2020, discontinued)\nHuawei P40 lite 5G (2020, discontinued) (known as Nova 7 SE)\nHuawei P40 4G (2021, discontinued)\nHuawei P Smart 2021 (2020, discontinued) (known as Y7a, models PPA-LX1 and PPA-LX2)[5]\nHuawei P50 (2021, discontinued)\nHuawei P50 Pro (2021, discontinued)[6]\nHuawei P50 Pocket (2021)\nHuawei P50E (2022)\nHuawei P60 (2023)\nHuawei P60 Pro (2023)\nHuawei P60 Art (2023)\nHuawei Pocket 2 (2024)[7]\nHuawei Pura70 (2024)\nHuawei Pura70 Pro (2024)\nHuawei Pura70 Pro+ (2024)\nHuawei Pura70 Ultra (2024)[8]","title":"Ascend P series/P series/Pura series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend W1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_W1"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend W2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_W2"}],"text":"List of W series phones (discontinued)Huawei Ascend W1 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend W2 (2013)","title":"Ascend W series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend Y300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_Y300"}],"text":"List of Ascend Y series phones (discontinued)Huawei Ascend Y (2012)\nHuawei Ascend Y100 (2012)\nHuawei Ascend Y200 (2012)\nHuawei Ascend Y201\nHuawei Ascend Y201 Pro (2012)\nHuawei Ascend Y210D (2013)\nHuawei Ascend Y220 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend Y221 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend Y300 (2013)\nHuawei Y300II (2014)\nHuawei Ascend Y320 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend Y321\nHuawei Ascend Y330 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend Y511 (2013)\nHuawei Ascend Y520 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend Y530 (2014)\nHuawei Ascend Y540 (2015)\nHuawei Ascend Y550 (2014)\nHuawei Y635 (2015)","title":"Ascend Y series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Nova series is aimed at mobile selfie enthusiastsList of Nova series phones","title":"Nova series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of Ascend GX series phonesHuawei Ascend GX (2014)\nHuawei Ascend GX-2\nHuawei Ascend GX-3\nHuawei Ascend GX-4\nHuawei Ascend GX-5\nHuawei Ascend GX-6\nHuawei Ascend GX-7\nHuawei Ascend GX-8\nHuawei Ascend GX-9","title":"Ascend GX series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huawei G8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_G8"},{"link_name":"Huawei Nova Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Nova"},{"link_name":"Honor 5X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_5X"}],"text":"List of G series phonesHuawei G8 (G7 Plus in China) (2015)\nHuawei G9 lite (P9 lite) (2016)\nHuawei G9 Plus (2016, the Chinese version of Huawei Nova Plus)\nHuawei GR3\nHuawei GR5 (known as Honor 5X)\nHuawei GR5 2017 (known as Honor 6X)\nHuawei GR3 2017\nHuawei GT3 (known as GR5 mini, Honor 5c and Honor 7 Lite)","title":"G series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of T series phones (discontinued)Huawei T120\nHuawei T161L\nHuawei T156\nHuawei T158\nHuawei T201\nHuawei T208\nHuawei T211\nHuawei T261L\nHuawei T330\nHuawei T552","title":"T Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"List of U series phones (discontinued)Huawei U1000[9]\nHuawei U1100[10]\nHuawei U1270[11]\nHuawei U3300[12]\nHuawei U7310[13]\nHuawei U7510[14]\nHuawei U8100[15]\nHuawei U8110[16]\nHuawei U9130 Compass[17]\nHuawei U9150[18]","title":"U Series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of Y series phones (discontinued)","title":"Y series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Huawei U8860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_U8860_Honor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Honor 3C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Honor_3C"},{"link_name":"Honor 3X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Honor_3X"},{"link_name":"Honor 4X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_4X"},{"link_name":"Honor 4C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Honor_4C"},{"link_name":"Honor 5X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_5X"},{"link_name":"Honor 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Honor_6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Honor 6 Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_6_Plus"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Honor 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Honor 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_8"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Honor 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Honor 9 Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_9_Lite"},{"link_name":"Honor 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_10"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Honor 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_30"},{"link_name":"Honor 8X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_8x"}],"text":"The appeal of Honor, formerly a sub-brand in Huawei's broader smartphone portfolio aimed at the youth market, is that it packs many of the advanced features of the company's premium line of Huawei-brand phones at significantly lower cost.[19]Honor (Huawei U8860) (2011)[20]\nHonor 2 (Huawei U9508) (2012)[21]\nHonor 3 outdoor (2013)[22]\nHonor 3C (2013)\nHonor 3X (2013)\nHonor 3C 4G (2014)\nHonor 3C Play (2014)\nHonor 4X (2014)\nHonor 4C (2015)\nHonor 4A (2015)\nHonor 5X (2015)\nHonor 6 (2014)[23]\nHonor 6 Plus (2014)[24]\nHonor 6X (2016)\nHonor 7 (2015)[25]\nHonor 7A (2018)\nHonor 7i (2015)\nHonor 7X (2017)[26]\nHonor 7C (2018)\nHonor 7S (also called Honor Play 7) (2018)\nHonor 8 (2016)[27]\nHonor 8 Lite (2017)\nHonor V8 (2016)\nHonor 8 Pro (also called Honor V9 in China) (2017)[28]\nHonor 9 (2017)[29]\nHonor 9 Lite (2017)\nHonor 9i (a.k.a. Honor 9N in India) (2018)\nHonor 9i (for India) (a.k.a. Huawei Mate 10 Lite, Maimang 6, Nova 2i)\nHonor View 10 (2017) (also called Honor V10 in China)\nHonor View 20 (2018) (also called Honor V20 in China)\nHonor View 30 (2019) (also called Honor V30 in China)\nHonor View 30 Pro (2019) (also called Honor V30 Pro in China)\nHonor 10 (2018)[30]\nHonor 10 GT (2018)\nHonor 10 Lite (2018)\nHonor 20 (2019)\nHonor 20 Pro (2019)\nHonor 20 Lite (2019)\nHonor 30 (2020)\nHonor 30 Pro (2020)\nHonor 30 Pro+ (2020)\nHonor 30S (2020)\nHonor 30 Lite (2020)\nHonor 30i (2020)\nHonor Play (2018)\nHonor Play 3 (2019)\nHonor Play 3e (2019)\nHonor Play 4 (2020)\nHonor Play 4 Pro (2020)\nHonor Play 4T (2020)\nHonor Play 4T Pro (2020)\nHonor Note 10 (2018)\nHonor 8X (2018)\nHonor 8X Max (2018)\nHonor 8C (2018)\nHonor Magic (2016)\nHonor Magic 2 (2018)\nHonor 8A (2019) (also called Honor 8A Pro, Honor 8A Prime, Honor 8A 2020)\nHonor X10 (2020)\nHonor X10 Max (2020)\nHonor 10X Lite (2020)","title":"Honor series (former sub-brand of Huawei)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Huawei Enjoy series is a series of phones sold exclusively in China. The Enjoy series actually encompasses many different phones from other Huawei phone series, primarily the Huawei Y series, however it also has phones from the Honor sub-brand and the P series. The Enjoy series phones are completely identical to the phones they reflect in other series, with the only difference being software (Chinese ROM) and branding.There is only one phone exclusive to the Enjoy series:","title":"Enjoy series"}]
[]
[{"title":"Motorola Moto#Smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Moto#Smartphones"},{"title":"Samsung Galaxy#Phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy#Phones"},{"title":"Products of Xiaomi#Smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Products_of_Xiaomi#Smartphones"},{"title":"List of iPhone models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models"},{"title":"List of LG mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LG_mobile_phones"}]
[{"reference":"\"Huawei Ascend M860 Price in India, Specifications (1st March 2022)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://gadgets.ndtv.com/huawei-ascend-m860-80","url_text":"\"Huawei Ascend M860 Price in India, Specifications (1st March 2022)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Ascend II - Full phone specifications\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_ascend_ii-4057.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Ascend II - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Mate 20 pro,la batterie et plus des détails Mate 20\". GEEK-WIN (in French). 2018-09-29. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2018-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072218/https://www.fileshippoo.com/2019/01/huawei-y9-2019/","url_text":"\"Huawei Mate 20 pro,la batterie et plus des détails Mate 20\""},{"url":"https://www.fileshippoo.com/2019/01/huawei-y9-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei P20 information page\". 2018-06-10. Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180804012408/https://www.huaweip20.eu/","url_text":"\"Huawei P20 information page\""},{"url":"https://www.huaweip20.eu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HUAWEI P50 series with Snapdragon 888 chip, Price, Release Date\". Goriber.Tech. 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://goriber.tech/huawei-p50-series-with-snapdragon-888-chip-price-release-date/","url_text":"\"HUAWEI P50 series with Snapdragon 888 chip, Price, Release Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Pocket 2 - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com. Retrieved 2024-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_pocket_2-12837.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Pocket 2 - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"Michail. \"Huawei Pura 70 series officially teased\". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2024-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_pura_70_series_officially_teased-news-62439.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Pura 70 series officially teased\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U1000\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u1000-2633.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U1000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U1100\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u1100-2634.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U1100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U1270\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u1270-3751.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U1270\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U3300\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u3300-2636.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U3300\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U7310\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u7310-2639.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U7310\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U7510\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u7510-3025.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U7510\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U8100\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u8100-3157.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U8100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U8110\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u8110-3158.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U8110\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U9130 Compass\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u9130_compass-3339.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U9130 Compass\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U9150\". gsmarena.com. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u9150-3027.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U9150\""}]},{"reference":"Auchard, Eric (15 May 2018). \"Huawei seeks to defend European gains with mid-priced Honor 10 phone\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-tech-smartphone-honor/huawei-seeks-to-defend-european-gains-with-mid-priced-honor-10-phone-idUKKCN1IG2PU","url_text":"\"Huawei seeks to defend European gains with mid-priced Honor 10 phone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei U8860 Honor - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_u8860_honor-4197.php","url_text":"\"Huawei U8860 Honor - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 2 - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_2-5092.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 2 - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 3 - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_3-5664.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 3 - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 6 - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_6-6461.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 6 - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 6 Plus - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_6_plus-6777.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 6 Plus - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 7 - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_7-7269.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 7 - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 7X - Full phone specifications\". m.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_7x-8880.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 7X - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 8 - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_8-8195.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 8 - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 8 Pro - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_8_pro-8568.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 8 Pro - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 9 - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_9-8704.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 9 - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huawei Honor 10 - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_honor_10-9157.php","url_text":"\"Huawei Honor 10 - Full phone specifications\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Otto_(businessman)
Michael Otto (businessman)
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
German businessman (born 1943) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (March 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Michael Otto}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Michael OttoBorn12 April 1943 (1943-04-12) (age 81)Chełmno (Kulm), Reichsgau Danzig-West PrussiaNationalityGermanEducationUniversity of HamburgUniversity of MunichOccupationHead of Otto GroupChildren2ParentWerner Otto (father)RelativesKatharina Otto-Bernstein (sister)Frank Otto (brother)Alexander Otto (brother) Michael Otto (born 12 April 1943), is the chairman of the supervisory board of Germany's Otto Group, one of world's largest mail order companies, with €15.6 billion in revenue in 2021. Early life He earned doctorates from the University of Hamburg and the University of Munich. Career Otto Group was founded by his father, the late Werner Otto, as a mail-order business in Hamburg in 1949. They were the former owners of Spiegel, Inc. (the parent company of Eddie Bauer and former owners of Spiegel catalog), which filed for bankruptcy on 17 March 2003. On 25 May 2005, Spiegel, Inc. emerged from bankruptcy, was renamed Eddie Bauer Holdings, and is now owned primarily by Commerzbank. The Otto Group no longer has any stake in the company. Otto and his family own extensive real estate in Canada and in the United States, shopping centers in Germany and part of home-furnishings chain Crate & Barrel. Known as a committed environmentalist, his company has long touted environmentally safe products. In 1993, he created the Michael Otto Foundation (German: Michael Otto Stiftung). This foundation played, and is still playing, an important role in furthering multi-stakeholder dialogue on hot environmental issues. Otto is also a member of the World Future Council. Otto is president of the Foundation 2°, which promotes a transition towards a carbon-free economic system. He once stated about this transition: "Understanding climate protection as a modernisation project for the economy can now play an important role in overcoming the consequences of the Corona crisis – and at the same time help to avoid profound negative impacts of the climate crisis." Personal life Otto is married, with two children, and lives in Hamburg, Germany. References ^ "Otto Group: Supervisory Board". www.ottogroup.com. Retrieved 12 July 2021. ^ "Otto Group makes progress in latest year, expects fashion segment recovery". Fashion Network. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ a b c "Forbes profile: Michael Otto". Forbes. Retrieved 30 August 2020. ^ a b "Business Statement for crisis management and a sustainable future". Stiftung 2 Grad. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020. External links Michael Otto Foundation Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Callaghan
Audrey Callaghan
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]
British Labour councillor, wife of James Callaghan This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Audrey Callaghan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Right HonourableThe Lady Callaghan of CardiffAudrey Callaghan in 1978BornAudrey Elizabeth Moulton(1915-07-28)28 July 1915Maidstone, EnglandDied15 March 2005(2005-03-15) (aged 89)Burgess Hill, EnglandEducationMaidstone Grammar School for GirlsOccupationsDieticiancampaignercouncillorfundraiserKnown forSpouse of the prime minister of the United Kingdom (1976–1979)Political partyLabourSpouse James Callaghan ​(m. 1938)​Children3, including Margaret Audrey Elizabeth Callaghan, Baroness Callaghan of Cardiff (née Moulton; 28 July 1915 – 15 March 2005) was the wife of British Labour prime minister James Callaghan. She served as a Labour councillor and later became a campaigner and fundraiser for children's health and welfare. Early life She was born in Maidstone, Kent, where her father was a director of the Lead Wool Company, a tool company. Callaghan was educated at Maidstone Grammar School for Girls, then studied cookery at Battersea College of Domestic Science. She would chair the Maidstone Labour Party and Fabian Society. She joined the Labour Party while in her teens and met her future husband in the early 1930s at the Baptist church Sunday school where they both worked, then at the Labour Party, but they did not marry until 28 July 1938, her 23rd birthday. They honeymooned in Paris and Chamonix, and then returned to rent a house in Norwood. She worked as a dietician at an antenatal clinic in Greenwich during the Second World War, a young mother herself. At the same time, she studied economics at a University of London extension course in Eltham, with future Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell as tutor. She made a special study of malnutrition in children and its remedies. Career Her husband James was elected a Member of Parliament for Cardiff in 1945 and she was at his side throughout his career. She was somewhat derided, described as "the Yorkshire Pudding", ostensibly for her skill in cooking, but also as a reference to her perceived poor dress sense and mildly disorganised appearance; she was ridiculed for her hobby of keeping pigs. Audrey remained very private, and shunned the limelight. However, she was engaged with her husband's jobs and was said to be instrumental in dissuading him from resigning after the 1967 devaluation of the pound. In 1958, Audrey was elected as the Labour member for Lewisham North for the London County Council. She took a special interest in children's homes and the Children's Committee. She was an alderman of the Greater London Council from 1964 and became chairman of Lewisham Council's children's committee, where she was also an alderman, when the GLC was abolished. In 1969, Callaghan became the chair of the board of governors of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children. She continued raising funds for the hospital for the next thirty years, most notably securing an extension of copyright on Peter Pan for the hospital by a Lords amendment moved by her husband. In 1987, when James was created Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, she became Lady Callaghan. She herself declined a damehood from Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. They retired to a farm in Ringmer, East Sussex, where she kept pigs and he kept cows and sheep, and grew barley. Along with her husband, she supported causes relating to the University College of Swansea, of which James Callaghan was president. During her eighties, Callaghan developed Alzheimer's disease. In July 2001, when her condition had deteriorated, she entered a care home in nearby Burgess Hill, West Sussex, where her husband visited her every day until her death on 15 March 2005, by which time they had been married for 66 years and together for well over 70. James Callaghan died on 26 March 2005, eleven days after Audrey's death, and the day before his 93rd birthday. Personal life She had three children: Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington, Julia and Michael. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Audrey Callaghan. ^ a b c d Langdon, Julia (17 March 2005). "Obituary: Audrey Callaghan". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 April 2013. ^ a b Hattersley, Roy (2009). "Callaghan, Leonard James , Baron Callaghan of Cardiff (1912–2005), prime minister". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/94837. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Unofficial roles Preceded byMary Wilson Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1976–1979 Succeeded byDenis Thatcher vteSpouses of British prime ministersGreat Britain Catherine Walpole Maria Walpole Catherine Pelham Harriet Pelham-Holles Mary Stuart Elizabeth Grenville Mary Watson-Wentworth Hester Pitt Anne FitzRoy Elizabeth FitzRoy Anne North Louisa Petty Dorothy Bentinck United Kingdom Ursula Addington Anne Grenville Jane Perceval Louisa Jenkinson Mary Jenkinson Joan Canning Sarah Robinson Catherine Wellesley Mary Grey Julia Peel Frances Russell Emma Caroline Smith-Stanley Emily Temple Mary Anne Disraeli Catherine Gladstone Georgina Gascoyne-Cecil Charlotte, Lady Campbell-Bannerman Margot Asquith Margaret Lloyd George Lucy Baldwin Anne Chamberlain Clementine Churchill Violet Attlee Clarissa Eden Dorothy Macmillan Elizabeth Douglas-Home Mary Wilson Audrey Callaghan Denis Thatcher Norma Major Cherie Blair Sarah Brown Samantha Cameron Philip May Marina Wheeler Carrie Johnson Hugh O'Leary Akshata Murty Category:GBR Category:UK Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
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She served as a Labour councillor and later became a campaigner and fundraiser for children's health and welfare.","title":"Audrey Callaghan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Maidstone Grammar School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_Grammar_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"Battersea College of Domestic Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_College_of_Domestic_Science"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_obit-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Chamonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood"},{"link_name":"dietician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietician"},{"link_name":"antenatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatal"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Eltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham,_London"},{"link_name":"Hugh Gaitskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell"},{"link_name":"malnutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"}],"text":"She was born in Maidstone, Kent, where her father was a director of the Lead Wool Company, a tool company. Callaghan was educated at Maidstone Grammar School for Girls, then studied cookery at Battersea College of Domestic Science. She would chair the Maidstone Labour Party and Fabian Society. She joined the Labour Party while in her teens and met her future husband in the early 1930s at the Baptist church Sunday school where they both worked,[1] then at the Labour Party, but they did not marry until 28 July 1938, her 23rd birthday. They honeymooned in Paris and Chamonix, and then returned to rent a house in Norwood.She worked as a dietician at an antenatal clinic in Greenwich during the Second World War, a young mother herself. At the same time, she studied economics at a University of London extension course in Eltham, with future Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell as tutor. She made a special study of malnutrition in children and its remedies.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of Parliament for Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"devaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaluation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_obit-1"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_London_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Lewisham North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham_North_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"London County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council"},{"link_name":"alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"Greater London Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Council"},{"link_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital_for_Sick_Children"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_obit-1"},{"link_name":"damehood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Ringmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringmer"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"University College of Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Swansea"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Burgess Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Hill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"}],"text":"Her husband James was elected a Member of Parliament for Cardiff in 1945 and she was at his side throughout his career. She was somewhat derided, described as \"the Yorkshire Pudding\", ostensibly for her skill in cooking, but also as a reference to her perceived poor dress sense and mildly disorganised appearance; she was ridiculed for her hobby of keeping pigs. Audrey remained very private, and shunned the limelight. However, she was engaged with her husband's jobs and was said to be instrumental in dissuading him from resigning after the 1967 devaluation of the pound.[1]In 1958, Audrey was elected as the Labour member for Lewisham North for the London County Council. She took a special interest in children's homes and the Children's Committee. She was an alderman of the Greater London Council from 1964 and became chairman of Lewisham Council's children's committee, where she was also an alderman, when the GLC was abolished.In 1969, Callaghan became the chair of the board of governors of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children. She continued raising funds for the hospital for the next thirty years, most notably securing an extension of copyright on Peter Pan for the hospital by a Lords amendment moved by her husband.[1]In 1987, when James was created Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, she became Lady Callaghan. She herself declined a damehood from Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. They retired to a farm in Ringmer, East Sussex, where she kept pigs and he kept cows and sheep, and grew barley. Along with her husband, she supported causes relating to the University College of Swansea, of which James Callaghan was president.During her eighties, Callaghan developed Alzheimer's disease. In July 2001, when her condition had deteriorated, she entered a care home in nearby Burgess Hill, West Sussex, where her husband visited her every day until her death on 15 March 2005,[1] by which time they had been married for 66 years and together for well over 70.[2] James Callaghan died on 26 March 2005, eleven days after Audrey's death, and the day before his 93rd birthday.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Jay,_Baroness_Jay_of_Paddington"}],"text":"She had three children: Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington, Julia and Michael.","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Langdon, Julia (17 March 2005). \"Obituary: Audrey Callaghan\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/mar/17/guardianobituaries.health","url_text":"\"Obituary: Audrey Callaghan\""}]},{"reference":"Hattersley, Roy (2009). \"Callaghan, Leonard James [Jim], Baron Callaghan of Cardiff (1912–2005), prime minister\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/94837.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hattersley","url_text":"Hattersley, Roy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F94837","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/94837"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEM_Trans._Services_Inc.
CEM Trans Services
["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Recent Incidents","4 Recent Updates","5 Trivia","6 Routes","7 See also","8 References"]
CEM Trans Services, Inc. Crisinciano E. Mahilac Transport Services, Inc.Founded2007 (CEM Trans Services, Inc. December 2018HeadquartersSan Jose del Monte, BulacanService areaFTI, Alabang, NAIA, SJDM, AyalaService typeCity OperationFleet180+ Buses (Nissan Diesel, Daewoo, Iveco and Volvo)OperatorCEM Trans Services, Inc. CEM Trans Services, Inc. (Crisinciano E. Mahilac Transport Services Inc.) is a city bus company known for the use of an animated character Road Runner (which was said to be used by Partas) This company plies routes to parts of Quezon City, Valenzuela City and San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. This company is a sister company of Joanna Jesh Transport Etymology The acronym CEM is derived from Crisinciano E. Mahilac, the founder of Joanna Jesh Transport and its subsidiaries. History CEM Trans. Services Inc. was established in October 2007 under the management of Crisinciano E. Mahilac, the founder of Joanna Jesh Transport and other mentioned companies under the Mahilac Group. It started with non-aircon buses plying the FTI-SM Fairview route until the company acquired more units plying FTI-Grotto (San Jose del Monte). They also acquired 3 Daewoo units purchased from Renan Transit in June 2008. Recently, they reflected into new air-conditioned Nissan Diesel Euro buses. In August 2008, CEM Trans acquired the new air-conditioned units plying the Alabang-Malanday route. This is due to the large financial funds of the said company combined with the other bus companies under the Joanna Jesh Group. Lastly, in December 2008, CEM Trans. acquired new air-conditioned units plying the NAIA-Grotto route. CEM Trans. acquired new buses and formed an Alabang-Navotas route in 2011. A year later, they expanded their route Alabang-SM Fairview route since the company acquired one of former Renan Transit's Daewoo ordinary bus and used it for the latter route before it has been replaced by new air-conditioned buses. Recent Incidents Like her sister companies under the Mahilac Group, CEM Trans Services, Inc. has been involved in a road accident like the accident that happened in Amparo, Caloocan, plying the route to Tungko/Grotto (San Jose del Monte), when a bus flipped over the wall at Quirino Highway on February 2, 2008, resulting in an injury of 20 passengers aboard. The same unit also has involved in a failed collision with the Philippine National Railways train near Nichols station where 15 passengers were injured while panicking to get out of the bus and rushed to Taguig Hospital. The driver, Elvin Araza, who was able to pass the bus at PNR Access Road going to the northbound lane of South Luzon Expressway, was charged at Taguig city police station by the passengers who are aboard the bus. CEM Trans has put up also a bad image of their employees, especially their bus conductors. In an article on People's Tonight last May 12, 2009, a bus conductor boarding CEM Trans with bus no. 9114-47 plying Alabang-Malanday route had allegedly disrespected a disabled passenger. The conductor charged that passenger a PHP30.00 ticket, though the fare must be discounted because the passenger is actually disabled, resulting in a unanimous debate between the two. Glicerio Cabigayan, the conductor boarding the said bus unit, was given expulsion by the operator Crisinciano E. Mahilac as a result of his grievance against the passenger. Recent Updates CEM Trans. Services Inc. was created as an initiative in the regards of lack of many buses bound to SM City Fairview which was situated at Food Terminal Inc. (FTI) in Taguig from the defunct HR Lines, where its latter's franchise was given to the Mahilac Group last 2006. Its sister company, Nicholas Albert Transport Inc., was the first to be created under the defunct bus company. She was followed by CEM Trans a year later. As of today, CEM Trans is utilizing Nissan and Iveco units. This also includes the acquired Daewoo non-aircon units from Renan Transit. Additionally, CEM Trans acquired a Volvo B7RLE, Daewoo BF106, Daewoo BS106, and Iveco CC150 units. Trivia It is said that CEM Trans. Services Inc., like the provincial bus company Partas, uses the Road Runner logo to mean the fastest city bus company among other bus companies in the Philippines, servicing along EDSA corridor. The bus speed limit for Metro Manila roads is 80  km/h. Routes PITX - Monumento via EDSA Busway Ayala - Alabang via South Luzon Expressway (Route 10) SJDM (Starmall) - NAIA via Quezon Avenue (Route 49) See also Joanna Jesh Transport List of bus companies of the Philippines References ^ https://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbuses/3362133007/ CEM Trans. Services Inc. Historical Background ^ http://www.hatawtabloid.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28153:pnr-train-bus-muntik-magsalpukan-15-sugatan&catid=34:catfrontpage&Itemid=65 PNR Train, Bus Muntik Magsalpukan 15 Sugatan ^ /article.wn.com/view/2009/05/12/Abusadong_konduktor_walang_puwang_sa_CEM_Trans_Inc/ Abusadong Konduktor, Walang Puwang a CEM Trans Inc ^ Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner Media related to CEM Trans Services at Wikimedia Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Road Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wile_E._Coyote_and_Road_Runner"},{"link_name":"Partas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partas"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"Valenzuela City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzuela_City"},{"link_name":"San Jose del Monte, Bulacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte,_Bulacan"},{"link_name":"Joanna Jesh Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Jesh_Transport"}],"text":"CEM Trans Services, Inc. (Crisinciano E. Mahilac Transport Services Inc.) is a city bus company known for the use of an animated character Road Runner (which was said to be used by Partas) This company plies routes to parts of Quezon City, Valenzuela City and San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. This company is a sister company of Joanna Jesh Transport","title":"CEM Trans Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joanna Jesh Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Jesh_Transport"}],"text":"The acronym CEM is derived from Crisinciano E. Mahilac, the founder of Joanna Jesh Transport and its subsidiaries.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joanna Jesh Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Jesh_Transport"},{"link_name":"San Jose del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte"},{"link_name":"Daewoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo_Bus"},{"link_name":"Nissan Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Diesel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Navotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navotas"},{"link_name":"Daewoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo"}],"text":"CEM Trans. Services Inc. was established in October 2007 under the management of Crisinciano E. Mahilac, the founder of Joanna Jesh Transport and other mentioned companies under the Mahilac Group. It started with non-aircon buses plying the FTI-SM Fairview route until the company acquired more units plying FTI-Grotto (San Jose del Monte). They also acquired 3 Daewoo units purchased from Renan Transit in June 2008. Recently, they reflected into new air-conditioned Nissan Diesel Euro buses.[1]In August 2008, CEM Trans acquired the new air-conditioned units plying the Alabang-Malanday route. This is due to the large financial funds of the said company combined with the other bus companies under the Joanna Jesh Group.Lastly, in December 2008, CEM Trans. acquired new air-conditioned units plying the NAIA-Grotto route.CEM Trans. acquired new buses and formed an Alabang-Navotas route in 2011. A year later, they expanded their route Alabang-SM Fairview route since the company acquired one of former Renan Transit's Daewoo ordinary bus and used it for the latter route before it has been replaced by new air-conditioned buses.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caloocan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan"},{"link_name":"San Jose del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte"},{"link_name":"Quirino Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirino_Highway_(Quezon_City)"},{"link_name":"Philippine National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"Taguig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig"},{"link_name":"South Luzon Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Luzon_Expressway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Like her sister companies under the Mahilac Group, CEM Trans Services, Inc. has been involved in a road accident like the accident that happened in Amparo, Caloocan, plying the route to Tungko/Grotto (San Jose del Monte), when a bus flipped over the wall at Quirino Highway on February 2, 2008, resulting in an injury of 20 passengers aboard.The same unit also has involved in a failed collision with the Philippine National Railways train near Nichols station where 15 passengers were injured while panicking to get out of the bus and rushed to Taguig Hospital. The driver, Elvin Araza, who was able to pass the bus at PNR Access Road going to the northbound lane of South Luzon Expressway, was charged at Taguig city police station by the passengers who are aboard the bus.[2]CEM Trans has put up also a bad image of their employees, especially their bus conductors. In an article on People's Tonight last May 12, 2009, a bus conductor boarding CEM Trans with bus no. 9114-47 plying Alabang-Malanday route had allegedly disrespected a disabled passenger. The conductor charged that passenger a PHP30.00 ticket, though the fare must be discounted because the passenger is actually disabled, resulting in a unanimous debate between the two. Glicerio Cabigayan, the conductor boarding the said bus unit, was given expulsion by the operator Crisinciano E. Mahilac as a result of his grievance against the passenger.[3]","title":"Recent Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SM City Fairview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_City_Fairview"},{"link_name":"Food Terminal Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Terminal_Inc."},{"link_name":"Taguig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Nissan_Diesel"},{"link_name":"Iveco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveco_Bus"},{"link_name":"Daewoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo_Bus"},{"link_name":"Volvo B7RLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B7RLE"}],"text":"CEM Trans. Services Inc. was created as an initiative in the regards of lack of many buses bound to SM City Fairview which was situated at Food Terminal Inc. (FTI) in Taguig from the defunct HR Lines, where its latter's franchise was given to the Mahilac Group last 2006. Its sister company, Nicholas Albert Transport Inc., was the first to be created under the defunct bus company. She was followed by CEM Trans a year later.As of today, CEM Trans is utilizing Nissan and Iveco units. This also includes the acquired Daewoo non-aircon units from Renan Transit. Additionally, CEM Trans acquired a Volvo B7RLE, Daewoo BF106, Daewoo BS106, and Iveco CC150 units.","title":"Recent Updates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partas"},{"link_name":"Road Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wile_E._Coyote_and_Road_Runner"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"EDSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"It is said that CEM Trans. Services Inc., like the provincial bus company Partas, uses the Road Runner logo to mean the fastest city bus company among other bus companies in the Philippines, servicing along EDSA corridor. The bus speed limit for Metro Manila roads is 80  km/h.[4]","title":"Trivia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EDSA Busway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA_Busway"},{"link_name":"Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayala_Center"},{"link_name":"Alabang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabang"},{"link_name":"South Luzon Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Luzon_Expressway"},{"link_name":"SJDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte"},{"link_name":"NAIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Quezon Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_Avenue"}],"text":"PITX - Monumento via EDSA Busway\nAyala - Alabang via South Luzon Expressway (Route 10)\nSJDM (Starmall) - NAIA via Quezon Avenue (Route 49)","title":"Routes"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-winged_kite
Black-winged kite
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour and ecology","5 References","6 Other sources","7 External links"]
Raptor native to Eurasia Black-winged kite E. c. caeruleus hovering and perched Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae Genus: Elanus Species: E. caeruleus Binomial name Elanus caeruleus(Desfontaines, 1789) Subspecies E. c. caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) E. c. hypoleucus (Gould, 1859) E. c. vociferus (Latham, 1790) Range of E. caeruleus Synonyms Falco cæruleus Desf., 1789 Falco vociferus Latham, 1790 Falco melanopterus Daudin, 1800 Elanus cæsius Sav., 1809 Elanus melanopterus Leach, 1817 The black-winged kite (Elanus caeruleus), also known as the black-shouldered kite (not to be confused with the closely-related Australian species of the same name), is a small diurnal bird of prey in the family Accipitridae best known for its habit of hovering over open grasslands in the manner of the much smaller kestrels. This Palearctic and Afrotropical species was sometimes combined with the Australian black-shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris) and the white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus) of North and South America which together form a superspecies. This kite is distinctive, with long wings; white, grey and black plumage; and owl-like forward-facing eyes with red irises. The owl-like behaviour is even more pronounced in the letter-winged kite (Elanus scriptus), a nocturnal relative in Australia. Although mainly seen on plains, they are sometimes seen on grassy slopes of hills in the higher elevation regions of Asia. They are not migratory, but show nomadism in response to weather and food availability. They are well adapted to utilize periodic upsurges in rodent populations and can raise multiple broods in a single year unlike most birds of prey. Populations in southern Europe have grown in response to human activities, particularly agriculture and livestock rearing. Now present in SouthWest France Taxonomy Comparison of skull of Elanus with Falco (right) The black-winged kite was described by the French naturalist René Louiche Desfontaines in 1789 and given the binomial name Falco caeruleus. It is now one of four species in the genus Elanus which was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Jules-César Savigny. The genus Elanus is distinctive in having very small scales covering the foot and on the underside, scutellate scales are found only under the terminal phalanges. The claw lacks a groove on the underside. The word Elanus is from Ancient Greek elanos for a "kite". The specific epithet caeruleus is the Latin for "blue". There are three subspecies: E. c. caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) – southwest Iberian Peninsula, Africa, southwest Arabia E. c. vociferus (Latham, 1790) – Pakistan to east China, Malay Peninsula and Indochina. The underwing secondaries are smoky grey and nearly white in the nominate subspecies. E. c. hypoleucus Gould, 1859 – Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, the Philippines, Sulawesi and New Guinea Description E. c. caeruleus hovering with whitish underside of the secondaries visible. This long-winged raptor is predominantly grey or white with black shoulder patches, wing tips and eye stripe. The long falcon-like wings extend beyond the tail when the bird is perched. In flight, the short and square tail is visible and it is not forked as in the typical kites of the genus Milvus. When perched, often on roadside wires, it often adjusts its wings and jerks its tail up and down as if to balance itself. The sexes are alike in plumage. Their large forward-facing eyes placed under a bony shelf that shades them is distinctive; their velvety plumage and zygodactyl feet are characters shared with owls and the genus has been considered as a basal group within the Accipitridae. They are thought to have been adapted for living in savanna habitats where seasonal rodent population peaks occur. Such food resources are also favoured by the owls. The inner vanes of the feathers have velvety barbules. They have a diploid chromosome number of 68 (some older studies claimed 64 for E.c.caeruleus and 66 for E.c.vociferus) with a distinct karyotype with resemblances to the kites and honey buzzards and suggesting a basal position within the diurnal birds of prey. Distribution and habitat The black-winged kite is a species primarily of open land and semi-deserts in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Asia, but it has a foothold within Europe in Spain and Portugal. The species range appears to be expanding in southern Europe and, more recently, also to West Asia. The first records of breeding in Europe were in the 1860s and since then they have become more widespread and populations are on the rise. It is thought that land-use changes, particularly agriculture and pastureland have helped the species. The species has expanded its range in southern Europe. Immature E. c. caeruleus from Namibia. The iris is dark in young birds. Several geographic populations have been named as subspecies and these include the nominate subspecies which occurs in Spain, Africa and Arabia. The subspecies vociferus is found east of this range across South Asia and into Southeast Asia. Along Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the Philippines subspecies hypoleucus (sometimes considered a full species) includes the population wahgiensis described from New Guinea. The subspecies sumatranus is not always recognized. The white-tailed kite and the black-shouldered kite were formerly included with this species but have since been treated as separate species. Although found mainly on the plains they have been seen at higher altitudes in Sikkim (3,650 m (11,980 ft)), the Nilgiris (Doddabetta, 2,670 m (8,760 ft)) and Nagaland (2,020 m (6,630 ft)). They are said to be winter visitors in some parts of their range such as the Western Ghats. Behaviour and ecology A courting pair (E. c. vociferus) with a rodent The black-winged kite breeds at different times of the year across its range. Although nesting has been noted throughout the year in India, they appear not to breed in April and May. Males establish territories and defend them from competition. Females move into the territories of males. Studies in Africa found that males were more numerous than females. Courtship is noisy and involves chases and once the pair is formed they copulate frequently. The nest is a loose platform of twigs in which 3 or 4 eggs are laid. The female spends more effort in the construction of the nest than the male. The eggs are pale creamy with spots of deep red. Both parents incubate but when the chicks hatch, the male spends more time on foraging for food. Females initially feed the young, sometimes hunting close to the nest but will also receive food from the male. After fledging the young birds continue to be dependent for food on the male parent for about 80 days, initially transferring food at perch and later in the air. Young birds have reddish brown feathers on the upperparts and on the breast. The reddish colour is derived from porphyrins and is thought to provide the young birds some camouflage. Once breeding is complete females often move on to new territories sometimes deserting before the young fledge, leaving males to feed and raise the young. Both males and females show considerable nomadism. Unlike most birds of prey, they are capable of raising multiple broods in a year, and young birds are known to disperse widely, adaptations that helps them utilize periodic rodent population surges. Their opportunistic breeding capabilities are also accompanied by irregular patterns of moult. Young birds show "arrested" moult, retaining feathers for a season and then rapidly moulting them in a serial descendent pattern, where more than one primary feather is moulted at the same time. The adult plumage is found after two years. Calls EggsTheir prey includes grasshoppers, crickets and other large insects, lizards, and rodents. Injured birds, small snakes and frogs have also been reported. The black-winged kite flies slowly during hunting like a harrier, but it will also hover like a kestrel. It has on rare occasions been known to hunt prey in flight. Perches are used for hunting and for feeding but large prey may sometimes be handled on the ground. In southern Africa, they appear to favour roadside verges for foraging and are sometimes killed by collisions with vehicles. These birds roost communally with groups of 15 to 35 (larger numbers in Europe) converging at a large leafy tree. They are extremely silent and the calls recorded include a high-pitched squeal or a soft whistle. They call mainly during the breeding season and at the roost site. A species of nematode, Physaloptera acuticauda, has been recorded as a parasite of the species in South Africa. A trematode species, Neodiplostomum elani, has been described from a black-winged kite type host from Chandigarh. A feather louse Degeeriella elani is known from the species. The soft feathers of black-winged kites can lead to adherence with some grass seeds which may be dispersed by the species. However such seeds can pose the risk of entangling their wings. References ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Elanus caeruleus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22695028A152521997. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22695028A152521997.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Desfontaines, René Louiche (1789). "Mémoire sur quelques nouvelles espèces d'oiseaux des côtes de Barbarie". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique (in French): 503, Plate 15. The title page gives the year as 1787 and the year of publication as 1789. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 291. ^ Savigny, Jules-César (1809). Jomard, Edme-François (ed.). Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Impériale. pp. 69, 97–98. ^ Ridgway, Robert (1900). A manual of North American Birds. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. p. 222. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 82, 144. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 December 2017. ^ Forsman, Dick (2016). Flight Identification of Raptors of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 114–118. ^ a b c d e Ali, S.; Ripley, S.D. (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 212–214. ISBN 978-0-19-562063-4. ^ a b Negro, Juan J.; Bortolotti, Gary R.; Mateo, Rafael; García, Isabel M. (2009). "Porphyrins and pheomelanins contribute to the reddish juvenal plumage of black-shouldered kites". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 153 (3): 296–299. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.03.013. PMID 19351566. ^ Negro, Juan J.; Pertoldi, Cino; Randi, Ettore; Ferrero, Juan J.; López-Caballero, José M.; Rivera, Domingo; Korpimäki, Erkki (2006). "Convergent evolution of Elanus kites and the owls" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 40 (3): 222–225. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2006)402.0.CO;2. hdl:10261/33813. S2CID 85004744. ^ Negro, Juan J.; Pertoldi, Cino; Randi, Ettore; Ferrero, Juan J.; López-Caballero, José M.; Rivera, Domingo; Korpimäki, Erkki; Boal, Clint (1 September 2006). "Convergent evolution of Elanus kites and the owls". Journal of Raptor Research. 40 (3): 222–225. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2006)402.0.co;2. hdl:10261/33813. ISSN 0892-1016. S2CID 85004744. ^ Ansari, Helal Ahmad; Kaul, Dipika (1 October 1986). "Cytotaxonomic study in the order Falconiformes (Aves)". Zoologica Scripta. 15 (4): 351–356. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00235.x. ISSN 1463-6409. S2CID 85704897. ^ Bed'Hom, Bertrand; Coullin, Philippe; Guillier-Gencik, Zuzana; Moulin, Sibyle; Bernheim, Alain; Volobouev, Vitaly (1 April 2003). "Characterization of the atypical karyotype of the black-winged kite Elanus caeruleus (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) by means of classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques". Chromosome Research. 11 (4): 335–343. doi:10.1023/a:1024091923939. ISSN 0967-3849. PMID 12906130. S2CID 13145368. ^ Perlman, Yoav; Israeli, Nadav (2013). "Black-shouldered kite Elanus caeruleus breeding in Israel" (PDF). Sandgrouse. 35: 25–27. ^ Balbontin, J.; Negro, J.J.; Sarasola, N.H.; Ferrero, J.J.; Rivera, D. (2008). "Land-use changes may explain the recent range expansion of the Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus in southern Europe". Ibis. 150 (4): 707–716. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00845.x. hdl:11336/81744. ^ Михайлович, Подсохин Виктор; Сергеевна, Чугунова Анастасия; Александрович, Коблик Евгений (2023). "ДЫМЧАТЫЙ КОРШУН ELANUS CAERULEUS НА ГРАНИЦЕ МОСКОВСКОЙ И ТВЕРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЕЙ". Русский орнитологический журнал (in Russian). 32 (2335): 3724–3726. ISSN 1026-5627. ^ Salim, M.A. (2002). "The first records, including breeding, of Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus in Iraq". Sandgrouse. 24 (2): 136–137. ^ Sehatisabet, M.E.; Musavi, S.B.; Bakhtiari, P.; Moghaddas, D.; Hamidi, N.; Nezami, B.; Khaleghizadeh, A. (2006). "Further significant extensions of migrant distribution and breeding and wintering ranges in Iran for over sixty species". Sandgrouse. 28 (2): 146–155. ^ Clark, W.S.; Banks, R.C. (1992). "The taxonomic status of the White-tailed Kite" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 104 (4): 571–579. ^ Hussain, K.Z. (1959). "Notes on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Elanus" (PDF). Condor. 61 (2): 153–154. doi:10.2307/1365216. JSTOR 1365216. ^ Ganguli-Lachungpa, Usha (1990). "Blackwinged Kite Elanus caeruleus vociferus (Latham) at 3650 m in Sikkim". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 87 (1): 142. ^ Krishna, M.B. (1979). "The range of the Blackwinged Kite". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 19 (7): 10. ^ Choudhury, A. (1996). "New elevation record for Black-winged Kite from Nagaland". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 36 (5): 96. ^ a b Mendelsohn, John M. (1 March 1983). "Social Behaviour and Dispersion of the Blackshouldered Kite". Ostrich. 54 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/00306525.1983.9634437. ISSN 0030-6525. ^ Ferrero, J.J.; Grande, J.M.; Negro, J.J. (2003). "Copulation behavior of a potentially double-brooded bird of prey, the Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus)" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 37 (1): 1–7. ^ Bustamante, J. (1993). "The post-fledging dependence period of the Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus)" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 27 (4): 185–190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2010. ^ Václav, Radovan (1 January 2012). "First observation of the black-winged kite Elanus caeruleus in Slovakia". Slovak Raptor Journal. 6 (1): 27–30. doi:10.2478/v10262-012-0062-y. ISSN 1337-3463. ^ Herremans, M. (1 May 2000). "Cases of serial descendant primary moult (Staffelmauser) in the Black‐shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus". Ringing & Migration. 20 (1): 15–18. doi:10.1080/03078698.2000.9674222. ISSN 0307-8698. S2CID 84902869. ^ Lamba, B.S. (1969). "Blackwinged Kite, Elanus caeruleus vociferus (Latham) taking in flight a wounded Green Pigeon, Treron phoenicoptera (Latham)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 66 (3): 622. ^ Tarboton, W.R. (1978). "Hunting and the Energy Budget of the Black-Shouldered Kite". The Condor. 80 (1): 88–91. doi:10.2307/1367793. JSTOR 1367793. ^ Dean, W.R.J.; Milton, S.J. (2003). "The importance of roads and road verges for raptors and crows in the Succulent and Nama-Karoo, South Africa". Ostrich. 74 (3&4): 181–186. doi:10.2989/00306520309485391. S2CID 83710717. ^ Parejo, D.; Avilés, J.M.; Ferrero, J.J.; Rivera, D. (2001). "Communal roosting and diet of Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus wintering in the southwest of Spain" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 35: 162–164. ^ Bharos, A.M.K. (1997). "A large communal roost of Blackwinged Kites Elanus caeruleus". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 94 (3): 566. ^ Sharma, A.K. (1993). "Courtship display of Blackwinged Kite". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 33 (3): 54. ^ Srinivas, V. (2002). "A large congregation of black-shouldered kite Elanus caeruleus at Ranthambore National Park". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 99 (2): 297. ^ Ransom, B.H. (1904). Manson's eye worm of chickens. USDA, Washington. p. 42. ^ Gupta, N. K.; Mehrotra, V. (1970). "Neodiplostomum (Neodiplostomum) elani n.sp. from Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines) at Chandigarh". Research Bulletin of the Panjab University. 21 (3/4): 329–332. ^ Clay., Theresa (1 March 1958). "Three New Species of Degeeriella Neumann (mallophaga) from the Falconiformes (aves)". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London B. 27 (1–2): 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1958.tb01512.x. ISSN 1365-3113. ^ Mendelsohn, J. M. (1983). "Causes of mortality in Black-shouldered Kites". Bokmakierie. 35: 11–13. Other sources Hume, A.O. (1872). "On the breeding of Elanus Melanopterus". Stray Feathers. 1 (1): 21–26. Hodgson, B.H. (1837). "On the structure and habits of the Elanus melanopterus". Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 6: 75–78. Goriup, P.D. (1981). "Observations on a pair of Black-winged Kites (Elanus cueruleus) in eastern Portugal". Arquivos Museu Bocage. B. 1: 65–79. Naoroji, Rishad (1986). "Communal gathering of Blackwinged Kites (Elanus caeruleus vociferus)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 83 (Supp): 200–201. Harris, T.; Walters, C. (1982). "Chromosomal sexing of the Black Shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) (Aves: Accipitridae)". Genetica. 60 (1): 19–20. doi:10.1007/BF00121451. S2CID 29310017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elanus caeruleus. Wikispecies has information related to Elanus caeruleus. (Black-winged Kite or ) Black-shouldered Kite species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds "Common Black-shouldered Kite media". Internet Bird Collection. Ageing and sexing (PDF; 0.95 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Black-shouldered Kite photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University) Interactive range map of Elanus caeruleus at IUCN Red List maps Original species description by Desfontaines (in French, 1787), with illustration pl. 15 Illustrations, plate 36 and pl. 37, with description in French by Levaillant (1799). Taxon identifiersElanus caeruleus Wikidata: Q27227 Wikispecies: Elanus caeruleus ADW: Elanus_caeruleus Avibase: 97C47F3E1BA4129A BioLib: 8502 BirdLife: 22695028 BOLD: 102639 BOW: bkskit1 CoL: 38YJ7 eBird: bkskit1 EUNIS: 1017 EURING: 2350 Fauna Europaea: 96686 Fauna Europaea (new): 440134f1-9690-4ecc-a409-baf9bbcd2657 GBIF: 2480372 IBC: common-black-shouldered-kite-elanus-caeruleus iNaturalist: 5275 IRMNG: 10589118 ITIS: 175284 IUCN: 22695028 NBN: NHMSYS0000533071 NCBI: 387830 Observation.org: 1385 Open Tree of Life: 192480 Species+: 5760 Xeno-canto: Elanus-caeruleus
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality"},{"link_name":"bird of prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey"},{"link_name":"Accipitridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitridae"},{"link_name":"kestrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel"},{"link_name":"Palearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic"},{"link_name":"Afrotropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotropical"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"black-shouldered kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-shouldered_kite"},{"link_name":"white-tailed kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_kite"},{"link_name":"superspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspecies"},{"link_name":"letter-winged kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter-winged_kite"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"}],"text":"The black-winged kite (Elanus caeruleus), also known as the black-shouldered kite (not to be confused with the closely-related Australian species of the same name), is a small diurnal bird of prey in the family Accipitridae best known for its habit of hovering over open grasslands in the manner of the much smaller kestrels. This Palearctic and Afrotropical species was sometimes combined with the Australian black-shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris) and the white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus) of North and South America which together form a superspecies. This kite is distinctive, with long wings; white, grey and black plumage; and owl-like forward-facing eyes with red irises. The owl-like behaviour is even more pronounced in the letter-winged kite (Elanus scriptus), a nocturnal relative in Australia. Although mainly seen on plains, they are sometimes seen on grassy slopes of hills in the higher elevation regions of Asia. They are not migratory, but show nomadism in response to weather and food availability. They are well adapted to utilize periodic upsurges in rodent populations and can raise multiple broods in a single year unlike most birds of prey. Populations in southern Europe have grown in response to human activities, particularly agriculture and livestock rearing. Now present in SouthWest France","title":"Black-winged kite"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elanus_Falco_skulls.jpg"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"René Louiche Desfontaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louiche_Desfontaines"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Jules-César Savigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Jules_C%C3%A9sar_Savigny"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-7"},{"link_name":"Desfontaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louiche_Desfontaines"},{"link_name":"Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gould"},{"link_name":"Greater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"}],"text":"Comparison of skull of Elanus with Falco (right)The black-winged kite was described by the French naturalist René Louiche Desfontaines in 1789 and given the binomial name Falco caeruleus.[2][3] It is now one of four species in the genus Elanus which was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Jules-César Savigny.[4] The genus Elanus is distinctive in having very small scales covering the foot and on the underside, scutellate scales are found only under the terminal phalanges. The claw lacks a groove on the underside.[5] The word Elanus is from Ancient Greek elanos for a \"kite\". The specific epithet caeruleus is the Latin for \"blue\".[6]There are three subspecies:[7]E. c. caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) – southwest Iberian Peninsula, Africa, southwest Arabia\nE. c. vociferus (Latham, 1790) – Pakistan to east China, Malay Peninsula and Indochina. The underwing secondaries are smoky grey and nearly white in the nominate subspecies.[8]\nE. c. hypoleucus Gould, 1859 – Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, the Philippines, Sulawesi and New Guinea","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-winged_(black-shouldered)_kite,_Elanus_caeruleus,_at_Marievale,_Gauteng,_South_Africa_(45979034625).jpg"},{"link_name":"falcon-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbk-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogeny)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Negro2006-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"karyotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"E. c. caeruleus hovering with whitish underside of the secondaries visible.This long-winged raptor is predominantly grey or white with black shoulder patches, wing tips and eye stripe. The long falcon-like wings extend beyond the tail when the bird is perched. In flight, the short and square tail is visible and it is not forked as in the typical kites of the genus Milvus. When perched, often on roadside wires, it often adjusts its wings and jerks its tail up and down as if to balance itself. The sexes are alike in plumage.[9] Their large forward-facing eyes placed under a bony shelf that shades them is distinctive; their velvety plumage and zygodactyl feet[10] are characters shared with owls and the genus has been considered as a basal group within the Accipitridae.[11] They are thought to have been adapted for living in savanna habitats where seasonal rodent population peaks occur. Such food resources are also favoured by the owls. The inner vanes of the feathers have velvety barbules.[12] They have a diploid chromosome number of 68 (some older studies claimed 64 for E.c.caeruleus and 66 for E.c.vociferus) with a distinct karyotype with resemblances to the kites and honey buzzards and suggesting a basal position within the diurnal birds of prey.[13][14]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balbontin2008-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salim2002-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sehatisabet2006-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elanus_caeruleus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"white-tailed kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_kite"},{"link_name":"black-shouldered kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-shouldered_kite"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark1992-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussain1959-21"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganguli-Lachungpa1990-22"},{"link_name":"Nilgiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_mountains"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishna1979-23"},{"link_name":"Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choudhury1996-24"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbk-9"}],"text":"The black-winged kite is a species primarily of open land and semi-deserts in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Asia, but it has a foothold within Europe in Spain and Portugal. The species range appears to be expanding in southern Europe and, more recently, also to West Asia.[15] The first records of breeding in Europe were in the 1860s and since then they have become more widespread and populations are on the rise. It is thought that land-use changes, particularly agriculture and pastureland have helped the species.[16] The species has expanded its range in southern Europe.[17][18][19]Immature E. c. caeruleus from Namibia. The iris is dark in young birds.Several geographic populations have been named as subspecies and these include the nominate subspecies which occurs in Spain, Africa and Arabia. The subspecies vociferus is found east of this range across South Asia and into Southeast Asia. Along Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the Philippines subspecies hypoleucus (sometimes considered a full species) includes the population wahgiensis described from New Guinea. The subspecies sumatranus is not always recognized. The white-tailed kite and the black-shouldered kite were formerly included with this species but have since been treated as separate species.[20][21]Although found mainly on the plains they have been seen at higher altitudes in Sikkim (3,650 m (11,980 ft)),[22] the Nilgiris (Doddabetta, 2,670 m (8,760 ft))[23] and Nagaland (2,020 m (6,630 ft)).[24]They are said to be winter visitors in some parts of their range such as the Western Ghats.[9]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-winged_kite_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferrero2003-26"},{"link_name":"nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_nest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbk-9"},{"link_name":"fledging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bustamante1993-27"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elanus_caeruleus_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.94.10.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbk-9"},{"link_name":"kestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamba1969-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tarboton1978-31"},{"link_name":"vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dean2003-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parejo2001-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bharos1997-34"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbk-9"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharma1993-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srinivas2002-36"},{"link_name":"nematode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ransom1904-37"},{"link_name":"type host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"A courting pair (E. c. vociferus) with a rodentThe black-winged kite breeds at different times of the year across its range. Although nesting has been noted throughout the year in India, they appear not to breed in April and May. Males establish territories and defend them from competition. Females move into the territories of males. Studies in Africa found that males were more numerous than females.[25] Courtship is noisy and involves chases and once the pair is formed they copulate frequently.[26] The nest is a loose platform of twigs in which 3 or 4 eggs are laid. The female spends more effort in the construction of the nest than the male. The eggs are pale creamy with spots of deep red. Both parents incubate but when the chicks hatch, the male spends more time on foraging for food.[9] Females initially feed the young, sometimes hunting close to the nest but will also receive food from the male. After fledging the young birds continue to be dependent for food on the male parent for about 80 days, initially transferring food at perch and later in the air.[27] Young birds have reddish brown feathers on the upperparts and on the breast. The reddish colour is derived from porphyrins and is thought to provide the young birds some camouflage.[10] Once breeding is complete females often move on to new territories sometimes deserting before the young fledge, leaving males to feed and raise the young. Both males and females show considerable nomadism.[25] Unlike most birds of prey, they are capable of raising multiple broods in a year, and young birds are known to disperse widely, adaptations that helps them utilize periodic rodent population surges.[28] Their opportunistic breeding capabilities are also accompanied by irregular patterns of moult. Young birds show \"arrested\" moult, retaining feathers for a season and then rapidly moulting them in a serial descendent pattern, where more than one primary feather is moulted at the same time. The adult plumage is found after two years.[29]CallsEggsTheir prey includes grasshoppers, crickets and other large insects, lizards, and rodents. Injured birds, small snakes and frogs have also been reported.[9] The black-winged kite flies slowly during hunting like a harrier, but it will also hover like a kestrel. It has on rare occasions been known to hunt prey in flight.[30] Perches are used for hunting and for feeding but large prey may sometimes be handled on the ground.[31] In southern Africa, they appear to favour roadside verges for foraging and are sometimes killed by collisions with vehicles.[32]These birds roost communally with groups of 15 to 35 (larger numbers in Europe[33]) converging at a large leafy tree.[34] They are extremely silent and the calls recorded include a high-pitched squeal or a soft whistle.[9] They call mainly during the breeding season and at the roost site.[35][36]\nA species of nematode, Physaloptera acuticauda, has been recorded as a parasite of the species in South Africa.[37] A trematode species, Neodiplostomum elani, has been described from a black-winged kite type host from Chandigarh.[38] A feather louse Degeeriella elani is known from the species.[39]The soft feathers of black-winged kites can lead to adherence with some grass seeds which may be dispersed by the species. However such seeds can pose the risk of entangling their wings.[40]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"On the breeding of Elanus Melanopterus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou11873hume#page/21/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"\"On the structure and habits of the Elanus melanopterus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/madrasjournalofl6183madr#page/75/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"\"Communal gathering of Blackwinged Kites (Elanus caeruleus vociferus)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48772390"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00121451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00121451"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"29310017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29310017"}],"text":"Hume, A.O. (1872). \"On the breeding of Elanus Melanopterus\". Stray Feathers. 1 (1): 21–26.\nHodgson, B.H. (1837). \"On the structure and habits of the Elanus melanopterus\". Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 6: 75–78.\nGoriup, P.D. (1981). \"Observations on a pair of Black-winged Kites (Elanus cueruleus) in eastern Portugal\". Arquivos Museu Bocage. B. 1: 65–79.\nNaoroji, Rishad (1986). \"Communal gathering of Blackwinged Kites (Elanus caeruleus vociferus)\". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 83 (Supp): 200–201.\nHarris, T.; Walters, C. (1982). \"Chromosomal sexing of the Black Shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) (Aves: Accipitridae)\". Genetica. 60 (1): 19–20. doi:10.1007/BF00121451. S2CID 29310017.","title":"Other sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Comparison of skull of Elanus with Falco (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Elanus_Falco_skulls.jpg/220px-Elanus_Falco_skulls.jpg"},{"image_text":"E. c. caeruleus hovering with whitish underside of the secondaries visible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Black-winged_%28black-shouldered%29_kite%2C_Elanus_caeruleus%2C_at_Marievale%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%2845979034625%29.jpg/220px-Black-winged_%28black-shouldered%29_kite%2C_Elanus_caeruleus%2C_at_Marievale%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%2845979034625%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Immature E. c. caeruleus from Namibia. The iris is dark in young birds.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elanus_caeruleus.jpg/220px-Elanus_caeruleus.jpg"},{"image_text":"A courting pair (E. c. vociferus) with a rodent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Black-winged_kite_02.jpg/220px-Black-winged_kite_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Calls"},{"image_text":"Eggs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Elanus_caeruleus_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.94.10.jpg/220px-Elanus_caeruleus_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.94.10.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2019). \"Elanus caeruleus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22695028A152521997. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22695028A152521997.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22695028/152521997","url_text":"\"Elanus caeruleus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22695028A152521997.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22695028A152521997.en"}]},{"reference":"Desfontaines, René Louiche (1789). \"Mémoire sur quelques nouvelles espèces d'oiseaux des côtes de Barbarie\". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique (in French): 503, Plate 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louiche_Desfontaines","url_text":"Desfontaines, René Louiche"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28011233","url_text":"\"Mémoire sur quelques nouvelles espèces d'oiseaux des côtes de Barbarie\""}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 291.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr","url_text":"Mayr, Ernst"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108931","url_text":"Check-list of Birds of the World"}]},{"reference":"Savigny, Jules-César (1809). Jomard, Edme-François (ed.). Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Impériale. pp. 69, 97–98.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Jules_C%C3%A9sar_Savigny","url_text":"Savigny, Jules-César"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edme-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jomard","url_text":"Jomard, Edme-François"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/DescriptiondelEIFranB#page/n108/mode/1up","url_text":"Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand"}]},{"reference":"Ridgway, Robert (1900). A manual of North American Birds. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. p. 222.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manualofnorthame00rid/page/222/mode/1up","url_text":"A manual of North American Birds"}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 82, 144. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n82","url_text":"82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). \"New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles\". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/","url_text":"\"New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles\""}]},{"reference":"Forsman, Dick (2016). Flight Identification of Raptors of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 114–118.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ali, S.; Ripley, S.D. (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 212–214. ISBN 978-0-19-562063-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562063-4","url_text":"978-0-19-562063-4"}]},{"reference":"Negro, Juan J.; Bortolotti, Gary R.; Mateo, Rafael; García, Isabel M. (2009). \"Porphyrins and pheomelanins contribute to the reddish juvenal plumage of black-shouldered kites\". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 153 (3): 296–299. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.03.013. PMID 19351566.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpb.2009.03.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.03.013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19351566","url_text":"19351566"}]},{"reference":"Negro, Juan J.; Pertoldi, Cino; Randi, Ettore; Ferrero, Juan J.; López-Caballero, José M.; Rivera, Domingo; Korpimäki, Erkki (2006). \"Convergent evolution of Elanus kites and the owls\" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 40 (3): 222–225. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:CEOEKA]2.0.CO;2. hdl:10261/33813. S2CID 85004744.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/33813/1/J%20Raptor%20research.pdf","url_text":"\"Convergent evolution of Elanus kites and the owls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356%2F0892-1016%282006%2940%5B222%3ACEOEKA%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:CEOEKA]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F33813","url_text":"10261/33813"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85004744","url_text":"85004744"}]},{"reference":"Negro, Juan J.; Pertoldi, Cino; Randi, Ettore; Ferrero, Juan J.; López-Caballero, José M.; Rivera, Domingo; Korpimäki, Erkki; Boal, Clint (1 September 2006). \"Convergent evolution of Elanus kites and the owls\". Journal of Raptor Research. 40 (3): 222–225. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:ceoeka]2.0.co;2. hdl:10261/33813. ISSN 0892-1016. S2CID 85004744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356%2F0892-1016%282006%2940%5B222%3Aceoeka%5D2.0.co%3B2","url_text":"10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:ceoeka]2.0.co;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F33813","url_text":"10261/33813"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0892-1016","url_text":"0892-1016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85004744","url_text":"85004744"}]},{"reference":"Ansari, Helal Ahmad; Kaul, Dipika (1 October 1986). \"Cytotaxonomic study in the order Falconiformes (Aves)\". Zoologica Scripta. 15 (4): 351–356. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00235.x. ISSN 1463-6409. S2CID 85704897.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.1986.tb00235.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00235.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1463-6409","url_text":"1463-6409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85704897","url_text":"85704897"}]},{"reference":"Bed'Hom, Bertrand; Coullin, Philippe; Guillier-Gencik, Zuzana; Moulin, Sibyle; Bernheim, Alain; Volobouev, Vitaly (1 April 2003). \"Characterization of the atypical karyotype of the black-winged kite Elanus caeruleus (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) by means of classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques\". Chromosome Research. 11 (4): 335–343. doi:10.1023/a:1024091923939. ISSN 0967-3849. PMID 12906130. S2CID 13145368.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1024091923939","url_text":"10.1023/a:1024091923939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3849","url_text":"0967-3849"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12906130","url_text":"12906130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13145368","url_text":"13145368"}]},{"reference":"Perlman, Yoav; Israeli, Nadav (2013). \"Black-shouldered kite Elanus caeruleus breeding in Israel\" (PDF). Sandgrouse. 35: 25–27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osme.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/E-Perlman-Israeli-Sandgrouse-35-1-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Black-shouldered kite Elanus caeruleus breeding in Israel\""}]},{"reference":"Balbontin, J.; Negro, J.J.; Sarasola, N.H.; Ferrero, J.J.; Rivera, D. (2008). \"Land-use changes may explain the recent range expansion of the Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus in southern Europe\". Ibis. 150 (4): 707–716. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00845.x. hdl:11336/81744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.2008.00845.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00845.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F81744","url_text":"11336/81744"}]},{"reference":"Михайлович, Подсохин Виктор; Сергеевна, Чугунова Анастасия; Александрович, Коблик Евгений (2023). \"ДЫМЧАТЫЙ КОРШУН ELANUS CAERULEUS НА ГРАНИЦЕ МОСКОВСКОЙ И ТВЕРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЕЙ\". Русский орнитологический журнал (in Russian). 32 (2335): 3724–3726. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenburg_Castle_(Harz)
Blankenburg Castle (Harz)
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°47′12″N 10°57′17″E / 51.7866°N 10.9547°E / 51.7866; 10.9547This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Blankenburg Castle" Harz – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Blankenburg CastleSchloss BlankenburgBlankenburg (Harz) Blankenburg Castle seen from the Altstadt of BlankenburgBlankenburg CastleCoordinates51°47′12″N 10°57′17″E / 51.7866°N 10.9547°E / 51.7866; 10.9547Typehill castleCodeDE-STHeight305 m above sea level (NN)Site informationConditionPreserved, converted into a schlossSite historyBuiltaround 1123Garrison informationOccupantsnobility Blankenburg Castle Blankenburg Castle Great Blankenburg Castle (German: Schloss Blankenburg) was built on the limestone hill of Blankenstein (305 m above sea level (NN)) in the town of Blankenburg in the district of Harz in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. Nearby is the Little Castle with its Baroque garden, tea house and museum, the town wall, the pheasant garden, the castle park and the castle pond. History Around 1123 Lothair of Süpplingenburg had Blankenburg Castle built on the Blankenstein. Its suzerainty later passed to the House of Welf through Henry the Proud and Henry the Lion. In 1128 Poppo, from the Frankish noble family of Reginbodonen, was given the county as a fief. His sons shared the county: Conrad received Regenstein Castle and Siegfried I, the Blankenburg. Siegfried I (Henry the Lion) did not return from a pilgrimage and left two sons, Henry and Siegfried II. In 1181 the castle and town of Blankenburg were besieged, under the direction of Bishop Dietrich of Halberstadt, by imperial armies. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa took over the reins of power. In 1182 Blankenburg was captured and eventually handed over for plundering. The brothers, Henry and Siegfried II went into captivity, but were given the county back again after peace was re-established. The castle was rebuilt and greatly extended. In 1190 Count Henry took over the "agreed" estates of Regenstein and Siegfried II retained the County of Blankenburg, his descendants keeping possession of Blankenburg until 1343. Thereafter, the Blankenburg and Regenstein Castle went back to the younger Heimburg line of the House of Regenstein. In 1386, according to legend, the Blankenburg was supposed to have been secretly looted in the night by Dietrich of Wernigerode, while Count Busso was absent. There is a carved head in the castle wall that recalls this raid. Around 1500 Count Ulrich XI, despite serious debts, had the east wing knocked down and a palace-like building constructed. In 1539 Count Ulrich V broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. On 19 November 1546 a fire broke out at night before the new building had been occupied, which destroyed large parts of the old castle. According to legend, the fire was start with dry kindling by the castle firelighter under the stairs of the old castle, after baptists had paid him with gold. The sleeping residents noticed the fire too late. The maids and servants fled onto the rooftops and out of the windows and down the walls, but forgot their masters. The younger children were dropped out of the windows by their nurses wrapped in blankets. Countess Magdalena of Regenstein was trapped by the flames. The countess asked her husband, Count Ulrich to leave her and save his life. The count escaped through the toilet window and hung from it on the outside before being rescued having been badly burnt. In memory of the fire and the dead, Count Ulrich had a plaque made with inscriptions in Latin and German. It portrays the count, the countess, their six sons and four daughters. In 1599 the House of Regenstein died out and the castle went back to the dukes of Brunswick. In 1705 the conversion of the Renaissance castle into a Baroque residence was started by state architect, Hermann Korb, on behalf of Duke Louis Rudolf of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. The reconstruction resulted in a simpler and clearer structure of the outer shape and lasted until 1718. Also created were reception rooms (the Grey Hall, Reduten Hall and Imperial Hall) in the interior, and a multi-storey, octagonal royal church. When Elizabeth Christine married the future emperor, Charles VI, during the time of residence of Louis Rudolf, Emperor Joseph I elevated Blankenburg to the status of a principality. Elisabeth Christine's eldest daughter later became the Empress Maria Theresa. The family of the Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick (1887–1953) and his wife Duchess Victoria Louise, Princess of Prussia (1892–1980), lived in the castle from 1930 until their flight and the expropriation of their property in 1945. The family had been given the castle as their private property as compensation in the wake of loss of the principality in 1924. In 1917 the only daughter of the Duke and Duchess, Frederica, who was later Queen of the Hellenes and mother of the Spanish queen, Sophia, was born here. In 1937, the Duke and Duchess hosted a ball here celebrating the engagement of their daughter Frederica with then crown prince Paul of Greece. The court of Blankenburg became famous for its brilliant festivals and theatrical performances. After 1945 the House of Hanover was expropriated, thereby losing the Old and the New Castle together with vast forests at Blankenburg, as well as Hessen castle and estates. A few days before Blankenburg was handed over to the Red Army by British and US forces in late 1945, to become part of East Germany, the family was able to quickly move to Marienburg Castle (Hanover) with all their furniture, transported by British army trucks, on the presumed order of King George VI. Under the East German rule, the Technical College for Domestic Commerce was housed in Blankenburg Castle. During this time the building was architecturally maintained. Following the closure of the school with the demise of East Germany in 1990 a long period began in which the castle was not used and the building became neglected as a result. Plans by a buyer, who had acquired the castle in 1996, to run a major tourist project did not come to fruition. Years of decline followed, resulting in leaking roofs, permanent damp in the building and its infestation by dry rot, leading to a danger of collapse. Vandalism and theft made for further decline. References ^ Viktoria Luise (Herzogin zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg) (1977). The Kaiser's Daughter: Memoirs of H. R. H. Viktoria Luise, Duchess of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Princess of Prussia. Prenticse-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-514653-8. ^ Artikel Schloss Blankenburg – Gefährdet at welt.de ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31 December 2013, page 34 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blankenburg (Harz) Castle. German Wikisource has original text related to this article: Blanckenburg in der Topographia Braunschweig Lüneburg (Matthäus Merian) Save Blankenburg Castle (Rettung Schloss Blankenburg) Blankenburg Castle Cultural and Preservation Society (Kultur- & Förderverein Schloss Blankenburg) Information page – Das Große Schloß at blankenburg.de Article Schloss Blankenburg – Gefährdet at welt.de Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
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The castle was rebuilt and greatly extended.In 1190 Count Henry took over the \"agreed\" estates of Regenstein and Siegfried II retained the County of Blankenburg, his descendants keeping possession of Blankenburg until 1343. Thereafter, the Blankenburg and Regenstein Castle went back to the younger Heimburg line of the House of Regenstein.In 1386, according to legend, the Blankenburg was supposed to have been secretly looted in the night by Dietrich of Wernigerode, while Count Busso was absent. There is a carved head in the castle wall that recalls this raid.Around 1500 Count Ulrich XI, despite serious debts, had the east wing knocked down and a palace-like building constructed. In 1539 Count Ulrich V broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.On 19 November 1546 a fire broke out at night before the new building had been occupied, which destroyed large parts of the old castle. According to legend, the fire was start with dry kindling by the castle firelighter under the stairs of the old castle, after baptists had paid him with gold. The sleeping residents noticed the fire too late. The maids and servants fled onto the rooftops and out of the windows and down the walls, but forgot their masters. The younger children were dropped out of the windows by their nurses wrapped in blankets. Countess Magdalena of Regenstein was trapped by the flames. The countess asked her husband, Count Ulrich to leave her and save his life. The count escaped through the toilet window and hung from it on the outside before being rescued having been badly burnt. In memory of the fire and the dead, Count Ulrich had a plaque made with inscriptions in Latin and German. It portrays the count, the countess, their six sons and four daughters.In 1599 the House of Regenstein died out and the castle went back to the dukes of Brunswick.In 1705 the conversion of the Renaissance castle into a Baroque residence was started by state architect, Hermann Korb, on behalf of Duke Louis Rudolf of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. The reconstruction resulted in a simpler and clearer structure of the outer shape and lasted until 1718. Also created were reception rooms (the Grey Hall, Reduten Hall and Imperial Hall) in the interior, and a multi-storey, octagonal royal church.When Elizabeth Christine married the future emperor, Charles VI, during the time of residence of Louis Rudolf, Emperor Joseph I elevated Blankenburg to the status of a principality. Elisabeth Christine's eldest daughter later became the Empress Maria Theresa.The family of the Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick (1887–1953) and his wife Duchess Victoria Louise, Princess of Prussia (1892–1980), lived in the castle from 1930 until their flight and the expropriation of their property in 1945. The family had been given the castle as their private property as compensation in the wake of loss of the principality in 1924. In 1917 the only daughter of the Duke and Duchess, Frederica, who was later Queen of the Hellenes and mother of the Spanish queen, Sophia, was born here. 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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Aircraft_and_Transport_Corporation
United Aircraft and Transport Corporation
["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 Bibliography"]
Vertically-integrated, amalgamated U.S. aviation company United Aircraft and Transport CorporationCompany typeHolding companyIndustryAerospaceFoundedFebruary 1, 1929 (1929-02-01)FoundersWilliam E. BoeingFrederick RentschlerDefunctSeptember 26, 1934 (September 26, 1934)SuccessorBoeing Airplane CompanyUnited AircraftUnited AirlinesHeadquartersHartford, Connecticut, United States of America The United Aircraft and Transport Corporation was formed in 1929, when William Boeing of Boeing Airplane & Transport Corporation teamed up with Frederick Rentschler of Pratt & Whitney to form a large, vertically integrated, amalgamated firm, uniting business interests in all aspects of aviation—a combination of airframe and aircraft engine manufacturing and airline business, to serve all aviation markets, both civil aviation (cargo, passenger, private, air mail) and military aviation. The holding company controlled the stock of several United Equipment Companies, including the Boeing Airplane Company of Seattle, the Northrop Aircraft Corporation, the Chance Vought Corporation, the Hamilton Aero Manufacturing Company (a propeller manufacturer), and the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company, the Sikorsky Aviation Corporation, the Stearman Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas. United Transport Companies included Boeing Air Transport, Pacific Air Transport, and Stout Air Services. Other United Operations included the Boeing School of Aeronautics, United Aircraft Exports, United Airports Company of California, which built an airport at Burbank, and the United Airports of Connecticut, which built factories in East Hartford for Pratt & Whitney and Chance Vought. The first annual report lists William Boeing as chairman, Frederick Rentschler as president, and Chance M. Vought, Philip G. Johnson, and George Wheat as vice presidents. The Standard Steel Propeller Company were added to United's portfolio shortly thereafter, followed by several airlines also brought into the fold. The airline interests were soon grouped under a new management company known as United Air Lines, Inc. However, the individual airlines (as well as the individual companies held by United) continued to operate under their own names. After the Air Mail scandal of 1934, the U.S. government concluded that such large holding companies as United Aircraft and Transport were anti-competitive, and new antitrust laws were passed forbidding airframe or aircraft engine manufacturers from having interests in airlines. This law forced United Aircraft and Transport to split into three separate companies. Its manufacturing interests east of the Mississippi River (Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky, Vought, and Hamilton Standard Propeller Company) were merged as United Aircraft Corporation (later United Technologies Corporation), headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut, with Rentschler as president. The western manufacturing interests (including Northrop Aviation Corporation, formerly Avion Corporation), became Boeing Airplane Company, headquartered in Seattle. The airline interests were merged into a single airline, United Air Lines, Inc., headquartered in Chicago. References Notes ^ United Aircraft & Transport Corporation First Annual Report to Stockholders for the year ended December 31, 1929. New York. 1929.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, p. 6, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4. Bibliography Fernandez, Ronald (1983), Excess Profits: The Rise of United Technologies, Boston: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 9780201104844. Sobel, Robert (1972). The Age of Giant Corporations: a Microeconomic History of American Business, 1914-1970. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-6404-5. OCLC 488208. vteBoeingDivisions Boeing Commercial Airplanes Boeing Defense, Space & Security Boeing Global Services Subsidiaries Argon ST Aurora Flight Sciences Boeing Australia Boeing Canada Boeing Capital Boeing Phantom Works Boeing Rotorcraft Systems Boeing UK HRL Laboratories Insitu Jeppesen McDonnell Douglas Narus Spectrolab United Launch Alliance Wisk Aero Projects BCT Modernization Boeing Black Boeing hydrofoils Boeing Jetfoils Connexion by Boeing Future Combat Systems Facilities Commercial Airplane Factories Everett Renton South Carolina Future of Flight Aviation Center & Boeing Tour Boeing Store Historic Plant 1 Plant 2 People William E. Boeing (founder) James Albaugh William M. Allen James A. Bell John H. Biggs Robert A. Bradway John Bryson Dave Calhoun Leanne Caret Arthur D. Collins Jr. Philip M. Condit Raymond Conner William M. Daley Kenneth Duberstein Edmund Giambastiani Lynn Good Edgar Gott Philip G. Johnson Larry Kellner Caroline Kennedy Ed Liddy Kevin G. McAllister John McDonnell James McNerney Dennis Muilenburg Alan Mulally Brendan Nelson Susan Schwab Patrick M. Shanahan Frank Shrontz Harry Stonecipher Malcolm T. Stamper Ron Williams Thornton Wilson Mike Zafirovski Other History of Boeing 1948 Boeing strike Boeing Field Boeing Technical Fellowship Boeing–Embraer joint venture Boeing 737 MAX groundings Boeing 737 rudder issues 2013 Boeing 787 Dreamliner grounding Competition between Airbus and Boeing List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System Manufacturing issues vteUnited TechnologiesSubsidiaries Collins Aerospace Pratt & Whitney Pratt & Whitney Canada UTC Aerospace Systems Predecessors United Aircraft United Aircraft and Transport Corporation Former subsidiaries Carrier Corporation (1979–2020) Clipper Windpower (2010–2012) Hamilton Standard (1929–1999) Hamilton Sundstrand (1999–2012) Otis Elevating Railway (1892–1918) Otis Elevator Company (1976–2020) Otis Hovair (1985–2014) Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne (2005–2013) Schweizer Aircraft (2004–2012) Sikorsky Aircraft (1929–2015) UTC Power (1958–2012) Vought (1928–1954) People Frederick Rentschler Related Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems Raytheon Technologies SolarReserve Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Germany United States
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Vought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_M._Vought"},{"link_name":"Philip G. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_G._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"United Air Lines, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Air Mail scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mail_scandal"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Standard"},{"link_name":"United Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"United Technologies Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Technologies_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Boeing Airplane Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Airplane_Company"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"United Air Lines, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Air_Lines,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"}],"text":"The United Aircraft and Transport Corporation was formed in 1929, when William Boeing of Boeing Airplane & Transport Corporation teamed up with Frederick Rentschler of Pratt & Whitney to form a large, vertically integrated, amalgamated firm, uniting business interests in all aspects of aviation—a combination of airframe and aircraft engine manufacturing and airline business, to serve all aviation markets, both civil aviation (cargo, passenger, private, air mail) and military aviation.The holding company controlled the stock of several United Equipment Companies, including the Boeing Airplane Company of Seattle, the Northrop Aircraft Corporation, the Chance Vought Corporation, the Hamilton Aero Manufacturing Company (a propeller manufacturer), and the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company, the Sikorsky Aviation Corporation, the Stearman Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas. United Transport Companies included Boeing Air Transport, Pacific Air Transport, and Stout Air Services. Other United Operations included the Boeing School of Aeronautics, United Aircraft Exports, United Airports Company of California, which built an airport at Burbank, and the United Airports of Connecticut, which built factories in East Hartford for Pratt & Whitney and Chance Vought. The first annual report lists William Boeing as chairman, Frederick Rentschler as president, and Chance M. Vought, Philip G. Johnson, and George Wheat as vice presidents.[1]The Standard Steel Propeller Company were added to United's portfolio shortly thereafter, followed by several airlines also brought into the fold. The airline interests were soon grouped under a new management company known as United Air Lines, Inc. However, the individual airlines (as well as the individual companies held by United) continued to operate under their own names.After the Air Mail scandal of 1934, the U.S. government concluded that such large holding companies as United Aircraft and Transport were anti-competitive, and new antitrust laws were passed forbidding airframe or aircraft engine manufacturers from having interests in airlines. This law forced United Aircraft and Transport to split into three separate companies. Its manufacturing interests east of the Mississippi River (Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky, Vought, and Hamilton Standard Propeller Company) were merged as United Aircraft Corporation (later United Technologies Corporation), headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut, with Rentschler as president. The western manufacturing interests (including Northrop Aviation Corporation, formerly Avion Corporation), became Boeing Airplane Company, headquartered in Seattle. The airline interests were merged into a single airline, United Air Lines, Inc.,[2] headquartered in Chicago.","title":"United Aircraft and Transport Corporation"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Tourism_Research
Annals of Tourism Research
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Annals of Tourism Research" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Academic journalAnnals of Tourism ResearchDisciplineTourism studiesLanguageEnglishEdited bySara Dolnicar, Scott McCabePublication detailsHistory1973-presentPublisherElsevierFrequencyBimonthlyImpact factor9.011 (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Ann. Tour. Res.IndexingCODEN (alt) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0160-7383OCLC no.310964389Links Journal homepage The Annals of Tourism Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on the academic aspects of tourism. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 9.011. History The journal was established in 1973 with Jafar Jafari as the founding editor-in-chief. References ^ "Annals of Tourism Research". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Social Sciences ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2021. ^ Xiao, Honggen (1 August 2013). "Jafar Jafari: the platform builder". Anatolia. 24 (2): 288–296. doi:10.1080/13032917.2013.813354. hdl:10397/7519. External links Official website
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokkom%C3%A1rom
Homokkomárom
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 46°30′26″N 16°54′58″E / 46.50732°N 16.91605°E / 46.50732; 16.91605You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (April 2010) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hungarian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|hu|Homokkomárom}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Village in Western Transdanubia, HungaryHomokkomáromVillage FlagCoat of armsHomokkomáromLocation of HomokkomáromCoordinates: 46°30′26″N 16°54′58″E / 46.50732°N 16.91605°E / 46.50732; 16.91605CountryHungaryRegionWestern TransdanubiaCountyZalaDistrictNagykanizsaArea • Total16.7 km2 (6.4 sq mi)Population (1 January 2023) • Total248 • Density15/km2 (38/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code8777Area code(+36) 93Websitehomokkomarom.hu Homokkomárom is a village in Zala County, Hungary. References ^ Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary. 30 October 2023 https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=24873. Retrieved 5 November 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office vteZala CountyCities with county rights Nagykanizsa Zalaegerszeg (county seat) Towns Hévíz Keszthely Letenye Lenti Pacsa Zalaszentgrót Zalalövő Zalakaros Large villages Gyenesdiás Vonyarcvashegy Villages Alibánfa Almásháza Alsónemesapáti Alsópáhok Alsórajk Alsószenterzsébet Babosdöbréte Baglad Bagod Bak Baktüttös Balatongyörök Balatonmagyaród Bánokszentgyörgy Barlahida Batyk Bázakerettye Becsehely Becsvölgye Belezna Belsősárd Bezeréd Bocfölde Bocska Böde Bödeháza Bókaháza Boncodfölde Borsfa Börzönce Búcsúszentlászló Bucsuta Csapi Csatár Cserszegtomaj Csertalakos Csesztreg Csöde Csömödér Csonkahegyhát Csörnyeföld Dióskál Dobri Döbröce Dobronhegy Dötk Egeraracsa Egervár Eszteregnye Esztergályhorváti Felsőpáhok Felsőrajk Felsőszenterzsébet Fityeház Fűzvölgy Gáborjánháza Galambok Garabonc Gellénháza Gelse Gelsesziget Gétye Gombosszeg Gősfa Gosztola Gutorfölde Gyűrűs Hagyárosbörönd Hahót Hernyék Homokkomárom Hosszúvölgy Hottó Iborfia Iklódbördőce Kacorlak Kallósd Kálócfa Kányavár Karmacs Kávás Kehidakustány Kemendollár Keménfa Kerecseny Kerkabarabás Kerkafalva Kerkakutas Kerkaszentkirály Kerkateskánd Kilimán Kisbucsa Kiscsehi Kisgörbő Kiskutas Kispáli Kisrécse Kissziget Kistolmács Kisvásárhely Kozmadombja Külsősárd Kustánszeg Lakhegy Lasztonya Lendvadedes Lendvajakabfa Lickóvadamos Ligetfalva Lispeszentadorján Liszó Lovászi Magyarföld Magyarszentmiklós Magyarszerdahely Maróc Márokföld Miháld Mihályfa Mikekarácsonyfa Milejszeg Misefa Molnári Murakeresztúr Murarátka Muraszemenye Nagybakónak Nagygörbő Nagykapornak Nagykutas Nagylengyel Nagypáli Nagyrada Nagyrécse Nemesapáti Nemesbük Nemeshetés Nemesnép Nemespátró Nemesrádó Nemessándorháza Nemesszentandrás Németfalu Nova Óhíd Oltárc Orbányosfa Ormándlak Orosztony Ortaháza Ozmánbük Padár Páka Pakod Pálfiszeg Pat Pethőhenye Petrikeresztúr Petrivente Pókaszepetk Pölöske Pölöskefő Pördefölde Pórszombat Pötréte Pusztaapáti Pusztaederics Pusztamagyaród Pusztaszentlászló Ramocsa Rédics Resznek Rezi Rigyác Salomvár Sand Sárhida Sármellék Semjénháza Sénye Söjtör Sormás Sümegcsehi Surd Szalapa Szécsisziget Szentgyörgyvár Szentgyörgyvölgy Szentkozmadombja Szentliszló Szentmargitfalva Szentpéterfölde Szentpéterúr Szepetnek Szijártóháza Szilvágy Teskánd Tilaj Tófej Tormafölde Tornyiszentmiklós Tótszentmárton Tótszerdahely Türje Újudvar Valkonya Vállus Várfölde Várvölgy Vasboldogasszony Vaspör Vindornyafok Vindornyalak Vindornyaszőlős Vöckönd Zajk Zalaapáti Zalabaksa Zalabér Zalaboldogfa Zalacsány Zalacséb Zalaháshágy Zalaigrice Zalaistvánd Zalakomár Zalaköveskút Zalamerenye Zalasárszeg Zalaszabar Zalaszántó Zalaszentbalázs Zalaszentgyörgy Zalaszentiván Zalaszentjakab Zalaszentlászló Zalaszentlőrinc Zalaszentmárton Zalaszentmihály Zalaszombatfa Zalatárnok Zalaújlak Zalavár Zalavég Zebecke Other topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Tourism This Zala location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary. 30 October 2023 https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=24873. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=24873","url_text":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=24873"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlyne_Cerf_de_Dudzeele
Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele
["1 Life and work","2 References"]
Carlyne Cerf de DudzeeleBornSaint-Tropez, FranceNationalityFrench Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele is a French stylist, art director and photographer. Life and work Coat of arms of the Errembault de Dudzeele, Carolyne's maternal family de Dudzeele grew up in Saint-Tropez, in the south of France, as well as in Paris, where she received a strict education and observed the mix of haute couture with everyday items that was typical of that area. She says that her childhood came from her mother Anne-Marie Errembault de Dudzeele (1922-1984), a Belgian noblewoman who was "the most unimaginable woman" she ever knew. Anne-Marie was daughter of Count Gaston Errembault de Dudzeele (1877–1961) and his wife, Princess Natalija Petrovic-Njegosh, cognatic descendant of the Obrenović dynasty and former spouse of Prince Mirko of Montenegro. She received "a basic and strict education but intuition the biggest factor". She also says that in Saint-Tropez "fashion was not a question of clothes. It was more about attitude, intelligence, the way to be, the simplicity of it. t was about having fun." She moved to Paris in the 1960s and began her career interning at Depeche Mode and Marie Claire. Later, starting in 1977, she worked at French Elle for 10 years before moving to New York in 1985 and becoming the fashion director of Vogue US, where she styled Anna Wintour's first cover in 1988, in which Israeli model Michaela Bercu was dressed in a Christian LaCroix couture top with a jeweled cross and Guess jeans. She worked closely with prominent fashion photographers of the era: Irving Penn, Richard Avedon, Helmut Newton, Paolo Roversi, Patrick Demarchelier, and her longtime collaborator, Steven Meisel. Aside from the press industry, the stylist largely defined the Versace look in the 1990s, closely working with Gianni Versace, Azzedine Alaïa, and Karl Lagerfeld upon his arrival at Chanel. De Dudzeele has stated she does not follow trends and says that she always creates her own fashion. To her, simplicity is what defines chic. In October 2013, de Dudzeele was named editor at large of Lucky Magazine. In her video series J'Adore, she says that she has loved leopard all her life and that she also loves fake fur because she prefers animals to humans. The last episode of the series was uploaded on 4 June 2014; it was cancelled because she was too busy to continue shooting videos. In February 2024, de Dudzeele was the chief stylist for the debut of Japanese musician Yoshiki's high fashion line Maison Yoshiki Paris at Milan Fashion Week. References ^ a b La Ferla, Ruth (November 14, 2013). "Carlyn Cerf de Dudzeele: A Legend Who's Unafraid to Say So". The New York Times. p. E2. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ a b "Jeremy Scott Talks to Legendary Stylist Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele". Papermag. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2015. ^ a b Alaïa, Azzedine. "FASHION Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele". Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ "Announcing: Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele at Backstage Miami". Oribe Hair Care. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015. ^ Leah Chernikoff (21 March 2013). "Legendary Stylist Carlyne Cerf De Dudzeele Tells It Like It Is". Fashionista. Retrieved 13 March 2015. ^ a b Alyssa Vingan (21 October 2013). "Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele Joins Lucky as Fashion Editor at Large". Fashionista. Retrieved 13 March 2015. ^ a b Gillian Tozer (1 November 2012). "Carlyne Cerf De Dudzeele Talks Avedon, Penn, Meisel, Inez & Vinoodh, Alaïa, & Testino". Opening Ceremony. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ a b "Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele". 032c Workshop. Retrieved 13 March 2015. ^ Azzedine Alaïa. "Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ Alexandra Ilyashov (26 August 2014). "Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele, Queen Of Luxe". Daily Front Row. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2015. ^ Kat Herriman (28 February 2014). "Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele Loves Leopard". W Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014. ^ Molly Mulshine (13 January 2015). "The World Needs More of Zany French Stylist Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele's Web Series". Observer. Retrieved 13 March 2015. ^ Benjamin, Mark (2024-02-22). "MAISON YOSHIKI PARIS Ushers in a New Fashion Era at Milan's Fall/Winter 2024/25 Week". Rain. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
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She says that her childhood came from her mother Anne-Marie Errembault de Dudzeele (1922-1984), a Belgian noblewoman who was \"the most unimaginable woman\" she ever knew. Anne-Marie was daughter of Count Gaston Errembault de Dudzeele (1877–1961) and his wife, Princess Natalija Petrovic-Njegosh, cognatic descendant of the Obrenović dynasty and former spouse of Prince Mirko of Montenegro. She received \"a basic and strict education [...] but intuition [was] the biggest factor\". She also says that in Saint-Tropez \"fashion was not a question of clothes. It was more about attitude, intelligence, the way to be, the simplicity of it. [...] [I]t was about having fun.\"[3]She moved to Paris in the 1960s and began her career interning at Depeche Mode and Marie Claire. Later, starting in 1977, she worked at French Elle for 10 years before moving to New York in 1985 and becoming the fashion director of Vogue US,[3][4] where she styled Anna Wintour's first cover in 1988, in which Israeli model Michaela Bercu was dressed in a Christian LaCroix couture top with a jeweled cross[2] and Guess jeans.[5][6] She worked closely with prominent fashion photographers of the era: Irving Penn,[7] Richard Avedon, Helmut Newton, Paolo Roversi,[8] Patrick Demarchelier,[7] and her longtime collaborator, Steven Meisel.[9]Aside from the press industry, the stylist largely defined the Versace look in the 1990s, closely working with Gianni Versace,[8] Azzedine Alaïa, and Karl Lagerfeld upon his arrival at Chanel.De Dudzeele has stated she does not follow trends and says that she always creates her own fashion.[10] To her, simplicity is what defines chic.[1]In October 2013, de Dudzeele was named editor at large of Lucky Magazine.[6]In her video series J'Adore, she says that she has loved leopard all her life and that she also loves fake fur because she prefers animals to humans.[11] The last episode of the series was uploaded on 4 June 2014; it was cancelled because she was too busy to continue shooting videos.[12]In February 2024, de Dudzeele was the chief stylist for the debut of Japanese musician Yoshiki's high fashion line Maison Yoshiki Paris at Milan Fashion Week.[13]","title":"Life and work"}]
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null
[{"reference":"La Ferla, Ruth (November 14, 2013). \"Carlyn Cerf de Dudzeele: A Legend Who's Unafraid to Say So\". The New York Times. p. E2. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/fashion/carlyn-cerf-de-dudzeele-a-legend-whos-unafraid-to-say-so.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Carlyn Cerf de Dudzeele: A Legend Who's Unafraid to Say So\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremy Scott Talks to Legendary Stylist Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele\". Papermag. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.papermag.com/2013/09/legendary_stylist_carlyne_cerf_de_dudzeele_talks_to_jeremy_scott.php","url_text":"\"Jeremy Scott Talks to Legendary Stylist Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele\""}]},{"reference":"Alaïa, Azzedine. \"FASHION Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele\". Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele","url_text":"\"FASHION Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing: Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele at Backstage Miami\". Oribe Hair Care. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113939/http://www.oribe.com/index.php/explore/post/2974","url_text":"\"Announcing: Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele at Backstage Miami\""},{"url":"http://www.oribe.com/index.php/explore/post/2974","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leah Chernikoff (21 March 2013). \"Legendary Stylist Carlyne Cerf De Dudzeele Tells It Like It Is\". Fashionista. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fashionista.com/2013/03/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele-tells-it-like-it-is","url_text":"\"Legendary Stylist Carlyne Cerf De Dudzeele Tells It Like It Is\""}]},{"reference":"Alyssa Vingan (21 October 2013). \"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele Joins Lucky as Fashion Editor at Large\". Fashionista. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fashionista.com/2013/10/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele-joins-lucky-as-fashion-editor-at-large","url_text":"\"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele Joins Lucky as Fashion Editor at Large\""}]},{"reference":"Gillian Tozer (1 November 2012). \"Carlyne Cerf De Dudzeele Talks Avedon, Penn, Meisel, Inez & Vinoodh, Alaïa, & Testino\". Opening Ceremony. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150519093133/http://www.openingceremony.us/entry.asp?pid=6878","url_text":"\"Carlyne Cerf De Dudzeele Talks Avedon, Penn, Meisel, Inez & Vinoodh, Alaïa, & Testino\""},{"url":"http://www.openingceremony.us/entry.asp?pid=6878","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele\". 032c Workshop. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://032c.com/2014/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele/","url_text":"\"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele\""}]},{"reference":"Azzedine Alaïa. \"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele\". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 7 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele","url_text":"\"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele\""}]},{"reference":"Alexandra Ilyashov (26 August 2014). \"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele, Queen Of Luxe\". Daily Front Row. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140828194446/http://fashionweekdaily.com/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele-queen-luxe/","url_text":"\"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele, Queen Of Luxe\""},{"url":"http://fashionweekdaily.com/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele-queen-luxe/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kat Herriman (28 February 2014). \"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele Loves Leopard\". W Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140306062553/http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2014/02/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele-jadore/","url_text":"\"Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele Loves Leopard\""},{"url":"http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2014/02/carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele-jadore/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Molly Mulshine (13 January 2015). \"The World Needs More of Zany French Stylist Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele's Web Series\". Observer. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/2015/01/the-world-needs-more-of-zany-french-stylist-carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeeles-web-series/","url_text":"\"The World Needs More of Zany French Stylist Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele's Web Series\""}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Mark (2024-02-22). \"MAISON YOSHIKI PARIS Ushers in a New Fashion Era at Milan's Fall/Winter 2024/25 Week\". Rain. Retrieved 2024-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://rain-mag.com/maison-yoshiki-paris-ushers-in-a-new-fashion-era-at-milans-fall-winter-2024-25-week/","url_text":"\"MAISON YOSHIKI PARIS Ushers in a New Fashion Era at Milan's Fall/Winter 2024/25 Week\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian
Putian
["1 History","2 Language","3 Economy","4 Culture","5 Tourism","6 Universities and colleges","7 Climate","8 Administration","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 25°27′09″N 119°00′28″E / 25.4526°N 119.0078°E / 25.4526; 119.0078This article is about the city in China. For the Singapore-based restaurant chain, see Putien (restaurant). Prefecture-level city in Fujian, ChinaPutian 莆田市Prefecture-level cityClockwise from top: Licheng District, Putian University, Guqiaolou Temple, Guanghua Temple in Chengxiang District, the Municipal Government building of Putian.Location of Putian in FujianPutianShow map of FujianPutianShow map of ChinaCoordinates (Putian Government Plaza): 25°27′09″N 119°00′28″E / 25.4526°N 119.0078°E / 25.4526; 119.0078CountryChinaProvinceFujianGovernment • CPC SecretaryLin Baojin • Deputy MayorLi JianhuiArea • Prefecture-level city4,119 km2 (1,590 sq mi) • Urban2,284 km2 (882 sq mi) • Metro2,284 km2 (882 sq mi)Population (2020 census) • Prefecture-level city3,210,714 • Density780/km2 (2,000/sq mi) • Urban2,305,646 • Urban density1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) • Metro2,305,646 • Metro density1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)GDP • Prefecture-level cityCN¥ 277 billionUS$ 38.3 billion • Per capitaCN¥ 94,109US$ 12,995Time zoneUTC+8 (Time in China)Postal code601Area code06ISO 3166 codeTW-FJLicense Plate Prefixes闽BLocal varietyPuxian MinWebsitewww.putian.gov.cn PutianSimplified Chinese莆田PostalPutienTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinPútiánWade–GilesP'u2-t'ien2HakkaRomanizationPhû-thiènSouthern MinHokkien POJPhô͘-chhânEastern MinFuzhou BUCPuò-dièngPu-Xian MinHinghwa BUCPó-chéng Putian or Putien (Chinese: 莆田, Putian dialect: Pó-chéng), also known as Puyang (莆阳) and Puxian (莆仙), historically known as Xinghua or Hing Hwa (simplified Chinese: 兴化; traditional Chinese: 興化), is a city in Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. It borders Fuzhou City to the north, Quanzhou City to the south, and the Taiwan Strait's Xinghai Bay to the east. The Mulan River flows through the southern part of the city. History Putian was first founded as an administrative area in the year of 568 as a city county during the Chen dynasty. Putian was later established as a military administered city in 979. Putian is known as the counterfeit sneaker capital with counterfeiters protected from internationally intellectual property law enforcement by the notoriously corrupt local courts. Language Pó-chéng-uā (莆田话), a sub-dialect of Min Chinese is spoken. Economy Putian has become an export base for Fujian products. The main industries are shoe-making, brewing, electronics, garments, fruits, vegetables, machinery and electrical goods. In particular, the area is known for high-quality counterfeits of shoes and the domination of Chinese private healthcare. Culture Salt-baked duotou clams Putian is known for Putian (Henghwa) cuisine, a unique style of cuisine that places a heavy emphasis on fresh seafood. Duotou clams, locally harvested around the village of Duotou, are particularly well known. Tourism Meizhou Island, most famous for being the legendary birthplace of the goddess Mazu, is located closely offshore of Putian. According to legends, Mazu in her earthly incarnation died on the seashore of Xianliang Harbor, in the coastal area of Putian, where Xianliang Mazu Temple hosts pilgrims from different Chinese provinces and from Taiwan, particularly for the ceremonies commemorating the goddess' death held in October. Because of its hosting "the most sacred places for Mazu believers," Putian is known as "Mazu's hometown." Universities and colleges Putian University Meizhouwan Vocational Technology College Climate Climate data for Putian (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 27.0(80.6) 31.1(88.0) 30.3(86.5) 32.0(89.6) 33.8(92.8) 35.6(96.1) 36.9(98.4) 36.7(98.1) 36.4(97.5) 33.5(92.3) 31.1(88.0) 28.4(83.1) 36.9(98.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.4(61.5) 16.9(62.4) 19.3(66.7) 23.7(74.7) 27.2(81.0) 30.3(86.5) 33.1(91.6) 32.7(90.9) 30.8(87.4) 27.0(80.6) 23.3(73.9) 18.7(65.7) 25.0(76.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 12.6(54.7) 12.9(55.2) 15.1(59.2) 19.5(67.1) 23.5(74.3) 26.7(80.1) 29.0(84.2) 28.7(83.7) 27.1(80.8) 23.4(74.1) 19.7(67.5) 15.0(59.0) 21.1(70.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.1(50.2) 10.4(50.7) 12.4(54.3) 16.6(61.9) 20.7(69.3) 24.1(75.4) 26.0(78.8) 25.8(78.4) 24.5(76.1) 21.0(69.8) 17.3(63.1) 12.5(54.5) 18.5(65.2) Record low °C (°F) 1.5(34.7) 4.1(39.4) 2.8(37.0) 9.1(48.4) 15.0(59.0) 16.2(61.2) 22.0(71.6) 21.5(70.7) 19.8(67.6) 13.2(55.8) 6.3(43.3) 1.8(35.2) 1.5(34.7) Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.1(1.85) 73.2(2.88) 116.3(4.58) 123.9(4.88) 199.6(7.86) 274.0(10.79) 183.1(7.21) 251.3(9.89) 145.8(5.74) 57.3(2.26) 42.7(1.68) 37.3(1.47) 1,551.6(61.09) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.0 10.6 15.1 14.3 15.8 15.6 9.9 13.3 8.8 4.9 5.8 6.9 129 Average snowy days 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 Average relative humidity (%) 71 74 76 76 79 82 77 77 71 65 67 66 73 Mean monthly sunshine hours 121.5 101.9 116.4 130.9 137.1 153.7 243.2 213.7 182.5 179.2 140.8 135.8 1,856.7 Percent possible sunshine 37 32 31 34 33 37 58 53 50 51 43 42 42 Source: China Meteorological Administration Administration Putian's municipal executive, legislature and judiciary are in Chengxiang District (城厢区). The municipal region comprises three other districts and one county: Hanjiang District (涵江区) Licheng District (荔城区) Xiuyu District (秀屿区) Xianyou County (仙游县) Map Chengxiang Hanjiang Licheng Xiuyu XianyouCounty Xiaori Island Nanri Island Meizhou Island Luci Island WuqiuNote: Kinmen County, ROC (Taiwan)is claimed by the PRC. References ^ "China: Fújiàn (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". ^ 福建省统计局、国家统计局福建调查总队 (August 2021). 《福建统计年鉴－2021》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-9510-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2021-12-23. ^ 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. Retrieved 17 August 2019. 字詞 【莆田縣】 注音 ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄧㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ 漢語拼音 pú tián xiàn ^ Litchi City Putian Archived 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine ^ Rechtschaffen, Daniel. "How China's Legal System Enables Intellectual Property Theft". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 12 November 2020. ^ China today Archived 2007-09-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ Schmidle, Nicholas (2010-08-19). "Inside the Knockoff-Tennis-Shoe Factory". New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2010. ^ "The Putian phenomenon". Week in China. HSBC. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 5 May 2016. ^ "Baidu's "moral dilemma" – How a Cancer Case aroused National Attention". China Spoon. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 5 May 2016. ^ Hsun Chang, "Multiple Religious and National Identities: Mazu Pilgrimages across the Taiwan Strait after 1987," in Cheng-tian Kuo (Ed.), Religion and Nationalism in Chinese Societies, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017, 373–396 (378). ^ Hsun Chang (2017), 378. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Putian. Look up Putian, Putien, or P'u-t'ien in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Putian Government Website vteFujian topics Fuzhou (PRC capital) Jincheng (ROC capital) General History Politics Economy Geography Cities Jiulong River Min River Wuyi Mountains East China Sea South China Sea Taiwan Strait Haitan Island Jin River Education Huaqiao University Xiamen University Jimei University Xiamen University of Technology Longyan University Putian University Culture Hokkien culture Hoklo people Min Chinese language Written Hokkien Hokkien architecture Hokkien earthen buildings Fuzhou people Dehua porcelain Jian ware Shoushan stone carvings Music Glove puppetry Koa-á books Tale of the Lychee Mirror Gongfu tea ceremony Fujian White Crane Dog Kung Fu Mazu Baosheng Dadi Hui'an maidens Narcissus Turtle-back tombs Hakka people Hakka architecture Koxinga Putian people Cuisine Fujian cuisine Hokkien mee Bak kut teh Banmian Buddha jumps over the wall Oolong tea Visitor attractions Sanfang Qixiang Fuzhou Confucian Temple Anping Bridge Fujian Tulou Guanghua Temple Nanshan Temple Matsu pilgrimage Kaiyuan Temple South Putuo Temple Zhushan Power Plant Juguang Tower Category Commons vteCounty-level divisions of Fujian ProvinceFuzhou (capital)Sub-provincial cityXiamen Siming District Haicang District Fujian Free-Trade Zone Huli District Fujian Free-Trade Zone Jimei District Tong'an District Xiang'an District Prefecture-level citiesFuzhou Gulou District Taijiang District Cangshan District Mawei District Fujian Free-Trade Zone Jin'an District Changle District Fuqing city Minhou County Lianjiang County Luoyuan County Minqing County Yongtai County Pingtan County Fujian Free-Trade Zone Putian Chengxiang District Hanjiang District Licheng District Xiuyu District Xianyou County Sanming Meilie District Sanyuan District Shaxian District Yong'an city Mingxi County Qingliu County Ninghua County Datian County Youxi County Jiangle County Taining County Jianning County Quanzhou Licheng District Fengze District Luojiang District Quangang District Shishi city Jinjiang city Nan'an city Hui'an County Anxi County Yongchun County Dehua County Kinmen County¹ Zhangzhou Xiangcheng District Longwen District Longhai District Changtai District Yunxiao County Zhangpu County Zhao'an County Dongshan County Nanjing County Pinghe County Hua'an County Nanping Jianyang District Yanping District Shaowu city Wuyishan city Jian'ou city Shunchang County Pucheng County Guangze County Songxi County Zhenghe County Longyan Xinluo District Yongding District Zhangping city Changting County Shanghang County Wuping County Liancheng County Ningde Jiaocheng District Fu'an city Fuding city Shouning County Xiapu County Zherong County Pingnan County Gutian County Zhouning County ¹ — Kinmen (Quemoy) is a county of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is claimed by the PRC. vte Prefecture-level divisions of ChinaNotes: *Provincial capitals, ★Sub-provincial cities, ☆Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture *Sub prefectural-level divisions, ✧"Comparatively larger city " (较大的市) as approved by the State CouncilProvincesAnhui *Hefei Wuhu Bengbu Huainan Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fuyang Suzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian *Fuzhou ★Xiamen Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Gansu *Lanzhou Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Linxia (Hui) Gannan (Tibetan) Guangdong *★Guangzhou ★Shenzhen Shaoguan Zhuhai Shantou Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Yangjiang Shanwei Heyuan Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Jieyang Yunfu Guizhou *Guiyang Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Qianxinan (Buyei and Miao) Qiannan (Buyei and Miao) Qiandongnan (Miao and Dong) Hainan *Haikou Sanya Danzhou Sansha *Wuzhishan *Qionghai *Wenchang *Wanning *Dongfang *Ding'an County *Tunchang County *Chengmai County *Lingao County *Baisha County (Li) *Changjiang County (Li) *Ledong County (Li) *Lingshui County (Li) *Baoting County (Li and Miao) *Qiongzhong County (Li and Miao) Hebei *Shijiazhuang ✧Tangshan Qinhuangdao Handan Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou "Kalgan" Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Henan *Zhengzhou Kaifeng Luoyang Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian *Jiyuan Hubei *★Wuhan Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jingzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Enshi (Tujia and Miao) *Xiantao *Qianjiang *Tianmen *Shennongjia Forestry District Heilongjiang *★Harbin Qiqihar Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yichun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Daxing'anling Prefecture Hunan *Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Xiangxi (Tujia and Miao) Jilin *★Changchun Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Yanbian (Korean) Jiangsu *★Nanjing Wuxi Xuzhou Changzhou ✧Suzhou Nantong Lianyungang Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Taizhou Suqian Jiangxi *Nanchang Jingdezhen Pingxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Ji'an Yichun Fuzhou Shangrao Liaoning *★Shenyang ★Dalian Anshan Fushun Benxi Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Qinghai *Xining Haidong Haibei (Tibetan) Huangnan (Tibetan) Hainan (Tibetan) Golog "Guolog" (Tibetan) Yushu (Tibetan) Haixi "Qaidam" (Mongol and Tibetan) Sichuan *★Chengdu Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Bazhong Ziyang Ya'an Ngawa "Aba" (Tibetan and Qiang) Garzê "Ganzi" (Tibetan) Liangshan (Yi) Shaanxi *★Xi'an Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Shangluo Shandong *★Jinan ★Qingdao Zibo Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weifang Jining Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Shanxi *Taiyuan Datong Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Taiwan *Taibei Gaoxiong Xinbei Taizhong Tainan Taoyuan Yunnan *Kunming Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lijiang Pu'er Lincang Chuxiong (Yi) Honghe (Hani and Yi) Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao) Xishuangbanna (Dai) Dali (Bai) Dehong (Dai and Jingpo) Nujiang (Lisu) Dêqên (Tibetan) Zhejiang *★Hangzhou ★Ningbo ✧Wenzhou Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Taizhou Lishui Autonomous regionsGuangxi *Nanning Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yulin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Ningxia *Yinchuan Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Inner Mongolia *Hohhot ✧Baotou Wuhai Chifeng "Ulankhad" Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur "Bayannao'er" Ulanqab Hinggan League Xilingol League Alxa League "Ālāshàn League" Xinjiang *Ürümqi Karamay Turpan Hami Changji (Hui) Bortala (Mongol) Bayingolin (Mongol) Kizilsu (Kyrgyz) ( ☆Ili (Kazakh) Tacheng Prefecture Altay Prefecture ) Aksu Prefecture Kashgar "Kashi" Prefecture Hotan Prefecture *Shihezi *Aral *Tumxuk *Wujiaqu *Beitun *Tiemenguan *Shuanghe *Kokdala *Kunyu *Huyanghe *Xinxing Tibet *Lhasa Shigatse "Xigazê" Chamdo "Qamdo" Nyingchi "Linzhi" Shannan Nagqu Ngari Prefecture Direct-administered municipalities Beijing Tianjin Shanghai Chongqing Special administrative regions Hong Kong Macau See also: List of prefectures in China, List of cities in China Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Putien (restaurant)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putien_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"莆田","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0"},{"link_name":"Putian dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian_dialect"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Fujian Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Province"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Quanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhou"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Strait"},{"link_name":"Xinghai Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinghai_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mulan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_River"}],"text":"This article is about the city in China. For the Singapore-based restaurant chain, see Putien (restaurant).Prefecture-level city in Fujian, ChinaPutian or Putien (Chinese: 莆田, Putian dialect: Pó-chéng), also known as Puyang (莆阳) and Puxian (莆仙), historically known as Xinghua or Hing Hwa (simplified Chinese: 兴化; traditional Chinese: 興化), is a city in Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. It borders Fuzhou City to the north, Quanzhou City to the south, and the Taiwan Strait's Xinghai Bay to the east.[4] The Mulan River flows through the southern part of the city.","title":"Putian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chen dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"counterfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit"},{"link_name":"sneaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneakers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Putian was first founded as an administrative area in the year of 568 as a city county during the Chen dynasty.[citation needed]Putian was later established as a military administered city in 979. Putian is known as the counterfeit sneaker capital with counterfeiters protected from internationally intellectual property law enforcement by the notoriously corrupt local courts.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pó-chéng-uā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min"},{"link_name":"Min Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinese"}],"text":"Pó-chéng-uā (莆田话), a sub-dialect of Min Chinese is spoken.","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"counterfeits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_consumer_goods"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese private healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_China"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Putian has become an export base for Fujian products. The main industries are shoe-making, brewing, electronics, garments, fruits, vegetables, machinery and electrical goods.[6] In particular, the area is known for high-quality counterfeits of shoes[7] and the domination of Chinese private healthcare.[8][9]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salt-baked_Duotou_Clam_at_PUTIEN_(20200606173429).jpg"},{"link_name":"Putian (Henghwa) cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian_cuisine"}],"text":"Salt-baked duotou clamsPutian is known for Putian (Henghwa) cuisine, a unique style of cuisine that places a heavy emphasis on fresh seafood. Duotou clams, locally harvested around the village of Duotou, are particularly well known.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meizhou Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meizhou_Island"},{"link_name":"Mazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazu_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Meizhou Island, most famous for being the legendary birthplace of the goddess Mazu, is located closely offshore of Putian.\nAccording to legends, Mazu in her earthly incarnation died on the seashore of Xianliang Harbor, in the coastal area of Putian, where Xianliang Mazu Temple hosts pilgrims from different Chinese provinces and from Taiwan, particularly for the ceremonies commemorating the goddess' death held in October.[10] Because of its hosting \"the most sacred places for Mazu believers,\" Putian is known as \"Mazu's hometown.\"[11]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Putian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian_University"}],"text":"Putian University\nMeizhouwan Vocational Technology College","title":"Universities and colleges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Climate data for Putian (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n33.8(92.8)\n\n35.6(96.1)\n\n36.9(98.4)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n36.9(98.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n33.1(91.6)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n25.0(76.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n18.5(65.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n47.1(1.85)\n\n73.2(2.88)\n\n116.3(4.58)\n\n123.9(4.88)\n\n199.6(7.86)\n\n274.0(10.79)\n\n183.1(7.21)\n\n251.3(9.89)\n\n145.8(5.74)\n\n57.3(2.26)\n\n42.7(1.68)\n\n37.3(1.47)\n\n1,551.6(61.09)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n8.0\n\n10.6\n\n15.1\n\n14.3\n\n15.8\n\n15.6\n\n9.9\n\n13.3\n\n8.8\n\n4.9\n\n5.8\n\n6.9\n\n129\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n71\n\n74\n\n76\n\n76\n\n79\n\n82\n\n77\n\n77\n\n71\n\n65\n\n67\n\n66\n\n73\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n121.5\n\n101.9\n\n116.4\n\n130.9\n\n137.1\n\n153.7\n\n243.2\n\n213.7\n\n182.5\n\n179.2\n\n140.8\n\n135.8\n\n1,856.7\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n37\n\n32\n\n31\n\n34\n\n33\n\n37\n\n58\n\n53\n\n50\n\n51\n\n43\n\n42\n\n42\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[12][13]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_People%27s_Court"},{"link_name":"Chengxiang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengxiang_District"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(PRC)"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Hanjiang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanjiang_District,_Putian"},{"link_name":"Licheng District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licheng_District,_Putian"},{"link_name":"Xiuyu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiuyu_District"},{"link_name":"Xianyou County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianyou_County"}],"text":"Putian's municipal executive, legislature and judiciary are in Chengxiang District (城厢区). The municipal region comprises three other districts and one county:Hanjiang District (涵江区)\nLicheng District (荔城区)\nXiuyu District (秀屿区)\nXianyou County (仙游县)","title":"Administration"}]
[{"image_text":"Salt-baked duotou clams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Salt-baked_Duotou_Clam_at_PUTIEN_%2820200606173429%29.jpg/220px-Salt-baked_Duotou_Clam_at_PUTIEN_%2820200606173429%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"China: Fújiàn (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/fujian/admin/","url_text":"\"China: Fújiàn (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map\""}]},{"reference":"福建省统计局、国家统计局福建调查总队 (August 2021). 《福建统计年鉴－2021》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-9510-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2021-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301202126/http://tjj.fujian.gov.cn/tongjinianjian/dz2021/index.htm","url_text":"《福建统计年鉴－2021》"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-9510-7","url_text":"978-7-5037-9510-7"},{"url":"http://tjj.fujian.gov.cn/tongjinianjian/dz2021/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. Retrieved 17 August 2019. 字詞 【莆田縣】 注音 ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄧㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ 漢語拼音 pú tián xiàn","urls":[{"url":"http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?o=dcbdic&searchid=Z00000026377","url_text":"教育部重編國語辭典修訂本"}]},{"reference":"Rechtschaffen, Daniel. \"How China's Legal System Enables Intellectual Property Theft\". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 12 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/how-chinas-legal-system-enables-intellectual-property-theft/","url_text":"\"How China's Legal System Enables Intellectual Property Theft\""}]},{"reference":"Schmidle, Nicholas (2010-08-19). \"Inside the Knockoff-Tennis-Shoe Factory\". New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/magazine/22fake-t.html","url_text":"\"Inside the Knockoff-Tennis-Shoe Factory\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Putian phenomenon\". Week in China. HSBC. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbm.hsbc.com/insights/property/putian-city-of-healthcare-phenomenon","url_text":"\"The Putian phenomenon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baidu's \"moral dilemma\" – How a Cancer Case aroused National Attention\". China Spoon. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://cnspoon.com/2016/05/02/baidu-moral/","url_text":"\"Baidu's \"moral dilemma\" – How a Cancer Case aroused National Attention\""}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoo_Kay_Kim
Khoo Kay Kim
["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Death","4 Honours","4.1 Honours of Malaysia","4.2 Awards and accolades","4.3 Places named after him","5 Selected bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]
Malaysian historian and academic (1937–2019) In this Chinese name, the family name is Khoo (邱). Yang Berbahagia Emeritus Professor Tan Sri Dr.Khoo Kay KimPSM DPMP DPMS JSM邱继金Khoo speaking in a public forum, February 2009.Born(1937-03-28)28 March 1937Kampar, Perak, Federated Malay States, British Malaya (now Malaysia)Died28 May 2019(2019-05-28) (aged 82)University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaNationalityMalaysianAlma materUniversity of MalayaOccupation(s)Historian, academicSpouseDatin Sri Rathi (1966–2019)Children3 sons, including Mavin Khoo Eddin KhooParent(s)Khoo Soo Jin (Father) Chuah Gaik See (Mother) Khoo Kay Kim (simplified Chinese: 邱继金; traditional Chinese: 邱繼金; pinyin: Qiū Jiājīn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khu Ke-kim; 28 March 1937 – 28 May 2019) was a Malaysian historian and academic of Chinese descent. He was honoured with Emeritus Professor title by the University of Malaya in 2001. In January 2011, Khoo was appointed Chancellor of KDU University College. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad described Khoo’s passing as a truly great loss to the country. Biography Khoo Kay Kim was born to Peranakan Chinese parents in Kampar, Perak, Malaysia on 28 March 1937. During his early education, he attend the English school in the morning before the Chinese school later in the afternoon. He received a BA, MA, and a PhD in 1959, 1967, and 1974 respectively from the University of Malaya. His doctoral thesis was entitled The Beginnings of Political Extremism in Malaya 1915-1935 (1974), where he was supervised by Kennedy G. Tregonning, the Raffles Professor of History at the University of Malaya. Khoo was one of the co-authors of Rukunegara. He was a highly regarded national academic for his views on local sports and socio-political issues. Personal life He had married with Sri Rathi. The couple has three sons; traditional arts and culture advocate Eddin Khoo, Rubin Khoo and dancer Mavin Khoo. Death Khoo died of lung failure on 28 May 2019, Tuesday morning at the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Petaling Jaya, Selangor at the age of 82. Honours Honours of Malaysia  Malaysia : Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (JSM) – (1983) Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (2008)  Perak : Knight Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (DPMP) – Dato' (1987)  Selangor : Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS) – Dato' (2009) Awards and accolades  Malaysia: The 10th "Tokoh Akademik Negara" of the National Academic Awards or Anugerah Akademik Negara (AAN) (2017) Merdeka Award for Outstanding Scholastic Achievement (2018) Places named after him In July 2019, the Selangor state government with the consent of the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah decreed to renamed Jalan Semangat in Petaling Jaya as Jalan Prof. Khoo Kay Kim in honouring the Khoo's contributions during his life. Selected bibliography This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019) The Western Malay States 1850-1873: The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics (1972) ISBN 0196382521 Teluk Anson (Teluk Intan) 100 Tahun (1982) Malay Society: Transformation & Democratisation: A Stimulating and Discerning Study on the Evolution of Malay Society Through the Passage of Time (1991) ISBN 9679783863 His Majesty Sultan Azlan Shah (1991) ISBN 9679783731 Taiping: Ibukota Perak (1981) Taiping: The Vibrant Years (2003) ISBN 9832759013 100 Years the University of Malaya (2005) ISBN 9831003268, 9831003233 I, KKK: The Autobiography of a Historian (2017) ISBN 9789671493007 References ^ a b “We were not an ordinary country”, Deborah Loh, 17 October 2011, The Nut Graph ^ "KDU UC's website". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. ^ "Dr M conveys condolences, says Dr Khoo's passing a great loss". The Star. ^ ejum.fsktm.um.edu.my/article/148.pdf ^ Daryl Goh (28 May 2019). "Historian Khoo Kay Kim, 82, passes on from lung failure". The Star Online. Retrieved 28 May 2019. ^ Beatrice Nita Jay (28 May 2019). "(UPDATE) Historian Khoo Kay Kim passes away". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 May 2019. ^ a b c d "SEMAKAN PENERIMA DARJAH KEBESARAN, BINTANG DAN PINGAT". Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ Eugene Khoo (25 November 2012). "Khoo Kay Kim 邱家金". Overseas Chinese in the British Empire Blog. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ "AAN-Tokoh Akademik Negara-JPT" (in Malay). JPT MOHE. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ "Building on talent and skill". The Star Online. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2019. ^ Farhana Joni (3 September 2018). "Kay Kim, Hassan penerima Anugerah Merdeka 2018". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ "PJ's Jalan Semangat renamed to Jalan Professor Khoo Kay Kim". New Straits Times. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ Turnbull, C. M. (1973). "Review of The Western Malay States 1850-1873. The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 4 (1): 146–147. doi:10.1017/S0022463400016507. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20070036. S2CID 153805808. ^ Winks, Robin W. (1975). "Review of The Western Malay States 1850-1873: The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 95 (1): 127–128. doi:10.2307/599232. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 599232. ^ Gray, C. S. (May 1973). "The Western Malay States 1850–1873: The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics. By Khoo Kay Kim. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1972. xi, 241 pp. Maps, Genealogies, Bibliography, Index. 15.50". The Journal of Asian Studies. 32 (3): 557–558. doi:10.2307/2052729. ISSN 1752-0401. JSTOR 2052729. ^ Khoo, Kay Kim (1982), Teluk Anson (Teluk Intan) 100 tahun, Persatuan Muzium Malaysia ^ Khoo, Kay Kim (1994), Teluk Anson (Teluk Intan) 100 tahun, Persatuan Muzium Malaysia ^ Khoo, Kay Kim (2003), Taiping: The Vibrant Years, Taiping Tourist Association, ISBN 9789832759010 ^ Khoo, Kay Kim (13 April 2017), "Excerpt from Khoo Kay Kim's memoir, 'I, KKK'", The Star External links History of Malaysia. Malaysian National Library. URL accessed on 10 April 2006. Portals: Malaysia Biography History Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Khoo (邱)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi%C5%AB_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysians"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic"},{"link_name":"Chinese descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Emeritus Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus_Professor"},{"link_name":"University of Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"KDU University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDU_University_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mahathir Mohamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Khoo (邱).Khoo Kay Kim (simplified Chinese: 邱继金; traditional Chinese: 邱繼金; pinyin: Qiū Jiājīn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khu Ke-kim; 28 March 1937 – 28 May 2019) was a Malaysian historian and academic of Chinese descent. He was honoured with Emeritus Professor title by the University of Malaya in 2001. In January 2011, Khoo was appointed Chancellor of KDU University College.[2]Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad described Khoo’s passing as a truly great loss to the country.[3]","title":"Khoo Kay Kim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peranakan Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Kampar, Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampar,_Perak"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"doctoral thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_thesis"},{"link_name":"Kennedy G. 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He was a highly regarded national academic for his views on local sports and socio-political issues.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nutgraphinterview-1"},{"link_name":"Mavin Khoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavin_Khoo"}],"text":"He had married with Sri Rathi.[1] The couple has three sons; traditional arts and culture advocate Eddin Khoo, Rubin Khoo and dancer Mavin Khoo.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University Malaya Medical Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Malaya_Medical_Centre"},{"link_name":"Petaling Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaling_Jaya"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Khoo died of lung failure on 28 May 2019, Tuesday morning at the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Petaling Jaya, Selangor at the age of 82.[5][6]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia#Companion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_PSM.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia#Commander"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY-PERA_Order_of_the_Perak_State_Crown_-_lower_classes.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Perak State Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Perak"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY-SEL_Order_of_the_Crown_of_Selangor_-_Knight_Commander_-_DPMS.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown of Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Selangor#Knight_Commander"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"Honours of Malaysia","text":"Malaysia :\n Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (JSM) – (1983)[7][8]\n Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (2008)[7]\n Perak :\n Knight Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (DPMP) – Dato' (1987)[7]\n Selangor :\n Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS) – Dato' (2009)[7]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Merdeka Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdeka_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Awards and accolades","text":"Malaysia:\nThe 10th \"Tokoh Akademik Negara\" of the National Academic Awards or Anugerah Akademik Negara (AAN) (2017)[9][10]\nMerdeka Award for Outstanding Scholastic Achievement (2018)[11]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selangor state government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Selangor"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor"},{"link_name":"Sharafuddin Idris Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharafuddin_of_Selangor"},{"link_name":"Petaling Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaling_Jaya"},{"link_name":"Jalan Prof. Khoo Kay Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Prof._Khoo_Kay_Kim"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Places named after him","text":"In July 2019, the Selangor state government with the consent of the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah decreed to renamed Jalan Semangat in Petaling Jaya as Jalan Prof. Khoo Kay Kim in honouring the Khoo's contributions during his life.[12]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0196382521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0196382521"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9679783863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9679783863"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9679783731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9679783731"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9832759013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9832759013"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9831003268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9831003268"},{"link_name":"9831003233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9831003233"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789671493007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789671493007"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Western Malay States 1850-1873: The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics (1972) ISBN 0196382521[13][14][15]\nTeluk Anson (Teluk Intan) 100 Tahun (1982)[16]\nMalay Society: Transformation & Democratisation: A Stimulating and Discerning Study on the Evolution of Malay Society Through the Passage of Time (1991) ISBN 9679783863\nHis Majesty Sultan Azlan Shah (1991) ISBN 9679783731\nTaiping: Ibukota Perak (1981)[17]\nTaiping: The Vibrant Years (2003) ISBN 9832759013[18]\n100 Years the University of Malaya (2005) ISBN 9831003268, 9831003233\nI, KKK: The Autobiography of a Historian (2017) ISBN 9789671493007[19]","title":"Selected bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"KDU UC's website\". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722232143/http://hr.kdu.edu.my/staff-directory.html","url_text":"\"KDU UC's website\""},{"url":"http://hr.kdu.edu.my/staff-directory.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr M conveys condolences, says Dr Khoo's passing a great loss\". The Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/28/dr-m-conveys-condolences-says-dr-khoo-passing-a-great-loss","url_text":"\"Dr M conveys condolences, says Dr Khoo's passing a great loss\""}]},{"reference":"Daryl Goh (28 May 2019). \"Historian Khoo Kay Kim, 82, passes on from lung failure\". The Star Online. Retrieved 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/28/historian-khoo-kay-kim-82-passes-on-from-lung-failure/","url_text":"\"Historian Khoo Kay Kim, 82, passes on from lung failure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Star Online"}]},{"reference":"Beatrice Nita Jay (28 May 2019). \"(UPDATE) Historian Khoo Kay Kim passes away\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/492022/update-historian-khoo-kay-kim-passes-away#utm_source=insider&webPushId=NDU1Mg==","url_text":"\"(UPDATE) Historian Khoo Kay Kim passes away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times","url_text":"New Straits Times"}]},{"reference":"\"SEMAKAN PENERIMA DARJAH KEBESARAN, BINTANG DAN PINGAT\". Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929181530/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/","url_text":"\"SEMAKAN PENERIMA DARJAH KEBESARAN, BINTANG DAN PINGAT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Department_(Malaysia)","url_text":"Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)"},{"url":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eugene Khoo (25 November 2012). \"Khoo Kay Kim 邱家金\". Overseas Chinese in the British Empire Blog. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://overseaschineseinthebritishempire.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2013-01-08T10:18:00%2B08:00&max-results=10&reverse-paginate=true","url_text":"\"Khoo Kay Kim 邱家金\""}]},{"reference":"\"AAN-Tokoh Akademik Negara-JPT\" (in Malay). JPT MOHE. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://jpt.mohe.gov.my/aan/senarai-penerima/aan-ke-10/tokoh-akademik-negara","url_text":"\"AAN-Tokoh Akademik Negara-JPT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Building on talent and skill\". The Star Online. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/12/building-on-talent-and-skill/","url_text":"\"Building on talent and skill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Star Online"}]},{"reference":"Farhana Joni (3 September 2018). \"Kay Kim, Hassan penerima Anugerah Merdeka 2018\". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/kay-kim-hassan-penerima-anugerah-merdeka-2018-1.740928","url_text":"\"Kay Kim, Hassan penerima Anugerah Merdeka 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utusan_Malaysia","url_text":"Utusan Malaysia"}]},{"reference":"\"PJ's Jalan Semangat renamed to Jalan Professor Khoo Kay Kim\". New Straits Times. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/501465/pjs-jalan-semangat-renamed-jalan-professor-khoo-kay-kim#utm_source=insider&webPushId=NDg5MQ==","url_text":"\"PJ's Jalan Semangat renamed to Jalan Professor Khoo Kay Kim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times","url_text":"New Straits Times"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, C. M. (1973). \"Review of The Western Malay States 1850-1873. The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics\". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 4 (1): 146–147. doi:10.1017/S0022463400016507. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20070036. S2CID 153805808.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20070036","url_text":"\"Review of The Western Malay States 1850-1873. The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463400016507","url_text":"10.1017/S0022463400016507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4634","url_text":"0022-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20070036","url_text":"20070036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153805808","url_text":"153805808"}]},{"reference":"Winks, Robin W. (1975). \"Review of The Western Malay States 1850-1873: The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 95 (1): 127–128. doi:10.2307/599232. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 599232.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/599232","url_text":"\"Review of The Western Malay States 1850-1873: The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599232","url_text":"10.2307/599232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279","url_text":"0003-0279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/599232","url_text":"599232"}]},{"reference":"Gray, C. S. (May 1973). \"The Western Malay States 1850–1873: The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics. By Khoo Kay Kim. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1972. xi, 241 pp. Maps, Genealogies, Bibliography, Index. 15.50\". The Journal of Asian Studies. 32 (3): 557–558. doi:10.2307/2052729. ISSN 1752-0401. JSTOR 2052729.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/western-malay-states-18501873-the-effects-of-commercial-development-on-malay-politics-by-khoo-kay-kim-kuala-lumpur-oxford-university-press-1972-xi-241-pp-maps-genealogies-bibliography-index-1550-kedah-17711821-the-search-for-security-and-independence-by-r-bonney-kuala-lumpur-oxford-university-press-1971-xvi-215-pp-maps-appendices-glossary-bibliography-index-1550/57F12AB69529A570F9D2FD0A959005E5","url_text":"\"The Western Malay States 1850–1873: The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics. By Khoo Kay Kim. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1972. xi, 241 pp. Maps, Genealogies, Bibliography, Index. 15.50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2052729","url_text":"10.2307/2052729"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0401","url_text":"1752-0401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052729","url_text":"2052729"}]},{"reference":"Khoo, Kay Kim (1982), Teluk Anson (Teluk Intan) 100 tahun, Persatuan Muzium Malaysia","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LUEWAAAAIAAJ&q=Teluk+Anson+(Teluk+Intan)+100+Tahun","url_text":"Teluk Anson (Teluk Intan) 100 tahun"}]},{"reference":"Khoo, Kay Kim (1994), Teluk Anson (Teluk Intan) 100 tahun, Persatuan Muzium Malaysia","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UR9wAAAAMAAJ&q=Taiping:+Ibukota+Perak","url_text":"Teluk Anson (Teluk Intan) 100 tahun"}]},{"reference":"Khoo, Kay Kim (2003), Taiping: The Vibrant Years, Taiping Tourist Association, ISBN 9789832759010","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DyBwAAAAMAAJ&q=Taiping:+The+Vibrant+Years","url_text":"Taiping: The Vibrant Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789832759010","url_text":"9789832759010"}]},{"reference":"Khoo, Kay Kim (13 April 2017), \"Excerpt from Khoo Kay Kim's memoir, 'I, KKK'\", The Star","urls":[{"url":"https://www.star2.com/culture/2017/04/13/excerpt-khoo-kay-kim-memoir-i-kkk/","url_text":"\"Excerpt from Khoo Kay Kim's memoir, 'I, KKK'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Star"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Challenge_Cup_Stakes
Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes
["1 History","2 Records","3 Winners","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]
This article is about the horse race in the U.S.. For other uses, see Elizabeth Cup and Elizabeth Stakes. Horse race Queen Elizabeth II Challenge CupGrade I raceLocationKeeneland Race CourseLexington, Kentucky, United StatesInaugurated1984Race typeThoroughbred – Flat racingSponsorDixiana Farm (2020)WebsiteKeeneland Race informationDistance1+1⁄8 milesSurfaceTurfTrackLeft-handedQualificationThree-year-old filliesWeight121 lbs.Purse$600,000 (since 2022) The Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes is a Grade I American thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies over a distance of one and one-eighth miles on the turf held annually in October at Keeneland Race Course in Lexington, Kentucky during the fall meeting. History The race was inaugurated on October 11, 1984, in honour of the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who attended the Keeneland races, during her private visit to Central Kentucky, and who presented a trophy on that date. The event was held on the dirt track over a distance of 1+1⁄16 miles with Sintra winning in a time of 1:432⁄5. The following year the event was moved to the turf track. The Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup was a Listed race in 1984 and 1985, and was upgraded to Grade III status in 1986. The event held this status for two runnings and was upgraded to Grade II. In 1991 was upgraded once more to Grade I. It is an important prep race to the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf. Records Time record: 1+1⁄8 miles: 1:45.81 – Memories of Silver (1996) 1+1⁄16 miles: 1:43.20 - Graceful Darby (1987) Margins: 5 lengths – Graceful Darby (1987) Most wins by an owner 2 – Henryk de Kwiatkowski (1985, 1986) 2 – Darby Dan Farm (1988, 1990) 2 – Stronach Stables (1999, 2000) Most wins by a jockey 5 – John R. Velazquez (1995, 2008, 2014, 2016, 2019) Most wins by a trainer 5 – Chad C. Brown (2012, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022) Winners Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Distance Time Purse Grade Ref 2023 Mawj (IRE) Oisin Murphy Saeed bin Suroor Godolphin 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.06 $501,000 I 2022 Gina Romantica Flavien Prat Chad C. Brown Peter M. Brant 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.20 $569,125 I 2021 Shantisara (IRE) Flavien Prat Chad C. Brown Michael Dubb, Madaket Stables & Robert V. LaPenta 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.86 $500,000 I 2020 Harvey's Lil Goil Martin Garcia William I. Mott Harvey A. Clarke (Estate) & Paul Braverman 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.72 $500,000 I 2019 Cambier Parc John R. Velazquez Chad C. Brown OXO Equine 1+1⁄8 miles 1:49.54 $500,000 I 2018 Rushing Fall Javier Castellano Chad C. Brown e Five Racing Thoroughbreds 1+1⁄8 miles 1:50.42 $500,000 I 2017 La Coronel Jose Lezcano Mark E. Casse John C. Oxley 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.99 $500,000 I 2016 Time and Motion John R. Velazquez James J. Toner Phillips Racing Partnership 1+1⁄8 miles 1:50.24 $500,000 I 2015 Her Emmynency Florent Geroux Michael Stidham Dawn & Ike Thrash 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.84 $500,000 I 2014 Crown Queen John R. Velazquez William I. Mott Besilu Stables 1+1⁄8 miles 1:49.98 $500,000 I 2013 Kitten's Dumplings Julien R. Leparoux Michael J. Maker Kenneth and Sarah Ramsey 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.43 $400,000 I 2012 Dayatthespa Javier Castellano Chad C. Brown Jerry & Ronald Frankel, Steve Laymon & Bradley Thoroughbreds 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.99 $400,000 I 2011 Together (IRE) Colm O'Donoghue Aidan P. O'Brien Derrick Smith, Mrs. John Magnier & Michael Tabor 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.83 $400,000 I 2010 Harmonious Joel Rosario John Shirreffs Martin, Pam, & Emily Wygods 1+1⁄8 miles 1:49.14 $400,000 I 2009 Hot Cha Cha James Graham Philip A. Sims Nelson McMakin 1+1⁄8 miles 1:53.09 $500,000 I 2008 Alwajeeha John R. Velazquez Kiaran P. McLaughlin Shadwell Stable 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.09 $500,000 I 2007 Bit of Whimsy Javier Castellano Barclay Tagg Joyce B. Young & Gerald McManis 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.73 $500,000 I 2006 Vacare Carlos H. Marquez Jr. Chris M. Block Lothenbach Stables 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.42 $500,000 I 2005 Sweet Talker Rafael Bejarano Helen Pitts-Blasi Eliah & Lisa Kahn 1+1⁄8 miles 1:51.20 $500,000 I 2004 Ticker Tape (GB) Kent J. Desormeaux James M. Cassidy Jim Ford, Deron Pearson & Jack Sweesy 1+1⁄8 miles 1:51.35 $500,000 I 2003 Film Maker Edgar S. Prado H. Graham Motion Courtlandt Farm 1+1⁄8 miles 1:47.82 $500,000 I 2002 Riskaverse Mark Guidry Patrick J. Kelly Fox Ridge Farm (Peter G. Schiff) 1+1⁄8 miles 1:49.84 $500,000 I 2001 Affluent Eddie Delahoussaye Ron McAnally Janis R. Whitham 1+1⁄8 miles 1:50.03 $500,000 I 2000 Collect the Cash Shane Sellers Joe Orseno Stronach Stables 1+1⁄8 miles 1:47.94 $500,000 I 1999 Perfect Sting Pat Day Joe Orseno Stronach Stables 1+1⁄8 miles 1:50.66 $500,000 I 1998 Tenski Richard Migliore Linda L. Rice Richard L. Golden 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.54 $400,000 I 1997 Ryafan Alex O. Solis John Gosden Juddmonte Farms 1+1⁄8 miles 1:46.64 $400,000 I 1996 Memories of Silver Robbie Davis James J. Toner Joan G. & John W. Phillips 1+1⁄8 miles 1:45.81 $400,000 I 1995 Perfect Arc John R. Velazquez Angel A. Penna Jr. Brazil Stables 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.84 $250,000 I 1994 Danish (IRE) Julie Krone Christophe Clement Harry McCalmont 1+1⁄8 miles 1:49.89 $200,000 I 1993 Tribulation Jean-Luc Samyn James J. Toner James W. Phillips & G. Arthur Seelbinder 1+1⁄8 miles 1:53.62 $200,000 I 1992 Captive Miss Julie Krone Philip M. Serpe Zeke Minassian 1+1⁄8 miles 1:48.66 $200,000 I 1991 La Gueriere Brian Dale Peck A. Peter Perkins Wimborne Farm 1+1⁄8 miles 1:49.86 $200,000 I 1990 Plenty of Grace Jerry D. Bailey John M. Veitch Darby Dan Farm 1+1⁄8 miles 1:51.40 $100,000 II 1989 Coolawin Jose A. Velez Jr. Carl A. Nafzger James B. Tafel 1+1⁄16 miles 1:43.20 $100,000 II 1988 Love You by Heart Randy Romero John M. Veitch Darby Dan Farm 1+1⁄16 miles 1:44.80 $100,000 II 1987 Graceful Darby Jerry D. Bailey John M. Veitch James W. Phillips 1+1⁄16 miles 1:47.20 $100,000 III 1986 Lotka Walter Guerra Woodford C. Stephens Henryk de Kwiatkowski 1+1⁄16 miles 1:50.00 $100,000 III 1985 Contredance Eddie Maple Woodford C. Stephens Henryk de Kwiatkowski 1+1⁄16 miles 1:47.00 $85,550 1984 Sintra Keith Allen Steven Penrod Cherry Valley Farm 1+1⁄16 miles 1:43.40 $106,625 Legend:   Dirt   Turf See also List of American and Canadian Graded races External links Ten Things You Should Know about the QEII Challenge Cup at Hello Race Fans! References ^ a b c Rees, Jennie (27 October 1984). "Sintra's wins Allen a hand from the queen (1984 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1984)". The Courier-Journal. p. 35. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ a b "Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End (Gr. 1)". Equibase. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ a b "QUEEN ELIZABETH II CHALLENGE CUP STAKES - MULTIPLE TRACKS". Thoroughbred Pedigree Online. 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ "2023 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 14 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023. ^ "2022 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 15 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022. ^ "2021 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. Retrieved 16 October 2021. ^ "2020 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 10 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020. ^ "2019 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2018 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2017 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 14 October 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2016 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. Presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2015 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 10 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2014 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2013 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2012 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 13 October 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2011 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2010 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 16 October 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2009 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 17 October 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2008 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 11 October 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2007 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 13 October 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2006 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 14 October 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2005 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)". Equibase. 15 October 2005. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2004 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 16 October 2004. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2003 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 11 October 2003. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2002 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 7)". Equibase. 12 October 2002. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2001 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 13 October 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "2000 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 8 October 2000. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1999 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 9 October 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1998 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 10 October 1998. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1997 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 4 October 1997. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1996 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 5 October 1996. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1995 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 21 October 1995. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1994 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 29 October 1994. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1993 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 30 October 1993. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1992 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 24 October 1992. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ "1991 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)". Equibase. 26 October 1991. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ Berry, Jack (21 October 1990). "Tough as nails' Plenty of Grace nabs Queen Elizabeth by a neck (1990 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 20 October 1990)". The Courier-Journal. p. 18. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ Koerner, Dave (29 October 1989). "Coolawin shoos off trainer's 'duck' with victory in Queen Elizabeth II (1989 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 28 October 1989)". The Courier-Journal. p. 22. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ Berry, Jack (30 October 1988). "Love You by Heart puts in a royal effort to win Queen Elizabeth II Stakes (1988 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 29 October 1988)". The Courier-Journal. p. 22. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ Rees, Jennie (18 October 1987). "Graceful Darby wins by 5 at Keeneland (1987 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 17 October 1987)". The Courier-Journal. p. 21. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ Cushing, Rick (26 October 1986). "Mark one up for Woody as Lotka wins Challenge Cup (1986 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 25 October 1986)". The Courier-Journal. p. 21. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ Rees, Jennie (27 October 1985). "An inside move benefits Contredance (1985 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1985)". The Courier-Journal. p. 58. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cup_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Stakes_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Grade I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_stakes_race"},{"link_name":"thoroughbred horse race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_race"},{"link_name":"fillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filly"},{"link_name":"turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"Keeneland Race Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeneland_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"}],"text":"This article is about the horse race in the U.S.. For other uses, see Elizabeth Cup and Elizabeth Stakes.Horse raceThe Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes is a Grade I American thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies over a distance of one and one-eighth miles on the turf held annually in October at Keeneland Race Course in Lexington, Kentucky during the fall meeting.","title":"Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Keeneland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeneland"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R1984-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R1984-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pedigree-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pedigree-3"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Filly_%26_Mare_Turf"}],"text":"The race was inaugurated on October 11, 1984, in honour of the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who attended the Keeneland races, during her private visit to Central Kentucky, and who presented a trophy on that date.[1] The event was held on the dirt track over a distance of 1+1⁄16 miles with Sintra winning in a time of 1:432⁄5.[1]The following year the event was moved to the turf track.[2]The Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup was a Listed race in 1984 and 1985, and was upgraded to Grade III status in 1986.[2] The event held this status for two runnings and was upgraded to Grade II.[3] In 1991 was upgraded once more to Grade I.[3]It is an important prep race to the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henryk de Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_de_Kwiatkowski"},{"link_name":"Darby Dan Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darby_Dan_Farm"},{"link_name":"Stronach Stables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronach_Stables"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"John R. Velazquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Velazquez"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"Chad C. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Brown_(horse_trainer)"}],"text":"Time record:1+1⁄8 miles: 1:45.81 – Memories of Silver (1996)\n1+1⁄16 miles: 1:43.20 - Graceful Darby (1987)Margins:5 lengths – Graceful Darby (1987)Most wins by an owner2 – Henryk de Kwiatkowski (1985, 1986)\n2 – Darby Dan Farm (1988, 1990)\n2 – Stronach Stables (1999, 2000)Most wins by a jockey5 – John R. Velazquez (1995, 2008, 2014, 2016, 2019)Most wins by a trainer5 – Chad C. Brown (2012, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Legend:\n\n  Dirt \n  Turf","title":"Winners"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of American and Canadian Graded races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_and_Canadian_Graded_races"}]
[{"reference":"Rees, Jennie (27 October 1984). \"Sintra's wins Allen a hand from the queen (1984 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1984)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 35. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Sintra+SOLAR+HALO+from+the+queen&ymd=1984-10-12","url_text":"\"Sintra's wins Allen a hand from the queen (1984 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1984)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End (Gr. 1)\". Equibase. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=Stakes&stkid=2286","url_text":"\"Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End (Gr. 1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"QUEEN ELIZABETH II CHALLENGE CUP STAKES - MULTIPLE TRACKS\". Thoroughbred Pedigree Online. 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pedigreequery.com/index.php?search_bar=stakes&query_type=stakes&field=view&id=833","url_text":"\"QUEEN ELIZABETH II CHALLENGE CUP STAKES - MULTIPLE TRACKS\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 14 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/14/2023&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2023 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 15 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/15/2022&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2022 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. Retrieved 16 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=KEE&raceDate=10/16/2021&cy=USA&rn=8","url_text":"\"2021 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 10 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/10/2020&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2020 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Dixiana Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/12/2019&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2019 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/13/2018&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2018 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 14 October 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/14/2017&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2017 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. Presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/15/2016&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2016 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup S. Presented by Lane's End Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 10 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/10/2015&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2015 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/11/2014&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2014 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/12/2013&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2013 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 13 October 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/13/2012&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2012 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/15/2011&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2011 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 16 October 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/16/2010&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2010 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 17 October 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/17/2009&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2009 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 11 October 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/11/2008&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2008 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 13 October 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/13/2007&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2007 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 14 October 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/14/2006&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2006 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\". Equibase. 15 October 2005. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/15/2005&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2005 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 16 October 2004. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/16/2004&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2004 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 11 October 2003. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/11/2003&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2003 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2002 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 7)\". Equibase. 12 October 2002. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=7&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/12/2002&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2002 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 7)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 13 October 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/13/2001&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2001 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 8 October 2000. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/08/2000&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2000 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1999 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 9 October 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/09/1999&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1999 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1998 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 10 October 1998. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/10/1998&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1998 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 4 October 1997. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/04/1997&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1997 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 5 October 1996. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/05/1996&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1996 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 21 October 1995. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/21/1995&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1995 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1994 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 29 October 1994. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/29/1994&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1994 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1993 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 30 October 1993. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/30/1993&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1993 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1992 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 24 October 1992. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/24/1992&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1992 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\". Equibase. 26 October 1991. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=KEE&CTRY=USA&DT=10/26/1991&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1991 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes Grade 1 - (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"Berry, Jack (21 October 1990). \"Tough as nails' Plenty of Grace nabs Queen Elizabeth by a neck (1990 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 20 October 1990)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 18. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Plenty+of+Grace+Queen+Elizabeth&ymd=1990-10-21","url_text":"\"Tough as nails' Plenty of Grace nabs Queen Elizabeth by a neck (1990 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 20 October 1990)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Koerner, Dave (29 October 1989). \"Coolawin shoos off trainer's 'duck' with victory in Queen Elizabeth II (1989 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 28 October 1989)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 22. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Coolawin++Queen+Elizabeth&ymd=1989-10-29","url_text":"\"Coolawin shoos off trainer's 'duck' with victory in Queen Elizabeth II (1989 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 28 October 1989)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Jack (30 October 1988). \"Love You by Heart puts in a royal effort to win Queen Elizabeth II Stakes (1988 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 29 October 1988)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 22. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Love+You+by+Heart++Queen+Elizabeth&ymd=1988-10-30","url_text":"\"Love You by Heart puts in a royal effort to win Queen Elizabeth II Stakes (1988 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 29 October 1988)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Rees, Jennie (18 October 1987). \"Graceful Darby wins by 5 at Keeneland (1987 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 17 October 1987)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 21. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Graceful+Darby+wins+by+Queen+Elizabeth&ymd=1987-10-18","url_text":"\"Graceful Darby wins by 5 at Keeneland (1987 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 17 October 1987)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Cushing, Rick (26 October 1986). \"Mark one up for Woody as Lotka wins Challenge Cup (1986 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 25 October 1986)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 21. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Lotka+Woody+Queen+Elizabeth+Challenge&ymd=1986-10-26","url_text":"\"Mark one up for Woody as Lotka wins Challenge Cup (1986 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 25 October 1986)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Rees, Jennie (27 October 1985). \"An inside move benefits Contredance (1985 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1985)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 58. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Contredance+Queen+Elizabeth&ymd=1985-10-27","url_text":"\"An inside move benefits Contredance (1985 Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1985)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outraged
Outraged
["1 Track listing","1.1 CD","2 Personnel","2.1 Additional","3 Charts","4 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Outraged" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2013 studio album by OutrageOutragedStudio album by OutrageReleased5 June 2013GenreHeavy metal, thrash metalLength44:50LabelThunderball 667ProducerFredrik NordströmOutrage chronology Outrage(2009) Outraged(2013) Outraged is the eleventh studio album by Japanese heavy metal band Outrage. It was released on 5 June 2013 on the Thunderball 667 label. Track listing CD No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."Lost"Shinya Tange, Yuko KoideYosuke Abe, Tange4:142."Grip On Chains"Tange, KoideAbe, Tange4:593."New Horizon (I Found You)"Naoki Hashimoto, KoideYoshihiro Yasui, Hashimoto5:014."Suck It"Tange, KoideAbe, Tange2:485."Six Million Light Years"Hashimoto, KoideYasui, Hashimoto4:296."Freya" (instrumental) Abe2:267."This Is War"Tange, KoideAbe, Tange3:538."Hey! I've Got a Feeling"HashimotoYasui, Hashimoto7:319."In the Air"Tange, KoideAbe, Tange4:0510."Far Away"Tange, KoideAbe, Tange5:32Total length:44:50 Personnel Naoki Hashimoto – vocals Yosuke Abe – guitars Yoshihiro Yasui – bass Shinya Tange – drums Additional Lisa Reuter - Cello (track 10) Elin Sydhagen - Viola (track 10) Charts Chart (2013) Peakposition Japanese Albums (Oricon) 32 References ^ OUTRAGE、3年半ぶり新作「OUTRAGED」＆スペシャ特番 (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-23. ^ "Outrage - Outraged". musik-sammler.de. Retrieved 2015-05-23. ^ "Outrage - Outraged". oricn ME inc. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Craft
Jerry Craft
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Mama's Boyz","2.2 New Kid","3 Personal life","4 Awards","5 Bibliography","5.1 Mama's Boyz collections","5.2 As illustrator","6 References","7 External links"]
American cartoonist and illustrator Jerry CraftBorn (1963-01-22) January 22, 1963 (age 61)New York City, U.S.Area(s)CartoonistNotable worksMama's BoyzNew KidAwardsGlyph Awards (2013)Newbery Medal (2020)www.jerrycraft.com Jerry Craft (born January 22, 1963) is an American cartoonist and children's book illustrator best known for his syndicated newspaper comic strip Mama's Boyz and his graphic novels New Kid, Class Act, and School Trip. Craft is one of only a handful of syndicated African American cartoonists in the US. Early life and education Craft grew up in Washington Heights and attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School. He graduated from the School of Visual Arts in 1984 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Media Arts. Career Craft worked for twelve years as a copywriter for various advertising agencies, during which time he also got his first comics work on projects for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics. Moving on to King Features Syndicate, Craft spent eight years writing sales brochures. This connection with King Features led to the syndication of Craft's Mama's Boyz beginning in 1995. Craft later worked as editorial director of the Sports Illustrated for Kids website where he was nominated for a New Media Award by the National Cartoonists Society for his series of popular Flash cartoons. He left that job in October 2006 to become a full-time cartoonist. Craft performs regular cartooning workshops at schools, camps, and libraries. On January 27, 2020, New Kid was awarded the Newbery Medal, becoming the first graphic novel to receive this honor. New Kid also won the Coretta Scott King Author Award and the Kirkus Prize. Mama's Boyz Mama's Boyz follows the lives of African American single mother Pauline Porter and her two teenage sons Tyrell and Yusuf. Other characters include Pauline's brother Greg and their parents. Mama's Boyz is the outgrowth of a prior strip called The Outside View, which Craft first self-syndicated in 1987. In 1990, he adapted some elements of The Outside View to create Mama's Boyz, which he self-syndicated to New York's The City Sun and eventually a number of other weekly papers across the country. In 1995, Mama's Boyz was picked up for weekly syndication by King Features. Mama's Boyz has been praised in Great Books for African American Children, and featured in Chicken Soup for the African American Soul, Chicken Soup for the African American Woman's Soul, and The Complete Idiot's Guide to Comedy Writing. The Mama's Boyz characters also act as official "spokescharacters" of the American Diabetes Association's African-American Program. New Kid Published in 2019, New Kid tells the story of Jordan Banks, an African-American seventh grader who begins attending a predominantly white, affluent, private school. The book is a partially autobiographical coming of age novel. As one of the few African-American students at his school, Jordan has to face daily microagressions. Personal life Craft had two sons, Jaylen and Aren, but Aren passed away on February 18, 2024, when he was only 24 years old, a potential suicide. He and his brother co-wrote the book The Offenders: Saving the World While Serving Detention! with their father. Craft lives in Norwalk, Connecticut. Awards 2020 Newbery Medal for New Kid 2013 Glyph Awards — Best Comic Strip or Webcomic for Mama's Boyz 2009 African American Literary Awards Show Open Book Awards 2007 Conversation Starter award — DC Campaign to Prevent Teenage Pregnancy 2004 African American Literary Awards Show Open Book Awards American Diabetes Association Outstanding Supporter Award (2x) National Cartoonists Society — nominated Bibliography (written with Jaylen Craft & Aren Craft) The Offenders: Saving the World While Serving Detention! (Mama's Boyz, Inc., 2014) New Kid (Quill Tree Books, 2019) Class Act (Quill Tree Books, 2020) School Trip (Quill Tree Books, 2023) Mama's Boyz collections As American as Sweet Potato Pie! (American Publishing Company, 1997) Home Schoolin' – Because Learning Shouldn't Stop at 3 O'Clock (Mama's Boyz, Inc., 2007) — endorsed by both Teachers Against Prejudice and Comics in the Classroom The Big Picture: What you Need to Succeed! (Mama's Boyz, Inc., 2010) As illustrator (with writer Lori Nelson) Hillary's Big Business Adventure (Nelson Publishing, 2008) (with writer Margo Candelario) Looking to the Clouds for Daddy (Karen Hunter Media, 2009) (with writer David Miller) Khalil's Way (Urban Leadership Institute, 2012) References ^ a b Craft entry, Lambiek's Comiclopedia. Accessed January 22, 2014. ^ Herbowy, Greg and Michelle Mackie, "Shelf Liners," Visual Arts Journal: School of Visual Arts Magazine (Fall 2017). ^ "Mama's Boyz" (interview), News 8 WTNH website (February 15, 2010). ^ "Children Chatting with Jerry Craft". www.lapl.org. Retrieved October 22, 2021. ^ "Jerry Craft". HarperCollins Speakers Bureau. HarperCollins. Retrieved January 19, 2022. Craft inspires audiences of all ages with his interactive and dynamic presentations and drawing demonstrations. ^ de León, Concepción (January 27, 2020). "Graphic Novel Wins Newbery Medal for the First Time". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2020. ^ Reviews, Kirkus (November 7, 2017). "The Winners Of The 2017 Kirkus Prize". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 26, 2018. ^ Jamieson, Victoria (March 8, 2019). "Graphic Novels That Will Keep Kids Reading". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ Emanuele Berry (January 7, 2022). "Talking While Black". This American Life (Podcast). This American Life. Event occurs at 34:50. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ Drew, Emma (March 13, 2020). "'New Kid,' By SVA alumnus Jerry Craft, Is The First Graphic Novel To Win The Newbery Medal". School of Visual Arts (SVA). Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ https://www.nancyonnorwalk.com/police-suspect-suicide-in-norwalk-river-car-plunge/ ^ "Book Lovers Corner: "The Offenders: Saving the World While Serving Detention!" News 8 WNTH website (November 7, 2013). ^ a b Edwards, Gwen. "Our Lives 9/28," News 12 Connecticut website (September 27, 2013). ^ MacDonald, Heidi. "2013 Glyph Comics Awards Winners announced," The Beat (May 22, 2013). ^ "Children Chatting with Jerry Craft". www.lapl.org. Retrieved October 22, 2021. ^ "Cartoonist Jerry Craft Publishes New Book," King Features website (February 24, 2010). External links Official website Jerry Craft on X Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comiclopedia-1"},{"link_name":"cartoonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist"},{"link_name":"children's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_book"},{"link_name":"illustrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrator"},{"link_name":"newspaper comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_comic_strip"},{"link_name":"New Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kid"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"}],"text":"Jerry Craft (born January 22, 1963)[1] is an American cartoonist and children's book illustrator best known for his syndicated newspaper comic strip Mama's Boyz and his graphic novels New Kid, Class Act, and School Trip. Craft is one of only a handful of syndicated African American cartoonists in the US.","title":"Jerry Craft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Ethical Culture Fieldston School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_Culture_Fieldston_School"},{"link_name":"School of Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Craft grew up in Washington Heights and attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School. He graduated from the School of Visual Arts in 1984 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Media Arts.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Harvey Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Comics"},{"link_name":"King Features Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated for Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_for_Kids"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kid"},{"link_name":"Newbery Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery_Medal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-6"},{"link_name":"Coretta Scott King Author Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Author_Award"},{"link_name":"Kirkus Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Prize"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Craft worked for twelve years as a copywriter for various advertising agencies, during which time he also got his first comics work on projects for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics. Moving on to King Features Syndicate, Craft spent eight years writing sales brochures. This connection with King Features led to the syndication of Craft's Mama's Boyz beginning in 1995.[3]Craft later worked as editorial director of the Sports Illustrated for Kids website where he was nominated for a New Media Award by the National Cartoonists Society for his series of popular Flash cartoons. He left that job in October 2006 to become a full-time cartoonist.[4]Craft performs regular cartooning workshops at schools, camps, and libraries.[5]On January 27, 2020, New Kid was awarded the Newbery Medal, becoming the first graphic novel to receive this honor.[6] New Kid also won the Coretta Scott King Author Award and the Kirkus Prize.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The City Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_Sun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comiclopedia-1"},{"link_name":"Chicken Soup for the African American Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul"},{"link_name":"The Complete Idiot's Guide to Comedy Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Idiot%27s_Guides"},{"link_name":"American Diabetes Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association"}],"sub_title":"Mama's Boyz","text":"Mama's Boyz follows the lives of African American single mother Pauline Porter and her two teenage sons Tyrell and Yusuf. Other characters include Pauline's brother Greg and their parents.Mama's Boyz is the outgrowth of a prior strip called The Outside View, which Craft first self-syndicated in 1987. In 1990, he adapted some elements of The Outside View to create Mama's Boyz, which he self-syndicated to New York's The City Sun and eventually a number of other weekly papers across the country. In 1995, Mama's Boyz was picked up for weekly syndication by King Features.[1]Mama's Boyz has been praised in Great Books for African American Children, and featured in Chicken Soup for the African American Soul, Chicken Soup for the African American Woman's Soul, and The Complete Idiot's Guide to Comedy Writing. The Mama's Boyz characters also act as official \"spokescharacters\" of the American Diabetes Association's African-American Program.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"New Kid","text":"Published in 2019, New Kid tells the story of Jordan Banks, an African-American seventh grader who begins attending a predominantly white, affluent, private school.[8] The book is a partially autobiographical coming of age novel.[9] As one of the few African-American students at his school, Jordan has to face daily microagressions.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news12-13"},{"link_name":"Norwalk, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news12-13"}],"text":"Craft had two sons, Jaylen and Aren, but Aren passed away on February 18, 2024,[11] when he was only 24 years old, a potential suicide. He and his brother co-wrote the book The Offenders: Saving the World While Serving Detention! with their father.[12][13] Craft lives in Norwalk, Connecticut.[13]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newbery Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery_Medal"},{"link_name":"New Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kid"},{"link_name":"Glyph Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph_Awards"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013winners-14"},{"link_name":"American Diabetes Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association"},{"link_name":"National Cartoonists Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"2020 Newbery Medal for New Kid\n2013 Glyph Awards — Best Comic Strip or Webcomic for Mama's Boyz[14]\n2009 African American Literary Awards Show Open Book Awards\n2007 Conversation Starter award — DC Campaign to Prevent Teenage Pregnancy\n2004 African American Literary Awards Show Open Book Awards\nAmerican Diabetes Association Outstanding Supporter Award (2x)\nNational Cartoonists Society — nominated[15]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kid"},{"link_name":"Class Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Act_(graphic_novel)"}],"text":"(written with Jaylen Craft & Aren Craft) The Offenders: Saving the World While Serving Detention! (Mama's Boyz, Inc., 2014)\nNew Kid (Quill Tree Books, 2019)\nClass Act (Quill Tree Books, 2020)\nSchool Trip (Quill Tree Books, 2023)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Mama's Boyz collections","text":"As American as Sweet Potato Pie! (American Publishing Company, 1997)\nHome Schoolin' – Because Learning Shouldn't Stop at 3 O'Clock (Mama's Boyz, Inc., 2007) — endorsed by both Teachers Against Prejudice and Comics in the Classroom\nThe Big Picture: What you Need to Succeed! (Mama's Boyz, Inc., 2010)[16]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As illustrator","text":"(with writer Lori Nelson) Hillary's Big Business Adventure (Nelson Publishing, 2008)\n(with writer Margo Candelario) Looking to the Clouds for Daddy (Karen Hunter Media, 2009)\n(with writer David Miller) Khalil's Way (Urban Leadership Institute, 2012)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Children Chatting with Jerry Craft\". www.lapl.org. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lapl.org/books-emedia/podcasts/children-chatting/children-chatting-jerry-craft","url_text":"\"Children Chatting with Jerry Craft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Craft\". HarperCollins Speakers Bureau. HarperCollins. Retrieved January 19, 2022. Craft inspires audiences of all ages with his interactive and dynamic presentations and drawing demonstrations.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harpercollinsspeakersbureau.com/speaker/jerry-craft/","url_text":"\"Jerry Craft\""}]},{"reference":"de León, Concepción (January 27, 2020). \"Graphic Novel Wins Newbery Medal for the First Time\". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/books/newbery-new-kid-jerry-craft-caldecott-undefeated-kwame-alexander.html","url_text":"\"Graphic Novel Wins Newbery Medal for the First Time\""}]},{"reference":"Reviews, Kirkus (November 7, 2017). \"The Winners Of The 2017 Kirkus Prize\". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-winners-of-the-2017-kirkus-prize_us_5a020eb3e4b0230facb840c7","url_text":"\"The Winners Of The 2017 Kirkus Prize\""}]},{"reference":"Jamieson, Victoria (March 8, 2019). \"Graphic Novels That Will Keep Kids Reading\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/books/review/new-kid-jerry-craft-max-midknights-lincoln-peirce.html","url_text":"\"Graphic Novels That Will Keep Kids Reading\""}]},{"reference":"Emanuele Berry (January 7, 2022). \"Talking While Black\". This American Life (Podcast). This American Life. Event occurs at 34:50. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/758/talking-while-black","url_text":"\"Talking While Black\""}]},{"reference":"Drew, Emma (March 13, 2020). \"'New Kid,' By SVA alumnus Jerry Craft, Is The First Graphic Novel To Win The Newbery Medal\". School of Visual Arts (SVA). Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sva.edu/features/new-kid-by-sva-alumnus-jerry-craft-is-the-first-graphic-novel-to-win-the-newbery-medal","url_text":"\"'New Kid,' By SVA alumnus Jerry Craft, Is The First Graphic Novel To Win The Newbery Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Children Chatting with Jerry Craft\". www.lapl.org. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lapl.org/books-emedia/podcasts/children-chatting/children-chatting-jerry-craft","url_text":"\"Children Chatting with Jerry Craft\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.jerrycraft.com/","external_links_name":"www.jerrycraft.com"},{"Link":"http://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/craft-jerry.htm","external_links_name":"Craft entry"},{"Link":"http://www.wtnh.com/ct-style/book-lovers/mamas-boyz","external_links_name":"\"Mama's Boyz\" (interview)"},{"Link":"https://www.lapl.org/books-emedia/podcasts/children-chatting/children-chatting-jerry-craft","external_links_name":"\"Children Chatting with Jerry Craft\""},{"Link":"https://www.harpercollinsspeakersbureau.com/speaker/jerry-craft/","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Craft\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/books/newbery-new-kid-jerry-craft-caldecott-undefeated-kwame-alexander.html","external_links_name":"\"Graphic Novel Wins Newbery Medal for the First Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-winners-of-the-2017-kirkus-prize_us_5a020eb3e4b0230facb840c7","external_links_name":"\"The Winners Of The 2017 Kirkus Prize\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/books/review/new-kid-jerry-craft-max-midknights-lincoln-peirce.html","external_links_name":"\"Graphic Novels That Will Keep Kids Reading\""},{"Link":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/758/talking-while-black","external_links_name":"\"Talking While Black\""},{"Link":"https://sva.edu/features/new-kid-by-sva-alumnus-jerry-craft-is-the-first-graphic-novel-to-win-the-newbery-medal","external_links_name":"\"'New Kid,' By SVA alumnus Jerry Craft, Is The First Graphic Novel To Win The Newbery Medal\""},{"Link":"https://www.nancyonnorwalk.com/police-suspect-suicide-in-norwalk-river-car-plunge/","external_links_name":"https://www.nancyonnorwalk.com/police-suspect-suicide-in-norwalk-river-car-plunge/"},{"Link":"http://www.wtnh.com/ct-style/book-lovers-corner-the-offenders-saving-the-world-while-serving-detention#.Unw3MREcen0.facebook","external_links_name":"\"Book Lovers Corner: \"The Offenders: Saving the World While Serving Detention!\""},{"Link":"http://connecticut.news12.com/multimedia/our-lives-9-28-1.6154336","external_links_name":"\"Our Lives 9/28,\""},{"Link":"https://www.comicsbeat.com/2013-glyph-comics-awards-winners-announced/","external_links_name":"\"2013 Glyph Comics Awards Winners announced,\""},{"Link":"https://www.lapl.org/books-emedia/podcasts/children-chatting/children-chatting-jerry-craft","external_links_name":"\"Children Chatting with Jerry Craft\""},{"Link":"http://kingfeatures.com/2010/02/mamas-boyz-the-big-picture-%E2%80%93-what-you-need-to-succeed/","external_links_name":"\"Cartoonist Jerry Craft Publishes New Book,\""},{"Link":"http://www.jerrycraft.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://x.com/JerryCraft","external_links_name":"Jerry Craft"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2616159337563213150009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17908778g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17908778g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987008916176305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98100642","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBS_Symposium
EBS Symposium
["1 Career Opportunities","1.1 Career Fair","1.2 Workshops and Interviews","1.3 Innovation Fair","1.4 Start Up Pitches","2 Former Speakers","3 Organization","4 History","5 See also","6 References"]
EBS SymposiumContact, Congress, CareerFormation1989TypeStudent OrganizationMembers of the BoardPhilipp BeeckPaul WagnerFelix KleinJan-Niklas MöllerJan DertingerVolunteers 150-200Websitewww.ebs-symposium.de The EBS Symposium is the biggest collegiate economic congress in Europe organized solely by students with over 1000 participants each year. The EBS Symposium takes place annually in September on the campus of the EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht in Oestrich-Winkel. For the first time in the history of the Event, the 34. Symposium, took place at the Wiesbaden Kurhaus, including prominent guests such as Volker Wissing. One of the main goals of the EBS Symposium is to generate open conservation to discuss current economic issues between students, young professionals, and well-known representatives from business and politics. At the recruiting fair, various companies have the opportunity to introduce themselves and to pass on information about their company to participants and potential applicants. The topical speeches, panel discussions, and workshops on current economic and socially relevant topics offer space for interaction and communication among the participants and promote the establishment of contacts. Each year a great number of speakers are invited to join the EBS Symposium to contribute their experience and knowledge in favor of the current topic through presentations or key-note speeches. Every year the EBS Symposium welcomes renowned speakers e.g. Jonas Deichmann (author and extreme athlete), Alexander Dibelius (CEO Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, Goldman Sachs) and Matthias Buck (COO Germany from the Deutsche Bank AG). The conference has been referred to as “one of Europe's largest and most prestigious student-run business conferences”. Career Opportunities Career Fair The career fair is often considered to be one of the most important part of the EBS Symposium. The Career Fair offers sought-after networking opportunities, by facilitating conversations with representatives from some of the largest companies worldwide. The list of recruiting partners included Goldman Sachs, McKinsey, Boston Consulting Group, BNP Paribas, P&C, Futury, EW Group, Horvarth & Partners, Accenture and many others. Workshops and Interviews Besides speeches, the EBS Symposium offers interactive panels, workshops, and interviews with potential employers. Companies have the chance to attract and win future applicants, by way of informative booths at the Recruiting Fair. Participants, often arriving from universities across the globe, ask questions to employees and experts about work with regards to individual areas of interest such as consulting or financial advisory. Furthermore, at the recruiting fair, the exhibitors have the chance to introduce the structure and culture of the company to interested students. Innovation Fair At the innovation Fair, participants of the EBS Symposium take part in innovative works and ideas as well as enter into a dialogue with the presenting company. The fair offers the companies the opportunity to exhibit their products, conduct market research, and find common grounds with other exhibitors. The spectrum ranges from companies in the automotive industry to manufacturers of TVs. Start Up Pitches Although the Symposium is a more traditional event, it has recognized a need for ‘adapting to change’. Entrepreneurship plays a significant role ate EBS University and should therefore also have its place at the Symposium. For this reason, the ‘Start-up Pitch Battle’ was introduced in 2021. The ‘Start-up Pitch Battle' gives 8 start-ups from different sectors a stage to pitch their business ideas to a jury and audience. They have 5 minutes to convince the jury, which consists of renowned Start Up founders and business angels, of their idea and get the chance to win the prize money and most important, receive constructive feedback from experienced founders. Former Speakers Speakers and Guests at the EBS Symposium have included: Alexander Dibelius (CEO Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, Goldman Sachs) Ann-Kristin Achleitner (German economist, professor at Technical University of Munich) Prof. Dr. Burkhard Schwenker (Chairman of the Supervisory Board, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants) Christian Lindner (leader of the FDP of Germany) Dietmar Hopp (Co-Founder, SAP AG) Dirk Müller (“Mister DAX” Börsenmakler & Buchautor) Eckhard Cordes (chairman of the executive board, Metro Group) Frank Mattern (Managing Director Germany, McKinsey & Company) Franz Fehrenbach (chairman of the supervisory board Robert Bosch GmbH) Friedrich Joussen (executive chairman of TUI Group) Gerhard Cromme (former Chairman of the supervisory board, Siemens AG) Gerhard Schröder (former Chancellor of Germany) Götz Werner (Founder, dm-drogerie markt GmbH & Co. KG) Hans-Paul Bürkner (President and CEO, Boston Consulting Group) Dr. Ing. E.h. Hartmut Mehdorn (CEO Air Berlin PLC & Co. Luftverkehrs KG) Helmut Kohl (former Chancellor of Germany) Helmut Olivier (Former CEO of Lehman Brothers Germany) Herbert Hainer (chairman of the executive board, Adidas AG) Horst Köhler (former Federal President of Germany) Jean-Claude Trichet (former President of the European Central Bank) Rt Hon Sir John Major (former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom) José Manuel Barroso (Prime Minister of Portugal & non-executive Chairman of Goldman Sachs International) Jürgen Schrempp (former Chairman of the executive board, DaimlerChrysler AG) Klaus Kleinfeld (CEO Alcoa Inc.; former chairman of the executive board, Siemens AG) Klaus Zumwinkel (former Chairman of the executive board, Deutsche Post AG) Manfred Maus (Founder of OBI GmbH & Co. Deutschland KG) Martin Blessing (Co-president Global Wealth Management at UBS Group AG) Matthias Buck (COO Germany, Deutsche Bank AG) Michael Dell (CEO and Founder, Dell Inc.) Peter Terium (former CEO of RWE) Thomas Enders (CEO Airbus S. A. S.) Dr. Thomas Fritz (Director of Recruiting, McKinsey & Company) Dr. Ulrich Bez (CEO, Aston Martin Ltd.) Wolfgang Reitzle (chairman of the executive board, Linde AG) Organization A distinguishing element of the EBS Symposium is the fact that the entirety of the event is planned, organized and assembled by students enrolled in their first year of the bachelor program at the EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht, of whom over 50 usually participated in the organisation of the event. Students volunteering for the EBS Symposium, may assume various positions (member, head, chair) in a variety of departments. The departments assembling the EBS Symposium are participant relations, corporate relations, event, speaker relations, marketing & IT, mobility, finance & legal, and innovation fair. The students are supported by former chairmen and chairwomen, as well as EBS alumni and representatives of partner companies. History Following the reunification of Germany in 1989, three EBS students came together and initiated the first rendition of the EBS Symposium under the name of “Pro 90”. As the country and world around them seemed to change completely, the trio felt a need for conversations and exchanges. Thus the conference was brought to life with the idea and goal of convergence and dialogue between students from different fields of studies and representatives from politics, science, and economics. The first EBS Symposium held the theme: “Made in Germany – a term to be redefined” and greatly resonated with students and participants alike. Following this initial success, the students' worked hard to establish their idea as an annual event at the EBS - with great success! The conference continued to take on different topics and themes over the next decades. Organized by students from the first and second semester, the event flourishes annually with new ideas and fresh concepts. The Students are supported by the “Wirtschaftsrat”, consisting of former EBS Symposium chairmen and chairwomen, as well as EBS alumni and representatives of renowned companies. In 1992, students focused the annual event onto financial issues, renaming the conference “Bankenforum”. The 19th Symposium took place in 2008, under the patronage of Thomas Enders, with about 1,500 participants, including 200 representatives of several companies. Among the 55 speakers Jean-Claude Trichet, John Major and Jochen Zeitz captivated the audiences with inspiring keynote speeches. The 20th Symposium took place in September 2009 with Dieter Zetsche serving as its patron. Zetsche was succeeded in 2010 by Axel Weber the former President of the German Federal Bank as patron. The theme “Dawn of Demography – Import Growth or Export Knowledge?” guided the 22nd EBS Symposium in 201 under the patronage of Philipp Rösler, the Vice-Chancellor of Germany. The EBS Symposium continued to take place annually on the EBS campus in Oestrich-Winkel, growing in size and renownedness, attracting more than 1000 participants and 50 corporate partners annually. In 2020 the global COVID19 pandemic forced students to cancel the traditional event. However, students were not discouraged and instead initiated a digital EBS Symposium bracing the challenge with the theme: ‘Stand Up to Stand Out - Expand your Horizons’. Following a tumultuous time the EBS Symposium was back in its physical form in 2021 for the 32. time. The conference was offered in an inclusive hybrid mode, tackling the theme of ‘Adapting to Change - The Beginning of a New Era’. Addressing the new societal shifts and encouraging thought provoking interactions the conference celebrated change and unity. Pledging climate neutrality and incorporating a start-up pitch battle the 32. EBS Symposium set out to start the New Era with new traditions. The 33rd EBS Symposium is set to take place in Oestrich-Winkel from September 15–17, offering exciting speeches, panels and workshops alongside the traditional recruiting and innovation fairs, startup pitches and unprecedented networking opportunities. See also EBS University of Business and Law Frankfurt am Main Oestrich-Winkel References ^ a b c "EBS Symposium | 16–18 September 2020". EBS Symposium (in German). Retrieved 2020-05-14. ^ sensorWI (2023-10-02). "5 Uhr 30, live aus Wiesbaden - Kurhaus wird zum Fernsehstudio / ZDF sendet "moma vor der Wahl"". sensor Magazin - Wiesbaden - Fühle deine Stadt (in German). Retrieved 2024-01-30. ^ "17. ebs - Symposium - Home". 2006-02-13. Archived from the original on 2006-02-13. Retrieved 2020-05-14. ^ "Agenda". EBS Symposium (in German). 2021-09-13. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2024-02-11. ^ "Answers from Oliver Blume". Porsche Newsroom. 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2024-03-02. ^ "EBS Symposium". Inside Wirtschaft (in German). Retrieved 2024-03-02. ^ a b c "Wirtschaftskongress der EBS: Manchmal fließen im Hauptquartier Tränen". FAZ.NET (in German). 2019-09-23. ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 2024-01-30. ^ "30. EBS Symposium Oestrich Winkel". www.bearingpoint.com (in German). 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2024-01-30. ^ "Partners". EBS Symposium (in German). Retrieved 2024-01-30. ^ "M&A Consulting Services Erfahrungsberichte | Deloitte Deutschland | Karriere". Deloitte Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 2020-05-14.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Business_School_International_University_Schloss_Reichartshausen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Volker Wissing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Wissing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Jonas Deichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Deichmann"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_AG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The EBS Symposium is the biggest collegiate economic congress in Europe organized solely by students with over 1000 participants each year. The EBS Symposium takes place annually in September on the campus of the EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht in Oestrich-Winkel.[1] For the first time in the history of the Event, the 34. Symposium, took place at the Wiesbaden Kurhaus, including prominent guests such as Volker Wissing.[2]One of the main goals of the EBS Symposium is to generate open conservation to discuss current economic issues between students, young professionals, and well-known representatives from business and politics. At the recruiting fair, various companies have the opportunity to introduce themselves and to pass on information about their company to participants and potential applicants. The topical speeches, panel discussions, and workshops on current economic and socially relevant topics offer space for interaction and communication among the participants and promote the establishment of contacts.[3]Each year a great number of speakers are invited to join the EBS Symposium to contribute their experience and knowledge in favor of the current topic through presentations or key-note speeches. Every year the EBS Symposium welcomes renowned speakers e.g. Jonas Deichmann[4] (author and extreme athlete), Alexander Dibelius (CEO Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, Goldman Sachs) and Matthias Buck (COO Germany from the Deutsche Bank AG).The conference has been referred to as “one of Europe's largest and most prestigious student-run business conferences”.[5][6]","title":"EBS Symposium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career Opportunities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZ_1-7"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"McKinsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey"},{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"BNP Paribas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNP_Paribas"},{"link_name":"Accenture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accenture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Career Fair","text":"The career fair is often considered to be one of the most important part of the EBS Symposium. The Career Fair offers sought-after networking opportunities, by facilitating conversations with representatives from some of the largest companies worldwide.[7] The list of recruiting partners included Goldman Sachs, McKinsey, Boston Consulting Group, BNP Paribas, P&C, Futury, EW Group, Horvarth & Partners, Accenture and many others.[8][9]","title":"Career Opportunities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Workshops and Interviews","text":"Besides speeches, the EBS Symposium offers interactive panels, workshops, and interviews with potential employers. Companies have the chance to attract and win future applicants, by way of informative booths at the Recruiting Fair.[1] \nParticipants, often arriving from universities across the globe, ask questions to employees and experts about work with regards to individual areas of interest such as consulting or financial advisory. Furthermore, at the recruiting fair, the exhibitors have the chance to introduce the structure and culture of the company to interested students.[10]","title":"Career Opportunities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Innovation Fair","text":"At the innovation Fair, participants of the EBS Symposium take part in innovative works and ideas as well as enter into a dialogue with the presenting company. The fair offers the companies the opportunity to exhibit their products, conduct market research, and find common grounds with other exhibitors. The spectrum ranges from companies in the automotive industry to manufacturers of TVs.[1]","title":"Career Opportunities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Start Up Pitches","text":"Although the Symposium is a more traditional event, it has recognized a need for ‘adapting to change’. Entrepreneurship plays a significant role ate EBS University and should therefore also have its place at the Symposium. For this reason, the ‘Start-up Pitch Battle’ was introduced in 2021. The ‘Start-up Pitch Battle' gives 8 start-ups from different sectors a stage to pitch their business ideas to a jury and audience. They have 5 minutes to convince the jury, which consists of renowned Start Up founders and business angels, of their idea and get the chance to win the prize money and most important, receive constructive feedback from experienced founders.","title":"Career Opportunities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann-Kristin Achleitner (German economist, professor at Technical University of Munich)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Kristin_Achleitner"},{"link_name":"Prof. Dr. Burkhard Schwenker (Chairman of the Supervisory Board, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Schwenker"},{"link_name":"Christian Lindner (leader of the FDP of Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lindner"},{"link_name":"Dietmar Hopp (Co-Founder, SAP AG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_Hopp"},{"link_name":"Dirk Müller (“Mister DAX” Börsenmakler & Buchautor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_M%C3%BCller_(stock_trader)"},{"link_name":"Franz Fehrenbach (chairman of the supervisory board Robert Bosch GmbH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Fehrenbach"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Joussen (executive chairman of TUI Group)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Joussen"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Schröder (former Chancellor of Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"Götz Werner (Founder, dm-drogerie markt GmbH & Co. KG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Werner"},{"link_name":"Hans-Paul Bürkner (President and CEO, Boston Consulting Group)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Paul_B%C3%BCrkner"},{"link_name":"Dr. Ing. E.h. Hartmut Mehdorn (CEO Air Berlin PLC & Co. Luftverkehrs KG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_Mehdorn"},{"link_name":"Helmut Kohl (former Chancellor of Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hainer (chairman of the executive board, Adidas AG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hainer"},{"link_name":"Horst Köhler (former Federal President of Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Trichet (former President of the European Central Bank)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet"},{"link_name":"Rt Hon Sir John Major (former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Barroso (Prime Minister of Portugal & non-executive Chairman of Goldman Sachs International)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Schrempp (former Chairman of the executive board, DaimlerChrysler AG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_E._Schrempp"},{"link_name":"Klaus Kleinfeld (CEO Alcoa Inc.; former chairman of the executive board, Siemens AG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Kleinfeld"},{"link_name":"Klaus Zumwinkel (former Chairman of the executive board, Deutsche Post AG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Zumwinkel"},{"link_name":"Martin Blessing (Co-president Global Wealth Management at UBS Group AG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Blessing"},{"link_name":"Michael Dell (CEO and Founder, Dell Inc.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dell"},{"link_name":"Peter Terium (former CEO of RWE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Terium"},{"link_name":"Thomas Enders (CEO Airbus S. A. S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Enders"},{"link_name":"Dr. Ulrich Bez (CEO, Aston Martin Ltd.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Bez"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Reitzle (chairman of the executive board, Linde AG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Reitzle"}],"text":"Speakers and Guests at the EBS Symposium have included:Alexander Dibelius (CEO Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, Goldman Sachs)\nAnn-Kristin Achleitner (German economist, professor at Technical University of Munich)\nProf. Dr. Burkhard Schwenker (Chairman of the Supervisory Board, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants)\nChristian Lindner (leader of the FDP of Germany)\nDietmar Hopp (Co-Founder, SAP AG)\nDirk Müller (“Mister DAX” Börsenmakler & Buchautor)\nEckhard Cordes (chairman of the executive board, Metro Group)\nFrank Mattern (Managing Director Germany, McKinsey & Company)\nFranz Fehrenbach (chairman of the supervisory board Robert Bosch GmbH)\nFriedrich Joussen (executive chairman of TUI Group)\nGerhard Cromme (former Chairman of the supervisory board, Siemens AG)\nGerhard Schröder (former Chancellor of Germany)\nGötz Werner (Founder, dm-drogerie markt GmbH & Co. KG)\nHans-Paul Bürkner (President and CEO, Boston Consulting Group)\nDr. Ing. E.h. Hartmut Mehdorn (CEO Air Berlin PLC & Co. Luftverkehrs KG)\nHelmut Kohl (former Chancellor of Germany)\nHelmut Olivier (Former CEO of Lehman Brothers Germany)\nHerbert Hainer (chairman of the executive board, Adidas AG)\nHorst Köhler (former Federal President of Germany)\nJean-Claude Trichet (former President of the European Central Bank)\nRt Hon Sir John Major (former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)\nJosé Manuel Barroso (Prime Minister of Portugal & non-executive Chairman of Goldman Sachs International)\nJürgen Schrempp (former Chairman of the executive board, DaimlerChrysler AG)\nKlaus Kleinfeld (CEO Alcoa Inc.; former chairman of the executive board, Siemens AG)\nKlaus Zumwinkel (former Chairman of the executive board, Deutsche Post AG)\nManfred Maus (Founder of OBI GmbH & Co. Deutschland KG)\nMartin Blessing (Co-president Global Wealth Management at UBS Group AG)\nMatthias Buck (COO Germany, Deutsche Bank AG)\nMichael Dell (CEO and Founder, Dell Inc.)\nPeter Terium (former CEO of RWE)\nThomas Enders (CEO Airbus S. A. S.)\nDr. Thomas Fritz (Director of Recruiting, McKinsey & Company)\nDr. Ulrich Bez (CEO, Aston Martin Ltd.)\nWolfgang Reitzle (chairman of the executive board, Linde AG)","title":"Former Speakers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZ_1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZ_1-7"}],"text":"A distinguishing element of the EBS Symposium is the fact that the entirety of the event is planned, organized and assembled by students enrolled in their first year of the bachelor program at the EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht, of whom over 50 usually participated in the organisation of the event.[7]Students volunteering for the EBS Symposium, may assume various positions (member, head, chair) in a variety of departments.[7] The departments assembling the EBS Symposium are participant relations, corporate relations, event, speaker relations, marketing & IT, mobility, finance & legal, and innovation fair. The students are supported by former chairmen and chairwomen, as well as EBS alumni and representatives of partner companies.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Following the reunification of Germany in 1989, three EBS students came together and initiated the first rendition of the EBS Symposium under the name of “Pro 90”. As the country and world around them seemed to change completely, the trio felt a need for conversations and exchanges. Thus the conference was brought to life with the idea and goal of convergence and dialogue between students from different fields of studies and representatives from politics, science, and economics.\nThe first EBS Symposium held the theme: “Made in Germany – a term to be redefined” and greatly resonated with students and participants alike. Following this initial success, the students' worked hard to establish their idea as an annual event at the EBS - with great success! \nThe conference continued to take on different topics and themes over the next decades. \nOrganized by students from the first and second semester, the event flourishes annually with new ideas and fresh concepts. The Students are supported by the “Wirtschaftsrat”, consisting of former EBS Symposium chairmen and chairwomen, as well as EBS alumni and representatives of renowned companies. \nIn 1992, students focused the annual event onto financial issues, renaming the conference “Bankenforum”. The 19th Symposium took place in 2008, under the patronage of Thomas Enders, with about 1,500 participants, including 200 representatives of several companies. Among the 55 speakers Jean-Claude Trichet, John Major and Jochen Zeitz captivated the audiences with inspiring keynote speeches. The 20th Symposium took place in September 2009 with Dieter Zetsche serving as its patron. Zetsche was succeeded in 2010 by Axel Weber the former President of the German Federal Bank as patron.[5] The theme “Dawn of Demography – Import Growth or Export Knowledge?” guided the 22nd EBS Symposium in 201 under the patronage of Philipp Rösler, the Vice-Chancellor of Germany. \nThe EBS Symposium continued to take place annually on the EBS campus in Oestrich-Winkel, growing in size and renownedness, attracting more than 1000 participants and 50 corporate partners annually. \nIn 2020 the global COVID19 pandemic forced students to cancel the traditional event. However, students were not discouraged and instead initiated a digital EBS Symposium bracing the challenge with the theme: ‘Stand Up to Stand Out - Expand your Horizons’. \nFollowing a tumultuous time the EBS Symposium was back in its physical form in 2021 for the 32. time. The conference was offered in an inclusive hybrid mode, tackling the theme of ‘Adapting to Change - The Beginning of a New Era’. Addressing the new societal shifts and encouraging thought provoking interactions the conference celebrated change and unity. Pledging climate neutrality and incorporating a start-up pitch battle the 32. EBS Symposium set out to start the New Era with new traditions. \nThe 33rd EBS Symposium is set to take place in Oestrich-Winkel from September 15–17, offering exciting speeches, panels and workshops alongside the traditional recruiting and innovation fairs, startup pitches and unprecedented networking opportunities.","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"EBS University of Business and Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBS_University_of_Business_and_Law"},{"title":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"title":"Oestrich-Winkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestrich-Winkel"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta_Women%27s_Union
Abeokuta Women's Revolt
["1 Early colonialism","2 Origins of taxation in Abeokuta","3 Women’s revolt","4 References"]
Nigerian political movement Abeokuta Women's RevoltEgba Women's Tax RevoltDate1946LocationAlake's Palace, AbeokutaCaused byFlat rate tax on womenGoalsEnd taxation regime MethodsProtestsResulted inAbdication of the Alake Change in the SNA system Temporary abolition of the women's flat taxParties Abeokuta Women's Union Funmilayo Ransome Kuti Grace Eniola Soyinka Alake of Abeokuta Sole Native Authority British resident Number 10,000 The Abeokuta Women's Revolt (also called the Egba Women's Tax Riot) was a resistance movement led by the Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU) in the late 1940s against the imposition of unfair taxation by the Nigerian colonial government. The women of Abeokuta believed that, under colonialism, their economic roles were declining, while their taxes were increasing. Additionally, they argued that until they were granted representation in local government, they should not be required to pay taxes separately from men. As a result of their protests, four women received seats on the local council, and the taxation of women was ended. Early colonialism Kola nuts at a Nigerian Market Located in southwest Nigeria and inhabited by the Yoruba, Abeokuta was established in 1830 and was primarily home for the Egba and Owu people. Around 1850, the British colonial government began to extend its control into Abeokuta and negotiate treaties with the native Egba. The treaty agreement granted the British open trade routes through the Egba territory "in exchange for the Lagos government’s recognition of the town’s independence and borders." This treaty had given the Egba people relative autonomy over their own economics, but ultimately, the British government found a means to intervene in the autonomous structure after a political crisis in 1897. The British government demanded a reorganization of the town's political structure, and thus, the Egba United Government (EUG) was created. Prior to the new structure, local councils traditionally included at least one female. The EUG, by contrast, was exclusively male, but began developing Abeokuta's political and economic infrastructure. The EUG invested in the infrastructure and the economy, building roads and markets and increasing exports of items such as cocoa, palm oil, kola nuts, and indigo-dyed cloth. By the late 1800s, Abeokuta had emerged as an economic center in colonial Nigeria and remained relatively independent. Origins of taxation in Abeokuta Map of Nigeria indicating the Abeokuta region It was not until the outbreak of World War I in 1914 that the colonial government gained ground in the disruption of Abeokuta's relative independence. The town became fully incorporated into the colonial state. After the incorporation of Abeokuta, colonial officials faced difficulties with a significant decline in revenue. The war spurred the increase of import duties so as to offset the cost of the government's increased export duties. After a while, the export duties became insufficient so colonial officials requested that the colonial office allow the imposition of direct taxation. This request was refused. In order to alleviate the decline in revenue, local officials began imposing sanitary fines, which largely affected farm and market women. These fines were for violations such as failing to sweep the outside of women's houses. Court summonses for these sanitary fines were not distributed to men. Eventually, the fines were found to be illegal and were abolished. They were then replaced by flat taxes on women, because of the economic need for revenue from women. On 1 January 1918, Abeokuta residents began paying taxes. From the tax proposal's inception, Egba women were considered separately from the men. The taxation of women was not within the standard model of taxation first used by the colonial government in the Northern region. Rather, this model of taxation was influenced by precolonial Yoruba culture, which did not recognize women as different from men, and therefore expected women to generate income independently of men. Since there were no women in the EUG council, the colonial taxation emerged as an instance of taxation without representation. Six months after the imposition of the tax, a revolt occurred in Abeokuta known as the Adubi war. The revolt consisted of thirty thousand rebels destroying much of the railway and telegraphs lines south of Abeokuta along with the murder of a European trading agent and a high-ranking Egba chief. After the colonial government quelled the revolt, it made some minor structural and collection changes, but did not remove the tax on women. Women’s revolt Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU) leader Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti As a result of the oppressive tax conditions, the Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU) emerged under the leadership of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, a headteacher of a local school, who had heard of the struggles of the market women. She was joined in the leadership by her niece-in-law Grace Eniola Soyinka. The AWU, "an explicitly political organization uniting the working class market women and middle class women like Ransome-Kuti and Soyinka, was designed to challenge both colonial rule and the patriarchal structure." In order to end the taxation regime, the AWU wrote "proposals to replace the flat rate tax on women, on with taxation on expatriate companies, investment in local initiatives and infrastructure including transportation, sanitation and education and the abolition of the Sole Native Authority and its replacement with a representative form of government, including women." The women of the AWU were effective organizers, who fought against the colonial government, with different types of resistance tactics. Many women refused to pay the tax and either ended up in jail or fined. However, the Abeokuta Women's Union did not relent in their efforts and continued to send out several petitions to the Alake of Abeokuta between August 1946 and May 1947. On 5 October 1946, an AWU delegation met with the Alake but there was still no result. The situation took a turn for the worse when the Alake increased "the flat-rate tax on women, an action supported by the British resident." It was then that the AWU began their mass protests, such as marching outside the king's palace and demanding the abolishment of direct taxation. "In mid- October 1946, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti led nearly a thousand women in a march to the palace to protest the increase." The response from the colonial authorities was brutal. They deployed tear gas and administered beatings on the women. Despite the dangerous circumstances, the AWU continued to protest and released a document called the AWU's Grievances in 1947 that detailed all their accusations against the Alake and the SNA. Following the list of grievances, the women once again held a demonstration outside the Alake's palace which lasted for two days. There were over ten thousand women in attendance. "During the protest, the women used songs such as the one translated below to ridicule the Alake: Idowu , for a long time you have used your penis as a mark of authority that you are our husband. Today we shall reverse the order and use our vagina to play the role of husband on you… O you men, vagina’s head will seek vengeance." The protest resulted in the government authorities promising the women that "taxation would be suspended and the final decisions on the issue communicated to them within three days." Unfortunately, this turned out to be another empty promise "as more assaults were committed and more arrests made." Undaunted, the women organized another protest. Once again on 8 December, "over ten thousand women camped outside the palace, refusing to leave until all the women who had been arrested were released. They left the palace on the 10th when the incarcerated women were released." After this incident, the AWU continued to send their petitions to the British administration and eventually they claimed victory. On 3 January 1949, "the Alake abdicated from the throne and the SNA system was changed and four women had positions in the new system of administration." Some of these successes were later overturned (the Alake would return to power, and the flat tax on women was only temporarily abolished). The Abeokuta Women's Union had been victorious in colonial Nigeria, but did not stop there. The women continued to advocate for women's rights in Nigeria and play a role in Nigerian nationalist movements. The group emerged as one of the first proto-nationalist feminist activist groups in Nigeria. Funmilayo Ransome Kuti would go on to serve as both a political leader and a titled chieftain in the colonial era. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Byfield, Judith A. "Taxation, Women, and the Colonial State: Egba Women's Revolt." Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, 3.2 (2003): 250–77. Web. 4 March 2013. ^ "RANSOME-KUTI, Funmilayo | An African Biographical Dictionary - Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Retrieved 5 April 2019. ^ Alanamu, Temilola (7 June 2018). "Church Missionary Society evangelists and women's labour in nineteenth-century Abéọ̀ kúta". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 88 (2): 291–311. doi:10.1017/S0001972017000924. ISSN 1750-0184. ^ a b c Mcalpine, Mhairi. "Women on the Left: Funmilayo Anikulapo-Kuti." International Socialist Group. N.p., 8 June 2012. Web. 4 March 2013. ^ a b Johnson-Odim, Cheryl, and Nina Emma MBA. For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti. N.p.: University of Illinois, 1997. Print. ^ a b "Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Abeokuta Women Riots". Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 12 April 2019. ^ a b c Olusola, Ayobami. "The Abeokuta Women's Revolt." Home. N.p., 13 April 2010. Web. 5 March 2013. ^ Byfield, Judith A. (1 March 2003). "Taxation, Women, and the Colonial State". Meridians. 3 (2): 250–277. doi:10.1215/15366936-3.2.250. ISSN 1536-6936. ^ a b Byfield, Judith (April 2012). "Gender, Justice, and the Environment: Connecting the Dots". African Studies Review. 55 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1353/arw.2012.0017. JSTOR 41804124.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Abeokuta Women's Revolt (also called the Egba Women's Tax Riot) was a resistance movement led by the Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU) in the late 1940s against the imposition of unfair taxation by the Nigerian colonial government. The women of Abeokuta believed that, under colonialism, their economic roles were declining, while their taxes were increasing.[1] Additionally, they argued that until they were granted representation in local government, they should not be required to pay taxes separately from men. As a result of their protests, four women received seats on the local council, and the taxation of women was ended.[2]","title":"Abeokuta Women's Revolt"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_and_yellow_kola_nuts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"Egba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_people"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"Egba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"},{"link_name":"Egba United Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_United_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"}],"text":"Kola nuts at a Nigerian MarketLocated in southwest Nigeria and inhabited by the Yoruba, Abeokuta was established in 1830 and was primarily home for the Egba and Owu people. Around 1850, the British colonial government began to extend its control into Abeokuta and negotiate treaties with the native Egba. The treaty agreement granted the British open trade routes through the Egba territory \"in exchange for the Lagos government’s recognition of the town’s independence and borders.\"[1] This treaty had given the Egba people relative autonomy over their own economics, but ultimately, the British government found a means to intervene in the autonomous structure after a political crisis in 1897.[1] The British government demanded a reorganization of the town's political structure, and thus, the Egba United Government (EUG) was created. Prior to the new structure, local councils traditionally included at least one female.[1] The EUG, by contrast, was exclusively male, but began developing Abeokuta's political and economic infrastructure.[1] The EUG invested in the infrastructure and the economy, building roads and markets and increasing exports of items such as cocoa, palm oil, kola nuts, and indigo-dyed cloth.[1] By the late 1800s, Abeokuta had emerged as an economic center in colonial Nigeria and remained relatively independent.","title":"Early colonialism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Locator_Map_Abeokuta-Nigeria.png"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byfield,_Judith_A_2003-1"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"Egba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_people"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adubi war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adubi_war"},{"link_name":"Egba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mcalpine,_Mhairi_2012-4"}],"text":"Map of Nigeria indicating the Abeokuta regionIt was not until the outbreak of World War I in 1914 that the colonial government gained ground in the disruption of Abeokuta's relative independence. The town became fully incorporated into the colonial state. After the incorporation of Abeokuta, colonial officials faced difficulties with a significant decline in revenue. The war spurred the increase of import duties so as to offset the cost of the government's increased export duties. After a while, the export duties became insufficient so colonial officials requested that the colonial office allow the imposition of direct taxation. This request was refused. In order to alleviate the decline in revenue, local officials began imposing sanitary fines, which largely affected farm and market women. These fines were for violations such as failing to sweep the outside of women's houses.[1] Court summonses for these sanitary fines were not distributed to men.[1] Eventually, the fines were found to be illegal and were abolished. They were then replaced by flat taxes on women, because of the economic need for revenue from women.[1] On 1 January 1918, Abeokuta residents began paying taxes. From the tax proposal's inception, Egba women were considered separately from the men. The taxation of women was not within the standard model of taxation first used by the colonial government in the Northern region. Rather, this model of taxation was influenced by precolonial Yoruba culture, which did not recognize women as different from men, and therefore expected women to generate income independently of men.[3] Since there were no women in the EUG council, the colonial taxation emerged as an instance of taxation without representation. Six months after the imposition of the tax, a revolt occurred in Abeokuta known as the Adubi war. The revolt consisted of thirty thousand rebels destroying much of the railway and telegraphs lines south of Abeokuta along with the murder of a European trading agent and a high-ranking Egba chief. After the colonial government quelled the revolt, it made some minor structural and collection changes, but did not remove the tax on women.[4]","title":"Origins of taxation in Abeokuta"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:70_year_old_Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_on_her_birthday.png"},{"link_name":"Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti"},{"link_name":"Grace Eniola Soyinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Eniola_Soyinka"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mcalpine,_Mhairi_2012-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mcalpine,_Mhairi_2012-4"},{"link_name":"Alake of Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladapo_Ademola"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-Odim,_Cheryl_1997-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-Odim,_Cheryl_1997-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olusola,_Ayobami_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olusola,_Ayobami_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olusola,_Ayobami_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Funmilayo Ransome Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti"},{"link_name":"chieftain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_chieftaincy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"text":"Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU) leader Funmilayo Ransome-KutiAs a result of the oppressive tax conditions, the Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU) emerged under the leadership of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, a headteacher of a local school, who had heard of the struggles of the market women. She was joined in the leadership by her niece-in-law Grace Eniola Soyinka. The AWU, \"an explicitly political organization uniting the working class market women and middle class women like Ransome-Kuti and Soyinka, was designed to challenge both colonial rule and the patriarchal structure.\"[4] In order to end the taxation regime, the AWU wrote \"proposals to replace the flat rate tax on women, on with taxation on expatriate companies, investment in local initiatives and infrastructure including transportation, sanitation and education and the abolition of the Sole Native Authority and its replacement with a representative form of government, including women.\"[4]\nThe women of the AWU were effective organizers, who fought against the colonial government, with different types of resistance tactics. Many women refused to pay the tax and either ended up in jail or fined.However, the Abeokuta Women's Union did not relent in their efforts and continued to send out several petitions to the Alake of Abeokuta between August 1946 and May 1947. On 5 October 1946, an AWU delegation met with the Alake but there was still no result. The situation took a turn for the worse when the Alake increased \"the flat-rate tax on women, an action supported by the British resident.\"[5] It was then that the AWU began their mass protests, such as marching outside the king's palace and demanding the abolishment of direct taxation. \"In mid- October 1946, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti led nearly a thousand women in a march to the palace to protest the increase.\"[5] The response from the colonial authorities was brutal. They deployed tear gas and administered beatings on the women.Despite the dangerous circumstances, the AWU continued to protest and released a document called the AWU's Grievances in 1947 that detailed all their accusations against the Alake and the SNA. Following the list of grievances, the women once again held a demonstration outside the Alake's palace which lasted for two days.[6] There were over ten thousand women in attendance.[6]\"During the protest, the women used songs such as the one translated below to ridicule the Alake:\nIdowu [Alake], for a long time you have used your penis as a mark of authority that you are our husband. Today we shall reverse the order and use our vagina to play the role of husband on you…\nO you men, vagina’s head will seek vengeance.\"[7]The protest resulted in the government authorities promising the women that \"taxation would be suspended and the final decisions on the issue communicated to them within three days.\" Unfortunately, this turned out to be another empty promise \"as more assaults were committed and more arrests made.\" Undaunted, the women organized another protest. Once again on 8 December, \"over ten thousand women camped outside the palace, refusing to leave until all the women who had been arrested were released. They left the palace on the 10th when the incarcerated women were released.\"[7] After this incident, the AWU continued to send their petitions to the British administration and eventually they claimed victory. On 3 January 1949, \"the Alake abdicated from the throne and the SNA system was changed and four women had positions in the new system of administration.\"[7] Some of these successes were later overturned (the Alake would return to power, and the flat tax on women was only temporarily abolished).[8]The Abeokuta Women's Union had been victorious in colonial Nigeria, but did not stop there. The women continued to advocate for women's rights in Nigeria and play a role in Nigerian nationalist movements. The group emerged as one of the first proto-nationalist feminist activist groups in Nigeria.[9] Funmilayo Ransome Kuti would go on to serve as both a political leader and a titled chieftain in the colonial era.[9]","title":"Women’s revolt"}]
[{"image_text":"Kola nuts at a Nigerian Market","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_and_yellow_kola_nuts.jpg/220px-Red_and_yellow_kola_nuts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Nigeria indicating the Abeokuta region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Locator_Map_Abeokuta-Nigeria.png/220px-Locator_Map_Abeokuta-Nigeria.png"},{"image_text":"Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU) leader Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/70_year_old_Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_on_her_birthday.png/220px-70_year_old_Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti_on_her_birthday.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pela
Mike Pela
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
British music producer (1950–2022) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mike Pela" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mike PelaBorn(1950-01-13)13 January 1950London, EnglandDied23 July 2022(2022-07-23) (aged 72)Italy Mike Pela (13 January 1950 – 23 July 2022) was a British record producer and mixer. He worked with various artists including Sade, Maxwell, Savage Garden and others, spanning a wide array of genres. Career Pela started his career in the 1970s working at the CTS / De Lane Lea recording complex in London. He worked on many projects during this time including The Who's Tommy and the Electric Light Orchestra's Eldorado. He then went into a freelance role where he worked with artists such as Alice Cooper, Stephen Stills, Hawkwind, Nico, and Pete Townshend. In the 1980s he worked out of Robin Millar's Power Plant studios, where he was able to participate in music projects featuring artists such as Boy George, Fine Young Cannibals, Everything but the Girl, Tom Robinson, The Style Council, Gang of Four and Sade. Pela won several Grammy Awards, including: 2010 Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for Sade's "Soldier of Love", 2009 Best R&B Album for Maxwell's BLACKsummers'night and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for Maxwell's "Pretty Wings", 2002 Best Pop Vocal Album for Sade's Lovers Rock, and 1993 Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for Sade's "No Ordinary Love". References ^ Buckle, Becky (27 July 2022). "Producer and long-time Sade collaborator Michael Pela has died". Mixmag. ^ "Mike Pela – recording engineer and music producer at Real World Recording Studios". www.recordproduction.com. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "CLASSIC TRACKS: Sade's 'The Sweetest Taboo'". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 21 September 2014. ^ "Mike Pela – Credits – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 September 2014. ^ Bhansali, Akshay. Maxwell Calls Grammy Wins A 'Blessing'. MTV. Retrieved on 2 May 2010. ^ "Grammys 2002: The winners". BBC News Online. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 2 April 2014. External links Mike Pela discography at Discogs Mike Pela at IMDb Authority control databases: Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz This article on a record producer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This UK musical biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_engineer"},{"link_name":"Sade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_(band)"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Savage Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Garden"}],"text":"Mike Pela (13 January 1950 – 23 July 2022)[1] was a British record producer and mixer. He worked with various artists including Sade, Maxwell, Savage Garden and others, spanning a wide array of genres.","title":"Mike Pela"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CTS / De Lane Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Lane_Lea_Studios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Who's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who%27s"},{"link_name":"Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_(The_Who_album)"},{"link_name":"Electric Light Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Eldorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado_(Electric_Light_Orchestra_album)"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stills"},{"link_name":"Hawkwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkwind"},{"link_name":"Nico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Robin Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Millar"},{"link_name":"Boy George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_George"},{"link_name":"Fine Young Cannibals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Young_Cannibals"},{"link_name":"Everything but the Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_but_the_Girl"},{"link_name":"Tom Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Robinson"},{"link_name":"The Style Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Style_Council"},{"link_name":"Gang of Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_R%26B_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal"},{"link_name":"Soldier of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_of_Love_(Sade_song)"},{"link_name":"Best R&B Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Album"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"BLACKsummers'night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLACKsummers%27night"},{"link_name":"Best Male R&B Vocal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Male_R%26B_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"Pretty Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Wings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Vocal_Album"},{"link_name":"Lovers Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_Rock_(Sade_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"No Ordinary Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Ordinary_Love"}],"text":"Pela started his career in the 1970s working at the CTS / De Lane Lea recording complex in London.[2] He worked on many projects during this time including The Who's Tommy and the Electric Light Orchestra's Eldorado. He then went into a freelance role where he worked with artists such as Alice Cooper, Stephen Stills, Hawkwind, Nico, and Pete Townshend. In the 1980s he worked out of Robin Millar's Power Plant studios, where he was able to participate in music projects featuring artists such as Boy George, Fine Young Cannibals, Everything but the Girl, Tom Robinson, The Style Council, Gang of Four and Sade.[3][4]Pela won several Grammy Awards, including: 2010 Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for Sade's \"Soldier of Love\", 2009 Best R&B Album for Maxwell's BLACKsummers'night and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for Maxwell's \"Pretty Wings\",[5] 2002 Best Pop Vocal Album for Sade's Lovers Rock,[6] and 1993 Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for Sade's \"No Ordinary Love\".","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Buckle, Becky (27 July 2022). \"Producer and long-time Sade collaborator Michael Pela has died\". Mixmag.","urls":[{"url":"https://mixmag.net/read/michael-mike-pela-sade-collaborator-producer-grammy-news","url_text":"\"Producer and long-time Sade collaborator Michael Pela has died\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Pela – recording engineer and music producer at Real World Recording Studios\". www.recordproduction.com. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recordproduction.com/record-producer-features/mike-pela.htm","url_text":"\"Mike Pela – recording engineer and music producer at Real World Recording Studios\""}]},{"reference":"\"CLASSIC TRACKS: Sade's 'The Sweetest Taboo'\". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 21 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/classictracks.htm","url_text":"\"CLASSIC TRACKS: Sade's 'The Sweetest Taboo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_on_Sound","url_text":"Sound on Sound"}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Pela – Credits – AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/mike-pela-mn0000418306/credits","url_text":"\"Mike Pela – Credits – AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammys 2002: The winners\". BBC News Online. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1845783.stm","url_text":"\"Grammys 2002: The winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Ifeajuna
Emmanuel Ifeajuna
["1 Life and career","1.1 High jumping","1.2 Politics and university","1.3 Coup attempt","1.4 Execution and legacy","2 Personal life","3 International competition record","4 References"]
Gold medalist, Nigerian army major and high jumper (1935–1967) Emmanuel Ifeajuna Medal record Men's athletics Representing  Nigeria British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 Vancouver High jump Emmanuel Arinze Ifeajuna // ⓘ (1935 – 25 September 1967) was a Nigerian army major and high jumper. He was the first Black African to win a gold medal at an international sports event when he won at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. His winning mark and personal best of 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) was a game record and a British Empire record at the time. An Igbo from Onitsha, he was a science graduate of the University College of Ibadan and became involved in politics. He later joined the military and played a role in the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état. Life and career High jumping Born in Onitsha, he attended Dennis Memorial Grammar School in his home town and displayed the characteristics that would later define his life. He trained in the high jump under his games teacher, and he also took part in a protest that closed down the school for a term. He graduated from high school in 1951. Ilesa Grammar School also claims him as a past alumnus. This is disputed, although he did do summer school teaching at the institution. The 1954 Nigerian Athletics Championships saw him establish himself among the nation's best high jumpers. A jump of 6 feet 5.5 inches (1.97 m) meant Ifeajuna was chosen to represent his country at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, alongside Nafiu Osagie. Nigeria performed well internationally in the high jump in that period – Joshua Majekodunmi had been runner-up at the 1950 British Empire Games, and three Nigerian jumpers made the top twenty at the 1952 Olympic high jump. At the 1954 Games in Vancouver, he competed wearing only his left shoe yet managed to clear 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m), which was both a Games record and a British Empire record for the discipline. The resulting gold medal made him the first Black African to win at a major international sports competition. The high jump had an African sweep of the medals that year, with Uganda's Patrick Etolu finishing behind Ifeajuna and Nigeria's Osagie taking third place. Ifeajuna received a hero's welcome upon his return to Lagos and was paraded through the streets before speaking at a civic celebration. Politics and university After his gold medal win, he ceased training in the high jump and did not return to the sport. He enrolled in a science degree at the University College of Ibadan in 1954 and became involved within the institution's student politics movement. He was also a member of the prestigious Sigma Club, University of Ibadan, a socio philanthropic student organization, organizers of the annual Havana Musical Carnival in the institution. While there he became close friends with Christopher Okigbo and J.P. Clark, both of whom would go on to become prominent Nigerian poets. Ifeajuna was also a close friend of Emeka Anyaoku, later Commonwealth Secretary-General. He was deeply involved in Ibadan's Students' Union and became the organisation's Director of Information, encouraging protests. He was affiliated with the Dynamic Party, led by mathematician Chike Obi. Uche Chukwumerije, a contemporary and later a senator, remembered Ifeajuna being active in political agitation, but also claims that he was less willing to be involved in the protests themselves. Clark also attested to this, citing the example of a protest over a student hostel shutdown. The shutdown was prompted by the manslaughter trial of Ben Obumselu, the student union president and friend of Ifeajuna. Ifeajuna organised the protests but was not present during the subsequent clashes. Upon completion of his science degree he went into teaching, being posted at Ebenezer Anglican Grammar School in Abeokuta. Ifeajuna remained in regular contact with Okigbo, who also went on to teach, and the two continued to discuss revolutionary politics. This culminated in Ifeajuna leaving the teaching profession to join the army in 1960. He underwent training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot, United Kingdom. As a graduate, he rose quickly within the military ranks and reached the position of Major in January 1966. He was the brigade major in Lagos. Coup attempt Dissatisfied with the direction his country had taken during the First Nigerian Republic under Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Ifeajuna became a conspirator in a plot to overthrow the government. Given his studies, Ifeajuna has been regarded as one of the intellectual drivers of the conspiracy and he wrote an unpublished manuscript on the reasoning for the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état attempt. He scorned the corruption and anarchy that resulted from mismanagement of the government. Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu was the face of the coup attempt, which involved five other army majors: Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Adewale Ademoyega and Humphrey Chukwuka. Ademoyega, Okafor, Anuforo and Chukwuka were the other majors based in Lagos, where Ifeajuna led movements. Ifeajuna led his brigade to the house of Prime Minister Balewa and arrested him. Meanwhile, Nzeogwu made public the names of who the coup aimed to kill and Balewa as a notable absence. Okafor sought to capture Brigadier Zakariya Maimalari, Ifeajuna's commanding officer. Maimalari escaped and upon finding Ifeajuna asked him for help. Ifeajuna killed Maimalari, which led to dissension among Ifeajuna's ranks, as he was a highly respected officer. Ifeajuna also shot Lieutenant Colonel Abogo Largema at a hotel in the Ikoyi district of Lagos. One of the coup's prominent targets, Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, caught wind of the plot and escaped capture. He then began to move against the coup conspirators. Ironsi eventually managed to prevent the coup and was later appointed to take over leadership and bring stability to the country. During these events, Prime Minister Balewa died while under the arrest of Ifeajuna. Official police reports into the circumstances of his death (which remain redacted) claim Ifeajuna shot Balewa while driving to Abeokuta and abandoned the body by the road. Some claim that Balewa was not deliberately killed (given that he was not one of the coup's stated assassination targets), but rather died of an asthma or heart attack during the ordeal. This subject remains an unresolved element of the history of the 1966 coup attempt. Execution and legacy Following Ironsi's move against the coup, Ifeajuna's friend Christopher Okigbo helped him cross the border into Dahomey (now Benin) and through to Ghana where he was welcomed by its leader Kwame Nkrumah. Nkrumah's regime was overthrown shortly afterwards and Ifeajuna returned to Nigeria after assurances from Emeka Ojukwu that his life would not be at risk. He again became involved in the military, this time within the Biafran Army – the Republic of Biafra declared its secession from Nigeria, beginning the Nigerian Civil War. Ifeajuna, Victor Banjo, Phillip Alale and Sam Agbam were accused by Ojukwu of negotiating with the federal Nigerian officials, via British agents, hoping to bring about a ceasefire, overthrow Ojukwu, and gain prominent positions for themselves. They were hastily tried and sentenced to death by firing squad for treason. Ifeajuna claimed the plan was to preserve civilian life in Enugu from an oncoming assault by federal troops. Ifeajuna and his three co-conspirators were executed on 25 September 1967. Enugu, the Biafran capital, was captured by federal Nigerian forces two days later. Ifeajuna has had a mixed legacy. His unpublished manuscript has attracted much attention, including that of Olusegun Obasanjo, an army general and now former President of Nigeria. The 1966 coup attempt is seen by many as an Igbo plot, although conspirators included non-Igbos, some coup targets were Igbos, and General Ironsi who prevented the coup was himself an Igbo. The manuscript is seen as a possible historical source for assessing both the racial element to the coup and Ifeajuna's role in it, which ranges from co-conspirator to intellectual leader. Ifeajuna has not featured prominently or favourably in the history of the Nigerian Civil War. While fellow 1966 coup maker Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu has been decorated as a war hero and had a statue erected in his hometown, Ifeajuna has received little posthumous recognition. Upon his death in 2011, former Biafran leader Ojukwu received the highest military accolades from Nigeria and his funeral was attended by the Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan In a 1992 interview, Ojukwu dismissed claims that Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu was the leader of the plot, as was widely believed. A Nigerian Police Special Branch report, its first part partially redacted and the second part missing, stated that Ifeajuna, Don Okafor and Captain Ogbu Oji were the creators and protagonists of the coup plot in 1965, with Nzeogwu only becoming involved at a late stage. Ifeajuna is seen by some as the assassin of Prime Minister Balewa, which brought down the First Republic and caused civil war. No autopsy was carried on Balewa's body and no proof exists that he was shot. Official reports document his body was found in a sitting position by a tree, next to the body of finance minister Festus Okotie-Eboh, who had been shot and was at the centre of corruption allegations. Ifeajuna's legacy within Black African sports history has been overshadowed by his political actions following his feats. Personal life During his time at university, Ifeajuna met his wife Rose in 1955. Four years later the pair married and went on to have two sons. International competition record Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Vancouver, Canada 1st High jump 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) References ^ "Emmaunel Ifeajuna". Brinkster. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ "Emmanuel Ifeajuna: from Commonwealth Games gold to the firing squad". the Guardian. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2022. ^ a b c Siollun, Max (2005-10-30). "The Inside Story Of Nigeria’s First Military Coup (I)". Nigeria Matters. Retrieved on 2014-07-13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Oliver, Brian (2014-07-13). "Emmanuel Ifeajuna: Commonwealth Games gold to facing a firing squad". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ a b c d e Onyema, Henry (2013-10-23). "EMMANUEL IFEAJUNA – The Man Called Emma Vancouver" Archived 18 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Naija Stories. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Ilesa Grammar School. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ "E Ifeajuna, old student of Ilesha Grammar School". World Igbo Congress. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ a b Commonwealth Game Medallists (Men). GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ 1952 Summer Olympics Report. LA Foundation 1984. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ a b "The Journey of a Manuscript". AuthorMe. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ "1966 Coup: The last of the plotters dies" Archived 4 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Nigeria Vanguard (2007-03-20). Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ a b c Siollun, Max (2006-07-12). "The Inside Story Of Nigeria’s First Military Coup (2)". Nigeria Matters. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ a b Obasi, Emaka (2014-04-11). "Ifeajuna: A jumper’s January jeremiad" Archived 11 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The New Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ Awoyokun, Damola. "Why I killed Victor Banjo, Ifeajuna and others – Ojukwu" Archived 5 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine. PWC Review. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ Omoigui, Nowa. "The Key Players of the 1966 Rebellions-Where Are They Today?". Dawodu. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ Odia Ofeimun, "The Forgotten Documents Of The Nigerian Civil War". Sahara Reporters (2012-10-12). Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ Oliver, Brian (2014). The Commonwealth Games: Extraordinary Stories behind the Medals, p. 112. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472908438 ^ "At Ojukwu memorial in Dallas, USAfrica's Chido Nwangwu challenges Igbo nation to say 'never again' like Jews". USAfrica. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2014. ^ Isiguzo, Christopher; Osondu, Emeka (3 March 2012). "Goodnight Ikemba Ojukwu". THISDAY LIVE. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (26 November 2011). "Odumegwu Ojukwu, Leader of Breakaway Republic of Biafra, Dies at 78". New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2014. ^ Chukwuemeka Onyema, Henry. "The Shot That Shook The Nation. Reflections On The January 15, 1966 Coup". AuthorMe. Retrieved 2014-07-13. ^ Ogunseitan, O'seun (2010-09-05)."Balewa was not killed by soldiers —Mbu". The Nation Nigeria. Retrieved 2014-07-13. vteCommonwealth Games champions in men's high jump 1930:  Johannes Viljoen (RSA) 1934:  Edwin Thacker (RSA) 1938:  Edwin Thacker (RSA) 1950:  John Winter (AUS) 1954:  Emmanuel Ifeajuna (NGR) 1958:  Ernle Haisley (JAM) 1962:  Percy Hobson (AUS) 1966:  Lawrie Peckham (AUS) 1970:  Lawrie Peckham (AUS) 1974:  Gordon Windeyer (AUS) 1978:  Claude Ferragne (CAN) 1982:  Milton Ottey (CAN) 1986:  Milton Ottey (CAN) 1990:  Clarence Saunders (BER) 1994:  Tim Forsyth (AUS) 1998:  Dalton Grant (ENG) 2002:  Mark Boswell (CAN) 2006:  Mark Boswell (CAN) 2010:  Donald Thomas (BAH) 2014:  Derek Drouin (CAN) 2018:  Brandon Starc (AUS) 2022:  Hamish Kerr (NZL)
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He was the first Black African to win a gold medal at an international sports event when he won at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. His winning mark and personal best of 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) was a game record and a British Empire record at the time.[2]An Igbo from Onitsha, he was a science graduate of the University College of Ibadan and became involved in politics. He later joined the military and played a role in the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état.","title":"Emmanuel Ifeajuna"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naija-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Nafiu Osagie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafiu_Osagie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"},{"link_name":"Joshua Majekodunmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Majekodunmi"},{"link_name":"1950 British Empire Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_British_Empire_Games"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBR-8"},{"link_name":"1952 Olympic high jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_high_jump"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Games record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_Games_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"British Empire record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal"},{"link_name":"Black African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_African"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"},{"link_name":"Patrick Etolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Etolu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBR-8"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"}],"sub_title":"High jumping","text":"Born in Onitsha,[3] he attended Dennis Memorial Grammar School in his home town and displayed the characteristics that would later define his life. He trained in the high jump under his games teacher,[4] and he also took part in a protest that closed down the school for a term. He graduated from high school in 1951.[5] Ilesa Grammar School also claims him as a past alumnus.[6] This is disputed, although he did do summer school teaching at the institution.[7]The 1954 Nigerian Athletics Championships saw him establish himself among the nation's best high jumpers. A jump of 6 feet 5.5 inches (1.97 m) meant Ifeajuna was chosen to represent his country at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, alongside Nafiu Osagie.[4] Nigeria performed well internationally in the high jump in that period – Joshua Majekodunmi had been runner-up at the 1950 British Empire Games,[8] and three Nigerian jumpers made the top twenty at the 1952 Olympic high jump.[9]At the 1954 Games in Vancouver, he competed wearing only his left shoe yet managed to clear 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m), which was both a Games record and a British Empire record for the discipline. The resulting gold medal made him the first Black African to win at a major international sports competition.[4] The high jump had an African sweep of the medals that year, with Uganda's Patrick Etolu finishing behind Ifeajuna and Nigeria's Osagie taking third place.[8] Ifeajuna received a hero's welcome upon his return to Lagos and was paraded through the streets before speaking at a civic celebration.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University College of Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Ibadan"},{"link_name":"student politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_politics"},{"link_name":"Sigma Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigma_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Christopher Okigbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Okigbo"},{"link_name":"J.P. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Clark"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-10"},{"link_name":"Emeka Anyaoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeka_Anyaoku"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General"},{"link_name":"Students' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"},{"link_name":"Dynamic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Party"},{"link_name":"Chike Obi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chike_Obi"},{"link_name":"Uche Chukwumerije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uche_Chukwumerije"},{"link_name":"Ben Obumselu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Obumselu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naija-5"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naija-5"},{"link_name":"Mons Officer Cadet School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Officer_Cadet_School"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"},{"link_name":"brigade major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_major"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naija-5"}],"sub_title":"Politics and university","text":"After his gold medal win, he ceased training in the high jump and did not return to the sport. He enrolled in a science degree at the University College of Ibadan in 1954 and became involved within the institution's student politics movement. He was also a member of the prestigious Sigma Club, University of Ibadan, a socio philanthropic student organization, organizers of the annual Havana Musical Carnival in the institution. While there he became close friends with Christopher Okigbo and J.P. Clark, both of whom would go on to become prominent Nigerian poets.[10] Ifeajuna was also a close friend of Emeka Anyaoku, later Commonwealth Secretary-General. He was deeply involved in Ibadan's Students' Union and became the organisation's Director of Information, encouraging protests.[4] He was affiliated with the Dynamic Party, led by mathematician Chike Obi. Uche Chukwumerije, a contemporary and later a senator, remembered Ifeajuna being active in political agitation, but also claims that he was less willing to be involved in the protests themselves. Clark also attested to this, citing the example of a protest over a student hostel shutdown. The shutdown was prompted by the manslaughter trial of Ben Obumselu, the student union president and friend of Ifeajuna. Ifeajuna organised the protests but was not present during the subsequent clashes.[5]Upon completion of his science degree he went into teaching, being posted at Ebenezer Anglican Grammar School in Abeokuta. Ifeajuna remained in regular contact with Okigbo, who also went on to teach, and the two continued to discuss revolutionary politics.[5] This culminated in Ifeajuna leaving the teaching profession to join the army in 1960. He underwent training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot, United Kingdom.[4] As a graduate, he rose quickly within the military ranks and reached the position of Major in January 1966. He was the brigade major in Lagos.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Nigerian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Abubakar Tafawa Balewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa"},{"link_name":"1966 Nigerian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS1-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukwuma_Kaduna_Nzeogwu"},{"link_name":"Timothy Onwuatuegwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Onwuatuegwu"},{"link_name":"Chris Anuforo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Anuforo"},{"link_name":"Adewale Ademoyega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adewale_Ademoyega"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Chukwuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Chukwuka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS1-3"},{"link_name":"Zakariya Maimalari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_Maimalari"},{"link_name":"Abogo Largema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abogo_Largema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ikoyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikoyi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS2-12"},{"link_name":"Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS2-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"}],"sub_title":"Coup attempt","text":"Dissatisfied with the direction his country had taken during the First Nigerian Republic under Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Ifeajuna became a conspirator in a plot to overthrow the government. Given his studies, Ifeajuna has been regarded as one of the intellectual drivers of the conspiracy and he wrote an unpublished manuscript on the reasoning for the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état attempt.[3] He scorned the corruption and anarchy that resulted from mismanagement of the government.[11] Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu was the face of the coup attempt, which involved five other army majors: Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Adewale Ademoyega and Humphrey Chukwuka.[3]Ademoyega, Okafor, Anuforo and Chukwuka were the other majors based in Lagos, where Ifeajuna led movements. Ifeajuna led his brigade to the house of Prime Minister Balewa and arrested him. Meanwhile, Nzeogwu made public the names of who the coup aimed to kill and Balewa as a notable absence. Okafor sought to capture Brigadier Zakariya Maimalari, Ifeajuna's commanding officer. Maimalari escaped and upon finding Ifeajuna asked him for help. Ifeajuna killed Maimalari, which led to dissension among Ifeajuna's ranks, as he was a highly respected officer. Ifeajuna also shot Lieutenant Colonel Abogo Largema at a hotel in the Ikoyi district of Lagos.[12]One of the coup's prominent targets, Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, caught wind of the plot and escaped capture. He then began to move against the coup conspirators. Ironsi eventually managed to prevent the coup and was later appointed to take over leadership and bring stability to the country.[12] During these events, Prime Minister Balewa died while under the arrest of Ifeajuna. Official police reports into the circumstances of his death (which remain redacted) claim Ifeajuna shot Balewa while driving to Abeokuta and abandoned the body by the road. Some claim that Balewa was not deliberately killed (given that he was not one of the coup's stated assassination targets), but rather died of an asthma or heart attack during the ordeal. This subject remains an unresolved element of the history of the 1966 coup attempt.[4]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kwame Nkrumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NT1-13"},{"link_name":"Emeka Ojukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeka_Ojukwu"},{"link_name":"Republic of Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Biafra"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Victor Banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Banjo"},{"link_name":"Phillip Alale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phillip_Alale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sam Agbam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Agbam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Enugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Olusegun Obasanjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo"},{"link_name":"President of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naija-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS2-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Goodluck Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ogbu Oji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogbu_Oji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NT1-13"},{"link_name":"Festus Okotie-Eboh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festus_Okotie-Eboh"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"}],"sub_title":"Execution and legacy","text":"Following Ironsi's move against the coup, Ifeajuna's friend Christopher Okigbo helped him cross the border into Dahomey (now Benin) and through to Ghana where he was welcomed by its leader Kwame Nkrumah.[13] Nkrumah's regime was overthrown shortly afterwards and Ifeajuna returned to Nigeria after assurances from Emeka Ojukwu that his life would not be at risk. He again became involved in the military, this time within the Biafran Army – the Republic of Biafra declared its secession from Nigeria, beginning the Nigerian Civil War. Ifeajuna, Victor Banjo, Phillip Alale and Sam Agbam were accused by Ojukwu of negotiating with the federal Nigerian officials, via British agents, hoping to bring about a ceasefire, overthrow Ojukwu, and gain prominent positions for themselves. They were hastily tried and sentenced to death by firing squad for treason. Ifeajuna claimed the plan was to preserve civilian life in Enugu from an oncoming assault by federal troops. Ifeajuna and his three co-conspirators were executed on 25 September 1967.[4][14] Enugu, the Biafran capital, was captured by federal Nigerian forces two days later.[15]Ifeajuna has had a mixed legacy. His unpublished manuscript has attracted much attention, including that of Olusegun Obasanjo, an army general and now former President of Nigeria.[5][16] The 1966 coup attempt is seen by many as an Igbo plot, although conspirators included non-Igbos, some coup targets were Igbos, and General Ironsi who prevented the coup was himself an Igbo. The manuscript is seen as a possible historical source for assessing both the racial element to the coup and Ifeajuna's role in it, which ranges from co-conspirator to intellectual leader.[10][12]Ifeajuna has not featured prominently or favourably in the history of the Nigerian Civil War. While fellow 1966 coup maker Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu has been decorated as a war hero and had a statue erected in his hometown, Ifeajuna has received little posthumous recognition.[17] Upon his death in 2011, former Biafran leader Ojukwu received the highest military accolades from Nigeria and his funeral was attended by the Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan[18][19][20]In a 1992 interview, Ojukwu dismissed claims that Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu was the leader of the plot, as was widely believed. A Nigerian Police Special Branch report, its first part partially redacted and the second part missing, stated that Ifeajuna, Don Okafor and Captain Ogbu Oji were the creators and protagonists of the coup plot in 1965, with Nzeogwu only becoming involved at a late stage.[21] Ifeajuna is seen by some as the assassin of Prime Minister Balewa, which brought down the First Republic and caused civil war.[13] No autopsy was carried on Balewa's body and no proof exists that he was shot. Official reports document his body was found in a sitting position by a tree, next to the body of finance minister Festus Okotie-Eboh, who had been shot and was at the centre of corruption allegations.[22]Ifeajuna's legacy within Black African sports history has been overshadowed by his political actions following his feats.[4]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-4"}],"text":"During his time at university, Ifeajuna met his wife Rose in 1955. Four years later the pair married and went on to have two sons.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International competition record"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Emmanuel Ifeajuna: from Commonwealth Games gold to the firing squad\". the Guardian. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jul/13/commonwealth-games-emmanuel-ifeajuna-nigeria","url_text":"\"Emmanuel Ifeajuna: from Commonwealth Games gold to the firing squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"At Ojukwu memorial in Dallas, USAfrica's Chido Nwangwu challenges Igbo nation to say 'never again' like Jews\". USAfrica. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://usafricaonline.com/2012/02/06/ojukwu-memorial-in-dallas-usafricas-chido-nwangwu-challenges-igbos-to-say-never-again-like-jews/","url_text":"\"At Ojukwu memorial in Dallas, USAfrica's Chido Nwangwu challenges Igbo nation to say 'never again' like Jews\""}]},{"reference":"Isiguzo, Christopher; Osondu, Emeka (3 March 2012). \"Goodnight Ikemba Ojukwu\". THISDAY LIVE. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094701/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/goodnight-ikemba-ojukwu/110541/","url_text":"\"Goodnight Ikemba Ojukwu\""},{"url":"http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/goodnight-ikemba-ojukwu/110541/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (26 November 2011). \"Odumegwu Ojukwu, Leader of Breakaway Republic of Biafra, Dies at 78\". New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/world/africa/odumegwu-ojukwu-leader-of-breakaway-republic-of-biafra-dies-at-78.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Odumegwu Ojukwu, Leader of Breakaway Republic of Biafra, Dies at 78\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Spenser_Hooper
Sheila Spenser Hooper
["1 References"]
British botanist (1925–2022) Sheila Spenser Hooper (1925 – 3 May 2022) was a British botanist and plant collector noted for traveling to gather plants from around the world, including India, Tanzania, and Kenya. She was a specialist on Cyperaceae and a curator at Kew Gardens. She described over fifty species. The standard author abbreviation S. S. Hooper is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Hooper later lived in Surbiton. She died on 3 May 2022. References ^ "Hooper, Sheila Spenser (1925-) on JSTOR". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ Archives, The National. "Hooper, (b 1925) Sheila Spenser, curator at Kew Gardens, specialist on Cyperaceae". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Tropicos | Person - Hooper, Sheila Spenser". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ International Plant Names Index.  S. S. Hooper. ^ "Ralph Hooper obituary". The Times. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ "Sheila Spenser Hooper". The Gazette. Retrieved 22 October 2023. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Academics International Plant Names Index Other IdRef Wikispecies has information related to Sheila Spenser Hooper. This article about a British botanist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Snake_Diamond_Role
Black Snake Diamond Röle
["1 Track listing","1.1 Side one","1.2 Side two","1.3 1st CD issue bonus tracks (Aftermath Records 1987)","1.4 2nd CD issue (Rhino Records 1995)","1.5 2nd CD issue bonus tracks (Rhino Records 1995)","1.6 3rd CD issue bonus tracks (Yep Roc Records 2007)","2 Personnel","3 References"]
1981 album by Robyn Hitchcock This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Black Snake Diamond Röle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Black Snake Dîamond RöleStudio album by Robyn HitchcockReleasedMay 1981RecordedJune 1980–January 1981StudioThe Barge; Alaska Studios, Waterloo, London; Music Works, London N7GenreNeo-psychedeliaLength57:49LabelArmageddonProducerPat Collier Matthew SeligmanJim Neill (reissue)Robyn Hitchcock chronology Black Snake Dîamond Röle(1981) Groovy Decay(1982) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChicago Sun-TimesChicago TribuneThe Rolling Stone Album Guide Black Snake Dîamond Röle is the debut solo album by former Soft Boys frontman Robyn Hitchcock. Backed on various tracks by his former Soft Boy mates Kimberley Rew, Matthew Seligman and Morris Windsor, Hitchcock confessed satisfaction at being able to record an album with only his own artistic goals to cater to, whereas previously he had been compelled to write for the band. Vince Ely of the Psychedelic Furs, Knox and Pat Collier of the Vibrators, Gary Barnacle and Thomas Dolby also make guest backing appearances. The sessions were recorded from June 1980 to January 1981 at the Barge, Alaska Studios in Waterloo, London, and Music Works with Pat Collier producing ("with a little help from Matthew Seligman"). The ensuing set falls somewhere between the harder edged style of The Soft Boys and Hitchcock's more reflective and melodic work with The Egyptians a few years later. Released in May 1981, the album included ten original Hitchcock compositions. Key tracks include concert favourites "Acid Bird" and the rocker "Brenda's Iron Sledge", plus some of Hitchcock's patent comedy in "Do Policemen Sing?" and "The Man Who Invented Himself". The album's working title "Zinc Pear" is retained in the cover art, although the title eventually settled on refers instead to the early Soft Boys recording "Black Snake Diamond Rock". (Another working title had it listed as "The Perfumed Corpse".) The cover art and calligraphy are Hitchcock's work (credited as "R.R.H."), and the inner sleeve of the LP featured an original, cosmic Hitchcock pen-and-ink comic titled The Enchanted Sewer. The album has subsequently re-emerged on CD three times, with a mixture of bonus titles, pulled from B sides and outtakes. The 2nd and 3rd CD issues include a different mix of "The Man Who Invented Himself" sans horns, the original master having been lost in the intervening fourteen years. In 2017, Hitchcock sporadically performed the album in-full live alongside Yo La Tengo. Track listing All songs written by Robyn Hitchcock. Side one "The Man Who Invented Himself" "Brenda's Iron Sledge" "Do Policemen Sing?" "The Lizard" "Meat" Side two "Acid Bird" "I Watch the Cars" "Out of the Picture" "City of Shame" "Love" 1st CD issue bonus tracks (Aftermath Records 1987) "Dancing on God's Thumb" - originally B-side to "The Man Who Invented Himself" single, 1981 2nd CD issue (Rhino Records 1995) "The Man Who Invented Himself" (Zinc Pear mix) 2nd CD issue bonus tracks (Rhino Records 1995) "Dancing on God's Thumb" - originally B-side to "The Man Who Invented Himself" single, 1981 "Happy the Golden Prince" "I Watch the Cars 2" (previously unissued version) "It Was the Night" (previously unissued version) "Grooving on a Inner Plane" (Single version) 3rd CD issue bonus tracks (Yep Roc Records 2007) "All I Wanna Do Is Fall in Love" * "A Skull, a Suitcase, and a Long Red Bottle of Wine" * "It Was the Night" (previously unissued version) "I Watch the Cars 2" (previously unissued version) "Give Me a Spanner Ralph" * "It's a Mystic Trip" * "Grooving on a Inner Plane" (Single version) "Happy the Golden Prince" * denotes previous availability on Invisible Hitchcock "Dancing on Gods Thumb" is dropped. The other bonus tracks previously available on the Rhino version have their stereo fields reversed compared to that release. Album tracks are same as Rhino version, i.e. still Zinc Pear mix of "The Man Who Invented himself". Personnel Robyn Hitchcock - piano, bass, lead guitar, artwork Morris Windsor - drums, backing vocals Gary Barnacle - saxophone on "The Man Who Invented Himself" Matthew Seligman - bass, overbass on "Love" Vince Ely - drums on "Brenda's Iron Sledge", "Do Policemen Sing?", "The Lizard" and "I Watch the Cars" Kimberley Rew - guitar on "Do Policemen Sing?", "The Lizard", "I Watch the Cars" and "City of Shame" |Knox - guitar on "Meat" and "Out of the Picture" Robb Appleton - backing vocals on "Love" Howie Gilbert - backing vocals on "Love" Tom Dolby - keyboards/ocean on "Love" Technical Andy Llewellyn, Jo Julian, Pat Collier - engineer References ^ Deming, Mark. "Black Snake Diamond Role – Robyn Hitchcock". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 May 2014. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (5 February 1995). "Robyn Hitchcock, 'Black Snake Diamond Role,'; 'Gravy Deco,'; 'I Often Dream of Trains' (Rhino)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ Kot, Greg (27 January 1995). "Play on". Chicago Tribune. ^ Considine, J. D. (2004). "Robyn Hitchcock". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 378–380. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. vteRobyn HitchcockSolo albums Black Snake Diamond Röle Groovy Decay I Often Dream of Trains Eye Moss Elixir Jewels for Sophia Luxor Spooked Tromsø, Kaptein Love from London The Man Upstairs Robyn Hitchcock with The Egyptians Fegmania! Element of Light Globe of Frogs Queen Elvis Perspex Island Respect with The Venus 3 Olé! Tarantula Goodnight Oslo Propellor Time with Andy Partridge Planet England Live albums Gotta Let This Hen Out! Give It to the Thoth Boys – Live Oddities The Kershaw Sessions Storefront Hitchcock Storefront Hitchcock L.P. Live at the Cambridge Folk Festival Robyn Sings This Is the BBC Outtake albums Groovy Decoy Invisible Hitchcock Mossy Liquor A Star for Bram Obliteration Pie Shadow Cat The Man Downstairs: Demos & Rarities Compilations Gravy Deco Robyn Hitchcock Robyn Hitchcock & The Egyptians: Greatest Hits Uncorrected Personality Traits Box sets I Wanna Go Backwards Luminous Groove Related articles The Soft Boys Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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Vince Ely of the Psychedelic Furs, Knox and Pat Collier of the Vibrators, Gary Barnacle and Thomas Dolby also make guest backing appearances. The sessions were recorded from June 1980 to January 1981 at the Barge, Alaska Studios in Waterloo, London, and Music Works with Pat Collier producing (\"with a little help from Matthew Seligman\").The ensuing set falls somewhere between the harder edged style of The Soft Boys and Hitchcock's more reflective and melodic work with The Egyptians a few years later. Released in May 1981, the album included ten original Hitchcock compositions. Key tracks include concert favourites \"Acid Bird\" and the rocker \"Brenda's Iron Sledge\", plus some of Hitchcock's patent comedy in \"Do Policemen Sing?\" and \"The Man Who Invented Himself\".The album's working title \"Zinc Pear\" is retained in the cover art, although the title eventually settled on refers instead to the early Soft Boys recording \"Black Snake Diamond Rock\". (Another working title had it listed as \"The Perfumed Corpse\".) The cover art and calligraphy are Hitchcock's work (credited as \"R.R.H.\"), and the inner sleeve of the LP featured an original, cosmic Hitchcock pen-and-ink comic titled The Enchanted Sewer.The album has subsequently re-emerged on CD three times, with a mixture of bonus titles, pulled from B sides and outtakes. The 2nd and 3rd CD issues include a different mix of \"The Man Who Invented Himself\" sans horns, the original master having been lost in the intervening fourteen years.In 2017, Hitchcock sporadically performed the album in-full live alongside Yo La Tengo.","title":"Black Snake Diamond Röle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robyn Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Hitchcock"}],"text":"All songs written by Robyn Hitchcock.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Side one","text":"\"The Man Who Invented Himself\"\n\"Brenda's Iron Sledge\"\n\"Do Policemen Sing?\"\n\"The Lizard\"\n\"Meat\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Side two","text":"\"Acid Bird\"\n\"I Watch the Cars\"\n\"Out of the Picture\"\n\"City of Shame\"\n\"Love\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1st CD issue bonus tracks (Aftermath Records 1987)","text":"\"Dancing on God's Thumb\" - originally B-side to \"The Man Who Invented Himself\" single, 1981","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2nd CD issue (Rhino Records 1995)","text":"\"The Man Who Invented Himself\" (Zinc Pear mix)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2nd CD issue bonus tracks (Rhino Records 1995)","text":"\"Dancing on God's Thumb\" - originally B-side to \"The Man Who Invented Himself\" single, 1981\n\"Happy the Golden Prince\"\n\"I Watch the Cars 2\" (previously unissued version)\n\"It Was the Night\" (previously unissued version)\n\"Grooving on a Inner Plane\" (Single version)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"3rd CD issue bonus tracks (Yep Roc Records 2007)","text":"\"All I Wanna Do Is Fall in Love\" *\n\"A Skull, a Suitcase, and a Long Red Bottle of Wine\" *\n\"It Was the Night\" (previously unissued version)\n\"I Watch the Cars 2\" (previously unissued version)\n\"Give Me a Spanner Ralph\" *\n\"It's a Mystic Trip\" *\n\"Grooving on a Inner Plane\" (Single version)\n\"Happy the Golden Prince\"* denotes previous availability on Invisible Hitchcock\"Dancing on Gods Thumb\" is dropped.\nThe other bonus tracks previously available on the Rhino version have their stereo fields reversed compared to that release.\nAlbum tracks are same as Rhino version, i.e. still Zinc Pear mix of \"The Man Who Invented himself\".","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Barnacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Barnacle"},{"link_name":"Matthew Seligman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Seligman"},{"link_name":"Kimberley Rew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Rew"},{"link_name":"|Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_(pop_rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Dolby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dolby"}],"text":"Robyn Hitchcock - piano, bass, lead guitar, artwork\nMorris Windsor - drums, backing vocals\nGary Barnacle - saxophone on \"The Man Who Invented Himself\"\nMatthew Seligman - bass, overbass on \"Love\"\nVince Ely - drums on \"Brenda's Iron Sledge\", \"Do Policemen Sing?\", \"The Lizard\" and \"I Watch the Cars\"\nKimberley Rew - guitar on \"Do Policemen Sing?\", \"The Lizard\", \"I Watch the Cars\" and \"City of Shame\"\n|Knox - guitar on \"Meat\" and \"Out of the Picture\"\nRobb Appleton - backing vocals on \"Love\"\nHowie Gilbert - backing vocals on \"Love\"\nTom Dolby - keyboards/ocean on \"Love\"TechnicalAndy Llewellyn, Jo Julian, Pat Collier - engineer","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Eastern_Michigan_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team
2013–14 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team
["1 Arrivals","2 Departures","3 Awards","4 Statistics","5 Roster","6 Schedule","7 References"]
American college basketball season 2013–14 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketballCIT Second round vs. Columbia, L 56–69ConferenceMid-American ConferenceDivisionWest DivisionRecord22–15 (10–8 MAC)Head coachRob Murphy (3rd season)Assistant coaches Mike Brown Kevin Mondro Benny White Home arenaEastern Michigan University Convocation CenterSeasons← 2012–132014–15 → 2013–14 Mid-American Conference men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT East Buffalo 13 – 5   .722 19 – 10   .655 Akron 12 – 6   .667 21 – 13   .618 Ohio 11 – 7   .611 25 – 12   .676 Miami 8 – 10   .444 13 – 18   .419 Kent State 7 – 11   .389 16 – 16   .500 Bowling Green 6 – 12   .333 12 – 20   .375 West Toledo 14 – 4   .778 27 – 7   .794 Western Michigan † 14 – 4   .778 23 – 10   .697 Eastern Michigan 10 – 8   .556 22 – 15   .595 Northern Illinois 8 – 10   .444 15 – 17   .469 Central Michigan 3 – 15   .167 10 – 21   .323 Ball State 2 – 16   .111 5 – 25   .167 † 2014 MAC tournament winner The 2013–14 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team represented Eastern Michigan University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Eagles, led by third year head coach Rob Murphy, played their home games at the Eastern Michigan University Convocation Center and were members of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 22–15, 10–8 in MAC play to finish in third place in the West Division. They advanced to the semifinals of the MAC tournament where they lost to Toledo. They were invited to the CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they defeated Norfolk State in the first round before losing in the second round to Columbia. Arrivals Olalekan Ajayi transferred from Collin College in Plano, TX. While at Collin Ajayi ranked 17th in the nation in rebounding and was rated as the 11th best junior college player according to rivals.com. Ali Farhat a freshman walk-on from Dearborn HS where he was a four time All-City award winner, three time All-League and during his senior year earned All-State accolades and named to the All-Metro West Second team. Darell Combs joined EMU from Blinn College in Brenham, TX. Last season he led his team in points, with a 16.8pts per game average. Mo Hughley is a graduate student transfer from CSU-Baskersfield. Before that he was named honorable mention NCJAA All-Region and ranked 8th in Region XIV in rebounding at Paris Junior College. Jordan Martin a walk-on from Oakland Community College. Was a First Team All-Eastern Collegiate Conference award winner. Jodan Price will have to sit out the 2013/14 after transferring from DePaul University.Ranked 143rd overall on Rivals.Ranked among the class of 2012’s top-25 three-point shooters by ESPN.com in high school. Trent Perry another walk-on, attended Independence HS in Thompson Station, TN. In high school Perry was named to the District 11AAA All-Tournament Team and earned John Maher Student-Athlete of the Month. Karrington Ward a transfer from Moraine Valley CC where he was named Skyway Conference Player of the Year and was a Division 1 National Junior College Athletic Association All-American. While at Kankakee Community College he earned Division II First Team National Junior College Athletic Association All-American status. Departures Name Yr Pos Reason Derek Thompson Sr G Graduated J.R. Sims Sr G Graduated Jamell Harris Sr F Graduated Austin Harper Jr G Transferred Out Matt Balkema Sr C Graduated Antoine Chandler So G Transferred Out Josh Lyle Jr F Transferred Out Awards Academic All-MAC Daylen Harrison,3.66 GPA, Chemistry Ben Jobe Award Rob Murphy was a finalist MAC West Players of the Week Dec 16 Raven Lee Feb 17 Da'Shonte Riley Hustlebelt.com Preseason Top 25 MAC Players 10 Glenn Bryant 25 Daylen Harrison Honorable Mention-Mike Talley MAC Defensive Player Of The Year Da'Shonte Riley 3rd Team All-MAC Karrington Ward Statistics National Statistical Champions 2013/14 NCAA Statistical Championship for Field Goal Percentage Defense (36.9%) MAC Statistical Champions 2013/14 Scoring Defense (61.4) 2013/14 Field Goal Percentage Defense (.369) 2013/14 Blocked Shots (6 Avg/G) 2013/14 Turnover Maring (+3.57) Roster 2013–14 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team Players Coaches Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown G 0 Raven Lee 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 170 lb (77 kg) RS Fr Detroit, Michigan G 1 Mike Talley 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m) 175 lb (79 kg) RS Jr Detroit, Michigan G 2 J.R. Sims 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 175 lb (79 kg) RS Sr Fort Wayne, Indiana F 3 Mo Hughley 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 240 lb (109 kg) Sr Queens Village, New York G 5 Jodan Price 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 172 lb (78 kg) RS So Indianapolis, Indiana C 10 Da'Shonte Riley 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 240 lb (109 kg) RS Sr Detroit, Michigan F 12 Olalekan Ajayi 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 245 lb (111 kg) So Winston-Salem, North Carolina G 13 Trent Perry 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 175 lb (79 kg) Fr Irving, Texas F 14 Karrington Ward 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Jr Lockport, Illinois G 20 Ali Farhat 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 165 lb (75 kg) Fr Dearborn, Michigan G 21 Jalen Ross 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m) 175 lb (79 kg) So Greensboro, North Carolina G 22 Jordan Martin 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Jr Detroit, Michigan F 23 Glenn Bryant 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 210 lb (95 kg) RS Sr Detroit, Michigan G 25 Darell Combs 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 175 lb (79 kg) So Chicago, Illinois G 33 Anthony Strickland 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 220 lb (100 kg) RS Sr Ypsilanti, Michigan G 35 Daylen Harrison 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 215 lb (98 kg) RS Sr Akron, Ohio Head coach Rob Murphy (Central State) Assistant coach(es) Mike Brown (Wayne State) Kevin Mondro (Detroit Mercy) Benny White (Michigan State) Legend (C) Team captain (S) Suspended (I) Ineligible (W) Walk-on Injured Current redshirt Roster Schedule Datetime, TV Opponent Result Record Site (attendance) city, state Exhibition 11/04/2013*7:00 pm Marygrove W 101–38  Convocation Center Ypsilanti, MI Regular season 11/08/2013*12:00 pm Albion W 77–45  1–0 Convocation Center (2,677)Ypsilanti, MI 11/12/2013*7:00 pm Concordia W 95–50  2–0 Bowen Field House (506)Ypsilanti, MI 11/14/2013*7:30 pm Robert Morris Keightley Classic Game W 69–64  3–0 Bowen Field House (793)Ypsilanti, MI 11/18/2013*7:00 pm Cleveland State Keightley Classic Game W 81–69  4–0 Convocation Center (825)Ypsilanti, MI 11/23/2013*7:00 pm Texas–Arlington Keightley Classic Game W 74–69  5–0 Convocation Center (810)Ypsilanti, MI 11/27/2013*4:00 pm, FSN at No. 3 Kentucky Keightley Classic Game L 63–81  5–1 Rupp Arena (22,721)Lexington, Kentucky 12/3/2013*7:00 pm No. 21 Massachusetts L 57–69  5–2 Convocation Center (1,314)Ypsilanti, MI 12/7/2013*2:00 pm, ESPN3 at Purdue L 64–69  5–3 Mackey Arena (13,079)West Lafayette, Indiana 12/10/2013*7:00 pm Green Bay W 67–58  6–3 Convocation Center (583)Ypsilanti, MI 12/21/2013*1:00 pm at Oakland W 81–79 OT 7–3 Athletics Center O'rena (1,507)Rochester, Michigan 12/28/2013*2:00 pm, ESPN2 at No. 9 Duke L 59–82  7–4 Cameron Indoor Stadium (9,314)Durham, North Carolina 12/31/2013*3:00 pm, ESPNU at No. 2 Syracuse L 48–70  7–5 Carrier Dome (20,306)Syracuse, New York 1/4/2014*2:00 pm Rochester W 92–54  8–5 Convocation Center (429)Ypsilanti, MI 1/8/20144:00 pm at Bowling Green W 56–51  9–5 (1–0) Stroh Center (1,205)Bowling Green, Ohio 01/11/20142:00 pm at Buffalo L 66–76  9–6 (1–1) Alumni Arena (2,616)Amherst, New York 01/14/20147:00 pm, TWCSC Ohio Western Michigan Michigan MAC Trophy W 56–37  10–6 (2–1) Convocation Center (1,049)Ypsilanti, MI 01/18/20147:00 pm at Central Michigan Michigan MAC Trophy W 72–59  11–6 (3–1) McGuirk Arena (2,428)Mount Pleasant, Michigan 01/22/20147:00 pm, ESPN3 Akron L 68–78  11–7 (3–2) Convocation Center (609)Ypsilanti, MI 01/25/20147:00 pm Ohio ESPNU L 56–58  11–8 (3–3) Convocation Center (1,321)Ypsilanti, MI 01/29/20147:00 pm Bowling Green W 69–57  12–8 (4–3) Convocation Center (601)Ypsilanti, MI 02/1/20143:00 pm at Miami (OH) L 61–65  12–9 (4–4) Millett Hall (1,038)Oxford, Ohio 02/5/20147:00 pm, ESPN3 at Akron L 48–52  12–10 (4–5) James A. Rhodes Arena (3,014)Akron, Ohio 02/08/20142:00 pm Kent State W 70–53  13–10 (5–5) Convocation Center (716)Ypsilanti, MI 02/12/20147:00 pm at Ball State W 73–62  14–10 (6–5) Convocation Center (2,411)Muncie, Indiana 02/15/20142:00 pm Toledo W 65–44  15–10 (7–5) Convocation Center (1,356)Ypsilanti, MI 02/20/20147:00 pm, ESPN3 at Northern Illinois L 59–61 2OT 15–11 (7–6) Convocation Center (877)DeKalb, Illinois 02/23/20142:00 pm at Western Michigan Michigan MAC Trophy L 67–75  15–12 (7–7) University Arena (3,204)Kalamazoo, Michigan 02/26/20147:00 pm Central Michigan Michigan MAC Trophy W 64–42  16–12 (8–7) Convocation Center (571)Ypsilanti, MI 03/1/20142:00 pm Northern Illinois W 56–52  17–12 (9–7) Convocation Center (815)Ypsilanti, MI 03/4/20147:00 pm, Ball State Sports Net Ball State W 72–58  18–12 (10–7) Convocation Center (903)Ypsilanti, MI 03/8/20142:00 pm at Toledo L 66–77  18–13 (10–8) Savage Arena (5,911)Toledo, Ohio MAC Tournament 03/10/20147:30 pm Central Michigan First round W 72–60  19–13 Convocation Center (863)Ypsilanti, MI 03/12/20149:00 pm vs. Northern Illinois Second round W 53–48  20–13 Quicken Loans Arena (513)Cleveland, Ohio 03/13/20149:00 pm, TWCSC vs. Buffalo Quarterfinals W 69–64  21–13 Quicken Loans Arena (4,116)Cleveland, Ohio 03/14/20149:00 pm, TWCSC vs. Toledo Semifinals L 44–59  21–14 Quicken Loans Arena (6,318)Cleveland, Ohio CIT 03/18/2014*7:00 pm Norfolk State First round W 58–54  22–14 Convocation Center (373)Ypsilanti, MI 03/22/2014*7:00 pm at Columbia Second round L 56–69  22–15 Levien Gymnasium (2,019)New York City, NY *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. All times are in Eastern Time. References ^ "2013-14_MBBGuide" (PDF). ^ "The Mid-American Conference - 2013-14 Men's Basketball Academic All-MAC Team Announced". Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014. ^ "Rob Murphy Named Ben Jobe Award Finalist". ^ "The Official Website of Eastern Michigan Athletics - Men's Basketball Earns NCAA Statistical Champion Distinction". Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014. ^ "2013-14 MAC Men's Basketball Statistics - Overall Statistics". vteEastern Michigan Eagles men's basketballVenues Normal Gymnasium (1897–1955) Bowen Field House (1955–1998) George Gervin GameAbove Center (1998–present) Rivalries In-state MAC schools Culture & lore Swoop People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"Rob Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Murphy_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Michigan University Convocation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Michigan_University_Convocation_Center"},{"link_name":"Mid-American Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-American_Conference"},{"link_name":"MAC tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_MAC_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"CollegeInsider.com Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CollegeInsider.com_Postseason_Tournament"}],"text":"The 2013–14 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team represented Eastern Michigan University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Eagles, led by third year head coach Rob Murphy, played their home games at the Eastern Michigan University Convocation Center and were members of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 22–15, 10–8 in MAC play to finish in third place in the West Division. They advanced to the semifinals of the MAC tournament where they lost to Toledo. They were invited to the CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they defeated Norfolk State in the first round before losing in the second round to Columbia.","title":"2013–14 Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_College"},{"link_name":"Plano, TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Blinn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinn_College"},{"link_name":"Brenham, TX.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"CSU-Baskersfield.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_State_Bakersfield_Roadrunners_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Paris Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"Oakland Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Community_College"},{"link_name":"DePaul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_Blue_Demons_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Thompson Station, TN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Station,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Moraine Valley CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine_Valley_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Kankakee Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankakee_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Olalekan Ajayi transferred from Collin College in Plano, TX. While at Collin Ajayi ranked 17th in the nation in rebounding and was rated as the 11th best junior college player according to rivals.com.\nAli Farhat a freshman walk-on from Dearborn HS where he was a four time All-City award winner, three time All-League and during his senior year earned All-State accolades and named to the All-Metro West Second team.\nDarell Combs joined EMU from Blinn College in Brenham, TX. Last season he led his team in points, with a 16.8pts per game average.\nMo Hughley is a graduate student transfer from CSU-Baskersfield. Before that he was named honorable mention NCJAA All-Region and ranked 8th in Region XIV in rebounding at Paris Junior College.\nJordan Martin a walk-on from Oakland Community College. Was a First Team All-Eastern Collegiate Conference award winner.\nJodan Price will have to sit out the 2013/14 after transferring from DePaul University.Ranked 143rd overall on Rivals.Ranked among the class of 2012’s top-25 three-point shooters by ESPN.com in high school.\nTrent Perry another walk-on, attended Independence HS in Thompson Station, TN. In high school Perry was named to the District 11AAA All-Tournament Team and earned John Maher Student-Athlete of the Month.\nKarrington Ward a transfer from Moraine Valley CC where he was named Skyway Conference Player of the Year and was a Division 1 National Junior College Athletic Association All-American. While at Kankakee Community College he earned Division II First Team National Junior College Athletic Association All-American status.[1]","title":"Arrivals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Departures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Academic All-MACDaylen Harrison,3.66 GPA, Chemistry[2]Ben Jobe AwardRob Murphy was a finalist[3]MAC West Players of the WeekDec 16 Raven Lee\nFeb 17 Da'Shonte RileyHustlebelt.com Preseason Top 25 MAC Players10 Glenn Bryant\n25 Daylen Harrison\nHonorable Mention-Mike TalleyMAC Defensive Player Of The YearDa'Shonte Riley3rd Team All-MACKarrington Ward","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"National Statistical Champions2013/14 NCAA Statistical Championship for Field Goal Percentage Defense (36.9%)[4]MAC Statistical Champions2013/14 Scoring Defense (61.4)[5]\n2013/14 Field Goal Percentage Defense (.369)\n2013/14 Blocked Shots (6 Avg/G)\n2013/14 Turnover Maring (+3.57)","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputaland_Centre_of_Plant_Endemism
Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism
["1 References"]
The Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism is situated in the coastal region of South Africa in the northern part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal, and also includes the southernmost part of Mozambique. It forms part of the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot. It is notable for its biodiversity and unique, endemic flora and fauna. References ^ Perera, Sandun J. (2013). "Patterns of animal endemism Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot". Thesis. Retrieved 7 July 2019. This South Africa location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Perera, Sandun J. (2013). \"Patterns of animal endemism Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot\". Thesis. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303457472","url_text":"\"Patterns of animal endemism Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinuo
Jino people
["1 Population distribution","2 References","3 External links"]
Tibeto-Burman ethnic group This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jino people" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group JinoTotal population22,000Regions with significant populationsChina, YunnanLanguagesJinoReligionAnimism, BuddhismRelated ethnic groupsYi, Qiang The Jino (also spelled Jinuo) people (simplified Chinese: 基诺族; traditional Chinese: 基諾族; pinyin: Jīnuòzú, endonym: ) are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They live in an area called the Jino Mountains (Jinuoshan 基诺山) in eastern Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province. The Jino are one of the less numerous of the recognized minorities in China and the last one included as "national minority" because they were only recognized in 1979. A former name used for the Jino, Youle, means "following the maternal uncle," an indication of a matrilineal past. The Jino have a population of 20,900 people according to the census of the year 2000. Most of the Jino concentrate in Jinoshan, in a series of mild hills with wet climate near Mengyang Township in Jinghong Municipality, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. They live in an area of about 70x50 km. They live in subtropical rainforest, home of elephants, wild oxen and monkeys. Among their cultural practices is tooth painting, in which soot made from pear trees is used. Population distribution This table shows the population distribution of the Jino nationality on the county level, according to the figures of the last census of 2000. (Showing only values above 0.10%.) city, county, district superior district superior province number of Jino % of total Jino population in China Jinghong city (景洪市) Xishuangbanna autonomous prefecture of the Dai Yunnan province 19,250 92.11% Mengla county (勐腊县; Traditional: 勐臘縣) Xishuangbanna autonomous prefecture of the Dai Yunnan province 897 4.29% Guandu district (官渡区; Traditional: 官渡區) Kunming city Yunnan province 119 0.57% Cuiyun district (翠云区; Traditional: 翠雲區) Simao city Yunnan province 82 0.39% Menghai county (勐海县; Traditional: 勐海縣) Xishuangbanna autonomous prefecture of the Dai Yunnan province 52 0.25% Wuhua district (五华区; Traditional: 五華區) Kunming city Yunnan province 47 0.23% Xishan district (西山区; Traditional: 西山區) Kunming city Yunnan province 47 0.23% Pu'er autonomous county of the Hani and Yi (普洱哈尼族彝族自治县; Traditional: 普洱哈尼族彝族自治縣) Simao city Yunnan province 26 0.12% Zhenkang county (镇康县; Traditional: 鎮康縣) Lincang city Yunnan province 23 0.11% other areas in China 356 1.7% References ^ a b "The Jino ethnic minority". ^ a b West, Barbara A. (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 350. ISBN 978-1438119137. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ "Jino Nationality". ChinaTour360.com. Retrieved 1 January 2015. External links The Jino ethnic minority (Chinese government website) vteEthnic groups in ChinaUnderlined: the 56 recognized ethnic groupsSino-TibetanSinitic Bai Caijia Chuanqing Han subgroups Hui Longjia Waxiang Lolo-Burmese Achang Akha Bisu Hani Jino Kucong Lahu Laomian Laopin Lisu Mosuo Nakhi Nu Qixingmin Yi Qiangic Baima Gyalrong Pumi Qiang Tibetic Monpa Sherpa Tibetan Others Deng Derung Jingpo Lhoba Tujia Austroasiatic Blang Bolyu Kunge Khmu Lai Mang Pakan Ta'ang Vietnamese Wa Austronesian Filipino Gaoshan Utsuls Hmong-Mien Gejia Miao Hmong She Yao Mongolic Bonan Daur Dongxiang Hamnigan Kangjia Khatso Mongols Abaga Abaganar Aohans Baarins Buryats Chahars Gorlos Jalaids Jaruud Khalkha Kharchin Khishigten Khorchin Khuuchid Muumyangan Naimans Oirats Dzungar Khoid Khoshut Olot Torghut Upper Mongols Onnigud Ordos Sichuan Mongols Sunud Urad Monguor Sogwo Arig Yugur Eastern Kra–Dai Bouyei Buyang Dai Tai Lue Tai Nua Dong Gelao Li Maonan Nùng Mulao Qabiao Rau Shan Sui Yang Zhuang Tungusic Evenks Solon Manchus Nanai Oroqen Sibes Turkic Altaians Äynu Dolan Fuyu Kyrgyz Ili Turks Kazakh Kyrgyz Salar Tatar Tuvans Uyghurs Uzbeks Yugur Western Indo-European Armenians Iranians Nepalis Daman Russians Tajiks (Pamiris) Wakhis Others African Chinese Indians Japanese Jews Kaifeng Jews Koreans (Chaoxianzu) Macanese Nivkhs Pakistanis Related Han nationalism chauvinism Local ethnic nationalism Minzu Zhonghua minzu Unrecognized ethnic groups in China Immigrant ethnic groups in China Historic ethnic groups Authority control databases: National Israel United States This article about an ethnic group in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tibeto-Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"},{"link_name":"ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"56 ethnic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Jinghong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinghong"},{"link_name":"Xishuangbanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xishuangbanna"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Jino_ethnic_minority-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Peoples_of_Asia_and_Oceania-2"},{"link_name":"matrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Peoples_of_Asia_and_Oceania-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Jino_ethnic_minority-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tooth painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_painting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jino_Nationality-3"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Jino (also spelled Jinuo) people (simplified Chinese: 基诺族; traditional Chinese: 基諾族; pinyin: Jīnuòzú, endonym: [citation needed]) are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They live in an area called the Jino Mountains (Jinuoshan 基诺山) in eastern Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province.[1]The Jino are one of the less numerous of the recognized minorities in China and the last one included as \"national minority\" because they were only recognized in 1979.[2] A former name used for the Jino, Youle, means \"following the maternal uncle,\" an indication of a matrilineal past.[2]The Jino have a population of 20,900 people according to the census of the year 2000.[1] \nMost of the Jino concentrate in Jinoshan, in a series of mild hills with wet climate near Mengyang Township in Jinghong Municipality, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. They live in an area of about 70x50 km. They live in subtropical rainforest, home of elephants, wild oxen and monkeys.[citation needed]Among their cultural practices is tooth painting, in which soot made from pear trees is used.[3]","title":"Jino people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This table shows the population distribution of the Jino nationality on the county level, according to the figures of the last census of 2000. (Showing only values above 0.10%.)","title":"Population distribution"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotenba
Gotemba, Shizuoka
["1 Geography","1.1 Surrounding municipalities","1.2 Demographics","1.3 Climate","2 History","3 Government","4 Economy","5 Education","6 Transportation","6.1 Railway","6.2 Highway","7 Sister cities","8 Military installations","9 Local attractions","10 Notable people","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°18′31.3″N 138°56′4.6″E / 35.308694°N 138.934611°E / 35.308694; 138.934611This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gotemba, Shizuoka" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City in Chūbu, JapanGotemba 御殿場市CityMount Fuji as seen from the Gotemba Premium Outlets on the outskirts of the city FlagEmblemLocation of Gotemba in Shizuoka PrefectureGotemba Coordinates: 35°18′31.3″N 138°56′4.6″E / 35.308694°N 138.934611°E / 35.308694; 138.934611CountryJapanRegionChūbu (Tōkai)PrefectureShizuokaGovernment • MayorMasami Katsumata (from October 2021)Area • Total194.90 km2 (75.25 sq mi)Population (June 30, 2019) • Total88,370 • Density450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)Phone number0550-83-1212Address483 Hagiwara, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka-ken 412-8601ClimateCfaWebsiteOfficial websiteSymbolsBirdJapanese thrushFlowerSakuraTreeJapanese zelkova Gotemba (御殿場市, Gotenba-shi, sometimes Gotenba) is a city on the southeastern flank of Mount Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2019, the city had an estimated population of 88,370 in 36,096 households, and a population density of 450 persons per km². The total area of the city is 194.90 square kilometres (75.25 sq mi). Geography Gotemba is located in far eastern Shizuoka Prefecture at an altitude of 250–600 metres (820–1,970 ft). Mount Fuji is located to the west, and Mount Hakone to the east, with the Tanzawa Mountains to the north and Mount Ashitaka to the south. The area is noted for its numerous golf courses, with the Mitsui Sumitomo Visa Taiheiyo Masters taking place annually. Surrounding municipalities Shizuoka Prefecture Oyama Susono Fujinomiya Fuji Kanagawa Prefecture Hakone Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of Gotemba has grown over the past 50 years. Historical populationYearPop.±% 1960 45,709—     1970 55,997+22.5% 1980 69,261+23.7% 1990 79,557+14.9% 2000 82,533+3.7% 2010 89,028+7.9% Climate The city has a climate characterized by characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Gotemba is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,874.6 mm (113.17 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.1 °C (75.4 °F), and lowest in January, at around 2.7 °C (36.9 °F). Climate data for Gotemba (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1976−present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 16.2(61.2) 20.3(68.5) 22.2(72.0) 25.5(77.9) 30.3(86.5) 32.7(90.9) 33.8(92.8) 35.3(95.5) 33.0(91.4) 29.2(84.6) 24.3(75.7) 20.2(68.4) 35.3(95.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.8(46.0) 8.6(47.5) 11.7(53.1) 16.5(61.7) 20.8(69.4) 23.5(74.3) 27.1(80.8) 28.7(83.7) 25.5(77.9) 20.3(68.5) 15.4(59.7) 10.4(50.7) 18.0(64.4) Daily mean °C (°F) 2.7(36.9) 3.5(38.3) 6.6(43.9) 11.5(52.7) 15.9(60.6) 19.2(66.6) 22.9(73.2) 24.1(75.4) 20.9(69.6) 15.6(60.1) 10.3(50.5) 5.2(41.4) 13.2(55.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.9(28.6) −1.2(29.8) 1.9(35.4) 6.8(44.2) 11.7(53.1) 16.0(60.8) 20.1(68.2) 21.0(69.8) 17.5(63.5) 11.6(52.9) 5.7(42.3) 0.5(32.9) 9.1(48.5) Record low °C (°F) −8.8(16.2) −12.2(10.0) −8.8(16.2) −4.8(23.4) 2.4(36.3) 8.0(46.4) 11.3(52.3) 12.9(55.2) 7.0(44.6) 0.9(33.6) −4.8(23.4) −7.7(18.1) −12.2(10.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 104.6(4.12) 128.9(5.07) 253.3(9.97) 248.4(9.78) 255.7(10.07) 297.4(11.71) 361.4(14.23) 247.5(9.74) 372.5(14.67) 315.2(12.41) 185.5(7.30) 104.3(4.11) 2,874.6(113.17) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.8 7.8 12.1 11.5 12.3 14.1 13.9 11.2 12.5 11.6 8.8 6.8 129.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 173.7 155.4 151.6 163.2 155.4 103.6 118.6 157.7 115.7 129.7 147.1 165.7 1,733.9 Source: Japan Meteorological Agency History Gotemba in the early 1940s A street in Gotemba Gotemba City Hall Mount Fuji and city of Gotemba Gotemba was the location of the earliest known settlement founded in the region of Shizuoka which dates back 2,000 years ago. The inhabitants of the area (including Gotemba) were not ethnically Yamato and were likely Ainu. Gotemba was the site of a shōen belonging to Ise Shrine in the Heian period. During the Edo period the area was part of Odawara Domain. After the start of the Meiji period, it became part of Shizuoka Domain until the abolition of the han system in 1871 and the establishment of Shizuoka Prefecture. The opening of Gotemba Station on what was then the Tōkaidō Main Line on February 1, 1889, spurred development of the area. With the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, Gotemba Town was created within Suntō District, along with Fujioka Village, Harasato Village, Ino Village, Tamaho Village, and Takane Village. However, the opening of the Tanna Tunnel on December 1, 1934, resulted in the route of Tōkaidō Main Line shifting south to Atami, leaving Gotemba on the spur Gotemba Line, which resulted in temporary depopulation. During the pre-war era, Gotemba was a major base area for the Imperial Japanese Army, and still houses military facilities and a large training area (the East Fuji Maneuver Area) for the modern Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force and the United States Marine Corps. Gotemba was elevated to city status on February 11, 1955, through the merger of Gotemba Town with neighboring Fujioka Village, Harasato Village, Ino Village, and Tamaho Village. The city expanded through annexation of Takane Village on January 1, 1956 and the Furusawa District of Oyama Town on September 1, 1957. The Gotemba Interchange on the Tōmei Expressway was completed on May 25, 1969. Government Gotemba has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 21 members. Economy Gotemba has a mixed economy. Agriculture has traditionally been dominated by rice, irrigated by water from Mount Fuji, and has been supplemented by the growing of various green vegetables and the raising of pigs. Development of light industries, especially in food processing and electronics has profited through Gotemba's location on the Tōmei Expressway, and Gotemba is noted for a number of golf courses and a spacious outlet shopping center. Retailing company Chelsea Japan rented former Gotemba Family Land Amusement Park, and officially opened in July 2000 as Gotemba Premium Outlets. Education Gotemba has ten public elementary schools and six public junior high schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Shizuoka Prefectural Board of Education. The city also has one private high school, and the prefecture also operates one special education school for the disabled. Transportation Railway Central Japan Railway Company - Gotemba Line Gotemba – Minami-Gotemba - Fujioka Highway Tōmei Expressway National Route 138 National Route 246 National Route 469 Sister cities – Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, United States (since August 22, 1960) – Beaverton, Oregon, United States (since October 22, 1987) Military installations JGSDF Camp Itazuma JGSDF Camp Komakado JGSDF Camp Takigahara East Fuji Maneuver Area Local attractions The Peace Pagoda built in 1964 by Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga is a noted symbol of the city. Notable people Kenyu Horiuchi, voice actor Nobuo Serizawa, professional golfer References ^ Gotemba City official statistics (in Japanese) ^ Gotemba population statistics ^ a b 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved April 12, 2022. ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved April 12, 2022. ^ Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 1-884964-04-4. ^ Gotemba city official home page(in Japanese) ^ "Chelsea Japan Expands Gotemba Premium Outlets; Center Is Japan's Largest Outlet Shopping Destination". www.businesswire.com. July 8, 2003. Retrieved 2017-07-02. External links Media related to Gotemba, Shizuoka at Wikimedia Commons Gotemba City official website Mount Fuji Gotemba Trail Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine vte Shizuoka PrefectureShizuoka (capital)ShizuokaWards Aoi Shimizu Suruga HamamatsuWards Chūō Hamana Tenryū Special cities Fuji Numazu Cities Atami Mishima Fujinomiya Itō Shimada Iwata Yaizu Kakegawa Fujieda Gotemba Fukuroi Shimoda Susono Kosai Izu Omaezaki Kikugawa Izunokuni Makinohara Districts Kamo District Higashiizu Kawazu Minamiizu Matsuzaki Nishiizu Tagata District Kannami Suntō District Shimizu Nagaizumi Oyama Haibara District Yoshida Kawanehon Shūchi District Mori List of mergers in Shizuoka Prefecture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Japan Geographic MusicBrainz area Academics CiNii
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gotemba,_Shizuoka&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"text":"City in Chūbu, JapanGotemba (御殿場市, Gotenba-shi, sometimes Gotenba) is a city on the southeastern flank of Mount Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2019[update], the city had an estimated population of 88,370 in 36,096 households,[1] and a population density of 450 persons per km². The total area of the city is 194.90 square kilometres (75.25 sq mi).","title":"Gotemba, Shizuoka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"Mount Hakone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hakone"},{"link_name":"Tanzawa Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzawa_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mount Ashitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ashitaka"},{"link_name":"golf courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_course"},{"link_name":"Mitsui Sumitomo Visa Taiheiyo Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_Sumitomo_Visa_Taiheiyo_Masters"}],"text":"Gotemba is located in far eastern Shizuoka Prefecture at an altitude of 250–600 metres (820–1,970 ft). Mount Fuji is located to the west, and Mount Hakone to the east, with the Tanzawa Mountains to the north and Mount Ashitaka to the south. The area is noted for its numerous golf courses, with the Mitsui Sumitomo Visa Taiheiyo Masters taking place annually.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Susono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susono,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Fujinomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujinomiya,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Hakone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakone,_Kanagawa"}],"sub_title":"Surrounding municipalities","text":"Shizuoka Prefecture\nOyama\nSusono\nFujinomiya\nFuji\nKanagawa Prefecture\nHakone","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Demographics","text":"Per Japanese census data,[2] the population of Gotemba has grown over the past 50 years.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-normals-3"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Japan Meteorological Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-normals-3"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The city has a climate characterized by characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Gotemba is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,874.6 mm (113.17 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.1 °C (75.4 °F), and lowest in January, at around 2.7 °C (36.9 °F).[3]Climate data for Gotemba (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1976−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n33.8(92.8)\n\n35.3(95.5)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n35.3(95.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n9.1(48.5)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−8.8(16.2)\n\n−12.2(10.0)\n\n−8.8(16.2)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n−7.7(18.1)\n\n−12.2(10.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n104.6(4.12)\n\n128.9(5.07)\n\n253.3(9.97)\n\n248.4(9.78)\n\n255.7(10.07)\n\n297.4(11.71)\n\n361.4(14.23)\n\n247.5(9.74)\n\n372.5(14.67)\n\n315.2(12.41)\n\n185.5(7.30)\n\n104.3(4.11)\n\n2,874.6(113.17)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n6.8\n\n7.8\n\n12.1\n\n11.5\n\n12.3\n\n14.1\n\n13.9\n\n11.2\n\n12.5\n\n11.6\n\n8.8\n\n6.8\n\n129.4\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n173.7\n\n155.4\n\n151.6\n\n163.2\n\n155.4\n\n103.6\n\n118.6\n\n157.7\n\n115.7\n\n129.7\n\n147.1\n\n165.7\n\n1,733.9\n\n\nSource: Japan Meteorological Agency[4][3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gotemba_downtown_before_1945.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_street_in_Gotemba.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gotemba-city-office.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_gotemba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_people"},{"link_name":"Ainu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"shōen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Den"},{"link_name":"Ise Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Odawara Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawara_Domain"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Domain"},{"link_name":"abolition of the han system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system"},{"link_name":"Gotemba Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotemba_Station"},{"link_name":"Suntō District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunt%C5%8D_District,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tanna Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanna_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Atami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atami,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Gotemba Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotemba_Line"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"East Fuji Maneuver Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fuji_Maneuver_Area"},{"link_name":"Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Ground_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oyama Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gotemba in the early 1940sA street in GotembaGotemba City HallMount Fuji and city of GotembaGotemba was the location of the earliest known settlement founded in the region of Shizuoka which dates back 2,000 years ago. The inhabitants of the area (including Gotemba) were not ethnically Yamato and were likely Ainu.[5]Gotemba was the site of a shōen belonging to Ise Shrine in the Heian period. During the Edo period the area was part of Odawara Domain. After the start of the Meiji period, it became part of Shizuoka Domain until the abolition of the han system in 1871 and the establishment of Shizuoka Prefecture. The opening of Gotemba Station on what was then the Tōkaidō Main Line on February 1, 1889, spurred development of the area. With the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, Gotemba Town was created within Suntō District, along with Fujioka Village, Harasato Village, Ino Village, Tamaho Village, and Takane Village.[6]However, the opening of the Tanna Tunnel on December 1, 1934, resulted in the route of Tōkaidō Main Line shifting south to Atami, leaving Gotemba on the spur Gotemba Line, which resulted in temporary depopulation. During the pre-war era, Gotemba was a major base area for the Imperial Japanese Army, and still houses military facilities and a large training area (the East Fuji Maneuver Area) for the modern Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force and the United States Marine Corps.[citation needed]Gotemba was elevated to city status on February 11, 1955, through the merger of Gotemba Town with neighboring Fujioka Village, Harasato Village, Ino Village, and Tamaho Village. The city expanded through annexation of Takane Village on January 1, 1956 and the Furusawa District of Oyama Town on September 1, 1957. The Gotemba Interchange on the Tōmei Expressway was completed on May 25, 1969.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"}],"text":"Gotemba has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 21 members.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"Gotemba Premium Outlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotemba_Premium_Outlets"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Gotemba has a mixed economy. Agriculture has traditionally been dominated by rice, irrigated by water from Mount Fuji, and has been supplemented by the growing of various green vegetables and the raising of pigs. Development of light industries, especially in food processing and electronics has profited through Gotemba's location on the Tōmei Expressway, and Gotemba is noted for a number of golf courses and a spacious outlet shopping center.Retailing company Chelsea Japan rented former Gotemba Family Land Amusement Park, and officially opened in July 2000 as Gotemba Premium Outlets.[7]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gotemba has ten public elementary schools and six public junior high schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Shizuoka Prefectural Board of Education. The city also has one private high school, and the prefecture also operates one special education school for the disabled.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(central).svg"},{"link_name":"Central Japan Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Gotemba Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotemba_Line"},{"link_name":"Gotemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotemba_Station"},{"link_name":"Minami-Gotemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami-Gotemba_Station"},{"link_name":"Fujioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujioka_Station_(Shizuoka)"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"Central Japan Railway Company - Gotemba Line\nGotemba – Minami-Gotemba - Fujioka","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tōmei Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dmei_Expressway"},{"link_name":"National Route 138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_138"},{"link_name":"National Route 246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_246"},{"link_name":"National Route 469","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_469"}],"sub_title":"Highway","text":"Tōmei Expressway\n National Route 138\n National Route 246\n National Route 469","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chambersburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Beaverton, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon"}],"text":"– Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, United States (since August 22, 1960)\n – Beaverton, Oregon, United States (since October 22, 1987)","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JGSDF Camp Itazuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JGSDF_Camp_Itazuma"},{"link_name":"JGSDF Camp Komakado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JGSDF_Camp_Komakado"},{"link_name":"JGSDF Camp Takigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JGSDF_Camp_Takigahara"},{"link_name":"East Fuji Maneuver Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fuji_Maneuver_Area"}],"text":"JGSDF Camp Itazuma\nJGSDF Camp Komakado\nJGSDF Camp Takigahara\nEast Fuji Maneuver Area","title":"Military installations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peace Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipponzan-My%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dji-Daisanga"}],"text":"The Peace Pagoda built in 1964 by Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga is a noted symbol of the city.","title":"Local attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenyu Horiuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyu_Horiuchi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Serizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Serizawa"},{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"}],"text":"Kenyu Horiuchi, voice actor[citation needed]\nNobuo Serizawa, professional golfer","title":"Notable people"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrold_Carswell
G. Harrold Carswell
["1 Education and career","1.1 Personal life","2 Federal judicial service","3 Supreme Court nomination","4 U.S. Senate campaign","5 Later years","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Sources"]
American judge G. Harrold CarswellJudge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth CircuitIn officeJune 20, 1969 – April 20, 1970Appointed byRichard NixonPreceded bySeat established by 82 Stat. 184Succeeded byPaul Hitch RoneyChief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of FloridaIn officeApril 10, 1958 – June 27, 1969Preceded byDozier A. DeVaneSucceeded byWinston ArnowJudge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of FloridaIn officeApril 10, 1958 – June 27, 1969Appointed byDwight D. EisenhowerPreceded byDozier A. DeVaneSucceeded byDavid Lycurgus Middlebrooks Jr.United States Attorney for the Northern District of FloridaIn officeMarch 1, 1953 – April 9, 1958Appointed byDwight D. EisenhowerPreceded byGeorge E. HoffmannSucceeded byWilfred C. Varn Personal detailsBornGeorge Harrold Carswell(1919-12-22)December 22, 1919Irwinton, Georgia, U.S.DiedJuly 13, 1992(1992-07-13) (aged 72)Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.Political partyRepublicanEducationDuke University (AB)Mercer University (LLB)Military serviceBranch/serviceUnited States NavyRankLieutenantUnitU.S. Naval ReserveBattles/warsWorld War II George Harrold Carswell (December 22, 1919 – July 13, 1992) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. He was also an unsuccessful nominee to the United States Supreme Court in 1970. Education and career Carswell was born in Irwinton, Wilkinson County, Georgia. He graduated from Duke University with an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1941 and briefly attended the University of Georgia School of Law before joining the United States Navy at the beginning of World War II. Carswell did six months of postgraduate work at the United States Naval Academy and served in the Pacific aboard the heavy cruiser USS Baltimore (CA-68) as a lieutenant in the United States Naval Reserve; he was discharged in 1945 (when the war ended). Carswell graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University in 1948. Griffin Bell, 72nd Attorney General of the United States, was one of Carswell's classmates at Mercer. Carswell unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the Georgia legislature in the fall of 1948. He then moved to Tallahassee, Florida, where he worked as a private attorney from 1948 to 1953. In 1953, he was appointed United States Attorney for the Northern District of Florida by President Dwight D. Eisenhower; Carswell served in this position until 1958. Personal life Carswell married his wife Virginia (née Simmons) in 1944. Federal judicial service Carswell was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 6, 1958, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida vacated by Judge Dozier A. DeVane. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 31, 1958, and received his commission on April 10, 1958. He served as Chief Judge from 1958 to 1969. His service terminated on June 27, 1969, due to his elevation to the Fifth Circuit. Carswell was nominated by President Richard Nixon on May 12, 1969, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 82 Stat. 184. He was confirmed by the Senate on June 19, 1969, and received his commission on June 20, 1969. His service terminated on April 20, 1970, due to his resignation. Supreme Court nomination On January 19, 1970, President Nixon nominated Carswell to be an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court to replace Abe Fortas, who had resigned in May 1969. Nixon had earlier nominated Clement Haynsworth to succeed Fortas, but the nomination was rejected by the U.S. Senate. The Senate Judiciary Committee opened hearings on the nomination eight days after Nixon made the announcement; and the president anticipated that the nomination would proceed smoothly. Before they began, however, the press uncovered a speech delivered by Carswell during his unsuccessful Georgia legislative bid in 1948 that espoused the principles of white supremacy. In the August 2, 1948 speech to the American Legion chapter at Gordon, Georgia, he said: I am Southern by ancestry, birth, training, inclination, belief and practice. And I believe that segregation of the races is proper and the only practical and correct way of life in our states. I have always so believed and I shall always so act. I shall be the last to submit to any attempt on the part of anyone to break down and to weaken this firmly established policy of our people. If my own brother were to advocate such a program, I would be compelled to take issue with him and to oppose him to the limit of my ability. I yield to no man, as a fellow candidate or as a fellow citizen, in the firm, vigorous belief in the principles of white supremacy, and I shall always be so governed. When the story broke, Carswell said "specifically and categorically, I renounce and reject the words themselves and the thought they represent; they are abhorrent." The NAACP, upon learning of Carswell's racist comments, declared their opposition to Carswell's nomination and asked that his appointment be rejected by the Senate. U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, citing an extensive background check by the Justice Department, was willing to forgive, stating that it was unfair to criticize Carswell for "political remarks made 22 years ago". Other issues regarding Carswell's civil rights record soon also came to light, such as him being involved in turning a public golf course into a segregated private club in Tallahassee, Florida, signing a deed to property which contained a racially restrictive covenant and prolonging the duration of a school desegregation case from 1963 to 1967. Meanwhile, feminists accused him of being an opponent of women's rights. Various women, including U.S. Congresswoman Patsy Mink and Betty Friedan, testified before the Senate, opposed his nomination. They described a case in which Judge Carswell refused a rehearing for a complainant who was the mother of preschool children. During the hearings concerns about Carswell's mediocre skill as a jurist were raised as well. By one assessment, it was reported, 40 percent of his rulings had been overturned on appeal. Louis H. Pollak, then dean of Yale Law School, testified that: "There is nothing in these opinions that suggests more than at very best a level of modest competence, no more than that." Senator George McGovern of South Dakota said of Carswell, "I find his record to be distinguished largely by two qualities: racism and mediocrity." In response, Senator Roman Hruska of Nebraska suggested that critics were focusing on Carswell's scholarship because they didn't like that he was a Southerner. Later, Hruska famously told reporters: Even if he were mediocre, there are a lot of mediocre judges and people and lawyers. They are entitled to a little representation, aren't they, and a little chance? We can't have all Brandeises, Frankfurters and Cardozos. The remark was criticized by many as being anti-semitic, which further damaged Carswell's cause. Despite the testimony given about his civil rights record, on February 16, 1970, the Judiciary Committee voted 13–4 to forward the nomination to the full Senate with a favorable recommendation. After opponents of Carswell failed, by a 44–52 vote, to return the nomination to the Judiciary committee for further review on April 6, the Senate rejected Carswell's nomination on April 8, 1970, by a 45–51 vote, with 13 Republicans joining 38 Democrats in voting "no". Not since Grover Cleveland, in 1893–94, had the Senate rejected two of the president's Supreme Court nominees. President Nixon accused Democrats of having an anti-Southern bias as a result saying, "... the real reason for their rejection was their legal philosophy, a philosophy that I share, of strict construction of the Constitution, and also the accident of their birth, the fact that they were born in the South ... I understand the bitter feelings of millions of Americans who live in the South about the act of regional discrimination that took place in the Senate yesterday." Later that April, the president nominated Harry Blackmun to fill the Fortas vacancy. He was later confirmed in a 94–0 vote on May 12. U.S. Senate campaign See also: 1970 United States Senate election in Florida On April 20, 1970, Carswell resigned from his judicial position to run for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate from Florida. His opponent was U.S. Representative William C. Cramer of St. Petersburg. Expecting to benefit politically in Florida from the rejection of Judge Carswell to the Supreme Court, aides of either Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr., or U.S. Senator Edward Gurney of Winter Park urged Carswell to resign from the bench to run for the Senate seat being vacated by the long-term Democrat Spessard Holland. Cramer claimed that Gurney had in a 1968 "gentlemen's agreement" agreed to support him for the seat. Gurney declined to discuss the "gentlemen's agreement" with Cramer but said that he and Cramer, who had been House colleagues, had "totally different opinions on this. That is ancient history, and I see no point in reviving things. … If I told my complete version of the matter, Cramer would not believe me, and I don't want Bill angry at me." Gurney claimed that he was unaware that Cramer had considered running for the Senate in 1968 and had deferred that year to Gurney, with the expectation that Cramer would seek the other Senate seat in 1970 with Gurney's backing. When Kirk and Gurney endorsed Carswell, Lieutenant Governor Ray C. Osborne, a Kirk appointee, abandoned his own primary challenge to Cramer. Years later, Kirk said that he "should have stuck with Osborne", later an attorney from Boca Raton, and not encouraged Carswell to run. Kirk also said that he had not "created" Carswell's candidacy, as the media had depicted. Carswell said that he ran for the Senate because he wanted to "confront the liberals who shot me down" but denied that Kirk took advantage of the failed confirmation to thwart Cramer. "... Neither then nor now did I feel used. ... What feud they had was their own." Carswell said that he had no knowledge of a "gentlemen's agreement" between Gurney and Cramer and had considered running for the Senate even before he was nominated to the Supreme Court. Carswell instead blamed his loss on the "dark evil winds of liberalism" and the "northern press and its knee-jerking followers in the Senate". Carswell reported that U.S. Representative Rogers Clark Ballard Morton of Maryland, who was also in 1970 the Republican national chairman, had told him that he believed Carswell was "clearly electable" and that Cramer should not risk the loss of a House seat that had been in Republican hands since 1955. Cramer, however, claimed that Morton had termed the intraparty machinations against Cramer the worst "double crosses" that Morton had ever witnessed in the party. President Nixon sat out the Carswell-Cramer primary even though in 1969 he had strongly urged Cramer to enter the race. Deputy Press Secretary Gerald Lee Warren said that Nixon had "no knowledge and no involvement" in Carswell's candidacy. Gurney claimed that Harry S. Dent, Sr., a South Carolina political consultant with ties to Republican U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, had urged Carswell to run. Carswell further secured endorsements from actors John Wayne and Gene Autry and retained Richard Viguerie, the direct mail specialist from Falls Church, Virginia, to raise funds. Cramer defeated Carswell, 220,553 to 121,281. A third contender, businessman George Balmer, received the remaining 10,947 votes. Thereafter, Cramer was defeated, 54%—46%, by the Democrat Lawton Chiles of Lakeland in a Democratic year. Senate Republican Leader Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania, who opposed Carswell's confirmation to the Supreme Court, said that Carswell "was asking for it, and he got what he deserved". Later years In 1976, Carswell pled guilty to battery for advances he made to an undercover police officer in a Tallahassee men's room. Then, in September 1979, Carswell was attacked and beaten by a man whom he had invited to his Atlanta, Georgia, hotel room in similar circumstances. Until these incidents there had been no public talk of Carswell's sexuality. Carswell subsequently returned to his private law practice before retiring. He died in 1992 of lung cancer; his wife, Virginia, died in 2009. See also Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States George L. Thurston III Notes References ^ "The Political Graveyard: U.S. District Attorneys in Florida". ^ a b Langeveld, Dirk (23 November 2014). "The Downfall Dictionary: G. Harrold Carswell: representing the mediocre". ^ a b c George Harrold Carswell at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. ^ "G. Harrold Carswell". www.nndb.com. ^ a b c d McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 9, 2022. ^ a b c d e Hindley, Meredith (October 2009). "Supremely Contentious: The Transformation of "Advice and Consent"". Humanities. Vol. 30, no. 5. National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved March 23, 2022. ^ Chalasani, Radhika (March 16, 2016). "Supreme Court nomination battles". CBS News. Retrieved March 23, 2022. ^ a b "Carswell Disavows '48 Speech Backing White Supremacy". The New York times. Associated Press. January 22, 1970. Retrieved March 23, 2022. ^ "High Court Nominee Hit For Racist Remarks". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. February 5, 1970. pp. 3–4. Retrieved July 11, 2019. ^ Grossman, Joel B.; Wasby, Stephen L. (1972). "The Senate and Supreme Court Nominations: some reflections". Duke Law Journal. 1972 (3): 557–591. doi:10.2307/1371870. JSTOR 1371870. S2CID 53311134. Retrieved March 23, 2022. ^ a b The Crisis. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. April 1970. pp. 144–151. Retrieved July 11, 2019. ^ Lee, Ellen (2018-09-16). "Patsy Takemoto Mink's Trailblazing Testimony Against a Supreme Court Nominee". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-09-17. ^ "Gifts of Speech – Betty Friedan". gos.sbc.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2009-06-17. ^ "The Supreme Court: A Seat for Mediocrity?". Time. March 30, 1970. ^ a b Mark Tushnet (2005). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 27. ^ Graham, Fred P. (April 7, 1970). "Carswell Foes Lose Senate Test By 8‐Vote Margin". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2022. ^ "To Consent To the Nomination Of George Harrold Carswell To Be An Associate Justice Of The Supreme Court". April 7, 1970. Retrieved March 23, 2022. ^ Weaver Jr., Warren (May 13, 1970). "Blackmun Approved, 94–0; Nixon Hails Vote by Senate". The New York Times. ^ Billy Hathorn, "Cramer v. Kirk: The Florida Republican Schism of 1970", Florida Historical Quarterly (April 1970), p. 411 ^ a b c d "Cramer v. Kirk", p. 411 ^ Miami Herald, September 4, 1970; U.S. News & World Report, September 7, 1970, pp. 34-35 ^ a b c "Cramer v. Kirk", p. 412 ^ The New York Times, April 21, 23, 29 and September 9, 1970 ^ State of Florida, U.S. Senate primary election returns, September 8, 1970 ^ Tallahassee Democrat, September 10, 1970 ^ Joyce Murdoch, Deb Price, Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court (2002) p. 187. ^ a b Gerstein, Josh (May 5, 2009). "Did we already have a gay justice?". Politico. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ "Carswell Attacked, Beaten in Downtown Atlanta Hotel". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. UPI. September 12, 1979. p. 1-D. Retrieved July 7, 2020. Sources George Harrold Carswell at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Legal offices Preceded byGeorge E. Hoffmann United States Attorney for the Northern District of Florida 1953–1958 Succeeded byWilfred C. Varn Preceded byDozier A. DeVane Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida 1958–1969 Succeeded byDavid Lycurgus Middlebrooks Jr. Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida 1958–1969 Succeeded byWinston Arnow Preceded bySeat established by 82 Stat. 184 Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 1969–1970 Succeeded byPaul Hitch Roney Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Other NARA SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States circuit judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"unsuccessful nominee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"George Harrold Carswell (December 22, 1919 – July 13, 1992) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. He was also an unsuccessful nominee to the United States Supreme Court in 1970.","title":"G. Harrold Carswell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irwinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwinton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Artium Baccalaureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"USS Baltimore (CA-68)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(CA-68)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downfall_Dic-2"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Walter F. George School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._George_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Mercer University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_University"},{"link_name":"Griffin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_Bell"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"Carswell was born in Irwinton, Wilkinson County, Georgia. He graduated from Duke University with an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1941 and briefly attended the University of Georgia School of Law before joining the United States Navy at the beginning of World War II. Carswell did six months of postgraduate work at the United States Naval Academy and served in the Pacific aboard the heavy cruiser USS Baltimore (CA-68) as a lieutenant in the United States Naval Reserve; he was discharged in 1945 (when the war ended).[2] Carswell graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University in 1948. Griffin Bell, 72nd Attorney General of the United States, was one of Carswell's classmates at Mercer. Carswell unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the Georgia legislature in the fall of 1948. He then moved to Tallahassee, Florida, where he worked as a private attorney from 1948 to 1953. In 1953, he was appointed United States Attorney for the Northern District of Florida by President Dwight D. Eisenhower; Carswell served in this position until 1958.[3]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"Carswell married his wife Virginia (née Simmons) in 1944.[4]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Dozier A. DeVane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dozier_A._DeVane"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"Carswell was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 6, 1958, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida vacated by Judge Dozier A. DeVane. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 31, 1958, and received his commission on April 10, 1958. He served as Chief Judge from 1958 to 1969. His service terminated on June 27, 1969, due to his elevation to the Fifth Circuit.[3]Carswell was nominated by President Richard Nixon on May 12, 1969, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 82 Stat. 184. He was confirmed by the Senate on June 19, 1969, and received his commission on June 20, 1969. His service terminated on April 20, 1970, due to his resignation.[3]","title":"Federal judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"associate justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Abe Fortas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Fortas"},{"link_name":"Clement Haynsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Haynsworth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RL33225-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEHmag-6"},{"link_name":"Senate Judiciary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary"},{"link_name":"Georgia legislative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_state_legislature"},{"link_name":"white supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS_31616-7"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"Gordon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"segregation of the races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_12270-8"},{"link_name":"renounce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renounce"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_12270-8"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"John Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racism-9"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Crisis_144%E2%80%93151-11"},{"link_name":"feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_Movement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"Patsy Mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Mink"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Betty Friedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Friedan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Crisis_144%E2%80%93151-11"},{"link_name":"Louis H. Pollak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_H._Pollak"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEHmag-6"},{"link_name":"George McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downfall_Dic-2"},{"link_name":"Roman Hruska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Hruska"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Southerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEHmag-6"},{"link_name":"Brandeises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brandeis"},{"link_name":"Frankfurters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter"},{"link_name":"Cardozos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tushnet-15"},{"link_name":"anti-semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tushnet-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RL33225-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RL33225-5"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RL33225-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEHmag-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEHmag-6"},{"link_name":"Harry Blackmun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Blackmun"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On January 19, 1970, President Nixon nominated Carswell to be an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court to replace Abe Fortas, who had resigned in May 1969. Nixon had earlier nominated Clement Haynsworth to succeed Fortas, but the nomination was rejected by the U.S. Senate.[5][6]The Senate Judiciary Committee opened hearings on the nomination eight days after Nixon made the announcement; and the president anticipated that the nomination would proceed smoothly. Before they began, however, the press uncovered a speech delivered by Carswell during his unsuccessful Georgia legislative bid in 1948 that espoused the principles of white supremacy.[7] In the August 2, 1948 speech to the American Legion chapter at Gordon, Georgia, he said:I am Southern by ancestry, birth, training, inclination, belief and practice. And I believe that segregation of the races is proper and the only practical and correct way of life in our states. I have always so believed and I shall always so act.\nI shall be the last to submit to any attempt on the part of anyone to break down and to weaken this firmly established policy of our people.\nIf my own brother were to advocate such a program, I would be compelled to take issue with him and to oppose him to the limit of my ability.\n\nI yield to no man, as a fellow candidate or as a fellow citizen, in the firm, vigorous belief in the principles of white supremacy, and I shall always be so governed.[8]When the story broke, Carswell said \"specifically and categorically, I renounce and reject the words themselves and the thought they represent; they are abhorrent.\"[8] The NAACP, upon learning of Carswell's racist comments, declared their opposition to Carswell's nomination and asked that his appointment be rejected by the Senate. U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, citing an extensive background check by the Justice Department, was willing to forgive, stating that it was unfair to criticize Carswell for \"political remarks made 22 years ago\".[9]Other issues regarding Carswell's civil rights record soon also came to light, such as him being involved in turning a public golf course into a segregated private club in Tallahassee, Florida, signing a deed to property which contained a racially restrictive covenant and prolonging the duration of a school desegregation case from 1963 to 1967.[10][11]Meanwhile, feminists accused him of being an opponent of women's rights. Various women, including U.S. Congresswoman Patsy Mink[12] and Betty Friedan, testified before the Senate, opposed his nomination.[13] They described a case in which Judge Carswell refused a rehearing for a complainant who was the mother of preschool children.[11]During the hearings concerns about Carswell's mediocre skill as a jurist were raised as well. By one assessment, it was reported, 40 percent of his rulings had been overturned on appeal. Louis H. Pollak, then dean of Yale Law School, testified that: \"There is nothing in these opinions that suggests more than at very best a level of modest competence, no more than that.\"[6] Senator George McGovern of South Dakota said of Carswell, \"I find his record to be distinguished largely by two qualities: racism and mediocrity.\"[2] In response, Senator Roman Hruska of Nebraska suggested that critics were focusing on Carswell's scholarship because they didn't like that he was a Southerner.[6] Later, Hruska famously told reporters:Even if he were mediocre, there are a lot of mediocre judges and people and lawyers. They are entitled to a little representation, aren't they, and a little chance? We can't have all Brandeises, Frankfurters and Cardozos.[14][15]The remark was criticized by many as being anti-semitic, which further damaged Carswell's cause.[15]Despite the testimony given about his civil rights record, on February 16, 1970, the Judiciary Committee voted 13–4 to forward the nomination to the full Senate with a favorable recommendation.[5] After opponents of Carswell failed, by a 44–52 vote, to return the nomination to the Judiciary committee for further review on April 6,[16] the Senate rejected Carswell's nomination on April 8, 1970, by a 45–51 vote,[5] with 13 Republicans joining 38 Democrats in voting \"no\".[17]Not since Grover Cleveland, in 1893–94, had the Senate rejected two of the president's Supreme Court nominees.[5][6] President Nixon accused Democrats of having an anti-Southern bias as a result saying, \"... the real reason for their rejection was their legal philosophy, a philosophy that I share, of strict construction of the Constitution, and also the accident of their birth, the fact that they were born in the South ... I understand the bitter feelings of millions of Americans who live in the South about the act of regional discrimination that took place in the Senate yesterday.\"[6] Later that April, the president nominated Harry Blackmun to fill the Fortas vacancy. He was later confirmed in a 94–0 vote on May 12.[18]","title":"Supreme Court nomination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1970 United States Senate election in Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"William C. Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Cramer"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Claude R. Kirk, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Edward Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Winter Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Spessard Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessard_Holland"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._411-20"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ray C. Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_C._Osborne"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._411-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._411-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._411-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rogers Clark Ballard Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Morton"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._412-22"},{"link_name":"Gerald Lee Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Lee_Warren"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Dent, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Dent,_Sr."},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._412-22"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Gene Autry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Autry"},{"link_name":"Richard Viguerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Viguerie"},{"link_name":"Falls Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._412-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lawton Chiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton_Chiles"},{"link_name":"Lakeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Senate Republican Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Hugh Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Scott"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"See also: 1970 United States Senate election in FloridaOn April 20, 1970, Carswell resigned from his judicial position to run for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate from Florida. His opponent was U.S. Representative William C. Cramer of St. Petersburg. Expecting to benefit politically in Florida from the rejection of Judge Carswell to the Supreme Court, aides of either Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr., or U.S. Senator Edward Gurney of Winter Park urged Carswell to resign from the bench to run for the Senate seat being vacated by the long-term Democrat Spessard Holland. Cramer claimed that Gurney had in a 1968 \"gentlemen's agreement\" agreed to support him for the seat. Gurney declined to discuss the \"gentlemen's agreement\" with Cramer but said that he and Cramer, who had been House colleagues, had \"totally different opinions on this. That is ancient history, and I see no point in reviving things. … If I told my complete version of the matter, Cramer would not believe me, and I don't want Bill angry at me.\"[19] Gurney claimed that he was unaware that Cramer had considered running for the Senate in 1968 and had deferred that year to Gurney, with the expectation that Cramer would seek the other Senate seat in 1970 with Gurney's backing.[20]When Kirk and Gurney endorsed Carswell, Lieutenant Governor Ray C. Osborne, a Kirk appointee, abandoned his own primary challenge to Cramer. Years later, Kirk said that he \"should have stuck with Osborne\", later an attorney from Boca Raton, and not encouraged Carswell to run. Kirk also said that he had not \"created\" Carswell's candidacy, as the media had depicted.[20]Carswell said that he ran for the Senate because he wanted to \"confront the liberals who shot me down\" but denied that Kirk took advantage of the failed confirmation to thwart Cramer. \"... Neither then nor now did I feel used. ... What feud they had was their own.\"[20] Carswell said that he had no knowledge of a \"gentlemen's agreement\" between Gurney and Cramer and had considered running for the Senate even before he was nominated to the Supreme Court.[20]Carswell instead blamed his loss on the \"dark evil winds of liberalism\" and the \"northern press and its knee-jerking followers in the Senate\".[21]Carswell reported that U.S. Representative Rogers Clark Ballard Morton of Maryland, who was also in 1970 the Republican national chairman, had told him that he believed Carswell was \"clearly electable\" and that Cramer should not risk the loss of a House seat that had been in Republican hands since 1955. Cramer, however, claimed that Morton had termed the intraparty machinations against Cramer the worst \"double crosses\" that Morton had ever witnessed in the party.[22] President Nixon sat out the Carswell-Cramer primary even though in 1969 he had strongly urged Cramer to enter the race. Deputy Press Secretary Gerald Lee Warren said that Nixon had \"no knowledge and no involvement\" in Carswell's candidacy.[23]Gurney claimed that Harry S. Dent, Sr., a South Carolina political consultant with ties to Republican U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, had urged Carswell to run.[22] Carswell further secured endorsements from actors John Wayne and Gene Autry and retained Richard Viguerie, the direct mail specialist from Falls Church, Virginia, to raise funds.[22]Cramer defeated Carswell, 220,553 to 121,281. A third contender, businessman George Balmer, received the remaining 10,947 votes.[24] Thereafter, Cramer was defeated, 54%—46%, by the Democrat Lawton Chiles of Lakeland in a Democratic year.Senate Republican Leader Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania, who opposed Carswell's confirmation to the Supreme Court, said that Carswell \"was asking for it, and he got what he deserved\".[25]","title":"U.S. Senate campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico5509-27"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico5509-27"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"}],"text":"In 1976, Carswell pled guilty to battery for advances he made to an undercover police officer in a Tallahassee men's room.[26][27] Then, in September 1979, Carswell was attacked and beaten by a man whom he had invited to his Atlanta, Georgia, hotel room in similar circumstances.[28] Until these incidents there had been no public talk of Carswell's sexuality.[27]Carswell subsequently returned to his private law practice before retiring. He died in 1992 of lung cancer; his wife, Virginia, died in 2009.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Harrold Carswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1378896"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5512264#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/231992/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/4011785"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv6KdPDPmcpMG4WrFMyd"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007587778305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n88027474"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10571046"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f78xz1"}],"text":"George Harrold Carswell at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nNARA\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"George L. Thurston III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Thurston_III"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Political Graveyard: U.S. District Attorneys in Florida\".","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/ofc/usatty.html","url_text":"\"The Political Graveyard: U.S. District Attorneys in Florida\""}]},{"reference":"Langeveld, Dirk (23 November 2014). \"The Downfall Dictionary: G. Harrold Carswell: representing the mediocre\".","urls":[{"url":"https://downfalldictionary.blogspot.com/2014/11/g-harrold-carswell-representing-mediocre.html","url_text":"\"The Downfall Dictionary: G. Harrold Carswell: representing the mediocre\""}]},{"reference":"\"G. Harrold Carswell\". www.nndb.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndb.com/people/645/000205030/","url_text":"\"G. Harrold Carswell\""}]},{"reference":"McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). \"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President\" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President\""}]},{"reference":"Hindley, Meredith (October 2009). \"Supremely Contentious: The Transformation of \"Advice and Consent\"\". Humanities. Vol. 30, no. 5. National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2009/septemberoctober/feature/supremely-contentious","url_text":"\"Supremely Contentious: The Transformation of \"Advice and Consent\"\""}]},{"reference":"Chalasani, Radhika (March 16, 2016). \"Supreme Court nomination battles\". CBS News. Retrieved March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/supreme-court-nomination-battles/13/","url_text":"\"Supreme Court nomination battles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carswell Disavows '48 Speech Backing White Supremacy\". The New York times. Associated Press. January 22, 1970. Retrieved March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/22/archives/carswell-disavows-48-speech-backing-white-supremacy-judge-disavows.html","url_text":"\"Carswell Disavows '48 Speech Backing White Supremacy\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Court Nominee Hit For Racist Remarks\". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. February 5, 1970. pp. 3–4. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PTkDAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"High Court Nominee Hit For Racist Remarks\""}]},{"reference":"Grossman, Joel B.; Wasby, Stephen L. (1972). \"The Senate and Supreme Court Nominations: some reflections\". Duke Law Journal. 1972 (3): 557–591. doi:10.2307/1371870. JSTOR 1371870. S2CID 53311134. 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Retrieved March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/07/archives/carswell-foes-lose-senate-test-by-8vote-margin-motion-to-recommit.html","url_text":"\"Carswell Foes Lose Senate Test By 8‐Vote Margin\""}]},{"reference":"\"To Consent To the Nomination Of George Harrold Carswell To Be An Associate Justice Of The Supreme Court\". April 7, 1970. Retrieved March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/91-1970/s357","url_text":"\"To Consent To the Nomination Of George Harrold Carswell To Be An Associate Justice Of The Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"Weaver Jr., Warren (May 13, 1970). \"Blackmun Approved, 94–0; Nixon Hails Vote by Senate\". The New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gerstein, Josh (May 5, 2009). \"Did we already have a gay justice?\". Politico. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitz_Worldwide
Orbitz
["1 Background","2 Antitrust concerns","3 Ownership history","4 Technologies","5 Controversies","5.1 Southwest Airlines","5.2 WebLoyalty","5.3 Milgram v. Orbitz","5.4 American Airlines","5.5 Media Matters' \"War on Fox\"","5.6 Skiplagged lawsuit","6 References","7 Sources"]
Web-based travel fare aggregator service For the soft drink, see Orbitz (drink). For other uses, see Orbitz (disambiguation). Orbitz Worldwide, Inc.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryTravel servicesFoundedJune 2001; 23 years ago (2001-06)Headquarters500 West Madison, Chicago, Illinois, United StatesKey peopleMark Okerstrom (president and CEO Expedia Group)Revenue$932 million (2014)Number of employees1,530 (2014)ParentExpedia GroupWebsiteorbitz.com Citigroup Center, which houses the company headquarters Orbitz.com is a travel fare aggregator website and travel metasearch engine. The website is owned by Orbitz Worldwide, Inc., a subsidiary of Expedia Group. It is headquartered in the Citigroup Center, Chicago, Illinois. Background Originally established through a partnership of major airlines, and subsequently owned by various entities, Orbitz.com – the flagship brand of Orbitz Worldwide – has been in operation since 2001. Other Orbitz Worldwide online travel companies include CheapTickets in the Americas; ebookers in Europe; and HotelClub and RatestoGo, based in Sydney. Orbitz Worldwide also owns and operates Orbitz for Business, a corporate travel company. Orbitz was the airline industry's response to the rise of online travel agencies such as Expedia and Travelocity, as well as a solution to lower airline distribution costs. Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, and United Airlines, subsequently joined by American Airlines, invested a combined $145 million to start the project in November 1999. It was code-named T2, some claimed meaning "Travelocity Terminator", but adopted the brand name Orbitz when it commenced corporate operations as DUNC, LLC (the initials of its first four founding airlines) in February 2000. The company began beta testing early the next year, and Orbitz.com officially launched in June 2001. Antitrust concerns Before, during, and two years after launching the site, the company faced antitrust criticism since its creators controlled 75% of U.S. air travel. The United States Department of Transportation saw no antitrust issues with the launch of the Orbitz website. The United States Department of Justice ruled in 2003 that Orbitz was not a cartel and that there was no evidence of price fixing. Nielsen's Net rating division that the launch of the Orbitz website in June 2001 was the biggest e-commerce launch ever to that date. Ownership history In November 2003, Orbitz filed paperwork to sell shares at between $22 and $24 each in an initial public offering. The company went public on December 18, 2003 at a price per share of $26. After the IPO, the airlines held 70% of the outstanding stock and over 90% of the voting power. On September 29, 2004, Orbitz was acquired for $1.25 billion by New York City-based Cendant Corporation. Cendant paid $27.50 per share. In 2006, The Blackstone Group acquired Travelport, the travel distribution services business of Cendant, for $4.3 billion in cash. At the time, Travelport included the Orbitz travel reservation website used by consumers, the Galileo computer reservations system used by airlines and thousands of travel agents, Gulliver's Travels and Associates wholesale travel business, and other travel related software brands and solutions. Travelport announced in May 2007 that it had filed a registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to sell a portion of Orbitz Worldwide in an initial public offering (IPO). Travelport said it planned to use a portion of the proceeds to pay down its debt. Trading began on July 20, 2007, and the IPO transaction closed on July 25, 2007. Travelport owned approximately 48 percent of Orbitz Worldwide following the IPO. In February 2015, Expedia announced that it would acquire Orbitz for $1.6 billion in cash, to better compete with Priceline.com. The deal was announced a few days after Expedia agreed to purchase Travelocity. Technologies Orbitz runs on a mixed Red Hat Linux and Solaris based platform and was an early adopter of Sun Microsystems' Jini platform in a clustered Java environment. JBoss is used as application servers within their environment, along with various other proprietary and open source software. Orbitz licenses ITA Software's Lisp-powered QPX software to power their site. Orbitz Worldwide brands have been migrated to a common technology platform, which enables the same platform to service multiple travel brands in multiple languages in different markets and currencies as well. Orbitz has released parts of its Complex event processing infrastructure as Open Source. Controversies Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines filed a lawsuit against Orbitz for trademark infringement and false advertising in May 2001. Southwest, which had opposed the project from the outset, claimed Orbitz misrepresented its prices and used its trademarks without permission. In July, it withdrew its fares from Airline Tariff Publishing Company, the entity that distributes fare information to Orbitz and others, and dropped its case against Orbitz. Southwest went on to remove themselves from every other online outlet except their own. In June 2008, Orbitz For Business became one of the first Online Travel Agents to offer Southwest flights on the Orbitz For Business website. WebLoyalty In July 2009, CNET revealed that Orbitz, along with other popular consumer websites Buy.com and Fandango, have been routinely giving post-transaction marketers access to their customers' credit cards. The Senate Commerce Committee investigating these companies has described their services as a "scam". The scam works by charging a monthly fee (many users report a $12 charge from Reservation Rewards or Webloyalty showing up on their credit card statements) that is piggybacked with the Orbitz sale (as it stands, Orbitz Terms of Service agreement currently allows them to share customers' credit card information with third parties for their own uses). Orbitz claims to have ended its affiliation with the controversial marketer, and further claims not to share consumer credit card information with third parties any more. Milgram v. Orbitz In 2009, the state of New Jersey filed a lawsuit against the company alleging violation of their Consumer Fraud Act surrounding events with a Bruce Springsteen concert, where tickets were allegedly offered for sale on their website which did not actually exist. The court in Milgram v. Orbitz granted summary judgment for Orbitz, finding that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act preempted the state law consumer fraud claims. American Airlines In December 2010, American Airlines temporarily ceased offering fares through Orbitz following pressure from American to convince Orbitz to use its AA Direct Connect electronic transaction system. AA tried to establish that Direct Connect would have full control over the distribution of its products and reduce GDS segment fees. Furthermore, Direct Connect enables AA to sell ancillary services to its customers. American was later ordered by an Illinois Court to resume offering fares and flight schedules. The court order came only days after American released a video jabbing Orbitz on YouTube. Media Matters' "War on Fox" Media Matters runs a website called DropFox.com, aiming to get advertisers to boycott Fox News. Orbitz initially referred to Media Matters' efforts as a "smear campaign", but agreed, on June 9, 2011, following a three-week campaign by prominent LGBT organizations, to "review the policies and process used to evaluate where advertising is placed". Skiplagged lawsuit In 2014, Orbitz and United Airlines initiated a federal lawsuit against 22-year-old Skiplagged founder Aktarer Zaman. The complaint alleges that Zaman "intentionally and maliciously" interfered with airline industry business relationships "by promoting prohibited forms of travel" which violate the common carrier contract with passengers. The complaint is centered on airline policies against hidden city tickets. Although the hidden-city practice itself is not illegal, the complaint alleged that Zaman's website is disruptive to their business. The lawsuit was dismissed. References ^ a b c d ORBITZ WORLDWIDE, INC. 2014 Form 10-K Annual Report ^ "Orbitz Worldwide: Contact Us". Archived from the original on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-26. ^ "FundingUniverse". FundingUniverse. Retrieved February 27, 2012. ^ O'Reilly, Natalie (November 16, 2013). "4 Things You Didn't Know About Orbitz". The Motley Fool. ^ DiSabatino, Jennifer (July 11, 2001). "NetRatings: Orbitz is Web's biggest e-commerce launch". Computerworld. ^ Ari Weinberg. "Will Orbitz's IPO Fly?". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved August 29, 2015. ^ Taulli, Tom (2003-12-18). "Orbitz Loses Altitude". The Motley Fool. Retrieved 2012-10-23. ^ "Cendant Corporation Agrees to Acquire Orbitz, Inc. for $1.25 Billion; $1.05 Billion Net of Acquired Cash" (Press release). Orbitz. September 29, 2004. ^ "Affiliate of Blackstone Group Completes Acquisition of Cendant's Travelport Subsidiary; $4.3 Billion Transaction Represents PE Firm's Largest Equity Investment in the Technology Sector" (Press release). PRNewswire. August 23, 2006. ^ PREPETITION SOLICITATION OF VOTES WITH RESPECT TO PREPACKAGED PLAN OF REORGANIZATION ^ "Expedia Buys Orbitz For $1.6B In Cash To Square Up To Priceline", techcrunch.com, February 12, 2015; accessed February 27, 2012. ^ Ingrid Lunden (February 12, 2015). "Expedia Buys Orbitz For $1.6B In Cash To Square Up To Priceline". TechCrunch. ^ "At Orbitz, Linux Delivers Double the Performance At One-Tenth the Cost". Network Computing. November 23, 2003. ^ Carol Sliwa (September 6, 2004). "Have Jini, will travel". Computerworld. Retrieved 2012-08-02. ^ Gruman, Galen (2006-04-03). "Orbitz gets up and running fast with open source". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2012-08-02. ^ Asay, Matt (2008-06-27). "Orbitz paves the way to enterprise open-source contributions". CNET. Retrieved 2012-08-02. ^ "Center for Asia Pacific Aviation". Peanuts.aero. 1999-03-26. Retrieved 2012-10-23. ^ Greg Sandoval (November 23, 2009). "E-tailers snagged in marketing 'scam' blame customers". CNET. Retrieved 2009-08-22. ^ "N.J. judge dismisses lawsuit over concert-ticket sales", David Porter, A.P. Philadelphia Inquirer, September 1, 2001; accessed September 8, 2010. ^ "American Airlines pulls fare data from Orbitz site", Chicago Tribune, December 22, 2010. ^ Strauss, Michael (2010): Value Creation in Travel Distribution ^ "American Airlines Court Ordered Back Upon Orbitz Websites", CBS Local, June 1, 2011. ^ Schaal, Dennis (May 31, 2011). "American Airlines jabs Orbitz on YouTube"". Phocuswire. ^ Bond, Paul (May 19, 2011). "Orbitz Backs Fox News Channel Amid Media Matters' 'Smear Campaign'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 28, 2011. ^ "Orbitz agrees to review advertising policies following campaign by LGBT groups". Miamiherald.typepad.com. Retrieved 2013-11-28. ^ "Case: 1:14-cv-09214" ^ "Supporters donate thousands to Skiplagged defense fund" ^ "This 22-Year-Old Computer Whiz Figured Out How To Game Airlines — Now Orbitz and United Are Suing Him" ^ "United, Orbitz Sue Travel Site Over ‘Hidden City’ Tickets", bloomberg.com; accessed August 19, 2015. ^ "No More Flying and Dashing? Airlines Sue Over Hidden City Ticketing", yahoo.com; accessed August 19, 2015. ^ Gillespie, Patrick (2014-12-30). "Why is United Airlines suing a 22-year-old?". CNN Money. Archived from the original on 2014-12-30. Retrieved 2014-12-30. ^ Gillespie, Patrick (2015-12-31). "How a 23-year-old beat United Airlines". CNN Money. Retrieved 2017-04-05. Sources "ORBZ Securities Registration Statement (S-1/A)". July 3, 2002. Weinberg, Ari (November 26, 2003). "Will Orbitz's IPO Fly?". Forbes. "Orbitz IPO Soars". December 18, 2003. "Orbitz doesn't take off on first trade day". January 16, 2004. "Orbitz Loses Altitude". December 18, 2003. "Cendant Corporation Completes Acquisition of Orbitz". November 12, 2004. "Carl de Marcken: Inside Orbitz". January 12, 2001. vteTravel search enginesSearch engines @hotel Agoda Busbud Booking.com Cheapair Cheapflights Cleartrip Dohop EaseMyTrip eDreams eLong Expedia Expedia Cruises FareCompare FromAtoB.com Google Flights Gopili GotoBus Hotels.com HotelTonight HotelsCombined ixigo Jetcost JetRadar Justfly.com Kayak.com Kiwi.com lastminute.com Liligo.com MakeMyTrip Mobissimo Momondo MSN Travel Omio OpenTable Opodo Orbitz Oui.sncf Priceline.com Rail Europe, Inc. Raileurope.co.uk redBus Rome2rio Scout (travel website) Skiplagged Skyscanner StudentUniverse Trainline Travelgenio Travelocity Traveloka Travelstart Trip.com Tripadvisor Tripfez Travel trivago Via.com Voyagermoinscher.com Wanderu Webjet Wego.com Whole Travel Yatra Yandex Category vteExpedia GroupPeople Barry Diller (Chairman of the Board) Subsidiaries, brands, and divisionsCurrent Expedia Expedia Cruises Hotels.com Hotwire.com Trivago Wotif Travelocity Orbitz Pillow Vrbo Former Tripadvisor (spun off in 2011) eLong (spun off in 2015) Venere.com (defunct in 2016) HomeAway (merged into Vrbo) Headquarters Expedia Building (former)
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It is headquartered in the Citigroup Center, Chicago, Illinois.[2]","title":"Orbitz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CheapTickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CheapTickets"},{"link_name":"ebookers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebookers"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"Expedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia"},{"link_name":"Travelocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelocity"},{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Delta Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAL_Corporation"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"beta testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_test"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10K-1"}],"text":"Originally established through a partnership of major airlines, and subsequently owned by various entities, Orbitz.com – the flagship brand of Orbitz Worldwide – has been in operation since 2001. Other Orbitz Worldwide online travel companies include CheapTickets in the Americas; ebookers in Europe; and HotelClub and RatestoGo, based in Sydney. Orbitz Worldwide also owns and operates Orbitz for Business, a corporate travel company.[original research?]Orbitz was the airline industry's response to the rise of online travel agencies such as Expedia and Travelocity, as well as a solution[buzzword] to lower airline distribution costs. Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, and United Airlines, subsequently joined by American Airlines, invested a combined $145 million to start the project in November 1999. It was code-named T2, some claimed meaning \"Travelocity Terminator\", but adopted the brand name Orbitz when it commenced corporate operations as DUNC, LLC (the initials of its first four founding airlines) in February 2000. The company began beta testing early the next year, and Orbitz.com officially launched in June 2001.[3][1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Before, during, and two years after launching the site, the company faced antitrust criticism since its creators controlled 75% of U.S. air travel. The United States Department of Transportation saw no antitrust issues with the launch of the Orbitz website. The United States Department of Justice ruled in 2003 that Orbitz was not a cartel and that there was no evidence of price fixing.[4]Nielsen's Net rating division that the launch of the Orbitz website in June 2001 was the biggest e-commerce launch ever to that date.[5]","title":"Antitrust concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Cendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Blackstone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blackstone_Group"},{"link_name":"Travelport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelport"},{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Priceline.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priceline.com"},{"link_name":"Travelocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelocity"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In November 2003, Orbitz filed paperwork to sell shares at between $22 and $24 each in an initial public offering.[6] The company went public on December 18, 2003 at a price per share of $26. After the IPO, the airlines held 70% of the outstanding stock and over 90% of the voting power.[7]On September 29, 2004, Orbitz was acquired for $1.25 billion by New York City-based Cendant Corporation. Cendant paid $27.50 per share.[8]In 2006, The Blackstone Group acquired Travelport, the travel distribution services business of Cendant, for $4.3 billion in cash. At the time, Travelport included the Orbitz travel reservation website used by consumers, the Galileo computer reservations system used by airlines and thousands of travel agents, Gulliver's Travels and Associates wholesale travel business, and other travel related software brands and solutions.[buzzword][9]Travelport announced in May 2007 that it had filed a registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to sell a portion of Orbitz Worldwide in an initial public offering (IPO). Travelport said it planned to use a portion of the proceeds to pay down its debt. Trading began on July 20, 2007, and the IPO transaction closed on July 25, 2007. Travelport owned approximately 48 percent of Orbitz Worldwide following the IPO.[10]In February 2015, Expedia announced that it would acquire Orbitz for $1.6 billion in cash, to better compete with Priceline.com. The deal was announced a few days after Expedia agreed to purchase Travelocity.[11][12]","title":"Ownership history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Hat Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"Jini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jini"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"clustered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"JBoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBoss"},{"link_name":"proprietary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"ITA Software's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITA_Software"},{"link_name":"Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Complex event processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_event_processing"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Orbitz runs on a mixed Red Hat Linux[13] and Solaris based platform and was an early adopter of Sun Microsystems' Jini[14] platform in a clustered Java environment. JBoss is used as application servers within their environment, along with various other proprietary and open source software.[15] Orbitz licenses ITA Software's Lisp-powered QPX software to power their site. Orbitz Worldwide brands have been migrated to a common technology platform, which enables the same platform to service multiple travel brands in multiple languages in different markets and currencies as well. Orbitz has released parts of its Complex event processing infrastructure as Open Source.[16]","title":"Technologies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"false advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_advertising"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Airline Tariff Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_Tariff_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Southwest Airlines","text":"Southwest Airlines filed a lawsuit against Orbitz for trademark infringement and false advertising in May 2001. Southwest, which had opposed the project from the outset,[clarification needed] claimed Orbitz misrepresented its prices and used its trademarks without permission. In July, it withdrew its fares from Airline Tariff Publishing Company, the entity that distributes fare information to Orbitz and others, and dropped its case against Orbitz. Southwest went on to remove themselves from every other online outlet except their own. In June 2008, Orbitz For Business became one of the first Online Travel Agents to offer Southwest flights on the Orbitz For Business website.[17]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET"},{"link_name":"Buy.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy.com"},{"link_name":"Fandango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_(ticket_service)"},{"link_name":"Senate Commerce Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Commerce_Committee"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scam-18"},{"link_name":"scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam"},{"link_name":"Webloyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webloyalty"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Terms of Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Service"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"WebLoyalty","text":"In July 2009, CNET revealed that Orbitz, along with other popular consumer websites Buy.com and Fandango, have been routinely giving post-transaction marketers access to their customers' credit cards. The Senate Commerce Committee investigating these companies has described their services as a \"scam\".[18] The scam works by charging a monthly fee (many users report a $12 charge from Reservation Rewards or Webloyalty showing up on their credit card statements) that is piggybacked[clarification needed] with the Orbitz sale (as it stands, Orbitz Terms of Service agreement currently allows them to share customers' credit card information with third parties for their own uses). Orbitz claims to have ended its affiliation with the controversial marketer, and further claims not to share consumer credit card information with third parties any more.[citation needed]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Milgram v. Orbitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_v._Orbitz"},{"link_name":"Section 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_230"},{"link_name":"Communications Decency Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Milgram v. Orbitz","text":"In 2009, the state of New Jersey filed a lawsuit against the company alleging violation of their Consumer Fraud Act surrounding events with a Bruce Springsteen concert, where tickets were allegedly offered for sale on their website which did not actually exist. The court in Milgram v. Orbitz granted summary judgment for Orbitz, finding that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act preempted the state law consumer fraud claims.[19]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ancillary services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillary_revenue"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"American Airlines","text":"In December 2010, American Airlines temporarily ceased offering fares through Orbitz following pressure from American to convince Orbitz to use its AA Direct Connect electronic transaction system.[20] AA tried to establish that Direct Connect would have full control over the distribution of its products and reduce GDS segment fees. Furthermore, Direct Connect enables AA to sell ancillary services to its customers.[21] American was later ordered by an Illinois Court to resume offering fares and flight schedules.[22] The court order came only days after American released a video jabbing Orbitz on YouTube.[23]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Media Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Matters"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Media Matters' \"War on Fox\"","text":"Media Matters runs a website called DropFox.com, aiming to get advertisers to boycott Fox News. Orbitz initially referred to Media Matters' efforts as a \"smear campaign\",[24] but agreed, on June 9, 2011, following a three-week campaign by prominent LGBT organizations, to \"review the policies and process used to evaluate where advertising is placed\".[25]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Skiplagged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiplagged"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"hidden city tickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys#Hidden-city_ticketing"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Skiplagged lawsuit","text":"In 2014, Orbitz and United Airlines initiated a federal lawsuit against 22-year-old Skiplagged founder Aktarer Zaman.[26][27][28] The complaint alleges that Zaman \"intentionally and maliciously\" interfered with airline industry business relationships \"by promoting prohibited forms of travel\" which violate the common carrier contract with passengers.[29] The complaint is centered on airline policies against hidden city tickets. Although the hidden-city practice itself is not illegal,[30] the complaint alleged that Zaman's website is disruptive to their business. The lawsuit was dismissed.[31][32]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"ORBZ Securities Registration Statement (S-1/A)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1173495/000091205702026478/a2081280zs-1a.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Will Orbitz's IPO Fly?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forbes.com/2003/11/26/cx_aw_1126orbitz.html"},{"link_name":"\"Orbitz IPO Soars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2003/12/15/daily27.html"},{"link_name":"\"Orbitz doesn't take off on first trade day\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cnet.com/news/orbitz-doesnt-take-off-on-first-trade-day/"},{"link_name":"\"Orbitz Loses Altitude\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fool.com/news/commentary/2003/commentary031218tt.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Cendant Corporation Completes Acquisition of Orbitz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pressroom.orbitz.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=148156"},{"link_name":"\"Carl de Marcken: Inside Orbitz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.paulgraham.com/carl.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Travel_ticket_search_engines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Travel_ticket_search_engines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Travel_ticket_search_engines"},{"link_name":"Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel"},{"link_name":"search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"},{"link_name":"@hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/@hotel"},{"link_name":"Agoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoda"},{"link_name":"Busbud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbud"},{"link_name":"Booking.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booking.com"},{"link_name":"Cheapair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheapair"},{"link_name":"Cheapflights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheapflights"},{"link_name":"Cleartrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleartrip"},{"link_name":"Dohop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohop"},{"link_name":"EaseMyTrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EaseMyTrip"},{"link_name":"eDreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDreams"},{"link_name":"eLong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELong"},{"link_name":"Expedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia"},{"link_name":"Expedia Cruises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia_Cruises"},{"link_name":"FareCompare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FareCompare"},{"link_name":"FromAtoB.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FromAtoB.com"},{"link_name":"Google Flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flights"},{"link_name":"Gopili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopili"},{"link_name":"GotoBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GotoBus"},{"link_name":"Hotels.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotels.com"},{"link_name":"HotelTonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotelTonight"},{"link_name":"HotelsCombined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotelsCombined"},{"link_name":"ixigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixigo"},{"link_name":"Jetcost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetcost"},{"link_name":"JetRadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetRadar"},{"link_name":"Justfly.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justfly.com"},{"link_name":"Kayak.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak.com"},{"link_name":"Kiwi.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi.com"},{"link_name":"lastminute.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastminute.com"},{"link_name":"Liligo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liligo.com"},{"link_name":"MakeMyTrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MakeMyTrip"},{"link_name":"Mobissimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobissimo"},{"link_name":"Momondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momondo"},{"link_name":"MSN Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN_Travel"},{"link_name":"Omio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omio"},{"link_name":"OpenTable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenTable"},{"link_name":"Opodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opodo"},{"link_name":"Orbitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Oui.sncf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oui.sncf"},{"link_name":"Priceline.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priceline.com"},{"link_name":"Rail Europe, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Europe,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Raileurope.co.uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raileurope.co.uk"},{"link_name":"redBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedBus"},{"link_name":"Rome2rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome2rio"},{"link_name":"Scout (travel website)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(travel_website)"},{"link_name":"Skiplagged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiplagged"},{"link_name":"Skyscanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscanner"},{"link_name":"StudentUniverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudentUniverse"},{"link_name":"Trainline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainline"},{"link_name":"Travelgenio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelgenio"},{"link_name":"Travelocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelocity"},{"link_name":"Traveloka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveloka"},{"link_name":"Travelstart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelstart"},{"link_name":"Trip.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip.com"},{"link_name":"Tripadvisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripadvisor"},{"link_name":"Tripfez Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripfez_Travel"},{"link_name":"trivago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivago"},{"link_name":"Via.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via.com"},{"link_name":"Voyagermoinscher.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyagermoinscher.com"},{"link_name":"Wanderu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderu_(company)"},{"link_name":"Webjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webjet"},{"link_name":"Wego.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wego.com"},{"link_name":"Whole Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Travel"},{"link_name":"Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra_(company)"},{"link_name":"Yandex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandex"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Travel_ticket_search_engines"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Expedia_Group"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Expedia_Group"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Expedia_Group"},{"link_name":"Expedia Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia_Group"},{"link_name":"Barry Diller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Diller"},{"link_name":"Expedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia"},{"link_name":"Expedia Cruises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia_Cruises"},{"link_name":"Hotels.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotels.com"},{"link_name":"Hotwire.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotwire.com"},{"link_name":"Trivago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivago"},{"link_name":"Wotif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotif"},{"link_name":"Travelocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelocity"},{"link_name":"Orbitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pillow_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vrbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbo"},{"link_name":"Tripadvisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripadvisor"},{"link_name":"eLong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELong"},{"link_name":"Venere.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere.com"},{"link_name":"HomeAway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeAway"},{"link_name":"Vrbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbo"},{"link_name":"Expedia Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia_Building"}],"text":"\"ORBZ Securities Registration Statement (S-1/A)\". July 3, 2002.\nWeinberg, Ari (November 26, 2003). \"Will Orbitz's IPO Fly?\". Forbes.\n\"Orbitz IPO Soars\". December 18, 2003.\n\"Orbitz doesn't take off on first trade day\". January 16, 2004.\n\"Orbitz Loses Altitude\". December 18, 2003.\n\"Cendant Corporation Completes Acquisition of Orbitz\". November 12, 2004.\n\"Carl de Marcken: Inside Orbitz\". January 12, 2001.vteTravel search enginesSearch engines\n@hotel\nAgoda\nBusbud\nBooking.com\nCheapair\nCheapflights\nCleartrip\nDohop\nEaseMyTrip\neDreams\neLong\nExpedia\nExpedia Cruises\nFareCompare\nFromAtoB.com\nGoogle Flights\nGopili\nGotoBus\nHotels.com\nHotelTonight\nHotelsCombined\nixigo\nJetcost\nJetRadar\nJustfly.com\nKayak.com\nKiwi.com\nlastminute.com\nLiligo.com\nMakeMyTrip\nMobissimo\nMomondo\nMSN Travel\nOmio\nOpenTable\nOpodo\nOrbitz\nOui.sncf\nPriceline.com\nRail Europe, Inc.\nRaileurope.co.uk\nredBus\nRome2rio\nScout (travel website)\nSkiplagged\nSkyscanner\nStudentUniverse\nTrainline\nTravelgenio\nTravelocity\nTraveloka\nTravelstart\nTrip.com\nTripadvisor\nTripfez Travel\ntrivago\nVia.com\nVoyagermoinscher.com\nWanderu\nWebjet\nWego.com\nWhole Travel\nYatra\nYandex\n\n CategoryvteExpedia GroupPeople\nBarry Diller (Chairman of the Board)\nSubsidiaries, brands, and divisionsCurrent\nExpedia\nExpedia Cruises\nHotels.com\nHotwire.com\nTrivago\nWotif\nTravelocity\nOrbitz\nPillow\nVrbo\nFormer\nTripadvisor (spun off in 2011)\neLong (spun off in 2015)\nVenere.com (defunct in 2016)\nHomeAway (merged into Vrbo)\nHeadquarters\nExpedia Building (former)","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Citigroup Center, which houses the company headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CitigroupCenterChicago.jpg/220px-CitigroupCenterChicago.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Orbitz Worldwide: Contact Us\". Archived from the original on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222060555/http://press.orbitz.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=251693&p=irol-contact","url_text":"\"Orbitz Worldwide: Contact Us\""},{"url":"http://press.orbitz.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=251693&p=irol-contact","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FundingUniverse\". FundingUniverse. Retrieved February 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/orbitz-inc-history/","url_text":"\"FundingUniverse\""}]},{"reference":"O'Reilly, Natalie (November 16, 2013). \"4 Things You Didn't Know About Orbitz\". The Motley Fool.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/11/16/5-thing-you-didnt-know-about-orbitz.aspx","url_text":"\"4 Things You Didn't Know About Orbitz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motley_Fool","url_text":"The Motley Fool"}]},{"reference":"DiSabatino, Jennifer (July 11, 2001). \"NetRatings: Orbitz is Web's biggest e-commerce launch\". Computerworld.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/2582848/netratings--orbitz-is-web-s-biggest-e-commerce-launch.html","url_text":"\"NetRatings: Orbitz is Web's biggest e-commerce launch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerworld","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"Ari Weinberg. \"Will Orbitz's IPO Fly?\". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved August 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2003/11/26/cx_aw_1126orbitz.html","url_text":"\"Will Orbitz's IPO Fly?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Magazine","url_text":"Forbes Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Taulli, Tom (2003-12-18). \"Orbitz Loses Altitude\". The Motley Fool. Retrieved 2012-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2003/12/18/orbitz-loses-altitude.aspx","url_text":"\"Orbitz Loses Altitude\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motley_Fool","url_text":"The Motley Fool"}]},{"reference":"\"Cendant Corporation Agrees to Acquire Orbitz, Inc. for $1.25 Billion; $1.05 Billion Net of Acquired Cash\" (Press release). Orbitz. September 29, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.orbitz.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=251693&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1795432","url_text":"\"Cendant Corporation Agrees to Acquire Orbitz, Inc. for $1.25 Billion; $1.05 Billion Net of Acquired Cash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affiliate of Blackstone Group Completes Acquisition of Cendant's Travelport Subsidiary; $4.3 Billion Transaction Represents PE Firm's Largest Equity Investment in the Technology Sector\" (Press release). PRNewswire. August 23, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/affiliate-of-blackstone-group-completes-acquisition-of-cendants-travelport-subsidiary-43-billion-transaction-represents-pe-firms-largest-equity-investment-in-the-technology-sector-56231172.html","url_text":"\"Affiliate of Blackstone Group Completes Acquisition of Cendant's Travelport Subsidiary; $4.3 Billion Transaction Represents PE Firm's Largest Equity Investment in the Technology Sector\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNewswire","url_text":"PRNewswire"}]},{"reference":"Ingrid Lunden (February 12, 2015). \"Expedia Buys Orbitz For $1.6B In Cash To Square Up To Priceline\". TechCrunch.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/12/expedia-buys-orbitz-for-1-6b-in-cash-to-square-up-to-priceline/","url_text":"\"Expedia Buys Orbitz For $1.6B In Cash To Square Up To Priceline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"At Orbitz, Linux Delivers Double the Performance At One-Tenth the Cost\". Network Computing. November 23, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.networkcomputing.com/networking/orbitz-linux-delivers-double-performance-one-tenth-cost/1211827095","url_text":"\"At Orbitz, Linux Delivers Double the Performance At One-Tenth the Cost\""}]},{"reference":"Carol Sliwa (September 6, 2004). \"Have Jini, will travel\". Computerworld. Retrieved 2012-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2566374/app-development/have-jini--will-travel.html","url_text":"\"Have Jini, will travel\""}]},{"reference":"Gruman, Galen (2006-04-03). \"Orbitz gets up and running fast with open source\". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2012-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoworld.com/article/2655170/application-development/orbitz-gets-up-and-running-fast-with-open-source.html","url_text":"\"Orbitz gets up and running fast with open source\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld","url_text":"InfoWorld"}]},{"reference":"Asay, Matt (2008-06-27). \"Orbitz paves the way to enterprise open-source contributions\". CNET. Retrieved 2012-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/orbitz-paves-the-way-to-enterprise-open-source-contributions/","url_text":"\"Orbitz paves the way to enterprise open-source contributions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"}]},{"reference":"\"Center for Asia Pacific Aviation\". Peanuts.aero. 1999-03-26. Retrieved 2012-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://peanuts.aero/low_cost_airline_news/airline/10690//Southwest+Airlines+added+to+Orbitz+for+Business+","url_text":"\"Center for Asia Pacific Aviation\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Sandoval (November 23, 2009). \"E-tailers snagged in marketing 'scam' blame customers\". CNET. Retrieved 2009-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-10403286-83.html","url_text":"\"E-tailers snagged in marketing 'scam' blame customers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"}]},{"reference":"Schaal, Dennis (May 31, 2011). \"American Airlines jabs Orbitz on YouTube\"\". Phocuswire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phocuswire.com/American-Airlines-jabs-Orbitz-on-YouTube","url_text":"\"American Airlines jabs Orbitz on YouTube\"\""}]},{"reference":"Bond, Paul (May 19, 2011). \"Orbitz Backs Fox News Channel Amid Media Matters' 'Smear Campaign'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/orbitz-backs-fox-news-channel-190372","url_text":"\"Orbitz Backs Fox News Channel Amid Media Matters' 'Smear Campaign'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orbitz agrees to review advertising policies following campaign by LGBT groups\". Miamiherald.typepad.com. Retrieved 2013-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://miamiherald.typepad.com/gaysouthflorida/2011/06/orbitz-agrees-to-review-advertising-policy-on-fox-news-channel-following-campaign-by-lgbt-groups.html","url_text":"\"Orbitz agrees to review advertising policies following campaign by LGBT groups\""}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, Patrick (2014-12-30). \"Why is United Airlines suing a 22-year-old?\". CNN Money. Archived from the original on 2014-12-30. Retrieved 2014-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2014/12/29/news/united-orbitz-sue-skiplagged-22/","url_text":"\"Why is United Airlines suing a 22-year-old?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230081536/https://money.cnn.com/2014/12/29/news/united-orbitz-sue-skiplagged-22","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, Patrick (2015-12-31). \"How a 23-year-old beat United Airlines\". CNN Money. Retrieved 2017-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2015/12/31/investing/aktarer-zaman-how-i-beat-united-airlines/","url_text":"\"How a 23-year-old beat United Airlines\""}]},{"reference":"\"ORBZ Securities Registration Statement (S-1/A)\". July 3, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1173495/000091205702026478/a2081280zs-1a.htm","url_text":"\"ORBZ Securities Registration Statement (S-1/A)\""}]},{"reference":"Weinberg, Ari (November 26, 2003). \"Will Orbitz's IPO Fly?\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2003/11/26/cx_aw_1126orbitz.html","url_text":"\"Will Orbitz's IPO Fly?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orbitz IPO Soars\". December 18, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2003/12/15/daily27.html","url_text":"\"Orbitz IPO Soars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orbitz doesn't take off on first trade day\". January 16, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/orbitz-doesnt-take-off-on-first-trade-day/","url_text":"\"Orbitz doesn't take off on first trade day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orbitz Loses Altitude\". December 18, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fool.com/news/commentary/2003/commentary031218tt.htm","url_text":"\"Orbitz Loses Altitude\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cendant Corporation Completes Acquisition of Orbitz\". November 12, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://pressroom.orbitz.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=148156","url_text":"\"Cendant Corporation Completes Acquisition of Orbitz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carl de Marcken: Inside Orbitz\". January 12, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paulgraham.com/carl.html","url_text":"\"Carl de Marcken: Inside Orbitz\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington-Morse_Records
Remington-Morse Records
["1 See also"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Remington-Morse Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Remington-Morse RecordsCountry of originUnited States Label of a Remington-Morse Record Remington-Morse Records was a United States based record label from before World War II. See also List of record labels This article about a United States record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddhist_(TV_channel)
The Buddhist (TV channel)
["1 Buddhist Radio","2 Costs","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Buddhist television channel in Sri Lanka Television channel The BuddhistCountrySri LankaBroadcast areaSri LankaHeadquartersSri Sambodhi Vihara (Sri Sambodhi Buddhist Monastery), ColomboProgrammingLanguage(s)English, Sinhala, TamilHistoryLaunched29 June 2007 (2007-06-29)LinksWebsitewww.thebuddhist.tvAvailabilityTerrestrialUHF (Colombo)Channel 53TV Lanka Digital TVChannel 9 The Buddhist is the first Buddhist television channel for Sri Lanka. The Buddhist channel studios are located at Sri Sambodhi Vihara (Temple) that is situated in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is available on the Sri Lankan Direct to Home satellite television services Dialog TV and Dish TV. The service also operates on PEO TV and cable TV. The aim of the channel is to telecast valuable religious and cultural programming in the three main languages of Sri Lanka, English, Sinhala and Tamil. The founder and the Chairman of the Buddhist TV is the most Ven. Daranagama Kusaladhamma Thero. On 29 June 2007, the channel was officially launched by President Mahinda Rajapaksa, Chief Justice Sarath N. Silva and head priest of the Asgiriya chapter in Sri Lanka. Buddhist Radio Buddhist Radio is broadcast on FM MHz 101.3 101.5. Costs Cost of channel establishment is 65 million Sri Lankan rupee (approx. US$600,000). The equipment and the channel was donated by the former Founder / CEO of CBN Sat (Dialog TV) Muhunthan Canagey. See also Daranagama Kusaladhamma Thero Global Buddhist Network Shraddha TV Lord Buddha TV Buddhist Publication Society & Pariyatti (bookstore) Buddhist Cultural Centre Access to Insight References ^ "Sri Lanka gets its first Buddhist TV channel", The Sunday Times, 2007-07-01. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. ^ the first being DMC.TV External links The Buddhist Official website vteMass media in Sri Lanka Freedom of the press Internet Censorship Newspapers, magazines and other periodicalsNewspapersAssociated Newspapers Daily News Dinamina Silumina Sunday Observer Thinakaran Leader Publications Iruresa The Morning Leader The Sunday Leader Upali Newspapers Divaina The Island Navaliya Sunday Island Wijeya Newspapers Daily FT Daily Mirror Lankadeepa The Sunday Times Other Express Newspapers Virakesari Ravaya Publications Ravaya Rivira Media The Nation Rivira Sumathi Newspapers Lakbima Lakbima News Uthayan Group Sudar Oli Uthayan Ceylon Today Colombo Post Mawbima The Sri Lanka Gazette Thinakkural Former Independent Newspapers Chinthamini Dawasa Dinapathi Gitanjali Iranama Rasakatha Riviresa Sawasa Star Sun Sundari Thanthi Tikiri Visitura Weekend Times of Ceylon Ceylon Daily Mirror Lankadeepa Morning Times Sri Lankadeepa Sunday Mirror Sunday Times of Ceylon The Times of Ceylon Vanitha Viththi Alamat Langkapuri The Ceylon Chronicle The Ceylon Herald Ceylon Morning Leader The Ceylon Observer The Ceylonese The Colombo Journal Eelamurasu Eelanadu Eelanatham Murasoli Muslim Nesan Sarvajana Nesan Saturday Review The Sunday Standard Magazines LMD Hi!! Satyn Magazine Siriththiran Athuru Mithuru RadioStationsAsia Broadcasting Corporation Gold FM Hiru FM Sooriyan FM Sun FM EAP Networks E FM Raja FM Shree FM Independent Television Network Lakhanda Prime Radio MBC Networks Shakthi FM Sirasa FM Yes FM Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation City FM Education Service Muslim Service Sinhala Commercial Service Sinhala National Service SLBC Sports Radio Sri Lanka Tamil National Service Thendral FM Vidula TNL Radio Network Lite 89.2 Rhythm FM TNL Radio 101.8 Voice of Asia Network Kiss FM Real Radio Siyatha FM Vettri FM Other MGM Networks (Max Radio) Power House (FM Derana) Telshan Networks (Isira) Sith FM Tharu CinemaFilms 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s By topic Films set in Sri Lanka (Sri Lankan Civil War) Films shot in Sri Lanka Personnel Actors Directors Screenwriters Tamil Language Sri Lankan Tamil films Sri Lankan Tamils in Sinhala Cinema TelevisionStationsEAP Networks ETV Swarnavahini Independent Television Network ITN channel Prime TV Vasantham TV MTV Channel News First Shakthi TV Sirasa TV TV 1 Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation Channel Eye Nethra TV NTV Rupavahini Voice of Asia Network Siyatha TV Star Tamil TV Asia Broadcasting Corporation Hiru TV Others MGM Networks (You TV) Power House (TV Derana) Telshan Networks (TNL TV) ART Television The Buddhist Carlton Sports Network Shraddha TV Haritha TV Platforms Dialog TV Dish TV LBN Multivision PEO TV InternetNews sites Ada Derana Colombo Telegraph Lanka Business Online LankaeNews Lankapuvath News First Sri Lanka Guardian Sri Lanka Mirror‎ Tamil Mirror TamilNet
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dialog TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_TV"},{"link_name":"Dish TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_TV_Lanka"},{"link_name":"PEO TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PEO_TV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Sinhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Daranagama Kusaladhamma Thero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daranagama_Kusaladhamma_Thero"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Mahinda Rajapaksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa"},{"link_name":"Sarath N. Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarath_N._Silva"}],"text":"Television channelThe Buddhist is the first Buddhist television channel for Sri Lanka. The Buddhist channel studios are located at Sri Sambodhi Vihara (Temple) that is situated in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[1][2] It is available on the Sri Lankan Direct to Home satellite television services Dialog TV and Dish TV. The service also operates on PEO TV and cable TV. The aim of the channel is to telecast valuable religious and cultural programming in the three main languages of Sri Lanka, English, Sinhala and Tamil. The founder and the Chairman of the Buddhist TV is the most Ven. Daranagama Kusaladhamma Thero. On 29 June 2007, the channel was officially launched by President Mahinda Rajapaksa, Chief Justice Sarath N. Silva and head priest of the Asgiriya chapter in Sri Lanka.","title":"The Buddhist (TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Buddhist Radio is broadcast on FM MHz 101.3 101.5.","title":"Buddhist Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Lankan rupee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee"}],"text":"Cost of channel establishment is 65 million Sri Lankan rupee (approx. US$600,000). The equipment and the channel was donated by the former Founder / CEO of CBN Sat (Dialog TV) Muhunthan Canagey.","title":"Costs"}]
[]
[{"title":"Daranagama Kusaladhamma Thero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daranagama_Kusaladhamma_Thero"},{"title":"Global Buddhist Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Buddhist_Network"},{"title":"Shraddha TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shraddha_TV"},{"title":"Lord Buddha TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Buddha_TV"},{"title":"Buddhist Publication Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society"},{"title":"Pariyatti (bookstore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariyatti_(bookstore)"},{"title":"Buddhist Cultural Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Cultural_Centre"},{"title":"Access to Insight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_Insight"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.thebuddhist.tv/","external_links_name":"www.thebuddhist.tv"},{"Link":"http://www.thebuddhist.tv/","external_links_name":"The Buddhist Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrodeutsche
Afrodeutsche
["1 History","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
Henrietta Smith-RollaHenrietta Smith-Rolla (Afrodeutsche) standing outside Berghain, BerlinBackground informationAlso known asAfrodeutscheGenresElectronic, Contemporary ClassicalOccupation(s) Producer Composer Performer DJ Years active2007 (2007)–presentLabelsSkam Records, River Rapid, SA RecordingsMusical artist Henrietta Smith-Rolla (born 1980/81), is a British-born Ghanaian-Russian-German composer, producer and DJ based in Manchester, performing under the alias Afrodeutsche. Alongside her prolific DJ career, she has produced music for her own studio album, as well as music for television and film, including composing the score for BAFTA nominated short film Kamali. History Growing up in the south west of England, Smith-Rolla developed an affinity for music at a young age. When she was seven, she would dance along to hits on Top of the Pops and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov’s Flight of the Bumblebee. At nine, she was introduced to the West Country free party scene through an older friend who would bring back cassettes for her to listen to on her Walkman. She soon started to take formal violin lessons, but gave up by age 12, instead opting to spend many hours playing the pianos of the houses her mother was cleaning. Smith-Rolla briefly lived in London before moving to Manchester at age 24. Feeling a strong connection with the city, she describes it as “nurturing without question”, and gave her “complete freedom to make stuff”. Despite not knowing how to read music at the time, Smith-Rolla was invited to join Graham Massey’s Sisters of Transistors in 2006, a vintage organ group playing a combination of original music and covers of compositions by the likes of Rachmaninoff. The music was geared towards a Baroque style with an electronic twist. Smith-Rolla has since been involved in several other musical collaborations with Graham Massey, including the Toolshed collective and The Part Time Heliocentric Cosmo Drama After School Club, originally formed as a tribute to the late Sun Ra, as well as synth pop group Silverclub, releasing music on Red Laser Records. Smith-Rolla started to formally make electronic music in 2007, after being introduced to Underground Resistance’s Afrogermanic by friends. In 2009, she started club night Clap Trap with friend Jackie Thompson and that same year she began composing for other people, mostly writing film and theatre scores, taking inspiration from Bernard Hermann’s work for Alfred Hitchcock. The Afrodeutsche project was started in 2016, growing from a search for Smith-Rolla’s biological father, in which she discovered her Ghanaian roots also included German and Russian heritage. Of the name, translating as African-German, she has said “I just had this huge connection to it straight away. I never expected to realise myself artistically in this world.” In 2018, Smith-Rolla's debut album, Break Before Make, was released on Skam, a mainstay of Manchester’s electronic scene since 1990. A mixture of electro-futurism and Detroit legacy house, it has been described by Juno Records as “undeniably impressive” and a “killer debut” by Bleep. This was soon followed in 2019 with the release of an EP, RR001, marking the first release on new record label River Rapid, founded by Scottish DJ Eclair Fifi. Its zappy synths and snake-charming basslines prompted Resident Advisor to recognise Afrodeutsche as "a promising newcomer". Smith-Rolla was invited to attend a five day residency at Brighter Sound with Beth Orton in March 2019, sharing her creative processes with seven local female artists. Later in 2019, Smith-Rolla composed the score for Kamali, Sasha Rainbow's short film about a young skateboarder in India, receiving a BAFTA nomination for Best Short Film and qualifying for the 2020 Oscars shortlist. For the soundtrack, Smith-Rolla focused on the piano to create its six minimalist tracks, praised for their poignancy and sensitivity. It was later released on SA Recordings in 2020, complemented by her own sample library on Spitfire Audio called Spectrum based on the soundtrack. On composing for film, Smith-Rolla has said “I’ve always had a real love for film and scoring – making sense of visual images with sound.” In April 2021, a selection of Smith-Rolla's compositions were performed in Four Women: The Untold Orchestra, a unique cultural showcase exploring the experiences of black women within the creative industries and society at large, based on the narrative of Nina Simone's Four Women and led by prominent black female artists including fellow Mancunian DJ Paulette. The event also featured music written by composers Errollyn Wallen, Jessie Montgomery and Daniel Bernard Roumain. In August 2021, Smith-Rolla composed a commission for London Contemporary Orchestra. Robert Ames orchestrated and conducted the world premiere along with vocal ensemble Voces8. On working with Ames, Smith-Rolla has said: “I’ve been very blessed… he was orchestrating my work as well as conducting, so there was this connection with the orchestra that was innate, that I couldn’t have engineered.” Later that year, Smith-Rolla collaborated with researcher and PhD student Alex Jovčić-Sas on a project exploring Gertrud Grunow and Daphne Oram’s unique contributions to optical sound theory through archival material, the loan of a Mini-Oramics Machine (an image-based sound generator designed by Oram) and modern compositional tools. This project came into fruition in October 2021, with a commissioned live performance at the Nottingham Contemporary which featured choreography and dance from Martin Tomplinson. Smith-Rolla performed at the Southbank Centre’s QEH in October 2021 for another world premiere of one of her compositions, 'Promises', alongside the BBC Concert Orchestra and fellow producers Daniel Avery and Aïsha Devi. She was commissioned by Elizabeth Alker and the BBC CO for BBC Radio 3's Unclassified programme. Smith-Rolla's sound is most heavily influenced by Drexciya, Dopplereffekt, Underground Resistance and Aux 88, as well as a variety of film composers. In addition to musical composition, Smith-Rolla is a prolific DJ, having toured throughout Europe and performed at Dekmantel, Sónar Barcelona, Dimensions, and Berghain alongside artists such as Aphex Twin and Dopplereffekt. She also hosts a quarterly radio show on NTS called Black Forest, broadcasting an eclectic selection of electro and techno music. Since 2021 she has been a regular presenter on BBC Radio 6 Music. Discography Break Before Make (2018, Skam) Advent 18 (2018, compilation album released by LuckyMe) RR001 (2019, River Rapid) Kamali (2020, SA Recordings) References ^ a b Staff, XLR8R (17 April 2018). "Afrodeutsche Lines Up Debut Album, Break Before Make". XLR8R. Retrieved 8 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b "Afrodeutsche scores short documentary, Kamali, about a girl skateboarder in India". Fact Magazine. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ Thomas, Katie (29 July 2019). "Afrodeutsche // Interview | LONDON IN STEREO". Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ a b c d e f "Manchester's Afrodeutsche takes inspiration from Underground Resistance — and The Sound of Music". Fact Magazine. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Afrodeutsche | Metal Magazine". metalmagazine.eu. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ a b c "Afrodeutsche: 'I'm always telling a story'". Shape. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ a b "Afrodeutsche: "Techno. It's that language that I can speak"". Kaput Mag. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ a b c "Wallets at the ready! Join our tour of the UK's greatest record shops". the Guardian. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "AFRODEUTSCHE". Brighter Sound. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021. ^ Saint, Jed (18 June 2018). "What's in Graham Massey's Toolshed?". Trebuchet. Retrieved 9 June 2021. ^ "Henrietta Smith Rolla". Manchester Digital Music Archive. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ "Afrodeutsche: Making Her Way". Ableton. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ "UK DJ Afrodeutsche makes West Coast debut at New Forms Festival". North Shore News. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Break Before Make // Afrodeutsche". www.straylandings.co.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ AFRODEUTSCHE - Break Before Make Vinyl at Juno Records., retrieved 8 June 2021 ^ Bleep, AFRODEUTSCHE - Break Before Make. Bleep., retrieved 8 June 2021 ^ "Eclair Fifi launches label, River Rapid, with new Afrodeutsche EP · News ⟋ RA". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "A promising newcomer delivers a touching blend of techno and electro". Resident Advisor. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ "Beth Orton: Meet the Artists". Brighter Sound. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ "2020 EE British Academy Film Awards: The Winners". www.bafta.org. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "How 9-Year-Old Skateboarder Kamali Became The Star Of An Oscar-Contender Short". HuffPost. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ Day, Rob (15 September 2020). "Afrodeutsche to Release the Score She Wrote for 'Kamali'". Babystep Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Afrodeutsche to release soundtrack for BAFTA-nominated documentary Kamali · News ⟋ RA". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Spitfire Audio — Henrietta Smith-Rolla — Spectrum". www.spitfireaudio.com. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "FOUR WOMEN: THE UNTOLD ORCHESTRA". Manchester City of Literature. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ "Live from London: VOCES8 + London Contemporary Orchestra". London Contemporary Orchestra. Retrieved 6 February 2022. ^ a b "These electronic musicians are breaking down the boundaries of contemporary classical music". DJMag.com. 8 November 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2022. ^ "Performance: Afrodeutsche". www.nottinghamcontemporary.org. Retrieved 6 February 2022. ^ "Unclassified Live: Transforming Sound". www.southbankcentre.co.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2022. ^ "The Quietus | News | INTERVIEW: Afrodeutsche Discusses Unclassfied Live". The Quietus. Retrieved 6 February 2022. ^ "Afrodeutsche". Dekmantel Selectors. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Afrodeutsche - Sónar Barcelona 2019". Sónar Barcelona. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Dimensions Boat Party - DJ Stingray: Afrodeutsche, Solid Blake at Dimensions Festival, Croatia (2019) ⟋ RA". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "CTM 2020 | Opening Club Night | Berghain / Panorama Bar | 24 January 2020 — Berghain". www.berghain.berlin. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Listen to a killer set from Afrodeutsche at Red Bull Music Festival London". Red Bull. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ Radio, N. T. S. "Black Forest w/ Afrodeutsche". NTS Radio. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ Gemma Ross. "AFRODEUTSCHE IS SET TO PRESENT BBC RADIO 6". Retrieved 29 January 2022. External links The People's Party with AFRODEUTSCHE (BBC Radio 6 Music)
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Alongside her prolific DJ career, she has produced music for her own studio album,[1] as well as music for television and film, including composing the score for BAFTA nominated short film Kamali.[2]","title":"Afrodeutsche"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Bumblebee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"free 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Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Skam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skam_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Juno Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Records"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleep_(store)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Eclair Fifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclair_Fifi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Beth 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3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Drexciya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciya"},{"link_name":"Dopplereffekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopplereffekt"},{"link_name":"Underground Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Aux 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUX_88"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sónar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3nar"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Berghain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghain"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Aphex Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphex_Twin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Dopplereffekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopplereffekt"},{"link_name":"NTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTS_Radio"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 6 Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Growing up in the south west of England,[3] Smith-Rolla developed an affinity for music at a young age. When she was seven, she would dance along to hits on Top of the Pops and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov’s Flight of the Bumblebee.[4] At nine, she was introduced to the West Country free party scene through an older friend[5] who would bring back cassettes for her to listen to on her Walkman.[6] She soon started to take formal violin lessons,[4] but gave up by age 12, instead opting to spend many hours playing the pianos of the houses her mother was cleaning.[7]Smith-Rolla briefly lived in London[8] before moving to Manchester at age 24.[4] Feeling a strong connection with the city, she describes it as “nurturing without question”, and gave her “complete freedom to make stuff”.[8]Despite not knowing how to read music at the time,[4] Smith-Rolla was invited to join Graham Massey’s Sisters of Transistors[9] in 2006, a vintage organ group playing a combination of original music and covers of compositions by the likes of Rachmaninoff.[6] The music was geared towards a Baroque style with an electronic twist. Smith-Rolla has since been involved in several other musical collaborations with Graham Massey, including the Toolshed collective[10] and The Part Time Heliocentric Cosmo Drama After School Club, originally formed as a tribute to the late Sun Ra,[11] as well as synth pop group Silverclub,[12] releasing music on Red Laser Records.Smith-Rolla started to formally make electronic music in 2007, after being introduced to Underground Resistance’s Afrogermanic by friends.[4] In 2009, she started club night Clap Trap with friend Jackie Thompson[13] and that same year she began composing for other people, mostly writing film and theatre scores, taking inspiration from Bernard Hermann’s work for Alfred Hitchcock.[4]The Afrodeutsche project was started in 2016, growing from a search for Smith-Rolla’s biological father, in which she discovered her Ghanaian roots also included German and Russian heritage.[14] Of the name, translating as African-German, she has said “I just had this huge connection to it straight away. I never expected to realise myself artistically in this world.”[8]In 2018, Smith-Rolla's debut album, Break Before Make, was released on Skam,[1] a mainstay of Manchester’s electronic scene since 1990. A mixture of electro-futurism and Detroit legacy house, it has been described by Juno Records as “undeniably impressive”[15] and a “killer debut” by Bleep.[16]This was soon followed in 2019 with the release of an EP, RR001, marking the first release on new record label River Rapid, founded by Scottish DJ Eclair Fifi.[17] Its zappy synths and snake-charming basslines prompted Resident Advisor to recognise Afrodeutsche as \"a promising newcomer\".[18]Smith-Rolla was invited to attend a five day residency at Brighter Sound with Beth Orton in March 2019, sharing her creative processes with seven local female artists.[19]Later in 2019, Smith-Rolla composed the score for Kamali,[2] Sasha Rainbow's short film about a young skateboarder in India, receiving a BAFTA nomination for Best Short Film[20] and qualifying for the 2020 Oscars shortlist.[21] For the soundtrack, Smith-Rolla focused on the piano to create its six minimalist tracks, praised for their poignancy and sensitivity.[22] It was later released on SA Recordings in 2020,[23] complemented by her own sample library on Spitfire Audio called Spectrum based on the soundtrack.[24] On composing for film, Smith-Rolla has said “I’ve always had a real love for film and scoring – making sense of visual images with sound.”[6]In April 2021, a selection of Smith-Rolla's compositions were performed in Four Women: The Untold Orchestra, a unique cultural showcase exploring the experiences of black women within the creative industries and society at large, based on the narrative of Nina Simone's Four Women and led by prominent black female artists including fellow Mancunian DJ Paulette. The event also featured music written by composers Errollyn Wallen, Jessie Montgomery and Daniel Bernard Roumain.[25]In August 2021, Smith-Rolla composed a commission for London Contemporary Orchestra. Robert Ames orchestrated and conducted the world premiere along with vocal ensemble Voces8.[26] On working with Ames, Smith-Rolla has said: “I’ve been very blessed… he was orchestrating my work as well as conducting, so there was this connection with the orchestra that was innate, that I couldn’t have engineered.”[27]Later that year, Smith-Rolla collaborated with researcher and PhD student Alex Jovčić-Sas on a project exploring Gertrud Grunow and Daphne Oram’s unique contributions to optical sound theory through archival material, the loan of a Mini-Oramics Machine (an image-based sound generator designed by Oram) and modern compositional tools.[27] This project came into fruition in October 2021, with a commissioned live performance at the Nottingham Contemporary which featured choreography and dance from Martin Tomplinson.[28]Smith-Rolla performed at the Southbank Centre’s QEH in October 2021 for another world premiere of one of her compositions, 'Promises', alongside the BBC Concert Orchestra and fellow producers Daniel Avery and Aïsha Devi.[29] She was commissioned by Elizabeth Alker and the BBC CO for BBC Radio 3's Unclassified programme.[30]Smith-Rolla's sound is most heavily influenced by Drexciya, Dopplereffekt, Underground Resistance and Aux 88, as well as a variety of film composers.[7]In addition to musical composition, Smith-Rolla is a prolific DJ, having toured throughout Europe and performed at Dekmantel,[31] Sónar Barcelona,[32] Dimensions,[33] and Berghain[34] alongside artists such as Aphex Twin[35] and Dopplereffekt. She also hosts a quarterly radio show on NTS called Black Forest,[36] broadcasting an eclectic selection of electro and techno music. Since 2021 she has been a regular presenter on BBC Radio 6 Music.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skam_Records"},{"link_name":"LuckyMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LuckyMe_(record_label)"}],"text":"Break Before Make (2018, Skam)\nAdvent 18 (2018, compilation album released by LuckyMe)\nRR001 (2019, River Rapid)\nKamali (2020, SA Recordings)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Staff, XLR8R (17 April 2018). \"Afrodeutsche Lines Up Debut Album, Break Before Make\". XLR8R. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://xlr8r.com/news/afrodeutsche-lines-up-debut-album-break-before-make/","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche Lines Up Debut Album, Break Before Make\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afrodeutsche scores short documentary, Kamali, about a girl skateboarder in India\". Fact Magazine. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.factmag.com/2019/12/04/afrodeutsche-scores-short-film-kamali-about-a-girl-skateboarder-in-india/","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche scores short documentary, Kamali, about a girl skateboarder in India\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Katie (29 July 2019). \"Afrodeutsche // Interview | LONDON IN STEREO\". Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londoninstereo.com/afrodeutsche-interview/","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche // Interview | LONDON IN STEREO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester's Afrodeutsche takes inspiration from Underground Resistance — and The Sound of Music\". Fact Magazine. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.factmag.com/2018/06/27/fact-rated-afrodeutsche-interview/","url_text":"\"Manchester's Afrodeutsche takes inspiration from Underground Resistance — and The Sound of Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afrodeutsche | Metal Magazine\". metalmagazine.eu. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalmagazine.eu/en/post/interview/afrodeutsche-the-language-of-sound","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche | Metal Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afrodeutsche: 'I'm always telling a story'\". Shape. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://shapeplatform.eu/2020/afrodeutsche-im-always-telling-a-story/","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche: 'I'm always telling a story'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afrodeutsche: \"Techno. It's that language that I can speak\"\". Kaput Mag. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/electric-lights-women-in-electronic-music_henrietta-smith-rolla_afrodeutsche-techno-its-that-language-that-i-can-speak/","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche: \"Techno. It's that language that I can speak\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wallets at the ready! Join our tour of the UK's greatest record shops\". the Guardian. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/20/wallets-at-the-ready-join-our-tour-of-the-uks-greatest-record-shops","url_text":"\"Wallets at the ready! Join our tour of the UK's greatest record shops\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFRODEUTSCHE\". Brighter Sound. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brightersound.com/afrodeutsche-head-shot/","url_text":"\"AFRODEUTSCHE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210609142700/https://www.brightersound.com/afrodeutsche-head-shot/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saint, Jed (18 June 2018). \"What's in Graham Massey's Toolshed?\". Trebuchet. Retrieved 9 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/graham-massey-toolshed/","url_text":"\"What's in Graham Massey's Toolshed?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henrietta Smith Rolla\". Manchester Digital Music Archive. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mdmarchive.co.uk/biography/6099/Henrietta_Smith_Rolla","url_text":"\"Henrietta Smith Rolla\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210611022542/https://www.mdmarchive.co.uk/biography/6099/Henrietta_Smith_Rolla","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afrodeutsche: Making Her Way\". Ableton. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ableton.com/en/blog/afrodeutsche-making-her-way/","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche: Making Her Way\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190417005600/https://www.ableton.com/en/blog/afrodeutsche-making-her-way/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UK DJ Afrodeutsche makes West Coast debut at New Forms Festival\". North Shore News. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsnews.com/local-arts/uk-dj-afrodeutsche-makes-west-coast-debut-at-new-forms-festival-3107702","url_text":"\"UK DJ Afrodeutsche makes West Coast debut at New Forms Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Break Before Make // Afrodeutsche\". www.straylandings.co.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.straylandings.co.uk/reviews/afrodeutsche-break-before-make","url_text":"\"Break Before Make // Afrodeutsche\""}]},{"reference":"AFRODEUTSCHE - Break Before Make Vinyl at Juno Records., retrieved 8 June 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juno.co.uk/products/afrodeutsche-break-before-make/740582-01/","url_text":"AFRODEUTSCHE - Break Before Make Vinyl at Juno Records."}]},{"reference":"Bleep, AFRODEUTSCHE - Break Before Make. Bleep., retrieved 8 June 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://bleep.com//release/102442-afrodeutsche-break-before-make","url_text":"AFRODEUTSCHE - Break Before Make. Bleep."}]},{"reference":"\"Eclair Fifi launches label, River Rapid, with new Afrodeutsche EP · News ⟋ RA\". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ra.co/news/44072","url_text":"\"Eclair Fifi launches label, River Rapid, with new Afrodeutsche EP · News ⟋ RA\""}]},{"reference":"\"A promising newcomer delivers a touching blend of techno and electro\". Resident Advisor. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ra.co/reviews/24070","url_text":"\"A promising newcomer delivers a touching blend of techno and electro\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506171403/https://ra.co/reviews/24070","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Beth Orton: Meet the Artists\". Brighter Sound. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. 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Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/kamali-skateboarder-mahabalipuram-oscars-documentary_in_5da803c8e4b0b5c9be4907a6","url_text":"\"How 9-Year-Old Skateboarder Kamali Became The Star Of An Oscar-Contender Short\""}]},{"reference":"Day, Rob (15 September 2020). \"Afrodeutsche to Release the Score She Wrote for 'Kamali'\". Babystep Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.babystepmagazine.com/single-post/2020/09/15/afrodeutsche-to-release-the-score-she-wrote-for-kamali","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche to Release the Score She Wrote for 'Kamali'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afrodeutsche to release soundtrack for BAFTA-nominated documentary Kamali · News ⟋ RA\". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ra.co/news/73674","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche to release soundtrack for BAFTA-nominated documentary Kamali · News ⟋ RA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spitfire Audio — Henrietta Smith-Rolla — Spectrum\". www.spitfireaudio.com. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spitfireaudio.com/shop/a-z/henrietta-smith-rolla-spectrum/","url_text":"\"Spitfire Audio — Henrietta Smith-Rolla — Spectrum\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOUR WOMEN: THE UNTOLD ORCHESTRA\". Manchester City of Literature. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manchestercityofliterature.com/event/four-women-the-untold-orchestra/","url_text":"\"FOUR WOMEN: THE UNTOLD ORCHESTRA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210611143109/https://www.manchestercityofliterature.com/event/four-women-the-untold-orchestra/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Live from London: VOCES8 + London Contemporary Orchestra\". London Contemporary Orchestra. 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Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/classical-music/unclassified-live-transforming-sound","url_text":"\"Unclassified Live: Transforming Sound\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Quietus | News | INTERVIEW: Afrodeutsche Discusses Unclassfied Live\". The Quietus. Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/30734-afrodeutsche-discusses-unclassfied-live","url_text":"\"The Quietus | News | INTERVIEW: Afrodeutsche Discusses Unclassfied Live\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afrodeutsche\". Dekmantel Selectors. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dekmantelselectors.com/artists/afrodeutsche","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afrodeutsche - Sónar Barcelona 2019\". Sónar Barcelona. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sonar.es/en/2019/artists/afrodeutsche","url_text":"\"Afrodeutsche - Sónar Barcelona 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dimensions Boat Party - DJ Stingray: Afrodeutsche, Solid Blake at Dimensions Festival, Croatia (2019) ⟋ RA\". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ra.co/events/1259581","url_text":"\"Dimensions Boat Party - DJ Stingray: Afrodeutsche, Solid Blake at Dimensions Festival, Croatia (2019) ⟋ RA\""}]},{"reference":"\"CTM 2020 | Opening Club Night | Berghain / Panorama Bar | 24 January 2020 — Berghain\". www.berghain.berlin. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berghain.berlin/en/events/67583/","url_text":"\"CTM 2020 | Opening Club Night | Berghain / Panorama Bar | 24 January 2020 — Berghain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen to a killer set from Afrodeutsche at Red Bull Music Festival London\". Red Bull. 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It's that language that I can speak\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/20/wallets-at-the-ready-join-our-tour-of-the-uks-greatest-record-shops","external_links_name":"\"Wallets at the ready! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Longnecker
Henry Clay Longnecker
["1 Early life","2 References"]
American politician Henry Clay LongneckerMember of theU.S. House of Representativesfrom PennsylvaniaIn officeMarch 4, 1859 – March 3, 1861Preceded byHenry ChapmanSucceeded byThomas B. Cooper Personal detailsBorn(1820-04-17)April 17, 1820Lower Allen Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedSeptember 16, 1871(1871-09-16) (aged 51)Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S.Political partyRepublican Henry Clay Longnecker (April 17, 1820 – September 16, 1871) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Early life Longnecker was born in Allen Township, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Norwich Military Academy in Vermont and from Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced in Easton. He served during the Mexican–American War as first lieutenant, captain, and adjutant in all principal engagements under General Winfield Scott. He was wounded at the Battle of Chapultepec on September 13, 1847. He returned to Pennsylvania, and served as district attorney of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, from 1848 to 1850. Longnecker was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth Congress. During the American Civil War, Longnecker participated in organizing Pennsylvania troops and served in the Union Army as colonel of the Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. He resumed the practice of his profession in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in 1865. He served as associate judge of Lehigh County in 1867, and died in Allentown in 1871. Interment in Fairview Cemetery. References United States Congress. "Henry Clay Longnecker (id: L000432)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-14 Henry Clay Longnecker at The Political Graveyard U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byHenry Chapman Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district 1859–1861 Succeeded byThomas B. Cooper Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Henry Clay Longnecker (April 17, 1820 – September 16, 1871) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.","title":"Henry Clay Longnecker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen Township, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Allen_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Lafayette College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_College"},{"link_name":"Easton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Winfield Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chapultepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec"},{"link_name":"Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Thirty-sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Allentown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Longnecker was born in Allen Township, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Norwich Military Academy in Vermont and from Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced in Easton.He served during the Mexican–American War as first lieutenant, captain, and adjutant in all principal engagements under General Winfield Scott. He was wounded at the Battle of Chapultepec on September 13, 1847. He returned to Pennsylvania, and served as district attorney of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, from 1848 to 1850.Longnecker was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth Congress. During the American Civil War, Longnecker participated in organizing Pennsylvania troops and served in the Union Army as colonel of the Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. He resumed the practice of his profession in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in 1865. He served as associate judge of Lehigh County in 1867, and died in Allentown in 1871. Interment in Fairview Cemetery.","title":"Early life"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Otago
Bank of Otago
["1 London","2 Intentions","3 Open for business","4 Branching out from Otago","5 References","6 External links"]
New Zealand colonial bank The Bank of Otago (Limited)Banknote dated 12 June 1872Company typepublic listed companyIndustryBankingFoundedApril 1863; 161 years ago (April 1863)DefunctApril 1873 (April 1873) absorbed by The National Bank of New ZealandHeadquartersDunedin, New ZealandKey peopleJohn BathgateWilliam LarnachProductsNote-issuing, banking, financial and saving services The Bank of Otago was a bank which successfully operated in New Zealand's Otago province from late 1863 until it was bought in 1873 by a new London incorporation, The National Bank of New Zealand, also run from Dunedin but endowed with many times more capital and plans to operate nationwide. London The Bank of Otago Limited was incorporated in London in 1863. Its board of directors: Alexander Lang Elder of the English, Scottish and Australian Bank and six others with banking interests in India, Canada and Africa, promoted the sale of its shares always referring to the Otago goldfields and the spectacular growth in the amount of gold exported from Otago. The shares were listed on the London Stock Exchange and special enabling legislation enacted in New Zealand, (the) Bank of Otago Limited Act, 1863. Intentions Oamaru branch building. Opened in the winter of 1871. Bought along with the banking business by the National Bank. The Head Office was to be in London and the chief branch in Dunedin. Other branches or agencies were to be established at such settlements as the directors would determine. The many advertisements announced: "The Bank will receive money on deposit in London and New Zealand, repayable at long and short dates, open drawing accounts in the colony, issue Notes, discount Bills, conduct exchange operations, receive dividends, interest, &c, for customers, effect purchases and sales in funds, stock, &c, for them, and transact all other legitimate banking business." Open for business Bathgate 54-year-old John Bathgate was sent by the London board to be colonial manager (chief executive in New Zealand). He arrived in Dunedin on 23 November 1863. He was a Scottish solicitor with banking experience. His practice in Peebles — then a centre of the Scottish woollen industry — had extended to his taking on the Peebles agency for the Union Bank of Scotland. Two of his accounts proved to be unsatisfactory investments of bank funds and Bathgate was obliged to tender his resignation from his Bank of Otago post effective on the arrival of his replacement. Larnach Bathgate was replaced by 34-year-old Australian-born William Larnach, who was appointed from London and arrived in Dunedin in September 1867 to be chief colonial manager of the bank. Larnach had joined the Bank of New South Wales about 1863 and risen to manager of their Geelong branch at a time when poor communications placed heavy responsibility on branch managers. Larnach was well-connected: his uncle, Donald Larnach, a long time Sydney member of the Bank of New South Wales' board was later chairman of the London board. William Larnach was also a family friend of W. J. T. Clarke, said at that time to be the richest man in Australasia. After the Bank of Otago became the National Bank Larnach was expected to remain with them a further twelve months. From the main office in Dunedin, twelve branches were established within Otago's sphere of influence. The gold rushes ended. The new bank managed to survive rather than prosper. It was sold on 1 July 1873 to form the core of the new National Bank of New Zealand. Branching out from Otago Tay Street building before the fire. Bank of New Zealand on the left Negotiations for an amalgamation of the banking business with the English Scottish and Australian Chartered Bank were entered into during 1870 but were broken off in May that year. Work on the expensive stone new building at Oamaru was halted for some months but did resume and smaller branches continued to establish themselves around the region. A disastrous fire broke out beside the substantial Tay Street Invercargill building in October 1871. The fire destroyed all the buildings in the block but only scorched the Bank of New Zealand just across the narrow alley —favoured, it was reported, by a light wind from the north-west. At the end of August 1872 a new bank, the National Bank of New Zealand, was announced in London. It would have many times more capital and it would begin its business by absorbing the Bank of Otago. Its intended sphere far wider than the province of Otago the new bank was incorporated in London by a different group of people including a number of former high profile New Zealand residents, among them former Governor Thomas Gore Browne, former Speaker Charles Clifford and former Wellington Provincial Superintendent Isaac Featherston. Negotiations of the terms on which The National Bank of New Zealand would absorb The Bank of Otago were completed on 17 April 1873. The bank's business was handed over by William Larnach on 1 July 1873. Larnach remained manager of the new bank into 1874. The twelve branches of Bank of Otago taken over by the National Bank were (with managers): Invercargill (John Dalgleish) Port Chalmers (J. H. Wood) Clutha Ferry (T. T. Ritchie) Queenstown (J. T. Goodsir) Palmerston (H. H. Hare) Tokomairiro (Albert Larnach) Winton (T. S. Bremner) Cardrona W. C. McDouall) Oamaru (Wm. Christie) Riverton (Jas. Cook) Switzers (W. H. Davidson) Taieri East and West (Thomas Ker) References ^ Money-Market & City Intelligence. The Times, Saturday, April 25, 1863, Issue 24542, p.13. ^ Classified advertisements, The Times, 29 April 1863, page 1 ^ "New Zealand Acts as Enacted" ^ The Bank of Otago Limited," Otago Daily Times, 10 October 1863, p. 4. ^ "The Money Market," Otago Daily Times, 17 September 1863, p. 4. ^ "Shipping Intelligence," Otago Daily Times, 24 November 1863, p. 4. ^ Scholefield, G. H., "Bathgate, John", A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Wellington: 1940. p. 48. ^ The Bank of Otago," Otago Daily Times, 11 November 1863. p. 10. ^ "Public Notices," Otago Daily Times, 10 September 1867 p. 3. ^ "Public Notices," Otago Daily Times, 12 September 1867. p. 3. ^ Scholefield, G. H., "Larnach, William James Mudie", A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Wellington: 1940. p. 485. ^ Commercial New Zealand Herald 25 April 1870 Page 4 ^ The Fire at Invercargill Otago Daily Times 18 October 1871 Page 5 ^ Latest Telegrams. Otago Daily Times 2 October 1872 Page 2 ^ Classified advertisements, The Times, 16 August 1872. p. 1. ^ "Dunedin", The Evening Post, 17 April 1873. p. 2. ^ Social," Otago Daily Times, 14 May 1873. p. 2. ^ a b "Notice," Otago Daily Times, 21 June 1873. p. 2. ^ The Arrow Observer and Lakes District Chronicle", Lake County Press, 16 January 1874. p. 2. External links Bank of Otago at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsData from Wikidata vteBanks of New ZealandCurrent banks ANZ ASB/BankDirect Bank of New Zealand The Co-operative Bank Heartland Bank HSBC Kiwibank Rabobank/RaboDirect SBS Bank TSB Westpac Italics in the above indicate domestic ownership. Former banksNationwide service Bank of Otago Colonial Bank of New Zealand Countrywide Bank National Bank Post Office Savings Bank Rural Bank Trust Bank Regional trustee banks Canterbury Savings Bank Eastern & Central Savings Bank Westland Savings Bank
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"}],"text":"The Bank of Otago was a bank which successfully operated in New Zealand's Otago province from late 1863 until it was bought in 1873 by a new London incorporation, The National Bank of New Zealand, also run from Dunedin but endowed with many times more capital and plans to operate nationwide.","title":"Bank of Otago"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Lang Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lang_Elder"},{"link_name":"English, Scottish and Australian Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English,_Scottish_and_Australian_Bank"},{"link_name":"Otago goldfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Bank of Otago Limited was incorporated in London in 1863. Its board of directors: Alexander Lang Elder of the English, Scottish and Australian Bank and six others with banking interests in India, Canada and Africa, promoted the sale of its shares always referring to the Otago goldfields and the spectacular growth in the amount of gold exported from Otago.[1][2] The shares were listed on the London Stock Exchange and special enabling legislation enacted in New Zealand, (the) Bank of Otago Limited Act, 1863.[3]","title":"London"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_Otago_Oamaru-Nueva_Zelanda03_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Oamaru branch building. Opened in the winter of 1871. Bought along with the banking business by the National Bank.The Head Office was to be in London and the chief branch in Dunedin. Other branches or agencies were to be established at such settlements as the directors would determine.The many advertisements announced: \"The Bank will receive money on deposit in London and New Zealand, repayable at long and short dates, open drawing accounts in the colony, issue Notes, discount Bills, conduct exchange operations, receive dividends, interest, &c, for customers, effect purchases and sales in funds, stock, &c, for them, and transact all other legitimate banking business.\"[4]","title":"Intentions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Bathgate,_taken_by_an_unidentified_photographer.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Bathgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bathgate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles"},{"link_name":"Union Bank of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Larnach.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Larnach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Larnach"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bank of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong"},{"link_name":"Donald Larnach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Larnach"},{"link_name":"W. J. T. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Turner_Clarke"},{"link_name":"National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"gold rushes ended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin#Gold_rush_era"},{"link_name":"National Bank of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_New_Zealand"}],"text":"Bathgate54-year-old John Bathgate was sent by the London board to be colonial manager (chief executive in New Zealand). He arrived in Dunedin on 23 November 1863.[5][6] He was a Scottish solicitor with banking experience. His practice in Peebles — then a centre of the Scottish woollen industry — had extended to his taking on the Peebles agency for the Union Bank of Scotland.[7] [8]Two of his accounts proved to be unsatisfactory investments of bank funds and Bathgate was obliged to tender his resignation from his Bank of Otago post effective on the arrival of his replacement.[9]LarnachBathgate was replaced by 34-year-old Australian-born William Larnach, who was appointed from London and arrived in Dunedin in September 1867 to be chief colonial manager of the bank.[10] Larnach had joined the Bank of New South Wales about 1863 and risen to manager of their Geelong branch at a time when poor communications placed heavy responsibility on branch managers. Larnach was well-connected: his uncle, Donald Larnach, a long time Sydney member of the Bank of New South Wales' board was later chairman of the London board. William Larnach was also a family friend of W. J. T. Clarke, said at that time to be the richest man in Australasia.After the Bank of Otago became the National Bank Larnach was expected to remain with them a further twelve months.[11]From the main office in Dunedin, twelve branches were established within Otago's sphere of influence. The gold rushes ended. The new bank managed to survive rather than prosper. It was sold on 1 July 1873 to form the core of the new National Bank of New Zealand.","title":"Open for business"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_Otago,_Tay_Street,_Invercargill_circa_1870.jpg"},{"link_name":"English Scottish and Australian Chartered Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English,_Scottish_and_Australian_Bank"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bank of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"National Bank of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"province of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Province"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gore Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gore_Browne"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Charles Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Clifford,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Province"},{"link_name":"Provincial Superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Isaac Featherston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Featherston"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"National Bank of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trsfr-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trsfr-18"},{"link_name":"Invercargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invercargill"},{"link_name":"Port Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chalmers"},{"link_name":"Clutha Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balclutha,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tokomairiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Cardrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardrona,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Oamaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oamaru"},{"link_name":"Riverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Switzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikaia"},{"link_name":"Taieri East and West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Taieri"}],"text":"Tay Street building before the fire. Bank of New Zealand on the leftNegotiations for an amalgamation of the banking business with the English Scottish and Australian Chartered Bank were entered into during 1870[12] but were broken off in May that year. Work on the expensive stone new building at Oamaru was halted for some months but did resume and smaller branches continued to establish themselves around the region. A disastrous fire broke out beside the substantial Tay Street Invercargill building in October 1871. The fire destroyed all the buildings in the block but only scorched the Bank of New Zealand just across the narrow alley —favoured, it was reported, by a light wind from the north-west.[13]At the end of August 1872 a new bank, the National Bank of New Zealand, was announced in London. It would have many times more capital and it would begin its business by absorbing the Bank of Otago.[14]Its intended sphere far wider than the province of Otago the new bank was incorporated in London by a different group of people including a number of former high profile New Zealand residents, among them former Governor Thomas Gore Browne, former Speaker Charles Clifford and former Wellington Provincial Superintendent Isaac Featherston.[15]Negotiations of the terms on which The National Bank of New Zealand would absorb The Bank of Otago were completed on 17 April 1873.[16][17] The bank's business was handed over by William Larnach on 1 July 1873.[18] Larnach remained manager of the new bank into 1874.[19]The twelve branches of Bank of Otago taken over by the National Bank were (with managers):[18]Invercargill (John Dalgleish)\nPort Chalmers (J. H. Wood)\nClutha Ferry (T. T. Ritchie)\n\n\nQueenstown (J. T. Goodsir)\nPalmerston (H. H. Hare)\nTokomairiro (Albert Larnach)\n\n\nWinton (T. S. Bremner)\nCardrona W. C. McDouall)\nOamaru (Wm. Christie)\n\n\nRiverton (Jas. Cook)\nSwitzers (W. H. Davidson)\nTaieri East and West (Thomas Ker)","title":"Branching out from Otago"}]
[{"image_text":"Oamaru branch building. Opened in the winter of 1871. Bought along with the banking business by the National Bank.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bank_of_Otago_Oamaru-Nueva_Zelanda03_%28cropped%29.JPG/235px-Bank_of_Otago_Oamaru-Nueva_Zelanda03_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bathgate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/John_Bathgate%2C_taken_by_an_unidentified_photographer.jpg/90px-John_Bathgate%2C_taken_by_an_unidentified_photographer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Larnach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/William_Larnach.jpg/100px-William_Larnach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tay Street building before the fire. Bank of New Zealand on the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bank_of_Otago%2C_Tay_Street%2C_Invercargill_circa_1870.jpg/220px-Bank_of_Otago%2C_Tay_Street%2C_Invercargill_circa_1870.jpg"}]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/boola186327v1863n4340/","external_links_name":"New Zealand Acts as Enacted"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18631010.2.15.1","external_links_name":"The Bank of Otago Limited"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18630917.2.9","external_links_name":"The Money Market"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18631124.2.5","external_links_name":"Shipping Intelligence"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18631111.2.26","external_links_name":"The Bank of Otago"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18670910.2.4.3","external_links_name":"Public Notices"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18670912.2.4.2","external_links_name":"Public Notices"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18700425.2.6","external_links_name":"Commercial New Zealand Herald"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18711018.2.29","external_links_name":"The Fire at Invercargill Otago Daily Times"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18721002.2.12.6","external_links_name":"Latest Telegrams. Otago Daily Times"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18730417.2.12.8","external_links_name":"Dunedin"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18730514.2.4","external_links_name":"Social"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18730621.2.15.2","external_links_name":"Notice"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/LCP18740116.2.4","external_links_name":"The Arrow Observer and Lakes District Chronicle"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammiel_Hirsch
Ammiel Hirsch
["1 Early life and education","2 Reform leadership","3 Book collaboration","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"]
RabbiAmmiel HirschPersonalBornAmmiel Hirsch1959ReligionJudaismNationalityAmericanParent(s)Rabbi Richard G. and Bella HirschDenominationReform JudaismAlma materLondon School of Economics and Political SciencePositionSenior RabbiSynagogueStephen Wise Free SynagogueOtherFormer Executive Director, Association of Reform Zionists of America/World Union for Progressive Judaism, North AmericaResidenceNew York CitySemikhahHebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion Ammiel Hirsch (Hebrew: עמיאל הירש, also spelled Amiel Hirsch) (born 1959) is an American Reform rabbi and attorney. He is the senior rabbi of Stephen Wise Free Synagogue and former executive director of the Association of Reform Zionists of America/World Union for Progressive Judaism, North America. In 2018, The Jerusalem Post named him among “The 50 Most Influential Jews of the Year.” In 2016, City & State New York magazine praised him as “the borough's most influential voice” for Manhattan's more than 300,000 Jews, and, in 2015, the New York Observer named him among “New York’s Most Influential Religious Leaders.” He has written two books: "The Lilac Tree: A Rabbi's Reflections on Love, Courage, and History" (2023) and "One People, Two Worlds: A Reform Rabbi and an Orthodox Rabbi Explore the Issues That Divide Them" (2003), which he co-authored with Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Reinman. Early life and education Hirsch was born in the United States to Rabbi Richard G. Hirsch (born 1926), a Reform rabbi who founded the movement's Religious Action Center in Washington, D.C., and Executive Director Emeritus of the World Union for Progressive Judaism. His mother is Bella Hirsch; he has two brothers and a sister. Hirsch spent his high school years in Israel and served in the IDF as a tank commander. He speaks fluent Hebrew. He went on to earn an LL.B. Honors from the London School of Economics and Political Science and was admitted to the New York State Bar in 1985. He received rabbinical ordination from Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, New York, in 1989. Reform leadership From 1992–2004, Hirsch served as executive director of the Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA), the Israeli arm of the North American Reform movement. An ardent Zionist, he guided ARZA to accept a new platform embracing Zionism in 1997. He was also a leader in the struggle against Israel's Orthodox religious establishment—which he called "the monopoly"—to recognize the Reform movement in Israel, and was influential in the successful lobbying effort to change Israel's Law of Return to recognize conversions performed by non-Orthodox rabbis in Israel. In 2004, he joined Stephen Wise Free Synagogue as Senior Rabbi. Hirsch is also an officer of the New York Board of Rabbis and a member of Partnership of Faith, an interfaith body of New York religious leaders. He lives in New York City. Book collaboration In 2000, a literary agent introduced Hirsch to Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Reinman, an Orthodox rabbi and Talmudic scholar, with the idea of collaborating on a book airing the Reform and Orthodox viewpoints on various issues. Their email correspondence over the next 18 months resulted in the book One People, Two Worlds: A Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi explore the issues that divide them. The book was hailed by the religious left as a breakthrough in Orthodox recognition of religious pluralism, but generated criticism in Orthodox circles regarding Rabbi Reinman's willingness to conduct official rabbinic dialogue with a Reform clergyman. The book was denounced by the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah of Agudath Israel of America and the heads of Beth Medrash Govoha, Lakewood, New Jersey, where Reinman received his rabbinic ordination. Reinman subsequently pulled out of a 14-city promotional tour after two appearances, leaving Hirsch to continue the tour on his own. Bibliography Hirsch, Ammiel (1989). From Moses to Marx: Russian Zionism as portrayed through the Hebrew press of 1917. Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. Hirsch, Ammiel; Reinman, Yaakov Yosef (2003). One People, Two Worlds: A Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi explore the issues that divide them. Schocken Books. ISBN 0-8052-1140-3. Hirsch, Ammiel (2023). The Lilac Tree: A Rabbi's Reflections on Love, Courage, and History. Wicked Son. ISBN 978-1-6375-8746-1. References ^ a b Brawarsky, Sandee (11 October 2002). "Agreeing to Disagree". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ a b c Shamir, Shlomo (22 August 2002). "Dialogue of the not so deaf". Haaretz. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ a b c "Biographical Sketch of Rabbi Richard G. Hirsch". Jewish Agency for Israel. 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ Hyman, Meryl (1998). Who is a Jew?: Conversations, not conclusions. Jewish Lights. p. 181. ISBN 1-879045-76-1. ^ a b c Rosensaft, Jean Bloch (2004). "A Vital Partnership: HUC-JIR alumni leading the Union for Reform Judaism" (PDF). The Chronicle. 63: 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ a b c Nahshon, Gad. "Interview with Rabbi Ammiel Hirsh: A New Zionist Revolution". Jewish Post. Retrieved 3 April 2011. ^ "Ammiel Hirsch". justia.com. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ a b c d "Our Clergy: Ammiel Hirsch, Senior Rabbi". Stephen Wise Free Synagogue. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ Kampeas, Ron (30 November 1999). "Tourism Push for High Holidays". JTA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ Curtius, Mary (21 February 2002). "Israeli High Court Oks Non-orthodox Jewish Conversions". South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ "Israel's conversion ruling: What it does and doesn't do". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Author Spotlight: Ammiel Hirsch". Random House. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ Adlerstein, Yitzchok (Spring 2003). "Book: 'One People, Two Worlds' By Ammiel Hirsch and Yosef Reinman" (PDF). Jewish Action. Orthodox Union. ^ "A Proposed Addition to the Agudah Convention Agenda". The Jewish Press. 6 December 2002. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ Brownfeld, Allan C. (March–April 2003). "Orthodox Pressure Causes Rabbi to Pull Out of Book Tour; British Chief Rabbi Changes Book Called "Heresy"". American Council for Judaism. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ Reinman, Yosef (2003). "Don't Judge A Book By Its Cover". Jewish Law. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ Pine, Dan (21 February 2003). "Reform-Haredi Collaboration Ends in Bitter Brouhaha". J. jweekly.com. Retrieved 2 April 2011. External links Rabbi Ammiel Hirsch free downloads The Jewish State: The next fifty years – an interview with Rabbi Ammiel Hirsch Letter to the Editor of The New York Times by Ammiel Hirsch, 21 October 2004 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandee-1"},{"link_name":"Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Stephen Wise Free Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wise_Free_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Association of Reform Zionists of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Reform_Zionists_of_America"},{"link_name":"World Union for Progressive Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Union_for_Progressive_Judaism"},{"link_name":"The Jerusalem Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jpost.com/50-most-influential-jews/44-Ammiel-Hirsch-565521"},{"link_name":"City & State New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170616125707/http://cityandstateny.com/articles/personality/manhattan-borough-50/#.WIi9HLYrInU"},{"link_name":"New York Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observer.com/2015/04/higher-power-new-yorks-most-influential-religious-leaders/"}],"text":"Ammiel Hirsch (Hebrew: עמיאל הירש, also spelled Amiel Hirsch) (born 1959)[1] is an American Reform rabbi and attorney. He is the senior rabbi of Stephen Wise Free Synagogue and former executive director of the Association of Reform Zionists of America/World Union for Progressive Judaism, North America. In 2018, The Jerusalem Post named him among “The 50 Most Influential Jews of the Year.” In 2016, City & State New York magazine praised him as “the borough's most influential voice” for Manhattan's more than 300,000 Jews, and, in 2015, the New York Observer named him among “New York’s Most Influential Religious Leaders.” He has written two books: \"The Lilac Tree: A Rabbi's Reflections on Love, Courage, and History\" (2023) and \"One People, Two Worlds: A Reform Rabbi and an Orthodox Rabbi Explore the Issues That Divide Them\" (2003), which he co-authored with Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Reinman.","title":"Ammiel Hirsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agency-3"},{"link_name":"Religious Action Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Action_Center_of_Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agency-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huc-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agency-3"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"IDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huc-5"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gad-6"},{"link_name":"LL.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"New York State Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"rabbinical ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikhah"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College-Jewish_Institute_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huc-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-8"}],"text":"Hirsch was born in the United States[2] to Rabbi Richard G. Hirsch (born 1926),[3] a Reform rabbi who founded the movement's Religious Action Center in Washington, D.C.,[3] and Executive Director Emeritus of the World Union for Progressive Judaism.[4][5] His mother is Bella Hirsch; he has two brothers and a sister.[3]Hirsch spent his high school years in Israel and served in the IDF as a tank commander.[2] [5] He speaks fluent Hebrew.[6] He went on to earn an LL.B. Honors from the London School of Economics and Political Science and was admitted to the New York State Bar in 1985.[7] He received rabbinical ordination from Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, New York, in 1989.[5][8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Reform_Zionists_of_America"},{"link_name":"North American Reform movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-8"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gad-6"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gad-6"},{"link_name":"Law of Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Return"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Stephen Wise Free Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wise_Free_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-8"},{"link_name":"New York Board of Rabbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Board_of_Rabbis"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-8"}],"text":"From 1992–2004, Hirsch served as executive director of the Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA), the Israeli arm of the North American Reform movement.[8] An ardent Zionist,[9] he guided ARZA to accept a new platform embracing Zionism in 1997.[6] He was also a leader in the struggle against Israel's Orthodox religious establishment—which he called \"the monopoly\"—to recognize the Reform movement in Israel,[6] and was influential in the successful lobbying effort to change Israel's Law of Return to recognize conversions performed by non-Orthodox rabbis in Israel.[2][10][11]In 2004, he joined Stephen Wise Free Synagogue as Senior Rabbi.[8]Hirsch is also an officer of the New York Board of Rabbis and a member of Partnership of Faith, an interfaith body of New York religious leaders. He lives in New York City.[8]","title":"Reform leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Yaakov Yosef Reinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Reinman"},{"link_name":"Talmudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandee-1"},{"link_name":"religious left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Left"},{"link_name":"religious pluralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-action-13"},{"link_name":"Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah"},{"link_name":"Agudath Israel of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Beth Medrash Govoha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Medrash_Govoha"},{"link_name":"Lakewood, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 2000,[12] a literary agent introduced Hirsch to Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Reinman, an Orthodox rabbi and Talmudic scholar, with the idea of collaborating on a book airing the Reform and Orthodox viewpoints on various issues. Their email correspondence over the next 18 months resulted in the book One People, Two Worlds: A Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi explore the issues that divide them.[1] The book was hailed by the religious left as a breakthrough in Orthodox recognition of religious pluralism, but generated criticism in Orthodox circles regarding Rabbi Reinman's willingness to conduct official rabbinic dialogue with a Reform clergyman.[13] The book was denounced by the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah of Agudath Israel of America[14] and the heads of Beth Medrash Govoha, Lakewood, New Jersey, where Reinman received his rabbinic ordination.[15] Reinman subsequently pulled out of a 14-city promotional tour after two appearances, leaving Hirsch to continue the tour on his own.[16][17]","title":"Book collaboration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"From Moses to Marx: Russian Zionism as portrayed through the Hebrew press of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=c_JPGwAACAAJ&q=ammiel+hirsch"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College-Jewish_Institute_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"One People, Two Worlds: A Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi explore the issues that divide them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=offFN-Bhl6EC&q=ammiel+hirsch"},{"link_name":"Schocken Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schocken_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8052-1140-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-1140-3"},{"link_name":"The Lilac Tree: A Rabbi's Reflections on Love, Courage, and History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ROCiEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Wicked Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Son&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-6375-8746-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6375-8746-1"}],"text":"Hirsch, Ammiel (1989). From Moses to Marx: Russian Zionism as portrayed through the Hebrew press of 1917. Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.\nHirsch, Ammiel; Reinman, Yaakov Yosef (2003). One People, Two Worlds: A Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi explore the issues that divide them. Schocken Books. ISBN 0-8052-1140-3.\nHirsch, Ammiel (2023). The Lilac Tree: A Rabbi's Reflections on Love, Courage, and History. Wicked Son. ISBN 978-1-6375-8746-1.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hirsch, Ammiel (1989). From Moses to Marx: Russian Zionism as portrayed through the Hebrew press of 1917. Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c_JPGwAACAAJ&q=ammiel+hirsch","url_text":"From Moses to Marx: Russian Zionism as portrayed through the Hebrew press of 1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College-Jewish_Institute_of_Religion","url_text":"Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Ammiel; Reinman, Yaakov Yosef (2003). One People, Two Worlds: A Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi explore the issues that divide them. Schocken Books. ISBN 0-8052-1140-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=offFN-Bhl6EC&q=ammiel+hirsch","url_text":"One People, Two Worlds: A Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi explore the issues that divide them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schocken_Books","url_text":"Schocken Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-1140-3","url_text":"0-8052-1140-3"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Ammiel (2023). The Lilac Tree: A Rabbi's Reflections on Love, Courage, and History. Wicked Son. ISBN 978-1-6375-8746-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ROCiEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Lilac Tree: A Rabbi's Reflections on Love, Courage, and History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Son&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Wicked Son"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6375-8746-1","url_text":"978-1-6375-8746-1"}]},{"reference":"Brawarsky, Sandee (11 October 2002). \"Agreeing to Disagree\". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021113905/http://www.thejewishweek.com/arts/books/agreeing_disagree","url_text":"\"Agreeing to Disagree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Week","url_text":"The Jewish Week"},{"url":"http://www.thejewishweek.com/arts/books/agreeing_disagree","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shamir, Shlomo (22 August 2002). \"Dialogue of the not so deaf\". Haaretz. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/dialogue-of-the-not-so-deaf-1.36252","url_text":"\"Dialogue of the not so deaf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical Sketch of Rabbi Richard G. Hirsch\". Jewish Agency for Israel. 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/About/Press+Room/Press+Releases/2010/mar22a.htm?wbc_purpose=Bas","url_text":"\"Biographical Sketch of Rabbi Richard G. Hirsch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel","url_text":"Jewish Agency for Israel"}]},{"reference":"Hyman, Meryl (1998). Who is a Jew?: Conversations, not conclusions. Jewish Lights. p. 181. ISBN 1-879045-76-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tcVtAAAAMAAJ&q=richard+hirsch","url_text":"Who is a Jew?: Conversations, not conclusions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879045-76-1","url_text":"1-879045-76-1"}]},{"reference":"Rosensaft, Jean Bloch (2004). \"A Vital Partnership: HUC-JIR alumni leading the Union for Reform Judaism\" (PDF). The Chronicle. 63: 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110127082539/http://huc.edu/chronicle/63/vital.pdf","url_text":"\"A Vital Partnership: HUC-JIR alumni leading the Union for Reform Judaism\""},{"url":"http://huc.edu/chronicle/63/vital.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nahshon, Gad. \"Interview with Rabbi Ammiel Hirsh: A New Zionist Revolution\". Jewish Post. Retrieved 3 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishpost.com/archives/news/interview-with-rabbi-ammiel-hirsh-a-new-zionist-revolution.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Rabbi Ammiel Hirsh: A New Zionist Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ammiel Hirsch\". justia.com. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://lawyers.justia.com/lawyer/ammiel-hirsch-1162116","url_text":"\"Ammiel Hirsch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Clergy: Ammiel Hirsch, Senior Rabbi\". Stephen Wise Free Synagogue. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110415112342/http://www.swfs.org/rabbi-ammiel-hirsch/","url_text":"\"Our Clergy: Ammiel Hirsch, Senior Rabbi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wise_Free_Synagogue","url_text":"Stephen Wise Free Synagogue"},{"url":"http://www.swfs.org/rabbi-ammiel-hirsch/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kampeas, Ron (30 November 1999). \"Tourism Push for High Holidays\". JTA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609170833/http://www.jta.org/news/article/0000/00/00/10722/Thisyearanewhol","url_text":"\"Tourism Push for High Holidays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency","url_text":"JTA"},{"url":"http://jta.org/news/article/0000/00/00/10722/Thisyearanewhol","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Curtius, Mary (21 February 2002). \"Israeli High Court Oks Non-orthodox Jewish Conversions\". South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-02-21/news/0202210281_1_non-orthodox-converts-rabbi-ammiel-hirsch-non-orthodox-rabbis","url_text":"\"Israeli High Court Oks Non-orthodox Jewish Conversions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_Sun_Sentinel","url_text":"South Florida Sun Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Israel's conversion ruling: What it does and doesn't do\". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israels-conversion-ruling-what-it-does-and-doesnt-do-660992","url_text":"\"Israel's conversion ruling: What it does and doesn't do\""}]},{"reference":"\"Author Spotlight: Ammiel Hirsch\". Random House. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070708144417/http://www.randomhouse.ca/author/results.pperl?authorid=36647","url_text":"\"Author Spotlight: Ammiel Hirsch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"http://www.randomhouse.ca/author/results.pperl?authorid=36647","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adlerstein, Yitzchok (Spring 2003). \"Book: 'One People, Two Worlds' By Ammiel Hirsch and Yosef Reinman\" (PDF). Jewish Action. Orthodox Union.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ou.org/publications/ja/5763/5763spring/BOOKREVI.PDF","url_text":"\"Book: 'One People, Two Worlds' By Ammiel Hirsch and Yosef Reinman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Action","url_text":"Jewish Action"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Union","url_text":"Orthodox Union"}]},{"reference":"\"A Proposed Addition to the Agudah Convention Agenda\". The Jewish Press. 6 December 2002. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishpress.com/pageroute.do/14409","url_text":"\"A Proposed Addition to the Agudah Convention Agenda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Press","url_text":"The Jewish Press"}]},{"reference":"Brownfeld, Allan C. (March–April 2003). \"Orthodox Pressure Causes Rabbi to Pull Out of Book Tour; British Chief Rabbi Changes Book Called \"Heresy\"\". American Council for Judaism. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acjna.org/acjna/articles_detail.aspx?id=278","url_text":"\"Orthodox Pressure Causes Rabbi to Pull Out of Book Tour; British Chief Rabbi Changes Book Called \"Heresy\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_for_Judaism","url_text":"American Council for Judaism"}]},{"reference":"Reinman, Yosef (2003). \"Don't Judge A Book By Its Cover\". Jewish Law. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary/dontjudge.html","url_text":"\"Don't Judge A Book By Its Cover\""}]},{"reference":"Pine, Dan (21 February 2003). \"Reform-Haredi Collaboration Ends in Bitter Brouhaha\". J. jweekly.com. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/19371/reform-haredi-collaboration-ends-in-bitter-brouhaha/","url_text":"\"Reform-Haredi Collaboration Ends in Bitter Brouhaha\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_Fire_(Alicia_Keys_album)
Girl on Fire (album)
["1 Background and development","2 Recording and production","3 Music and lyrics","4 Release and promotion","5 Singles","6 Critical reception","7 Accolades","8 Commercial performance","9 Track listing","10 Personnel","11 Charts","11.1 Weekly charts","11.2 Year-end charts","12 Certifications","13 Release history","14 See also","15 References","16 External links"]
2012 studio album by Alicia KeysGirl on FireStudio album by Alicia KeysReleasedNovember 22, 2012 (2012-11-22)Recorded2011–2012Studio Jungle City Oven (New York City) Geejam (Port Antonio) Chalice Record Plant (Los Angeles) Metropolis (London) GenreR&BLength53:08LabelRCAProducer Alicia Keys Babyface Jeff Bhasker Antonio Dixon Dr. Dre Rodney Jerkins Malay Pop & Oak Salaam Remi Jamie Smith Swizz Beatz Alicia Keys chronology The Element of Freedom(2009) Girl on Fire(2012) VH1 Storytellers(2013) Singles from Girl on Fire "Girl on Fire"Released: September 4, 2012 "Brand New Me"Released: November 19, 2012 "New Day"Released: February 21, 2013 "Fire We Make"Released: March 28, 2013 "Tears Always Win"Released: May 7, 2013 Girl on Fire is the fifth studio album by American singer and songwriter Alicia Keys. It was released on November 22, 2012, being Keys' first release with RCA Records following Sony Music Entertainment's decision to close J Records during a company reshuffle. The album is an R&B album with elements of different musical styles, including rock, electro, reggae and hip hop. It features a largely minimalist production, includes piano-driven songs and balances traditional R&B with atypical chords and melodic changes. Upon its release, Girl on Fire received generally positive reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 159,000 copies sold in its first week. It produced five singles–"Girl on Fire" (which peaked at number two on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100), "Brand New Me", "New Day", "Fire We Make" (featuring Maxwell), and "Tears Always Win". To further promote the album, Keys embarked on her fifth worldwide concert tour, titled Set the World on Fire Tour, which commenced in March 2013 and ended in December. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, Girl on Fire won Best R&B Album, making Keys the most awarded artist in this category, with three wins. Background and development Girl on Fire is Keys' fifth studio album and the follow-up to The Element of Freedom (2009). It also serves as her first release under RCA Records, after a reorganization at parent company Sony Music Entertainment led to her previous label J Records being absorbed into RCA. Between the two albums, Keys married record producer and rapper Swizz Beatz, became a mother, began co-managing her own career, produced and directed both a Broadway play and short film, in addition to designing a line of trainers for Reebok. Keys had also either appeared on or produced material for several other artists, including work on Kanye West, Emeli Sandé and Miguel's albums. Essence reported that Keys began working on Girl on Fire in February 2011. Speaking on how the events of the previous three years inspired her, during an interview with Billboard, Keys stated: "These last three years have been the most in every way. The most newest, the most difficult, the most loving, the most dream-filled, the most breaking free . . . an entire crazy dynamic of lessons and emotions to grow into and claim. This whirlwind has definitely forced me to be who I am, to be free enough and brave enough to just not accept anything else-nor try to be anything else." Speaking on how Girl on Fire was different to The Element of Freedom, Keys said: "I've stepped more into my business and really... taken control for how I want that to be. So every way that I've created now is totally in a new space. It's more in a true space of who I am and what story it is that I'm trying to tell, what it is I'm going through, what the world is going through. And it's really important for me to describe that and say that exactly how I see it, period. So, things are just new. The world is new! Everything feels like brand new to me." Keys even explained that the album title is a slight reference to Katniss Everdeen, the central character in the adventure novel series The Hunger Games, of which she is a fan. Recording and production Recording sessions for the album took place at Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios in New York, Chalice Studios and The Record Plant in Los Angeles, Geejam Studios in Jamaica, and Metropolis Studios in London. Keys worked with a range of producers for Girl on Fire, including husband Swizz Beatz, Babyface, Kerry Brothers, Jr. and Jeff Bhasker among others. When working on the album, Keys said she was not inspired by the current rhythmic trends in pop music. "I was really focused on writing, on the crafting of a song, more so than anything else. I didn't care about a beat. I didn't care about a hot track. I didn't even want to hear those things. I wanted to create a song." During a Keep a Child Alive concert in New York City, Keys met blues-rock guitarist Gary Clark, Jr. Keys had initially asked Clark, Jr. if he would play the guitar elements from "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" by George Harrison. Seeing potential in Clark, Jr.'s skills, Keys would present him with the song "Fire We Make" and asked him if he could play some guitar on the track. Speaking about the collaboration he said, "I went in and I was like, 'What do you want me to do?' and she was like, 'This is the song. You just do what you do, and we'll see what happens.' It was one of the best studio experiences I've ever had." Music and lyrics An R&B album, Girl on Fire has a balance of conventional R&B songs and piano ballads. The album's music is typified by Keys' heightened singing, piano playing, and a minimalist production. It also showcases her attempt at different styles, which range from electro soul and hip hop, to rock and reggae flourishes. The songs are mostly midtempo and feature unconventional chords and melodic changes. The album's lyrics features aphorisms about relationships and God. A portion of the album's songs have their narrator examining and struggling with a stifling relationship, while others touch on Keys' recent personal life, including marriage and motherhood. Pitchfork Media's Stephen M. Deusner views Girl on Fire as an album "about rebirth and renewal", writing that Keys "use romantic tragedy as the engine for transformation." James Reed of The Boston Globe writes that its "emphasis on looking inward recalls the mood of Beyoncé's 4." The quiet opening track "De Novo Adagio", which translates to adagio again, exhibits Keys' classically trained musicianship. "Listen to Your Heart" is one of the album's uptempo songs, taking a more dancier direction than Keys' previous material. "Brand New Me", a slow-burning declaration of the narrator's independence, was penned with Scottish singer-songwriter Emeli Sandé, as an autobiographical snapshot of Keys' life. Sandé also helped Keys' write the songs "Not Even the King" and "101". On "Brand New Me", Keys sings about finally taking control over a domineering partner. "Not Even the King" is a piano-driven song about "rich love" which is bigger than the entire world, where Keys sings: "They offer the world to have what we got, but I found the world in you." Release and promotion Main article: Set the World on Fire Tour In early September 2012, the audio for the song "Not Even the King" was uploaded to Keys' official Vevo channel. On September 24, Keys performed an exclusive set for a MTV event called MTV Crashes Manchester. The set, which took place outside the City Cathedral in Manchester, included a variety of songs from her discography, as well as songs from Girl on Fire. On September 28, she performed several new tracks from the album as well as older hits at the iTunes Festival. On October 16, Keys performed her set at the "City Advantage Love the Journey Concert" at Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall in New York City. On November 12, Keys was featured on an episode of VH1 Storytellers, where she performed both old and new material. Josh Stillman of Entertainment Weekly praised her appearance on the show as a whole: "She carries herself onstage with cool and confidence – not showy or attention-seeking, merely comfortable – and speaks in a voice so smooth you could drape it over your shoulders." He noted that Keys was backed by a six-piece band for songs such as "No One" and "If I Ain't Got You", but stripped the mood down for the "passionate solo renditions" of "Not Even the King" and "Brand New Me". On November 18, 2012, Keys performed "Girl on Fire" on The X Factor results show. On November 20, Keys streamed a Google+ Hangout on her official YouTube channel live from her studio, to give fans a "guided tour" of the album. When announcing the session, she stated: "hear all the songs on the record I'll be able to share my creative process and also tell you some of the very special and important meanings behind some of the songs." Girl on Fire was released in the United States on November 27, as her first album released by RCA Records. In November 2012, following her performance on The X Factor, Keys announced an eight-date UK and Ireland arena tour, which took place in 2013. Keys also said that she would tour with Miguel beginning in March 2013. On January 10, 2013, Keys announced that she would embark on the Set the World on Fire Tour in North America; tickets went on sale on January 14. Singles The album's title song was unveiled on September 4, 2012, as the lead single. Recorded as a three-part suite, "Girl on Fire" was accompanied by its "Inferno" version featuring rapper Nicki Minaj and a "Bluelight" remix featuring Keys singing the song in a stripped-back production. The song was composed by Keys, Jeff Bhasker and Salaam Remi. Rock guitarist Billy Squier is also credited as a writer due to "Girl on Fire" including a music sample of the drum track from his song "The Big Beat" (1980). Keys performed the song for the first time at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards on September 6, 2012, being joined by Minaj and the 2012 Summer Olympics gymnastics gold medalist Gabby Douglas, who made a special appearance during the performance. In the United States, "Girl on Fire" peaked at number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. On November 19, "Brand New Me", which was co-written with Scottish singer-songwriter Emeli Sandé, impacted the urban adult contemporary radio in the United States as the album's second single. "New Day" served as the album's third single for international markets only, being sent to radio stations in France on February 21, 2013, in Australia on May 17, and finally in the United Kingdom on May 29. "Fire We Make", Keys' duet with Maxwell, was serviced to US urban adult contemporary radio stations on March 28 as the fourth single. The album's fifth single "Tears Always Win" was released for digital download via iTunes Store on May 7. Keys performed the song on American Idol on May 9. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic69/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Daily TelegraphEntertainment WeeklyBThe GuardianThe IndependentLos Angeles TimesPitchfork7.1/10Rolling StoneSpin7/10USA Today Girl on Fire received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 69, based on 25 reviews. In Rolling Stone, Jody Rosen called Keys a musical "iconoclast" and Girl on Fire "both her catchiest and subtlest album yet – and one of the best R&B records of 2012." Uncut wrote in its review, "Her technical brilliance remains stunning; it's now matched by her maturity and modernity." Will Hodgkinson of The Times wrote that the album "works by combining odd modern touches with a classic songwriting sensibility." Helen Brown from The Daily Telegraph felt that, although "the powerful simplicity of her lyrics" occasionally "tends toward the trite", the album "does at least see her classily smouldering and occasionally ablaze." Andrew Hampp of Billboard felt that it is "low on the filler" of some of Keys' previous albums and dubbed it "arguably most consistent album to date." Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly wrote that "the music feels surprisingly intimate" when Keys plays her piano-based songs rather than the "jazzy smoothfests". Robert Christgau said Girl on Fire was "heartfelt, lively, and sweet—as r&b maturity statements go", while naming the title track and "One Thing" as its highlights. He gave it a two-star honorable mention in his column for MSN Music, indicating a "likable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy". In a mixed review, Ben Ratliff of The New York Times observed "so many clichés" and critiqued that the songs with Keys' personal "subtext ... quickly grow trite, in words and music." Dave Simpson of The Guardian wrote that, "as a reinvention, the album doesn't go far enough, and there are some underwhelming tunes". Simon Price of The Independent found it to be "dominated by navel-gazing auto-therapy sessions" and asserted, "What it lacks, ironically, is fire." Slant Magazine's Eric Henderson found the album to be "less a portrait of Keys's womanhood at a crossroads as it is another extension of a career spent predominantly navigating straight down the middle of the road." Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune felt that, like her previous albums, Keys still "keeps her guard up and the listener at arm’s length." Kitty Empire of The Observer quipped, "she's supposed to be on fire here, not just warming the piano stool", while Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times viewed it as another "collection of handsomely crafted, gorgeously sung ballads interrupted by several overworked anthems about the value of perseverance." Accolades Year Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. 2012 La chanson de l'année Song of the Year "Girl on Fire" Nominated 2013 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Music Video Won Outstanding Album Girl on Fire Nominated Outstanding Female Artist Alicia Keys Won 2013 International Dance Music Award Best R&B/Urban Dance Track "Girl on Fire" Nominated RTHK International Pop Poll Award Top Ten International Gold Songs Won Top Female Artist Alicia Keys Nominated 2013 Billboard Music Award Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Artist Nominated Top R&B Album Girl on Fire Nominated Top R&B Song "Girl on Fire" Nominated 2013 MTV Video Music Award Japan Best Female Video Nominated Best R&B Video Nominated 2013 BMI Urban Award Most Performed Song Won 2013 Soul Train Music Award Best R&B/Soul Female Artist Alicia Keys Nominated The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award "Fire We Make" Nominated Best Collaboration Nominated 2014 TEC Award Outstanding Creative Achievement – Record Production/Album Girl on Fire Nominated 2014 Grammy Award Best R&B Album Won 2014 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Song "Fire We Make" Nominated Outstanding Music Video Nominated Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration Nominated 2014 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Award Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Song "Girl on Fire" Won Commercial performance In the United States, Girl on Fire debuted at number one the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 159,000 copies in its first week. It became Keys' fifth number-one album on the chart but also registered Keys' lowest first-week sales for an album–her previous album, The Element of Freedom (2009), had opened to sales of 417,000 units, "buoyed by its week-before Christmas release date". In its second week, Girl on Fire dropped to number seven on the chart, selling an additional 77,000 copies. In its third week, the album fell to number nine, selling 61,000 more copies. On August 11, 2020, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of one million units in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number two on the UK R&B Albums Chart, selling 31,675 copies in its first week. In Australia, it debuted at number 12 on the ARIA Albums Chart and number two on the ARIA Urban Albums Chart. Upon the release of Girl on Fire in South Korea, the entire album charted on the Gaon International Singles Chart: "Tears Always Win" debuted at number one, "Not Even the King" at number 24, "Girl on Fire" (Inferno Version, featuring Nicki Minaj) at number 46, "That When I Knew" and "Brand New Me" at numbers 50 and 51, respectively, "One Thing" at 56, "Fire We Make" (with Maxwell) at number 64, "New Day" at number 66, "Listen to Your Heart" at number 68, "When Its All Over" at number 72, "Limitedless" at number 82, "De Novo Adagio (Intro)" at number 84 and "101" at number 87. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), Girl on Fire was the 32nd best-selling album worldwide of 2012 with sales of 1.3 million copies. Track listing Girl on Fire – Standard editionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."De Novo Adagio" (Intro)  1:192."Brand New Me" Alicia Keys Emeli Sandé Keys3:533."When It's All Over" Keys John Stephens Stacy Barthe Keys Jamie Smith 4:344."Listen to Your Heart" Keys Stephens Darkchild Keys 3:465."New Day" Keys Kasseem Dean Trevor Lawrence, Jr. Andre Brissett Sevyn Streeter Dr. Dre Dr. Dre Swizz Beatz 4:026."Girl on Fire" (Inferno version) (featuring Nicki Minaj) Keys Jeff Bhasker Salaam Remi Onika Tanya Maraj Billy Squier Keys Bhasker Salaam Remi 4:307."Fire We Make" (duet with Maxwell) Keys Andrew "Pop" Wansel Warren "Oak" Felder Gary Clark, Jr. Keys Pop & Oak 5:218."Tears Always Win" Keys Bhasker Bruno Mars Phillip Lawrence Bhasker Keys 3:599."Not Even the King" Keys Sandé Keys3:0710."That's When I Knew" Keys Kenny Edmonds Antonio Dixon Edmonds Dixon 4:0511."Limitedless" Keys Wansel Felder Streeter Barthe Keys Pop & Oak 3:5712."One Thing" Keys Frank Ocean James Ho Ho4:0813."101" Keys Sandé Keys6:29Total length:53:08 Girl on Fire – Japanese edition (bonus tracks)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length14."Girl on Fire" Keys Bhasker Remi Squier Keys Bhasker Salaam Remi 3:4415."Girl on Fire" (Bluelight version) Keys Bhasker Remi Squier Keys Bhasker Salaam Remi 4:22Total length:61:14 Girl on Fire – Australian tour edition (bonus DVD–VH1 Storytellers)No.TitleLength1."No One"6:102."Brand New Me"4:493."You Don't Know My Name"7:004."Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down"4:185."Not Even the King"4:116."Fallin'"4:447."If I Ain't Got You"7:178."Girl on Fire"4:579."New Day"4:4810."Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart"5:4911."Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)"5:40 Sample credits "Girl on Fire" contains a sample from the drum track from Billy Squier's 1980 song "The Big Beat". Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Girl on Fire. Musicians Alicia Keys – concept, CP-70 piano, keyboards, Moog synthesizer, piano, synthesizers, background vocals, vocals Jeff Bhasker – drum programming, keyboards ("Tears Always Win"), organ, piano ("Girl on Fire") Andre Brissett – keyboards ("New Day") Gary Clark, Jr. – electric guitar ("Fire We Make") Antonio Dixon – drum programming ("That's When I Knew") Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds – acoustic guitar, bass guitar ("That's When I Knew") Warren "Oak" Felder – drum programming, keyboard programming (tracks 7, 11) Emile Haynie – drum programming ("Tears Always Win") James "Malay" Ho – acoustic guitar, bass guitar, drum programming, electric guitar ("One Thing") Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – drum programming, keyboard programming ("Listen To Your Heart") Billy Kraven – background vocals ("Tears Always Win") Trevor Lawrence Jr. – drum programming ("New Day") Bruno Mars – background vocals, bass, guitar ("Tears Always Win") Steve Mostyn – bass guitar ("Limitedless") Phillip Lawrence – background vocals ("Tears Always Win") Salaam Remi – drum programming ("Girl on Fire") Lenford "Brutus" Richards – electric guitar ("Limitedless") Davide Rossi – string arrangement, strings ("Brand New Me") Jamie Smith – drum and synth programming ("When It's All Over") Amber "Sevyn" Streeter – background vocals (tracks 5, 11) Andrew "Pop" Wansel – drum programming (tracks 7, 11) Dylan Wissing – drums ("Girl on Fire") Additional personnel Michelangelo Di Battista – photography David S. Blanco – design, layout Erwin Gorostiza – creative director Simon Henwood – creative director, design, layout, logo design Steffan McMillan – design, layout Nino Muñoz – photography Technical personnel Alicia Keys – executive producer, producer Jeff Bhasker – producer Antonio Dixon – producer Dr. Dre – producer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds – producer James "Malay" Ho – producer Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – producer Pop & Oak – producer Salaam Remi – producer Jamie Smith – producer Swizz Beatz – producer Val Brathwaite – assistant engineer, engineer, project assistant Paul Boutin – engineer Ghazi Hourani – assistant engineer Chad Jolley – vocal engineer Ken Lewis – engineer Jared Lynch – assistant engineer Take Mendez – assistant engineer Ann Mincieli – coordination, engineer, mixing Paul Norris – assistant engineer Ramon Rivas – assistant engineer, engineer, project assistant Miki Tsutsumi – assistant engineer Emerson Mancini – mastering assistant Chris Galland – mixing assistant Justin Hergett – mixing assistant James Krause – mixing assistant Manny Marroquin – mixing Tony Maserati – mixing Greg Morgan – sound design David Kutch – mastering Charts Weekly charts Chart (2012–2013) Peakposition Argentine Albums (CAPIF) 7 Australian Albums (ARIA) 12 Australian Urban Albums (ARIA) 2 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 7 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 11 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 16 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 8 Croatian International Albums (HDU) 27 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 16 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 21 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 7 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 19 French Albums (SNEP) 8 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 6 Greek Albums (IFPI) 24 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 28 Irish Albums (IRMA) 27 Italian Albums (FIMI) 17 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 13 Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico) 86 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 22 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 13 Polish Albums (ZPAV) 17 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 16 Russian Albums (2M) 23 Scottish Albums (OCC) 31 Slovenian Albums (RTV) 19 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 13 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 39 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 3 UK Albums (OCC) 12 UK R&B Albums (OCC) 2 US Billboard 200 1 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Chart (2012) Position Australian Urban Albums (ARIA) 32 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 69 French Albums (SNEP) 71 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 79 South Korean International Albums (Gaon) 77 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 95 UK Albums (OCC) 71 Chart (2013) Position Australian Urban Albums (ARIA) 20 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 106 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 126 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 94 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 59 US Billboard 200 25 US Top R&B Albums (Billboard) 5 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 8 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000^ Canada (Music Canada) Gold 40,000^ France (SNEP) Gold 50,000* Germany (BVMI) Gold 100,000^ Netherlands (NVPI) Platinum 50,000^ Philippines (PARI) Gold 7,500* Poland (ZPAV) Gold 10,000* Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) Gold 15,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000* United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000‡ * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates and formats for Girl on Fire Region Date Edition(s) Format(s) Label(s) Ref. Netherlands November 22, 2012 Standard CDdigital download Sony Music Australia November 23, 2012 Germany France November 26, 2012 Jive Epic United Kingdom CDdigital downloadvinyl RCA Italy November 27, 2012 CDdigital download Sony Music United States RCA Japan November 28, 2012 Sony Music Sweden France December 14, 2012 Vinyl Jive Epic Germany Sony Music Netherlands December 17, 2012 Sweden December 19, 2012 United States December 25, 2012 RCA Australia November 29, 2013 Tour CD+DVD Sony Music See also List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2012 List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2012 References ^ a b Caulfield, Keith (December 5, 2012). "Alicia Keys Earns Fifth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2012. ^ a b c Mitchell, Gail (November 2, 2012). "Alicia Keys' 'Girl on Fire': The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard. 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Retrieved November 27, 2012. ^ "Girl On Fire (Vinyl)". Amazon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2012. External links Official website Archived December 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Girl on Fire at AnyDecentMusic? vteAlicia Keys Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs written Studio albums Songs in A Minor The Diary of Alicia Keys As I Am The Element of Freedom Girl on Fire Here Alicia Keys Santa Baby Live albums Unplugged VH1 Storytellers Box sets The Platinum Collection Remix albums Remixed Extended plays The Vault Playlist, Vol. 1 Alicia Keys: Rehearsal Room Tours Songs in A Minor Tour Verizon Ladies First Tour Diary Tour As I Am Tour Freedom Tour Piano & I Set the World on Fire Tour Alicia + Keys World Tour Keys to the Summer Tour Books Tears for Water More Myself Related articles Here in Times Square Swizz Beatz Keep a Child Alive Kerry Brothers Jr. Oven Studios Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"J Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Records"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_music"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Number1A-1"},{"link_name":"Girl on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_Fire_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Brand New Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Me_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"New Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Day_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"Fire We Make","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_We_Make"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Tears Always Win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_Always_Win"},{"link_name":"Set the World on Fire Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_the_World_on_Fire_Tour"},{"link_name":"56th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best R&B Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_R%26B_Album"}],"text":"2012 studio album by Alicia KeysGirl on Fire is the fifth studio album by American singer and songwriter Alicia Keys. It was released on November 22, 2012, being Keys' first release with RCA Records following Sony Music Entertainment's decision to close J Records during a company reshuffle. The album is an R&B album with elements of different musical styles, including rock, electro, reggae and hip hop. It features a largely minimalist production, includes piano-driven songs and balances traditional R&B with atypical chords and melodic changes.Upon its release, Girl on Fire received generally positive reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 159,000 copies sold in its first week.[1] It produced five singles–\"Girl on Fire\" (which peaked at number two on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100), \"Brand New Me\", \"New Day\", \"Fire We Make\" (featuring Maxwell), and \"Tears Always Win\". To further promote the album, Keys embarked on her fifth worldwide concert tour, titled Set the World on Fire Tour, which commenced in March 2013 and ended in December. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, Girl on Fire won Best R&B Album, making Keys the most awarded artist in this category, with three wins.","title":"Girl on Fire (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Element of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Element_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"J Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB_2_Nov_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Swizz Beatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swizz_Beatz"},{"link_name":"trainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_shoe"},{"link_name":"Reebok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB_2_Nov_2012-2"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Emeli Sandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeli_Sand%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-3"},{"link_name":"Essence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-essence-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB_2_Nov_2012-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_10_Sep_2012-5"},{"link_name":"Katniss Everdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katniss_Everdeen"},{"link_name":"The Hunger Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_10_Sep_2012-5"}],"text":"Girl on Fire is Keys' fifth studio album and the follow-up to The Element of Freedom (2009). It also serves as her first release under RCA Records, after a reorganization at parent company Sony Music Entertainment led to her previous label J Records being absorbed into RCA.[2] Between the two albums, Keys married record producer and rapper Swizz Beatz, became a mother, began co-managing her own career, produced and directed both a Broadway play and short film, in addition to designing a line of trainers for Reebok.[2] Keys had also either appeared on or produced material for several other artists, including work on Kanye West, Emeli Sandé and Miguel's albums.[3] Essence reported that Keys began working on Girl on Fire in February 2011.[4] Speaking on how the events of the previous three years inspired her, during an interview with Billboard, Keys stated: \"These last three years have been the most in every way. The most newest, the most difficult, the most loving, the most dream-filled, the most breaking free . . . an entire crazy dynamic of lessons and emotions to grow into and claim. This whirlwind has definitely forced me to be who I am, to be free enough and brave enough to just not accept anything else-nor try to be anything else.\"[2]Speaking on how Girl on Fire was different to The Element of Freedom, Keys said: \"I've stepped more into my business and really... taken control for how I want that to be. So every way that I've created now is totally in a new space. It's more in a true space of who I am and what story it is that I'm trying to tell, what it is I'm going through, what the world is going through. And it's really important for me to describe that and say that exactly how I see it, period. So, things are just new. The world is new! Everything feels like brand new to me.\"[5] Keys even explained that the album title is a slight reference to Katniss Everdeen, the central character in the adventure novel series The Hunger Games, of which she is a fan.[5]","title":"Background and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jungle City Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_City_Studios"},{"link_name":"Oven Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven_Studios"},{"link_name":"The Record Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Plant"},{"link_name":"Metropolis Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-6"},{"link_name":"Swizz Beatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swizz_Beatz"},{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Kerry Brothers, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Brothers,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jeff Bhasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bhasker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-3"},{"link_name":"rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times_9_Sep_2012-7"},{"link_name":"Keep a Child Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_a_Child_Alive"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Gary Clark, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Clark,_Jr."},{"link_name":"While My Guitar Gently Weeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_9_Nov_2012-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_9_Nov_2012-8"}],"text":"Recording sessions for the album took place at Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios in New York, Chalice Studios and The Record Plant in Los Angeles, Geejam Studios in Jamaica, and Metropolis Studios in London.[6] Keys worked with a range of producers for Girl on Fire, including husband Swizz Beatz, Babyface, Kerry Brothers, Jr. and Jeff Bhasker among others.[3] When working on the album, Keys said she was not inspired by the current rhythmic trends in pop music. \"I was really focused on writing, on the crafting of a song, more so than anything else. I didn't care about a beat. I didn't care about a hot track. I didn't even want to hear those things. I wanted to create a song.\"[7] During a Keep a Child Alive concert in New York City, Keys met blues-rock guitarist Gary Clark, Jr. Keys had initially asked Clark, Jr. if he would play the guitar elements from \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" by George Harrison. Seeing potential in Clark, Jr.'s skills, Keys would present him with the song \"Fire We Make\" and asked him if he could play some guitar on the track.[8] Speaking about the collaboration he said, \"I went in and I was like, 'What do you want me to do?' and she was like, 'This is the song. You just do what you do, and we'll see what happens.' It was one of the best studio experiences I've ever had.\"[8]","title":"Recording and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosen-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koellner-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed-12"},{"link_name":"electro soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_(music)"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson-11"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosen-9"},{"link_name":"chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosen-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellman-13"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deusner-14"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles_album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed-12"},{"link_name":"adagio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"classically trained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deusner-14"},{"link_name":"dancier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBoomBox_16_Oct_2012-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deusner-14"},{"link_name":"Emeli Sandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeli_Sand%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBoomBox_16_Oct_2012-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times_9_Sep_2012-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NETK_2-16"}],"text":"An R&B album,[9] Girl on Fire has a balance of conventional R&B songs and piano ballads.[10] The album's music is typified by Keys' heightened singing, piano playing,[11] and a minimalist production.[12] It also showcases her attempt at different styles, which range from electro soul and hip hop,[11] to rock and reggae flourishes.[9] The songs are mostly midtempo and feature unconventional chords and melodic changes.[9]The album's lyrics features aphorisms about relationships and God.[11] A portion of the album's songs have their narrator examining and struggling with a stifling relationship, while others touch on Keys' recent personal life, including marriage and motherhood.[13] Pitchfork Media's Stephen M. Deusner views Girl on Fire as an album \"about rebirth and renewal\", writing that Keys \"use[s] romantic tragedy as the engine for transformation.\"[14] James Reed of The Boston Globe writes that its \"emphasis on looking inward recalls the mood of Beyoncé's 4.\"[12]The quiet opening track \"De Novo Adagio\", which translates to adagio again, exhibits Keys' classically trained musicianship.[14] \"Listen to Your Heart\" is one of the album's uptempo songs, taking a more dancier direction than Keys' previous material.[15] \"Brand New Me\", a slow-burning declaration of the narrator's independence,[14] was penned with Scottish singer-songwriter Emeli Sandé, as an autobiographical snapshot of Keys' life. Sandé also helped Keys' write the songs \"Not Even the King\" and \"101\".[15] On \"Brand New Me\", Keys sings about finally taking control over a domineering partner.[7] \"Not Even the King\" is a piano-driven song about \"rich love\" which is bigger than the entire world, where Keys sings: \"They offer the world to have what we got, but I found the world in you.\"[16]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NETK_2-16"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"iTunes Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idolator_2-18"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"Avery Fisher Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBoomBox_16_Oct_2012-15"},{"link_name":"VH1 Storytellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1_Storytellers"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1_Storyteller-19"},{"link_name":"No One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"If I Ain't Got You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Ain%27t_Got_You"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1_Storyteller-19"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Google+ Hangout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B_Hangout"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times_Nov._19-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times_Nov._19-20"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Set the World on Fire Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_the_World_on_Fire_Tour"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In early September 2012, the audio for the song \"Not Even the King\" was uploaded to Keys' official Vevo channel.[16] On September 24, Keys performed an exclusive set for a MTV event called MTV Crashes Manchester. The set, which took place outside the City Cathedral in Manchester, included a variety of songs from her discography, as well as songs from Girl on Fire.[17] On September 28, she performed several new tracks from the album as well as older hits at the iTunes Festival.[18] On October 16, Keys performed her set at the \"City Advantage Love the Journey Concert\" at Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall in New York City.[15] On November 12, Keys was featured on an episode of VH1 Storytellers, where she performed both old and new material. Josh Stillman of Entertainment Weekly praised her appearance on the show as a whole: \"She carries herself onstage with cool and confidence – not showy or attention-seeking, merely comfortable – and speaks in a voice so smooth you could drape it over your shoulders.\"[19] He noted that Keys was backed by a six-piece band for songs such as \"No One\" and \"If I Ain't Got You\", but stripped the mood down for the \"passionate solo renditions\" of \"Not Even the King\" and \"Brand New Me\".[19]On November 18, 2012, Keys performed \"Girl on Fire\" on The X Factor results show. On November 20, Keys streamed a Google+ Hangout on her official YouTube channel live from her studio, to give fans a \"guided tour\" of the album.[20] When announcing the session, she stated: \"hear all the songs on the record [and] I'll be able to share my creative process and also tell you some of the very special and important meanings behind some of the songs.\"[20] Girl on Fire was released in the United States on November 27, as her first album released by RCA Records. In November 2012, following her performance on The X Factor, Keys announced an eight-date UK and Ireland arena tour, which took place in 2013. Keys also said that she would tour with Miguel beginning in March 2013.[21] On January 10, 2013, Keys announced that she would embark on the Set the World on Fire Tour in North America; tickets went on sale on January 14.[22]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"title song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_Fire_(song)"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_4_Sep_2012-23"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bhasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bhasker"},{"link_name":"Salaam Remi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Remi"},{"link_name":"Billy Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Squier"},{"link_name":"music sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(music)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_4_Sep_2012-24"},{"link_name":"2012 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Gabby Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_6_Sep_2012-25"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Brand New Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Me_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"Emeli Sandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeli_Sand%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"urban adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"New Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Day_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Fire We Make","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_We_Make"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S3&4-31"},{"link_name":"Tears Always Win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_Always_Win_(song)"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_12)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The album's title song was unveiled on September 4, 2012, as the lead single.[23] Recorded as a three-part suite, \"Girl on Fire\" was accompanied by its \"Inferno\" version featuring rapper Nicki Minaj and a \"Bluelight\" remix featuring Keys singing the song in a stripped-back production. The song was composed by Keys, Jeff Bhasker and Salaam Remi. Rock guitarist Billy Squier is also credited as a writer due to \"Girl on Fire\" including a music sample of the drum track from his song \"The Big Beat\" (1980).[24] Keys performed the song for the first time at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards on September 6, 2012, being joined by Minaj and the 2012 Summer Olympics gymnastics gold medalist Gabby Douglas, who made a special appearance during the performance.[25] In the United States, \"Girl on Fire\" peaked at number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100.[26]On November 19, \"Brand New Me\", which was co-written with Scottish singer-songwriter Emeli Sandé, impacted the urban adult contemporary radio in the United States as the album's second single.[27]\"New Day\" served as the album's third single for international markets only, being sent to radio stations in France on February 21, 2013,[28] in Australia on May 17,[29] and finally in the United Kingdom on May 29.[30]\"Fire We Make\", Keys' duet with Maxwell, was serviced to US urban adult contemporary radio stations on March 28 as the fourth single.[31]The album's fifth single \"Tears Always Win\" was released for digital download via iTunes Store on May 7.[32] Keys performed the song on American Idol on May 9.[33][34]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Jody Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Rosen"},{"link_name":"iconoclast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosen-9"},{"link_name":"Uncut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uncut-43"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgkinson-44"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-36"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"filler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filler_(media)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hampp-45"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maerz-37"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"two-star honorable mention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Consumer_Guide:_Albums_of_the_%2790s#Grading_key"},{"link_name":"MSN Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN_Music"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ratliff-48"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson-11"},{"link_name":"Simon Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Price"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"navel-gazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navel-gazing"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price-49"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"middle of the road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henderson-50"},{"link_name":"Greg Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kot-51"},{"link_name":"Kitty Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Empire"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire-52"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wood-39"}],"text":"Girl on Fire received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 69, based on 25 reviews.[42] In Rolling Stone, Jody Rosen called Keys a musical \"iconoclast\" and Girl on Fire \"both her catchiest and subtlest album yet – and one of the best R&B records of 2012.\"[9] Uncut wrote in its review, \"Her technical brilliance remains stunning; it's now matched by her maturity and modernity.\"[43] Will Hodgkinson of The Times wrote that the album \"works by combining odd modern touches with a classic songwriting sensibility.\"[44] Helen Brown from The Daily Telegraph felt that, although \"the powerful simplicity of her lyrics\" occasionally \"tends toward the trite\", the album \"does at least see her classily smouldering and occasionally ablaze.\"[36] Andrew Hampp of Billboard felt that it is \"low on the filler\" of some of Keys' previous albums and dubbed it \"arguably [her] most consistent album to date.\"[45] Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly wrote that \"the music feels surprisingly intimate\" when Keys plays her piano-based songs rather than the \"jazzy smoothfests\".[37] Robert Christgau said Girl on Fire was \"heartfelt, lively, and sweet—as r&b maturity statements go\", while naming the title track and \"One Thing\" as its highlights. He gave it a two-star honorable mention in his column for MSN Music,[46] indicating a \"likable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy\".[47]In a mixed review, Ben Ratliff of The New York Times observed \"so many clichés\" and critiqued that the songs with Keys' personal \"subtext ... quickly grow trite, in words and music.\"[48] Dave Simpson of The Guardian wrote that, \"as a reinvention, the album doesn't go far enough, and there are some underwhelming tunes\".[11] Simon Price of The Independent found it to be \"dominated by navel-gazing auto-therapy sessions\" and asserted, \"What it lacks, ironically, is fire.\"[49] Slant Magazine's Eric Henderson found the album to be \"less a portrait of Keys's womanhood at a crossroads as it is another extension of a career spent predominantly navigating straight down the middle of the road.\"[50] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune felt that, like her previous albums, Keys still \"keeps her guard up and the listener at arm’s length.\"[51] Kitty Empire of The Observer quipped, \"she's supposed to be on fire here, not just warming the piano stool\",[52] while Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times viewed it as another \"collection of handsomely crafted, gorgeously sung ballads interrupted by several overworked anthems about the value of perseverance.\"[39]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB200-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB200-65"},{"link_name":"The Element of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Element_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Number1A-1"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_Certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"album-equivalent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_RnB-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"ARIA Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"ARIA Urban Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU1-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU2-72"},{"link_name":"Gaon International Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"Not Even the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Even_the_King"},{"link_name":"Girl on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_Fire_(song)"},{"link_name":"Inferno Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_Fire_(song)#Inferno_version"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Brand New Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Me_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"New Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Day_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwsales-74"}],"text":"In the United States, Girl on Fire debuted at number one the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 159,000 copies in its first week.[65] It became Keys' fifth number-one album on the chart[65] but also registered Keys' lowest first-week sales for an album–her previous album, The Element of Freedom (2009), had opened to sales of 417,000 units, \"buoyed by its week-before Christmas release date\".[1] In its second week, Girl on Fire dropped to number seven on the chart, selling an additional 77,000 copies.[66] In its third week, the album fell to number nine, selling 61,000 more copies.[67] On August 11, 2020, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of one million units in the United States.[68]In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number two on the UK R&B Albums Chart,[69] selling 31,675 copies in its first week.[70] In Australia, it debuted at number 12 on the ARIA Albums Chart and number two on the ARIA Urban Albums Chart.[71][72] Upon the release of Girl on Fire in South Korea, the entire album charted on the Gaon International Singles Chart: \"Tears Always Win\" debuted at number one, \"Not Even the King\" at number 24, \"Girl on Fire\" (Inferno Version, featuring Nicki Minaj) at number 46, \"That When I Knew\" and \"Brand New Me\" at numbers 50 and 51, respectively, \"One Thing\" at 56, \"Fire We Make\" (with Maxwell) at number 64, \"New Day\" at number 66, \"Listen to Your Heart\" at number 68, \"When Its All Over\" at number 72, \"Limitedless\" at number 82, \"De Novo Adagio (Intro)\" at number 84 and \"101\" at number 87.[73] According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), Girl on Fire was the 32nd best-selling album worldwide of 2012 with sales of 1.3 million copies.[74]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brand New Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Me_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"Emeli Sandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeli_Sand%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"John Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Legend"},{"link_name":"Stacy Barthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy_Barthe"},{"link_name":"Jamie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_xx"},{"link_name":"Darkchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"New Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Day_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"Kasseem Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swizz_Beatz"},{"link_name":"Sevyn Streeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevyn_Streeter"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"Swizz Beatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swizz_Beatz"},{"link_name":"Girl on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_Fire_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bhasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bhasker"},{"link_name":"Salaam Remi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Remi"},{"link_name":"Onika Tanya Maraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Billy Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Squier"},{"link_name":"Salaam Remi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Remi"},{"link_name":"Fire We Make","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_We_Make"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Andrew \"Pop\" Wansel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Wansel"},{"link_name":"Warren \"Oak\" Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Felder"},{"link_name":"Gary Clark, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Clark,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Pop & Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_%26_Oak"},{"link_name":"Tears Always Win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_Always_Win"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mars"},{"link_name":"Phillip Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smeezingtons"},{"link_name":"Not Even the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Even_the_King"},{"link_name":"Kenny Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Dixon_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Frank Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ocean"},{"link_name":"James Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JP_release-75"},{"link_name":"VH1 Storytellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1_Storytellers_(Alicia_Keys_album)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autour-76"},{"link_name":"No One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"You Don't Know My Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don%27t_Know_My_Name"},{"link_name":"Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_of_Mind_(Part_II)_Broken_Down"},{"link_name":"Fallin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallin%27_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"If I Ain't Got You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Ain%27t_Got_You"},{"link_name":"Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_Sleeping_with_a_Broken_Heart"},{"link_name":"Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un-Thinkable_(I%27m_Ready)"},{"link_name":"Billy Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Squier"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_4_Sep_2012-24"}],"text":"Girl on Fire – Standard editionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"De Novo Adagio\" (Intro)  1:192.\"Brand New Me\"\nAlicia Keys\nEmeli Sandé\nKeys3:533.\"When It's All Over\"\nKeys\nJohn Stephens\nStacy Barthe\n\nKeys\nJamie Smith\n4:344.\"Listen to Your Heart\"\nKeys\nStephens\n\nDarkchild\nKeys\n3:465.\"New Day\"\nKeys\nKasseem Dean\nTrevor Lawrence, Jr.\nAndre Brissett\nSevyn Streeter\nDr. Dre\n\nDr. Dre\nSwizz Beatz\n4:026.\"Girl on Fire\" (Inferno version) (featuring Nicki Minaj)\nKeys\nJeff Bhasker\nSalaam Remi\nOnika Tanya Maraj\nBilly Squier\n\nKeys\nBhasker\nSalaam Remi\n4:307.\"Fire We Make\" (duet with Maxwell)\nKeys\nAndrew \"Pop\" Wansel\nWarren \"Oak\" Felder\nGary Clark, Jr.\n\nKeys\nPop & Oak\n5:218.\"Tears Always Win\"\nKeys\nBhasker\nBruno Mars\nPhillip Lawrence\n\nBhasker\nKeys\n3:599.\"Not Even the King\"\nKeys\nSandé\nKeys3:0710.\"That's When I Knew\"\nKeys\nKenny Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\n4:0511.\"Limitedless\"\nKeys\nWansel\nFelder\nStreeter\nBarthe\n\nKeys\nPop & Oak\n3:5712.\"One Thing\"\nKeys\nFrank Ocean\nJames Ho\nHo4:0813.\"101\"\nKeys\nSandé\nKeys6:29Total length:53:08Girl on Fire – Japanese edition (bonus tracks)[75]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length14.\"Girl on Fire\"\nKeys\nBhasker\nRemi\nSquier\n\nKeys\nBhasker\nSalaam Remi\n3:4415.\"Girl on Fire\" (Bluelight version)\nKeys\nBhasker\nRemi\nSquier\n\nKeys\nBhasker\nSalaam Remi\n4:22Total length:61:14Girl on Fire – Australian tour edition (bonus DVD–VH1 Storytellers)[76]No.TitleLength1.\"No One\"6:102.\"Brand New Me\"4:493.\"You Don't Know My Name\"7:004.\"Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down\"4:185.\"Not Even the King\"4:116.\"Fallin'\"4:447.\"If I Ain't Got You\"7:178.\"Girl on Fire\"4:579.\"New Day\"4:4810.\"Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart\"5:4911.\"Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)\"5:40Sample credits\"Girl on Fire\" contains a sample from the drum track from Billy Squier's 1980 song \"The Big Beat\".[24]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-6"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"CP-70 piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_grand_piano"},{"link_name":"Moog synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bhasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bhasker"},{"link_name":"Gary Clark, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Clark,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Warren \"Oak\" Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Felder"},{"link_name":"Emile Haynie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Haynie"},{"link_name":"James \"Malay\" Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_%22Darkchild%22_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mars"},{"link_name":"Salaam Remi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Remi"},{"link_name":"Davide Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Amber \"Sevyn\" Streeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevyn_Streeter"},{"link_name":"Andrew \"Pop\" Wansel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Wansel"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer#Music"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_producer"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"Pop & Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_%26_Oak"},{"link_name":"Swizz Beatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swizz_Beatz"},{"link_name":"Paul Boutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boutin_(sound_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Ken Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Lewis_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Manny Marroquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Marroquin"},{"link_name":"Tony Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Maserati"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Girl on Fire.[6]Musicians\n\nAlicia Keys – concept, CP-70 piano, keyboards, Moog synthesizer, piano, synthesizers, background vocals, vocals\nJeff Bhasker – drum programming, keyboards (\"Tears Always Win\"), organ, piano (\"Girl on Fire\")\nAndre Brissett – keyboards (\"New Day\")\nGary Clark, Jr. – electric guitar (\"Fire We Make\")\nAntonio Dixon – drum programming (\"That's When I Knew\")\nKenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds – acoustic guitar, bass guitar (\"That's When I Knew\")\nWarren \"Oak\" Felder – drum programming, keyboard programming (tracks 7, 11)\nEmile Haynie – drum programming (\"Tears Always Win\")\nJames \"Malay\" Ho – acoustic guitar, bass guitar, drum programming, electric guitar (\"One Thing\")\nRodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins – drum programming, keyboard programming (\"Listen To Your Heart\")\nBilly Kraven – background vocals (\"Tears Always Win\")\nTrevor Lawrence Jr. – drum programming (\"New Day\")\nBruno Mars – background vocals, bass, guitar (\"Tears Always Win\")\nSteve Mostyn – bass guitar (\"Limitedless\")\nPhillip Lawrence – background vocals (\"Tears Always Win\")\nSalaam Remi – drum programming (\"Girl on Fire\")\nLenford \"Brutus\" Richards – electric guitar (\"Limitedless\")\nDavide Rossi – string arrangement, strings (\"Brand New Me\")\nJamie Smith – drum and synth programming (\"When It's All Over\")\nAmber \"Sevyn\" Streeter – background vocals (tracks 5, 11)\nAndrew \"Pop\" Wansel – drum programming (tracks 7, 11)\nDylan Wissing – drums (\"Girl on Fire\")\nAdditional personnel\n\nMichelangelo Di Battista – photography\nDavid S. Blanco – design, layout\nErwin Gorostiza – creative director\nSimon Henwood – creative director, design, layout, logo design\nSteffan McMillan – design, layout\nNino Muñoz – photography\n\n\n\n\nTechnical personnel\n\nAlicia Keys – executive producer, producer\nJeff Bhasker – producer\nAntonio Dixon – producer\nDr. Dre – producer\nKenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds – producer\nJames \"Malay\" Ho – producer\nRodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins – producer\nPop & Oak – producer\nSalaam Remi – producer\nJamie Smith – producer\nSwizz Beatz – producer\nVal Brathwaite – assistant engineer, engineer, project assistant\nPaul Boutin – engineer\nGhazi Hourani – assistant engineer\nChad Jolley – vocal engineer\nKen Lewis – engineer\nJared Lynch – assistant engineer\nTake Mendez – assistant engineer\nAnn Mincieli – coordination, engineer, mixing\nPaul Norris – assistant engineer\nRamon Rivas – assistant engineer, engineer, project assistant\nMiki Tsutsumi – assistant engineer\nEmerson Mancini – mastering assistant\nChris Galland – mixing assistant\nJustin Hergett – mixing assistant\nJames Krause – mixing assistant\nManny Marroquin – mixing\nTony Maserati – mixing\nGreg Morgan – sound design\nDavid Kutch – mastering","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girl_on_Fire_(album)&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"CAPIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Phonograms_and_Videograms_Producers"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU1-71"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU2-72"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Alicia_Keys-78"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Alicia_Keys-79"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Alicia_Keys-80"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Alicia_Keys-81"},{"link_name":"HDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Shops"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Croatia_-82"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Czech_-83"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Denmark_Alicia_Keys-84"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Alicia_Keys-85"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Alicia_Keys-86"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Alicia_Keys-87"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany3_Alicia_Keys-88"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_-90"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland_-91"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Top 100 Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_100_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Alicia_Keys-95"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Alicia_Keys-96"},{"link_name":"ZPAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Poland_-97"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Portugal_Alicia_Keys-98"},{"link_name":"2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophit"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-100"},{"link_name":"RTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_Alicia_Keys-102"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Alicia_Keys-103"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Alicia_Keys-104"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-105"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_RnB-69"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Alicia_Keys-106"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Alicia_Keys-107"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girl_on_Fire_(album)&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Top R&B Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B_Albums"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2012–2013)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nArgentine Albums (CAPIF)[77]\n\n7\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[71]\n\n12\n\n\nAustralian Urban Albums (ARIA)[72]\n\n2\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[78]\n\n7\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[79]\n\n11\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[80]\n\n16\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[81]\n\n8\n\n\nCroatian International Albums (HDU)[82]\n\n27\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[83]\n\n16\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[84]\n\n21\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[85]\n\n7\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[86]\n\n19\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[87]\n\n8\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[88]\n\n6\n\n\nGreek Albums (IFPI)[89]\n\n24\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[90]\n\n28\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[91]\n\n27\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[92]\n\n17\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[93]\n\n13\n\n\nMexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[94]\n\n86\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[95]\n\n22\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[96]\n\n13\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[97]\n\n17\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[98]\n\n16\n\n\nRussian Albums (2M)[99]\n\n23\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[100]\n\n31\n\n\nSlovenian Albums (RTV)[101]\n\n19\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[102]\n\n13\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[103]\n\n39\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[104]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[105]\n\n12\n\n\nUK R&B Albums (OCC)[69]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[106]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[107]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Urban Albums (ARIA)[108]\n\n32\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[109]\n\n69\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[110]\n\n71\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[111]\n\n79\n\n\nSouth Korean International Albums (Gaon)[112]\n\n77\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[113]\n\n95\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[114]\n\n71\n\n\n\n\nChart (2013)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Urban Albums (ARIA)[115]\n\n20\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[116]\n\n106\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[117]\n\n126\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[118]\n\n94\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[119]\n\n59\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[120]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Top R&B Albums (Billboard)[121]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[122]\n\n8","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_200_number-one_albums_of_2012"},{"title":"List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_R%26B_albums_of_2012"}]
[{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (December 5, 2012). \"Alicia Keys Earns Fifth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473855/alicia-keys-earns-fifth-no-1-album-on-billboard-200-chart","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys Earns Fifth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Gail (November 2, 2012). \"Alicia Keys' 'Girl on Fire': The Billboard Cover Story\". Billboard. Retrieved November 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/474337/alicia-keys-girl-on-fire-the-billboard-cover-story","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys' 'Girl on Fire': The Billboard Cover Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Kellman, Andy. \"Girl on Fire – Alicia Keys: Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. 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Retrieved November 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/nov/22/alicia-keys-girl-on-fire-review","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys: Girl on Fire – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Reed, James (November 27, 2012). \"Alicia Keys's sensual 'Girl on Fire' burns bright\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2012/11/27/review-alicia-keys-girl-fire/KViFdrdJtMnf94TNIZp7wI/story.html","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys's sensual 'Girl on Fire' burns bright\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Kellman, Andy. \"Girl on Fire – Alicia Keys\". AllMusic. Retrieved November 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/girl-on-fire-mw0002419336","url_text":"\"Girl on Fire – Alicia Keys\""}]},{"reference":"Deusner, Stephen M. (December 4, 2012). \"Alicia Keys: Girl on Fire\". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17476-girl-on-fire/","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys: Girl on Fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Cline, Georgette (October 16, 2012). \"Alicia Keys Offers a Sonic Journey With 'Girl on Fire' at New York's Lincoln Center\". TheBoomBox.com. Retrieved November 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theboombox.com/2012/10/16/alicia-keys-girl-on-fire/","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys Offers a Sonic Journey With 'Girl on Fire' at New York's Lincoln Center\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, X. (September 8, 2012). \"Alicia Keys' Priceless \"Not Even The King\" Lyric Video: Watch\". Idolator. 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Retrieved November 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-alicia-keys-girl-on-fire-stream-google-hangout-youtube-november-20-20121118,0,291161.story","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys to unveil 'Girl on Fire' in live stream Nov. 20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Greenwald, David (November 20, 2012). \"Alicia Keys Previews 'Girl on Fire,' Announces Miguel Tour: Watch\". Billboard. Los Angeles. Retrieved November 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/474060/alicia-keys-previews-girl-on-fire-announces-miguel-tour-watch","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys Previews 'Girl on Fire,' Announces Miguel Tour: Watch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tijdlijnfoto's\". Retrieved June 26, 2013 – via Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151186125762051&set=a.135778477050.121819.6558867050&type=1&theater","url_text":"\"Tijdlijnfoto's\""}]},{"reference":"Ramirez, Erika (September 4, 2012). \"Alicia Keys Releases Three Versions of 'Girl On Fire' Single: Listen\". Billboard. Retrieved September 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/475290/alicia-keys-releases-three-versions-of-girl-on-fire-single-listen","url_text":"\"Alicia Keys Releases Three Versions of 'Girl On Fire' Single: Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Markman, Rob (September 4, 2012). \"Alicia Keys and Nicki Minaj Team Up for \"Girl on Fire\"\". MTV. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazas_slider
Nazas slider
["1 Taxonomy","2 Distribution","3 Status","4 References"]
Species of turtle Nazas slider Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Emydidae Genus: Trachemys Species: T. hartwegi Binomial name Trachemys hartwegi(Legler, 1990) Synonyms Nota bene: Dashes indicate scientific names which are simply new combinations, i.e., not new taxa. Pseudemys scripta hartwegi Legler, 1980 (nomen nudum) Chrysemys scripta hartwegi — Obst, 1983 Trachemys scripta hartwegi — Iverson, 1985 Pseudemys scripta hartwegi Legler, 1990 Trachemys scripta hartwegi — Iverson, 1992 Trachemys ornata hartwegi — Walls, 1996 Trachemys nebulosa hartwegi — Bringsøe, 2001 Trachemys gaigeae hartwegi — Seidel, 2002 The Nazas slider (Trachemys hartwegi) is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae. It is endemic to northern Mexico. Taxonomy It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Big Bend slider (T. gaigeae), but in 2021 it was reclassified as a distinct species by the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group and the Reptile Database. Both hartwegi and gaigeae may have originally evolved in endorheic basins until their respective basins were captured by the Pecos-Grande system. Distribution It is endemic to Mexico, where it is only found in the main channel of the Nazas River in northeastern Durango and southwestern Coahuila. Status Although presently considered conspecific with T. gaigeae on the IUCN Red List, with T. gaigeae as a whole classified as Vulnerable, T. hartwegi qualifies for Endangered status due to widespread extirpation across its range. The population near San Pedro de las Colonias was thought to be nearing extinction as of 1990, and a population near Laguna Viesca in Coahuila is thought to have been extinct since 1960. Aridity and increased use of water for irrigation is thought to pose a risk to all populations of T. hartwegi aside from those near Presa El Palmito in Durango. References ^ a b "Trachemys hartwegi". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 2022-03-28. ^ Rhodin, Anders G.J. (2021-11-15). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 8. Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. ISBN 978-0-9910368-3-7. S2CID 244279960. ^ a b van Dijk PP (2016) . "Trachemys gaigeae ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T22024A97429519. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T22024A9346883.en. Taxon identifiersTrachemys gaigeae hartwegi Wikidata: Q9360658 CoL: 5F8HL EoL: 1279003 GBIF: 6156986 iNaturalist: 39796 ITIS: 949784 NCBI: 365640 Open Tree of Life: 5839485
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_School_for_the_Deaf_and_Blind
Florida School for the Deaf and Blind
["1 History","2 Today","3 Athletics and activities","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 29°54′50″N 81°18′56″W / 29.91387°N 81.31568°W / 29.91387; -81.31568 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Florida School for the Deaf and Blind" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Public school in St. Augustine, Florida, United StatesFlorida School for the Deaf and the BlindAddress207 North San Marco AvenueSt. Augustine, Florida 32084United StatesCoordinates29°54′50″N 81°18′56″W / 29.91387°N 81.31568°W / 29.91387; -81.31568InformationTypePublicMottoDo More. Be More. Achieve More.Established1885PresidentTracie Cascio SnowGradespk-12EnrollmentAverages around 600 enrolled in Pre-K through 12th grade and more than 400 enrolled in the Parent Infant ProgramMascotDragons (Deaf Department) and Cobras (Blind Department)LanguagesDeaf/Hard-of-Hearing students communicate through American Sign Language, the spoken English language, listening and written language. Blind/Visually-Impaired students benefit from Braille instruction and the latest assistive technology best suited for their visual impairment.WebsiteFlorida School for the Deaf and Blind The Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind (FSDB) is a state-supported boarding school for deaf and blind children established in 1885, in St. Augustine, Florida, United States. History In 1882, Thomas Hines Coleman, a young deaf man, was preparing to graduate from Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the only college for the deaf in the world at that time. He had graduated from the South Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind and knew he wanted to make education for children his life's work. Florida was one of the few states that had not made provision for the education of children who were deaf/hard of hearing or who had visual impairments. Coleman wrote Governor William D. Bloxham and he replied favorably toward the establishment of such a school. As their correspondence continued, the sum of $20,000 was reached as a minimum appropriation to start the school. In 1883, Florida's legislature established an institution for the blind and deaf children for two years at $20,000. They requested bids from towns in the state for the location for the school. St. Augustine offered the best bid with $1,000 cash and 5 acres (20,000 m2) of land, the land donated by Captain Edward E. Vaill, a pioneer of the city. Contractor William A. MacDuff erected the original first three wooden buildings at $12,749; they were completed in December 1884. The school opened in December, 1885 as The School for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb. Although the school had both black and white children in its early years, social opposition to racial integration was rampant, and the Florida Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb, Colored Department was created in 1895. By 1892, there were 62 students enrolled and the first graduation ceremony, for two white deaf students, Artemas W. Pope and Cora Carlton, was held in 1898. The first graduation for a white blind student, DeWitt Lightsey, was held in 1898 and the first graduation for a black blind student, Louise Jones, was in 1914. The first graduation for a black deaf student, Cary White, was in 1925. The school was racially integrated in 1967 with the Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind. The school was under the direction of a five-member board of trustees until 1905. The Florida legislature established the present seven-member Board of Trustees in 1963. Construction began on new dormitories in late 1958 and they opened in 1959. Taylor Hardwick was the architect of record. Today The school is now the largest school of its type in the United States with 47 buildings on 82 acres (330,000 m2) of land. The school now has an annual budget of over $30 million, up from its original of $20,000. It currently serves 600 students on campus and 400 infants/toddlers and their parents through the statewide Parent Infant Program. The school is Florida's primary public school for children who are deaf or blind. Students are transported to the school and back home from all over the state, residing in dormitories during the week. The school serves deaf and blind students in pre-school through 12th grade, and also has a post-secondary program. The school is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the Conference of Educational Administrators Serving the Deaf, and the National Accreditation Council for Agencies Serving the Blind and Visually Handicapped. The school has two departments: The Deaf Department serves children who are deaf or hard of hearing, and the Blind Department serves children who are blind or visually impaired. In addition, outreach programs provide support to parents, teachers, and other staff in small and rural school districts in the state of Florida. The school has a health care center for students as well as two well-appointed auditoriums on campus. Blind high school students can take a sound engineering elective and have opportunities to work with state-of-the-art sound systems within the school. The school offers ASL courses to the community for a nominal fee. Athletics and activities The school is a member of the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA). Students have the opportunity to compete in 11 team sports with public and private schools across the state and nation. School coaching personnel work with about 300 student-athletes each year. Athletic teams include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, football, flag football, goalball, soccer, swimming, track & field, volleyball, and wrestling. The school has three gyms, a swimming pool, and two bowling alleys. The school boasts the Copeland Recreation and Fitness Center, specially designed and constructed for the blind. The Copeland Center is the site of the annual USABA (United States Association of Blind Athletes) Youth National Goalball Tournament. Students at the school can join performing groups. The school's Deaf Department has a traveling Dance Troupe, and the Blind Department has a band known as OuttaSight. Other clubs and activities include the Blind Skier Club, Academic Bowl Team (a competitive club), and MathCounts (a traveling Math team). Notable alumni Ray Charles attended St. Augustine School where he learned to read Braille. The school was known as The Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb at the time. Ashley Fiolek attended the Florida School for the Deaf & Blind and is a national women's motorcross champion. Marcus Roberts, jazz pianist. Joseph “Joe” Walker, sports broadcaster. Sir Charles Atkins, Florida blues legend. Ryan Di Giovanni, Bat Boy, Florida Marlins Professional Ballclub. Blind Connie Williams, attended the school in childhood Ross Minor, attended References ^ "Florida School for the Deaf and Blind". Retrieved March 23, 2011. public boarding school for eligible students who are deaf or hard of hearing ^ Gannon, Jack. 1981. Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 49 (PDF Archived 2012-03-28 at the Wayback Machine) ^ a b "Florida". www.aph.org. Retrieved July 30, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g "History | FSDB". www.fsdb.k12.fl.us. Retrieved July 30, 2018. Further reading "1883 — Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb (now Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, St. Augustine)". Museum of the American Printing House for the Blind. External links Florida portalSchools portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florida School for the Deaf and Blind. Florida School for the Deaf and Blind vteSt. Augustine, FloridaHistory Saint Augustine Fire of 1914 Education St. Johns County School District St. Augustine HS (not in the city limits) Florida School for the Deaf and Blind Flagler College Ponce de Leon Hotel University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences St Johns County Public Library System St. Joseph Academy (not in the city limits) St. Johns River State College (not in the city limits) Landmarks Castillo de San Marcos Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine González–Álvarez House González-Jones House Lightner Museum Llambias House Old St. Johns County Jail St. Augustine Light St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park Tolomato Cemetery Culture St. Augustine Historical Society Transportation Northeast Florida Regional Airport (not in the city limits) Healthcare Flagler Hospital (not in the city limits) This list is incomplete. vteEducation in St. Johns County, FloridaSchool districtHigh schools Bartram Trail Creekside Pedro Menendez Allen D. Nease Ponte Vedra St. Augustine St. Johns Technical Tocoi Creek Closed Hastings State K-12 schools Florida School for the Deaf and Blind Private schools St. Joseph Academy Tertiary Flagler College St. Johns River State College St. Augustine Campus vteSchools for the blind in the United StatesPublicStatewide AL Inst f/t Deaf and Blind AZ State Schs f/t Deaf & Blind AR Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp CA Sch f/t Blind CO Sch f/t Deaf & Blind FL Sch f/t Deaf & Blind GA Acad f/t Blind HI Sch f/t Deaf & the Blind ID Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind IL Sch f/t Visually Imp IN Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp KS St Sch f/t Blind KY Sch f/t Blind LA Sch f/t Visually Imp MN St Acad f/t Blind MO Sch f/t Blind MS Sch f/t Blind MT Sch f/t Deaf & Blind Gov Morehead Sch (NC) ND Vision Services/Sch f/t Blind NE Ctr f/t Ed of Children who are Blind or Vis Imp NM Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp NY St Sch f/t Blind OH St Sch f/t Blind OK Sch f/t Blind SC Sch f/t Deaf & the Blind SD Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp TN Sch f/t Blind TX Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp UT Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind VA Sch f/t Deaf & Blind WA St Sch f/t Blind WI Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp WV Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind Closed IA Braille & Sight Saving Sch MI Sch f/t Blind OR Sch f/t Blind TX Blind, Deaf, & Orphan Sch VA Sch f/t Deaf, Blind, & Multi-Disabled Private Hadley Institute for the Blind and Visually Impaired Lavelle School for the Blind Maryland School for the Blind New York Institute for Special Education Overbrook School for the Blind See also: Council of Schools for the Blind vteSchools for the deaf in the United StatesPublicStatewide AL Inst f/t Deaf and Blind AK St Sch f/t Deaf & Hard of Hearing AZ State Schs f/t Deaf & Blind AR Sch f/t Deaf CA Sch f/t Deaf, Fremont CA Sch f/t Deaf, Riverside CO Sch f/t Deaf & Blind DE School f/t Deaf FL Sch f/t Deaf & Blind Atlanta Area Sch f/t Deaf (GA) GA Sch f/t Deaf HI Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind ID Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind IL Sch f/t Deaf IN Sch f/t Deaf IA Sch f/t Deaf KS Sch f/t Deaf KY Sch f/t Deaf LA Sch f/t Deaf MD Sch f/t Deaf Gov Baxter (ME) Sch f/t Deaf MI Sch f/t Deaf MN St Acad f/t Deaf MO Sch f/t Deaf MS Sch f/t Deaf MT Sch f/t Deaf & Blind NC Sch f/t Deaf E NC Sch f/t Deaf ND Sch f/t Deaf Katzenbach (NJ) Sch f/t Deaf NM Sch f/t Deaf NY St Sch f/t Deaf OH Sch f/t Deaf OK Sch f/t Deaf OR Sch f/t Deaf RI School f/t Deaf SC Sch f/t Deaf & the Blind TN Sch f/t Deaf W TN Sch f/t Deaf TX Sch f/t Deaf UT Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind VA Sch f/t Deaf & Blind WA Sch f/t Deaf WI Sch f/t Deaf WV Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind Closed Ctrl NC Sch f/t Deaf K-8 NE Sch f/t Deaf Scranton State Sch f/t Deaf (PA) SD Sch f/t Deaf TX Blind, Deaf, & Orphan Sch VA Sch f/t Deaf, Blind, & Multi-Disabled WY Sch f/t Deaf Deaf programended Governor Morehead School (NC) District-operated 47 The American Sign Language & Eng Sec Sch (New York City) Alexander Graham Bell K-8 deaf program (Chicago) Horace Mann Sch f/t Deaf & Hard of Hearing (Boston) Marlton (Los Angeles) Milby HS HS deaf program (Houston) Mockingbird ES (former Stonewall Jackson) elem. deaf program (Dallas) Closed Detroit Day Sch f/t Deaf Barbara Jordan HS for Careers Deaf program (Houston) (converted into other purpose) Deaf program closed T. H. Rogers K-8 deaf program (Houston) Charter Metro Deaf School (Minnesota North Star Academy merged into Metro Deaf) Private American Sch f/t Deaf Beverly Sch f/t Deaf Clarke Schs for Hearing & Speech Christian School and Chapel f/t Deaf (PR) Kendall Demo ES (DC) The Learning Ctr f/t Deaf Lexington Sch & Ctr f/t Deaf (NY) Tucker Maxon Model Sec Sch f/t Deaf (DC) Moog Ctr for Deaf Ed NY Sch f/t Deaf PA Sch f/t Deaf Rochester Sch f/t Deaf Willie Ross Sch f/t Deaf Scranton Sch f/t Deaf & Hard-of-Hearing Children (PA) St. Rita Sch f/t Deaf Western PA Sch f/t Deaf Closed Austine School Tertiary schools Gallaudet University National Technical Institute for the Deaf National Center on Deafness Ungraded schools Central Institute for the Deaf Summit Speech School Wright-Humason School for the Deaf List of schools for the deaf vtePublic boarding schools in the United StatesSchools forblind & deaf AL Inst f/t Deaf & Blind AZ State Schs f/t Deaf & Blind AR Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp AR Sch f/t Deaf CA Sch f/t Blind CA Sch f/t Deaf, Fremont CA Sch f/t Deaf, Riverside CO Sch f/t Deaf & Blind DE Sch f/t Deaf FL Sch f/t Deaf & Blind GA Acad f/t Blind GA Sch f/t Deaf HI Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind ID Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind IL Sch f/t Deaf IL Sch f/t Visually Imp IN Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp IN Sch f/t Deaf IA Sch f/t Deaf KS Sch f/t Deaf KS St Sch f/t Blind KY Sch f/t Blind KY Sch f/t Deaf LA Sch f/t Deaf LA Sch f/t Visually Imp MD Sch f/t Deaf MI Sch f/t Deaf MN St Acad f/t Blind MN St Acad f/t Deaf MO Sch f/t Blind MO Sch f/t Deaf MS Sch f/t Blind MS Sch f/t Deaf MT Sch f/t Deaf & Blind NC Sch f/t Deaf E NC Sch f/t Deaf Gov Morehead Sch (NC) f/t Blind ND Sch f/t Deaf ND Vision Services/Sch f/t Blind NE Ctr f/t Ed of Children who are Blind or Vis Imp Katzenbach (NJ) Sch f/t Deaf NM Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp NM Sch f/t Deaf NY St Sch f/t Blind NY St Sch f/t Deaf OH St Sch f/t Blind OH Sch f/t Deaf OK Sch f/t Blind OK Sch f/t Deaf OR Sch f/t Deaf SC Sch f/t Deaf & the Blind SD Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp TN Sch f/t Blind TN Sch f/t Deaf W TN Sch f/t Deaf TX Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp TX Sch f/t Deaf UT Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind VA Sch f/t Deaf & Blind WA St Sch f/t Blind WA Sch f/t Deaf WI Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp WI Sch f/t Deaf WV Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind Closed IA Braille & Sight Saving Sch MI Sch f/t Blind Ctrl NC Sch f/t Deaf K-8 NE Sch f/t Deaf OR Sch f/t Blind Scranton State Sch f/t Deaf (PA) SD Sch f/t Deaf (dorms closed in 2005, later closed entirely) TX Blind, Deaf & Orphan Sch VA Sch f/t Deaf, Blind, & Multi-Disabled WY Sch f/t Deaf Dorms closed Gov Baxter Sch f/t Deaf (ME) RI Sch f/t Deaf Schools forgifted &talented AL Sch of Fine Arts AL Sch of Math & Sci AR Sch for Math, Sci & Arts IL Math & Sci Acad IN Acad for Sci, Math & Humanities KS Acad of Math & Sci Craft Acad for Exc in Sci & Math (KY) Carol Martin Gatton Acad of Math & Sci in KY LA Sch for Math, Sci, & Arts ME Sch of Sci & Math MS Sch of the Arts MS Sch for Math & Sci MO Acad of Sci, Math & Comp NC Sch of Sci & Math U. of NC Sch of the Arts NM Sch f/t Arts OK Sch of Sci & Math SC Gov's Sch for the Arts & Humanities SC Gov's Sch for Sci & Math TX Acad of Leadership in the Humanities TX Acad of Math & Sci Tribal/Bureau ofIndian Education Chemawa Indian (OR) Cheyenne-Eagle Butte (SD) Choctaw Tribal School System (MS) Circle of Nations (ND) Crow Creek Tribal (SD) Flandreau Indian (SD) Greyhills Academy HS (AZ) Hunters Point Boarding (AZ) Jones Acad (OK) Kaibeto Boarding (AZ) Lummi Nation (WA) Many Farms Community (former Chinle Boarding) (AZ) Many Farms HS (AZ) Marty Indian (SD) Navajo Prep (NM) Pierre Indian Learning Center (SD) Pine Hill Schs (Ramah Navajo) (NM) Pine Ridge School (SD) Riverside Indian (OK) Rough Rock Community (AZ) Santa Fe Indian (NM) Sequoyah HS (OK) Sherman Indian HS (CA) Shiprock Associated Schools, Inc. (NM) Shonto Prep HS (AZ) Tuba City Boarding (AZ) Wingate HS (NM) Closed Albuquerque Indian School (NM) Carlisle Indian Industrial School (PA) Phoenix Indian School (AZ) Dorms closed Havasupai Boarding and Day School (AZ) Rock Point Community School (AZ) Northern Cheyenne Tribal School (MT) Other Alaska Galena Interior Learning Acad Nenana Student Living Ctr Mt. Edgecumbe HS California California Academy of Mathematics and Science (as of 1993) Connecticut Gilbert Woodstock Acad Hawaii Lahainaluna HS Michigan Taylor Int'l Dorm New York Randolph Academy UFSD Randolph Campus Oregon Crane Union Harper Huntington Mitchell Paisley Spray SEED Foundation (DC, Maryland, Miami, Los Angeles) Merged New York: Hopevale UFSD Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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Bloxham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Bloxham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Florida's legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Captain Edward E. Vaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Edward_E._Vaill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Taylor Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hardwick"}],"text":"In 1882, Thomas Hines Coleman, a young deaf man, was preparing to graduate from Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the only college for the deaf in the world at that time. He had graduated from the South Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind and knew he wanted to make education for children his life's work.Florida was one of the few states that had not made provision for the education of children who were deaf/hard of hearing or who had visual impairments. Coleman wrote Governor William D. Bloxham and he replied favorably toward the establishment of such a school. As their correspondence continued, the sum of $20,000 was reached as a minimum appropriation to start the school.[2]In 1883, Florida's legislature established an institution for the blind and deaf children for two years at $20,000. They requested bids from towns in the state for the location for the school. St. Augustine offered the best bid with $1,000 cash and 5 acres (20,000 m2) of land, the land donated by Captain Edward E. Vaill, a pioneer of the city. Contractor William A. MacDuff erected the original first three wooden buildings at $12,749; they were completed in December 1884.The school opened in December, 1885 as The School for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb. Although the school had both black and white children in its early years, social opposition to racial integration was rampant, and the Florida Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb, Colored Department was created in 1895.[3] By 1892, there were 62 students enrolled and the first graduation ceremony, for two white deaf students, Artemas W. Pope and Cora Carlton, was held in 1898. The first graduation for a white blind student, DeWitt Lightsey, was held in 1898 and the first graduation for a black blind student, Louise Jones, was in 1914. The first graduation for a black deaf student, Cary White, was in 1925.[4] The school was racially integrated in 1967 with the Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind.[3]The school was under the direction of a five-member board of trustees until 1905. The Florida legislature established the present seven-member Board of Trustees in 1963.Construction began on new dormitories in late 1958 and they opened in 1959. Taylor Hardwick was the architect of record.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"Conference of Educational Administrators Serving the Deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Educational_Administrators_Serving_the_Deaf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Accreditation Council for Agencies Serving the Blind and Visually Handicapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Accreditation_Council_for_Agencies_Serving_the_Blind_and_Visually_Handicapped&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf"},{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness"}],"text":"The school is now the largest school of its type in the United States with 47 buildings on 82 acres (330,000 m2) of land. The school now has an annual budget of over $30 million, up from its original of $20,000. It currently serves 600 students on campus and 400 infants/toddlers and their parents through the statewide Parent Infant Program.[4]The school is Florida's primary public school for children who are deaf or blind. Students are transported to the school and back home from all over the state, residing in dormitories during the week. The school serves deaf and blind students in pre-school through 12th grade, and also has a post-secondary program. The school is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the Conference of Educational Administrators Serving the Deaf, and the National Accreditation Council for Agencies Serving the Blind and Visually Handicapped.The school has two departments: The Deaf Department serves children who are deaf or hard of hearing, and the Blind Department serves children who are blind or visually impaired. In addition, outreach programs provide support to parents, teachers, and other staff in small and rural school districts in the state of Florida.The school has a health care center for students as well as two well-appointed auditoriums on campus. Blind high school students can take a sound engineering elective and have opportunities to work with state-of-the-art sound systems within the school.The school offers ASL courses to the community for a nominal fee.","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fhsaa.org/"},{"link_name":"Goalball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalball"},{"link_name":"Dance Troupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101014204335/http://www.fsdb.k12.fl.us/student/clubs-activities/dance-troupe/"},{"link_name":"OuttaSight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101014204340/http://www.fsdb.k12.fl.us/student/clubs-activities/outtasight/"}],"text":"The school is a member of the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA). Students have the opportunity to compete in 11 team sports with public and private schools across the state and nation. School coaching personnel work with about 300 student-athletes each year. Athletic teams include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, football, flag football, goalball, soccer, swimming, track & field, volleyball, and wrestling.The school has three gyms, a swimming pool, and two bowling alleys. The school boasts the Copeland Recreation and Fitness Center, specially designed and constructed for the blind. The Copeland Center is the site of the annual USABA (United States Association of Blind Athletes) Youth National Goalball Tournament.Students at the school can join performing groups. The school's Deaf Department has a traveling Dance Troupe, and the Blind Department has a band known as OuttaSight. Other clubs and activities include the Blind Skier Club, Academic Bowl Team (a competitive club), and MathCounts (a traveling Math team).","title":"Athletics and activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille"},{"link_name":"Ashley Fiolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Fiolek"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Marcus Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Blind Connie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Connie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Ross Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Minor"}],"text":"Ray Charles attended St. Augustine School where he learned to read Braille. The school was known as The Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb at the time.\nAshley Fiolek attended the Florida School for the Deaf & Blind[4] and is a national women's motorcross champion.\nMarcus Roberts, jazz pianist.[4]\nJoseph “Joe” Walker, sports broadcaster.[4]\nSir Charles Atkins, Florida blues legend.[4]\nRyan Di Giovanni, Bat Boy, Florida Marlins Professional Ballclub.[4]\nBlind Connie Williams, attended the school in childhood\nRoss Minor, attended","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"1883 — Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb (now Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, St. Augustine)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.aph.org/museum/programs/schools/36-florida/"},{"link_name":"Museum of the American Printing House for the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind"}],"text":"\"1883 — Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb (now Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, St. Augustine)\". Museum of the American Printing House for the Blind.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Florida School for the Deaf and Blind\". Retrieved March 23, 2011. public boarding school for eligible students who are deaf or hard of hearing","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fsdb.k12.fl.us/","url_text":"\"Florida School for the Deaf and Blind\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida\". www.aph.org. Retrieved July 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aph.org/museum/programs/colored-schools/florida/","url_text":"\"Florida\""}]},{"reference":"\"History | FSDB\". www.fsdb.k12.fl.us. Retrieved July 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fsdb.k12.fl.us/index.php/about-us/history/","url_text":"\"History | FSDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"1883 — Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb (now Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, St. Augustine)\". Museum of the American Printing House for the Blind.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.aph.org/museum/programs/schools/36-florida/","url_text":"\"1883 — Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb (now Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, St. Augustine)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind","url_text":"Museum of the American Printing House for the Blind"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram_(disambiguation)
Monogram (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Not to be confused with Monograph or Nomogram. Look up monogram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A monogram is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other graphemes to form one symbol. Monogram may also refer to: Monogram (artwork), a combine painting by American artist Robert Rauschenberg Monogram (company), a United States scale model manufacturer Monogram Foods, a United States packaged foods manufacturer Monogram Pictures, a Hollywood studio Monogram Records, a United States record label Varsity letter or monogram, an award earned in the United States for excellence in school activities Monogram, a name used by researchers for a factory mark Monograms, a package tour operator, part of Globus family of brands See also Major Francis Monogram, a character in the animated television series Phineas and Ferb Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Monogram.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"Nomogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomogram"},{"link_name":"monogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monogram"},{"link_name":"monogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram"},{"link_name":"Monogram (artwork)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram_(artwork)"},{"link_name":"Monogram (company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram_(company)"},{"link_name":"Monogram Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram_Foods"},{"link_name":"Monogram Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Monogram Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram_Records"},{"link_name":"Varsity letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_letter"},{"link_name":"factory mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_mark#Terminology"},{"link_name":"Globus family of brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_family_of_brands"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Monograph or Nomogram.Look up monogram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A monogram is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other graphemes to form one symbol.Monogram may also refer to:Monogram (artwork), a combine painting by American artist Robert Rauschenberg\nMonogram (company), a United States scale model manufacturer\nMonogram Foods, a United States packaged foods manufacturer\nMonogram Pictures, a Hollywood studio\nMonogram Records, a United States record label\nVarsity letter or monogram, an award earned in the United States for excellence in school activities\nMonogram, a name used by researchers for a factory mark\nMonograms, a package tour operator, part of Globus family of brands","title":"Monogram (disambiguation)"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_of_Spain
Philip II of Spain
["1 Early life: 1527–1544","2 Domestic policy","3 Economy","4 Foreign policy","4.1 Italy","4.2 France","4.3 Mediterranean","5 Strait of Magellan","6 Revolt in the Netherlands","7 King of Portugal","8 Relations with England and Ireland","8.1 King of England and Ireland","8.2 After Mary I's death","9 Death","10 Legacy","11 Titles, honours and styles","12 Heraldry","13 Family","13.1 First marriage","13.2 Second marriage","13.3 Third marriage","13.4 Fourth marriage","14 Ancestry","15 Male-line family tree","16 See also","17 Notes","18 References","19 Further reading","19.1 Economic and cultural history","20 External links"]
King of Spain (1556–1598) and Portugal (1580–1598) Philip IIPortrait by Sofonisba Anguissola (1565)King of Spain (more...) Reign16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598PredecessorCharles ISuccessorPhilip IIIKing of Portugal (more...) Reign12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598Acclamation16 April 1581, TomarPredecessorHenry or Anthony (disputed)SuccessorPhilip III of SpainKing of England and Ireland (jure uxoris) Reign25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558PredecessorMary ISuccessorElizabeth ICo-monarchMary IBorn21 May 1527Palacio de Pimentel, Valladolid, Crown of CastileDied13 September 1598(1598-09-13) (aged 71)El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Crown of CastileBurialEl EscorialSpouses Maria Manuela of Portugal ​ ​(m. 1543; died 1545)​ Mary I of England ​ ​(m. 1554; died 1558)​ Elisabeth of Valois ​ ​(m. 1559; died 1568)​ Anna of Austria ​ ​(m. 1570; died 1580)​ Issuemore... Carlos, Prince of Asturias Isabella Clara Eugenia, Lady of the Netherlands Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias Diego, Prince of Asturias Philip III of Spain HouseHabsburgFatherCharles V, Holy Roman EmperorMotherIsabella of PortugalReligionRoman CatholicismSignature Philip II (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire in 1556 and succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests of the Inca Empire and of the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace El Escorial in 1584. Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Huguenots. In 1588, he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in 1596 and 1597. The Anglo-Spanish War carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death. Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands). Early life: 1527–1544 The Baptism of Philip II in Valladolid, Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in Palacio de Pimentel (Valladolid) A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip was the son of Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal. He was born in the Castilian capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527 at Palacio de Pimentel, which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess Leonor de Mascareñas, and tutored by Juan Martínez Siliceo, the future archbishop of Toledo. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over Latin, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father as a polyglot. While Philip was also an archduke of Austria, he was seen as a foreigner in the Holy Roman Empire. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne. In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the Cortes of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her Portuguese ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, María and Juana, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman Rui Gomes da Silva and Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, the son of his governor. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would Antonio Pérez, his secretary from 1541. Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens, a Castilian nobleman who served as the commendador mayor of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba during the Italian Wars. Philip was present at the Siege of Perpignan in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the Dauphin of France. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the Aragonese Cortes at Monzón. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the regency of the Spanish kingdoms in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the Duke of Milan in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen. Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary Francisco de los Cobos and the general, the Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised "piety, patience, modesty, and distrust". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, "he had a smile that was cut by a sword". Domestic policy This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Philip II of Spain" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign, Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The Spanish Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a personal union of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords. Philip carried several titles as heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire, including Prince of Asturias. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was Navarre, a realm invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513). War across Navarre continued until 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King Henry II of Navarre—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, Jeanne III of Navarre. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre and a prince of independent Béarn, as well as lord of a large part of southern France. However, the French nobility under Francis I opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541. Philip, in the prime of his life, by Anthonis Mor In his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (Cortes, The Three States) and the Diputación for breach of the realm specific laws (fueros)—violation of the pactum subjection is as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session. In November 1592, the Parliament (Cortes) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General (Justicia) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his secretary Antonio Pérez taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in Pamplona at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the Santa Maria Cathedral. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled. Philip II wearing the order of the garter by Jooris van der Straeten, c. 1554 Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern Kingdom of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces. Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the New World proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy. Spanish culture flourished during Philip's reign, beginning the "Spanish Golden Age", creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. One of the notable artists from Philip II's court was Sofonisba Anguissola, who gained fame for her talent and unusual role as a woman artist. Economy Portrait of Philip II on 1/5 Philipsdaalder, struck 1566, Guelders, Low Countries Charles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as Neapolitan sums). Lenders had no power over the King and could not force him to repay his loans. These defaults were just the beginning of Spain's economic troubles as its kings would default six more times in the next 65 years. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened the Spanish kingdoms and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians. The Spanish kingdoms were subject to different assemblies: the Cortes in Castile, the assembly in Navarre, and one each for the four kingdoms of Aragon, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made the Spanish kingdoms and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France, which while divided into regional states, had a single Estates General. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power defaulting into Philip II's hands, especially as manager and final arbiter of the constant conflict between different authorities. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip II felt it necessary to be involved in the detail, and he presided over specialised councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition. Philip II played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs inefficiently, even to the extent of damaging state business, as in the Perez affair. Following a fire in Valladolid in 1561, he resisted calls to move his Court to Lisbon, an act that could have curbed centralisation and bureaucracy domestically as well as relaxed rule in the Empire as a whole. Instead, with the traditional Royal and Primacy seat of Toledo now essentially obsolete, he moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of Madrid. Except for a brief period under Philip III of Spain, Madrid has remained the capital of Spain. It was around this time that Philip II converted the Royal Alcázar of Madrid into a royal palace; the works, which lasted from 1561 until 1598, were done by tradesmen who came from the Netherlands, Italy, and France. King Philip II ruled at a critical turning point in European history toward modernity whereas his father Charles V had been forced to an itinerant rule as a medieval king. He mainly directed state affairs, even when not at Court. Indeed, when his health began failing, he worked from his quarters at the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of El Escorial that he had built in 1584, a palace built as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. But Philip did not enjoy the supremacy that King Louis XIV of France would in the next century, nor was such a rule necessarily possible at his time. The inefficiencies of the Spanish state and the restrictively regulated industry under his rule were common to many contemporary countries. Further, the dispersal of the Moriscos from Granada—motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion—had serious negative effects on the economy, particularly in that region. Foreign policy Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Empire and against the forces of the Protestant Reformation. He never relented from his fight against heresy, defending the Catholic faith and limiting freedom of worship within his territories. These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the Revolt of the Netherlands in 1568, Philip waged a campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It also dragged in the English and the French at times and expanded into the German Rhineland with the Cologne War. This series of conflicts lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement and focus in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and caused economic difficulties for the Crown and even bankruptcies. Personal guidon of Philip II In 1588, the English defeated Philip's Spanish Armada, thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism. But war with England continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the Low Countries. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of Portugal. The administration of overseas conquests was reformed. Extensive questionnaires were distributed to every major town and region in New Spain called relaciones geográficas. These surveys helped the Spanish monarchy to govern Philip's overseas possessions more effectively. Italy Main article: Italian Wars Charles V abdicated the throne of Naples to Philip on 25 July 1554, and the young king was invested with the kingdom (officially a Papal fief) on 2 October by Pope Julius III. The date of Charles' abdication of the throne of Sicily is uncertain, but Philip was invested with this kingdom on 18 November 1554 by Julius. In 1556, Philip decided to invade the Papal States and temporarily held territory there, perhaps in response to Pope Paul IV's anti-Spanish outlook. According to Philip II, he was doing it for the benefit of the Church. In a letter to the Princess Dowager of Portugal, Regent of the Spanish kingdoms, dated 22 September 1556, Francisco de Vargas wrote: I have reported to your Highness what has been happening here, and how far the Pope is going in his fury and vain imaginings. His Majesty could not do otherwise than have a care for his reputation and dominions. I am sure your Highness will have had more recent news from the Duke of Alva, who has taken the field with an excellent army and has penetrated so far into the Pope's territory that his cavalry is raiding up to ten miles from Rome, where there is such panic that the population would have run away had not the gates been closed. The Pope has fallen ill with rage, and was struggling with a fever on the 16th of this month. The two Carafa brothers, the Cardinal and Count Montorio, do not agree, and they and Piero Strozzi are not on as good terms as they were in the past. They would like to discuss peace. The best thing would be for the Pope to die, for he is the poison at the root of all this trouble and more which may occur. His Majesty's intention is only to wrest the knife from this madman's hand and make him return to a sense of his dignity, acting like the protector of the Apostolic See, in whose name, and that of the College of Cardinals, his Majesty has publicly proclaimed that he has seized all he is occupying. The Pope is now sending again to the potentates of Italy for help. I hope he will gain as little thereby as he has done in the past, and that the French will calm down. May God give us peace in the end, as their Majesties desire and deserve! In response to the invasion, Pope Paul IV called for a French military intervention. After minor fights in Lazio and near Rome, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Viceroy of Naples met Cardinal Carlo Carafa and signed the Treaty of Cave as a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the Papal States and the Pope declared a neutral position between France and the Spanish kingdoms. Philip led the Spanish kingdoms into the final phase of the Italian Wars. A Spanish advance into France from the Low Countries led to their important victory at the Battle of St. Quentin (1557). The French were defeated again at the Battle of Gravelines (1558). The resulting Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559 secured Piedmont to the Duchy of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa. Both Genoa and Savoy were allies of Spain and, although Savoy subsequently declared its neutrality between France and Spain, Genoa remained a crucial financial ally for Philip during his entire reign. The treaty also confirmed Philip's control over Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Therefore, all of southern Italy was under Spanish rule as part of the Crown of Aragon. In the north, Milan was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire held by Philip. Attached to the Kingdom of Naples, the State of Presidi in Tuscany gave Philip the possibility to monitor maritime traffic to southern Italy, whilst the grant of the Duchy of Siena to the new Grand Duchy of Tuscany, ensured it would remain a Spanish ally. The Council of Italy was set up by Philip in order to co-ordinate his rule over the states of Milan, Naples and Sicily. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60-year Franco-Habsburg wars for supremacy in Italy. It marked also the beginning of a period of peace between the Pope and Philip, as their European interests converged, although political differences remained and diplomatic contrasts eventually re-emerged. By the end of the wars in 1559, Habsburg Spain had been established as the premier power of Europe, to the detriment of France. In France, Henry II was fatally wounded in a joust held during the celebrations of the peace. His death led to the accession of his 15-year-old son Francis II, who in turn soon died. The French monarchy was thrown into turmoil, which increased further with the outbreak of the French Wars of Religion that would last for several decades. The states of Italy were reduced to second-rate powers, with Spain dominating the peninsula. Mary Tudor's death in 1558 enabled Philip to seal the treaty by marrying Henry II's daughter, Elisabeth of Valois, later giving him a claim to the throne of France on behalf of his daughter by Elisabeth, Isabella Clara Eugenia. France Main article: French Wars of Religion The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) were primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. Philip claimed descent from Constantine I and Charlemagne, justifying his intervention in French Wars of Religion and his continuing efforts to depose Henry IV of France. Philip signed the Treaty of Vaucelles with Henry II of France in 1556. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territory of Franche-Comté in Burgundy was to be relinquished to Philip. However, the treaty was broken shortly afterwards. France and the Spanish kingdoms waged war in northern France and Italy over the following years. Spanish victories at St. Quentin and Gravelines led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, in which France recognised Spanish sovereignty over Franche-Comté. During the War of the Portuguese Succession, the pretender António fled to France following his defeats and, as Philip's armies had not yet occupied the Azores, he sailed there with a large Anglo-French fleet under Filippo Strozzi, a Florentine exile in the service of France. The naval Battle of Terceira took place on 26 July 1582, in the sea near the Azores, off São Miguel Island, as part of the War of the Portuguese Succession and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The Spanish navy defeated the combined Anglo-French fleet that had sailed to preserve control of the Azores under António. The French naval contingent was the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV. A marble bust of Philip II of Spain by Pompeo Leoni, Metropolitan Museum of Art The Spanish victory at Terceira was followed by the Battle of the Azores between the Portuguese loyal to the claimant António, supported by French and English troops, and the Spanish-Portuguese forces loyal to Philip commanded by the admiral Don Álvaro de Bazán. Victory in Azores completed the incorporation of Portugal into the Spanish Empire. Philip financed the Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion. He directly intervened in the final phases of the wars (1589–1598), ordering Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma into France in an effort to unseat Henry IV, and perhaps dreaming of placing his favourite daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, on the French throne. Elisabeth of Valois, Philip's third wife and Isabella's mother, had already ceded any claim to the French Crown with her marriage to Philip and in France the Salic law remained in effect. However, the Parlement of Paris, in power of the Catholic party, gave verdict that Isabella Clara Eugenia was "the legitimate sovereign" of France. Philip's interventions in the fighting—sending the Duke of Parma to end Henry IV's siege of Paris in 1590 and the siege of Rouen in 1592—contributed in saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant monarchy. In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. By the end of 1594 certain League members were still working against Henry across the country, but all relied on the support of the Spanish Crown. In January 1595, therefore, Henry officially declared war on the Spanish Crown, to show Catholics that Philip was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state, and Protestants that he had not become a puppet of the Spanish Crown through his conversion, while hoping to reconquer large parts of northern France from the Franco-Spanish Catholic forces. French victory at the Battle of Fontaine-Française in Burgundy, 5 June 1595, marked an end to the Catholic League in France. The French also made some progress during an invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. They captured Ham and massacred the small Spanish garrison, provoking anger among the Spanish ranks. The Spanish launched a concerted offensive that year, taking Doullens, Cambrai, and Le Catelet; at Doullens, they massacred 4,000 of its citizens. On 24 April 1596, the Spanish also conquered Calais. Following the Spanish capture of Amiens in March 1597, the French Crown laid siege to it until it managed to reconquer Amiens from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. Henry then negotiated a peace with the Spanish Crown. The war was only drawn to an official close, however, with the Peace of Vervins in May 1598. The 1598 Treaty of Vervins was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France, and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith—matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king. Mediterranean Further information: Ottoman–Habsburg wars Titian; after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Philip offers his short-lived heir Fernando to Glory in this allegory. Standard of the tercios morados of the Spanish army under Philip II In the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. In 1558, Turkish admiral Piyale Pasha captured the Balearic Islands, especially inflicting great damage on Menorca and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely the Spanish Crown and Venice, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of "Turkish invincibility" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people. In 1560, Philip II organised a Holy League between the Spanish kingdoms and the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Papal States, the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta. The joint fleet was assembled at Messina and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of Giovanni Andrea Doria, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral Andrea Doria. On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of Djerba, which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between Algiers and Tripoli. As a response, Suleiman sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis (who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) won an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Djerba. The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria was barely able to escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. Álvaro de Sande, attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by Turgut Reis. In 1565 the Ottomans sent a large expedition to Malta, which laid siege to several forts on the island, taking some of them. The Spanish sent a relief force, which finally drove the Ottoman army out of the island. The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, by the Holy League under the command of Philip's half brother, Don John of Austria. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, reconquered Tunis from the Ottomans in 1573. The Turks soon rebuilt their fleet, and in 1574 Uluç Ali Reis managed to recapture Tunis with a force of 250 galleys and a siege that lasted 40 days. Thousands of Spanish and Italian soldiers became prisoners. Nevertheless, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of Ottoman control. In 1585 a peace treaty was signed with the Ottomans. Strait of Magellan Further information: Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan Armour of Philip II During Philip's reign Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic, the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. To end navigation by rival powers in the Strait of Magellan Spanish viceroy Francisco de Toledo ordered Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa to explore the strait and found settlements on its shores. In 1584, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded two colonies in the strait: Nombre de Jesús, and Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe. The latter was established north of the strait with 300 settlers. The new colonies suffered from high death rates, likely as a consequence of executions, brawls, violent encounters with indigenous peoples and diseases which were rife. A contributing cause for failure of the settlement may have been poor morale, an issue that plagued the venture almost from the beginning. This can in part be explained by a series of difficulties the expedition had to go through between the departure from Spain and the arrival to the strait. Philip II's inaction despite repeated pleas by Sarmiento to aid the ailing colony has been attributed to the strain on Spain's resources that resulted from wars with England and Dutch rebels. In 1587, English corsairs renamed Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe, Puerto del Hambre, or "Port Famine". Most of the settlers had died from cold or starvation. When Sir Thomas Cavendish landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement. The Spanish failure at colonizing the Strait of Magellan caused Chiloé Archipelago to assume the role of protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions. Valdivia and Chiloé acted as sentries, being hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia. Revolt in the Netherlands Main article: Eighty Years' War Philip II berating William of Orange, by Cornelis Kruseman Philip's rule in the Seventeen Provinces known collectively as the Netherlands faced many difficulties, leading to open warfare in 1568. He appointed his half-sister Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands, when he left the low countries for the Spanish kingdoms in 1559, but forced her to adjust policy to the advice of Cardinal Granvelle, who was greatly disliked in the Netherlands, after he insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over two weeks' ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands and the incessant persecution of Protestants. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the Iconoclast Fury; in response to growing Protestant influence, the army of the Iron Duke (Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba) went on the offensive. In 1568, Alba had Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn executed in Brussels' central square, further alienating the local aristocracy. There were massacres of civilians in Mechelen, Naarden, Zutphen and Haarlem. In 1571, Alba erected at Antwerp a bronze statue of himself trampling the rebellious Dutch under his horse's hooves, cast from the melted-down cannon looted by the Spanish troops after the Battle of Jemmingen in 1568; it was modelled on medieval images of the Spanish patron Saint James "the Moorslayer" riding down Muslims and caused such outrage that Philip had it removed and destroyed. In 1572, a prominent exiled member of the Dutch aristocracy, William the Silent, Prince of Orange, invaded the Netherlands with a Protestant army, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, Holland and Zeeland. Because of the Spanish repulse in the Siege of Alkmaar (1573) led by his equally brutal son Fadrique, Alba resigned his command, replaced by Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga. Alba boasted that he had burned or executed 18,600 persons in the Netherlands, in addition to the far greater number he massacred during the war, many of them women and children; 8,000 persons were burned or hanged in one year, and the total number of Alba's Flemish victims can not have fallen short of 50,000. Under Requesens, the Army of Flanders reached a peak strength of 86,000 in 1574 and retained its battlefield superiority, destroying Louis of Nassau's German mercenary army at the Battle of Mookerheyde on 14 April 1574, killing both him and his brother Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg. Rampant inflation and the loss of treasure fleets from the New World prevented Philip from paying his soldiers consistently, leading to the so-called Spanish Fury at Antwerp in 1576, where soldiers ran amok through the streets, burning more than 1,000 homes and killing 6,000 citizens. Philip sent in Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592. Farnese defeated the rebels at the Battle of Gembloux (1578), and he captured many rebel towns in the south: Maastricht (1579), Tournai (1581), Oudenaarde (1582), Dunkirk (1583), Bruges (1584), Ghent (1584), and Antwerp (1585). Reward letter of Philip II to the family of Balthasar Gerards, assassin of William the Silent, 1590 The States General of the northern provinces, united in the 1579 Union of Utrecht, passed an Act of Abjuration in 1581 declaring that they no longer recognised Philip as their king. The southern Netherlands (what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule. In 1584, William the Silent was assassinated by Balthasar Gérard, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a "pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race". The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son Maurice of Nassau, who received modest help from the Queen of England in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles. The war came to an end in 1648, when the Dutch Republic was recognised by the Spanish Crown as independent; the eight decades of war came at a massive human cost, with an estimated 600,000 to 700,000 victims, of which 350,000 to 400,000 were civilians killed by disease and what would later be considered war crimes. King of Portugal Main article: Iberian Union Anthony I of Portugal In 1578 young King Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir without descendants, triggering a succession crisis. His granduncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as king, but Henry had no descendants either, having taken holy orders. When Henry died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of Manuel I claimed the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza; António, Prior of Crato; and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed King of Portugal in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to the Spanish kingdoms and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry. In 1580, Philip II marched into Portugal and defeated Prior António's troops in the Battle of Alcântara. The Portuguese suffered 4,000 killed, wounded, or captured, while the Spanish sustained only 500 casualties. The troops commanded by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba imposed subjection to Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure. Philip II of Spain assumed the Portuguese throne and was crowned Philip I of Portugal on 17 July 1580 (recognized as king by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar) and a near sixty-year personal union under the rule of the Philippine Dynasty began. This gave Philip control of the extensive Portuguese Empire. When Philip left for Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew Albert of Austria his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a Council of Portugal to advise him on Portuguese affairs, giving prominent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government. This followed on the well-established pattern of rule by councils. Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (mare clausum) and other features Relations with England and Ireland King of England and Ireland Titian's portrait of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armour Irish groat with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraits Philip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year-old Queen Mary I of England, Charles' maternal first cousin. His father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to him. Their marriage at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor Stephen Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, preferring Edward Courtenay. Under the terms of the Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions". In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife. As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish. Philip and Mary I of England, 1558 Acts making it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed by the Parliament of Ireland and England. Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together. The coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign. During their joint reign, they waged war against France, which resulted in the loss of Calais, England's last remaining possession in France. Philip's wife had succeeded to the Kingdom of Ireland, but the title of King of Ireland had been created in 1542 by Mary's father, Henry VIII, after he was excommunicated, and so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, Pope Paul IV rectified this by issuing a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland. King's County and Philipstown in Ireland were named after Philip as King of Ireland in 1556. The couple's joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol. However, the couple had no children. Mary died in 1558 before the union could revitalise the Roman Catholic Church in England. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne (including the ancient English claims to the French throne) and ceased to be king of England, Ireland and (as claimed by them) France. Philip's great-grandson, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, married Princess Henrietta of England in 1661; in 1807, the Jacobite claim to the British throne passed to the descendants of their child Anne Marie d'Orléans. After Mary I's death Further information: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Philip's European and North African dominions in 1581 Upon Mary's death, the throne went to Elizabeth I. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a Valois alliance. Elizabeth I was the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics, who disputed the validity of both the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and of his subsequent marriage to Boleyn, and hence claimed that Mary, Queen of Scots, the Catholic great-granddaughter of Henry VII, was the rightful monarch. For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of privateering against Spain's merchant shipping and started threatening the Spanish treasure ships coming from the New World. In one instance, English ships attacked a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth in 1585—promising troops and supplies to the anti-Spanish rebels in the Netherlands. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France, Philip considered it an act of war by England. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England and return the country to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the Spanish Armada, to rendezvous with the Army of Flanders and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. At the point of attack, a storm struck the English Channel, already known for its harsh currents and choppy waters, which devastated large numbers of the Spanish fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English Royal Navy; it was by no means a slaughter (only one Spanish ship was sunk), but the Spanish were forced into a retreat, and the overwhelming majority of the Armada was destroyed by the harsh weather. Whilst the English Royal Navy may not have destroyed the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines, they had prevented it from linking up with the army it was supposed to convey across the channel. Thus whilst the English Royal Navy may have only won a slight tactical victory over the Spanish, it had delivered a major strategic one—preventing the invasion of England. Through a week of fighting the Spanish had expended 100,000 cannonballs, but no English ship was seriously damaged. However, over 7,000 English sailors died from disease during the time the Armada was in English waters. The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the Armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with a counter-armada the following year failed disastrously with 40 ships sunk and 15,000 men lost. Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and their improved intelligence networks (although Cádiz was sacked by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet). The Habsburgs also struck back with the Dunkirkers, who took an increasing toll on Dutch and English shipping. Eventually, the Spanish attempted two further Armadas, in October 1596 and October 1597. The 1596 Armada was destroyed in a storm off northern Spain; it had lost as many as 72 of its 126 ships and suffered 3,000 deaths. The 1597 Armada was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast undetected. This Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead. Some of the fighting was done on land in Ireland, France, and the Netherlands, with the English sending expeditionary forces to France and the Netherlands to fight Spain, and Spain attempting to assist Irish rebellions in Ireland. Death Philip II died in El Escorial, near Madrid, on 13 September 1598, of cancer. He was succeeded by his 20-year-old son, Philip III. Legacy Main article: Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain Philip's dominions in 1598 Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade, and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the Counter-Reformation, he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism, but his devotion to Catholicism would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century disdain for religious heterodoxy; he said, "Before suffering the slightest damage to religion in the service of God, I would lose all of my estates and a hundred lives, if I had them, because I do not wish nor do I desire to be the ruler of heretics." As he strove to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the Inquisition, students were barred from studying elsewhere, and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. In addition to the banning of books, Philip II authorized the burning of at least 70,000 volumes. Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop Bartolome Carranza of Toledo was jailed by the Inquisition for 17 years, for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree with Protestantism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful, and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions. Although he was deeply dedicated to rooting out heretical titles, he collected forbidden books for his own royal library at the El Escorial. His library contained 40,000 volumes (1,800 of which were Arabic titles) and several thousand manuscripts. The banned books were protected in a room on an upper floor of the library. He was passionate about rare books he personally collected from far and wide and researched and recorded information about previous owners. The School of Salamanca flourished under his reign. Martín de Azpilcueta, highly honoured at Rome by several popes and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium (Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice. Francisco Suárez, generally regarded as the greatest scholastic after Thomas Aquinas and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1580–1585), where Pope Gregory XIII attended the first lecture that he gave. Luis de Molina published his De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia (1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the omniscience of God with human free will that came to be known as Molinism, thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time; Molinism became the de facto Jesuit doctrine on these matters, and is still advocated today by William Lane Craig and Alvin Plantinga, among others. Statue of Philip II at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (F. Castro, 1753) Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict, evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject. Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, responsible for inhuman cruelties and barbarism. This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called Spanish Black Legend and White Legend, was helped by King Philip himself. Philip prohibited any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and he ordered that all his private correspondence be burned shortly before he died. Moreover, Philip did nothing to defend himself after being betrayed by his ambitious secretary Antonio Pérez, who published incredible calumnies against his former master; this allowed Pérez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged. That way, the popular image of the King that survives to today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the Counter-Reformation. This means that many histories depict Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative. However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the Black Legend. In a more recent example of popular culture, Philip II's portrayal in Fire Over England (1937) is not entirely unsympathetic; he is shown as a very hardworking, intelligent, religious, somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country, but who had no understanding of the English, despite his former co-monarchy there. Even in countries that remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality, that task has proved extremely difficult, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries. Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the King's inflexible Catholicism. English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster, minimising his military victories (Battle of Lepanto, Battle of Saint Quentin, etc.) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely the Armada) even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would necessitate a re-analysis of the reign of his greatest opponents, namely England's Queen Elizabeth I and the Dutch William the Silent, who are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favourable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments. He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch, and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman Navy. Historian Geoffrey Parker offers a management-psychological explanation, as summarized by Tonio Andrade and William Reger: One might have expected that Philip—being a dedicated, persistent, and hard-working man, and being the head of Western Europe's wealthiest and largest empire—would have succeeded in his aims. He didn't. His endeavors were doomed by his own character, or at least that's how Parker sees it. Drawing on studies in management science and organizational psychology, Parker argues that a successful manager of a large organization must keep attention on the big picture, must have a good strategy for dealing with copious information, must know how to delegate, and must be flexible. Philip failed on all counts. He was a micromanager who got bogged down in details, refusing to delegate and trying to read every dispatch that came to his desk. He obsessed and dithered, so that by the time his decisions were made and his orders reached the men meant to carry them out, the situation on the ground had changed. Philip was also inflexible, unwilling to abandon ineffective policies. Most pernicious of all was Philip's tendency toward messianic thinking, a belief that he was doing God's work and that heaven would support him with miracles. Titles, honours and styles Cannon with arms of Philip II as King of Spain and jure uxoris King of England and France Portrait of Philip II as King of Portugal by Sánchez Coello, c. 1580 Heir titles Prince of Gerona: 21 May 1527 – 16 January 1556 Prince of Asturias 1528–1556 King of Castile as Philip II: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 King of Castile, of León, of Granada, of Toledo, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the Indias, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea; Lord of Molina Lord of Biscay King of Aragon as Philip I: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 King of Aragón King of the Two Sicilies King of Naples, of Jerusalem (from 25 July 1554) King of Sicily. Duke of Athens, of Neopatria King of Valencia King of Majorca King of Sardinia and of Corsica, Margrave of Oristano, Count of Goceano King of Navarre Count of Barcelona, of Roussillon, of Cerdanya King of Portugal as Philip I: 12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598 King of Portugal and the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc. King of England de jure uxoris as Philip I: 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 King of England, France (titular); Defender of the Faith King of Ireland Imperial and Habsburg patrimonial titles: Duke of Milan: 11 October 1540 (secret donation) / 25 July 1554 (public investiture) – 13 September 1598 Imperial vicar of Siena: since 30 May 1554 Archduke of Austria Princely Count of Habsburg and of Tyrol Prince of Swabia Burgundian titles Lord of the Netherlands: 25 October 1555 – 13 September 1598 Duke of Lothier, of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders. Count of Flanders, of Artois, of Hainaut, of Holland, of Zeeland, of Namur, of Zutphen. Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord of Frisia, Salins, Mechelen, the cities, towns and lands of Utrecht, Overyssel, Groningen Count Palatine of Burgundy from 10 June 1556; Count of Charolais from 21 September 1558 Duke of Burgundy Dominator in Asia, Africa Honours Knight of the Golden Fleece: 1531 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece: 23 October 1555 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of Alcantara: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of Santiago: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 Grand Master of the Order of Montesa: 8 December 1587 – 13 September 1598 Philip continued his father's style of "Majesty" (Latin: Maiestas; Spanish: Majestad) in preference to that of "Highness" (Celsitudo; Alteza). In diplomatic texts, he continued the use of the title "Most Catholic" (Rex Catholicissimus; Rey Católico) first bestowed by Pope Alexander VI on Ferdinand and Isabella in 1496. Following the Act of Parliament sanctioning his marriage with Mary, the couple was styled "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". Upon his inheritance of Spain in 1556, they became "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". His coinage typically bore the obverse inscription "PHS·D:G·HISP·Z·REX" (Latin: "Philip, by the grace of God King of Spain et cetera"), followed by the local title of the mint ("DVX·BRA" for Duke of Brabant, "C·HOL" for Count of Holland, "D·TRS·ISSV" for Lord of Overissel, etc.). The reverse would then bear a motto such as "PACE·ET·IVSTITIA" ("For Peace and Justice") or "DOMINVS·MIHI·ADIVTOR" ("The Lord is my helper"). A medal struck in 1583 bore the inscriptions "PHILIPP II HISP ET NOVI ORBIS REX" ("Philip II, King of Spain and the New World") and "NON SUFFICIT ORBIS" ("The world is not enough"). Heraldry Heraldry of Philip II of Spain Common versions 1556–1558(as Spanish monarch) 1558–1580 1580–1598 Spanish realms versions Kingdom of Navarre Kingdom of Galicia 1558–1580 1580–1598 1580–1598 1558–1580 1580–1598 Burgundian variants Free County of Burgundy 1556–1580 1580–1598 Italian Variants Duchy of Milan Kingdom of Sardinia Naples and Sicily 1554–1558 1558–1580 1580–1598 1580–1598 1554–1598 Ornamented versions Coat of arms at his investiture as Knight of theOrder of the Garter(in 1554) Coat of arms(with the Eagle of St John as supporter)1558–1580 / 1580–1598 Coat of arms as Spanish monarch and kingjure uxoris of England(with symbols of the Crown of Castile and León anda cap of maintenance with the crest of England imperially crowned in the top)1556–1558 Coat of arms with supporters, crest and motto(with symbols of the Crowns of Castile and León and Aragon in the top)1558–1580 Coat of arms with supporters, crest and motto(with symbols of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile and León and of the Kingdom of Portugal in the top)1580–1598 Coat of arms with supporters (a lion and a griffin) and crest(with symbols of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile and León and of the Kingdom of Portugal in the top)1580–1598 Family Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. He also had two long-term relationships with Isabel Osorio and Eufrasia de Guzmán. Maria Manuela of Portugal (1527–1545) Mary I of England (1516–1558), by Antonis Mor Elisabeth of Valois (1545–1568), by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz Anna of Austria (1549–1580), by Sofonisba Anguissola First marriage Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal. She was a daughter of Philip's maternal uncle, John III of Portugal, and paternal aunt, Catherine of Austria. They were married at Salamanca on 12 November 1543. The marriage produced one son in 1545, after which Maria died four days later due to haemorrhage: Carlos, Prince of Asturias (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried at the age of 23 and without issue. Second marriage Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen Mary I of England. The marriage, which took place on 25 July 1554 at Winchester Cathedral, was political. By this marriage, Philip became jure uxoris King of England and Ireland, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children, although there was a false pregnancy, and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's reign in England and Ireland. Third marriage Philip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. The original ceremony was conducted by proxy (the Duke of Alba standing in for Philip) at Notre Dame prior to Elisabeth's departure from France. The actual ceremony was conducted in Guadalajara upon her arrival in Spain. During their marriage (1559–1568) they conceived five daughters, though only two of the girls survived. Elisabeth died a few hours after the loss of her last child. Their children were: Miscarried twin daughters (August 1564) Isabella Clara Eugenia (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633, aged 67), married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria Catherine Michaela (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597, aged 30), married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and had issue Joan (3 October 1568) died shortly after birth. Fourth marriage Philip's fourth and final wife was his niece, Anna of Austria. Pope Pius V initially refused to grant Philip the dispensation needed to marry Anna, citing biblical prohibitions and the danger of birth defects. The pope reluctantly gave his permission when Philip threatened to abandon the Holy League in their fight against the Ottoman Turks. By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and one daughter. Anna died of heart failure 8 months after giving birth to Maria in 1580. Their children were: Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias (4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, aged six) Charles Laurence (12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, aged one) Diego Félix (15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, aged seven) Philip III of Spain (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621, aged 42) Maria (14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, aged three). Cenotaph of Philip and three of his four wives at El Escorial Philip and his niece Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by Alonso Sánchez Coello Ancestry Ancestors of Philip II of Spain 8. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 4. Philip I, King of Castile 9. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 2. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 10. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (= 14) 5. Joanna, Queen of Castile 11. Isabella I, Queen of Castile (= 15) 1. Philip II of Spain 12. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu 6. Manuel I, King of Portugal 13. Beatrice of Portugal 3. Isabella of Portugal 14. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (= 10) 7. Maria of Aragon 15. Isabella I, Queen of Castile (= 11) Male-line family tree vteHouse of Habsburg   Original line AlbertCount of Habsburgc. 1188–1239 Rudolf Iof Germanyc. 1218–1291 Albert Iof Germany1255–1308Hartmann1263–1281Rudolf IIDuke of Austria1270–1290 Rudolf Iof Bohemia1281–1307Frederickthe Fairc. 1289–1330Leopold IDuke of Austria1290–1326Albert IIDuke of Austria1298–1358Henrythe Friendly1299–1327OttoDuke of Austria1301–1339JohnParricidac. 1290–1312/1313   Albertinian line  Leopoldian line Rudolf IVDuke of Austria1339–1365Frederick IIIDuke of Austria1347–1362Albert IIIDuke of Austria1349–1395Leopold IIIDuke of Austria1351–1386Frederick IIDuke of Austria1327–1344Leopold IIDuke of Austria1328–1344 Albert IVDuke of Austria1377–1404WilliamDuke of Austriac. 1370–1406Leopold IVDuke of Austria1371–1411ErnestDuke of Austria1377–1424Frederick IVDuke of Austria1382–1439 Albert IIof Germany1397–1439Frederick IIIHRE1415–1493Albert VIArchduke of Austria1418–1463SigismundArchduke of Austria1427–1496 Ladislausthe Posthumous1440–1457Maximilian IHRE1459–1519 Philip Iof Castile1478–1506   Spanish / Iberian line  Austrian / HRE line Charles VHRE1500–1558Ferdinand IHRE1503–1564 Philip IIof Spain1527–1598Maximilian IIHRE1527–1576Ferdinand IIArchduke of Austria1529–1595Charles IIArchduke of Austria1540–1590 CarlosPrince of Asturias1545–1568Philip IIIof Spain1578–1621Rudolf IIHRE1552–1612Ernestof Austria1553–1595MatthiasHRE1557–1619Maximilian IIIArchduke of Austria1558–1618Albert VIIArchduke of Austria1559–1621WenceslausArchduke of Austria1561–1578AndrewMargrave of Burgau1558–1600CharlesMargrave of Burgau1560–1618Ferdinand IIHRE1578–1637Maximilian Ernestof Austria1583–1616Leopold VArchduke of Austria1586–1632Charlesof Austria1590–1624 Philip IVof Spain1605–1665Charlesof Austria1607–1632Ferdinandof Austria1609–1641John-Charlesof Austria1605–1619Ferdinand IIIHRE1608–1657Leopold Wilhelmof Austria1614–1662Ferdinand CharlesArchduke of Austria1628–1662Sigismund FrancisArchduke of Austria1630–1665 Balthasar CharlesPrince of Asturias1629–1646Charles IIof Spain1661–1700Ferdinand IVKing of the Romans1633–1654Leopold IHRE1640–1705Charles Josephof Austria1649–1664 Joseph IHRE1678–1711Charles VIHRE1685–1740 Notes: ^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023. See also Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile The empire on which the sun never sets List of Spanish monarchs Royal Armoury of Madrid Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli Notes ^ He was titled as Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I (Portuguese: Filipe I). ^ Spain was a composite monarchy, and besides being the second Philip to rule Castile, he was the first to rule Aragon, and the fourth to rule Navarre. ^ This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work ("Philip II of Spain", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow Englishmen because of that. ^ With the incorporation of Portugal to the Monarchy the title changed to East and West Indies, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean sea. References ^ Geoffrey Parker. The Grand Strategy of Philip II (2000) ^ Garret Mattingly. The Armada pp. 22, 66. ISBN 0-395-08366-4. ^ Rowse, A. L. (1969). Tudor Cornwall: Portrait of a Society. C. Scribner, p. 400 ^ "One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Instead the King was able to use the brief respite to rebuild his naval forces and by the end of 1589 Spain once again had an Atlantic fleet strong enough to escort the American treasure ships home." The Mariner's Mirror, Volumes 76–77. Society for Nautical Research, 1990 ^ Kamen, Henry (2014). Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. p. 150. ^ "BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL". Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ James Boyden. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopaedia of the Early Modern World. ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography (2004). ^ Parker, Geoffrey, The Dutch Revolt (1977, rev. ed. 1985). London: Penguin, p. 41. ^ Parker, The Dutch Revolt, p. 42. ^ Drelichman, Mauricio; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2014). Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4843-0. ^ Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human Civilization (4th ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-19-923663-3. ^ Elliott, J. H. (2002). Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (Repr. ed.). London : Penguin Books. pp. 285–291. ISBN 0-14-100703-6. ^ As Philip wrote in 1566 to Luis de Requesens: "You can assure his Holiness that rather than suffer the least injury to religion and the service of God, I would lose all my states and a hundred lives if I had them, for I do not intend to rule over heretics." Pettegree 2002, p. 214. ^ Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vol. 2 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 935–936 and notes. ^ Royall Tyler, ed. (1954). "Spain: September 1556". Calendar of State Papers, Spain. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 April 2013. ^ Salvador Miranda (2010). "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church". Florida International University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2010. ^ Richard L. Kagan (2009). Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain. JHU Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1421401652. ^ Jan Glete p. 156 ^ Nascimiento Rodrigues/Tessaleno Devezas p. 122 ^ Knecht, French Civil Wars p. 272 ^ Goubert, Pierre (2002). The Course of French History. Routledge. p. 103. ^ Lytle Schurz, William (1922), "The Spanish Lake", The Hispanic American Historical Review, 5 (2): 181–194, doi:10.1215/00182168-5.2.181, JSTOR 2506024 ^ "Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes". Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 30 September 2014. ^ Relación y derrotero del viaje y descubrimiento del Estrecho de la Madre de Dios – antes llamado de Magallanes (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, según Amancio Landín, uno de sus más reputados biógrafos, nació en Pontevedra, hacia 1532. Julio Guillén—el marino-académico—, por su parte, dice que es posible fuera Colegial Mayor en la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, ciudad que fue—asegura—cuna del gran marino español. Este, no ha dejado aclarada la duda sobre su origen geográfico, pues afirmó ser natural de ambos lugares. ^ Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (1895). 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Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ a b Henk van Nierop, Treason in the Northern Quarter: War, Terror, and the Rule of Law in the Dutch Revolt (Princeton University Press, 2009), 69–70. ^ Henk van Nierop, Treason in the Northern Quarter: War, Terror, and the Rule of Law in the Dutch Revolt (Princeton University Press, 2009), 177. ^ a b Goodwin, Robert (2015). Spain: The Centre of the World 1519–1682. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 179–180. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". necrometrics.com. ^ Sharp Hume, Martín Andrew. The Spanish People: Their Origin, Growth and Influence. p. 372. ^ Henry Kamen, Philip of Spain (Yale University Press, 1997), 160. ^ James Tracy, The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588 (Oxford University Press, 2008), 141. ^ Black, Jeremy (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0521470339. ^ "Victimario Histórico Militar". ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). 500 Great Military Leaders. Vol. 1 & 2. p. 19. ^ Parker, Geoffrey, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars, London: Cambridge University Press, 1972 ISBN 0-521-08462-8, p. 35. ^ Kamen, Henry, The Duke of Alba, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. ^ Hatton, Barry, Queen of the Sea: A History of Lisbon, London: C. Hurst & Co., 2018, p. 89. ^ Adams, George Burton; Stephens, H. Morse, eds. (1901). "An Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain". Select Documents of English Constitutional History. MacMillan. p. 284 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c Louis Adrian Montrose, The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation, University of Chicago Press, 2006 ^ Berenguer, Gonzalo Velasco (2023). Habsburg England: Politics and Religion in the Reign of Philip I (1554–1558). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-53621-0. ^ A. F. Pollard, The History of England – From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603), Read Books, 2007 ^ Wim de Groot, The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557), Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005 ^ Robert Dudley Edwards, Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation, Taylor & Francis, 1977 ^ Treason Act 1554 ^ Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978 ^ The Numismatist, American Numismatic Association, 1971 ^ Francois Velde (25 July 2003). "Text of 1555 Bull". Heraldica.org. Retrieved 22 August 2012. ^ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. p. 296. ^ Tucker, Spencer (2011). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 183. ^ Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón. Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Volume III, Chapter III. Madrid. p. 51 ^ Koenigsberger, Helmut Georg (2012), Philip II, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, retrieved 31 January 2012 ^ The Myth of the Spanish Inquisition on YouTube (at 21:27 – 21:40). BBC. ^ a b c Murray, Stuart (2009). The library: an illustrated history. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4. ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7 In the introduction to this work, Felipe is mentioned as the most powerful European monarch by resources and army, depicting Europe at the time as a world full of unsolved issues and religious conflicts ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo (6th ed.). Espasa Calpe, Madrid. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. Yet again, the several points of view towards his reign are mentioned in the Introduction. ^ Kamen, Henry. Felipe de España, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1997. Cultural depictions of the King are mentioned, although Kamen tends to place himself with those favouring the King. ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. He discusses the lack of correspondence of the king because he ordered it burned, thus avoiding any chance of getting further into Philip's private life. ^ Vid. Marañón, Gregorio. Antonio Pérez: el hombre, el drama, la época. Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1951, 2 vols. Judiciously argued review on the harm Perez did to the king, analyzing the king's responsibility on the assassination of Escobedo. ^ Johonnot, James. "Ten Great Events in History – Chapter VII. The Invincible Armada". Authorama.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012. ^ Hume, Martin. Philip II of Spain, London, 1897. Martin tried to resurrect the prejudiced views concerning the king, as did Carl Bratli in his Filip of Spanien (Koebenhaven, 1909). By contrast, Ludwig Pfandl, in Felipe II. Bosquejo de una vida y un tiempo, Munich, 1938, assessed Philip's personality negatively. ^ In Felipe II (Madrid, 1943), W. T. Walsh depicts Felipe's reign as prosperous and successful. Fernández Álvarez, in España y los españoles en la Edad Moderna (Salamanca, 1979), points out how White Legend supporters flourished during the 1940s and 1950s, and how they omitted the darkest issues of Philip's reign. ^ Those kinds of adjectives can be read in M. Van Durme's 1953 El Cardenal Granvela. ^ Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II rey de España, ed. RAH, 1877, criticizes how Felipe's victories are minimised by English historians, and points out the small consequences of defeats such as the Armada. ^ Tonio Andrade and William Reger, eds., "Geoffrey Parker and Early Modern History" in The Limits of Empire: European Imperial Formations in Early Modern World History: Essays in Honor of Geoffrey Parker (Routledge, 2016), p. xxiii. ^ Not usually included in lists of monarchs, although legally recognized as co-monarch, as his reign ended de facto with Mary's death. ^ Rocquet, Claude-Henri. Bruegel; or The Workshop of Dreams. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991. ISBN 0226723429. ^ a b Waller, Maureen. Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England. St. Martin's Press (New York), 2006. ISBN 0-312-33801-5. ^ See, inter alia, "Amberes Archived 3 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine" (in Spanish) and Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins. ^ Cremades, Checa. Felipe II. Op. cit. in "The Place of Tudor England". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th Series, Vol. 12. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. ISBN 0521815614. ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2016). "6 Incest, Blind Faith, and Conquest: The Spanish Hapsburgs and Their Enemies". In Lacey, Jim (ed.). Great Strategic Rivalries: From the Classical World to the Cold War (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0190620462. ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2014). Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II (unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0300196535. ^ a b Armstrong, Edward (1911). "Charles V. (Roman Emperor)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ a b c d Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 139, 279. ISBN 9780722224731. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (in German). Vol. 7. p. 112 – via Wikisource. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ a b "Maria (D.). Rainha de Portugal". Portugal - Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico (in Portuguese). Vol. IV. pp. 823–824. Further reading Boyden, James M. The Courtier and the King: Ruy Gómez De Silva, Philip II, and the Court of Spain (University of California Press, 1995). Elliott, J. H. Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 (1966). Elliott, John H. "The decline of Spain". Past & Present 20 (1961): 52–75. Grierson, Edward. The Fatal Inheritance: Philip II and the Spanish Netherlands (1969). Gwynn, Aubrey. "A Catholic King: Philip II of Spain". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 22, no. 85 (1933), pp. 48–64. Hume, M. A. S. Philip II. of Spain (1903). Israel, Jonathan. "King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of 'Tyranny'". Co-herencia 15.28 (2018): 137–154. Kamen, Henry. Philip of Spain (Yale University Press, 1999), a major scholarly biography. Online free to borrow Kelsey, Harry. Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign (London, I.B. Tauris, 2011). Koenigsberger, H. G. The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516–1660 (1971). Online free to borrow López, Anna Santamaría. "'Great Faith is Necessary to Drink from this Chalice': Philip II in the Court of Mary Tudor, 1554–58." in Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer ed. by Joan-Lluis Palos and Magdalena S. Sanchez (2017) pp: 115–138. Lynch, John. Spain Under the Habsburgs: vol I: Empire and Absolutism: 1516–1598 (1965) Lynch, John. "Philip II and the Papacy". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 11 (1961): 23–42. Martinic, Mateo (1977). Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes (in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello. Merriman, R. B. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 vols, 1918). Vol. 4 has in-depth coverage of Philip II. Parker, Geoffrey. Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II (2014), a major scholarly biography. Parker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip II (Yale University Press, 1998). online review Parker, Geoffrey. Philip II (1995), short scholarly biography Parker, Geoffrey. The World is Not Enough: The Imperial Vision of Philip II of Spain (Baylor University Press, 2001). Parker, Geoffrey. "The Place of Tudor England in the Messianic Vision of Philip II of Spain". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (2002): 167–221. Patterson, Benton Rain. With the Heart of a King: Elizabeth I of England, Philip II of Spain & the Fight for a Nation's Soul & Crown (2007). Petrie, Charles. Philip II of Spain (1963), short scholarly biography. Pettegree, Andrew (2002). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Oxford, England: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20704-X.. Pierson, Peter. Philip II of Spain (1975). Prescott, William Hickling. A History of the Reign of Philip II, London, Boston, Philadelphia. 1855–1902. Redworth, Glyn. "Philip (1527–1598)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011. Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. "The Court of Philip II of Spain". In Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450–1650. Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. (Oxford University Press, 1991). ISBN 0-19-920502-7. Samson, Alexander. Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester University Press, 2020) excerpt. Samson, Alexander. "Power Sharing: The Co-monarchy of Philip and Mary", in Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth, ed. by Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010), pp. 159–172. Thomas, Hugh. World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II (Penguin UK, 2014); World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire (Random House, 2015) popular history. Waxman, Matthew C. "Strategic Terror: Philip II and Sixteenth-Century Warfare". War in History, vol. 4, no. 3 (1997): 339–347. Williams, Patrick. Philip II (Macmillan International Higher Education, 2017), a scholarly biography; excerpt Economic and cultural history Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (2 vols., 1976) vol. 1 free to borrow Clouse, Michele L. Medicine, Government and Public Health in Philip II's Spain: Shared Interests, Competing Authorities (Ashgate, 2013). Conklin, James. "The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II". Journal of Political Economy 106.3 (1998): 483–513, statistical Drelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II (Princeton University Press, 2016). Goodman, David. "Philip II's Patronage of Science and Engineering". British Journal for the History of Science 16.1 (1983): 49–66. Henriques, Antonio, and Nuno Pedro G. Palma. "Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385–1800" Archived 19 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. (2019), economics Kagan, Richard L. "Philip II and the Art of the Cityscape". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17.1 (1986): 115–135. Lazure, Guy. "Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial". Renaissance Quarterly 60.1 (2007): 58–93. Matthews, P. G. "Portraits of Philip II of Spain as King of England". Burlington Magazine 142.1162 (2000): 13–19. Miller, Stephanie R. "A Tale of Two Portraits: Titian's Seated Portraits of Philip II". Visual Resources 28.1 (2012): 103–116. Samson, Alexander. "Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554". Sixteenth Century Journal (2005): 761–784. Scully, Robert E. "'In the Confident Hope of a Miracle': The Spanish Armada and Religious Mentalities in the Late Sixteenth Century". Catholic Historical Review 89.4 (2003): 643–670. Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain (Yale University Press, 1993). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Felipe II de España. Wikiquote has quotations related to Philip II of Spain. Letters of Philip II, King of Spain 1592–1597, online edition at Brigham Young University "Philip II. of Spain" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). 1885. pp. 743–746. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Philip II" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Portraits of Philip II, King of Spain at the National Portrait Gallery, London Philip II of Spain House of HabsburgBorn: 21 May 1527 Died: 13 September 1598 Regnal titles Preceded byMary Ias sole monarch King of England and Ireland (jure uxoris) 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 Succeeded byElizabeth I Preceded byEmperor Charles V Duke of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxemburg;Marquis of Namur; Count Palatine of Burgundy;Count of Artois, Flanders and Hainaut 16 January 1556 – 6 May 1598 Succeeded byIsabella Clara EugeniaAlbert Count of Charolais 21 September 1558 – 6 May 1598 Duke of Guelders;Count of Zutphen, Holland and Zeeland 16 January 1556 – 26 July 1581 Dutch Republic King of Naples and Sicily 1554–1598 Succeeded byPhilip III King of Spain and Sardinia 1556–1598 Preceded byHenry King of Portugal 1581–1598 VacantTitle last held byFrancesco II Sforza Duke of Milan 1540–1598 Spanish royalty VacantTitle last held byCharles I Prince of Asturias 1528–1556 Succeeded byCarlos Prince of Girona 1527–1556 Articles related to Philip II of Spain vteMonarchs of SpainList of monarchs | Monarchs' family treeDynastic union Isabella I & Ferdinand V Joanna & Philip I Personal union Charles I Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II Real union Philip V Louis I Philip V Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Joseph Ferdinand VII Isabella II Amadeo Alfonso XII Alfonso XIII Juan Carlos I Felipe VI vteMonarchs of AragonHouse of Jiménez Ramiro I Sancho Peter I Alfonso I Ramiro II Petronilla House of Barcelona Alfonso II Peter II James I Peter III Alfonso III James II Alfonso IV Peter IV John I Martin House of Trastámara Ferdinand I Alfonso V John II Ferdinand II Joanna House of Habsburg Charles I Philip I Philip II Philip III Charles II Charles III House of Bourbon Philip IV vteMonarchs of CastileHouse of Jiménez Ferdinand I Sancho II Alfonso VI Urraca House of Burgundy Alfonso VII Sancho III Alfonso VIII Henry I Berengaria Ferdinand III Alfonso X Sancho IV Ferdinand IV Alfonso XI Peter House of Trastámara Henry II John I Henry III John II Henry IV Isabella I & Ferdinand V Joanna & Philip I House of Habsburg Charles I Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II House of Bourbon Philip V vteMonarchs of NavarreHouse of Íñiguez Íñigo Arista García Íñiguez Fortún Garcés House of Jiménez Sancho I Jimeno Garcés García Sánchez I Sancho II García Sánchez II Sancho III García Sánchez III Sancho IV Sancho VA Peter IA Alfonso IA García Ramírez Sancho VI Sancho VII House of Champagne Theobald I Theobald II Henry I Joan I House of Capet Philip IF Louis IF John IF Philip IIF Charles IF Joan II House of Évreux Philip III Charles II Charles III Blanche I House of Trastámara John IIA Charles IV Blanche II Eleanor House of Foix Francis Phoebus Catherine House of Albret John III House of Albret - Lower Navarre Henry II Joan III House of Bourbon - Lower Navarre Antoine Henry IIIF Louis IIF Louis IIIF Louis IVF Louis VF Louis VIF Charles VF House of Trastámara - Upper Navarre Ferdinand IA Joan IIIS House of Habsburg - Upper Navarre Charles IVS Philip IVS Philip VS Philip VIS Charles VS House of Bourbon - Upper Navarre Philip VIIS Louis IIS Ferdinand IIS Charles VIS Charles VIIS Ferdinand IIIS Isabella IS AAlso King of Aragon. FAlso King of France. SAlso King/Queen of Spain. vteSpanish EmpireTimeline–immersed Catholic Monarchs Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific Treaty of Tordesillas Italian Wars Habsburgs Golden Age War of the League of Cognac Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman–Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Bruneian–Spanish conflict Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Piracy in the Caribbean Eighty Years' War Spanish–Moro conflict Thirty Years' War Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) Portuguese Restoration War War of the Spanish Succession Queen Anne's War Bourbons Bourbon Reforms War of Jenkins' Ear Treaty of Madrid (1750) Seven Years' War Nootka Convention Napoleonic invasion Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Independence of Spanish continental Americas Adams–Onís Treaty Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish–American War German–Spanish Treaty (1899) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco Independence of Equatorial Guinea Western Sahara conflict TerritoriesEurope Spain Crown of Castille Crown of Aragon Union with Portugal Gibraltar Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia) Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France Franche-Comté Pyrénées-Orientales Asia Philippines Pacific Islands (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau) Northern Taiwan Tidore North America New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico , Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean) Central America Captaincy General of Guatemala Cuba Dominican Republic Puerto Rico Trinidad Jamaica Haiti Aruba Curazao Bonaire Belize South America New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile) Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas) Africa Equatorial Guinea Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby) Antarctica Terra Australis Administration Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Exequatur Laws of the Indies Papal bull Royal Decree of Graces Trial of residence School of Salamanca Administrative subdivisionsViceroyalties Columbian New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida La Luisiana New Andalusia (1501–1513) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Spain New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Terra Australis Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo EconomyCurrencies Dollar (Peso) Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires MilitaryArmies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Ships of the line Royalists Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Blas de Lezo Bernardo de Gálvez Mariners Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Luis Fajardo Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor García López de Cárdenas Notable battlesOld WorldWon Comuneros Bicocca Rome (1527) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Vienna (1529) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands (1558) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Manila Bay Trafalgar Somosierra Annual Mactan New WorldWon Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Penco Mataquito Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan (1595) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros (Paraguay) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan (1797) Lost La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Curalaba Comuneros (New Granada) Trinidad (1797) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Asomante Spanish conquests Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca Philippines Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican Codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Tapada limeña Academia Antártica Colonial universities in Hispanic America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Mustang Castas Criollos in the colonial society Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others) Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 vteMonarchs of PortugalHouse of Burgundy (1139–1383) Afonso I Sancho I Afonso II Sancho II Afonso III Denis I Afonso IV Peter I Ferdinand I Beatrice I House of Aviz (1385–1580) John I Edward I Afonso V John II Manuel I John III Sebastian I Henry I Anthony I House of Habsburg (1581–1640) Philip I Philip II Philip III House of Braganza (1640–1910) John IV Afonso VI Peter II John V Joseph I Maria I with Peter III John VI Peter IV Maria II Miguel I Maria II with Ferdinand II Peter V Luís I Carlos I Manuel II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. vteEnglish, Scottish and British monarchsMonarchs of England until 1603Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. vteMonarchs of Naples Charles I* Charles II Robert Joanna I with Louis I Charles III Ladislaus (1st reign) Louis II Ladislaus (2nd reign) Joanna II René I Alfonso I* Ferdinand I Alfonso II Ferdinand II Frederick Louis III Ferdinand III* Joanna III* Charles IV* Philip I* Philip II* Philip III* Charles V* Charles VI* Charles VII* Ferdinand IV* (1st reign) Parthenopean Republic Ferdinand IV* (2nd reign) Joseph I Joachim I Ferdinand IV* (3rd reign) *Also Monarch of Sicily vteMonarchs of SicilyCounty of Sicily (1071–1130) Roger I Simon Roger II Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816) Roger II William I William II Tancred Roger III William III Constance I Henry I Frederick I Henry II Conrad I Conrad II Manfred Charles I Constance II Peter I James I Frederick II Peter II Louis Frederick III Maria Martin I Martin II Ferdinand I Alfonso I John Ferdinand II Joanna Charles II Philip I Philip II Philip III Charles III Philip IV Victor Amadeus Charles IV Charles V Ferdinand III vteMonarchs of LuxembourgCounty of Luxemburg (963–1354)Elder House of Luxembourg (963–1136) Siegfried (963–998) Henry I (998–1026) Henry II (1026–1047) Giselbert (1047–1059) Conrad I (1059–1086) Henry III (1086–1096) William I (1096–1131) Conrad II (1131–1136) House of Namur (1136–1189) Henry IV (1136–1189) House of Hohenstaufen (1196–1197) Otto (1196–1197) House of Namur (1197–1247) Ermesinde (1197–1247), with Theobald (1197–1214), and then Waleran (1214–1226) House of Limburg (1247–1354) Henry V (1247–1281) Henry VI (1281–1288) Henry VII (1288–1313) John I (1313–1346) Charles I (1346–1353) Wenceslaus I (1353–1354) Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794)House of Limburg (1354–1443) Wenceslaus I (1354–1383) Wenceslaus II (1383–1388) Jobst (1388–1411) Elisabeth (1411–1443) with Anthony (1411–1415), and then John II (1418–1425) House of Valois-Burgundy (1443–1482) Philip I (1443–1467) Charles II (1467–1477) Mary I (1477–1482) and Maximilian I (1477–1482) House of Habsburg (1482–1700) Philip II (1482–1506) Charles III (1506–1556) Philip III (1556–1598) Isabella Clara Eugenia (1598–1621) and Albert (1598–1621) Philip IV (1621–1665) Charles IV (1665–1700) House of Bourbon (1700–1712) Philip V (1700–1712) House of Wittelsbach (1712–1713) Maximilian II (1712–1713) House of Habsburg (1713–1780) Charles V (1713–1740) Mary II (1740–1780) House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1780–1794) Joseph (1780–1790) Leopold (1790–1792) Francis (1792–1794) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815)House of Orange-Nassau (1815–1890) William I (1815–1840) William II (1840–1849) William III (1849–1890) House of Nassau-Weilburg (1890–present) Adolphe (1890–1905) William IV (1905–1912) Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919) Charlotte (1919–1964) Jean (1964–2000) Henri (since 2000) vteInfantes of SpainThe generations indicate descent from Carlos I, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.1st generation Felipe II 2nd generation Carlos, Prince of Asturias Fernando, Prince of Asturias Diego, Prince of Asturias Felipe III 3rd generation Felipe IV Infante Carlos Infante Fernando Infante Alonso 4th generation Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias Carlos II 5th generation None 6th generation None 7th generation Luis I Infante Felipe Pedro Fernando VI Carlos III Felipe I, Duke of Parma Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón 8th generation Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria Carlos IV Fernando I of the Two Sicilies Infante Gabriel Infante Antonio Pascual Infante Francisco Javier Fernando I, Duke of Parma1 9th generation Fernando VII Infante Carlos, Count of Molina Infante Francisco de Paula Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal1 Luis I of Etruria2 10th generation Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier2 Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin1 Infante Juan, Count of Montizón1 Infante Fernando1 Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain1 Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville1 Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal1 Carlos II, Duke of Parma1 11th generation Alfonso XII Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti2 Infante Luis Fernando2 Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera1 Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime1 Carlos III, Duke of Parma1 12th generation Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies2 Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria2 Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera1 Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans1 Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid1 Roberto I, Duke of Parma1 13th generation Alfonso, Prince of Asturias Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona Infante Gonzalo Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria1 Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera 14th generation Juan Carlos I Infante Alfonso Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria1 15th generation Felipe VI 16th generation None 1 title granted by Royal Decree 2 consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante vteAustrian archdukesGenerations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.1st generation Frederick V Albert VI Sigismund 2nd generation Maximilian I 3rd generation Philip I of Castile 4th generation Charles I Ferdinand I 5th generation Philip II of SpainS Maximilian II Ferdinand II Charles II 6th generation Charles, Prince of AsturiasS Ferdinand, Prince of AsturiasS Diego, Prince of AsturiasSP Philip III of SpainSP Rudolf V Ernest Matthias Maximilian III Albert VII Wenceslaus Ferdinand III Maximilian Ernest Leopold V Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw 7th generation Philip IV of SpainSP CharlesSP FerdinandSP AlonsoSP Ferdinand IV Leopold Wilhelm Ferdinand Charles Sigismund Francis 8th generation Balthasar Charles, Prince of AsturiasSP Philip Prospero, Prince of AsturiasS Charles II of SpainS Ferdinand IV of Hungary Leopold VI Charles Joseph 9th generation Joseph I Leopold Joseph Charles III 11th generation Joseph IIT Charles JosephT Leopold VIIT FerdinandT Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of CologneT 12th generation Emperor Francis IT Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of TuscanyT CharlesT Alexander LeopoldT JosephT Anton VictorT JohnT Rainer JosephT LouisT Cardinal RudolfT Francis IV, Duke of ModenaM Ferdinand Karl JosephM MaximilianM Karl Ambrosius, Primate of HungaryM 13th generation Emperor Ferdinand I Joseph Franz Franz Karl Leopold II, Grand Duke of TuscanyT Albrecht Karl Ferdinand Frederick Ferdinand Wilhelm Franz Stephen Joseph Karl Leopold Ludwig Ernest Sigismund Rainer Ferdinand Heinrich Anton Francis V, Duke of ModenaM Ferdinand Karl ViktorM 14th generation Emperor Franz Joseph I Maximilian I of Mexico Karl Ludwig Ludwig Viktor Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyT Karl SalvatorT Ludwig SalvatorT John SalvatorT Friedrich Charles Stephen Eugen Joseph August Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 15th generation Crown Prince Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Otto Ferdinand Karl Leopold FerdinandT Josef FerdinandT Peter FerdinandT Leopold SalvatorT Franz SalvatorT Albrecht Franz Karl Albrecht Leo Karl Wilhelm Joseph Francis 16th generation Emperor Charles I Maximilian HabsburgTuscany GottfriedT RainerT Leopold MariaT AntonT Franz JosephT Karl PiusT Franz Karl SalvatorT Hubert SalvatorT Palatinesof Hungary Joseph Árpád Géza 17th generationDescent ofCharles I Crown Prince Otto Robert Felix Carl Ludwig Rudolf Tuscany DominicT Palatines Eduard 18th generationCharles Karl Georg LorenzB Karl Philipp Simeon 19th generationCharles Ferdinand Zvonimir Károly AmedeoB S: also an infante of Spain P: also an infante of Portugal T: also a prince of Tuscany M: also a prince of Modena B: also a prince of Belgium vtePrinces and Princesses of Asturias Henry (1388–90) Maria (1402–05) John (1405–06) Catherine (1423–24) Eleanor (1424–25) Henry (1425–54) Joanna (1462–64) Alfonso (1464–68) Isabella (1468–70) Isabella (1470–78) John (1478–97) Isabella (1497–98) Michael (1498–1500) Joanna (1502–04) Charles (1504–16) Philip (1527–56) Charles (1556–68) Ferdinand (1571–78) Diego (1578–82) Philip (1582–98) Philip (1605–21) Balthasar Charles (1629–1646) Philip Prospero (1657–1661) Charles (1661–1665) Louis (1709–24) Ferdinand (1724–46) Charles (1759–88) Ferdinand (1788–1808) Isabella (1830–33) Isabella (1851–57) Alfonso (1857–68) Emanuele Filiberto (1871–73) Isabella (1875–80) Mercedes (1881–1904) Alfonso (1907–38) Felipe (1977–2014) Leonor (2014– ) vtePrinces and Princesses of Girona Infanta Leonor (2014-present) Infante Felipe (1977-2014) Infante Alfonso (1907–1931) Infante Charles (1661-1665) Infante Philip Prospero (1657-1661) Infante Balthasar Charles (1629–1646) Philip IV (1605-1621) Infante Philip (1582-1598) Infante Diego (1578-1582) Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578) Infante Charles (1556-1568) Philip II (1527-1556) Infante Charles (1504-1516) Infanta Joanna (1509-1516) Infante John (1509) Infanta Joanna (1502-1509) Infante Michael of Portugal (1498-1500) Infante John (1479-1497) Infante Ferdinand (1461-1479) Infante Charles (1458-1461) Infante Alfonso (1416) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium 2 United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"King of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"King of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"his marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Seventeen Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Portuguese throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"of the Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Ruy López de Villalobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos"},{"link_name":"Spanish Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"debt-leveraged regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt"},{"link_name":"state defaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_default"},{"link_name":"declaration of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"English Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada"},{"link_name":"1596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"1597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Philip II[note 1] (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain[note 2] from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558.[1] He was also Duke of Milan from 1540.[2] From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire in 1556 and succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests of the Inca Empire and of the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace El Escorial in 1584.Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Huguenots. In 1588, he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in 1596 and 1597. The Anglo-Spanish War carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death.[3][4]Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).[5]","title":"Philip II of Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Leonor de Mascareñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_de_Mascare%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"Juan Martínez Siliceo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Siliceo"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot"},{"link_name":"archduke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JBE-9"},{"link_name":"Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Juana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Rui Gomes da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_G%C3%B3mez_de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_y_Requesens"},{"link_name":"commendador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commendador"},{"link_name":"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546"},{"link_name":"Siege of Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Perpignan_(1542)"},{"link_name":"Dauphin of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Aragonese Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon#Early_Cortes"},{"link_name":"Monzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"regency of the Spanish kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regents"},{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Francisco de los Cobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_los_Cobos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Baptism of Philip II in Valladolid, Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in Palacio de Pimentel (Valladolid)A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip was the son of Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal. He was born in the Castilian capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527 at Palacio de Pimentel,[6] which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess Leonor de Mascareñas, and tutored by Juan Martínez Siliceo, the future archbishop of Toledo. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over Latin, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father as a polyglot. While Philip was also an archduke of Austria, he was seen as a foreigner in the Holy Roman Empire. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne.[7]In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the Cortes of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her Portuguese ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, María and Juana, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman Rui Gomes da Silva and Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, the son of his governor. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would Antonio Pérez, his secretary from 1541.Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens, a Castilian nobleman who served as the commendador mayor of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba during the Italian Wars. Philip was present at the Siege of Perpignan in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the Dauphin of France. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the Aragonese Cortes at Monzón. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the regency of the Spanish kingdoms in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the Duke of Milan in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen.Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary Francisco de los Cobos and the general, the Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised \"piety, patience, modesty, and distrust\". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, \"he had a smile that was cut by a sword\".[8]","title":"Early life: 1527–1544"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"several titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Heir_Apparent_to_the_Spanish_Throne#Titles_held_by_the_heir_apparent_to_the_Spanish_Throne"},{"link_name":"heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Spanish_throne"},{"link_name":"Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre#Spanish_conquest"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"War across Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)#Madrid"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Jeanne III of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Béarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscounty_of_B%C3%A9arn"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthonis Mor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonis_Mor"},{"link_name":"realm specific laws (fueros)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueros_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"November 1592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_of_Tarazona_(1592)"},{"link_name":"secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg"},{"link_name":"order of the garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_garter"},{"link_name":"Jooris van der Straeten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooris_van_der_Straeten"},{"link_name":"Morisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco"},{"link_name":"Morisco Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Spanish Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Sofonisba Anguissola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola"}],"text":"After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign,[9] Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The Spanish Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a personal union of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords.[10]Philip carried several titles as heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire, including Prince of Asturias. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was Navarre, a realm invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513). War across Navarre continued until 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King Henry II of Navarre—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, Jeanne III of Navarre. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre and a prince of independent Béarn, as well as lord of a large part of southern France. However, the French nobility under Francis I opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541.Philip, in the prime of his life, by Anthonis MorIn his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (Cortes, The Three States) and the Diputación for breach of the realm specific laws (fueros)—violation of the pactum subjection is as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session.In November 1592, the Parliament (Cortes) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General (Justicia) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his secretary Antonio Pérez taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in Pamplona at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the Santa Maria Cathedral. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled.Philip II wearing the order of the garter by Jooris van der Straeten, c. 1554Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern Kingdom of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces.Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the New World proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy.Spanish culture flourished during Philip's reign, beginning the \"Spanish Golden Age\", creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. One of the notable artists from Philip II's court was Sofonisba Anguissola, who gained fame for her talent and unusual role as a woman artist.","title":"Domestic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg"},{"link_name":"ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan sums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_sums"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Estates General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Perez affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Primacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Royal Alcázar of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Moriscos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Portrait of Philip II on 1/5 Philipsdaalder, struck 1566, Guelders, Low CountriesCharles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as Neapolitan sums).[11] Lenders had no power over the King and could not force him to repay his loans. These defaults were just the beginning of Spain's economic troubles as its kings would default six more times in the next 65 years.[12] Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened the Spanish kingdoms and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians.[13]The Spanish kingdoms were subject to different assemblies: the Cortes in Castile, the assembly in Navarre, and one each for the four kingdoms of Aragon, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made the Spanish kingdoms and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France, which while divided into regional states, had a single Estates General. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power defaulting into Philip II's hands, especially as manager and final arbiter of the constant conflict between different authorities. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip II felt it necessary to be involved in the detail, and he presided over specialised councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition.Philip II played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs inefficiently, even to the extent of damaging state business, as in the Perez affair. Following a fire in Valladolid in 1561, he resisted calls to move his Court to Lisbon, an act that could have curbed centralisation and bureaucracy domestically as well as relaxed rule in the Empire as a whole. Instead, with the traditional Royal and Primacy seat of Toledo now essentially obsolete, he moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of Madrid. Except for a brief period under Philip III of Spain, Madrid has remained the capital of Spain. It was around this time that Philip II converted the Royal Alcázar of Madrid into a royal palace; the works, which lasted from 1561 until 1598, were done by tradesmen who came from the Netherlands, Italy, and France.King Philip II ruled at a critical turning point in European history toward modernity whereas his father Charles V had been forced to an itinerant rule as a medieval king. He mainly directed state affairs, even when not at Court. Indeed, when his health began failing, he worked from his quarters at the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of El Escorial that he had built in 1584, a palace built as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. But Philip did not enjoy the supremacy that King Louis XIV of France would in the next century, nor was such a rule necessarily possible at his time. The inefficiencies of the Spanish state and the restrictively regulated industry under his rule were common to many contemporary countries. Further, the dispersal of the Moriscos from Granada—motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion—had serious negative effects on the economy,[citation needed] particularly in that region.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Cologne War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"war with England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"John of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union"},{"link_name":"relaciones geográficas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_geogr%C3%A1ficas"}],"text":"Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Empire and against the forces of the Protestant Reformation. He never relented from his fight against heresy, defending the Catholic faith and limiting freedom of worship within his territories.[14] These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the Revolt of the Netherlands in 1568, Philip waged a campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It also dragged in the English and the French at times and expanded into the German Rhineland with the Cologne War. This series of conflicts lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement and focus in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and caused economic difficulties for the Crown and even bankruptcies.Personal guidon of Philip IIIn 1588, the English defeated Philip's Spanish Armada, thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism. But war with England continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the Low Countries. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of Portugal.The administration of overseas conquests was reformed. Extensive questionnaires were distributed to every major town and region in New Spain called relaciones geográficas. These surveys helped the Spanish monarchy to govern Philip's overseas possessions more effectively.","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"throne of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Pope Julius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_III"},{"link_name":"throne of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vargas_y_Mexia"},{"link_name":"Apostolic See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Carlo Carafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Carafa"},{"link_name":"Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiuRebiba-19"},{"link_name":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of St. Quentin (1557)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gravelines (1558)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"State of Presidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Presidi"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Council of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Franco-Habsburg wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Habsburg_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Charles V abdicated the throne of Naples to Philip on 25 July 1554, and the young king was invested with the kingdom (officially a Papal fief) on 2 October by Pope Julius III. The date of Charles' abdication of the throne of Sicily is uncertain, but Philip was invested with this kingdom on 18 November 1554 by Julius.[15] In 1556, Philip decided to invade the Papal States and temporarily held territory there, perhaps in response to Pope Paul IV's anti-Spanish outlook. According to Philip II, he was doing it for the benefit of the Church.In a letter to the Princess Dowager of Portugal, Regent of the Spanish kingdoms, dated 22 September 1556, Francisco de Vargas wrote:I have reported to your Highness what has been happening here, and how far the Pope is going in his fury and vain imaginings. His Majesty could not do otherwise than have a care for his reputation and dominions. I am sure your Highness will have had more recent news from the Duke of Alva, who has taken the field with an excellent army and has penetrated so far into the Pope's territory that his cavalry is raiding up to ten miles from Rome, where there is such panic that the population would have run away had not the gates been closed. The Pope has fallen ill with rage, and was struggling with a fever on the 16th of this month. The two Carafa brothers, the Cardinal and Count Montorio, do not agree, and they and Piero Strozzi are not on as good terms as they were in the past. They would like to discuss peace. The best thing would be for the Pope to die, for he is the poison at the root of all this trouble and more which may occur. His Majesty's intention is only to wrest the knife from this madman's hand and make him return to a sense of his dignity, acting like the protector of the Apostolic See, in whose name, and that of the College of Cardinals, his Majesty has publicly proclaimed that he has seized all he is occupying. The Pope is now sending again to the potentates of Italy for help. I hope he will gain as little thereby as he has done in the past, and that the French will calm down. May God give us peace in the end, as their Majesties desire and deserve![16]In response to the invasion, Pope Paul IV called for a French military intervention. After minor fights in Lazio and near Rome, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Viceroy of Naples met Cardinal Carlo Carafa and signed the Treaty of Cave as a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the Papal States and the Pope declared a neutral position between France and the Spanish kingdoms.[17]Philip led the Spanish kingdoms into the final phase of the Italian Wars. A Spanish advance into France from the Low Countries led to their important victory at the Battle of St. Quentin (1557). The French were defeated again at the Battle of Gravelines (1558). The resulting Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559 secured Piedmont to the Duchy of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa. Both Genoa and Savoy were allies of Spain and, although Savoy subsequently declared its neutrality between France and Spain, Genoa remained a crucial financial ally for Philip during his entire reign. The treaty also confirmed Philip's control over Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Therefore, all of southern Italy was under Spanish rule as part of the Crown of Aragon. In the north, Milan was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire held by Philip. Attached to the Kingdom of Naples, the State of Presidi in Tuscany gave Philip the possibility to monitor maritime traffic to southern Italy, whilst the grant of the Duchy of Siena to the new Grand Duchy of Tuscany, ensured it would remain a Spanish ally. The Council of Italy was set up by Philip in order to co-ordinate his rule over the states of Milan, Naples and Sicily. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60-year Franco-Habsburg wars for supremacy in Italy. It marked also the beginning of a period of peace between the Pope and Philip, as their European interests converged, although political differences remained and diplomatic contrasts eventually re-emerged.By the end of the wars in 1559, Habsburg Spain had been established as the premier power of Europe, to the detriment of France. In France, Henry II was fatally wounded in a joust held during the celebrations of the peace. His death led to the accession of his 15-year-old son Francis II, who in turn soon died. The French monarchy was thrown into turmoil, which increased further with the outbreak of the French Wars of Religion that would last for several decades. The states of Italy were reduced to second-rate powers, with Spain dominating the peninsula. Mary Tudor's death in 1558 enabled Philip to seal the treaty by marrying Henry II's daughter, Elisabeth of Valois, later giving him a claim to the throne of France on behalf of his daughter by Elisabeth, Isabella Clara Eugenia.","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"House of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Vaucelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Vaucelles"},{"link_name":"Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"link_name":"War of the Portuguese Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession"},{"link_name":"António","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Filippo Strozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_di_Piero_Strozzi"},{"link_name":"Florentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Battle of Terceira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Terceira"},{"link_name":"São Miguel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Island"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhilipIIbust.JPG"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Leoni"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Azores"},{"link_name":"Álvaro de Bazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Portugal into the Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Salic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_law"},{"link_name":"Parlement of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"siege of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris,_1590"},{"link_name":"siege of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fontaine-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontaine-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Doullens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Doullens"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Le Catelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Catelet_(1595)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"conquered Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"reconquer Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Peace of Vervins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) were primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. Philip claimed descent from Constantine I and Charlemagne, justifying his intervention in French Wars of Religion and his continuing efforts to depose Henry IV of France.[18]Philip signed the Treaty of Vaucelles with Henry II of France in 1556. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territory of Franche-Comté in Burgundy was to be relinquished to Philip. However, the treaty was broken shortly afterwards. France and the Spanish kingdoms waged war in northern France and Italy over the following years. Spanish victories at St. Quentin and Gravelines led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, in which France recognised Spanish sovereignty over Franche-Comté.During the War of the Portuguese Succession, the pretender António fled to France following his defeats and, as Philip's armies had not yet occupied the Azores, he sailed there with a large Anglo-French fleet under Filippo Strozzi, a Florentine exile in the service of France. The naval Battle of Terceira took place on 26 July 1582, in the sea near the Azores, off São Miguel Island, as part of the War of the Portuguese Succession and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The Spanish navy defeated the combined Anglo-French fleet that had sailed to preserve control of the Azores under António. The French naval contingent was the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV.[19]A marble bust of Philip II of Spain by Pompeo Leoni, Metropolitan Museum of ArtThe Spanish victory at Terceira was followed by the Battle of the Azores between the Portuguese loyal to the claimant António, supported by French and English troops, and the Spanish-Portuguese forces loyal to Philip commanded by the admiral Don Álvaro de Bazán. Victory in Azores completed the incorporation of Portugal into the Spanish Empire.[20]Philip financed the Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion. He directly intervened in the final phases of the wars (1589–1598), ordering Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma into France in an effort to unseat Henry IV, and perhaps dreaming of placing his favourite daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, on the French throne. Elisabeth of Valois, Philip's third wife and Isabella's mother, had already ceded any claim to the French Crown with her marriage to Philip and in France the Salic law remained in effect. However, the Parlement of Paris, in power of the Catholic party, gave verdict that Isabella Clara Eugenia was \"the legitimate sovereign\" of France. Philip's interventions in the fighting—sending the Duke of Parma to end Henry IV's siege of Paris in 1590 and the siege of Rouen in 1592—contributed in saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant monarchy.In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. By the end of 1594 certain League members were still working against Henry across the country, but all relied on the support of the Spanish Crown. In January 1595, therefore, Henry officially declared war on the Spanish Crown, to show Catholics that Philip was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state, and Protestants that he had not become a puppet of the Spanish Crown through his conversion, while hoping to reconquer large parts of northern France from the Franco-Spanish Catholic forces.[21]French victory at the Battle of Fontaine-Française in Burgundy, 5 June 1595, marked an end to the Catholic League in France. The French also made some progress during an invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. They captured Ham and massacred the small Spanish garrison, provoking anger among the Spanish ranks.[citation needed] The Spanish launched a concerted offensive that year, taking Doullens, Cambrai, and Le Catelet; at Doullens, they massacred 4,000 of its citizens.[22] On 24 April 1596, the Spanish also conquered Calais. Following the Spanish capture of Amiens in March 1597, the French Crown laid siege to it until it managed to reconquer Amiens from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. Henry then negotiated a peace with the Spanish Crown. The war was only drawn to an official close, however, with the Peace of Vervins in May 1598.The 1598 Treaty of Vervins was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France, and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith—matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king.","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman–Habsburg wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto"},{"link_name":"Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(flag)"},{"link_name":"tercios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercio"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Piyale Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyale_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca"},{"link_name":"Hayreddin Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Knights of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Andrea Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Doria"},{"link_name":"Andrea Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Doria"},{"link_name":"Djerba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerba"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Turgut Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_Reis"},{"link_name":"Battle of Djerba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba"},{"link_name":"Álvaro de Sande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Sande"},{"link_name":"a large expedition to Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1565)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"John of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Uluç Ali Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Mediterranean","text":"Further information: Ottoman–Habsburg warsTitian; after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Philip offers his short-lived heir Fernando to Glory in this allegory.Standard of the tercios morados of the Spanish army under Philip IIIn the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy.In 1558, Turkish admiral Piyale Pasha captured the Balearic Islands, especially inflicting great damage on Menorca and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely the Spanish Crown and Venice, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of \"Turkish invincibility\" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people.In 1560, Philip II organised a Holy League between the Spanish kingdoms and the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Papal States, the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta. The joint fleet was assembled at Messina and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of Giovanni Andrea Doria, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral Andrea Doria.On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of Djerba, which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between Algiers and Tripoli. As a response, Suleiman sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis (who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) won an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Djerba. The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria was barely able to escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. Álvaro de Sande, attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by Turgut Reis. In 1565 the Ottomans sent a large expedition to Malta, which laid siege to several forts on the island, taking some of them. The Spanish sent a relief force, which finally drove the Ottoman army out of the island.The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, by the Holy League under the command of Philip's half brother, Don John of Austria. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, reconquered Tunis from the Ottomans in 1573. The Turks soon rebuilt their fleet, and in 1574 Uluç Ali Reis managed to recapture Tunis with a force of 250 galleys and a siege that lasted 40 days. Thousands of Spanish and Italian soldiers became prisoners. Nevertheless, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of Ottoman control. In 1585 a peace treaty was signed with the Ottomans.[citation needed]","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"mare clausum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_clausum"},{"link_name":"Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lytle-25"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCLEstrecho-26"},{"link_name":"Nombre de Jesús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_de_Jes%C3%BAs_(Patagonia)"},{"link_name":"Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_del_Hambre"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977121-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Chiloé Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urbina2013-33"},{"link_name":"Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urbina2017-34"}],"text":"Further information: Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of MagellanArmour of Philip IIDuring Philip's reign Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic, the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships.[23] To end navigation by rival powers in the Strait of Magellan Spanish viceroy Francisco de Toledo ordered Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa to explore the strait and found settlements on its shores.[24]In 1584, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded two colonies in the strait: Nombre de Jesús, and Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe. The latter was established north of the strait with 300 settlers.[25][26] The new colonies suffered from high death rates, likely as a consequence of executions, brawls, violent encounters with indigenous peoples and diseases which were rife.[27] A contributing cause for failure of the settlement may have been poor morale, an issue that plagued the venture almost from the beginning. [27] This can in part be explained by a series of difficulties the expedition had to go through between the departure from Spain and the arrival to the strait.[27] Philip II's inaction despite repeated pleas by Sarmiento to aid the ailing colony has been attributed to the strain on Spain's resources that resulted from wars with England and Dutch rebels.[28]In 1587, English corsairs renamed Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe, Puerto del Hambre, or \"Port Famine\". Most of the settlers had died from cold or starvation.[29] When Sir Thomas Cavendish landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement.[30] The Spanish failure at colonizing the Strait of Magellan caused Chiloé Archipelago to assume the role of protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions.[31] Valdivia and Chiloé acted as sentries, being hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia.[32]","title":"Strait of Magellan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Kruseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Kruseman"},{"link_name":"Seventeen Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"open warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Granvelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Granvelle"},{"link_name":"persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Iconoclast Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt#1566_%E2%80%94_Iconoclasm_and_repression"},{"link_name":"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Lamoral, Count of Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont"},{"link_name":"Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_Montmorency,_Count_of_Horn"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"central square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Place"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Fury_at_Mechelen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nierop69-70-35"},{"link_name":"Naarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Naarden"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutphen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nierop69-70-35"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jemmingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jemmingen"},{"link_name":"Saint James \"the Moorslayer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Matamoros"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-37"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"Prince of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Zeeland"},{"link_name":"Siege of Alkmaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Alkmaar"},{"link_name":"Fadrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadrique_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-37"},{"link_name":"Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Army of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Louis of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mookerheyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mookerheyde"},{"link_name":"Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Nassau-Dillenburg"},{"link_name":"treasure fleets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Spanish Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Fury"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gembloux (1578)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)"},{"link_name":"Tournai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai"},{"link_name":"Oudenaarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudenaarde"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards,_1590.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balthasar Gerards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Gerards"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"States General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Union of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Act of Abjuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration"},{"link_name":"southern Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"Balthasar Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_G%C3%A9rard"},{"link_name":"Maurice of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"end in 1648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Philip II berating William of Orange, by Cornelis KrusemanPhilip's rule in the Seventeen Provinces known collectively as the Netherlands faced many difficulties, leading to open warfare in 1568. He appointed his half-sister Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands, when he left the low countries for the Spanish kingdoms in 1559, but forced her to adjust policy to the advice of Cardinal Granvelle, who was greatly disliked in the Netherlands, after he insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over two weeks' ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands and the incessant persecution of Protestants. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the Iconoclast Fury; in response to growing Protestant influence, the army of the Iron Duke (Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba) went on the offensive. In 1568, Alba had Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn executed in Brussels' central square, further alienating the local aristocracy. There were massacres of civilians in Mechelen,[33] Naarden,[34] Zutphen[33] and Haarlem. In 1571, Alba erected at Antwerp a bronze statue of himself trampling the rebellious Dutch under his horse's hooves, cast from the melted-down cannon looted by the Spanish troops after the Battle of Jemmingen in 1568; it was modelled on medieval images of the Spanish patron Saint James \"the Moorslayer\" riding down Muslims and caused such outrage that Philip had it removed and destroyed.[35]In 1572, a prominent exiled member of the Dutch aristocracy, William the Silent, Prince of Orange, invaded the Netherlands with a Protestant army, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, Holland and Zeeland. Because of the Spanish repulse in the Siege of Alkmaar (1573) led by his equally brutal son Fadrique,[35] Alba resigned his command, replaced by Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga. Alba boasted that he had burned or executed 18,600 persons in the Netherlands,[36] in addition to the far greater number he massacred during the war, many of them women and children; 8,000 persons were burned or hanged in one year, and the total number of Alba's Flemish victims can not have fallen short of 50,000.[37] Under Requesens, the Army of Flanders reached a peak strength of 86,000 in 1574 and retained its battlefield superiority, destroying Louis of Nassau's German mercenary army at the Battle of Mookerheyde on 14 April 1574, killing both him and his brother Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg.Rampant inflation and the loss of treasure fleets from the New World prevented Philip from paying his soldiers consistently, leading to the so-called Spanish Fury at Antwerp in 1576, where soldiers ran amok through the streets, burning more than 1,000 homes and killing 6,000 citizens.[38] Philip sent in Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592. Farnese defeated the rebels at the Battle of Gembloux (1578),[39] and he captured many rebel towns in the south: Maastricht (1579), Tournai (1581), Oudenaarde (1582), Dunkirk (1583), Bruges (1584), Ghent (1584), and Antwerp (1585).[40]Reward letter of Philip II to the family of Balthasar Gerards, assassin of William the Silent, 1590The States General of the northern provinces, united in the 1579 Union of Utrecht, passed an Act of Abjuration in 1581 declaring that they no longer recognised Philip as their king. The southern Netherlands (what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule. In 1584, William the Silent was assassinated by Balthasar Gérard, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a \"pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race\". The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son Maurice of Nassau, who received modest help from the Queen of England in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles. The war came to an end in 1648, when the Dutch Republic was recognised by the Spanish Crown as independent; the eight decades of war came at a massive human cost, with an estimated 600,000 to 700,000 victims, of which 350,000 to 400,000 were civilians killed by disease and what would later be considered war crimes.[41]","title":"Revolt in the Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Sebastian of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alcácer Quibir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir"},{"link_name":"succession crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_Portuguese_succession_crisis"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Manuel I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Catarina,_Duchess_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"António, Prior of Crato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato"},{"link_name":"King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alcântara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A2ntara_(1580)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes"},{"link_name":"Tomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomar"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"Philippine Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Albert of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Council of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"rule by councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysynodial_System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ImperioDeFelipeII.svg"}],"text":"Anthony I of PortugalIn 1578 young King Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir without descendants, triggering a succession crisis. His granduncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as king, but Henry had no descendants either, having taken holy orders. When Henry died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of Manuel I claimed the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza; António, Prior of Crato; and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed King of Portugal in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to the Spanish kingdoms and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry.In 1580, Philip II marched into Portugal and defeated Prior António's troops in the Battle of Alcântara. The Portuguese suffered 4,000 killed, wounded, or captured, while the Spanish sustained only 500 casualties.[42] The troops commanded by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba[43] imposed subjection to Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure.[44] Philip II of Spain assumed the Portuguese throne and was crowned Philip I of Portugal on 17 July 1580[45] (recognized as king by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar) and a near sixty-year personal union under the rule of the Philippine Dynasty began. This gave Philip control of the extensive Portuguese Empire. When Philip left for Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew Albert of Austria his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a Council of Portugal to advise him on Portuguese affairs, giving prominent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government. This followed on the well-established pattern of rule by councils.Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (mare clausum) and other features","title":"King of Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relations with England and Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_in_Armour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg"},{"link_name":"groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groat_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Marriage_of_Queen_Mary_to_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Acts of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montrose-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montrose-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollard-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Groot-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montrose-49"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marks-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANA-56"},{"link_name":"loss of Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1558)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"King of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"King's County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Philipstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daingean"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England"},{"link_name":"English claims to the French throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne"},{"link_name":"Philippe I, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Princess Henrietta of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Henrietta_of_England"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"Anne Marie d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"}],"sub_title":"King of England and Ireland","text":"Titian's portrait of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armourIrish groat with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraitsPhilip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year-old Queen Mary I of England, Charles' maternal first cousin. His father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to him. Their marriage at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor Stephen Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, preferring Edward Courtenay.Under the terms of the Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he \"shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions\".[46] In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.[47][48] As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.[47][49][50]Philip and Mary I of England, 1558Acts making it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed by the Parliament of Ireland[51] and England.[52] Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together.[47] The coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.[53][54] During their joint reign, they waged war against France, which resulted in the loss of Calais, England's last remaining possession in France.Philip's wife had succeeded to the Kingdom of Ireland, but the title of King of Ireland had been created in 1542 by Mary's father, Henry VIII, after he was excommunicated, and so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, Pope Paul IV rectified this by issuing a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.[55] King's County and Philipstown in Ireland were named after Philip as King of Ireland in 1556. The couple's joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol.However, the couple had no children. Mary died in 1558 before the union could revitalise the Roman Catholic Church in England. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne (including the ancient English claims to the French throne) and ceased to be king of England, Ireland and (as claimed by them) France.Philip's great-grandson, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, married Princess Henrietta of England in 1661; in 1807, the Jacobite claim to the British throne passed to the descendants of their child Anne Marie d'Orléans.","title":"Relations with England and Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"privateering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nonsuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Catholic League of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Army of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"counter-armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Cádiz was sacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"Dunkirkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirkers"},{"link_name":"1596 Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"1597 Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"}],"sub_title":"After Mary I's death","text":"Further information: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)Philip's European and North African dominions in 1581Upon Mary's death, the throne went to Elizabeth I. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a Valois alliance. Elizabeth I was the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics, who disputed the validity of both the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and of his subsequent marriage to Boleyn, and hence claimed that Mary, Queen of Scots, the Catholic great-granddaughter of Henry VII, was the rightful monarch.For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of privateering against Spain's merchant shipping and started threatening the Spanish treasure ships coming from the New World. In one instance, English ships attacked a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth in 1585—promising troops and supplies to the anti-Spanish rebels in the Netherlands. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France, Philip considered it an act of war by England.The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England and return the country to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the Spanish Armada, to rendezvous with the Army of Flanders and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. At the point of attack, a storm struck the English Channel, already known for its harsh currents and choppy waters, which devastated large numbers of the Spanish fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English Royal Navy; it was by no means a slaughter (only one Spanish ship was sunk),[56] but the Spanish were forced into a retreat, and the overwhelming majority of the Armada was destroyed by the harsh weather. Whilst the English Royal Navy may not have destroyed the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines, they had prevented it from linking up with the army it was supposed to convey across the channel. Thus whilst the English Royal Navy may have only won a slight tactical victory over the Spanish, it had delivered a major strategic one—preventing the invasion of England. Through a week of fighting the Spanish had expended 100,000 cannonballs, but no English ship was seriously damaged.[57] However, over 7,000 English sailors died from disease during the time the Armada was in English waters.The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the Armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with a counter-armada the following year failed disastrously with 40 ships sunk and 15,000 men lost.[58] Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and their improved intelligence networks (although Cádiz was sacked by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet). The Habsburgs also struck back with the Dunkirkers, who took an increasing toll on Dutch and English shipping.Eventually, the Spanish attempted two further Armadas, in October 1596 and October 1597. The 1596 Armada was destroyed in a storm off northern Spain; it had lost as many as 72 of its 126 ships and suffered 3,000 deaths. The 1597 Armada was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast undetected. This Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead. Some of the fighting was done on land in Ireland, France, and the Netherlands, with the English sending expeditionary forces to France and the Netherlands to fight Spain, and Spain attempting to assist Irish rebellions in Ireland.","title":"Relations with England and Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"}],"text":"Philip II died in El Escorial, near Madrid, on 13 September 1598, of cancer.[59] He was succeeded by his 20-year-old son, Philip III.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-63"},{"link_name":"Bartolome Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolome_Carranza"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-63"},{"link_name":"School of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Martín de Azpilcueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta"},{"link_name":"Francisco Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"Luis de Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Molina"},{"link_name":"omniscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscience"},{"link_name":"free will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will"},{"link_name":"Molinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"William Lane Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig"},{"link_name":"Alvin Plantinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sabatini Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatini_Gardens"},{"link_name":"F. Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Spanish Black Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Black_Legend"},{"link_name":"White Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Legend"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Black Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Legend"},{"link_name":"Fire Over England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Over_England"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saint Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)"},{"link_name":"Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Navy"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Tonio Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonio_Andrade"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Philip's dominions in 1598Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade, and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the Counter-Reformation, he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism,[citation needed] but his devotion to Catholicism would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century disdain for religious heterodoxy; he said, \"Before suffering the slightest damage to religion in the service of God, I would lose all of my estates and a hundred lives, if I had them, because I do not wish nor do I desire to be the ruler of heretics.\"[60]As he strove to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the Inquisition, students were barred from studying elsewhere, and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. In addition to the banning of books, Philip II authorized the burning of at least 70,000 volumes.[61] Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop Bartolome Carranza of Toledo was jailed by the Inquisition for 17 years, for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree with Protestantism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful, and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions.Although he was deeply dedicated to rooting out heretical titles, he collected forbidden books for his own royal library at the El Escorial. His library contained 40,000 volumes (1,800 of which were Arabic titles) and several thousand manuscripts.[61] The banned books were protected in a room on an upper floor of the library. He was passionate about rare books he personally collected from far and wide and researched and recorded information about previous owners.[61]The School of Salamanca flourished under his reign. Martín de Azpilcueta, highly honoured at Rome by several popes and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium (Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice.Francisco Suárez, generally regarded as the greatest scholastic after Thomas Aquinas and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1580–1585), where Pope Gregory XIII attended the first lecture that he gave. Luis de Molina published his De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia (1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the omniscience of God with human free will that came to be known as Molinism, thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time; Molinism became the de facto Jesuit doctrine on these matters, and is still advocated today by William Lane Craig and Alvin Plantinga, among others.Statue of Philip II at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (F. Castro, 1753)Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict,[62] evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject.[63] Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, responsible for inhuman cruelties and barbarism.[64] This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called Spanish Black Legend and White Legend, was helped by King Philip himself. Philip prohibited any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and he ordered that all his private correspondence be burned shortly before he died.[65] Moreover, Philip did nothing to defend himself after being betrayed by his ambitious secretary Antonio Pérez, who published incredible calumnies against his former master; this allowed Pérez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged.[66] That way, the popular image of the King that survives to today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the Counter-Reformation. This means that many histories depict Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative.[67]However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the Black Legend. In a more recent example of popular culture, Philip II's portrayal in Fire Over England (1937) is not entirely unsympathetic; he is shown as a very hardworking, intelligent, religious, somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country, but who had no understanding of the English, despite his former co-monarchy there.Even in countries that remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality,[68] that task has proved extremely difficult, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries. Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the King's inflexible Catholicism.[69] English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster,[70] minimising his military victories (Battle of Lepanto, Battle of Saint Quentin, etc.) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely the Armada[71]) even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would necessitate a re-analysis of the reign of his greatest opponents, namely England's Queen Elizabeth I and the Dutch William the Silent, who are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favourable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments.[note 3]He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch, and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman Navy.Historian Geoffrey Parker offers a management-psychological explanation, as summarized by Tonio Andrade and William Reger:One might have expected that Philip—being a dedicated, persistent, and hard-working man, and being the head of Western Europe's wealthiest and largest empire—would have succeeded in his aims. He didn't. His endeavors were doomed by his own character, or at least that's how Parker sees it. Drawing on studies in management science and organizational psychology, Parker argues that a successful manager of a large organization must keep attention on the big picture, must have a good strategy for dealing with copious information, must know how to delegate, and must be flexible. Philip failed on all counts. He was a micromanager who got bogged down in details, refusing to delegate and trying to read every dispatch that came to his desk. He obsessed and dithered, so that by the time his decisions were made and his orders reached the men meant to carry them out, the situation on the ground had changed. Philip was also inflexible, unwilling to abandon ineffective policies. Most pernicious of all was Philip's tendency toward messianic thinking, a belief that he was doing God's work and that heaven would support him with miracles.[72]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sánchez Coello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello"},{"link_name":"Prince of Gerona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Gerona"},{"link_name":"Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"King of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Lord of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"King of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"King of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Duke of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Neopatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Neopatras"},{"link_name":"King of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Majorcan_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sardinian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Count of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"King of England de jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_England"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Defender of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidei_Defensor"},{"link_name":"King of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"of Lothier, of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"of Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Limburg"},{"link_name":"of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts,_Dukes_and_Grand_Dukes_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"of Guelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Guelders"},{"link_name":"of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"of Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Zeeland"},{"link_name":"of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Namur"},{"link_name":"of Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen"},{"link_name":"Count Palatine of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Count of Charolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charolais_(county)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brug-78"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Calatrava"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of Alcantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Alcantara"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Order of Montesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Montesa"},{"link_name":"Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesty"},{"link_name":"Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness"},{"link_name":"Most Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Catholicismus"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand and Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Act of Parliament sanctioning his marriage with Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Marriage_of_Queen_Mary_to_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_claims_to_the_French_throne"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Defenders of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidei_Defensor"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waller-79"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waller-79"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse"},{"link_name":"reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"The Lord is my helper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Cannon with arms of Philip II as King of Spain and jure uxoris King of England and FrancePortrait of Philip II as King of Portugal by Sánchez Coello, c. 1580Heir titles\nPrince of Gerona: 21 May 1527 – 16 January 1556\nPrince of Asturias 1528–1556\nKing of Castile as Philip II: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nKing of Castile, of León, of Granada, of Toledo, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the Indias, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea;[note 4] Lord of Molina\nLord of Biscay\nKing of Aragon as Philip I: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nKing of Aragón\nKing of the Two Sicilies\nKing of Naples, of Jerusalem (from 25 July 1554)\nKing of Sicily. Duke of Athens, of Neopatria\nKing of Valencia\nKing of Majorca\nKing of Sardinia and of Corsica, Margrave of Oristano, Count of Goceano\nKing of Navarre\nCount of Barcelona, of Roussillon, of Cerdanya\nKing of Portugal as Philip I: 12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598\nKing of Portugal and the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.\nKing of England de jure uxoris as Philip I: 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558[73]\nKing of England, France (titular); Defender of the Faith\nKing of Ireland\nImperial and Habsburg patrimonial titles:\nDuke of Milan: 11 October 1540 (secret donation) / 25 July 1554 (public investiture) – 13 September 1598\nImperial vicar of Siena: since 30 May 1554\nArchduke of Austria\nPrincely Count of Habsburg and of Tyrol\nPrince of Swabia\nBurgundian titles\nLord of the Netherlands: 25 October 1555 – 13 September 1598\nDuke of Lothier, of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders. Count of Flanders, of Artois, of Hainaut, of Holland, of Zeeland, of Namur, of Zutphen. Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord of Frisia, Salins, Mechelen, the cities, towns and lands of Utrecht, Overyssel, Groningen\nCount Palatine of Burgundy from 10 June 1556; Count of Charolais from 21 September 1558\nDuke of Burgundy\nDominator in Asia, Africa\nHonours\nKnight of the Golden Fleece: 1531 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece:[74] 23 October 1555 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of Calatrava: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of Alcantara: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of Santiago: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598\nGrand Master of the Order of Montesa: 8 December 1587 – 13 September 1598Philip continued his father's style of \"Majesty\" (Latin: Maiestas; Spanish: Majestad) in preference to that of \"Highness\" (Celsitudo; Alteza). In diplomatic texts, he continued the use of the title \"Most Catholic\" (Rex Catholicissimus; Rey Católico) first bestowed by Pope Alexander VI on Ferdinand and Isabella in 1496.Following the Act of Parliament sanctioning his marriage with Mary, the couple was styled \"Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol\".[75] Upon his inheritance of Spain in 1556, they became \"Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol\".[75]His coinage typically bore the obverse inscription \"PHS·D:G·HISP·Z·REX\" (Latin: \"Philip, by the grace of God King of Spain et cetera\"), followed by the local title of the mint (\"DVX·BRA\" for Duke of Brabant, \"C·HOL\" for Count of Holland, \"D·TRS·ISSV\" for Lord of Overissel, etc.). The reverse would then bear a motto such as \"PACE·ET·IVSTITIA\" (\"For Peace and Justice\") or \"DOMINVS·MIHI·ADIVTOR\" (\"The Lord is my helper\").[76] A medal struck in 1583 bore the inscriptions \"PHILIPP II HISP ET NOVI ORBIS REX\" (\"Philip II, King of Spain and the New World\") and \"NON SUFFICIT ORBIS\" (\"The world is not enough\").[77]","title":"Titles, honours and styles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isabel Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Osorio"},{"link_name":"Eufrasia de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrasia_de_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maria Manuela of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Antonis Mor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Mor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Juan Pantoja de la Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pantoja_de_la_Cruz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_reina_Ana_de_Austria,_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sofonisba Anguissola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola"}],"text":"Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. He also had two long-term relationships with Isabel Osorio and Eufrasia de Guzmán.Maria Manuela of Portugal (1527–1545)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMary I of England (1516–1558), by Antonis Mor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElisabeth of Valois (1545–1568), by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnna of Austria (1549–1580), by Sofonisba Anguissola","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"John III of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Carlos, Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias"}],"sub_title":"First marriage","text":"Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal. She was a daughter of Philip's maternal uncle, John III of Portugal, and paternal aunt, Catherine of Austria. They were married at Salamanca on 12 November 1543. The marriage produced one son in 1545, after which Maria died four days later due to haemorrhage:Carlos, Prince of Asturias (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried at the age of 23 and without issue.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"false pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_pregnancy"}],"sub_title":"Second marriage","text":"Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen Mary I of England. The marriage, which took place on 25 July 1554 at Winchester Cathedral, was political. By this marriage, Philip became jure uxoris King of England and Ireland, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children, although there was a false pregnancy, and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's reign in England and Ireland.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Henry II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(province)"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Albert VII, Archduke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Catherine Michaela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Micaela_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I,_Duke_of_Savoy"}],"sub_title":"Third marriage","text":"Philip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. The original ceremony was conducted by proxy (the Duke of Alba standing in for Philip) at Notre Dame prior to Elisabeth's departure from France. The actual ceremony was conducted in Guadalajara upon her arrival in Spain. During their marriage (1559–1568) they conceived five daughters, though only two of the girls survived. Elisabeth died a few hours after the loss of her last child. Their children were:Miscarried twin daughters (August 1564)\nIsabella Clara Eugenia (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633, aged 67), married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria\nCatherine Michaela (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597, aged 30), married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and had issue\nJoan (3 October 1568) died shortly after birth.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Diego Félix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alonso Sánchez Coello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello"}],"sub_title":"Fourth marriage","text":"Philip's fourth and final wife was his niece, Anna of Austria. Pope Pius V initially refused to grant Philip the dispensation needed to marry Anna, citing biblical prohibitions and the danger of birth defects. The pope reluctantly gave his permission when Philip threatened to abandon the Holy League in their fight against the Ottoman Turks.[78][79] By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and one daughter. Anna died of heart failure 8 months after giving birth to Maria in 1580.[citation needed]Their children were:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias (4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, aged six)\nCharles Laurence (12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, aged one)\nDiego Félix (15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, aged seven)\nPhilip III of Spain (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621, aged 42)\nMaria (14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, aged three).Cenotaph of Philip and three of his four wives at El Escorial\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhilip and his niece Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by Alonso Sánchez Coello","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-86"},{"link_name":"Philip I, King of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_King_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Charles_V-84"},{"link_name":"Mary, Duchess of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-86"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II, King of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_King_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Joanna-87"},{"link_name":"Joanna, Queen of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Charles_V-84"},{"link_name":"Isabella I, Queen of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Joanna-87"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Viseu"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"},{"link_name":"Manuel I, King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I,_King_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Viseu"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II, King of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_King_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portugal-Maria-88"},{"link_name":"Maria of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"},{"link_name":"Isabella I, Queen of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portugal-Maria-88"}],"text":"Ancestors of Philip II of Spain 8. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor[82] 4. Philip I, King of Castile[80] 9. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy[82] 2. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 10. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon[83] (= 14) 5. Joanna, Queen of Castile[80] 11. Isabella I, Queen of Castile[83] (= 15) 1. Philip II of Spain 12. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu[81] 6. Manuel I, King of Portugal[81] 13. Beatrice of Portugal[81] 3. Isabella of Portugal 14. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon[84] (= 10) 7. Maria of Aragon[81] 15. Isabella I, Queen of Castile[84] (= 11)","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Male-line family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"composite monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"}],"text":"^ He was titled as Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I (Portuguese: Filipe I).\n\n^ Spain was a composite monarchy, and besides being the second Philip to rule Castile, he was the first to rule Aragon, and the fourth to rule Navarre.\n\n^ This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work (\"Philip II of Spain\", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow Englishmen because of that.\n\n^ With the incorporation of Portugal to the Monarchy the title changed to East and West Indies, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean sea.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The decline of Spain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/650136"},{"link_name":"\"A Catholic King: Philip II of Spain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30094971"},{"link_name":"Philip II. of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Oz1EAQAAMAAJ&dq=Philip+ii+spain&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"\"King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of 'Tyranny'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/co-herencia/article/download/5023/4145"},{"link_name":"Kamen, Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Online free to borrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame"},{"link_name":"Online free to borrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/search.php?query=%22%27%27The%20Habsburgs%20and%20Europe%2C%201516-1660%27%27"},{"link_name":"\"Philip II and the Papacy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3678749"},{"link_name":"Martinic, Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateo_Martinic"},{"link_name":"Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-10441.html"},{"link_name":"The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/riseofspanishemp04merruoft"},{"link_name":"Parker, Geoffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070310203214/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/macpherson.html"},{"link_name":"\"The Place of Tudor England in the Messianic Vision of Philip II of Spain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3679344"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-631-20704-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20704-X"},{"link_name":"\"Philip (1527–1598)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22097"},{"link_name":"Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Jos%C3%A9_Rodriguez-Salgado"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-920502-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920502-7"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Mary-Philip-marriage-Habsburg-European/dp/1526142236/"},{"link_name":"\"Strategic Terror: Philip II and Sixteenth-Century Warfare\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/26004392"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Philip-II-European-History-Perspective/dp/0333630424/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Braudel, Fernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Braudel"},{"link_name":"vol. 1 free to borrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mediterraneanthe01brau"},{"link_name":"\"The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//core.ac.uk/download/pdf/322623625.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385–1800\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ehes.org/EHES_171.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200719061314/http://www.ehes.org/EHES_171.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"\"Philip II and the Art of the Cityscape\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/204127"},{"link_name":"\"Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=historypub"},{"link_name":"\"Portraits of Philip II of Spain as King of England\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/888764"},{"link_name":"\"Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.academia.edu/download/31290156/ChangingPlaces.pdf"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"\"'In the Confident Hope of a Miracle': The Spanish Armada and Religious Mentalities in the Late Sixteenth Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25026461"}],"text":"Boyden, James M. The Courtier and the King: Ruy Gómez De Silva, Philip II, and the Court of Spain (University of California Press, 1995).\nElliott, J. H. Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 (1966).\nElliott, John H. \"The decline of Spain\". Past & Present 20 (1961): 52–75.\nGrierson, Edward. The Fatal Inheritance: Philip II and the Spanish Netherlands (1969).\nGwynn, Aubrey. \"A Catholic King: Philip II of Spain\". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 22, no. 85 (1933), pp. 48–64.\nHume, M. A. S. Philip II. of Spain (1903).\nIsrael, Jonathan. \"King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of 'Tyranny'\". Co-herencia 15.28 (2018): 137–154.\nKamen, Henry. Philip of Spain (Yale University Press, 1999), a major scholarly biography. Online free to borrow\nKelsey, Harry. Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign (London, I.B. Tauris, 2011).\nKoenigsberger, H. G. The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516–1660 (1971). Online free to borrow\nLópez, Anna Santamaría. \"'Great Faith is Necessary to Drink from this Chalice': Philip II in the Court of Mary Tudor, 1554–58.\" in Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer ed. by Joan-Lluis Palos and Magdalena S. Sanchez (2017) pp: 115–138.\nLynch, John. Spain Under the Habsburgs: vol I: Empire and Absolutism: 1516–1598 (1965)\nLynch, John. \"Philip II and the Papacy\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 11 (1961): 23–42.\nMartinic, Mateo (1977). Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes (in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello.\nMerriman, R. B. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 vols, 1918). Vol. 4 has in-depth coverage of Philip II.\nParker, Geoffrey. Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II (2014), a major scholarly biography.\nParker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip II (Yale University Press, 1998). online review\nParker, Geoffrey. Philip II (1995), short scholarly biography\nParker, Geoffrey. The World is Not Enough: The Imperial Vision of Philip II of Spain (Baylor University Press, 2001).\nParker, Geoffrey. \"The Place of Tudor England in the Messianic Vision of Philip II of Spain\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (2002): 167–221.\nPatterson, Benton Rain. With the Heart of a King: Elizabeth I of England, Philip II of Spain & the Fight for a Nation's Soul & Crown (2007).\nPetrie, Charles. Philip II of Spain (1963), short scholarly biography.\nPettegree, Andrew (2002). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Oxford, England: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20704-X..\nPierson, Peter. Philip II of Spain (1975).\nPrescott, William Hickling. A History of the Reign of Philip II, London, Boston, Philadelphia. 1855–1902.\nRedworth, Glyn. \"Philip (1527–1598)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.\nRodriguez-Salgado, M. J. \"The Court of Philip II of Spain\". In Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450–1650. Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. (Oxford University Press, 1991). ISBN 0-19-920502-7.\nSamson, Alexander. Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester University Press, 2020) excerpt.\nSamson, Alexander. \"Power Sharing: The Co-monarchy of Philip and Mary\", in Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth, ed. by Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010), pp. 159–172.\nThomas, Hugh. World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II (Penguin UK, 2014); World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire (Random House, 2015) popular history.\nWaxman, Matthew C. \"Strategic Terror: Philip II and Sixteenth-Century Warfare\". War in History, vol. 4, no. 3 (1997): 339–347.\nWilliams, Patrick. Philip II (Macmillan International Higher Education, 2017), a scholarly biography; excerpt\nEconomic and cultural history[edit]\nBraudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (2 vols., 1976) vol. 1 free to borrow\nClouse, Michele L. Medicine, Government and Public Health in Philip II's Spain: Shared Interests, Competing Authorities (Ashgate, 2013).\nConklin, James. \"The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II\". Journal of Political Economy 106.3 (1998): 483–513, statistical\nDrelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II (Princeton University Press, 2016).\nGoodman, David. \"Philip II's Patronage of Science and Engineering\". British Journal for the History of Science 16.1 (1983): 49–66.\nHenriques, Antonio, and Nuno Pedro G. Palma. \"Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385–1800\" Archived 19 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. (2019), economics\nKagan, Richard L. \"Philip II and the Art of the Cityscape\". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17.1 (1986): 115–135.\nLazure, Guy. \"Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial\". Renaissance Quarterly 60.1 (2007): 58–93.\nMatthews, P. G. \"Portraits of Philip II of Spain as King of England\". Burlington Magazine 142.1162 (2000): 13–19.\nMiller, Stephanie R. \"A Tale of Two Portraits: Titian's Seated Portraits of Philip II\". Visual Resources 28.1 (2012): 103–116.\nSamson, Alexander. \"Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554\"[dead link]. Sixteenth Century Journal (2005): 761–784.\nScully, Robert E. \"'In the Confident Hope of a Miracle': The Spanish Armada and Religious Mentalities in the Late Sixteenth Century\". Catholic Historical Review 89.4 (2003): 643–670.\nWilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain (Yale University Press, 1993).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Baptism of Philip II in Valladolid, Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in Palacio de Pimentel (Valladolid)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg/220px-Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip, in the prime of his life, by Anthonis Mor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg/220px-Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip II wearing the order of the garter by Jooris van der Straeten, c. 1554","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg/220px-Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Philip II on 1/5 Philipsdaalder, struck 1566, Guelders, Low Countries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg/300px-Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg"},{"image_text":"Personal guidon of Philip II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg/220px-Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A marble bust of Philip II of Spain by Pompeo Leoni, Metropolitan Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PhilipIIbust.JPG/220px-PhilipIIbust.JPG"},{"image_text":"Titian; after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Philip offers his short-lived heir Fernando to Glory in this allegory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg/220px-Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Standard of the tercios morados of the Spanish army under Philip II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg/220px-Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Armour of Philip II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG/200px-Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG"},{"image_text":"Philip II berating William of Orange, by Cornelis Kruseman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/220px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reward letter of Philip II to the family of Balthasar Gerards, assassin of William the Silent, 1590","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg/220px-Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anthony I of Portugal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg/170px-Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (mare clausum) and other features","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ImperioDeFelipeII.svg/220px-ImperioDeFelipeII.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Titian's portrait of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Philip_II.jpg/220px-Philip_II.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irish groat with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraits","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg/220px-Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip and Mary I of England, 1558","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg/220px-Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip's European and North African dominions in 1581","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg/350px-Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Philip's dominions in 1598","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/300px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png"},{"image_text":"Statue of Philip II at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (F. Castro, 1753)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg/170px-Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cannon with arms of Philip II as King of Spain and jure uxoris King of England and France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg/220px-Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Philip II as King of Portugal by Sánchez Coello, c. 1580","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg/220px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_the_Monastery_of_San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial"},{"title":"Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_and_Isabella_I_of_Castile"},{"title":"The empire on which the sun never sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_empire_on_which_the_sun_never_sets"},{"title":"List of Spanish monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs"},{"title":"Royal Armoury of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoury_of_Madrid"},{"title":"Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_G%C3%B3mez_de_Silva,_1st_Prince_of_%C3%89boli"}]
[{"reference":"\"Habsburg family tree\". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Habsburg family tree\""}]},{"reference":"Kamen, Henry (2014). Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. p. 150.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kamen","url_text":"Kamen, Henry"}]},{"reference":"\"BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL\". Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://servicios.jcyl.es/pweb/datos.do?numero=16049&tipo=Inmueble&ruta=","url_text":"\"BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL\""}]},{"reference":"Drelichman, Mauricio; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2014). Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4843-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xfWKAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4843-0","url_text":"978-1-4008-4843-0"}]},{"reference":"Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human Civilization (4th ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-19-923663-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923663-3","url_text":"978-0-19-923663-3"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, J. H. (2002). Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (Repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Penguin Books. pp. 285–291. ISBN 0-14-100703-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100703-6","url_text":"0-14-100703-6"}]},{"reference":"Royall Tyler, ed. (1954). \"Spain: September 1556\". Calendar of State Papers, Spain. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol13/pp275-280","url_text":"\"Spain: September 1556\""}]},{"reference":"Salvador Miranda (2010). \"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church\". Florida International University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175609/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm","url_text":"\"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University","url_text":"Florida International University"},{"url":"http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard L. Kagan (2009). Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain. JHU Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1421401652.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lV9Xdn3c6IoC&pg=PA135","url_text":"Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421401652","url_text":"978-1421401652"}]},{"reference":"Goubert, Pierre (2002). The Course of French History. Routledge. p. 103.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lytle Schurz, William (1922), \"The Spanish Lake\", The Hispanic American Historical Review, 5 (2): 181–194, doi:10.1215/00182168-5.2.181, JSTOR 2506024","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-5.2.181","url_text":"10.1215/00182168-5.2.181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506024","url_text":"2506024"}]},{"reference":"\"Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes\". Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. 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Este, no ha dejado aclarada la duda sobre su origen geográfico, pues afirmó ser natural de ambos lugares.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922103737/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10105.htm","url_text":"Relación y derrotero del viaje y descubrimiento del Estrecho de la Madre de Dios – antes llamado de Magallanes"},{"url":"http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10105.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (1895). Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro De Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan. Translated by Clements R. Markham. London: Hakluyt Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/narrativesofvoya00sarm","url_text":"Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro De Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Strait of Magellan\". 7 April 2017. 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The Spanish People: Their Origin, Growth and Influence. p. 372.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Black, Jeremy (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0521470339.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521470339","url_text":"978-0521470339"}]},{"reference":"\"Victimario Histórico Militar\".","urls":[{"url":"http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario9.htm","url_text":"\"Victimario Histórico Militar\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). 500 Great Military Leaders. Vol. 1 & 2. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Adams, George Burton; Stephens, H. Morse, eds. (1901). \"An Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain\". Select Documents of English Constitutional History. MacMillan. p. 284 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/documentsofengli00adamiala#page/282/mode/2up","url_text":"\"An Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain\""}]},{"reference":"Berenguer, Gonzalo Velasco (2023). Habsburg England: Politics and Religion in the Reign of Philip I (1554–1558). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-53621-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/display/title/56814","url_text":"Habsburg England: Politics and Religion in the Reign of Philip I (1554–1558)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-53621-0","url_text":"978-90-04-53621-0"}]},{"reference":"Francois Velde (25 July 2003). \"Text of 1555 Bull\". Heraldica.org. Retrieved 22 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland_docs.htm#bull1555","url_text":"\"Text of 1555 Bull\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. p. 296.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer (2011). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 183.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Koenigsberger, Helmut Georg (2012), Philip II, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, retrieved 31 January 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456081/Philip-II","url_text":"Philip II"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Stuart (2009). The library: an illustrated history. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4","url_text":"978-1-60239-706-4"}]},{"reference":"Johonnot, James. \"Ten Great Events in History – Chapter VII. The Invincible Armada\". Authorama.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-inch_gun_M1907
14-inch gun M1907
["1 History","1.1 14-inch gun M1907 and M1907MI","1.2 14-inch gun M1909","1.3 14-inch gun M1910","1.4 World War II","2 Surviving examples","3 See also","3.1 Weapons of comparable role, performance and era","4 References","5 External links"]
Coastal artillery 14-inch Gun M1907 14-inch gun on disappearing carriage, Sandy Hook Proving Ground, New JerseyTypeCoastal artilleryPlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1908–1945Used byUnited States ArmyWarsWorld War I, World War IIProduction historyDesignerWatervliet ArsenalDesigned1907–1910ManufacturerWatervliet ArsenalVariantsM1907, M1907MI M1909 M1910, M1910MISpecificationsMassM1907: 111,900 pounds (50,800 kg) M1907MI: 118,700 pounds (53,800 kg) M1909: 139,240 pounds (63,160 kg) M1910: 137,300 pounds (62,300 kg)LengthM1907: 495 inches (1,260 cm) M1907MI: 495 inches (1,260 cm) M1909: 579 inches (1,470 cm) M1910: 579 inches (1,470 cm)Barrel lengthM1907 & M1907MI: 34 calibers (476 inches (1,210 cm)) M1909 & M1910: 40 calibers (560 inches (1,400 cm))Shellseparate loading, bag powder charge,1,660 pounds (750 kg) AP shot & shellCaliber14 inches (356 mm)BreechInterrupted screw, De Bange typeCarriageM1907, M1907MI, and M1910 guns: M1907 & M1907MI disappearing M1909 gun: M1909 turretElevationdisappearing: -5° to +15°, turret: -0.09° to +15°Traversedisappearing: 170°, turret: 360° (varied with surrounding structures)Muzzle velocityM1907 and M1907MI: 2,150 feet per second (660 m/s) M1909 and M1910: 2,220 feet per second (680 m/s)Maximum firing rangedisappearing: 25,000 yards (23,000 m)Feed systemhandSightsTelescopic The 14-inch Gun M1907 (356 mm) and its variants the M1907MI, M1909, and M1910 were large coastal artillery pieces installed to defend major American seaports between 1895 and 1945. They were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Most were installed on single gun disappearing carriages; the only installation with four guns in twin turrets was built at the unique Fort Drum in Manila Bay, Philippines. All of the weapons not in the Philippines were scrapped during World War II. History In 1885, William C. Endicott, President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of War, was tasked with creating the Board of Fortifications to review seacoast defenses. The findings of the board illustrated a grim picture of existing defenses in its 1886 report and recommended a massive $127 million construction program of breech-loading guns, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine (underwater) minefields for some 29 locations on the US coastline. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented. Coast Artillery fortifications built between 1885 and 1905 are often referred to as Endicott period fortifications. After the Spanish–American War, the government wanted to protect American seaports in the event of war, and also protect newly gained territory, such as the Philippines and Cuba, from enemy attack. A new Board of Fortifications, under President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of War William Taft, was convened in 1905. Taft recommended technical changes, such as more searchlights, electrification, and in some cases less guns in particular fortifications. The seacoast forts were funded under the Spooner Act of 1902 and construction began within a few years and lasted into the 1920s. The defenses of the Philippines on islands in Manila Bay were built under this program. 14-inch guns were emplaced in the harbor defenses of Los Angeles, the Panama Canal, Honolulu, Hawaii, and Manila Bay, Philippines, all constructed under the Taft program. Except for Fort Drum, the guns were on disappearing carriages; when the gun was fired, it dropped behind a concrete and/or earthen wall for protection from counter-battery fire. 14-inch gun M1907 and M1907MI The M1907 was a wire-wound gun 34 calibers long. The M1907MI was a built-up gun (the usual US practice) of the same length. Twelve were deployed, all on M1907 disappearing carriages. Four were in Hawaii and eight were in the Panama Canal Zone. 14-inch gun M1909 Fort Drum in Manila Bay, called the “concrete battleship”, was a unique fort mounting four 14-inch guns in two twin turrets. A twin 14-inch turret made for Fort Drum being tested at the Sandy Hook Proving Ground. Fort Drum in 1983 with USS New Jersey (BB-62) behind the fort. The M1909 was a wire-wound gun 40 calibers long designed specifically for the turrets of Fort Drum on El Fraile Island in Manila Bay, Philippines. An unusual design feature was that it was made without trunnions. The turrets were made by Newport News Shipbuilding. Fort Drum was built by razing the small island down to the water and building a massive concrete fort on it. The fort had four 14-inch M1909 guns in two twin M1909 turrets, with four 6-inch M1908 guns in casemates on the sides. Despite holding out against Japanese bombardment, the fort was surrendered after destroying the guns along with Corregidor on 6 May 1942. It was recaptured in April 1945 by Company F of the 2nd Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment, 38th Infantry Division, and a detachment of the 113th Engineer Combat Battalion of the same division. The engineers lowered a 500-pound TNT charge into the structure with a 30-minute time fuze. They then pumped in 3400 gallons of fuel consisting of 75% diesel and 25% gasoline. 14-inch gun M1910 The M1910 was a wire-wound gun 40 calibers long. Eight were deployed, all on M1907 disappearing carriages. Locations included Fort Frank and Fort Hughes in Manila Bay (2 guns each) as well as Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, Los Angeles, CA (4 guns). World War II Along with other coast artillery weapons, the 14-inch guns in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. Since they were positioned against a naval attack, they were poorly sited to engage the Japanese. Except for Fort Drum's turrets, whose guns were in action until the surrender, the open mountings were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack; their only protection was camouflage nets. Destruction procedures were executed on all the guns prior to the surrender of US forces on 6 May 1942. In 1940–44, 16-inch gun batteries were constructed at most harbor defenses, and all 14-inch guns not in the Philippines were scrapped in 1943–44. Surviving examples 14-inch M1910MI gun fires at Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, California. Six 14-inch guns of this type remain in the Philippines. 1. Two 14-inch Guns M1909 (#4 & #3 Watervliet) in one Turret M1909 (#1 Newport News), Battery John M. Wilson, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines. 2. Two 14-inch Guns M1909 (#2 & #1 Watervliet) in one Turret M1909 (#2 Newport News), Battery William L. Marshall, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines. 3. One 14-inch Gun M1910 (#15 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1907MI (#20 Watervliet), Battery Gillespie, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines. 4. One 14-inch Gun M1910 (#8 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1907MI (#17 Watervliet), Battery Woodruff, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines. See also Seacoast defense in the United States Battle of Corregidor Coast Artillery fire control system 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch gun M1895 List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation United States War Department Forms Weapons of comparable role, performance and era 14"/45 caliber gun contemporary US Navy equivalent EOC 14 inch /45 naval gun contemporary British equivalent Vickers 14 inch/45 naval gun contemporary Vickers-designed Japanese equivalent References ^ a b c d e Ordnance 1917, p. 45 ^ a b c Berhow, pp. 158–163 ^ Berhow, p. 61 ^ a b Coast Defense Study Group fort and battery list ^ Berhow, Mark A. and McGovern, Terrance C., American Defenses of Corregidor and Manila Bay 1898–1945, Osprey Publishing Ltd.; 1st edition, 2003; pages 7–8. ^ Ordnance 1917, pages 38–40, 45 ^ a b c Berhow, pages 158-163, 220-223 ^ Ordnance 1917, pages 40-42, 45 ^ Berhow, pp. 102-103 ^ Morton, Louis (1953). The Fall of the Philippines. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 486–487. CMH Pub 5-2. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2019. ^ "How We Boarded Fort Drum" By Brigadier General W. F. Heavey; Infantry Journal; August 1945 ^ Smith, Robert Ross (1993) . Triumph in the Philippines (PDF). U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 355–356. CMH Pub 5-10-1. ^ Ordnance 1917, page 42, 45 ^ Coast Defense Journal, Volume 31, Issue 2, May 2017 ^ Berhow, page 229 Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2004). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide (Second ed.). CDSG Press. ISBN 0-9748167-0-1. Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). Seacoast Fortifications of the United States. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4. Ordnance Dept., US Army (1917). Description of 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16-inch Seacoast Guns. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 37–45. External links FortWiki gun type list vteUnited States artillery of World War ITank guns Puteaux SA 18 QF 6-pounder 6 cwt Hotchkiss Small and pack guns Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP 37 mm Infantry Gun Model 1917 QF 2.95-inch mountain gun Field, medium and heavy guns 3-inch M1902 field gun 75 mm gun M1897 75 mm gun M1916 75 mm gun M1917 3.2-inch gun M1897 4.7-inch gun M1906 5-inch gun M1897 6-inch howitzer M1908 6-inch gun M1903 6-inch gun M1917 155 mm GPF M1918 155 mm howitzer M1917 BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII BL 9.2-inch howitzer 240 mm trench mortar Anti-aircraft guns 75 mm gun M1897 75 mm gun M1916 3-inch gun M1917 3-inch gun M1918 Coast artillery guns 3-inch gun M1903 4.72-inch Armstrong gun 5-inch gun M1897 6-inch Armstrong gun 6-inch gun M1897 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 14-inch gun M1907 16-inch gun M1895 16-inch gun M1919 155 mm gun M1918MI Railway artillery 7"/45 caliber gun 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 12-inch gun M1895MIA1 14"/50 caliber railway gun vteUnited States artillery of World War IITank guns 37 mm gun M5/M6 75 mm gun M2/M3/M6 76 mm gun M1 3-inch gun M7 90 mm gun M3 90 mm gun T15 105 mm howitzer M4 105 mm gun T5 120mm gun T53 155 mm gun T7 Anti-tank guns 37 mm M3 57 mm M1 75 mm Field Gun M1897 on M2 Carriage 3 inch M5 90 mm T8 105mm T8 Field, medium and heavy guns 75 mm Field Gun M1897 on M2 Carriage 75 mm howitzer M1 105 mm howitzer M2 105 mm howitzer M3 4.5 inch gun M1 155 mm howitzer M1918 155 mm howitzer M1 155 mm gun M1918MI 155 mm gun M1/M2 "Long Tom" 8 inch howitzer M1/M2 8-inch gun M1 240 mm howitzer M1 Mortars 60 mm mortar M2 81 mm mortar M1 4.2 inch mortar M2 Little David Other vehicle-mounted 75 mm howitzer M2/M3 75 mm gun M1897 105 mm howitzer M2 155 mm gun M1917MI 155 mm gun M2 8 inch howitzer M1/M2 Anti-aircraft guns 37 mm M1 40 mm M1 3-inch gun M1917 3-inch gun M1918 3-inch anti-aircraft gun M3 90 mm M1 120 mm M1 Coast artillery guns 3-inch gun M1903 90 mm M1 6-inch gun M1903 155 mm gun M1918MI 7"/45 caliber gun 8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 12-inch gun M1895 14-inch gun M1907 16-inch gun M1895 16-inch gun M1919 16-inch Marks 2 and 3 16-inch howitzer M1920 Railway artillery 8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch gun M1888 12-inch coast defense mortar 14-inch M1920
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Except for Fort Drum, the guns were on disappearing carriages; when the gun was fired, it dropped behind a concrete and/or earthen wall for protection from counter-battery fire.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wire-wound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-wound"},{"link_name":"calibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org38-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berhow14guns1-7"}],"sub_title":"14-inch gun M1907 and M1907MI","text":"The M1907 was a wire-wound gun 34 calibers long. The M1907MI was a built-up gun (the usual US practice) of the same length. Twelve were deployed, all on M1907 disappearing carriages. Four were in Hawaii and eight were in the Panama Canal Zone.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortDrum_After.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortDrumSandyHook.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Proving_Ground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG"},{"link_name":"USS New Jersey (BB-62)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-62)"},{"link_name":"Fort Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Drum_(El_Fraile_Island)"},{"link_name":"Manila Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Manila_and_Subic_Bays"},{"link_name":"trunnions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunnion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Newport News Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"6-inch M1908 guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1908"},{"link_name":"casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemates"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berhow14guns1-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Corregidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"151st Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/151st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"38th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"14-inch gun M1909","text":"Fort Drum in Manila Bay, called the “concrete battleship”, was a unique fort mounting four 14-inch guns in two twin turrets.A twin 14-inch turret made for Fort Drum being tested at the Sandy Hook Proving Ground.Fort Drum in 1983 with USS New Jersey (BB-62) behind the fort.The M1909 was a wire-wound gun 40 calibers long designed specifically for the turrets of Fort Drum on El Fraile Island in Manila Bay, Philippines. An unusual design feature was that it was made without trunnions.[8] The turrets were made by Newport News Shipbuilding. Fort Drum was built by razing the small island down to the water and building a massive concrete fort on it. The fort had four 14-inch M1909 guns in two twin M1909 turrets, with four 6-inch M1908 guns in casemates on the sides.[7][9] Despite holding out against Japanese bombardment, the fort was surrendered after destroying the guns along with Corregidor on 6 May 1942.[10] It was recaptured in April 1945 by Company F of the 2nd Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment, 38th Infantry Division, and a detachment of the 113th Engineer Combat Battalion of the same division. The engineers lowered a 500-pound TNT charge into the structure with a 30-minute time fuze. They then pumped in 3400 gallons of fuel consisting of 75% diesel and 25% gasoline.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Frank"},{"link_name":"Fort Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Fort MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berhow14guns1-7"}],"sub_title":"14-inch gun M1910","text":"The M1910 was a wire-wound gun 40 calibers long. Eight were deployed, all on M1907 disappearing carriages. Locations included Fort Frank and Fort Hughes in Manila Bay (2 guns each) as well as Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, Los Angeles, CA (4 guns).[13][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japan"},{"link_name":"invasion in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage"},{"link_name":"16-inch gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Along with other coast artillery weapons, the 14-inch guns in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. Since they were positioned against a naval attack, they were poorly sited to engage the Japanese. Except for Fort Drum's turrets, whose guns were in action until the surrender, the open mountings were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack; their only protection was camouflage nets. Destruction procedures were executed on all the guns prior to the surrender of US forces on 6 May 1942.In 1940–44, 16-inch gun batteries were constructed at most harbor defenses, and all 14-inch guns not in the Philippines were scrapped in 1943–44.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12860,_San_Diego,_K%C3%BCstenverteidigungsgesch%C3%BCtz.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John M. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moulder_Wilson"},{"link_name":"William L. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Pass"},{"link_name":"Fort Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Caballo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballo_Island"},{"link_name":"Fort Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Caballo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballo_Island"}],"text":"14-inch M1910MI gun fires at Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, California.[14]Six 14-inch guns of this type remain in the Philippines.[15]1. Two 14-inch Guns M1909 (#4 & #3 Watervliet) in one Turret M1909 (#1 Newport News), Battery John M. Wilson, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines.2. Two 14-inch Guns M1909 (#2 & #1 Watervliet) in one Turret M1909 (#2 Newport News), Battery William L. Marshall, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines.3. One 14-inch Gun M1910 (#15 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1907MI (#20 Watervliet), Battery Gillespie, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines.4. One 14-inch Gun M1910 (#8 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1907MI (#17 Watervliet), Battery Woodruff, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines.","title":"Surviving examples"}]
[{"image_text":"Fort Drum in Manila Bay, called the “concrete battleship”, was a unique fort mounting four 14-inch guns in two twin turrets.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/FortDrum_After.jpg/220px-FortDrum_After.jpg"},{"image_text":"A twin 14-inch turret made for Fort Drum being tested at the Sandy Hook Proving Ground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FortDrumSandyHook.jpg/220px-FortDrumSandyHook.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Drum in 1983 with USS New Jersey (BB-62) behind the fort.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG/220px-Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG"},{"image_text":"14-inch M1910MI gun fires at Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, California.[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12860%2C_San_Diego%2C_K%C3%BCstenverteidigungsgesch%C3%BCtz.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12860%2C_San_Diego%2C_K%C3%BCstenverteidigungsgesch%C3%BCtz.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Seacoast defense in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Battle of Corregidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor"},{"title":"Coast Artillery fire control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Artillery_fire_control_system"},{"title":"10-inch gun M1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1895"},{"title":"12-inch gun M1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895"},{"title":"List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Army_weapons_by_supply_catalog_designation"},{"title":"United States War Department Forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_War_Department_Forms"}]
[{"reference":"Morton, Louis (1953). The Fall of the Philippines. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 486–487. CMH Pub 5-2. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm","url_text":"The Fall of the Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Robert Ross (1993) [1963]. Triumph in the Philippines (PDF). U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 355–356. CMH Pub 5-10-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/005/5-10-1/CMH_Pub_5-10-1.pdf","url_text":"Triumph in the Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"}]},{"reference":"Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2004). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide (Second ed.). CDSG Press. ISBN 0-9748167-0-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9748167-0-1","url_text":"0-9748167-0-1"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). Seacoast Fortifications of the United States. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929521-11-4","url_text":"978-0-929521-11-4"}]},{"reference":"Ordnance Dept., US Army (1917). Description of 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16-inch Seacoast Guns. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 37–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps","url_text":"Ordnance Dept., US Army"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/descriptionandi03statgoog#page/n46/mode/1up","url_text":"Description of 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16-inch Seacoast Guns"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/descriptionandi03statgoog#page/n46/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Ordnance 1917, p. 45"},{"Link":"http://cdsg.org/fort-and-battery-list/","external_links_name":"Coast Defense Study Group fort and battery list"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/descriptionandi03statgoog#page/n46/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Ordnance 1917, pages 38–40, 45"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/descriptionandi03statgoog#page/n46/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Ordnance 1917, pages 40-42, 45"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm","external_links_name":"The Fall of the Philippines"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/005/5-10-1/CMH_Pub_5-10-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Triumph in the Philippines"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/descriptionandi03statgoog#page/n46/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Ordnance 1917, page 42, 45"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/descriptionandi03statgoog#page/n46/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Description of 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16-inch Seacoast Guns"},{"Link":"http://fortwiki.com/Coastal_Battery_Gun_List","external_links_name":"FortWiki gun type list"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Alexander_Brocas_Burrows
Bernard Burrows
["1 Career","2 Later life","3 References"]
British diplomat Sir Bernard Alexander Brocas Burrows, GCMG (3 July 1910 – 7 May 2002) was a British diplomat. Career Burrows studied at Eton College and Trinity College in Oxford. In 1934, after two years spent learning languages in France, Austria and Italy, he entered the Diplomatic Service. He was posted to Cairo in 1938 where he served throughout the Second World War and where he met his future wife Ines, the daughter of John Walter, co-proprietor of The Times. They were married in 1944, and the next year he was posted back to London. He served as the head of the Foreign Office's eastern department in 1947–1949. In this position he advocated for Transjordan's invasion of Palestine which, in his view, "would have immense strategic advantages for us, both in cutting the Jewish State … off from the Red Sea and by extending up to the Mediterranean the area in which our military and political influence is predominant". In 1950, Bernard Burrows went to British Embassy in Washington D.C. as the Head of Chancery, at the same time as Guy Burgess. He became Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, based in Bahrain, in 1953, handling relations with Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and the seven Trucial States. Burrows expressed his disagreement with British foreign policy over Suez and was frustrated by the inadequate communication from his headquarters (he was never consulted by London about the regional repercussions of the operation), bringing him close to resignation. When he was appointed British Ambassador to Ankara, Turkey (1958–1962), he had never visited the country before and had little previous knowledge of it. He was surprised to find the inauguration of an oil refinery accompanied by the slaughter of a sheep. He quickly fell in love with the culture and the people there. "When we arrived in Turkey from Arabia," writes Sir Bernard in his memoirs, "it felt as if we were coming home." He was on friendly terms with several members of the Turkish government, including the prime minister Adnan Menderes. In the opinion of many good judges, he was one of the best ambassadors Britain had sent to Turkey. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited Ankara as the guest of the Head of State Cemal Gursel during his term in the Embassy. Burrows established excellent relations with President Gursel who later helped obtain permission for British military aircraft to overfly Turkey on their way to support Kuwait. When government and public opinion in Britain reacted sharply against the execution of Menderes despite his efforts for the contrary and pleas of forgiveness to the ruling military[National Unity Committee by the Queen, President John F. Kennedy, Gursel and İsmet İnönü, Sir Bernard worked hard to prevent a diplomatic rupture between the two countries. Ankara hinted to him that his personal popularity had possibly prevented a recall of ambassadors. "It was lucky that an ethical foreign policy had not yet been invented," he wrote in his autobiography. Bernard Burrows retained a strong attachment to Turkey, supporting its closer integration into Europe and its membership of the European Union as its persuasive advocate over 40 years. Listing the delay in bringing Turkey closer into the EU as one of his main disappointments, he once wrote : "Turks have been notoriously bad at lobbying for themselves, and myths of the 'terrible Turk', whether or not realistically based, continue to be perpetuated through Byron, Lawrence of Arabia, and Midnight Express". He served as the chairman of the British Institute of Archaeology in Ankara, chairman of the Anglo-Turkish Society in London. He was immensely popular with the Turks, and when his wife died in 1997, trees were planted in the central Kuğulu Park in Ankara to honour the couple. Following his service in London as the Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee, the last position in his career was British Ambassador to NATO and Permanent Representative on the NATO Council in Brussels, working on the Euro-Group and chairing the Nuclear Planning Group. Later life Sir Bernard Burrows retired from the government service as the number two in the Foreign Office in 1970, but still remained active as the chairman of the Federal Trust for Education and Research, local Citizens Advice Bureau, chairman of the Horticultural Society of East Dean and delivering meals-on-wheels until he was 90. He possessed intellectual curiosity, fuelled by hostility towards the church, established religion and lecturing priests. This led him to pursue a humanist approach in a quest for the causes of conflict and ways to prevent it; religion, after all, had been the source of so much bloodshed throughout history. This also led Burrows to explore the paranormal, and apparently unexplained phenomena. At the time of his death, he was working on a book, Progress, in which he proposed to question conventional views and presumptions about the development of the human condition. In 1965, he was described in Anthony Sampson's Anatomy Of Britain as "one of the five most powerful people in Whitehall". Burrows published his memoirs in Diplomat in a Changing World (2001). He also authored The Security of Western Europe (With C Irwin 1972), Devolution or Federalism (with G Edwards 1980), The Defence of Western Europe (1982), and a history of the Gulf region, Footnotes in the Sand (1990). He also advised on the political scenario for General Sir John Hackett's bestseller, The Third World War (1982). In 2001, he published A Myth for Our Time, examining the origins of the universe from a humanist perspective. Sir Bernard Burrows was appointed Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) in 1955 and the Grand Cross (GCMG) in 1970. He is survived by a daughter and a son. - On Europa: Romania and Bulgaria became the newest members of the European Union on the first day of the new year. They were two Iron-Curtain countries. They had fallen under the paws of Communism! Turkey put up a great fight not to fall under Communism. She ruined, killed, her own children suspects of being Communists. During the Cold-War, she did military spending over her budget. She gave her armies to NATO. Now look at the outcome. While the old enemies of the West, former communists are rewarded by E.U. membership, doors are being closed on the face of the old-allies Turks. So, what is the lesson? To be a soldier of the West is not enough to be Western. Hope you feel better soon !— Sir Bernard Burrows, Melih ASIK, Milliyet, January 2007 References ^ a b Norton-Taylor, Richard (17 May 2002). "Sir Bernard Burrows". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2018. ^ Karsh, Efraim. Palestine Betrayed. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Netherlands Poland People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Sir Bernard Alexander Brocas Burrows, GCMG (3 July 1910 – 7 May 2002) was a British diplomat.[1]","title":"Bernard Burrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Diplomatic_Service"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Transjordan"},{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Jewish State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"British Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Embassy"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"Guy Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Trucial States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucial_States"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Adnan Menderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Menderes"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cemal Gursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemal_Gursel"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"İsmet İnönü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Midnight Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kuğulu Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%9Fulu_Park"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Planning Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Planning_Group"}],"text":"Burrows studied at Eton College and Trinity College in Oxford.[1] In 1934, after two years spent learning languages in France, Austria and Italy, he entered the Diplomatic Service. He was posted to Cairo in 1938 where he served throughout the Second World War and where he met his future wife Ines, the daughter of John Walter, co-proprietor of The Times. They were married in 1944, and the next year he was posted back to London.He served as the head of the Foreign Office's eastern department in 1947–1949. In this position he advocated for Transjordan's invasion of Palestine which, in his view, \"would have immense strategic advantages for us, both in cutting the Jewish State … off from the Red Sea and by extending up to the Mediterranean the area in which our military and political influence is predominant\".[2] In 1950, Bernard Burrows went to British Embassy in Washington D.C. as the Head of Chancery, at the same time as Guy Burgess.He became Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, based in Bahrain, in 1953, handling relations with Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and the seven Trucial States. Burrows expressed his disagreement with British foreign policy over Suez and was frustrated by the inadequate communication from his headquarters (he was never consulted by London about the regional repercussions of the operation), bringing him close to resignation.When he was appointed British Ambassador to Ankara, Turkey (1958–1962), he had never visited the country before and had little previous knowledge of it. He was surprised to find the inauguration of an oil refinery accompanied by the slaughter of a sheep. He quickly fell in love with the culture and the people there. \"When we arrived in Turkey from Arabia,\" writes Sir Bernard in his memoirs, \"it felt as if we were coming home.\" He was on friendly terms with several members of the Turkish government, including the prime minister Adnan Menderes. In the opinion of many good judges, he was one of the best ambassadors Britain had sent to Turkey. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited Ankara as the guest of the Head of State Cemal Gursel during his term in the Embassy. Burrows established excellent relations with President Gursel who later helped obtain permission for British military aircraft to overfly Turkey on their way to support Kuwait. When government and public opinion in Britain reacted sharply against the execution of Menderes despite his efforts for the contrary and pleas of forgiveness to the ruling military[National Unity Committee by the Queen, President John F. Kennedy, Gursel and İsmet İnönü, Sir Bernard worked hard to prevent a diplomatic rupture between the two countries. Ankara hinted to him that his personal popularity had possibly prevented a recall of ambassadors. \"It was lucky that an ethical foreign policy had not yet been invented,\" he wrote in his autobiography.Bernard Burrows retained a strong attachment to Turkey, supporting its closer integration into Europe and its membership of the European Union as its persuasive advocate over 40 years. Listing the delay in bringing Turkey closer into the EU as one of his main disappointments, he once wrote : \"Turks have been notoriously bad at lobbying for themselves, and myths of the 'terrible Turk', whether or not realistically based, continue to be perpetuated through Byron, Lawrence of Arabia, and [the film] Midnight Express\". He served as the chairman of the British Institute of Archaeology in Ankara, chairman of the Anglo-Turkish Society in London. He was immensely popular with the Turks, and when his wife died in 1997, trees were planted in the central Kuğulu Park in Ankara to honour the couple.Following his service in London as the Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee, the last position in his career was British Ambassador to NATO and Permanent Representative on the NATO Council in Brussels, working on the Euro-Group and chairing the Nuclear Planning Group.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"Anthony Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Sampson"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander"},{"link_name":"St. Michael and St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cross"}],"text":"Sir Bernard Burrows retired from the government service as the number two in the Foreign Office in 1970, but still remained active as the chairman of the Federal Trust for Education and Research, local Citizens Advice Bureau, chairman of the Horticultural Society of East Dean and delivering meals-on-wheels until he was 90. He possessed intellectual curiosity, fuelled by hostility towards the church, established religion and lecturing priests. This led him to pursue a humanist approach in a quest for the causes of conflict and ways to prevent it; religion, after all, had been the source of so much bloodshed throughout history. This also led Burrows to explore the paranormal, and apparently unexplained phenomena. At the time of his death, he was working on a book, Progress, in which he proposed to question conventional views and presumptions about the development of the human condition.In 1965, he was described in Anthony Sampson's Anatomy Of Britain as \"one of the five most powerful people in Whitehall\".Burrows published his memoirs in Diplomat in a Changing World (2001). He also authored The Security of Western Europe (With C Irwin 1972), Devolution or Federalism (with G Edwards 1980), The Defence of Western Europe (1982), and a history of the Gulf region, Footnotes in the Sand (1990). He also advised on the political scenario for General Sir John Hackett's bestseller, The Third World War (1982). In 2001, he published A Myth for Our Time, examining the origins of the universe from a humanist perspective.Sir Bernard Burrows was appointed Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) in 1955 and the Grand Cross (GCMG) in 1970.He is survived by a daughter and a son.- On Europa: Romania and Bulgaria became the newest members of the European Union on the first day of the new year. They were two Iron-Curtain countries. They had fallen under the paws of Communism! Turkey put up a great fight not to fall under Communism. She ruined, killed, her own children suspects of being Communists. During the Cold-War, she did military spending over her budget. She gave her armies to NATO. Now look at the outcome. While the old enemies of the West, former communists are rewarded by E.U. membership, doors are being closed on the face of the old-allies Turks. So, what is the lesson? To be a soldier of the West is not enough to be Western. Hope you feel better soon !— Sir Bernard Burrows, Melih ASIK, Milliyet, January 2007","title":"Later life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Norton-Taylor, Richard (17 May 2002). \"Sir Bernard Burrows\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/may/17/guardianobituaries.Whitehall","url_text":"\"Sir Bernard Burrows\""}]},{"reference":"Karsh, Efraim. Palestine Betrayed.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarp%C3%A5ker_Stone
Skarpåker Stone
["1 Description","2 Transliteration of inscription into Latin letters","3 References"]
Skarpåker StoneCreatedearly Eleventh CenturyDiscovered1883 ADLindö, Sörmland, SwedenRundata IDSö 154Runemasterunknown The Skarpåker Stone, designated by Rundata as Sö 154, is a Viking Age memorial runestone that originally was located in Skarpåker, Nyköping, Sörmland, Sweden. It dates to the early eleventh century. Description The runestone was discovered in 1883 in a field at Skarpåker, but in 1883 was moved to Lindö and then moved to its current location in that city in 1928. The Skarpåker Stone is 1.8 meters in height and notable for a skaldic younger futhark inscription in two, nearly-identical lines. The eschatology of the verse, "the Earth shall be rent, and the heavens above", apparently expressing a father's devastation at the loss of his son, may be compared to the father's lament in the Sonatorrek. It also evokes the catastrophic end of the world in Germanic mythology, described in the Poetic Edda as Ragnarök and also alluded to in the Muspilli. The phrase "heavens above" or "high heaven" (literally "up-heaven") is used in three existing skaldic poems, in Old High German, Old Saxon and Old English religious poetry as well as on the charm on the Ribe runic healing stick DR EM85;493, with "earth and high heaven" apparently a common Germanic poetic phrase. The line on the Skarpåker Stone also invokes the following lines from the third stanza of the Völuspá: Of old was the age | when Ymir lived; Sea nor cool waves | nor sand there were; Earth had not been, | nor heaven above, But a yawning gap, | and grass nowhere. The text is carved on a serpent who arches over a depiction of a ship with a cross as its mast. Other runic inscriptions from the Viking Age that depict ships include DR 77 in Hjermind, DR 119 in Spentrup, DR 220 in Sønder Kirkeby, DR 258 in Bösarp, DR 271 in Tullstorp, DR 328 in Holmby, DR EM85;523 in Farsø, Ög 181 in Ledberg, Ög 224 in Stratomta, Ög MÖLM1960;230 in Törnevalla, Sö 122 in Skresta, Sö 158 in Österberga, Sö 164 in Spånga, Sö 351 in Överjärna, Sö 352 in Linga, Vg 51 in Husaby, U 370 in Herresta, U 979 in Gamla Uppsala, U 1052 in Axlunda, U 1161 in Altuna, and Vs 17 in Råby. Three stones, the Hørdum and Långtora kyrka stones and U 1001 in Rasbo, depict ships, but currently do not have any runes on them and may never have had any. While including older pagan references in the runic text, the overall theme of the inscription on the Skarpåker Stone, with the ship and cross, is Christian. The inscription on the Skarpåker Stone has been attributed to a runemaster named Traen, and is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr1, which also is known as the Ringerike style. This is the classification for inscriptions with runic text bands that end in serpent or animal heads, depicted as seen from above. Transliteration of inscription into Latin letters §PkunarGunnarr: raisþireisti: stainstein: þansiþenna: atatlyþbiurnLýðbjǫrn,: sunson: sinsinn.: iarþsalrJarðsalrifnahifnaukokubhiminupphiminnkunar : raisþi : stain : þansi : at lyþbiurn : sun : sin : iarþsalr ifna uk ubhiminGunnarr {} reisti {} stein {} þenna {} at Lýðbjǫrn, {} son {} sinn. {} Jarðsalr hifna ok upphiminnGunnarr raised this stone in memory of Lyðbjǫrn, his son. The earthly hall of Heaven and High Heaven. §QkunarGunnarr: raisþireisti: stainstein: þansiþenna: atatlyþbiurnLyðbjǫrn,: sunson: sinsinn.: iarþJarðsalsalrifnarifnaukokubhiminupphiminnkunar : raisþi : stain : þansi : at lyþbiurn : sun : sin : iarþ sal rifna uk ubhiminGunnarr {} reisti {} stein {} þenna {} at Lyðbjǫrn, {} son {} sinn. {} Jarð sal rifna ok upphiminnGunnarr raised this stone in memory of Lyðbjôrn, his son. Earth shall be riven and High Heaven. References ^ a b MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006), Runic Amulets and Magic Objects, Boydell Press, pp. 124–26, ISBN 1-84383-205-4 ^ Larson, Patrick (2005). "Runes". In McTurk, Rory (ed.). A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 403–426. ISBN 0-631-23502-7. pp. 413-14. ^ Bellows, Henry Adams (transl.) (1936). The Poetic Edda. ^ a b Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-85115-826-9. ^ Schulte, Michael (2007). "Memory Culture in the Viking Ages: The Runic Evidence of Formulaic Patterns" (PDF). Scripta Islandica. 58. University of Uppsala: 57–73. ISSN 0582-3234. Retrieved 25 Dec 2010. p. 63-65. ^ Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk - Rundata entry for Sö 154. vteRunestonesWestern route and unspecified expeditions abroad Viking runestones (main) England runestones Hakon Jarl runestones Gunnar's bridge runestones Eastern route Varangian runestones (main) Baltic area runestones Greece runestones Italy runestones Ingvar runestones Other journeys Nä 29, U 158, U 258, U 605, U 614, 699, U 925, U 948, U 954, 1028, U 1048, Sö 16, Sö 47, Sö 49, Sö 174, Sö 333, Sö 360, Vg 40, Vg 81, Sm 48, G 207, DR 259, DR 330, N 239 Jomsvikings and the Battle of Fýrisvellir Högby Runestone Hällestad Runestones Sjörup Runestone Karlevi Runestone Egtved Runestone Aars stone Viking Age womenVs 24, U 15, U 337, U 455, U 489, U 861, Sr 139, Vg 67, N 68, N 225, DR 55, DR 114, DR 143 Gerlög and Inga: Färentuna Runestones, Hillersjö stone, Snottsta and Vreta stones Estrid: Broby bro Runestones, Hargs bro runic inscriptions, Uppland Rune Inscriptions 101, 143 and 147Norse mythology andOld Norse religion "May Thor hallow": Vg 150, Sö 140 (?), DR 110, DR 209, DR 220Thor's hammer: U 1161, Vg 113, Sö 86, Sö 111, DR 26, DR 48, DR 120Cursed stones: Vg 67, DR 81, DR 83, DR 209, DR 230, DR 338, DR 357, DR 360Other: Sö 154, Ög 136, Ög 181, Öl 1, Vg 63, Vg 119, Thorwald's Cross Runestone monuments Jarlabanke Runestones, Hunnestad Monument, Jelling stones OtherSö 113Resources List of runestones Rundata Runic inscriptions online interactive map Runic transliteration and transcription
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rundata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundata"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial"},{"link_name":"runestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runestone"},{"link_name":"Nyköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Sörmland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6rmland"}],"text":"The Skarpåker Stone, designated by Rundata as Sö 154, is a Viking Age memorial runestone that originally was located in Skarpåker, Nyköping, Sörmland, Sweden. It dates to the early eleventh century.","title":"Skarpåker Stone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lindö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lind%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"skaldic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"},{"link_name":"younger futhark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_futhark"},{"link_name":"eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology"},{"link_name":"Sonatorrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatorrek"},{"link_name":"Germanic mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Poetic Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda"},{"link_name":"Ragnarök","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"Muspilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muspilli"},{"link_name":"Ribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribe"},{"link_name":"runic healing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_magic"},{"link_name":"DR EM85;493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribe_healing_stick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Völuspá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod-1"},{"link_name":"Ymir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross"},{"link_name":"DR 220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_Runestone"},{"link_name":"DR 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullstorp_Runestone"},{"link_name":"DR 328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmby_Runestone"},{"link_name":"Ög 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledberg_stone"},{"link_name":"Ög 224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_224"},{"link_name":"Ög MÖLM1960;230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_M%C3%96LM1960;230"},{"link_name":"Sö 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_158"},{"link_name":"Sö 164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_runestones#S%C3%B6_164"},{"link_name":"Sö 351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_351"},{"link_name":"Sö 352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_352"},{"link_name":"U 979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_979"},{"link_name":"U 1161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altuna_Runestone"},{"link_name":"Vs 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland_Runic_Inscription_17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jesch-4"},{"link_name":"Hørdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rdum_stone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jesch-4"},{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_paganism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"runemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runemaster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rundata-6"},{"link_name":"runestone style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runestone_styles"},{"link_name":"Ringerike style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringerike_style"}],"text":"The runestone was discovered in 1883 in a field at Skarpåker, but in 1883 was moved to Lindö and then moved to its current location in that city in 1928. The Skarpåker Stone is 1.8 meters in height and notable for a skaldic younger futhark inscription in two, nearly-identical lines. The eschatology of the verse, \"the Earth shall be rent, and the heavens above\", apparently expressing a father's devastation at the loss of his son, may be compared to the father's lament in the Sonatorrek. It also evokes the catastrophic end of the world in Germanic mythology, described in the Poetic Edda as Ragnarök and also alluded to in the Muspilli.The phrase \"heavens above\" or \"high heaven\" (literally \"up-heaven\") is used in three existing skaldic poems, in Old High German, Old Saxon and Old English religious poetry as well as on the charm on the Ribe runic healing stick DR EM85;493, with \"earth and high heaven\" apparently a common Germanic poetic phrase.[1][2] The line on the Skarpåker Stone also invokes the following lines from the third stanza of the Völuspá:[1]Of old was the age | when Ymir lived;\nSea nor cool waves | nor sand there were;\nEarth had not been, | nor heaven above,\nBut a yawning gap, | and grass nowhere.[3]The text is carved on a serpent who arches over a depiction of a ship with a cross as its mast. Other runic inscriptions from the Viking Age that depict ships include DR 77 in Hjermind, DR 119 in Spentrup, DR 220 in Sønder Kirkeby, DR 258 in Bösarp, DR 271 in Tullstorp, DR 328 in Holmby, DR EM85;523 in Farsø, Ög 181 in Ledberg, Ög 224 in Stratomta, Ög MÖLM1960;230 in Törnevalla, Sö 122 in Skresta, Sö 158 in Österberga, Sö 164 in Spånga, Sö 351 in Överjärna, Sö 352 in Linga, Vg 51 in Husaby, U 370 in Herresta, U 979 in Gamla Uppsala, U 1052 in Axlunda, U 1161 in Altuna, and Vs 17 in Råby.[4] Three stones, the Hørdum and Långtora kyrka stones and U 1001 in Rasbo, depict ships, but currently do not have any runes on them and may never have had any.[4] While including older pagan references in the runic text, the overall theme of the inscription on the Skarpåker Stone, with the ship and cross, is Christian.[5]The inscription on the Skarpåker Stone has been attributed to a runemaster named Traen,[6] and is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr1, which also is known as the Ringerike style. This is the classification for inscriptions with runic text bands that end in serpent or animal heads, depicted as seen from above.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jarð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Jarð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0"}],"text":"§PkunarGunnarr: raisþireisti: stainstein: þansiþenna: atatlyþbiurnLýðbjǫrn,: sunson: sinsinn.: iarþsalrJarðsalrifnahifnaukokubhiminupphiminnkunar : raisþi : stain : þansi : at lyþbiurn : sun : sin : iarþsalr ifna uk ubhiminGunnarr {} reisti {} stein {} þenna {} at Lýðbjǫrn, {} son {} sinn. {} Jarðsalr hifna ok upphiminnGunnarr raised this stone in memory of Lyðbjǫrn, his son. The earthly hall of Heaven and High Heaven.§QkunarGunnarr: raisþireisti: stainstein: þansiþenna: atatlyþbiurnLyðbjǫrn,: sunson: sinsinn.: iarþJarðsalsalrifnarifnaukokubhiminupphiminnkunar : raisþi : stain : þansi : at lyþbiurn : sun : sin : iarþ sal rifna uk ubhiminGunnarr {} reisti {} stein {} þenna {} at Lyðbjǫrn, {} son {} sinn. {} Jarð sal rifna ok upphiminnGunnarr raised this stone in memory of Lyðbjôrn, his son. Earth shall be riven and High Heaven.","title":"Transliteration of inscription into Latin letters"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictinus_(mythology)
Ictinus (mythology)
["1 Family","2 Mythology","3 Symbolism","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
Greek mythological person This article is about the mythological character. For other uses, see Ictinus. In Greek mythology, Ictinus (Ancient Greek: Ἴκτινος, romanized: Iktinos, lit. 'kite') is a minor figure who tried to violate his daughter and was transformed into a bird, in part of an aetiological myth that attempts to explain nature. His brief tale survives in the works of Dionysius Periegetes. Family The only known member of Ictinus's family is a daughter named Side. Nothing more is known about their family, nor is their homeland named, as most likely both Ictinus and Side were invented for the sake of this story. Mythology According to the myth, the kite bird (iktinos) had originally been a man. Ictinus felt incestuous desire for his daughter Side, and chased her down with the intention to rape her. Side fled from him until she reached the gravestone of her dead mother, and killed herself on it. Her blood that spilt on the ground gave rise to a pomegranate tree, while Ictinus himself was transformed into a kite, a bird that hates to rest on pomegranate trees. Symbolism Karl Kerenyi compared this story to both the goddess Persephone, who was abducted to the Underworld by Hades and made to stay there thanks to the consumption of pomegranate fruit, and Orion's first wife Side, who angered Hera and was cast in Tartarus. All three stories have the common theme of a maiden who either literally or metaphorically dies and is led to the Underworld, with Ictinus supplanting the subterranean god in the second Side's case. Kerenyi summarized it as "a woman had to go down to the underworld for the benefit of the community." The pomegranate was seen as a symbol of fertility and Aphrodite, the goddess of love, but more important for that story, apart from the connection it has to kites, is its bright red colour that resembles blood, as Side spilt her own, which gave rise to the tree. The myth has also similar elements with those of Nyctaea and Nyctimene, women who were transformed into something else in their effort to flee their rapacious fathers. See also mythology portalancient Greece portal Myrrha Corone Nemesis References ^ A Greek-English Lexicon ἴκτινος ^ a b c Forbes Irving 1990, pp. 242–243. ^ Dionysius, De Aucupio 7 ^ Garzya 1955, pp. 205-206. ^ Kerenyi 1967, p. 139. Bibliography Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). Metamorphosis in Greek Myths. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814730-9. Garzya, Antonius (1955). "Paraphrasis Dionysii Poematis de Aucupio". Byzantion. 25–27 (1). Peeters Publishers, JSTOR: 195–240. JSTOR 44170039. Retrieved December 28, 2022. Kerenyi, Karl (1967). Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter. Translated by Ralph Manheim. New York City, New York: Pantheon Books. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Online version at Perseus.tufts project. vteMetamorphoses in Greek mythologyAnimalsAvian Abas Acanthis Acanthus Acmon Aëdon Aegolius Aegypius Aëtos Aesacus Agrius and Oreius Agron Alcander Alcyone Alcyone and Ceyx Alcyonides Alectryon Anthus Antigone Argus Arne Sithonis Artemiche Ascalaphus Asteria Autonous Botres Bulis Byssa Caeneus Celeus Cerberus Chelidon Cinyras Clinis Combe Corone Ctesylla Cycnus of Aetolia Cycnus of Ares Cycnus of Colonae Cycnus of Liguria Daedalion Erinoma Erodius Eumelus Gerana Harpalyce Harpasus Harpe Hierax Hippodamia Hyperippe Hyria Ictinus Idas Ino Itys Iynx Laius Lelante Lycius Lycus Megaletor Meleagrids Memnonides Meropis Merops Minyades Munichus Neophron Nisus Nyctaea Nyctimene Oenoe Oenotropae Ortygius Pandareus Pelia Perdix Periphas Peristera Picus Pierides Phene Philaeus Philomela Pleiades Polyphonte Polytechnus Procne Rhexenor Schoeneus Scylla Tereus Timandra Non-avian Abas Actaeon Arachne Arcas Arge Aristaeus Ascalabus Atalanta Cadmus Calchus Callisto Cephissus Cerambus Cercopes Chelone Circe Curetes Cynosura Galanthis Gale Harmonia Hecuba Helice Hippomenes Io Lycaon Lycian peasants Lyncus Melanippe Melian nymphs Melissa Minyades Myia Myrmex Naïs Nerites Ocyrhoe Odysseus Pentheus Phalanx Phineus Phoenice Pompilus Taygete Theophane Tiresias Titanis Tithonus Tyrrhenian pirates Aethalides Alcimedon Dictys Epopeus Melas Medon Opheltes Base appearance Achilles Antigone Charybdis Lamia Medusa Midas Mulberry fruit Phaon Scylla Sirens White raven Humanoids Arne Calliste Cymodoce Cephalus' wife Galatea Leleges Myrmidons Nephele Spartoi Weasel Inanimate objects Aconteus Aglaurus Alcmene Anaxarete Ariadne Arsinoë Aspalis Battus Britomartis Calydon Cercopes Cragaleus Daphnis Iodame Laelaps Lethaea Lyco and Orphe Olenus Pallas Pandareus Phineus Polydectes Proetus Propoetides Pyrrhus Teumessian fox Wolf Landforms Achelous Acheron Acis Aea Alope Alpheus Arethusa (Boeotia) Arethusa (Elis) Arethusa (Ithaca) Asteria Atlas Aura Byblis Calliste Castalia Chione Cleite Cyane Dirce Haemus Lichas Lilaeus Manto Marsyas Menippe and Metioche Niobe Perimele Pirene Pyramus and Thisbe Rhodope Rhodopis Sangas Selemnus Sybaris Opposite sex Caeneus Hermaphroditus Iphis Leucippus Salmacis Siproites Sithon Tiresias Plants Adonis Agdistis Ajax Amaracus Ambrosia Ampelus Anethus Attis Baucis and Philemon Calamus Carpus Carya Cissus Clytie Crocus Cyparissus Daphne Diopatra Dryope Elaea Elate Eteocleides Heliades Aegle Dioxippe Lampetia Merope Phaethusa Phoebe Hesperides Aegle Erytheia Hyacinthus Leuce Leucothoe Libanus Lotis Lycurgus Mecon Melus Messapians Milk Minthe Myrice Myrina Myrsine Narcissus Oechalides Philyra Phyllis Picolous Pitys Platanus Psalacantha Saliva Side Smilax Smyrna Spear Syceus Syrinx Voluntary Greek gods Kobalos Mestra Periclymenus Other Cumaean Sibyl Echo Hyades Hylas Milk of Hera Pleiades False myths Acantha Amethyste Orchis Rhodanthe Metamorphoses
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ictinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictinus"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dionysius Periegetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Periegetes"}],"text":"This article is about the mythological character. For other uses, see Ictinus.In Greek mythology, Ictinus (Ancient Greek: Ἴκτινος, romanized: Iktinos, lit. 'kite'[1]) is a minor figure who tried to violate his daughter and was transformed into a bird, in part of an aetiological myth that attempts to explain nature. His brief tale survives in the works of Dionysius Periegetes.","title":"Ictinus (mythology)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_(daughter_of_Ictinus)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes_Irving1990242%E2%80%93243-2"}],"text":"The only known member of Ictinus's family is a daughter named Side. Nothing more is known about their family, nor is their homeland named, as most likely both Ictinus and Side were invented for the sake of this story.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(bird)"},{"link_name":"pomegranate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes_Irving1990242%E2%80%93243-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarzya1955[httpswwwjstororgstable44170039read-now1seq11page_scan_tab_contents_205-206]-4"}],"text":"According to the myth, the kite bird (iktinos) had originally been a man. Ictinus felt incestuous desire for his daughter Side, and chased her down with the intention to rape her. Side fled from him until she reached the gravestone of her dead mother, and killed herself on it. Her blood that spilt on the ground gave rise to a pomegranate tree, while Ictinus himself was transformed into a kite, a bird that hates to rest on pomegranate trees.[2][3][4]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Kerenyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi"},{"link_name":"Persephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone"},{"link_name":"Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Underworld"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Tartarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerenyi1967[httpsarchiveorgdetailseleusisarchetypa0000kernpage138mode2upviewtheater_139]-5"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes_Irving1990242%E2%80%93243-2"},{"link_name":"Nyctaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctaea"},{"link_name":"Nyctimene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctimene_(mythology)"}],"text":"Karl Kerenyi compared this story to both the goddess Persephone, who was abducted to the Underworld by Hades and made to stay there thanks to the consumption of pomegranate fruit, and Orion's first wife Side, who angered Hera and was cast in Tartarus. All three stories have the common theme of a maiden who either literally or metaphorically dies and is led to the Underworld, with Ictinus supplanting the subterranean god in the second Side's case. Kerenyi summarized it as \"a woman had to go down to the underworld for the benefit of the community.\"[5]The pomegranate was seen as a symbol of fertility and Aphrodite, the goddess of love, but more important for that story, apart from the connection it has to kites, is its bright red colour that resembles blood, as Side spilt her own, which gave rise to the tree.[2] The myth has also similar elements with those of Nyctaea and Nyctimene, women who were transformed into something else in their effort to flee their rapacious fathers.","title":"Symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metamorphosis in Greek Myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=URvXAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Clarendon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-814730-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814730-9"},{"link_name":"\"Paraphrasis 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of Aetolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Apollo)"},{"link_name":"Cycnus of Ares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Ares)"},{"link_name":"Cycnus of Colonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycnus_of_Kolonai"},{"link_name":"Cycnus of Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycnus_of_Liguria"},{"link_name":"Daedalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalion"},{"link_name":"Erinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinoma"},{"link_name":"Erodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodius"},{"link_name":"Eumelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumelus"},{"link_name":"Gerana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerana"},{"link_name":"Harpalyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpalyce_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Harpasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpasus"},{"link_name":"Harpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hierax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierax_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hippodamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodamia_(wife_of_Autonous)"},{"link_name":"Hyperippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperippe"},{"link_name":"Hyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyria_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ictinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Idas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Itys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itys"},{"link_name":"Iynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iynx"},{"link_name":"Laius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laius_(Crete)"},{"link_name":"Lelante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelante"},{"link_name":"Lycius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)"},{"link_name":"Lycus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Megaletor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaletor"},{"link_name":"Meleagrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagrids"},{"link_name":"Memnonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memnon"},{"link_name":"Meropis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meropis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Merops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merops_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Minyades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyades"},{"link_name":"Munichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichus"},{"link_name":"Neophron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophron_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"Nisus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisos"},{"link_name":"Nyctaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctaea"},{"link_name":"Nyctimene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctimene_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Oenoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenoe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Oenotropae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenotropae"},{"link_name":"Ortygius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortygius"},{"link_name":"Pandareus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandareus"},{"link_name":"Pelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Perdix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Periphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphas_(king_of_Attica)"},{"link_name":"Peristera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristera_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Picus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picus"},{"link_name":"Pierides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierides_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Phene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phene_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Philaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philaeus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Philomela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomela"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Polyphonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonte"},{"link_name":"Polytechnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnus"},{"link_name":"Procne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procne"},{"link_name":"Rhexenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhexenor"},{"link_name":"Schoeneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoeneus"},{"link_name":"Scylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylla_(daughter_of_Nisus)"},{"link_name":"Tereus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereus"},{"link_name":"Timandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timandra_(mother_of_Neophron)"},{"link_name":"Abas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Actaeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actaeon"},{"link_name":"Arachne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachne"},{"link_name":"Arcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcas"},{"link_name":"Arge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arge"},{"link_name":"Aristaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristaeus_(Giant)"},{"link_name":"Ascalabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascalabus"},{"link_name":"Atalanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta"},{"link_name":"Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus"},{"link_name":"Calchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calchus"},{"link_name":"Callisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cephissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cerambus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerambus"},{"link_name":"Cercopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercopes"},{"link_name":"Chelone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus_and_the_Tortoise"},{"link_name":"Circe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe"},{"link_name":"Curetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korybantes"},{"link_name":"Cynosura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynosura_(nymph)"},{"link_name":"Galanthis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanthis"},{"link_name":"Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Harmonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia"},{"link_name":"Hecuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecuba"},{"link_name":"Helice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helice_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hippomenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippomenes"},{"link_name":"Io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lycaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)"},{"link_name":"Lycian peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycian_peasants"},{"link_name":"Lyncus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyncus"},{"link_name":"Melanippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanippe"},{"link_name":"Melian nymphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorion_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Melissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa"},{"link_name":"Minyades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyades"},{"link_name":"Myia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Myrmex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmex_(Attic_woman)"},{"link_name":"Naïs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFs_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Nerites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ocyrhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocyrhoe"},{"link_name":"Odysseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus"},{"link_name":"Pentheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentheus"},{"link_name":"Phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Phineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineus"},{"link_name":"Phoenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenice_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Pompilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompilus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Taygete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taygete"},{"link_name":"Theophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophane"},{"link_name":"Tiresias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiresias"},{"link_name":"Titanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Tithonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithonus"},{"link_name":"Aethalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethalides_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Alcimedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcimedon"},{"link_name":"Dictys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictys"},{"link_name":"Epopeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epopeus"},{"link_name":"Melas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Medon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Opheltes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opheltes_(mythology)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pygmalion_(Raoux).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Io_changed_into_a_cow,_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg"},{"link_name":"Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_(son_of_Zeus)"},{"link_name":"Antigone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy"},{"link_name":"Charybdis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charybdis"},{"link_name":"Lamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia"},{"link_name":"Medusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusa"},{"link_name":"Midas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas"},{"link_name":"Mulberry fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe"},{"link_name":"Phaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaon"},{"link_name":"Scylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylla"},{"link_name":"Sirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"White raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)"},{"link_name":"Arne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_(daughter_of_Aeolus)"},{"link_name":"Calliste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cymodoce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymodoce_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cephalus' wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcesius"},{"link_name":"Galatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Leleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leleges"},{"link_name":"Myrmidons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmidons"},{"link_name":"Nephele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephele"},{"link_name":"Spartoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartoi"},{"link_name":"Weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weasel_and_Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"Aconteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconteus"},{"link_name":"Aglaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglaurus,_daughter_of_Cecrops"},{"link_name":"Alcmene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmene"},{"link_name":"Anaxarete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxarete"},{"link_name":"Ariadne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne"},{"link_name":"Arsinoë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsino%C3%AB_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Aspalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspalis"},{"link_name":"Battus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Britomartis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britomartis"},{"link_name":"Calydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calydon_(son_of_Ares)"},{"link_name":"Cercopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercopes"},{"link_name":"Cragaleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cragaleus"},{"link_name":"Daphnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnis"},{"link_name":"Iodame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodame"},{"link_name":"Laelaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laelaps_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lethaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethaea"},{"link_name":"Lyco and Orphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyco_and_Orphe"},{"link_name":"Olenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenus"},{"link_name":"Pallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)"},{"link_name":"Pandareus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandareus"},{"link_name":"Phineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineus_(son_of_Belus)"},{"link_name":"Polydectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydectes"},{"link_name":"Proetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proetus_(son_of_Abas)"},{"link_name":"Propoetides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoetides"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Teumessian fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teumessian_fox"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)"},{"link_name":"Achelous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achelous"},{"link_name":"Acheron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheron"},{"link_name":"Acis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea"},{"link_name":"Aea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Alope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alope"},{"link_name":"Alpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Arethusa (Boeotia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arethusa_(Boeotia)"},{"link_name":"Arethusa (Elis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Arethusa (Ithaca)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arethusa_(Ithaca)"},{"link_name":"Asteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Aura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Byblis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblis"},{"link_name":"Calliste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Castalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castalia"},{"link_name":"Chione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chione_(daughter_of_Callirrhoe)"},{"link_name":"Cleite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleite"},{"link_name":"Cyane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyane"},{"link_name":"Dirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirce"},{"link_name":"Haemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemus"},{"link_name":"Lichas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichas"},{"link_name":"Lilaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilaeus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Manto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manto_(daughter_of_Tiresias)"},{"link_name":"Marsyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas"},{"link_name":"Menippe and Metioche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menippe_and_Metioche"},{"link_name":"Niobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobe"},{"link_name":"Perimele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimele"},{"link_name":"Pirene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)"},{"link_name":"Pyramus and Thisbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe"},{"link_name":"Rhodope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Rhodopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopis_and_Euthynicus"},{"link_name":"Sangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Selemnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selemnos"},{"link_name":"Sybaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybaris_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Caeneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeneus"},{"link_name":"Hermaphroditus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphroditus"},{"link_name":"Iphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphis"},{"link_name":"Leucippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus_(daughter_of_Galatea)"},{"link_name":"Salmacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmacis"},{"link_name":"Siproites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siproites"},{"link_name":"Sithon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sithon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Tiresias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiresias"},{"link_name":"Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis"},{"link_name":"Agdistis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdistis"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Amaracus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaracus"},{"link_name":"Ambrosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_(Hyades)"},{"link_name":"Ampelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelos"},{"link_name":"Anethus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anethus"},{"link_name":"Attis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attis"},{"link_name":"Baucis and Philemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon"},{"link_name":"Calamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamos"},{"link_name":"Carpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpos"},{"link_name":"Carya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia"},{"link_name":"Cissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Clytie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)"},{"link_name":"Crocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cyparissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyparissus"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne"},{"link_name":"Diopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopatra_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Dryope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryope_(daughter_of_Dryops)"},{"link_name":"Elaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Elate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elate_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Eteocleides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eteocles_of_Orchomenus"},{"link_name":"Heliades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliades"},{"link_name":"Aegle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Dioxippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxippe"},{"link_name":"Lampetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampetia"},{"link_name":"Merope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merope_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"Phaethusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaethusa"},{"link_name":"Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"Hesperides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides"},{"link_name":"Aegle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Erytheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erytheia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hyacinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Leuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Leucothoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucothoe_(daughter_of_Orchamus)"},{"link_name":"Libanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lycurgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Mecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Melus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Messapians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapian_shepherds"},{"link_name":"Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_of_Hera"},{"link_name":"Minthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minthe"},{"link_name":"Myrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrice_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Myrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrina_(priestess)"},{"link_name":"Myrsine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrsine_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Narcissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Oechalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oechalides"},{"link_name":"Philyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)"},{"link_name":"Phyllis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Picolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picolous"},{"link_name":"Pitys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Platanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Psalacantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalacantha"},{"link_name":"Saliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus"},{"link_name":"Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_(daughter_of_Ictinus)"},{"link_name":"Smilax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilax_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrha"},{"link_name":"Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiaraus"},{"link_name":"Syceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syceus"},{"link_name":"Syrinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx"},{"link_name":"Greek gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_gods"},{"link_name":"Kobalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalos"},{"link_name":"Mestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestra"},{"link_name":"Periclymenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periclymenus"},{"link_name":"Cumaean Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hyades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hylas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylas"},{"link_name":"Milk of Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_of_Hera"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Acantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acantha"},{"link_name":"Amethyste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyste"},{"link_name":"Orchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Rhodanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodanthe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"}],"text":"Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). Metamorphosis in Greek Myths. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814730-9.\nGarzya, Antonius (1955). \"Paraphrasis Dionysii Poematis de Aucupio\". Byzantion. 25–27 (1). Peeters Publishers, JSTOR: 195–240. JSTOR 44170039. Retrieved December 28, 2022.\nKerenyi, Karl (1967). Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter. Translated by Ralph Manheim. New York City, New York: Pantheon Books.\nLiddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Online version at Perseus.tufts project.vteMetamorphoses in Greek mythologyAnimalsAvian\nAbas\nAcanthis\nAcanthus\nAcmon\nAëdon\nAegolius\nAegypius\nAëtos\nAesacus\nAgrius and Oreius\nAgron\nAlcander\nAlcyone\nAlcyone and Ceyx\nAlcyonides\nAlectryon\nAnthus\nAntigone\nArgus\nArne Sithonis\nArtemiche\nAscalaphus\nAsteria\nAutonous\nBotres\nBulis\nByssa\nCaeneus\nCeleus\nCerberus\nChelidon\nCinyras\nClinis\nCombe\nCorone\nCtesylla\nCycnus of Aetolia\nCycnus of Ares\nCycnus of Colonae\nCycnus of Liguria\nDaedalion\nErinoma\nErodius\nEumelus\nGerana\nHarpalyce\nHarpasus\nHarpe\nHierax\nHippodamia\nHyperippe\nHyria\nIctinus\nIdas\nIno\nItys\nIynx\nLaius\nLelante\nLycius\nLycus\nMegaletor\nMeleagrids\nMemnonides\nMeropis\nMerops\nMinyades\nMunichus\nNeophron\nNisus\nNyctaea\nNyctimene\nOenoe\nOenotropae\nOrtygius\nPandareus\nPelia\nPerdix\nPeriphas\nPeristera\nPicus\nPierides\nPhene\nPhilaeus\nPhilomela\nPleiades\nPolyphonte\nPolytechnus\nProcne\nRhexenor\nSchoeneus\nScylla\nTereus\nTimandra\nNon-avian\nAbas\nActaeon\nArachne\nArcas\nArge\nAristaeus\nAscalabus\nAtalanta\nCadmus\nCalchus\nCallisto\nCephissus\nCerambus\nCercopes\nChelone\nCirce\nCuretes\nCynosura\nGalanthis\nGale\nHarmonia\nHecuba\nHelice\nHippomenes\nIo\nLycaon\nLycian peasants\nLyncus\nMelanippe\nMelian nymphs\nMelissa\nMinyades\nMyia\nMyrmex\nNaïs\nNerites\nOcyrhoe\nOdysseus\nPentheus\nPhalanx\nPhineus\nPhoenice\nPompilus\nTaygete\nTheophane\nTiresias\nTitanis\nTithonus\nTyrrhenian pirates\nAethalides\nAlcimedon\nDictys\nEpopeus\nMelas\nMedon\nOpheltes\nBase appearance\nAchilles\nAntigone\nCharybdis\nLamia\nMedusa\nMidas\nMulberry fruit\nPhaon\nScylla\nSirens\nWhite raven\nHumanoids\nArne\nCalliste\nCymodoce\nCephalus' wife\nGalatea\nLeleges\nMyrmidons\nNephele\nSpartoi\nWeasel\nInanimate objects\nAconteus\nAglaurus\nAlcmene\nAnaxarete\nAriadne\nArsinoë\nAspalis\nBattus\nBritomartis\nCalydon\nCercopes\nCragaleus\nDaphnis\nIodame\nLaelaps\nLethaea\nLyco and Orphe\nOlenus\nPallas\nPandareus\nPhineus\nPolydectes\nProetus\nPropoetides\nPyrrhus\nTeumessian fox\nWolf\nLandforms\nAchelous\nAcheron\nAcis\nAea\nAlope\nAlpheus\nArethusa (Boeotia)\nArethusa (Elis)\nArethusa (Ithaca)\nAsteria\nAtlas\nAura\nByblis\nCalliste\nCastalia\nChione\nCleite\nCyane\nDirce\nHaemus\nLichas\nLilaeus\nManto\nMarsyas\nMenippe and Metioche\nNiobe\nPerimele\nPirene\nPyramus and Thisbe\nRhodope\nRhodopis\nSangas\nSelemnus\nSybaris\nOpposite sex\nCaeneus\nHermaphroditus\nIphis\nLeucippus\nSalmacis\nSiproites\nSithon\nTiresias\nPlants\nAdonis\nAgdistis\nAjax\nAmaracus\nAmbrosia\nAmpelus\nAnethus\nAttis\nBaucis and Philemon\nCalamus\nCarpus\nCarya\nCissus\nClytie\nCrocus\nCyparissus\nDaphne\nDiopatra\nDryope\nElaea\nElate\nEteocleides\nHeliades\nAegle\nDioxippe\nLampetia\nMerope\nPhaethusa\nPhoebe\nHesperides\nAegle\nErytheia\nHyacinthus\nLeuce\nLeucothoe\nLibanus\nLotis\nLycurgus\nMecon\nMelus\nMessapians\nMilk\nMinthe\nMyrice\nMyrina\nMyrsine\nNarcissus\nOechalides\nPhilyra\nPhyllis\nPicolous\nPitys\nPlatanus\nPsalacantha\nSaliva\nSide\nSmilax\nSmyrna\nSpear\nSyceus\nSyrinx\nVoluntary\nGreek gods\nKobalos\nMestra\nPericlymenus\nOther\nCumaean Sibyl\nEcho\nHyades\nHylas\nMilk of Hera\nPleiades\nFalse myths\nAcantha\nAmethyste\nOrchis\nRhodanthe\n\nMetamorphoses","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haerlempje
Haerlempjes
["1 Background","2 Early views of Haerlem","3 Dunescapes","4 Panoramas of Haerlem","5 References"]
Genre of landscape painting Early Haerlempje from the 1630s by Reyer Claesz Suycker Haerlempjes refer to a specific genre of landscape painting that includes a view of Haarlem (formerly spelled Haerlem). It is used most often to refer to Jacob van Ruisdael's panoramic views of the city, but the term is derived from mentions in Haarlem archives as a type of painting included in household inventories. The diminutive suffix "pje" would denote a small, cabinet-sized painting, but even the largest landscapes may be referred to as Haerlempjes today. Background View of Haarlem from the North during the siege of Haarlem, historical print from 1628 In his biography of Albert van Ouwater, Karel van Mander claimed that It is said from the mouths of the oldest painters, that landscape painting originated in Haarlem. Van Mander was writing in 1604 for his Haarlem-sponsored Schilder-boeck, and his was one of many initiatives to rebuild the city and glorify its history. After his book was published, the city attracted several landscape painters in the 1620s, including Esaias van de Velde, Jan van Goyen and the Ruisdael brothers Salomon and Isaack. Haarlem is a bustling city today that makes up part of the Randstad area of the Netherlands, so it helps when looking at these old paintings to orient oneself according to old maps. Map of Haarlem after the siege in 1578, showing the damage from fire Map from 1628 Map from 1652 Map from 1698 Hobbyists love to look at older Haarlem cityscapes and pick out features such as steeples and boats. For paintings traditionally called Haerlempjes, such features have been proven to be based more on historical accuracy rather than artist fantasy. Though fantasy cityscapes were popular in the Netherlands throughout the 17th-century, these seem to be more often pastiches of southern harbours or italianate landscapes, rather than places that artists had conceivably visited. Today, for example, it is assumed that Jacob van Ruisdael worked in Bentheim because he painted many accurate views of the castle there. However, he often painted such castle views situated in a fantasy landscape on a mountain top, though the castle is in fact situated in low rolling countryside. In Haarlem, though he painted many dunescapes of the Kennemerland area, he never turned those dunes into mountains. Early views of Haerlem Most travellers visiting Haarlem in the middle of the 17th-century were on their way from The Hague to Amsterdam and saw the city from the Spaarne river, as most intercity travel was by trekschuit or sailing ship. Thus many early cityscapes are taken from the point of view of the river traveller. Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom, c.1625 Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen, 1620s Allaert van Everdingen, 1640s? Salomon van Ruysdael, 1647 Dunescapes Even the genre painter Jan Steen produced some dune landscapes in Haarlem in the 1640s, though it is unknown whether he painted any Haerlempjes The popularity of such river-based cityscapes were offset by another type of landscape with dunes or windmills that included a Haarlem cityscape on the horizon. Jan Wils 1644 Jacob van Ruisdael, 1647 Jacob van Ruisdael, c.1649 Jacob van Ruisdael, 1650s Jacob van Ruisdael, 1651 Panoramas of Haerlem View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields, viewpoint somewhat higher in the air than the highest point of Het Kopje, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c.1665 So-called Bleaching Fields to the North-Northeast of Haarlem, actually showing bleaching fields in Heemstede to the south of Haarlem, by Jacob van Ruisdael, 1670s This watercolor from 1763 by Cornelis van Noorde shows how high the dunes of Bloemendaal used to be. This is a view of the Kleverlaan from the perspective of the Huis ter Kleef. "Clercq and Beeck", still owned by the De Clercq family a century later, is here on the left. It wasn't until the 1650s that the production of the panoramic views began that were later copied by others. Perhaps the most famous is Ruisdael's view of Haarlem bleaching fields from the north-east, which is why many assumed that all Haerlempjes were painted from the same perspective, not realizing that the entire area is relatively flat and so they were painted from an imaginary point somewhere up in the air, and not from a mountaintop. There is a high dune in Bloemendaal called Het Kopje and there used to be a ridge of high dunes in Heemstede that were later slowly removed by sand-barges for use in building foundations for the mansions in the Amsterdam expansion known today as the Canals of Amsterdam. On older maps, the Sant-vaert is clearly marked where such barges once travelled. That canal still exists today and forms the modern border between Haarlem and Heemstede, and is called the Crayenestervaart. In 1997 Pieter Biesboer wrote a short article explaining the viewpoints of some of these paintings based on old maps, most notably the Bleaching Fields to the North-Northeast of Haarlem in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. This painting, despite its title, does not show Haarlem from the north at all, but shows Haarlem from the south, from an imaginary point somewhere above the old dune ridge near the street known as the Blekersvaart in Heemstede, probably close to the Dorstige Kuil, an inn favored by artists in the 17th century. The church in the painting clearly shows the curved side of the choir on the right rather than the left. Biesboer noticed also that this painting displays many more trees, which is logical because the park Haarlemmerhout is situated there. In the same article a few other paintings are mentioned, including a Ruisdael view of Haarlem bleaching fields in the collection of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, which shows the ruins of Huis ter Kleef, also shown from the same perspective in a painting in the musée Jacquemart-André. He was able to trace the bleachery Clercq and Beeck situated on the Kleverlaan shown in the right foreground in this painting to one owned by Lucas de Clercq, whose portrait was painted by Frans Hals. This scene of Clercq and Beeck was painted again by Ruisdael with some more detail in the version located in the Mauritshuis. Huis ter Kleef with the Kleverlaan represented by the double row of trees, Jacob van Ruisdael, 1660s Montreal version: Bleachery to the north of Clercq and Beeck from the same perspective, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1670 Mauritshuis version: Clercq and Beeck a bit further south, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1670 Lucas de Clercq, owner of the bleachery Clercq and Beeck The painting from the Mauritshuis is the same view of Beeck and Clercq as the painting in the Rijksmuseum, while the one in the Gemäldegalerie of the same general view seems between those and the one in Montreal: Mauritshuis version: Clercq and Beeck a bit further south, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1670 Rijksmuseum version, Jacob van Ruisdael, after 1650 Berlin version, Jacob van Ruisdael, 1670–75 The painting from the Philadelphia Museum is the same view from Heemstede as the painting in the Timken Museum of Art: Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1670 Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1665-70 The Goldweigher's Field, by Rembrandt, 1650-1651 Though not all of these panoramic paintings show bleachfields, these bleacheries were often also mentioned on maps, and served as easy points of orientation for those looking down on the landscape from high dunes. Possibly some of these paintings were commissioned by the bleacheries themselves for use in Haarlem shops where goods were sold and exchanged. Lucas de Clercq lived in Haarlem during the winter and on his Clercq and Beeck estate in the summer months. Even Rembrandt made a sketch of bleaching fields, though these were only identified as such a few centuries after the fact. The Haerlempjes seemed to become popular not only in Haarlem, but were sold everywhere, and even various books were produced containing prints of such views of Haarlem by the Roghman family and others. Jacob van Ruisdael, 1660s Jacob van Ruisdael, 1670 Roelant Roghman, c.1660 Jan Vermeer van Haarlem the Elder, 1660s Jan van Kessel, 1670s Reyer van Blommendael, 1673 Cornelis van Noorde, 1767 Andreas Schelfhout, 1845 References ^ 'Woonplaats op een hoogte', Haerlem Jaarboek (1994), Historische Werkgroep Haerlem, pp 23-34 ^ "Daer wort oock gheseyt en getuyght, uyt de monden der oudtste Schilders, dat te Haerlem is van oudts ontstaen, en begonnen de beste en eerste maniere van Landtschap te maken." in Van Mander's Schilder-boeck in the Digital Library for Dutch Literature ^ Website for 2014 exhibition by North Holland Archives showing Haarlem skyline photos superimposed on a map ^ a b c d e f g Topografische identificatie van een aantal Haerlempjes van Jacob van Ruisdael, by Pieter Biesboer, published in: Textiel aan het Spaarne : Haarlem : van linnen damast tot zijden linten, Textielcommissie Nederland, Amsterdam, 1997 ISBN 978-90-800872-1-7 Haerlempjes met bleekvelden Website explaining the bleacheries in Haerlempjes instructional video showing the viewpoints for many of these paintings Deugd boven geweld, Een geschiedenis van Haarlem, 1245-1995, edited by Gineke van der Ree-Scholtens, 1995, ISBN 90-6550-504-0 vteJacob van RuisdaelPaintings List of paintings Landscape with a Cottage and Trees (1646) Landscape with a Windmill (1646) Wooded Dunes (1646) Landscape with a Windmill near a Town Moat (1650s) View of Bentheim Castle (1650s) Rough Sea at a Jetty (1650s) Storm Off a Sea Coast (1670) View of Egmond aan Zee (1650s) Evening Landscape: A Windmill by a Stream (unknown) Two Watermills and an Open Sluice near Singraven (c. 1650) The Jewish Cemetery (1650s) Two Mills (1650s) Dune Landscape near Haarlem (c. 1647-1653) Bentheim Castle (Dublin) (1653) Two Water Mills with an Open Sluice (1653) View of the Binnenamstel at Amsterdam (c. 1652-1660) A Thatch-Roofed House with a Water Mill (c. 1660) The Watermill (c. 1660) The Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of His Family at Soestdijk, His Country Estate (c. 1660) (with Thomas de Keyser) Entrance to a Forest (1660s) Landscape with Waterfall (1660s) A Waterfall in a Rocky Landscape (c. 1660) Winter View of the Hekelveld in Amsterdam (1660s) The Ray of Light (c. 1665) A Landscape with a Ruined Castle and a Church ( c. 1665) A Wooded Marsh (1660s) Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle (c. 1665-1670) Wheat Fields (c. 1670) Mountainous Landscape with a Torrent (1670s) Winter Landscape near Haarlem (1670s) View of Haarlem from the Northwest, with the Bleaching Fields in the Foreground (1670s) Panoramic view of the Amstel looking toward Amsterdam (c. 1671-1681) Mountain Landscape with a Watermill (c. 1675-1679) View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields (c. 1670-1675) Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede (c. 1670) View on the Amstel from Amsteldijk (c. 1680) Painting series View of the Dam and Damrak at Amsterdam Frick Collection Boymans van Beuningen Mauritshuis Etchings Grainfield at the Edge of a Wood Forest Marsh with Travellers on a Bank Related Isaack van Ruisdael (father) Haerlempjes Category Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haarlem in art.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reyer_Claesz_Suycker_-_View_of_Haarlem_FHM-OS-I-544.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haerlempje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haerlempje"},{"link_name":"Reyer Claesz Suycker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyer_Claesz_Suycker"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"landscape painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_painting"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Jacob van Ruisdael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haerlem-1"},{"link_name":"diminutive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive"}],"text":"Early Haerlempje from the 1630s by Reyer Claesz SuyckerHaerlempjes refer to a specific genre of landscape painting that includes a view of Haarlem (formerly spelled Haerlem). It is used most often to refer to Jacob van Ruisdael's panoramic views of the city, but the term is derived from mentions in Haarlem archives as a type of painting included in household inventories.[1] The diminutive suffix \"pje\" would denote a small, cabinet-sized painting, but even the largest landscapes may be referred to as Haerlempjes today.","title":"Haerlempjes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Situatie_schets_van_dolhuys_ten_tijde_van_beleg_van_haarlem.JPG"},{"link_name":"siege of Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Albert van Ouwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_van_Ouwater"},{"link_name":"Karel van Mander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_van_Mander"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Schilder-boeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilder-boeck"},{"link_name":"Esaias van de Velde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esaias_van_de_Velde"},{"link_name":"Jan van Goyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Goyen"},{"link_name":"Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_van_Ruysdael"},{"link_name":"Isaack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaack_van_Ruisdael"},{"link_name":"Randstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randstad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tho_Thomasz_1578-Haarlem.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willem_Outgertsz_Akersloot_-_map_of_Haarlem_in_Samuel_Ampzings_Lof_der_stad_Haerlem_1628_-_RP-P-BI-42.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blaeu_1652_-_Haarlem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlas_de_Wit_1698-pl015-Haarlem-KB_PPN_145205088.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesboer-4"},{"link_name":"Bentheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_of_Bentheim_Castle"},{"link_name":"Kennemerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennemerland"}],"text":"View of Haarlem from the North during the siege of Haarlem, historical print from 1628In his biography of Albert van Ouwater, Karel van Mander claimed that It is said from the mouths of the oldest painters, that landscape painting originated in Haarlem.[2] Van Mander was writing in 1604 for his Haarlem-sponsored Schilder-boeck, and his was one of many initiatives to rebuild the city and glorify its history. After his book was published, the city attracted several landscape painters in the 1620s, including Esaias van de Velde, Jan van Goyen and the Ruisdael brothers Salomon and Isaack.Haarlem is a bustling city today that makes up part of the Randstad area of the Netherlands, so it helps when looking at these old paintings to orient oneself according to old maps.Map of Haarlem after the siege in 1578, showing the damage from fire\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMap from 1628\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMap from 1652\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMap from 1698Hobbyists love to look at older Haarlem cityscapes and pick out features such as steeples and boats.[3] For paintings traditionally called Haerlempjes, such features have been proven to be based more on historical accuracy rather than artist fantasy.[4] Though fantasy cityscapes were popular in the Netherlands throughout the 17th-century, these seem to be more often pastiches of southern harbours or italianate landscapes, rather than places that artists had conceivably visited. Today, for example, it is assumed that Jacob van Ruisdael worked in Bentheim because he painted many accurate views of the castle there. However, he often painted such castle views situated in a fantasy landscape on a mountain top, though the castle is in fact situated in low rolling countryside. In Haarlem, though he painted many dunescapes of the Kennemerland area, he never turned those dunes into mountains.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Spaarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaarne"},{"link_name":"trekschuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekschuit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hendrik_Cornelisz_Vroom_-_View_of_Haarlem_from_the_Noorder_Buiten_Spaarne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Cornelisz_Vroom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_Claesz_van_Wieringen_-_Ships_in_a_Squall_on_Haarlemmermeer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Claesz_van_Wieringen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allaert_van_Everdingen_-_View_of_Haarlem_from_the_Noorder_Buiten_Spaarne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allaert van Everdingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaert_van_Everdingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salomon_van_Ruysdael_-River_landscape_with_the_town_of_Haarlem_on_the_horizon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salomon van Ruysdael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_van_Ruysdael"}],"text":"Most travellers visiting Haarlem in the middle of the 17th-century were on their way from The Hague to Amsterdam and saw the city from the Spaarne river, as most intercity travel was by trekschuit or sailing ship. Thus many early cityscapes are taken from the point of view of the river traveller.Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom, c.1625\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCornelis Claesz van Wieringen, 1620s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAllaert van Everdingen, 1640s?\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalomon van Ruysdael, 1647","title":"Early views of Haerlem"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landscape_with_a_Sandy_Road_by_Jan_Steen_Frans_Hals_Museum_os_2011-13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Steen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Steen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Wils_-_landscape_with_Haarlem_Bavo_church_in_background_1644_FHM01_OS-I-539.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Wils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wils"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_near_Haarlem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_The_Thicket_(Path_in_the_Haarlem_Dunes)_-_WGA20475.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_with_View_of_Haarlem_d5813559a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Ruisdael,_Jacob_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"}],"text":"Even the genre painter Jan Steen produced some dune landscapes in Haarlem in the 1640s, though it is unknown whether he painted any HaerlempjesThe popularity of such river-based cityscapes were offset by another type of landscape with dunes or windmills that included a Haarlem cityscape on the horizon.Jan Wils 1644\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacob van Ruisdael, 1647\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacob van Ruisdael, c.1649\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacob van Ruisdael, 1650s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacob van Ruisdael, 1651","title":"Dunescapes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg"},{"link_name":"View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Bleaching_Fields_to_the_North-Northeast_of_Haarlem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_van_Noorde_-_View_of_the_Kleverlaan_near_Bloemendaal_-_1763.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelis van Noorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_van_Noorde"},{"link_name":"Bloemendaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemendaal"},{"link_name":"Heemstede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heemstede"},{"link_name":"Canals of Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Pieter Biesboer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Biesboer"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesboer-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesboer-4"},{"link_name":"Haarlemmerhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlemmerhout"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesboer-4"},{"link_name":"Montreal Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Huis ter Kleef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_ter_Kleef"},{"link_name":"musée Jacquemart-André","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesboer-4"},{"link_name":"Lucas de Clercq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_de_Clercq"},{"link_name":"Frans Hals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Hals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesboer-4"},{"link_name":"Mauritshuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritshuis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesboer-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Landscape_Near_Haarlem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_Bleaching_Fields_near_Haarlem_-_1945_920_IN1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_027.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Lucas_de_Clercq_-_WGA11125.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gemäldegalerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_027.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gezicht_op_Haarlem_uit_het_noordwesten,_met_de_blekerijen_op_de_voorgrond_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-351.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_of_Haarlem_from_the_Northwest,_with_the_Bleaching_Fields_in_the_Foreground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_Landscape_with_a_View_of_Haarlem_-_WGA20496.jpg"},{"link_name":"Timken Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timken_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Bleaching_Fields_to_the_North-Northeast_of_Haarlem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Vista_de_Haarlem_com_branquearia,_c._1665-70.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_237.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goldweigher's Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldweigher%27s_Field"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"bleachfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_the_Plain_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Panoramic_View_of_Haarlem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roelant_Roghman_-gezicht_op_Haarlem_van_Oude_weg.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roelant Roghman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelant_Roghman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Vermeer_van_Haarlem_(I)_-_View_of_Haarlem_from_the_Dunes_-_WGA24602.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Vermeer van Haarlem the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Vermeer_van_Haarlem_the_Elder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kessel_Bleaching_of_canvas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan van Kessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Kessel_(Amsterdam)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St.Bavo_saves_Haarlem_1673.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reyer van Blommendael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyer_van_Blommendael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornelis_van_Noorde_-_zicht_op_Haarlem_van_de_Brouwersvaart_-_1767.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelis van Noorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_van_Noorde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andreas_Schelfhout_-_Nederlandse_landschap_met_uitzicht_op_Haarlem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andreas Schelfhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Schelfhout"}],"text":"View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields, viewpoint somewhat higher in the air than the highest point of Het Kopje, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c.1665So-called Bleaching Fields to the North-Northeast of Haarlem, actually showing bleaching fields in Heemstede to the south of Haarlem, by Jacob van Ruisdael, 1670sThis watercolor from 1763 by Cornelis van Noorde shows how high the dunes of Bloemendaal used to be. This is a view of the Kleverlaan from the perspective of the Huis ter Kleef. \"Clercq and Beeck\", still owned by the De Clercq family a century later, is here on the left.It wasn't until the 1650s that the production of the panoramic views began that were later copied by others. Perhaps the most famous is Ruisdael's view of Haarlem bleaching fields from the north-east, which is why many assumed that all Haerlempjes were painted from the same perspective, not realizing that the entire area is relatively flat and so they were painted from an imaginary point somewhere up in the air, and not from a mountaintop. There is a high dune in Bloemendaal called Het Kopje and there used to be a ridge of high dunes in Heemstede that were later slowly removed by sand-barges for use in building foundations for the mansions in the Amsterdam expansion known today as the Canals of Amsterdam. On older maps, the Sant-vaert is clearly marked where such barges once travelled. That canal still exists today and forms the modern border between Haarlem and Heemstede, and is called the Crayenestervaart.In 1997 Pieter Biesboer wrote a short article explaining the viewpoints of some of these paintings based on old maps, most notably the Bleaching Fields to the North-Northeast of Haarlem in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.[4] This painting, despite its title, does not show Haarlem from the north at all, but shows Haarlem from the south, from an imaginary point somewhere above the old dune ridge near the street known as the Blekersvaart in Heemstede, probably close to the Dorstige Kuil, an inn favored by artists in the 17th century. The church in the painting clearly shows the curved side of the choir on the right rather than the left.[4] Biesboer noticed also that this painting displays many more trees, which is logical because the park Haarlemmerhout is situated there.[4]In the same article a few other paintings are mentioned, including a Ruisdael view of Haarlem bleaching fields in the collection of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, which shows the ruins of Huis ter Kleef, also shown from the same perspective in a painting in the musée Jacquemart-André.[4] He was able to trace the bleachery Clercq and Beeck situated on the Kleverlaan shown in the right foreground in this painting to one owned by Lucas de Clercq, whose portrait was painted by Frans Hals.[4] This scene of Clercq and Beeck was painted again by Ruisdael with some more detail in the version located in the Mauritshuis.[4]Huis ter Kleef with the Kleverlaan represented by the double row of trees, Jacob van Ruisdael, 1660s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMontreal version: Bleachery to the north of Clercq and Beeck from the same perspective, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1670\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMauritshuis version: Clercq and Beeck a bit further south, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1670\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLucas de Clercq, owner of the bleachery Clercq and BeeckThe painting from the Mauritshuis is the same view of Beeck and Clercq as the painting in the Rijksmuseum, while the one in the Gemäldegalerie of the same general view seems between those and the one in Montreal:Mauritshuis version: Clercq and Beeck a bit further south, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1670\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRijksmuseum version, Jacob van Ruisdael, after 1650\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBerlin version, Jacob van Ruisdael, 1670–75The painting from the Philadelphia Museum is the same view from Heemstede as the painting in the Timken Museum of Art:Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1670\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacob van Ruisdael, c. 1665-70The Goldweigher's Field, by Rembrandt, 1650-1651Though not all of these panoramic paintings show bleachfields, these bleacheries were often also mentioned on maps, and served as easy points of orientation for those looking down on the landscape from high dunes. Possibly some of these paintings were commissioned by the bleacheries themselves for use in Haarlem shops where goods were sold and exchanged. Lucas de Clercq lived in Haarlem during the winter and on his Clercq and Beeck estate in the summer months. Even Rembrandt made a sketch of bleaching fields, though these were only identified as such a few centuries after the fact.The Haerlempjes seemed to become popular not only in Haarlem, but were sold everywhere, and even various books were produced containing prints of such views of Haarlem by the Roghman family and others.Jacob van Ruisdael, 1660s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacob van Ruisdael, 1670\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoelant Roghman, c.1660\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Vermeer van Haarlem the Elder, 1660s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan van Kessel, 1670s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReyer van Blommendael, 1673\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCornelis van Noorde, 1767\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndreas Schelfhout, 1845","title":"Panoramas of Haerlem"}]
[{"image_text":"Early Haerlempje from the 1630s by Reyer Claesz Suycker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Reyer_Claesz_Suycker_-_View_of_Haarlem_FHM-OS-I-544.jpg/220px-Reyer_Claesz_Suycker_-_View_of_Haarlem_FHM-OS-I-544.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Haarlem from the North during the siege of Haarlem, historical print from 1628","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Situatie_schets_van_dolhuys_ten_tijde_van_beleg_van_haarlem.JPG/220px-Situatie_schets_van_dolhuys_ten_tijde_van_beleg_van_haarlem.JPG"},{"image_text":"Even the genre painter Jan Steen produced some dune landscapes in Haarlem in the 1640s, though it is unknown whether he painted any Haerlempjes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Landscape_with_a_Sandy_Road_by_Jan_Steen_Frans_Hals_Museum_os_2011-13.jpg/220px-Landscape_with_a_Sandy_Road_by_Jan_Steen_Frans_Hals_Museum_os_2011-13.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields, viewpoint somewhat higher in the air than the highest point of Het Kopje, by Jacob van Ruisdael, c.1665","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg/220px-View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg"},{"image_text":"So-called Bleaching Fields to the North-Northeast of Haarlem, actually showing bleaching fields in Heemstede to the south of Haarlem, by Jacob van Ruisdael, 1670s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Bleaching_Fields_to_the_North-Northeast_of_Haarlem.jpg/220px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Bleaching_Fields_to_the_North-Northeast_of_Haarlem.jpg"},{"image_text":"This watercolor from 1763 by Cornelis van Noorde shows how high the dunes of Bloemendaal used to be. This is a view of the Kleverlaan from the perspective of the Huis ter Kleef. \"Clercq and Beeck\", still owned by the De Clercq family a century later, is here on the left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cornelis_van_Noorde_-_View_of_the_Kleverlaan_near_Bloemendaal_-_1763.jpg/220px-Cornelis_van_Noorde_-_View_of_the_Kleverlaan_near_Bloemendaal_-_1763.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Goldweigher's Field, by Rembrandt, 1650-1651","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rembrandt_237.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_237.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/mand001schi01_01/mand001schi01_01_0186.php","external_links_name":"\"Daer wort oock gheseyt en getuyght, uyt de monden der oudtste Schilders, dat te Haerlem is van oudts ontstaen, en begonnen de beste en eerste maniere van Landtschap te maken.\""},{"Link":"http://www.haarlemopdekaart.nl/","external_links_name":"Website for 2014 exhibition"},{"Link":"https://ilibrariana.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/haerlempjes-met-bleekvelden/","external_links_name":"Haerlempjes met bleekvelden"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBQ9NoGysmw","external_links_name":"instructional video"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeudan
Jeudan
["1 History","2 Ownership","3 Portfolio","4 References","5 External links"]
JeudanCompany typeA/sIndustryPropertyFounded1898HeadquartersCopenhagen, DenmarkArea servedDenmarkKey peoplePer Wetke Hallgren (CEO), Jørgen Tandrup (Chairman)Websitewww.jeudan.dk Jeudan is the largest listed real estate company in Denmark. It is the largest private real estate investment company in the country and its activities also comprise property and facility management. The company is headquartered in Prince William Mansion in Copenhagen. History The company was founded in 1898. It was later owned by the founder's grandson Jens Erik Udsen. In 1999, jeuDAN merged with Ejendomsselskabet EEC under the name Jeudan. In 2000, Jeudan acquired a 27.5 % share of Ejendomsselskabet Norden with the intention of merging the two companies but all shares was instead sold to a group of Danish pension funds. In 2009, Jeudan acquired Landic Properties Denmark (formerly Atlas Ehendomme) for DKK 2 billion. In 2013, Idsen sold his remaining share of the company to Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker. In October 2014, it took over the position as the largest real estate investment company in Denmark from DADES. Ownership As of January 2014, William Demant Invest owned 41.6 % and Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker owned 29.9 % of the shares in the company and Nesdu and the company's owner, Jens Erik Udsen, owned an 11 % share. Portfolio Jeudan owns Københavns Torvehaller, the covered market on Israels Plads in Copenhagen. References ^ "Storaktionær Jens Erik Udsen sælger alt i Jeudan". Byens ejendomme. Retrieved 20 March 2020. ^ "Ejendomsmatador shopper videre: Har købt endnu et gods". Landbrugsavisen. Retrieved 20 March 2020. ^ "JeudNorden-aktier gav rekordoverskud hos Jeudan". Byens Ejendomme. Retrieved 23 September 2015. ^ "Jeudan køber Atlas Ehendomme for 2 milliarder kr". Berlingske. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2016. ^ "Jeudan er nu landets største ejendomsselskab". Dagbladet Børsen. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2015. ^ "Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker udvider aktieporteføljen I Jeudan". Dagbladet Børsen. Retrieved 23 September 2015. External links Official website Source This Danish corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"real estate investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_investing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Prince William Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Mansion,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"}],"text":"Jeudan is the largest listed real estate company in Denmark. It is the largest private real estate investment company in the country and its activities also comprise property and facility management.[citation needed] The company is headquartered in Prince William Mansion in Copenhagen.","title":"Jeudan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BE-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landbrugsavisen-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr._Augustinus_Fabrikker"},{"link_name":"DADES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DADES"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The company was founded in 1898.[1] It was later owned by the founder's grandson Jens Erik Udsen.[2] In 1999, jeuDAN merged with Ejendomsselskabet EEC under the name Jeudan. In 2000, Jeudan acquired a 27.5 % share of Ejendomsselskabet Norden with the intention of merging the two companies but all shares was instead sold to a group of Danish pension funds.[3] In 2009, Jeudan acquired Landic Properties Denmark (formerly Atlas Ehendomme) for DKK 2 billion.[4]In 2013, Idsen sold his remaining share of the company to Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker. In October 2014, it took over the position as the largest real estate investment company in Denmark from DADES.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Demant Invest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Demant"},{"link_name":"Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_Fonden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As of January 2014, William Demant Invest owned 41.6 % and Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker owned 29.9 % of the shares in the company and Nesdu and the company's owner, Jens Erik Udsen, owned an 11 % share.[6]","title":"Ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israels Plads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israels_Plads"}],"text":"Jeudan owns Københavns Torvehaller, the covered market on Israels Plads in Copenhagen.","title":"Portfolio"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Storaktionær Jens Erik Udsen sælger alt i Jeudan\". Byens ejendomme. Retrieved 20 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://byensejendom.dk/article/storaktionaer-jens-erik-udsen-saelger-alt-i-jeudan-12067","url_text":"\"Storaktionær Jens Erik Udsen sælger alt i Jeudan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ejendomsmatador shopper videre: Har købt endnu et gods\". Landbrugsavisen. Retrieved 20 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://landbrugsavisen.dk/ejendomsmatador-shopper-videre-har-k%C3%B8bt-endnu-et-gods","url_text":"\"Ejendomsmatador shopper videre: Har købt endnu et gods\""}]},{"reference":"\"JeudNorden-aktier gav rekordoverskud hos Jeudan\". Byens Ejendomme. Retrieved 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://byensejendom.dk/article/norden-aktier-gav-rekordoverskud-hos-jeudan-8911","url_text":"\"JeudNorden-aktier gav rekordoverskud hos Jeudan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeudan køber Atlas Ehendomme for 2 milliarder kr\". Berlingske. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business.dk/investor/jeudan-koeber-atlas-ejendomme-for-2-milliarder-kr","url_text":"\"Jeudan køber Atlas Ehendomme for 2 milliarder kr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeudan er nu landets største ejendomsselskab\". Dagbladet Børsen. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://borsen.dk/nyheder/avisen/artikel/11/96052/artikel.html?hl=RGFkZXM,","url_text":"\"Jeudan er nu landets største ejendomsselskab\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbladet_B%C3%B8rsen","url_text":"Dagbladet Børsen"}]},{"reference":"\"Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker udvider aktieporteføljen I Jeudan\". Dagbladet Børsen. Retrieved 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://byensejendom.dk/article/chr-augustinus-fabrikker-udvider-aktieportefoljen-i-jeudan-11261","url_text":"\"Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker udvider aktieporteføljen I Jeudan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbladet_B%C3%B8rsen","url_text":"Dagbladet Børsen"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.jeudan.dk/","external_links_name":"www.jeudan.dk"},{"Link":"https://byensejendom.dk/article/storaktionaer-jens-erik-udsen-saelger-alt-i-jeudan-12067","external_links_name":"\"Storaktionær Jens Erik Udsen sælger alt i Jeudan\""},{"Link":"https://landbrugsavisen.dk/ejendomsmatador-shopper-videre-har-k%C3%B8bt-endnu-et-gods","external_links_name":"\"Ejendomsmatador shopper videre: Har købt endnu et gods\""},{"Link":"http://byensejendom.dk/article/norden-aktier-gav-rekordoverskud-hos-jeudan-8911","external_links_name":"\"JeudNorden-aktier gav rekordoverskud hos Jeudan\""},{"Link":"http://www.business.dk/investor/jeudan-koeber-atlas-ejendomme-for-2-milliarder-kr","external_links_name":"\"Jeudan køber Atlas Ehendomme for 2 milliarder kr\""},{"Link":"http://borsen.dk/nyheder/avisen/artikel/11/96052/artikel.html?hl=RGFkZXM,","external_links_name":"\"Jeudan er nu landets største ejendomsselskab\""},{"Link":"http://byensejendom.dk/article/chr-augustinus-fabrikker-udvider-aktieportefoljen-i-jeudan-11261","external_links_name":"\"Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker udvider aktieporteføljen I Jeudan\""},{"Link":"http://www.jeudan.dk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.jeudan.dk/udlejning/kontor/sankt-annae-plads-13-sidehus-st-1250-koebenhavn-k+5050/","external_links_name":"Source"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeudan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spijk_(Lingewaal)
Spijk, West Betuwe
["1 History","2 Gallery","3 References"]
Coordinates: 51°51′18″N 5°0′28″E / 51.85500°N 5.00778°E / 51.85500; 5.00778Village in Gelderland, NetherlandsSpijkVillageChurch of SpijkSpijkLocation in the NetherlandsShow map of GelderlandSpijkSpijk (Netherlands)Show map of NetherlandsCoordinates: 51°51′18″N 5°0′28″E / 51.85500°N 5.00778°E / 51.85500; 5.00778CountryNetherlandsProvinceGelderlandMunicipalityWest BetuweArea • Total1.99 km2 (0.77 sq mi)Elevation2 m (7 ft)Population (2021) • Total920 • Density460/km2 (1,200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code4211Dialing code0316 Spijk is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of West Betuwe, about 3 km northeast of Gorinchem. Spijk was a separate municipality between 1817–1855, when it became part of Heukelum. At that time, it was still part of the province of South Holland. History It was first mentioned in 1135 as Wichero de Spic, and means foreland. The village developed as a stretched out dike village along the Linge. The tower of the Dutch Reformed Church was built around 1250 and enlarged around 1500. The church dates from around 1500. It was restored between 1965 and 1969. Spijk was home to 392 people in 1840. Gallery Farm in Spijk Pumping station Worker's houses House on the dike References ^ a b c "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 24 March 2022. ^ "Postcodetool for 4211BA". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 24 March 2022. ^ Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten, KNAW, 2011. ^ "Spijk - (geografische naam)". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 March 2022. Authenticity of the 1129 document is in doubt ^ Ronald Stenvert & Sabine Broekhoven (2000). "Spijk" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9406 3. Retrieved 24 March 2022. ^ "Spijk (Betuwe)". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 March 2022. vtePopulated places in the municipality of West BetuweTowns Geldermalsen Asperen Heukelum Villages Acquoy Beesd Buurmalsen Deil Enspijk Est Gellicum Haaften Heesselt Hellouw Herwijnen Meteren Neerijnen Ophemert Opijnen Rhenoy Rumpt Spijk Tricht Tuil Varik Vuren Waardenburg List of cities, towns and villages in Gelderland This Gelderland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_College
Geelong College
["1 History","2 Principals","3 Campuses","4 House system","5 Curriculum","6 Sport","6.1 APS and AGSV/APS premierships","7 Geelong College Challenge","8 Notable alumni","8.1 Academic","8.2 Business","8.3 Entertainment, media and the arts","8.4 Medicine and science","8.5 Politics, public service and the law","8.6 Religion","8.7 Sport","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°9′5″S 144°20′18″E / 38.15139°S 144.33833°E / -38.15139; 144.33833 School in Newtown, Victoria, AustraliaThe Geelong CollegeLocationNewtown, VictoriaAustraliaCoordinates38°9′5″S 144°20′18″E / 38.15139°S 144.33833°E / -38.15139; 144.33833InformationTypeIndependent, co-educational, day and boarding, Christian schoolMottoLatin: Sic itur ad astra(Thus one goes to the stars)Denominationin association with the Uniting ChurchEstablished1861; 163 years ago (1861)FounderAlexander James CampbellChairmanRichard PagePrincipalPeter MillerChaplainStephen WrightGenderCo-educationalEnrolment1,200–1,300 (K–12)Colour(s)     AffiliationAssociated Public Schools of VictoriaWebsitewww.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au The Geelong College is an Australian independent and co-educational, Christian day and boarding school located in Newtown, an inner-western suburb of Geelong, Victoria. Established in 1861 by Alexander James Campbell, a Presbyterian minister, the Geelong College was formerly a school of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and is now operated in association with the Uniting Church in Australia but is not governed or managed by the church. The school has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for over 1,200 students from kindergarten to Year 12, including around 100 boarding students from Years 7 to 12. The boarding students are accommodated in two boarding houses at the senior school campus: Mackie House for boys, Mossgiel House for girls. The college is affiliated with the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia, the Junior School Heads Association of Australia, the Association of Independent Schools of Victoria, the Australian Boarding Schools Association, and has been a member of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria since 1908. History Early version of the college crest Following the closure of the first Geelong Grammar, Campbell established a committee to found a new Presbyterian school. On 8 July 1861, Geelong College was officially established. The school year later started with an enrolment of 62. George Morrison was appointed the first principal and three years later became the owner of the school. The school moved to its present location in 1871. The architects Alexander Davidson and George Henderson designed its main building. In 1908, the college returned to the ownership of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and became a member of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria (APS). St David's Presbyterian Church at the corner of Talbot St and Aphrasia St, Newtown is currently used by the School for religious services. Traditionally, the School used St George’s Presbyterian Church on Latrobe Terrace for Presbyterian Services. Anglican services, when required, were provided at All Saints Church on Noble St. Presbyterian Services however, were transferred to St David’s Church in 1962. The Geelong College Chapel was dedicated on 8 March 1989 as the centre of the school's spiritual life. It was formerly the School’s House of Music, designed by Philip Hudson, built in about 1936 and opened in 1937. Land was acquired in 1946 for a new preparatory campus which did not open until 1960. This particular campus became co-educational in 1974, with co-education being extended to the senior campus in 1975. The college undertook an extensive redevelopment and refurbishment of the middle school, which is on the preparatory campus, in 2012. In 2015 Principal Andrew Barr resigned after he was photographed watching pornography in his office. Principals The college building in 1906 Period Principal 1861–1898 G. Morrison 1898–1909 N. Morrison 1910–1914 W. R. Bayly 1915–1919 W. T. Price 1920–1945 F. W. Rolland 1946–1960 M. A. Buntine 1960–1975 P. N. Thwaites 1976–1985 S. P. Gebhardt 1986–1995 A. P. Sheahan 1996–2012 P. C. Turner 2013–2015 A. M. Barr 2016–present P. D. Miller Campuses Main oval at the senior school Senior School – Years 9 to 12 Talbot Street, Newtown Middle School – Years 4 to 8 Aberdeen Street, Newtown Junior School – Kindergarten to Year 3 Minerva Road, Newtown Cape Otway Campus – all years Cape Otway (since 2015) House system A house system operates at both the senior and middle schools. Each house is named after a significant person in the college's history. Sporting and music competitions are held between them each year. House Colour Origin of name Year founded Calvert Maroon Stanley B. Hamilton-Calvert, an Old Collegian, council member from 1908 to 1939 and council chairman (1922–29) 1921 Barwon; Renamed 1925 Coles Pale blue Sir Arthur Coles, co-founder of Coles Supermarkets, a major college benefactor, Old Collegian and council chairman (1939–69) 1975 Keith Green Bertram Robert Keith, Old Collegian, staff member (1927–71), co-author and editor of the 1961 Geelong College Centenary History 1981 McArthur Black A. Norman McArthur, Old Collegian, council member (1908–47) and interim acting council chairman (1939–1941) 1952 McLean Red Ewen Charles McLean, staff member 1940–78, first chaplain from 1954 and honorary archivist (1979–98) 1980 Morrison Brown George Morrison, founding principal from 1861 to 1898 and owner (1864–98) 1921 Shannon Dark blue Charles Shannon, council member (1908–21) and chairman of council (1908–21) 1921 Wettenhall Gold Roland R. Wettenhall, Old Collegian and council member (1927–58) 1975 At the middle school, there are four houses: Pegasus (white), Bellerophon (blue), Minerva (red) and Helicon (green), which meet for sporting events throughout each year. The house model is not used for pastoral care at this campus. The names of these houses originate from Roman mythology. Curriculum Geelong College offers its senior students the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE). The Geelong College VCE results 2012-2020 Year Rank Median study score Scores of 40+ (%) Cohort size 2012 46 34 18.1 276 2013 49 34 17.0 254 2014 58 34 15.1 234 2015 46 34 18.7 280 2016 53 34 17.8 263 2017 49 34 19.1 243 2018 65 33 15.2 230 2019 63 33 16.3 246 2020 85 32 13.0 254 Sport Geelong College football team, 1878 Secondary students of the college participate in the summer, winter and spring seasons of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria (APS)/Associated Grammar Schools of Victoria (AGSV) sport competition. Choices offered for summer sports include badminton, cricket (boys only), softball (girls only), tennis and rowing. Winter sports include Australian rules football (boys only), netball (girls only), soccer and basketball. Students may also participate in a number of local competitions and the college is particularly known for its excellence and achievement in rowing competitions. APS and AGSV/APS premierships Geelong College has won the following APS and AGSV/APS premierships: Boys: Cricket (7) – 1946, 1947, 1963, 1979, 1982, 1995, 2011 Football (6) – 1925, 1927, 1932, 1963, 1964, 2006 Rowing (13) – 1936, 1944, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1976, 1990, 1993, 2000, 2001, 2003 Girls: Athletics (5) – 1995, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005 Hockey (2) – 1995, 1996 Netball (4) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998 Rowing (10) – 1981, 1982, 1983, 1989, 1992, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2011 Tennis (6) – 1995, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2005 Geelong College Challenge The Geelong College Challenge is a competition run by the college at the preparatory school campus in which government schools in the region can enter. The challenge started in 1993. Participating schools send in an entry based on the set theme, and the teams with the 16 best entries are accepted. These schools then form a team of four Year 6 students (two boys and two girls). On the weekend of the challenge, the teams participate in various challenges, which include art, music, drama, technology, information technology, physical education and mathematics challenges. Notable alumni Main category: People educated at Geelong College Alumni of the school are known as Old Geelong Collegians and may elect to join the alumni association, the Old Geelong Collegians' Association (OGCA). Some notable Old Geelong Collegians include: Academic Sir Robert Honeycombe – scientist and metallurgist, Emeritus Professor of Metallurgy at Cambridge University, UK. John Marden – first headmaster of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney (1888–1919) and Pymble Ladies' College (1916–1919); pioneer of women's education; Presbyterian elder Business Bill Dix – former managing director of Ford Australia and Chairman of Qantas Don Kendell – founder of Kendell Airlines Entertainment, media and the arts Russell Boyd – cinematographer: Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli, Crocodile Dundee. John Duigan – film director and writer Gideon Haigh – journalist and author Robert Ingpen – artist, writer and illustrator Rebecca Maddern – journalist Veronica Milsom – comedian and triple j radio presenter George Ernest Morrison – Australian adventurer; correspondent for The Times Peking (Beijing) Guy Pearce – actor Sean Sowerby – journalist Nathan Templeton – journalist Medicine and science Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet – biologist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine Politics, public service and the law Lionel Aingimea – President of Nauru since 2019 John Button – senior Federal Minister in the Hawke and Keating Governments Sir Arthur Coles – retail founder, MP, Lord Mayor of Melbourne; first Chairman of Australian National Airlines (TAA) Robert Doyle – Lord Mayor of Melbourne, politician; Member for Malvern in the Legislative Assembly (1992–2006); Leader of the Victorian Opposition (2002–2006) Major General Sir James Harrison, KCMG, CB, CBE – former Governor of South Australia Sarah Henderson, MP – Member for Corangamite (Liberal Party) from 2013 to 2019, Senator for Victoria since 2019 Barry James Maddern – Australian barrister and jurist Fergus Stewart McArthur, MP – Member for Corangamite (Liberal Party) from 1984 to 2007 Sir Gordon Stewart McArthur – Liberal Party politician, President of the Victorian Legislative Council (1958–1965), grazier and barrister James Nimmo CBE – public servant Religion Thomas Henry Armstrong – first Bishop of Wangaratta Sport Tom Atkins – AFL footballer for Geelong Jaxson Barham – AFL footballer for Collingwood Alec Boswell Timms – VFA footballer for Geelong and Scottish international rugby union player from 1896 to 1905 Tim Callan – AFL footballer for the Western Bulldogs Alex Cincotta- AFL footballer for Carlton David A. Clarke – AFL footballer for Geelong and Carlton David E. Clarke – AFL footballer for Geelong and Carlton Georgie Clarke – Olympian (athletics) Tim Clarke – former AFL footballer for Hawthorn Richard Colman – Paralympic athletics gold medallist Ayce Cordy – AFL footballer for the Western Bulldogs Zaine Cordy – AFL footballer for the Western Bulldogs; premiership player in the 2016 AFL Grand Final Ed Curnow – current AFL footballer for Carlton Charlie Curnow – current AFL footballer for Carlton Josh Dunkley-Smith – 2012 Olympic rowing silver medallist Edward 'Carji' Greeves – winner of the inaugural Brownlow Medal for the best and fairest player in the Victorian Football League (later known as AFL) (1924) Lindsay Hassett – captain of the Australian Test cricket team from 1949 to 1953 John "Jack" Bailey Hawkes – Australian tennis champion Lachlan Henderson – current AFL footballer for Geelong Steve Horvat – Australian international soccer player Jack Iverson – Australian Test cricketer Charlie Lazzaro – AFL footballer for North Melbourne Bowen Lockwood – AFL footballer for Port Adelaide Ned McHenry – AFL footballer for Adelaide Edward Russell Mockridge – dual gold medallist for cycling at the 1952 Summer Olympics David Ramage – two-time Olympic rower Ian Redpath – Australian Test cricketer Josh Saunders – former AFL footballer for St Kilda Will Schofield – AFL footballer for the West Coast Eagles Paul Sheahan – Australian Test cricketer; former headmaster of The Geelong College and Melbourne Grammar School Alex Witherden – AFL footballer for the Brisbane Lions and West Coast Eagles Mason Wood – AFL footballer for North Melbourne and St Kilda See also List of schools in Victoria List of boarding schools References ^ a b "The Geelong College". Find a School. Association of Independent Schools of Victoria. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2008. ^ "Associated Schools" https://victas.uca.org.au/community-learning/uniting-church-schools/ ^ "Associated Schools". Uniting Church in Australia. Synod of Victoria and Tasmania. Retrieved 23 January 2020. ^ a b "The Geelong College". Schools. Australian Boarding Schools Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-05. ^ "International Members". HMC Schools. The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008. ^ "Victoria". School Directory. Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia. 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-05. ^ "JSHAA Victorian Directory of Members". Victoria Branch. Junior School Heads' Association of Australia. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-05. ^ "Heritage Guide to Geelong College - SAINT DAVID'S PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEWTOWN". The Geelong College. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ "Heritage Guide to Geelong College - The Geelong College Chapel". The Geelong College. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ "Geelong College principal Andrew Barr resigns over porn scandal". 10 April 2015. ^ "Cape Otway Campus". The Geelong College. Retrieved 1 November 2023. ^ "Trend of CAULFIELD GRAMMAR SCHOOL WHEELERS HILL by VCE results". bettereducation.com.au. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "Boys' Premierships – APS Sport". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "Girls' Premierships – APS Sport". Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "The Geelong College - About - News, Events & Publications". Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009. ^ "Old Geelong Collegians' Association (OGCA)". Community. The Geelong College. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-06. ^ "Tributes paid to Professor Sir Robert Honeycombe (1921–2007)". 19 September 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2009. ^ Dougan, Alan (1986). "Marden, John (1855 - 1924)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 10 (Online ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 407–408. Retrieved 6 February 2008. ^ "History of Kendell Airlines". Kendell. Ansett Australia Limited. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 2008-02-05. ^ "George Ernest Morrison". Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Annual Scientific Congress. Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. 2004. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 2008-02-05. ^ Quinn, Karl (24 September 2005). "The Guy outside". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 November 2009. ^ https://www.linkedin.com/in/lionel-aingimea-a25b5045 ^ "Doyle, Robert Keith Bennett". re-member. Parliament of Victoria. 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2008. ^ Wright, R. (2000). "McArthur, Sir Gordon Stewart (1896 - 1965)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 15 (Online ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 152–153. Retrieved 6 February 2008. ^ "Obituary: Mr James Ferguson Nimmo". The Canberra Times. 18 December 1984. p. 7. ^ McVilly, David (1979). "Armstrong, Thomas Henry (1857 - 1930)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 7 (Online ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 95–96. Retrieved 6 February 2008. ^ Hazlehurst, Cameron (2000). "Mockridge, Edward Russell (1928 - 1958)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 15 (Online ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 385. Retrieved 6 February 2008. Further reading Notman, G.C. & Keith, B.R. 1961. The Geelong College 1861–1961. The Geelong College Council, Geelong. Deakin University. 1979. Portrait of The Geelong College: Continuity and Change in an Independent School. Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic. ISBN 0-86828-009-7. Penrose, Helen. 2011. The Way to the Stars: 150 Years of The Geelong College. Australian Scholarly Publishing, North Melbourne. ISBN 978-1-921875-10-6. External links Official website Heritage Guide to The Geelong College Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geelong College. Authority control databases ISNI VIAF vteSecondary schools in VictoriaBarwonSouth West Apollo Bay Baimbridge Bayview Bellarine Belmont Brauer Camperdown Christian Geelong Clonard Cobden Covenant Colac Casterton Derrinallum Emmanuel Warrnambool Geelong Baptist Good Shepherd Geelong College Geelong Grammar Geelong High Grovedale Hamilton and Alexandra Hawkesdale Heywood Kardinia International King's Lake Bolac Lara Lavers Hill Lorne-Aireys Inlet Matthew Flinders Mercy Monivae Mortlake North Geelong Northern Bay Newcomb Oberon Portland Sacred Heart Geelong Saint Ignatius St Joseph's Geelong Terang Warrnambool Western Heights Gippsland Bairnsdale Christian Bairnsdale Catholic Sale Chairo Cann River Drouin Gippsland Grammar Korumburra Kurnai Lavalla Lakes Entrance Leongatha Lowanna Maffra Mallacoota Marist-Sion Mary MacKillop Mirboo North Nagle Neerim Newhaven Orbost Sale South Gippsland St Paul's Grammar Trafalgar Traralgon Grampians Ararat Bacchus Marsh Bacchus Marsh Grammar Ballarat Christian Ballarat Clarendon Ballarat Grammar Ballarat High Ballarat Secondary Beaufort Charlton Cranbourne Damascus Daylesford Dimboola Donald Edenhope Goroke Hopetoun Horsham Kaniva Kurunjang Loreto Ballarat Marian Ararat Mount Clear Murtoa Nhill Phoenix Rainbow St Arnaud St Brigid's St Patrick's Warracknabeal Hume Alexandra Beechworth Benalla Bright Broadford Catholic Wodonga Christ the King Cobram Cohuna Corryong Euroa Faithful Companions of Jesus Galen Goulburn Valley Mansfield Marian Myrtleford McGuire Mount Carmel Mount Beauty Mooroopna Myrtleford Nathalia Numurkah Notre Dame Red Cliffs Rutherglen Sacred Heart Yarrawonga Seymour Shepparton St Mary's Wanganui Park Wangaratta Wodonga Middle Wodonga Senior Worawa Loddon Mallee Assumption Bendigo Birchip Boort Braemar Catherine McAuley Chaffey Creek Street Crusoe Eaglehawk East Loddon Echuca High Echuca Secondary Girton Henderson Highview Irymple Kerang Kyabram MacKillop Swan Hill Manangatang Murrayville Olivet Ouyen Pyramid Hill River City Robinvale Rochester Rushworth Sacred Heart Kyneton St Augustine's St Joseph's Echuca GreaterMelbourneAnglican Brighton Grammar Camberwell Girls Grammar Camberwell Grammar Caulfield Grammar Firbank Ivanhoe Girls' Grammar Ivanhoe Grammar Korowa Lowther Hall Melbourne Girls' Grammar Melbourne Grammar Mentone Girls' Grammar Mentone Grammar Overnewton Shelford Southwood St Michael's Peninsula Trinity Yarra Valley Baptist Carey Grammar Kilvington Grammar Strathcona Catholic Antonine Aquinas Ave Maria Avila Caroline Chisholm Catholic Ladies' Christian Brothers De La Salle Emmanuel Melbourne Emmaus Genazzano John Paul Kilbreda Killester Kolbe Loreto Mandeville Hall Loyola MacKillop Werribee Marcellin Marian Sunshine West Mary Immaculate Marymede Mater Christi Mazenod Mercy Coburg Mount Lilydale Mount St Joseph Nazareth Our Lady of Mercy Our Lady of Sion Our Lady of Sacred Heart Padua Parade Penola Presentation Sacré Cœur Sacred Heart Melbourne Salesian Chadstone Salesian Rupertswood Samaritan Santa Maria Siena Simonds St Aloysius' St Bede's St Bernard's St Catherine's St Columba's St James St John's St Joseph's Ferntree Gully St Kevin's St Monica's Star of the Sea Thomas Carr Whitefriars Xavier Ecumenical Bayside Beaconhills Chairo Flinders Christian Heathdale Heatherton Heritage Hillcrest Lighthouse Maranatha Melton Christian Mountain District Mount Evelyn Northside Nunawading Christian Oxley Plenty Valley Waverley Christian Westbourne Grammar Greek Orthodox Alphington Grammar Oakleigh St John's Greek Orthodox Islamic AIA Darul Ulum East Preston Ilim Minaret Mount Hira Jewish Beth Rivkah Bialik King David Leibler Yavneh Mount Scopus Yeshivah Lutheran Lakeside Luther Presbyterian Belgrave Heights Presbyterian Ladies' College Scotch St Andrews 7th Day Adventist Gilson Lilydale Adventist Uniting Aitken Billanook Haileybury Kingswood Methodist Ladies' College Penleigh and Essendon Grammar St Leonard's Wesley Non-denom. Alia Berengarra Berwick Grammar Canterbury Girls' Eltham College Fintona Huntingtower Kilmore International Knox Lauriston Little Yarra Mowbray Preshil Steiner Ruyton Sirius Southern Cross St Margaret's Toorak Woodleigh Government Albert Park Ashwood Alkira Auburn Balwyn Bayside Bayswater Bentleigh Berwick Blackburn Box Hill High Box Hill Senior Secondary Braybrook Brentwood Brighton Brunswick Buckley Camberwell Carwatha Caulfield Park Chadstone Charles La Trobe Cheltenham Cleeland Collingwood Copperfield Craigieburn Croydon Dandenong Diamond Doncaster Dromana East Doncaster Elisabeth Murdoch Eltham High Elwood Emerald Epping Erinbank Essendon Keilor Fairhills Fawkner Fitzroy Footscray Forest Hill Fountain Gate Frankston Gilmore Gisborne Gladstone Park Glen Eira Glen Waverley Greensborough Hampton Park Healesville Heathmont Highvale Hoppers Crossing Hume Kambrya Keilor Downs Kensington Kew Keysborough Koonung Koo Wee Rup Kyneton Lalor Lalor North Laverton Lilydale Heights Lilydale High Lynall Hall Lyndale Lyndhurst Macleod Mac.Rob Maribyrnong Maroondah McClelland McKinnon Melbourne Girls' Melbourne High Melton Mentone Girls' Mill Park Monash Science Monbulk Monterey Mooroolbark Montmorency Mordialloc Mornington Mount Alexander Mount Eliza Mount Erin Mount Waverley Mullauna Narre Warren South Rosehill Noble Park Northcote Norwood Nossal Pakenham Parkdale Pascoe Vale Patterson River Princes Hill Reservoir Ringwood Rosebud Rowville Roxburgh Sandringham Scoresby South Oakleigh Sherbrooke Springvale St Albans St Helena Staughton Sunbury Downs Swinburne Sydney Road Taylors Lakes The Grange Thornbury University High Vermont Victoria University Secondary Victorian Deaf College Victorian Arts College Viewbank Wantirna Warrandyte Wellington Werribee Wheelers Hill Whittlesea William Ruthven Williamstown Wyndham Yarra Hills vteAssociated Public Schools of Victoria Brighton Grammar Carey Caulfield Grammar Geelong Grammar Haileybury Melbourne Grammar Scotch St Kevin's Geelong College Wesley Xavier Lists of notable alumni Brighton Carey Caulfield Geelong Grammar Haileybury Melbourne Grammar Scotch St Kevin's Geelong College Wesley Xavier vteUniting Church in Australia schools or schools in associationNew South Wales Kinross Wolaroi School Knox Grammar School MLC School Newington College Pymble Ladies' College Ravenswood School for Girls The Scots School Albury Northern Territory St Philip's College Queensland Brisbane Boys' College Clayfield College Mary McConnel School Moreton Bay Boys College Moreton Bay College Scots PGC College The Lakes College South Australia Annesley Junior School Pedare Christian College Prince Alfred College Scotch College, Adelaide Seymour College Westminster School, Adelaide Tasmania Scotch Oakburn College Victoria Aitken College Ballarat Clarendon College Billanook College Geelong College Hamilton and Alexandra College Kingswood College (Box Hill) Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School St Leonard's College (Melbourne) Wesley College, Melbourne Western Australia Methodist Ladies' College, Perth Penrhos College Presbyterian Ladies' College, Perth Scotch College, Perth Wesley College, Perth vteFormer Presbyterian Church of Australia schools Arden Anglican School Cooerwull Academy Geelong College Kinross Wolaroi School Knox Grammar School Morongo Girls' College Penleigh Presbyterian Ladies' College Presbyterian Ladies' College, Goulburn Presbyterian Ladies' College, Perth Pymble Ladies' College Scotch College, Adelaide Scotch College, Launceston Scotch College, Perth The Scots PGC College (The Presbyterian Girls' College and The Scots College, Warwick)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-educational"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_school"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Uniting Church in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABSA-4"},{"link_name":"boarding houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headmasters%27_and_Headmistresses%27_Conference"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMC-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHISA-6"},{"link_name":"Junior School Heads Association of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_School_Heads_Association_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSHAA-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AISV-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABSA-4"},{"link_name":"Associated Public Schools of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Public_Schools_of_Victoria"}],"text":"School in Newtown, Victoria, AustraliaThe Geelong College is an Australian independent and co-educational, Christian day and boarding school located in Newtown, an inner-western suburb of Geelong, Victoria.Established in 1861 by Alexander James Campbell, a Presbyterian minister, the Geelong College was formerly a school of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and is now operated in association with the Uniting Church in Australia but is not governed or managed by the church.[3] The school has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for over 1,200 students from kindergarten to Year 12, including around 100 boarding students from Years 7 to 12.[4] The boarding students are accommodated in two boarding houses at the senior school campus: Mackie House for boys, Mossgiel House for girls.The college is affiliated with the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference,[5] the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia,[6] the Junior School Heads Association of Australia,[7] the Association of Independent Schools of Victoria,[1] the Australian Boarding Schools Association,[4] and has been a member of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria since 1908.","title":"Geelong College"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geelong_College_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geelong Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(school)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Davidson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"George Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henderson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Associated Public Schools of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Public_Schools_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Early version of the college crestFollowing the closure of the first Geelong Grammar, Campbell established a committee to found a new Presbyterian school. On 8 July 1861, Geelong College was officially established. The school year later started with an enrolment of 62. George Morrison was appointed the first principal and three years later became the owner of the school. The school moved to its present location in 1871. The architects Alexander Davidson and George Henderson designed its main building.In 1908, the college returned to the ownership of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and became a member of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria (APS). St David's Presbyterian Church at the corner of Talbot St and Aphrasia St, Newtown is currently used by the School for religious services. Traditionally, the School used St George’s Presbyterian Church on Latrobe Terrace for Presbyterian Services. Anglican services, when required, were provided at All Saints Church on Noble St. Presbyterian Services however, were transferred to St David’s Church in 1962.[8] The Geelong College Chapel was dedicated on 8 March 1989 as the centre of the school's spiritual life. It was formerly the School’s House of Music, designed by Philip Hudson, built in about 1936 and opened in 1937.[9]Land was acquired in 1946 for a new preparatory campus which did not open until 1960. This particular campus became co-educational in 1974, with co-education being extended to the senior campus in 1975. The college undertook an extensive redevelopment and refurbishment of the middle school, which is on the preparatory campus, in 2012.\nIn 2015 Principal Andrew Barr resigned after he was photographed watching pornography in his office.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GeelongCollege.jpg"}],"text":"The college building in 1906","title":"Principals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geelong-College-main-oval-Newtown.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cape Otway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Otway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Main oval at the senior schoolSenior School – Years 9 to 12Talbot Street, NewtownMiddle School – Years 4 to 8Aberdeen Street, NewtownJunior School – Kindergarten to Year 3Minerva Road, NewtownCape Otway Campus – all yearsCape Otway (since 2015)[11]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"house system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_system"},{"link_name":"Roman mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mythology"}],"text":"A house system operates at both the senior and middle schools. Each house is named after a significant person in the college's history. Sporting and music competitions are held between them each year.At the middle school, there are four houses: Pegasus (white), Bellerophon (blue), Minerva (red) and Helicon (green), which meet for sporting events throughout each year. The house model is not used for pastoral care at this campus. The names of these houses originate from Roman mythology.","title":"House system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian Certificate of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education"}],"text":"Geelong College offers its senior students the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE).","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geelong_college_team_1878.jpg"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Associated Public Schools of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Public_Schools_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Associated Grammar Schools of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Grammar_Schools_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"}],"text":"Geelong College football team, 1878Secondary students of the college participate in the summer, winter and spring seasons of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria (APS)/Associated Grammar Schools of Victoria (AGSV) sport competition. Choices offered for summer sports include badminton, cricket (boys only), softball (girls only), tennis and rowing. Winter sports include Australian rules football (boys only), netball (girls only), soccer and basketball. Students may also participate in a number of local competitions and the college is particularly known for its excellence and achievement in rowing competitions.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"APS and AGSV/APS premierships","text":"Geelong College has won the following APS and AGSV/APS premierships:Boys:[13]Cricket (7) – 1946, 1947, 1963, 1979, 1982, 1995, 2011\nFootball (6) – 1925, 1927, 1932, 1963, 1964, 2006\nRowing (13) – 1936, 1944, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1976, 1990, 1993, 2000, 2001, 2003Girls:[14]Athletics (5) – 1995, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005\nHockey (2) – 1995, 1996\nNetball (4) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998\nRowing (10) – 1981, 1982, 1983, 1989, 1992, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2011\nTennis (6) – 1995, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2005","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Geelong College Challenge is a competition run by the college at the preparatory school campus in which government schools in the region can enter. The challenge started in 1993.[15] Participating schools send in an entry based on the set theme, and the teams with the 16 best entries are accepted. These schools then form a team of four Year 6 students (two boys and two girls). On the weekend of the challenge, the teams participate in various challenges, which include art, music, drama, technology, information technology, physical education and mathematics challenges.","title":"Geelong College Challenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People educated at Geelong College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Geelong_College"},{"link_name":"Alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni"},{"link_name":"alumni association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGCA-16"}],"text":"Main category: People educated at Geelong CollegeAlumni of the school are known as Old Geelong Collegians and may elect to join the alumni association, the Old Geelong Collegians' Association (OGCA).[16] Some notable Old Geelong Collegians include:","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Honeycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Honeycombe"},{"link_name":"metallurgist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Marden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marden"},{"link_name":"headmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headmaster"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Ladies%27_College,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Pymble Ladies' College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pymble_Ladies%27_College"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMarden-18"}],"sub_title":"Academic","text":"Sir Robert Honeycombe – scientist and metallurgist, Emeritus Professor of Metallurgy at Cambridge University, UK.[17]\nJohn Marden – first headmaster of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney (1888–1919) and Pymble Ladies' College (1916–1919); pioneer of women's education; Presbyterian elder[18]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dix"},{"link_name":"Ford Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Australia"},{"link_name":"Qantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Don Kendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kendell"},{"link_name":"Kendell Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendell_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DKendell-19"}],"sub_title":"Business","text":"Bill Dix – former managing director of Ford Australia and Chairman of Qantas[citation needed]\nDon Kendell – founder of Kendell Airlines[19]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Picnic at Hanging Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Crocodile Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_Dundee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Duigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Duigan"},{"link_name":"Gideon Haigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Haigh"},{"link_name":"Robert Ingpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ingpen"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Maddern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Maddern"},{"link_name":"Veronica Milsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Milsom"},{"link_name":"triple j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"},{"link_name":"George Ernest Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ernest_Morrison"},{"link_name":"adventurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GEMorrison-20"},{"link_name":"Guy Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Pearce"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sean Sowerby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Sowerby"},{"link_name":"Nathan Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Templeton_(sports_presenter)"}],"sub_title":"Entertainment, media and the arts","text":"Russell Boyd – cinematographer: Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli, Crocodile Dundee.[citation needed]\nJohn Duigan – film director and writer\nGideon Haigh – journalist and author\nRobert Ingpen – artist, writer and illustrator\nRebecca Maddern – journalist\nVeronica Milsom – comedian and triple j radio presenter\nGeorge Ernest Morrison – Australian adventurer; correspondent for The Times Peking (Beijing)[20]\nGuy Pearce – actor[21]\nSean Sowerby – journalist\nNathan Templeton – journalist","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Macfarlane Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"}],"sub_title":"Medicine and science","text":"Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet – biologist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel Aingimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Aingimea"},{"link_name":"President of Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nauru"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"John Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Button_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke_Government"},{"link_name":"Keating Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keating_Government"},{"link_name":"Arthur Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Coles"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australian National Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Airways"},{"link_name":"Robert Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Malvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Malvern"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDoyle-23"},{"link_name":"Major General Sir James Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harrison_(Australian_governor)"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sarah Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Henderson"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Member for Corangamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Corangamite"},{"link_name":"Barry James Maddern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_James_Maddern"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"Fergus Stewart McArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_McArthur"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Member for Corangamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Corangamite"},{"link_name":"Gordon Stewart McArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Stewart_McArthur"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"President of the Victorian Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Victorian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSMcArthur-24"},{"link_name":"James Nimmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nimmo"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Politics, public service and the law","text":"Lionel Aingimea – President of Nauru since 2019[22]\nJohn Button – senior Federal Minister in the Hawke and Keating Governments\nSir Arthur Coles – retail founder, MP, Lord Mayor of Melbourne; first Chairman of Australian National Airlines (TAA)\nRobert Doyle – Lord Mayor of Melbourne, politician; Member for Malvern in the Legislative Assembly (1992–2006); Leader of the Victorian Opposition (2002–2006)[23]\nMajor General Sir James Harrison, KCMG, CB, CBE – former Governor of South Australia\nSarah Henderson, MP – Member for Corangamite (Liberal Party) from 2013 to 2019, Senator for Victoria since 2019\nBarry James Maddern – Australian barrister and jurist\nFergus Stewart McArthur, MP – Member for Corangamite (Liberal Party) from 1984 to 2007\nSir Gordon Stewart McArthur – Liberal Party politician, President of the Victorian Legislative Council (1958–1965), grazier and barrister[24]\nJames Nimmo CBE – public servant[25]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Henry Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Armstrong_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Wangaratta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangaratta,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THArmstrong-26"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Thomas Henry Armstrong – first Bishop of Wangaratta[26]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Atkins_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Jaxson Barham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaxson_Barham"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Magpies"},{"link_name":"Alec Boswell Timms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Boswell_Timms"},{"link_name":"VFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Tim Callan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Callan"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Alex Cincotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Cincotta"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"David A. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Clarke_(Australian_footballer,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"David E. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Clarke_(Australian_footballer,_born_1952)"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Georgie Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Tim Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Clarke_(Australian_rules_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Richard Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Colman"},{"link_name":"Paralympic athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-athletics"},{"link_name":"Ayce Cordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayce_Cordy"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Zaine Cordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaine_Cordy"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"2016 AFL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Ed Curnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Curnow"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_FC"},{"link_name":"Charlie Curnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Curnow"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_FC"},{"link_name":"Josh Dunkley-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dunkley-Smith"},{"link_name":"Edward 'Carji' Greeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_%27Carji%27_Greeves"},{"link_name":"Brownlow Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Medal"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League_(1897%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Brownlow_Medal"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Hassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Hassett"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"John \"Jack\" Bailey Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkes_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Lachlan Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Steve Horvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Horvat"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Jack Iverson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Iverson"},{"link_name":"Charlie Lazzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Lazzaro"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Bowen Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"Port Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Ned McHenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_McHenry"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Edward Russell Mockridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mockridge"},{"link_name":"1952 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERMockridge-27"},{"link_name":"David Ramage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ramage"},{"link_name":"Ian Redpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Redpath"},{"link_name":"Josh Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Saunders_(Australian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Will Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Schofield"},{"link_name":"West Coast Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Paul Sheahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sheahan"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Alex Witherden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Witherden"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Lions"},{"link_name":"West Coast Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Mason Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_Wood"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Tom Atkins – AFL footballer for Geelong\nJaxson Barham – AFL footballer for Collingwood\nAlec Boswell Timms – VFA footballer for Geelong and Scottish international rugby union player from 1896 to 1905\nTim Callan – AFL footballer for the Western Bulldogs\nAlex Cincotta- AFL footballer for Carlton\nDavid A. Clarke – AFL footballer for Geelong and Carlton\nDavid E. Clarke – AFL footballer for Geelong and Carlton\nGeorgie Clarke – Olympian (athletics)\nTim Clarke – former AFL footballer for Hawthorn\nRichard Colman – Paralympic athletics gold medallist\nAyce Cordy – AFL footballer for the Western Bulldogs\nZaine Cordy – AFL footballer for the Western Bulldogs; premiership player in the 2016 AFL Grand Final\nEd Curnow – current AFL footballer for Carlton\nCharlie Curnow – current AFL footballer for Carlton\nJosh Dunkley-Smith – 2012 Olympic rowing silver medallist\nEdward 'Carji' Greeves – winner of the inaugural Brownlow Medal for the best and fairest player in the Victorian Football League (later known as AFL) (1924)\nLindsay Hassett – captain of the Australian Test cricket team from 1949 to 1953\nJohn \"Jack\" Bailey Hawkes – Australian tennis champion\nLachlan Henderson – current AFL footballer for Geelong\nSteve Horvat – Australian international soccer player\nJack Iverson – Australian Test cricketer\nCharlie Lazzaro – AFL footballer for North Melbourne\nBowen Lockwood – AFL footballer for Port Adelaide\nNed McHenry – AFL footballer for Adelaide\nEdward Russell Mockridge – dual gold medallist for cycling at the 1952 Summer Olympics[27]\nDavid Ramage – two-time Olympic rower\nIan Redpath – Australian Test cricketer\nJosh Saunders – former AFL footballer for St Kilda\nWill Schofield – AFL footballer for the West Coast Eagles\nPaul Sheahan – Australian Test cricketer; former headmaster of The Geelong College and Melbourne Grammar School\nAlex Witherden – AFL footballer for the Brisbane Lions and West Coast Eagles\nMason Wood – AFL footballer for North Melbourne and St Kilda","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86828-009-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86828-009-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-921875-10-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921875-10-6"}],"text":"Notman, G.C. & Keith, B.R. 1961. The Geelong College 1861–1961. The Geelong College Council, Geelong.\nDeakin University. 1979. Portrait of The Geelong College: Continuity and Change in an Independent School. Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic. ISBN 0-86828-009-7.\nPenrose, Helen. 2011. The Way to the Stars: 150 Years of The Geelong College. Australian Scholarly Publishing, North Melbourne. ISBN 978-1-921875-10-6.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Early version of the college crest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Geelong_College_logo.jpg/110px-Geelong_College_logo.jpg"},{"image_text":"The college building in 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GeelongCollege.jpg/250px-GeelongCollege.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main oval at the senior school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Geelong-College-main-oval-Newtown.jpg/220px-Geelong-College-main-oval-Newtown.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geelong College football team, 1878","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Geelong_college_team_1878.jpg/250px-Geelong_college_team_1878.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of schools in Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Victoria"},{"title":"List of boarding schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boarding_schools"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Geelong College\". Find a School. Association of Independent Schools of Victoria. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706120845/http://services.ais.vic.edu.au/ebiz/customerservice/schooldetails.aspx?ID=171","url_text":"\"The Geelong College\""},{"url":"http://services.ais.vic.edu.au/ebiz/customerservice/schooldetails.aspx?ID=171","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Associated Schools\". Uniting Church in Australia. Synod of Victoria and Tasmania. Retrieved 23 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://victas.uca.org.au/community-learning/uniting-church-schools/","url_text":"\"Associated Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Geelong College\". Schools. Australian Boarding Schools Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071117110405/http://www.boarding.org.au/site/school_detail.cfm?schID=161","url_text":"\"The Geelong College\""},{"url":"http://www.boarding.org.au/site/school_detail.cfm?schID=161","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Members\". HMC Schools. The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080315000031/http://www.hmc.org.uk/schools/international.htm","url_text":"\"International Members\""},{"url":"http://www.hmc.org.uk/schools/international.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria\". School Directory. Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia. 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307010312/http://www.ahisa.com.au/Display.aspx?tabid=3245","url_text":"\"Victoria\""},{"url":"http://www.ahisa.com.au/Display.aspx?tabid=3245","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JSHAA Victorian Directory of Members\". Victoria Branch. Junior School Heads' Association of Australia. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080213101150/http://www.jshaa.asn.au/victoria/directory/index.asp","url_text":"\"JSHAA Victorian Directory of Members\""},{"url":"http://www.jshaa.asn.au/victoria/directory/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Guide to Geelong College - SAINT DAVID'S PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEWTOWN\". The Geelong College. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gnet.tgc.vic.edu.au/wiki/SAINT-DAVID-S-PRESBYTERIAN-CHURCH.ashx","url_text":"\"Heritage Guide to Geelong College - SAINT DAVID'S PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEWTOWN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Guide to Geelong College - The Geelong College Chapel\". The Geelong College. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gnet.tgc.vic.edu.au/wiki/Chapel.ashx","url_text":"\"Heritage Guide to Geelong College - The Geelong College Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geelong College principal Andrew Barr resigns over porn scandal\". 10 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/geelong-college-principal-andrew-barr-resigns-over-porn-scandal-20150410-1mhzzh.html","url_text":"\"Geelong College principal Andrew Barr resigns over porn scandal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cape Otway Campus\". The Geelong College. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tgc.vic.edu.au/learning-and-teaching/experiential-learning/learning-outdoors","url_text":"\"Cape Otway Campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trend of CAULFIELD GRAMMAR SCHOOL WHEELERS HILL by VCE results\". bettereducation.com.au. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bettereducation.com.au/CompareSchools/year_12/vic/compare_vce_school_ranking.aspx?enc=0krddJMa3z2GawznzHgIpU/72Gr9Zxo/WSCgxANxLF83nLj6jDPhR/feCOL1DC13lY1Mi2p/DYPXMNSFTBpHN3dYQXSrr7BaY2skvP5fcvNBKVqaZ5fYXxGXIbusaWElftst5tLoK4uitjnTMbbwnNOyXs1k+SXWfIOxBQj36VQ=","url_text":"\"Trend of CAULFIELD GRAMMAR SCHOOL WHEELERS HILL by VCE results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boys' Premierships – APS Sport\". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922181245/https://www.apssport.org.au/about/premierships/boys-premierships/","url_text":"\"Boys' Premierships – APS Sport\""},{"url":"https://www.apssport.org.au/about/premierships/boys-premierships/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Girls' Premierships – APS Sport\". Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200926215610/https://www.apssport.org.au/about/premierships/girls-premierships/","url_text":"\"Girls' Premierships – APS Sport\""},{"url":"https://www.apssport.org.au/about/premierships/girls-premierships/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Geelong College - About - News, Events & Publications\". Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090912132745/http://www.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au/display2.asp?entityID=3690&parententityid=3647&childID=3709","url_text":"\"The Geelong College - About - News, Events & Publications\""},{"url":"http://www.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au/display2.asp?entityID=3690&parententityid=3647&childID=3709","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Geelong Collegians' Association (OGCA)\". Community. The Geelong College. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025164910/http://www.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au/display.asp?entityid=3995","url_text":"\"Old Geelong Collegians' Association (OGCA)\""},{"url":"http://www.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au/display.asp?entityid=3995","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tributes paid to Professor Sir Robert Honeycombe (1921–2007)\". 19 September 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2007091903","url_text":"\"Tributes paid to Professor Sir Robert Honeycombe (1921–2007)\""}]},{"reference":"Dougan, Alan (1986). \"Marden, John (1855 - 1924)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 10 (Online ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 407–408. Retrieved 6 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100396b.htm?hilite=John%3BMarden","url_text":"\"Marden, John (1855 - 1924)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Kendell Airlines\". Kendell. Ansett Australia Limited. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 2008-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101010130440/http://www.freewebs.com/ansett/kendell.htm","url_text":"\"History of Kendell Airlines\""},{"url":"http://www.freewebs.com/ansett/kendell.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"George Ernest Morrison\". Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Annual Scientific Congress. Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. 2004. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 2008-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517160724/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/racs2004/abstract.asp?id=17028","url_text":"\"George Ernest Morrison\""},{"url":"http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/racs2004/abstract.asp?id=17028","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Karl (24 September 2005). \"The Guy outside\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/people/the-guy-outside/2005/09/22/1126982166809.html","url_text":"\"The Guy outside\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doyle, Robert Keith Bennett\". re-member. Parliament of Victoria. 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/re-member/bioregfull.cfm?mid=88","url_text":"\"Doyle, Robert Keith Bennett\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, R. (2000). \"McArthur, Sir Gordon Stewart (1896 - 1965)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 15 (Online ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 152–153. Retrieved 6 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150187b.htm?hilite=geelong+college","url_text":"\"McArthur, Sir Gordon Stewart (1896 - 1965)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Mr James Ferguson Nimmo\". The Canberra Times. 18 December 1984. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122535156","url_text":"\"Obituary: Mr James Ferguson Nimmo\""}]},{"reference":"McVilly, David (1979). \"Armstrong, Thomas Henry (1857 - 1930)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 7 (Online ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 95–96. Retrieved 6 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A070694b.htm?hilite=geelong+college","url_text":"\"Armstrong, Thomas Henry (1857 - 1930)\""}]},{"reference":"Hazlehurst, Cameron (2000). \"Mockridge, Edward Russell (1928 - 1958)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 15 (Online ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 385. Retrieved 6 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150448b.htm?hilite=geelong+college","url_text":"\"Mockridge, Edward Russell (1928 - 1958)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Goodish
Bruiser Brody
["1 Early life","2 Professional wrestling career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Championships and accomplishments","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
American professional wrestler and homicide victim (1946–1988) Bruiser BrodyBrody, c. 1988Birth nameFrank Donald GoodishBorn(1946-06-18)June 18, 1946DiedJuly 17, 1988(1988-07-17) (aged 42)Bayamón, Puerto RicoCause of deathStabbed to death by José GonzálezAlma materWest Texas State UniversitySpouse(s) Nola Neece ​ ​(m. 1968; div. 1970)​ Barbara Smith ​ ​(m. 1972)​Children1Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Bruiser BrodyFrank GoodishKing Kong BrodyThe Masked MarauderFrank BrodyRed River JackBilled height6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)Billed weight300 lb (136 kg)Billed fromSanta Fe, New MexicoTrained byFritz Von ErichDebut1973 Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 – July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody. He also worked as King Kong Brody, the Masked Marauder, and Red River Jack. Over the years Brody became synonymous with the hardcore wrestling brawling style that often saw one or more of the participants bleeding by the time the match was over. In his prime he worked as a "special attraction" wrestler in North America, making select appearances for various promotions such as World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), Central States Wrestling (CSW), Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF), and the American Wrestling Association (AWA) among other events. He worked regularly in Japan for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW). Behind the scenes Brody was very protective of his "in-ring" image, hardly ever agreeing to lose matches and building a reputation of being volatile; he would on occasion intentionally hit or hurt opponents during a match contrary to the predetermined nature of professional wrestling. His in-ring work and wrestling persona earned him an induction in the professional wrestling hall of fame, St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame, Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame, Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame and the WWE Hall of Fame. Brody died in 1988 from stab wounds suffered backstage in a shower during a wrestling event in Puerto Rico. The killer was José González, better known as Invader 1. A jury acquitted González of murder, ruling that González killed Brody in self-defense. Key witnesses to the killing did not give testimony at González' trial due to their summonses only being received after the trial had concluded.Brody (top) wrestling in a match against José González (bottom) . Early life Goodish was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School, Michigan, and played football at West Texas A&M University (then known as West Texas State) and with four teams over three seasons in the Texas Football League and Continental Football League. He stood 6 feet 4 inches tall and weighed 251 lbs. Professional wrestling career Brody (left) and Stan Hansen (right), circa 1983 After attending West Texas A&M and working as a sportswriter Goodish was trained to wrestle by Fritz Von Erich. He first wrestled in Dallas - Fort Worth and later Louisiana. As Bruiser Brody and King Kong Brody (the latter, a name he used in Midwestern promotions out of respect for Dick the Bruiser), Goodish competed as a freelancer in several companies including the Central States Wrestling (CSW), World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), Southwest Championship Wrestling (SCW), Windy City Wrestling, World Wrestling Council (WWC), Deep South Wrestling (DSW), Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF), American Wrestling Association (AWA), and World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW). In the States, he had numerous feuds with the likes of Kamala the Ugandan Giant, Abdullah the Butcher, and "Crusher" Jerry Blackwell. In Japan, he was in a tag team with Stan Hansen. Brody had a reputation for refusing to job to other wrestlers. He also competed under the moniker of Red River Jack in Texas, during an angle against Gary Hart's men and Skandor Akbar's Army in World Class Championship Wrestling. Brody also competed as the Masked Marauder at one time in the AWA. In 1976, he went to Vince J. McMahon's WWWF where he challenged WWWF Champion Bruno Sammartino, but was unsuccessful in winning the championship. Brody also teamed with Big John Studd. It was also in the WWWF where he wrestled Invader 1 (José González), for whom he refused to sell. In 1985, he had a very short stint with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) in a feud with Antonio Inoki and many of their matches ended in no contests or disqualifications. In 1987, Brody began working primarily for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico after getting fired from New Japan. Brody continued his feud with Abdullah the Butcher, as well as engaging in a feud with Carlos Colon. He briefly returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling to win his last NWA International Heavyweight Championship. On April 15, 1988, the first attempt to form what became the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship was done when Brody faced off against NWA United National and PWF champion Genichiro Tenryu; the result was a double countout. Brody lost the title to Jumbo Tsuruta four days later. In WCCW in Texas he was actually a babyface, most often against Abdullah The Butcher. However against Abdullah in Montreal he was a heel managed by Floyd Creatchman. While there Tim "Killer" Brooks acted as his brother Buster Brody. Brody was in an ongoing feud with The Russian Brute who later went on to AWA fame with Manager Ox Baker. Due to his huge reputation in Japan promoter Shohei Baba had the match taped and later aired on Japanese TV. In Florida he beat B. Brian Blair for the Florida State championship. Brody had an infamous cage match with Lex Luger in Florida on January 21, 1987. In the middle of the match, Brody stopped "working" and stood around. Luger and Bill Alfonso, the referee of the match, were puzzled and attempted to speak to Brody who did not respond. Luger and Alfonso decided to forgo the planned finish of the match and Alfonso disqualified Luger in a spot where Luger shoved Alfonso to the ground. After the match, Luger recalls asking Brody if he did anything wrong to upset him, to which Brody responded "no", and Brody's reasons for not working were not very clear, stating that "the match just wasn't working". In Larry Matysik's book, Wrestling at the Chase, Matysik states that before the match Brody told him "I'm not putting up with any of his bullshit" and that Brody was upset that Luger would not sell for him. However, when watching the match, it is clear that Luger did sell for Brody. In a later shoot interview, Bill Alfonso said that there was a miscommunication issue on who would lead the match and there was no ill will ever between the two. Another scenario was that Brody was upset with the promoters over his paychecks (Brody had a contentious history with wrestling promoters for much of his career) and decided to embarrass the promotion by being uncooperative in the match. In 1987 he returned to the AWA where he fought Greg Gagne and Jerry Blackwell. Despite his reputation as being disagreeable with promoters he would aid any who needed a boost in ticket sales as he was guaranteed to bring in crowds. While working for WCCW in Texas he was the booker and produced their TV program. Personal life Prior to his wrestling career, Goodish worked as a sportswriter in San Antonio, Texas. Goodish was married on June 4, 1968, to Nola Marie Neece; the marriage ended in divorce on October 12, 1970. Goodish's second wife, New Zealander Barbara Smith, remained with him until his death in 1988. She has stated that while his wrestling persona was known for brutality and being uncontrollable, Brody was the complete opposite with his family. Brody and Smith lived in Texas. Together they had a son named Geoffrey Dean, born November 7, 1980. Death Dan Spivey (left) and Abdullah the Butcher (right) team up to attack Brody (center). This match took place on July 15, 1988, the day before Brody was stabbed to death in the locker room of Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. On July 16, 1988, Brody was in the locker room before his scheduled match with Dan Spivey at Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, when José Huertas González, a fellow wrestler and booker, allegedly asked him to step into the shower area to discuss business. There was an argument between the two wrestlers and a scuffle ensued. Due to the dressing room layout, there were no witnesses to the altercation; however, two screams were heard, loud enough for the entire locker room to hear. Tony Atlas ran to the shower and saw Brody bent over and holding his stomach. Atlas then looked up at González and saw him holding a bloody knife. Due to the heavy traffic outdoors and large crowd in the stadium it took paramedics almost an hour to reach Brody. When the paramedics arrived, Atlas helped carry Brody downstairs to the waiting ambulance as, due to Brody's size, paramedics were unable to lift him. He later died from his stab wounds. González claimed self-defense and testified in his own defense at trial in 1989. The prosecution witnesses living outside of Puerto Rico claimed they had not received their summons until after the trial had ended. The case was not dismissed for their absence, nor were they charged with contempt of the Puerto Rico court. González was acquitted of murder. The prosecution did not appeal. Fellow wrestlers Dutch Mantel and Tony Atlas have said in a lengthy interview featured in Vice documentary series Dark Side of the Ring season 1 episode 3 entitled "The Killing of Bruiser Brody" that in the 1970s, when Brody and González had wrestled each other, Brody had wrestled very roughly and beat up González. S. D. Jones claims after one such match González said to him "one day I am gonna kill that man". Tony Atlas also said the local police were uninformed, and thought the killer was an angry wrestling fan gone berserk. Atlas also claims that he was the only witness to point out González to the authorities, so they could arrest him. In the same documentary, according to Atlas, Bruiser Brody was about to gain ownership in the wrestling company, even promising him "you are going to see a lot of changes", implying that González might eventually be fired. Atlas recalls González, Víctor Quiñones, and Carlos Colón were having an urgent meeting in the locker room only moments prior to the tragic events, while Mantel said the meeting seemed "strange". Shortly after, González called out Brody in the shower — "can I talk to you for a minute please" — then the stabbing ensued. Ultimately, the murder weapon has never been found, González aka Invader was acquitted in Puerto Rico for acting under self-defense, and Bruiser Brody's widow Barbara Goodish told the reporters "I know the attacker did it, from what I hear about it the whole court case was a sham". Vice producers for Dark Side of the Ring say they contacted González and Colón, but that both "declined to be interviewed". Championships and accomplishments All Japan Pro Wrestling NWA International Heavyweight Championship (3 times) PWF World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Stan Hansen World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1981) – with Jimmy Snuka World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1983) – with Stan Hansen January 3 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (1979) Champion Carnival Fighting Spirit Award (1981) World's Strongest Tag Determined League Exciting Award (1982) – with Stan Hansen Cauliflower Alley Club Posthumous Award (2015) Central States Wrestling NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (1 time) NWA Central States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ernie Ladd Championship Wrestling from Florida NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time) George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Frank Gotch Award (2018) National Wrestling Federation NWF International Championship (1 time) NWA Big Time Wrestling/World Class Wrestling Association NWA American Heavyweight Championship (4 times) NWA American Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Kerry Von Erich NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Texas version) (8 times) NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time) NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mike York (1), Gino Hernandez (1), and Kerry Von Erich (1) WCWA Television Championship (1 time) NWA Tri-State NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Tri-State version) (2 time) – with Stan Hansen Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2014 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Editor's Award (1988) tied with Adrian Adonis Ranked No. 14 of the 500 top wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003 Southwest Championship Wrestling SCW Southwest Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time) SCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dick Slater St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2007 Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2013 Tokyo Sports Lifetime Achievement Award (1988) Western States Sports NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Championship Wrestling (Australia) World Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time) World Wrestling Association WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) WWE WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) Legacy Inductee Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Brawler (1980–1984, 1987, 1988) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996) See also List of premature professional wrestling deaths "The Killing of Bruiser Brody" The Iron Claw (film) (2023 film, in which Brody is depicted by Actor Cazzey Louis Cereghino) "The Ballad of Bruiser Brody" (2024 BBC series, part of their Sport's Strangest Crimes series) References ^ a b c "Bruiser Brody". WWE. Retrieved June 15, 2019. ^ a b Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2009). WWE Encyclopedia. DK. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7566-4190-0. ^ a b Johnson, Paul. "How wrestling icon Bruiser Brody was killed in Puerto Rico by fellow wrestler". news.com.au. Retrieved July 29, 2019. ^ a b "Frank Goodish". Retrieved July 11, 2023. ^ a b "Bruiser Brody". WWE. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ "Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage". www.familytreelegends.com. ^ "Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage". www.familytreelegends.com. ^ "Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage". www.familytreelegends.com. ^ Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p.115) ^ Atlas, Tony. ATLAS Too Much ... Too Soon. Crowbar Press. pp. 197–205. ISBN 978-0-9844090-2-0. ^ "The Killing of Bruiser Brody". Dark Side of the Ring. Season 1. Episode 3. ^ "NWA International Heavyweight Title history". wrestling-titles.com. ^ "Misc. All Japan Events". www.prowrestlinghistory.com. ^ "Champion Carnival 1981". www.purolove.com. Retrieved January 28, 2019. ^ "Real World Tag League 1982". www.purolove.com. Retrieved January 28, 2019. ^ Johnson, Steve (April 5, 2015). "Many years of hard work pay off for Dennis Brent with CAC's historian award". Slam Wrestling. Retrieved September 27, 2020. ^ "NWA Central States Heavyweight Title history". wrestling-titles.com. ^ "NWA Central States Tag Team Title history". wrestling-titles.com. ^ "NWA Florida Heavyweight Title history". wrestling-titles.com. ^ Keller, Wade (March 26, 2018). "National Wrestling Hall of Fame announced Class of 2018, details on HOF Induction Weekend including Ross, Booker T, Animal". PWTorch.com. Retrieved August 27, 2018. ^ Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2000). Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4. ^ Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2000). "Texas:NWA/World Class American Heavyweight Title ". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. pp. 265–266. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4. ^ "NWA United States Heavyweight Title (1967-1968/05) - American Heavyweight Title (1968/05-1986/02)". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved December 26, 2019. ^ Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2006). "(Dallas) Texas: NWA American Tag Team Title ". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. ISBN 978-0-9698161-5-7. ^ "N.W.A. American Tag Team Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020. ^ Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2006). "(Texas) Dallas:NWA Texas Brass Knuckles Title". Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. p. 271. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4. ^ "Texas Brass Knucks Title ". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved December 22, 2019. ^ Will, Gary; Duncan, Royal (2000). "Texas: NWA Texas Heavyweight Title ". Wrestling Title Histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present. Pennsylvania: Archeus Communications. pp. 268–269. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4. ^ "NWA Texas Heavyweight Title". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved March 30, 2017. ^ Will, Gary; Duncan, Royal (2000). "Texas: NWA Texas Tag Team Title ". Wrestling Title Histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present. Pennsylvania: Archeus Communications. pp. 275–276. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4. ^ "NWA Texas Tag Team Title ". wrestling-titles.com. Retrieved December 27, 2019. ^ Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). "Texas: WCWA Television Title". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p. 396. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4. ^ "World Class Television Title". Wrestling-titles.com. Retrieved November 19, 2016. ^ NWA United States Tag Team Title (Tri-State version) history At wrestling-titles.com ^ Caldwell, James (November 26, 2013). "News: Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame announces 2014 HOF class". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved November 26, 2013. ^ "PWI Awards". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Kappa Publishing Group. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2017. ^ SCW Southwest Brass Knuckles Title history At wrestling-titles.com ^ SCW World Tag Team Title history At wrestling-titles.com ^ 東京スポーツ プロレス大賞. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2014. ^ NWA Western States Heavyweight Title history At wrestling-titles.com ^ "World Brass Knuckles Title (Australia)". Wrestling-Titles.com. ^ WWA World Heavyweight Title (Indianapolis) history At wrestling-titles.com ^ "Sport's Strangest Crimes returns to BBC Sounds with comedian Adam Hills on The Ballad of Bruiser Brody". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved March 29, 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Donald Goodish. Bruiser Brody on WWE.com Mid-South Wrestling profile Bruiser Brody's profile at Cagematch.net , Wrestlingdata.com , Internet Wrestling Database Frank Goodish on Pro Football Archives Links to related articles vteWorld's Strongest Tag Determination League1970s Dory Funk Jr. and Terry Funk (1977, 1979) Giant Baba and Jumbo Tsuruta (1978) 1980s Giant Baba and Jumbo Tsuruta (1980) Jimmy Snuka and Bruiser Brody (1981) Dory Funk Jr. and Terry Funk (1982) Bruiser Brody and Stan Hansen (1983) Jumbo Tsuruta and Genichiro Tenryu (1984, 1986) Stan Hansen and Ted DiBiase (1985) Gorin Konbi (Jumbo Tsuruta and Yoshiaki Yatsu) (1987) Fuchin Gyorai (Stan Hansen and Terry Gordy) (1988) Ryugenhou (Stan Hansen and Genichiro Tenryu) (1989) 1990s Satsujin Gyorai (Terry Gordy and Steve Williams) (1990, 1991) Mitsuharu Misawa and Toshiaki Kawada (1992) Mitsuharu Misawa and Kenta Kobashi (1993, 1994, 1995) The Holy Demon Army (Toshiaki Kawada and Akira Taue) (1996, 1997) Kenta Kobashi and Jun Akiyama (1998, 1999) 2000s Steve Williams and Mike Rotunda (2000) BATT (Keiji Muto and Taiyō Kea) (2001) Taiyō Kea and Satoshi Kojima (2002) Kojikaz (Satoshi Kojima and Kaz Hayashi) (2003) Jamal and Taiyō Kea (2004) Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon) (2005) Tencozy (Satoshi Kojima and Hiroyoshi Tenzan) (2006, 2008) Keiji Muto and Joe Doering (2007) Keiji Muto and Masakatsu Funaki (2009) 2010s Kenso and Kono (2010) Kai and Seiya Sanada (2011) Get Wild (Takao Omori and Manabu Soya) (2012, 2016) Evolution (Suwama and Joe Doering) (2013) Wild Burning (Jun Akiyama and Takao Omori) (2014) Suwama and Kento Miyahara (2015) Violent Giants (Suwama and Shuji Ishikawa) (2017, 2019) Joe Doering and Dylan James (2018) 2020s Nextream (Kento Miyahara and Yuma Aoyagi) (2020, 2021) Kento Miyahara and Takuya Nomura (2022) Katsuhiko Nakajima and Hokuto Omori (2023) vteWWE Hall of Fame inductees1990s1993 André the Giant 1994 Arnold Skaaland Bobo Brazil Buddy Rogers Chief Jay Strongbow Freddie Blassie Gorilla Monsoon James Dudley 1995 Antonino Rocca Ernie Ladd The Fabulous Moolah George Steele Ernie Roth Ivan Putski Pedro Morales 1996 Jimmy Snuka Johnny Rodz Killer Kowalski Lou Albano Mikel Scicluna Pat Patterson Valiant Brothers Jimmy Valiant Johnny Valiant Vince McMahon Sr. 2000s2004 Big John Studd "Superstar" Billy Graham Bobby Heenan Don Muraco Greg Valentine Harley Race Jesse Ventura Junkyard Dog Sgt. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"ring name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_name"},{"link_name":"hardcore wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"World Class Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Class_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"World Wide Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Central States Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_America_Sports_Attractions"},{"link_name":"Championship Wrestling from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Wrestling_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"American Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling hall of fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"WWE Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"José González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsAU-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruiser_Brody_vs_Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_1976.jpg"}],"text":"Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 – July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody. He also worked as King Kong Brody, the Masked Marauder, and Red River Jack. Over the years Brody became synonymous with the hardcore wrestling brawling style that often saw one or more of the participants bleeding by the time the match was over. In his prime he worked as a \"special attraction\" wrestler in North America, making select appearances for various promotions such as World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), Central States Wrestling (CSW), Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF), and the American Wrestling Association (AWA) among other events. He worked regularly in Japan for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW).Behind the scenes Brody was very protective of his \"in-ring\" image, hardly ever agreeing to lose matches and building a reputation of being volatile; he would on occasion intentionally hit or hurt opponents during a match contrary to the predetermined nature of professional wrestling. His in-ring work and wrestling persona earned him an induction in the professional wrestling hall of fame, St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame, Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame, Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame and the WWE Hall of Fame.Brody died in 1988 from stab wounds suffered backstage in a shower during a wrestling event in Puerto Rico. The killer was José González, better known as Invader 1. A jury acquitted González of murder, ruling that González killed Brody in self-defense. Key witnesses to the killing did not give testimony at González' trial due to their summonses only being received after the trial had concluded.[3]Brody (top) wrestling in a match against José González (bottom) .","title":"Bruiser Brody"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren High School, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_High_School_(Warren,_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"West Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"Texas Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Continental Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProFo00-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProFo00-4"}],"text":"Goodish was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School, Michigan, and played football at West Texas A&M University (then known as West Texas State) and with four teams over three seasons in the Texas Football League and Continental Football League.[4]\nHe stood 6 feet 4 inches tall and weighed 251 lbs.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruiser_Brody_and_Stan_Hansen_1983.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruiser_Brody-5"},{"link_name":"Fritz Von Erich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Von_Erich"},{"link_name":"Dick the Bruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_the_Bruiser"},{"link_name":"Central States Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_America_Sports_Attractions"},{"link_name":"World Wide Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Southwest Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Windy City Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_City_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Council"},{"link_name":"Deep South Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Championship Wrestling from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Wrestling_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"American Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"World Class Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Class_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Kamala the Ugandan Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Abdullah the Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_the_Butcher"},{"link_name":"\"Crusher\" Jerry Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Crusher%22_Jerry_Blackwell"},{"link_name":"Stan Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Hansen"},{"link_name":"job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Gary Hart's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hart_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Skandor Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandor_Akbar"},{"link_name":"Vince J. McMahon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Bruno Sammartino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino"},{"link_name":"Big John Studd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_John_Studd"},{"link_name":"sell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"New Japan Pro-Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Antonio Inoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Inoki"},{"link_name":"Carlos Colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Colon"},{"link_name":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA International Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_International_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"NWA United National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_United_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"PWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWF_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Genichiro Tenryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genichiro_Tenryu"},{"link_name":"Jumbo Tsuruta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbo_Tsuruta"},{"link_name":"Floyd Creatchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Creatchman"},{"link_name":"Shohei Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Baba"},{"link_name":"B. Brian Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Brian_Blair"},{"link_name":"Lex Luger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luger"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruiser_Brody-5"},{"link_name":"working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Bill Alfonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Alfonso"},{"link_name":"Larry Matysik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Matysik"}],"text":"Brody (left) and Stan Hansen (right), circa 1983After attending West Texas A&M[5] and working as a sportswriter Goodish was trained to wrestle by Fritz Von Erich. He first wrestled in Dallas - Fort Worth and later Louisiana. As Bruiser Brody and King Kong Brody (the latter, a name he used in Midwestern promotions out of respect for Dick the Bruiser), Goodish competed as a freelancer in several companies including the Central States Wrestling (CSW), World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), Southwest Championship Wrestling (SCW), Windy City Wrestling, World Wrestling Council (WWC), Deep South Wrestling (DSW), Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF), American Wrestling Association (AWA), and World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW). In the States, he had numerous feuds with the likes of Kamala the Ugandan Giant, Abdullah the Butcher, and \"Crusher\" Jerry Blackwell. In Japan, he was in a tag team with Stan Hansen. Brody had a reputation for refusing to job to other wrestlers. He also competed under the moniker of Red River Jack in Texas, during an angle against Gary Hart's men and Skandor Akbar's Army in World Class Championship Wrestling. Brody also competed as the Masked Marauder at one time in the AWA. In 1976, he went to Vince J. McMahon's WWWF where he challenged WWWF Champion Bruno Sammartino, but was unsuccessful in winning the championship. Brody also teamed with Big John Studd. It was also in the WWWF where he wrestled Invader 1 (José González), for whom he refused to sell.In 1985, he had a very short stint with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) in a feud with Antonio Inoki and many of their matches ended in no contests or disqualifications. In 1987, Brody began working primarily for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico after getting fired from New Japan. Brody continued his feud with Abdullah the Butcher, as well as engaging in a feud with Carlos Colon. He briefly returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling to win his last NWA International Heavyweight Championship. On April 15, 1988, the first attempt to form what became the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship was done when Brody faced off against NWA United National and PWF champion Genichiro Tenryu; the result was a double countout. Brody lost the title to Jumbo Tsuruta four days later. In WCCW in Texas he was actually a babyface, most often against Abdullah The Butcher. However against Abdullah in Montreal he was a heel managed by Floyd Creatchman. While there Tim \"Killer\" Brooks acted as his brother Buster Brody. Brody was in an ongoing feud with The Russian Brute who later went on to AWA fame with Manager Ox Baker. Due to his huge reputation in Japan promoter Shohei Baba had the match taped and later aired on Japanese TV.In Florida he beat B. Brian Blair for the Florida State championship. Brody had an infamous cage match with Lex Luger in Florida on January 21, 1987.[5] In the middle of the match, Brody stopped \"working\" and stood around. Luger and Bill Alfonso, the referee of the match, were puzzled and attempted to speak to Brody who did not respond. Luger and Alfonso decided to forgo the planned finish of the match and Alfonso disqualified Luger in a spot where Luger shoved Alfonso to the ground. After the match, Luger recalls asking Brody if he did anything wrong to upset him, to which Brody responded \"no\", and Brody's reasons for not working were not very clear, stating that \"the match just wasn't working\". In Larry Matysik's book, Wrestling at the Chase, Matysik states that before the match Brody told him \"I'm not putting up with any of his bullshit\" and that Brody was upset that Luger would not sell for him. However, when watching the match, it is clear that Luger did sell for Brody. In a later shoot interview, Bill Alfonso said that there was a miscommunication issue on who would lead the match and there was no ill will ever between the two. Another scenario was that Brody was upset with the promoters over his paychecks (Brody had a contentious history with wrestling promoters for much of his career) and decided to embarrass the promotion by being uncooperative in the match. In 1987 he returned to the AWA where he fought Greg Gagne and Jerry Blackwell. Despite his reputation as being disagreeable with promoters he would aid any who needed a boost in ticket sales as he was guaranteed to bring in crowds. While working for WCCW in Texas he was the booker and produced their TV program.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Prior to his wrestling career, Goodish worked as a sportswriter in San Antonio, Texas. Goodish was married on June 4, 1968, to Nola Marie Neece;[6] the marriage ended in divorce on October 12, 1970.[7] Goodish's second wife, New Zealander Barbara Smith, remained with him until his death in 1988. She has stated that while his wrestling persona was known for brutality and being uncontrollable, Brody was the complete opposite with his family. Brody and Smith lived in Texas. Together they had a son named Geoffrey Dean, born November 7, 1980.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Spivey_and_Abdullah_the_Butcher_vs._Bruiser_Brody.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dan Spivey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Spivey"},{"link_name":"Abdullah the Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_the_Butcher"},{"link_name":"Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Loubriel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dan Spivey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Spivey"},{"link_name":"Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Loubriel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bayamón, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"José Huertas González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley,_Mick_p.115-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tony Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Atlas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlasTMTS-10"},{"link_name":"Dutch Mantel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Mantel"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Media"},{"link_name":"Dark Side of the Ring season 1 episode 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Ring#Season_1_(2019)"},{"link_name":"S. D. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._D._Jones"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsAU-3"},{"link_name":"Víctor Quiñones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Qui%C3%B1ones"},{"link_name":"Carlos Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Dan Spivey (left) and Abdullah the Butcher (right) team up to attack Brody (center). This match took place on July 15, 1988, the day before Brody was stabbed to death in the locker room of Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón, Puerto Rico.On July 16, 1988, Brody was in the locker room before his scheduled match with Dan Spivey at Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, when José Huertas González, a fellow wrestler and booker,[9] allegedly asked him to step into the shower area to discuss business. There was an argument between the two wrestlers and a scuffle ensued.[citation needed] Due to the dressing room layout, there were no witnesses to the altercation; however, two screams were heard, loud enough for the entire locker room to hear. Tony Atlas ran to the shower and saw Brody bent over and holding his stomach. Atlas then looked up at González and saw him holding a bloody knife.[10]Due to the heavy traffic outdoors and large crowd in the stadium it took paramedics almost an hour to reach Brody. When the paramedics arrived, Atlas helped carry Brody downstairs to the waiting ambulance as, due to Brody's size, paramedics were unable to lift him. He later died from his stab wounds. González claimed self-defense and testified in his own defense at trial in 1989. The prosecution witnesses living outside of Puerto Rico claimed they had not received their summons until after the trial had ended. The case was not dismissed for their absence, nor were they charged with contempt of the Puerto Rico court. González was acquitted of murder. The prosecution did not appeal.Fellow wrestlers Dutch Mantel and Tony Atlas have said in a lengthy interview featured in Vice documentary series Dark Side of the Ring season 1 episode 3 entitled \"The Killing of Bruiser Brody\" that in the 1970s, when Brody and González had wrestled each other, Brody had wrestled very roughly and beat up González. S. D. Jones claims after one such match González said to him \"one day I am gonna kill that man\".[3] Tony Atlas also said the local police were uninformed, and thought the killer was an angry wrestling fan gone berserk. Atlas also claims that he was the only witness to point out González to the authorities, so they could arrest him. In the same documentary, according to Atlas, Bruiser Brody was about to gain ownership in the wrestling company, even promising him \"you are going to see a lot of changes\", implying that González might eventually be fired. Atlas recalls González, Víctor Quiñones, and Carlos Colón were having an urgent meeting in the locker room only moments prior to the tragic events, while Mantel said the meeting seemed \"strange\". Shortly after, González called out Brody in the shower — \"can I talk to you for a minute please\" — then the stabbing ensued. Ultimately, the murder weapon has never been found, González aka Invader was acquitted in Puerto Rico for acting under self-defense, and Bruiser Brody's widow Barbara Goodish told the reporters \"I know the attacker did it, from what I hear about it the whole court case was a sham\". Vice producers for Dark Side of the Ring say they contacted González and Colón, but that both \"declined to be interviewed\".[11]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA International Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_International_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_International_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"PWF World Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWF_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWF_World_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Stan Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Hansen"},{"link_name":"World's Strongest Tag Determination League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Tag_Determination_League"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Tag_Determination_League#1981"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Snuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Snuka"},{"link_name":"World's Strongest Tag Determination League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Tag_Determination_League"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Tag_Determination_League#1983"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cauliflower Alley Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower_Alley_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cauliflower2015-16"},{"link_name":"Central States Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_America_Sports_Attractions"},{"link_name":"NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Central_States_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Central_States_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"NWA Central States Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Central_States_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Central_States_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Ernie Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Ladd"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Championship Wrestling from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Wrestling_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Florida_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Florida_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tragos/Lou_Thesz_Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Federation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-21"},{"link_name":"NWA Big Time Wrestling/World Class Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Class_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA American Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"4 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexAmBook-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US-Am-23"},{"link_name":"NWA American Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Kerry Von Erich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Von_Erich"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCCWAmTag-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWAAmericanTag-25"},{"link_name":"NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Texas version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Hardcore_Championship"},{"link_name":"8 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Hardcore_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrassBook-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrassWeb-27"},{"link_name":"NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasBook-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasWeb-29"},{"link_name":"NWA Texas Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Texas_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Gino Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Hernandez"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETexTagTitleBook-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETexTagTitle-31"},{"link_name":"WCWA Television Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCW_Television_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCW_Television_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCCWTV-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCCWTVWeb-33"},{"link_name":"NWA Tri-State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_(Bill_Watts)"},{"link_name":"NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Tri-State version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship_(Tri-State_version)"},{"link_name":"2 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship_(Tri-State_version)#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Class of 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum#Inductees"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Editor's Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated_awards#Stanley_Weston_Award_(Lifetime_Achievement)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Adonis"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PWI_Awards-36"},{"link_name":"Southwest Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"SCW Southwest Brass Knuckles Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCW_Southwest_Brass_Knuckles_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCW_Southwest_Brass_Knuckles_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"SCW World Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_History"},{"link_name":"Dick Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Slater"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame#Class_of_2007"},{"link_name":"Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports"},{"link_name":"Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports_Puroresu_Awards#Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Western States Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Sports"},{"link_name":"NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Western_States_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Western_States_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"World Championship Wrestling (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"World Brass Knuckles Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Brass_Knuckles_Championship"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Association_(Indianapolis)"},{"link_name":"WWA World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship_(Indianapolis_version)"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship_(Indianapolis_version)#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"WWE Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2019)"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer#Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter"},{"link_name":"Best Brawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_awards#Bruiser_Brody_Memorial_Award_(Best_Brawler)"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame#Inductees"}],"text":"All Japan Pro Wrestling\nNWA International Heavyweight Championship (3 times)[12]\nPWF World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Stan Hansen\nWorld's Strongest Tag Determination League (1981) – with Jimmy Snuka\nWorld's Strongest Tag Determination League (1983) – with Stan Hansen\nJanuary 3 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (1979)[13]\nChampion Carnival Fighting Spirit Award (1981)[14]\nWorld's Strongest Tag Determined League Exciting Award (1982) – with Stan Hansen[15]\nCauliflower Alley Club\nPosthumous Award (2015)[16]\nCentral States Wrestling\nNWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[17]\nNWA Central States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ernie Ladd[18]\nChampionship Wrestling from Florida\nNWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[19]\nGeorge Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame\nFrank Gotch Award (2018)[20]\nNational Wrestling Federation\nNWF International Championship (1 time)[21]\nNWA Big Time Wrestling/World Class Wrestling Association\nNWA American Heavyweight Championship (4 times)[22][23]\nNWA American Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Kerry Von Erich[24][25]\nNWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Texas version) (8 times)[26][27]\nNWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[28][29]\nNWA Texas Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mike York (1), Gino Hernandez (1), and Kerry Von Erich (1)[30][31]\nWCWA Television Championship (1 time)[32][33]\nNWA Tri-State\nNWA United States Tag Team Championship (Tri-State version) (2 time) – with Stan Hansen[34]\nProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 2014[35]\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nEditor's Award (1988) tied with Adrian Adonis[36]\nRanked No. 14 of the 500 top wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003\nSouthwest Championship Wrestling\nSCW Southwest Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time)[37]\nSCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dick Slater[38]\nSt. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 2007\nSouthern Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 2013\nTokyo Sports\nLifetime Achievement Award (1988)[39]\nWestern States Sports\nNWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[40]\nWorld Championship Wrestling (Australia)\nWorld Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time)[41]\nWorld Wrestling Association\nWWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[42]\nWWE\nWWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) Legacy Inductee\nWrestling Observer Newsletter\nBest Brawler (1980–1984, 1987, 1988)\nWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]
[{"image_text":"Brody (top) wrestling in a match against José González (bottom) .","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bruiser_Brody_vs_Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_1976.jpg/200px-Bruiser_Brody_vs_Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_1976.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brody (left) and Stan Hansen (right), circa 1983","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bruiser_Brody_and_Stan_Hansen_1983.png/220px-Bruiser_Brody_and_Stan_Hansen_1983.png"},{"image_text":"Dan Spivey (left) and Abdullah the Butcher (right) team up to attack Brody (center). This match took place on July 15, 1988, the day before Brody was stabbed to death in the locker room of Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón, Puerto Rico.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dan_Spivey_and_Abdullah_the_Butcher_vs._Bruiser_Brody.jpg/220px-Dan_Spivey_and_Abdullah_the_Butcher_vs._Bruiser_Brody.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of premature professional wrestling deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_premature_professional_wrestling_deaths"},{"title":"The Killing of Bruiser Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killing_of_Bruiser_Brody"},{"title":"The Iron Claw (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Claw_(film)"},{"title":"Cazzey Louis Cereghino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazzey_Louis_Cereghino"},{"title":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"title":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bruiser Brody\". WWE. Retrieved June 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/superstars/bruiser-brody","url_text":"\"Bruiser Brody\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"}]},{"reference":"Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2009). WWE Encyclopedia. DK. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7566-4190-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/47","url_text":"WWE Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"DK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4190-0","url_text":"978-0-7566-4190-0"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Paul. \"How wrestling icon Bruiser Brody was killed in Puerto Rico by fellow wrestler\". news.com.au. Retrieved July 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/sport/sports-life/how-wrestling-icon-bruiser-brody-was-killed-in-puerto-rico-by-fellow-wrestler/news-story/437815ab94e8c01e02a587e368c62d4d","url_text":"\"How wrestling icon Bruiser Brody was killed in Puerto Rico by fellow wrestler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"news.com.au"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Goodish\". Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerg/good02580.html","url_text":"\"Frank Goodish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruiser Brody\". WWE. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/superstars/bruiser-brody","url_text":"\"Bruiser Brody\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage\". www.familytreelegends.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/25456?c=search&first=Frank&last=Goodish","url_text":"\"Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage\". www.familytreelegends.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/31992?c=search&first=Frank&last=Goodish","url_text":"\"Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage\". www.familytreelegends.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/20902?c=search&first=geoffrey&last=goodish","url_text":"\"Free Family Tree, Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage\""}]},{"reference":"Atlas, Tony. ATLAS Too Much ... Too Soon. Crowbar Press. pp. 197–205. ISBN 978-0-9844090-2-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844090-2-0","url_text":"978-0-9844090-2-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The Killing of Bruiser Brody\". Dark Side of the Ring. Season 1. Episode 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://video.vice.com/en_us/video/the-killing-of-bruiser-brody/5c1a925cbe40777bcd280731","url_text":"\"The Killing of Bruiser Brody\""}]},{"reference":"\"NWA International Heavyweight Title history\". wrestling-titles.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/alljapan/int-h.html","url_text":"\"NWA International Heavyweight Title history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Misc. All Japan Events\". www.prowrestlinghistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/alljapan/miscaj.html#hvywt","url_text":"\"Misc. 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Retrieved September 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2015/04/05/many-years-of-hard-work-pay-off-for-dennis-brent-with-cacs-historian-award/","url_text":"\"Many years of hard work pay off for Dennis Brent with CAC's historian award\""}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Central States Heavyweight Title history\". wrestling-titles.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-h.html","url_text":"\"NWA Central States Heavyweight Title history\""}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Central States Tag Team Title history\". wrestling-titles.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-t.html","url_text":"\"NWA Central States Tag Team Title history\""}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Florida Heavyweight Title history\". wrestling-titles.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/fl/fl-h.html","url_text":"\"NWA Florida Heavyweight Title history\""}]},{"reference":"Keller, Wade (March 26, 2018). \"National Wrestling Hall of Fame announced Class of 2018, details on HOF Induction Weekend including Ross, Booker T, Animal\". PWTorch.com. Retrieved August 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Keller","url_text":"Keller, Wade"},{"url":"https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/03/26/national-wrestling-hall-of-fame-announced-class-of-2018-details-on-hof-induction-weekend-including-ross-booker-t-animal/","url_text":"\"National Wrestling Hall of Fame announced Class of 2018, details on HOF Induction Weekend including Ross, Booker T, Animal\""}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2000). Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2000). \"Texas:NWA/World Class American Heavyweight Title [Von Eric]\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. pp. 265–266. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA United States Heavyweight Title (1967-1968/05) - American Heavyweight Title (1968/05-1986/02)\". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tx/wccw/am-h.html","url_text":"\"NWA United States Heavyweight Title (1967-1968/05) - American Heavyweight Title (1968/05-1986/02)\""}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2006). \"(Dallas) Texas: NWA American Tag Team Title [Fritz Von Erich]\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. ISBN 978-0-9698161-5-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9698161-5-7","url_text":"978-0-9698161-5-7"}]},{"reference":"\"N.W.A. American Tag Team Title\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tx/wccw/am-t.html","url_text":"\"N.W.A. American Tag Team Title\""}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2006). \"(Texas) Dallas:NWA Texas Brass Knuckles Title\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. p. 271. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Brass Knucks Title [East Texas]\". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved December 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tx/nwa/nwa-tx-bk.html","url_text":"\"Texas Brass Knucks Title [East Texas]\""}]},{"reference":"Will, Gary; Duncan, Royal (2000). \"Texas: NWA Texas Heavyweight Title [Von Erich]\". Wrestling Title Histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present. Pennsylvania: Archeus Communications. pp. 268–269. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Texas Heavyweight Title\". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tx/tx-h.html","url_text":"\"NWA Texas Heavyweight Title\""}]},{"reference":"Will, Gary; Duncan, Royal (2000). \"Texas: NWA Texas Tag Team Title [Von Erich]\". Wrestling Title Histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present. Pennsylvania: Archeus Communications. pp. 275–276. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Texas Tag Team Title [E. 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Retrieved November 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_74781.shtml","url_text":"\"News: Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame announces 2014 HOF class\""}]},{"reference":"\"PWI Awards\". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Kappa Publishing Group. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160121172943/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html","url_text":"\"PWI Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated","url_text":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Kappa Publishing Group"},{"url":"http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"東京スポーツ プロレス大賞. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/wrestling/wrestling_past2/","url_text":"東京スポーツ プロレス大賞"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"World Brass Knuckles Title (Australia)\". Wrestling-Titles.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/australia/wcw/au-world-bk.html","url_text":"\"World Brass Knuckles Title (Australia)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sport's Strangest Crimes returns to BBC Sounds with comedian Adam Hills on The Ballad of Bruiser Brody\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/sports-strangest-crimes-adam-hills-bbc-sounds/","url_text":"\"Sport's Strangest Crimes returns to BBC Sounds with comedian Adam Hills on The Ballad of Bruiser Brody\""}]}]
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All Japan Events\""},{"Link":"http://www.purolove.com/ajpw/history/carnival81.php","external_links_name":"\"Champion Carnival 1981\""},{"Link":"http://www.purolove.com/ajpw/history/rwtl82.php","external_links_name":"\"Real World Tag League 1982\""},{"Link":"http://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2015/04/05/many-years-of-hard-work-pay-off-for-dennis-brent-with-cacs-historian-award/","external_links_name":"\"Many years of hard work pay off for Dennis Brent with CAC's historian award\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-h.html","external_links_name":"\"NWA Central States Heavyweight Title history\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-t.html","external_links_name":"\"NWA Central States Tag Team Title history\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/fl/fl-h.html","external_links_name":"\"NWA Florida Heavyweight Title history\""},{"Link":"https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/03/26/national-wrestling-hall-of-fame-announced-class-of-2018-details-on-hof-induction-weekend-including-ross-booker-t-animal/","external_links_name":"\"National Wrestling Hall of Fame announced Class of 2018, details on HOF Induction Weekend including Ross, Booker T, Animal\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tx/wccw/am-h.html","external_links_name":"\"NWA United States Heavyweight Title (1967-1968/05) - American Heavyweight Title (1968/05-1986/02)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tx/wccw/am-t.html","external_links_name":"\"N.W.A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac_family
House of Pac
["1 Notable family members","2 References","3 See also"]
Coat of arms of Gozdawa Palace of the Pac family in Warsaw. Palace of the Pac family in Warsaw. Palace of the Pac family in Vilnius, now Polish embassy Pac Palace in Dowspuda The House of Pac or Pacowie (Polish: Pacowie, Lithuanian: Pacai, Belarusian: Па́цы) was one of the most influential noble families in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Numerous high-ranking officials of the Commonwealth came from their ranks. Their coat of arms was Gozdawa. The family reached the height of its influence during the second half of the 17th century. Their lands were located mainly in Hrodna (Polish: Grodno, Lithuanian: Gardinas) and Lida (Lithuanian: Lyda). The family's ancestor Kimantas was mentioned in the privilege of 1388 issued by Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great as Kymunt. The estate of the family in proximity of Grodno was mentioned in the road description, charted by the Teutonic Knights, as Kymundsdorf. Kimantas and his son Daukša (Dowkszewicz) were among the signatories of the Union of Vilnius and Radom of 1401. Daukša's son Pac is considered the first member of the family; his descendants took his first name as their family name, beginning with his son Jerzy Pac (d. 1505/6). Their lands were concentrated in the southern Lithuania propria, around the county of Jieznas. The family sponsored the construction of several notable examples of Baroque architecture in Lithuania; the most significant of these, St Peter and St Paul's Church in Vilnius and the Monastery of Pažaislis, were commissioned by family members. In 1753, following a visit to the Pazzi household in Florence, Stefan Pac advanced the theory that the two families were related. The Pacs later dedicated a church to Magdalena de Pazzi. The supposed ancestry was mentioned by 19th century authors, including Balzac. The family's influence was overwhelmed in the late 17th century by that of the Sapiehas. Michał Kazimierz Pac (1624–1682) was a Grand Hetman of Lithuania and Voivode of Wilno, Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac (1621–1684), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, Mikołaj Stefan Pac (?-1684), voivode of Trakai and bishop of Vilnius, and Kazmierz Pac (?-1695), bishop of Samogitia. During their adulthood, in late 17th century, they exerted major influence on the politics of the Grand Duchy. After their childless deaths, the Pac family was weakened, and much of their influence passed to others, primarily the Sapiehas. The last notable member of the Pac family was Ludwik Michał Pac (1778–1835), who fought in the November Uprising. After its failure, with his estates confiscated by the Russians, he emigrated to France. Notable family members Jerzy Pac (d. c. 1505), voivode of Kijów (Kyiv), namiestnik, the first bearer of the family name Mikołaj Pac (c. 1527-1585) – bishop of Kijów, castelan of Smoleńsk Dominik Pac (d. 1579), member of the Sejm, castelan of Smoleńsk Stanisław Pac (d. 1588), podstoli, voivode Witebsk Mikołaj Pac (1570-1624), Bishop of Żmudź Piotr Pac (c. 1570-1642), podskarbi, voivode of Troki Mikołaj Pac (d.1545-/6), łowczy, podkomorzy, voivode of Podlasie Jan Pac (d. 1610) – cześnik, ciwun of Wilno, voivode of Mińsk Stefan Pac (c.1587-1640), Grand Treasurer and Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania Samuel Pac (c. 1590-1627), rotmistrz of Husaria, chorąży Paweł Pac (d. 1595), castelan of Witebsk and Wilno, voivode of Mścisław Jan Samuel Pac (c. 1616-1654), podstoli, member of the Sejm Jan Kazimierz Pac (d. 1653), writer, member of the Sejm Bonifacy Teofil Pac (d. 1678), Oboźny of Lithuania Jan Kazimierz Pac (d. 1696/7), Chorąży of Lithuania Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac (1621–1684), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania Mikołaj Stefan Pac (c. 1623-1684), voivode of Troki, castelan, bishop of Wilno Michał Kazimierz Pac (1624–1682), Grand Hetman of Lithuania Kazimierz Pac (d. 1695), Bishop of Żmudź Konstanty Władysław Pac (d. 1686), chorąży-pułkownik Piotr Michał Pac (d. 1696), starost of Żmudź Feliks Pac (c. 1615 – c. 1700), member of the Sejm, Podkomorzy of Lithuania Jan Krzysztof Pac (d. 1702), podkomorzy, member of the Sejm Kazimierz Michał Pac (d. 1719), Great Notary of Lithuania Krzysztof Konstanty Pac (d. 1725), Great Notary of Lithuania, castelan of Połock Michał Jan Pac (1730-1787), starost, Marshal of the Bar Confederation Józef Piotr Pac (c. 1736-1797), general, member of the Sejm Michał Pac (1754-1800) – starost of Kowieńsk, member of the Sejm Ludwik Michał Pac (1780-1835), general, voivode Józef Franciszek Pac (d. 1764), castelan of Żmudź Michał Kazimierz Pac (d. 1724), starost, castelan of Połock Ignacy Pac (d. 1765), podstoli Antoni Michał Pac (d. 1774), writer, member of the Sejm Ludwik Michał Pac (1778–1835), general of the Napoleon's Grande Armée References ^ a b c d e Jerzy Jan Lerski; Piotr Wróbel; Richard J. Kozicki (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Publishing. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0. ^ Henryk Samsonowicz; Maria Bogucka (1982). A Republic of Nobles. Central European Press Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-24093-2. ^ Honoré de Balzac, translated by Katherine Prescott Wormerley (1901). The Stepmother. Dodo Press. ^ John Mounteney Jephson; George Augustus Frederick Fitzclarence (1832). Biographic Gallery of the Polish Revolution (review). The Literary Gazette. See also Lithuanian nobility vteLithuanian nobilityLithuanian origin Astikai Gelgaudai Goštautai Kęsgailos Manvydai Olelkovich Olshanski Pac Radziwiłł Sakaičiai Ruthenian origin Chodkiewicz Czartoryski Ilyinich Ogiński Ostrogski Pociej Sapieha Tyszkiewicz Wiśniowiecki Zasławski Others Glinski (Tatar) Kiszka (Polish) Kossakowski (Polish) Plater (German) Tyzenhauz (German)
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Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetmans_of_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Voivode of Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Zygmunt_Pac"},{"link_name":"Grand Chancellor of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chancellor_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Stefan Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Stefan_Pac"},{"link_name":"voivode of Trakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Trakai"},{"link_name":"bishop of Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Kazmierz Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazmierz_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bishop of Samogitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Samogitia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-1"},{"link_name":"Ludwik Michał Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Micha%C5%82_Pac"},{"link_name":"November Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising"},{"link_name":"emigrated to France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Emigration"}],"text":"Palace of the Pac family in Warsaw.Palace of the Pac family in Warsaw.Palace of the Pac family in Vilnius, now Polish embassyPac Palace in DowspudaThe House of Pac or Pacowie (Polish: Pacowie, Lithuanian: Pacai, Belarusian: Па́цы) was one of the most influential noble families in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[1] Numerous high-ranking officials of the Commonwealth came from their ranks.[1] Their coat of arms was Gozdawa.The family reached the height of its influence during the second half of the 17th century.[1] Their lands were located mainly in Hrodna (Polish: Grodno, Lithuanian: Gardinas) and Lida (Lithuanian: Lyda).The family's ancestor Kimantas was mentioned in the privilege of 1388 issued by Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great as Kymunt. The estate of the family in proximity of Grodno was mentioned in the road description, charted by the Teutonic Knights, as Kymundsdorf. Kimantas and his son Daukša (Dowkszewicz) were among the signatories of the Union of Vilnius and Radom of 1401. Daukša's son Pac is considered the first member of the family; his descendants took his first name as their family name, beginning with his son Jerzy Pac (d. 1505/6).Their lands were concentrated in the southern Lithuania propria, around the county of Jieznas. The family sponsored the construction of several notable examples of Baroque architecture in Lithuania; the most significant of these, St Peter and St Paul's Church in Vilnius and the Monastery of Pažaislis, were commissioned by family members.In 1753, following a visit to the Pazzi household in Florence, Stefan Pac advanced the theory that the two families were related.[2] The Pacs later dedicated a church to Magdalena de Pazzi. The supposed ancestry was mentioned by 19th century authors, including Balzac.[3][4]The family's influence was overwhelmed in the late 17th century by that of the Sapiehas.[1] Michał Kazimierz Pac (1624–1682) was a Grand Hetman of Lithuania and Voivode of Wilno, Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac (1621–1684), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, Mikołaj Stefan Pac (?-1684), voivode of Trakai and bishop of Vilnius, and Kazmierz Pac (?-1695), bishop of Samogitia. During their adulthood, in late 17th century, they exerted major influence on the politics of the Grand Duchy. After their childless deaths, the Pac family was weakened, and much of their influence passed to others, primarily the Sapiehas.[1] The last notable member of the Pac family was Ludwik Michał Pac (1778–1835), who fought in the November Uprising. After its failure, with his estates confiscated by the Russians, he emigrated to France.","title":"House of Pac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerzy Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kijów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kij%C3%B3w_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"namiestnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiestnik"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Pac_(1527-1585)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dominik Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominik_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"castelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelan"},{"link_name":"Smoleńsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smole%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"podstoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstoli"},{"link_name":"Witebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witebsk_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Pac_(1570-1624)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Żmudź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Samogitia"},{"link_name":"Piotr Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Pac"},{"link_name":"podskarbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podskarbi"},{"link_name":"Troki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troki_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"łowczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owczy"},{"link_name":"podkomorzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkomorzy"},{"link_name":"Podlasie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship_(1513%E2%80%931795)"},{"link_name":"Jan Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cześnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cze%C5%9Bnik"},{"link_name":"ciwun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwun"},{"link_name":"Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Mińsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Stefan Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Pac"},{"link_name":"Grand Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanclerz"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rotmistrz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotmistrz"},{"link_name":"Husaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husaria"},{"link_name":"chorąży","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chor%C4%85%C5%BCy"},{"link_name":"Paweł Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawe%C5%82_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Witebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witebsk"},{"link_name":"Mścisław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstsislaw"},{"link_name":"Jan Samuel Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Samuel_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"podstoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstoli"},{"link_name":"Jan Kazimierz Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Kazimierz_Pac_(d._1653)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonifacy Teofil Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonifacy_Teofil_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oboźny of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obo%C5%BAny"},{"link_name":"Jan Kazimierz Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Kazimierz_Pac_(d._1696)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chorąży of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chor%C4%85%C5%BCy"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Zygmunt_Pac"},{"link_name":"Grand Chancellor of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chancellor_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Stefan Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Stefan_Pac"},{"link_name":"Troki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troki_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Michał Kazimierz Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kazimierz_Pac"},{"link_name":"Grand Hetman of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetmans_of_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pac"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Żmudź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Samogitia"},{"link_name":"Konstanty Władysław Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"chorąży","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chor%C4%85%C5%BCy"},{"link_name":"pułkownik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%82kownik"},{"link_name":"Piotr Michał Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Micha%C5%82_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Feliks Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feliks_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Podkomorzy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkomorzy"},{"link_name":"Jan Krzysztof Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Krzysztof_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"podkomorzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkomorzy"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Michał Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Micha%C5%82_Pac"},{"link_name":"Great Notary of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Notary_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Konstanty Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_Konstanty_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Połock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82ock"},{"link_name":"Michał Jan Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Jan_Pac"},{"link_name":"Bar Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Józef Piotr Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Piotr_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michał Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Pac"},{"link_name":"Ludwik Michał Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Micha%C5%82_Pac"},{"link_name":"Józef Franciszek Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Franciszek_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Żmudź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitia"},{"link_name":"Michał Kazimierz Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Kazimierz_Pac_(d._1724)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"starost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignacy_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"podstoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstoli"},{"link_name":"Antoni Michał Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoni_Micha%C5%82_Pac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"Ludwik Michał Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Micha%C5%82_Pac"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grande Armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e"}],"text":"Jerzy Pac (d. c. 1505), voivode of Kijów (Kyiv), namiestnik, the first bearer of the family name\nMikołaj Pac (c. 1527-1585) – bishop of Kijów, castelan of Smoleńsk\nDominik Pac (d. 1579), member of the Sejm, castelan of Smoleńsk\nStanisław Pac (d. 1588), podstoli, voivode Witebsk\nMikołaj Pac (1570-1624), Bishop of Żmudź\nPiotr Pac (c. 1570-1642), podskarbi, voivode of Troki\nMikołaj Pac (d.1545-/6), łowczy, podkomorzy, voivode of Podlasie\nJan Pac (d. 1610) – cześnik, ciwun of Wilno, voivode of Mińsk\nStefan Pac (c.1587-1640), Grand Treasurer and Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania\nSamuel Pac (c. 1590-1627), rotmistrz of Husaria, chorąży\nPaweł Pac (d. 1595), castelan of Witebsk and Wilno, voivode of Mścisław\nJan Samuel Pac (c. 1616-1654), podstoli, member of the Sejm\nJan Kazimierz Pac (d. 1653), writer, member of the Sejm\nBonifacy Teofil Pac (d. 1678), Oboźny of Lithuania\nJan Kazimierz Pac (d. 1696/7), Chorąży of Lithuania\nKrzysztof Zygmunt Pac (1621–1684), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania\nMikołaj Stefan Pac (c. 1623-1684), voivode of Troki, castelan, bishop of Wilno\nMichał Kazimierz Pac (1624–1682), Grand Hetman of Lithuania\nKazimierz Pac (d. 1695), Bishop of Żmudź\nKonstanty Władysław Pac (d. 1686), chorąży-pułkownik\nPiotr Michał Pac (d. 1696), starost of Żmudź\nFeliks Pac (c. 1615 – c. 1700), member of the Sejm, Podkomorzy of Lithuania\nJan Krzysztof Pac (d. 1702), podkomorzy, member of the Sejm\nKazimierz Michał Pac (d. 1719), Great Notary of Lithuania\nKrzysztof Konstanty Pac (d. 1725), Great Notary of Lithuania, castelan of Połock\nMichał Jan Pac (1730-1787), starost, Marshal of the Bar Confederation\nJózef Piotr Pac (c. 1736-1797), general, member of the Sejm\nMichał Pac (1754-1800) – starost of Kowieńsk, member of the Sejm\nLudwik Michał Pac (1780-1835), general, voivode\nJózef Franciszek Pac (d. 1764), castelan of Żmudź\nMichał Kazimierz Pac (d. 1724), starost, castelan of Połock\nIgnacy Pac (d. 1765), podstoli\nAntoni Michał Pac (d. 1774), writer, member of the Sejm\nLudwik Michał Pac (1778–1835), general of the Napoleon's Grande Armée","title":"Notable family members"}]
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Gozdawa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Herb_Gozdawa.jpg/200px-Herb_Gozdawa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palace of the Pac family in Warsaw.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/VarsaviaMiodowaPalazzoPac.jpg/200px-VarsaviaMiodowaPalazzoPac.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palace of the Pac family in Warsaw.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/7_Warszawa_221.jpg/200px-7_Warszawa_221.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palace of the Pac family in Vilnius, now Polish embassy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pac_Palace.JPG/200px-Pac_Palace.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pac Palace in Dowspuda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/POL_Dowspuda_castle.jpg/200px-POL_Dowspuda_castle.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Lithuanian nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_nobility"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_nobility"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_nobility"},{"title":"Lithuanian nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility"},{"title":"Astikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astikai"},{"title":"Gelgaudai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gelgaudai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Goštautai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%A1tautai"},{"title":"Kęsgailos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99sgaila_family"},{"title":"Manvydai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvydas_family"},{"title":"Olelkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olelkovich"},{"title":"Olshanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%A1%C4%97ni%C5%A1kiai"},{"title":"Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac_family"},{"title":"Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_family"},{"title":"Sakaičiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakai%C4%8Diai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania"},{"title":"Chodkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodkiewicz"},{"title":"Czartoryski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czartoryski"},{"title":"Ilyinich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilyinich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ogiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogi%C5%84ski_family"},{"title":"Ostrogski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogski_family"},{"title":"Pociej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pociej"},{"title":"Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapieha"},{"title":"Tyszkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyszkiewicz_family"},{"title":"Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"title":"Zasławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zas%C5%82awski"},{"title":"Glinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glinski_family"},{"title":"Kiszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiszka_family"},{"title":"Kossakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kossakowski"},{"title":"Plater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plater"},{"title":"Tyzenhauz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyzenhauz"}]
[{"reference":"Jerzy Jan Lerski; Piotr Wróbel; Richard J. Kozicki (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Publishing. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&dq=pac+lithuanian&pg=PA415","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0","url_text":"978-0-313-26007-0"}]},{"reference":"Henryk Samsonowicz; Maria Bogucka (1982). A Republic of Nobles. Central European Press Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-24093-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p7U8AAAAIAAJ&dq=pac+lithuanian&pg=PA129","url_text":"A Republic of Nobles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24093-2","url_text":"978-0-521-24093-2"}]},{"reference":"Honoré de Balzac, translated by Katherine Prescott Wormerley (1901). The Stepmother. Dodo Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rucLAAAAIAAJ&dq=pac+pazzi+balzac&pg=RA1-PA360","url_text":"The Stepmother"}]},{"reference":"John Mounteney Jephson; George Augustus Frederick Fitzclarence (1832). Biographic Gallery of the Polish Revolution (review). The Literary Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qJUYAAAAMAAJ&dq=pac+pazzi&pg=PA458","url_text":"Biographic Gallery of the Polish Revolution (review)"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&dq=pac+lithuanian&pg=PA415","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p7U8AAAAIAAJ&dq=pac+lithuanian&pg=PA129","external_links_name":"A Republic of Nobles"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rucLAAAAIAAJ&dq=pac+pazzi+balzac&pg=RA1-PA360","external_links_name":"The Stepmother"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qJUYAAAAMAAJ&dq=pac+pazzi&pg=PA458","external_links_name":"Biographic Gallery of the Polish Revolution (review)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_to_Be
Doctors to Be
["1 Participating medical students","2 References","3 Cited texts"]
British TV series or programme Doctors to BeGenreBiographical documentaryCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerEdward BriffaProduction locationsLondon, EnglandEditorRobin BrightwellProduction companyBBCOriginal releaseNetworkBBC TwoRelatedDoctors to Be: 20 Years On Doctors to Be is a biographical documentary series that was first broadcast on BBC Two by BBC Television and is also the name of a book, published by BBC Books, that accompanies the series. The television series follows 10 medical students who enrolled at St Mary's Hospital Medical School (now a part of Imperial College School of Medicine) in the 1985 intake of students. It starts in 1984 with their admission interviews, then follows them through five or six years as medical students, and ends with their first experiences of working as busy junior hospital doctors in the National Health Service. The BBC decided to make the series in 1983 and the BBC contacted several medical schools. The BBC selected St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, England, partly because the dean, Prof Peter Richards, was enthusiastic about filming and thought that medical education was of public interest. Filming began in November 1984 when applicants were applying for university and going to interviews for the 1985 intake at St Mary's Hospital Medical School. St Mary's Medical School interviewed 419 applicants and 100 of these interviews were filmed. In the autumn of 1985, when studies had started, every student in the year was asked if they wanted to take part in the television series, and 10 students, who were thought to be outgoing and resilient to the pressures of filming, were chosen by the BBC. Each of the 10 medical students was filmed regularly and about 300 hours of film accumulated in total. The series was one of the nominations for the best factual series at the 1992 British Academy Television Awards, although it did not win an award. An update, Doctors to Be: 20 Years On, was first broadcast on BBC Four in 2007. Participating medical students The series focused on 10 medical students who enrolled at St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London in the 1985 intake: Dong Ching Chiu – A foreign student of Chinese origin from Sarawak, Malaysia. She moved to England aged 15 years to do her O levels and then A-levels at a boarding school, and she was aged 19 years at the time of her interview. Completed GP training David Copping – Completed GP training. Mark George – Completed training in general surgery. Jane Gilbert – Worked for a few years in ITV shows, now writes health articles. Will Liddell – A postgraduate, who attended admission interviews at age 26 years Completed GP training. Sarah Martindale – Completed anaesthetics training. Jane Morris – Fey Probst – Married at age 18 years, she was a mother of four before she became a medical student at age 26 years. Completed A&E training. John Shephard – A mature applicant of 28 years. He left school at age 16 years to join the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and married at the age of 20. He resigned his job in 1984 to start a one-year A-level course at a local college. Ese Stacey – She is in private practice, primarily in sports medicine. Completed GP training, followed by Sports & Exercise Medicine. Nick Hollings - Radiologist References ^ a b Spindler. 1992. Acknowledgements. vii–viii. ^ Spindler. 1992. pages 1–3. ^ "Television Nominations 1992". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 1992. Retrieved 10 April 2010. ^ "Episodes from Doctors to Be: 20 Years On broadcast in 2007". BBC. Retrieved 10 April 2010. ^ Spindler. 1992. page 2. ^ Spindler. 1992. pages 14–15. ^ Spindler. 1992. pages 16–18. ^ Spindler. 1992. page 23–24. ^ Spindler. 1992. pages 20–22. Cited texts Spindler, Susan (1992). Doctors to Be. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-36095-X.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"BBC Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Books"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Hospital Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Imperial College School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"medical schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spindler_1%E2%80%933-2"},{"link_name":"British Academy Television Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Doctors to Be: 20 Years On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_to_Be:_20_Years_On"},{"link_name":"BBC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"British TV series or programmeDoctors to Be is a biographical documentary series that was first broadcast on BBC Two by BBC Television and is also the name of a book, published by BBC Books, that accompanies the series. The television series follows 10 medical students who enrolled at St Mary's Hospital Medical School (now a part of Imperial College School of Medicine) in the 1985 intake of students. It starts in 1984 with their admission interviews, then follows them through five or six years as medical students, and ends with their first experiences of working as busy junior hospital doctors in the National Health Service.The BBC decided to make the series in 1983 and the BBC contacted several medical schools. The BBC selected St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, England, partly because the dean, Prof Peter Richards, was enthusiastic about filming and thought that medical education was of public interest. Filming began in November 1984 when applicants were applying for university and going to interviews for the 1985 intake at St Mary's Hospital Medical School. St Mary's Medical School interviewed 419 applicants and 100 of these interviews were filmed. In the autumn of 1985, when studies had started, every student in the year was asked if they wanted to take part in the television series, and 10 students, who were thought to be outgoing and resilient to the pressures of filming, were chosen by the BBC. Each of the 10 medical students was filmed regularly and about 300 hours of film accumulated in total.[2]The series was one of the nominations for the best factual series at the 1992 British Academy Television Awards, although it did not win an award.[3] An update, Doctors to Be: 20 Years On, was first broadcast on BBC Four in 2007.[4]","title":"Doctors to Be"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spindler_2-5"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"O levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_level"},{"link_name":"A-levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spindler_14%E2%80%9315-6"},{"link_name":"postgraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spindler_16%E2%80%9318-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spindler_23%E2%80%9324-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Fleet Auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary"},{"link_name":"A-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spindler_20%E2%80%9322-9"}],"text":"The series focused on 10 medical students who enrolled at St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London in the 1985 intake:[5]Dong Ching Chiu – A foreign student of Chinese origin from Sarawak, Malaysia. She moved to England aged 15 years to do her O levels and then A-levels at a boarding school, and she was aged 19 years at the time of her interview.[6] Completed GP training\nDavid Copping – Completed GP training.\nMark George – Completed training in general surgery.\nJane Gilbert – Worked for a few years in ITV shows, now writes health articles.\nWill Liddell – A postgraduate, who attended admission interviews at age 26 years[7] Completed GP training.\nSarah Martindale – Completed anaesthetics training.\nJane Morris –\nFey Probst – Married at age 18 years, she was a mother of four before she became a medical student at age 26 years.[8] Completed A&E training.\nJohn Shephard – A mature applicant of 28 years. He left school at age 16 years to join the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and married at the age of 20. He resigned his job in 1984 to start a one-year A-level course at a local college.[9]\nEse Stacey – She is in private practice, primarily in sports medicine. Completed GP training, followed by Sports & Exercise Medicine.\nNick Hollings - Radiologist","title":"Participating medical students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-563-36095-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-36095-X"}],"text":"Spindler, Susan (1992). Doctors to Be. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-36095-X.","title":"Cited texts"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destorm_Power
DeStorm Power
["1 Life and career","2 YouTube career","2.1 DeStorm Power","2.2 Caught Series","2.3 Notable videos and collaborations","3 Be Careful","4 King Kong","5 Caught Series","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"]
American Internet celebrity DeStorm PowerDeStorm Power in 2012Born (1982-01-30) January 30, 1982 (age 42)Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.OccupationsInternet personalityrapperWebsitewww.thezeusnetwork.com DeStorm Power (/ˈdeɪstɔːrm/ DAY-storm; born January 30, 1982) is an American Internet personality, actor and rapper who began his career on YouTube. Life and career The fourth of eight siblings, Power was born in Arlington County, Virginia and raised in Baltimore, Maryland by his mother, who left his father early in his life. Frequently moving schools, he dropped out of school in the ninth grade, and was regularly sent to juvenile detention for various petty crimes before he began dancing and rapping. Motivated by the birth of his son Tayvion, as well as the local success of his song "We", which featured one of his brothers, Power moved from Baltimore to New York to California to pursue a career in music in 2001, where he spent time homeless before being handed a business card by a talent scout. After interning and ghostwriting at Atlantic Records, Universal and various other record labels, Power set out to establish himself as a performer, using YouTube as a platform to share his singing, songwriting and production skills with the online community. Power's videos are typically comedic, and also often incorporate rapping and beatboxing. He was an accomplished triple jumper and Master personal trainer, and was notably invited to the Olympic Trials. Power appeared as Mr. T in the first season of Epic Rap Battles of History from which he achieved a gold record. In 2008 he lost his mother Mashala to stomach cancer. He moved to Los Angeles, California in 2011, where he joined his manager Sara Pena and started Big Frame, a Multi Channel Network and founded Forefront.TV, which focuses on urban lifestyle and music. Power moved on to Paradigm Talent Agency for his acting career, and then William Morris Endeavor, before deciding to go independent. In August 2015, Power hosted the reboot of MTV's Punk'd with co-host King Bach, which aired on BET. He is a founder and president of The Zeus Network which launched July 13, 2018 He is a 2011 American Music Awards honoree and was nominated for five Streamy Awards, winning three. He was Emmy Nominated for Outstanding Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series in 2018 for his original creation Caught The Series. YouTube career Power has portrayed and rapped as American actor Mr. T (left), American rapper Kanye West (center) and Zulu monarch Shaka (right) for Epic Rap Battles of History. DeStorm Power Power's YouTube channel, registered under the username DeStorm in 2006, has more than 3.06 million subscribers as of November 2022, and it is used primarily for his musical endeavors. The videos on the channel have been viewed over 568 million times. "Wuz Up World? (What's up World?)"—DeStorm's catch phrase—can be heard at the start or end of every video. DeStorm often composes and performs covers or Beatbox covers of well known songs or creates content for major brands such as Pepsi, GE, Yahoo and Nintendo. DeStorm also creates original content based upon subscribers' challenges and suggestions such as rapping in alphabetical order or name dropping various movie titles in a rap. Power occasionally collaborates with other popular YouTube personalities and recording artists such as Mystery Guitar Man, Freddie Wong, Ray William Johnson, Nice Peter and Kina Grannis. One of Power's most popular series on the channel is Rap Up, which Power began in 2009. Power also competed in a commercial contest hosted by Heinz Ketchup and was a finalist. Despite the success of his YouTube channel, Power announced in 2013 that his next major song release will be televised on MTV. In April 2013, Power authored an op-ed on New Media Rockstars, detailing his concerns with the broken view counter on his DeStorm channel. He also won two comedy awards. Power was also featured as a headliner on the Digitour in the summer of 2010, in which he and other YouTubers traveled around the country performing their songs from YouTube. In 2014, Power was listed on New Media Rockstars Top 100 Channels, ranked at #85. Caught Series On 9 April 2017, Power started a minute long series on Instagram called Caught. The series later would be aired on YouTube and Facebook. This involves DeStorm facing problems with his girlfriend, his side-chick, his friends, enemies and others. Every Sunday, this series ends with a cliffhanger. Caught the Series was nominated for an Emmy Award and four Streamy Awards, winning two. Season 2 launched on July 13, 2018, on The Zeus Network, an SVOD streaming platform founded by DeStorm Power, King Bach, Amanda Cerny and Lemuel Plummer. The series includes celebrities such as Snoop Dogg, King Bach, Lamorne Morris, Alphonso McAuley, Lele Pons, Reedo Brown, Bradley Martin, Leli Hernandez, Janina, Taylor Stevens, Klarity, LianeV and many more. Notable videos and collaborations Title Artist Upload Date (YouTube) "Refresh the World"DeStorm PowerAugust 10, 2010 (2010-08-10) A video song created for the Pepsi Refresh the World Project, currently being aired on MTV, BET, and VHI. The instrumentation was made using solely the sounds created by Pepsi cans, boxes, etc. "AMA's SONG"DeStorm PowerOctober 3, 2010 (2010-10-03) A video song commissioned specially for the 2010 American Music Awards. In this video, Power raps about the year's nominees. "Get Crackin' with Wonderful Pistachios Commercial"DeStorm PowerOctober 14, 2009 (2009-10-14) Power's winning submission to the Wonderful Pistachios Get Crackin' contest "Tag Your Green!"DeStorm PowerOctober 4, 2010 (2010-10-04) A video song for the General Electric Tag Your Green project promoting environmental responsibility. "Airplanes – BoB & Hayley Williams of Paramore (Boyce Avenue & DeStorm cover)"DeStorm Power, Boyce AvenueJanuary 14, 2011 (2011-01-14) An acoustic cover of the song "Airplanes" by B.o.B with Boyce Avenue. "Power Hour – Kanye West Parody"DeStorm Power, Freddie WongAugust 18, 2010 (2010-08-18) A song and video parody of the song "Power" by Kanye West with Freddie Wong. "Making BLING Sexy!"DeStorm Power, VassyAugust 23, 2010 (2010-08-23) A song and video collaboration with the Australian R&B singer Vassy. "Household Jam Session (MysteryGuitarMan and DeStorm)"DeStorm Power, Joe PennaNovember 24, 2009 (2009-11-24) A song and video collaboration with Joe Penna, also known as Mystery Guitar Man, using random household objects. "Finally Free ft. Talib Kweli"DeStorm Power, Talib KweliNovember 28, 2011 (2011-11-28) A rap song with a smooth hook featuring Talib Kweli. This song depicts hardships we come across during our lives and DeStorm making it so far and being finally free. "Mr. T vs. Mr. Rogers"DeStorm Power, Nice PeterSeptember 14, 2011 (2011-09-14) In the 13th episode of Youtube series Epic Rap Battles of History, Mr. T and Mr. Rogers face each other in a rap battle. DeStorm played Mr. T and series creator Nice Peter played Mr. Rogers. "Larry King Challenges DeStorm"DeStorm PowerAugust 2, 2012 (2012-08-02) Larry King appeared in a 2012 video where he rapped with DeStorm as a promotion for his new show Larry King Now. "Pocket Like It's Hot – Snoop, DeStorm & Andy Milonakis"Snoop LionOctober 10, 2012 (2012-10-10) A promotion for Hot Pockets featuring Snoop Lion satirizing his classic "Drop It Like It's Hot" with DeStorm Power and Andy Milonakis. "Shaka Zulu vs. Julius Caesar"DeStorm Power, Nice PeterJuly 20, 2015 (2015-07-20) In the 56th episode of Youtube series Epic Rap Battles of History, Shaka Zulu and Julius Caesar face each other in a rap battle. DeStorm played Shaka Zulu and series creator Nice Peter played Julius Caesar. Be Careful A mixtape by DeStorm, Be Careful, was released May 1, 2012. Blais, Lone Monk, Christopher Charles, Alex J and Owen Hill Jr. were among the album's producers. Be CarefulMixtape by DeStormReleasedMay 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)GenreHip HopLength48:28LabelBig FrameSingles from Be Careful "Finally Free"Released: November 28, 2011 "Love Signs"Released: February 15, 2012 No.TitleLength1."Champion"3:352."My Grind"3:483."3-Minute Workout!"3:094."Instagram"3:125."Anything You Want (feat. Christian Caldeira)"3:396."Baddest Mutha"3:377."Selfish"2:508."Love Signs"3:299."See Me Standing (feat. Alexandra Govere)"4:0410."The Background"3:2711."Hold That Pose"3:1712."Finally Free (feat. Talib Kweli)"3:4613."Protest"3:2614."Watch Me 2012 (feat. Razi)"3:4615."Love All The Way"2:36 Initially, the album was released in digital and physical CD form; additionally, limited-edition USB keys with the album preloaded onto them were sold soon after release, which were previously only available at a private launch party for the album. King Kong A mixtape by DeStorm, King Kong, was released February 3, 2013. King KongMixtape by DeStormReleasedFebruary 3, 2013 (2013-02-03)GenreHip HopLength48:20LabelBig FrameSingles from King Kong "King Kong"Released: November 26, 2012 No.TitleLength1."King Kong"3:382."Let Em Talk"3:313."All Right"3:024."Invincible (ft. Ray William Johnson & Chester See)"3:265."Dream Bigger"3:116."Money In My Pocket"4:007."Scattin' On Me (ft. Kreesha Turner)"3:018."Pole Position"3:389."Fuckin' Wit Me (ft. Koowplayy & Kreesha Turner)"4:0010."Cameras (ft. Streetlight, Page Kennedy & Chester See)"4:1811."Cheques"2:5612."Smoking on a J"3:1513."Magic"3:4614."You are a Star (ft. The Arnats)"3:18 Caught Series An album by DeStorm, Caught Series, was released August 17, 2017. It is the soundtrack album for his web series, Caught. Caught SeriesSoundtrack album by DeStorm PowerReleasedAugust 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)GenreSoundtrackLength21:13LabelWuz Up World Inc.ProducerOwen Hill Jr. No.TitleLength1."Caught Series, Pt. 1"0:572."Caught Series, Pt. 2"0:583."Caught Series, Pt. 3"0:574."Caught Series, Pt. 4"0:565."Caught Series, Pt. 5"1:006."Caught Series, Pt. 6"0:587."Caught Series, Pt. 7"0:588."Caught Series, Pt. 8"0:589."Caught Series, Pt. 9"0:5810."Caught Series, Pt. 10"0:5911."Caught Series, Pt. 11"1:0212."Caught Series, Pt. 12"1:1013."Caught Series, Pt. 13"1:0014."Caught Series, Pt. 14"1:0115."Caught Series, Pt. 15"1:1016."Caught Series, Pt. 16"1:1017."Caught Series, Pt. 17"0:5818."Caught Series, Pt. 18"1:1019."Caught Series, Pt. 19"1:1320."Caught Series, Pt. 20"1:40 Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Outcome Ref 2011 American Music Awards New Media Honoree (Male) Himself Won 2013 Streamy Awards Best Web Musician DeStorm Power on YouTube Channel Nominated YouTube Music Awards Innovation of the Year "See Me Standing" Won 2014 Streamy Awards Vine Comedian "Himself" Won 2017 Streamy Awards Acting in a Drama Caught the Series Won Ensemble Cast Caught the Series Nominated Drama Series Caught the Series Nominated Writing Caught the Series Won 2018 Creative Arts Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Actor In A Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Caught the Series Nominated Streamy Awards Writing Caught the Series Won Ensemble Cast Caught the Series Nominated Drama Series Caught the Series Nominated Acting in a Drama Caught the Series Nominated 2021 Streamy Awards Indie Series "The Blues" (by DeStorm Power) Nominated Scripted Series "The Confession Game" (by DeStorm Power) Nominated References ^ ohanian, alexis. "From Homeless to Hip Hop Social Media Star". RedditUp. reddit. Retrieved 12 May 2015. ^ Draw My Life | DeStorm Power, retrieved 2022-12-13 ^ a b Richardson, Clem (February 12, 2010). "From YouTube to Vancouver: New media sultan, girlfriend to cover Winter Olympics – thanks to contest". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2011. ^ Sinderman, Zachary (November 9, 2010). "HOW TO: Become a YouTube Sensation". Mashable. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ a b Lazarowitz, Elizabeth (August 11, 2009). "He's jingling all the way: Brooklyn rapper DeStorm Power rhymes for Heinz 5G prize". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2011. ^ Holderness, Cates (September 15, 2011). "Epic Rap Battle: Mr. T Vs Mr. Rogers". BuzzFeed. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ Klima, Jeff (April 10, 2013). "Forefront.TV hosts first ever live stream forefront comedy night". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved May 17, 2013. ^ Wallenstein, Andrew (December 12, 2012). "Big Frame brands top channels together as forefront". Variety. Retrieved May 17, 2013. ^ "News". ^ "Zeus Unveils Launch Series, Including Original Shows from Social Media Phenom Lil Tay and 'America's Top Model' Alum Don Benjamin". 2018-06-28. ^ "DeStorm Power". ^ Power, DeStorm (May 30, 2011). "How To Rap In Alphabetical Order!". DeStorm. YouTube. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ "DESTORM RAPPING MOVIE TITLES". The Flint Skinny. Blogspot. September 10, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ Power, DeStorm (April 19, 2013). "DESTORM POWER: CAN I COUNT ON YOUTUBE? ". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ Gutelle, Sam (January 3, 2014). "Destorm's Latest 'Rap Up' Might Be His Biggest One Yet". Tubefilter. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ "YOUTUBE STAR DeSTORM FREESTYLE RAP … At the Gas Station". TMZ. February 22, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ "DeStorm Power: Can I Count on YouTube? | New Media Rockstars". ^ "The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 100-76!". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ Power, DeStorm (August 2, 2012). "Larry King Challenges DeStorm". DeStorm. YouTube. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ Power, DeStorm (March 13, 2012). "Be Careful Mixtape". Spinshop.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2012. ^ "Be Careful - Destorm Power | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 July 2018. ^ Cohen, Joshua (November 14, 2011). "Exclusive: DeStorm, Christina Grimmie, Karmin Receive Honors from American Music Awards". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ "3rd Annual Nominees & Winners". Streamys. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ Gutelle, Sam (November 3, 2013). "Eminem, Lindsey Stirling, Destorm Among YouTube Music Award Winners". Tubefilter. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ "Winners announced for 4th Annual Streamys Awards | The Music Universe". themusicuniverse.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. ^ a b c "Winners Announced for the 7th Annual Streamy Awards | The Streamy Awards". www.streamys.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-01. ^ "'Sugar Pine 7,' Dolan Twins Top 2017 Streamy Awards – Complete Winners List". 27 September 2017. ^ "DeStorm Power". ^ a b c d Schaffstall, Katherine (22 October 2018). "Streamy Awards 2018: Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. External links DeStorm's channel on YouTube DeStormTV's channel on YouTube Awards for DeStorm Power vteYouTube Music AwardsCeremonies 2013 2015 Hosts Jason Schwartzman and Reggie Watts (2013) Tyler Oakley (2015) AwardsVideos of the Year "I Got a Boy" by Girls' Generation (2013) Artists of the Year Eminem (2013) Responses of the Year "Radioactive" by Lindsey Stirling and Pentatonix (2013) YouTube Phenomenons "I Knew You Were Trouble" by Taylor Swift (2013) YouTube Breakthroughs Macklemore & Ryan Lewis (2013) Innovations of the Year "See Me Standing" by DeStorm (2013) Related articles Kia Spike Jonze YouTube Awards YouTube vteStreamy Awards Winners for Best Acting PerformanceComedy Felicia Day / Neil Patrick Harris (2009) Felicia Day / Zach Galifianakis (2010) Hannah Hart / Ken Marino (2013) Mamrie Hart / David Milchard (2014) Mamrie Hart (2017) Liza Koshy (2018) Drama Rosario Dawson / Alessandro Juliani (2009) Rachael Hip-Flores / Mark Gantt (2010) Missy Peregrym / Xander Berkeley (2013) Ashley Clements / Joey Graceffa (2014) DeStorm Power (2017) Anna Akana (2018) General Colleen Ballinger / James Van Der Beek (2015) Jenn McAllister / Chris Kendall (2016) Brandon Rogers (2019) Collaboration David Dobrik / Kylie Jenner (2019) vteEpic Rap Battles of HistoryCastMain Nice Peter EpicLLOYD Recurring Zach Sherwin George Watsky DeStorm Power Rhett & Link Kimmy Gatewood Keegan-Michael Key Jordan Peele Timothy DeLaGhetto Ray William Johnson Dan Bull KRNFX Wax Episodes Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney Category:Epic Rap Battles of History Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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Motivated by the birth of his son Tayvion, as well as the local success of his song \"We\", which featured one of his brothers, Power moved from Baltimore to New York to California to pursue a career in music in 2001, where he spent time homeless before being handed a business card by a talent scout. After interning and ghostwriting at Atlantic Records, Universal and various other record labels,[3] Power set out to establish himself as a performer, using YouTube as a platform to share his singing, songwriting and production skills with the online community.[4] Power's videos are typically comedic, and also often incorporate rapping and beatboxing.[5] He was an accomplished triple jumper and Master personal trainer, and was notably invited to the Olympic Trials.[3] Power appeared as Mr. T in the first season of Epic Rap Battles of History[6] from which he achieved a gold record. In 2008 he lost his mother Mashala to stomach cancer. He moved to Los Angeles, California in 2011, where he joined his manager Sara Pena and started Big Frame, a Multi Channel Network and founded Forefront.TV, which focuses on urban lifestyle and music.[7][8] Power moved on to Paradigm Talent Agency for his acting career, and then William Morris Endeavor, before deciding to go independent. In August 2015, Power hosted the reboot of MTV's Punk'd with co-host King Bach, which aired on BET.[9] He is a founder and president of The Zeus Network which launched July 13, 2018 [10] He is a 2011 American Music Awards honoree and was nominated for five Streamy Awards, winning three. He was Emmy Nominated for Outstanding Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series in 2018 for his original creation Caught The Series.[11]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr_T_WWE_Hall_of_Fame_2014_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaka_of_Zululand_statue_2015_London_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Mr. T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._T"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Shaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka"}],"text":"Power has portrayed and rapped as American actor Mr. T (left), American rapper Kanye West (center) and Zulu monarch Shaka (right) for Epic Rap Battles of History.","title":"YouTube career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pepsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi"},{"link_name":"GE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Yahoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mystery Guitar Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Penna"},{"link_name":"Freddie Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Wong"},{"link_name":"Ray William Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_William_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMR-14"},{"link_name":"Nice Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_Peter"},{"link_name":"Kina Grannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_Grannis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rapup-15"},{"link_name":"Heinz Ketchup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Ketchup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydailynews2-5"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New Media Rockstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Media_Rockstars"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"DeStorm Power","text":"Power's YouTube channel, registered under the username DeStorm in 2006, has more than 3.06 million subscribers as of November 2022, and it is used primarily for his musical endeavors. The videos on the channel have been viewed over 568 million times. \"Wuz Up World? (What's up World?)\"—DeStorm's catch phrase—can be heard at the start or end of every video. DeStorm often composes and performs covers or Beatbox covers of well known songs or creates content for major brands such as Pepsi, GE, Yahoo and Nintendo. DeStorm also creates original content based upon subscribers' challenges and suggestions such as rapping in alphabetical order[12] or name dropping various movie titles in a rap.[13] Power occasionally collaborates with other popular YouTube personalities and recording artists such as Mystery Guitar Man, Freddie Wong, Ray William Johnson,[14] Nice Peter and Kina Grannis. One of Power's most popular series on the channel is Rap Up, which Power began in 2009.[15] Power also competed in a commercial contest hosted by Heinz Ketchup and was a finalist.[5] Despite the success of his YouTube channel, Power announced in 2013 that his next major song release will be televised on MTV.[16] In April 2013, Power authored an op-ed on New Media Rockstars, detailing his concerns with the broken view counter on his DeStorm channel. He also won two comedy awards. Power was also featured as a headliner on the Digitour in the summer of 2010, in which he and other YouTubers traveled around the country performing their songs from YouTube.[17]\nIn 2014, Power was listed on New Media Rockstars Top 100 Channels, ranked at #85.[18]","title":"YouTube career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"Zeus Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus_Network"}],"sub_title":"Caught Series","text":"On 9 April 2017, Power started a minute long series on Instagram called Caught. The series later would be aired on YouTube and Facebook. This involves DeStorm facing problems with his girlfriend, his side-chick, his friends, enemies and others. Every Sunday, this series ends with a cliffhanger. Caught the Series was nominated for an Emmy Award and four Streamy Awards, winning two. Season 2 launched on July 13, 2018, on The Zeus Network, an SVOD streaming platform founded by DeStorm Power, King Bach, Amanda Cerny and Lemuel Plummer. The series includes celebrities such as Snoop Dogg, King Bach, Lamorne Morris, Alphonso McAuley, Lele Pons, Reedo Brown, Bradley Martin, Leli Hernandez, Janina, Taylor Stevens, Klarity, LianeV and many more.","title":"YouTube career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notable videos and collaborations","title":"YouTube career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Govere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Govere"},{"link_name":"Talib Kweli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib_Kweli"}],"text":"A mixtape by DeStorm, Be Careful, was released May 1, 2012.[20] Blais, Lone Monk, Christopher Charles, Alex J and Owen Hill Jr. were among the album's producers.[21]No.TitleLength1.\"Champion\"3:352.\"My Grind\"3:483.\"3-Minute Workout!\"3:094.\"Instagram\"3:125.\"Anything You Want (feat. Christian Caldeira)\"3:396.\"Baddest Mutha\"3:377.\"Selfish\"2:508.\"Love Signs\"3:299.\"See Me Standing (feat. Alexandra Govere)\"4:0410.\"The Background\"3:2711.\"Hold That Pose\"3:1712.\"Finally Free (feat. Talib Kweli)\"3:4613.\"Protest\"3:2614.\"Watch Me 2012 (feat. Razi)\"3:4615.\"Love All The Way\"2:36Initially, the album was released in digital and physical CD form; additionally, limited-edition USB keys with the album preloaded onto them were sold soon after release, which were previously only available at a private launch party for the album.","title":"Be Careful"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray William Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_William_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Chester See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_See"},{"link_name":"Kreesha Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreesha_Turner"},{"link_name":"Kreesha Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreesha_Turner"},{"link_name":"Streetlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetlight"},{"link_name":"Page Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Chester See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_See"}],"text":"A mixtape by DeStorm, King Kong, was released February 3, 2013.No.TitleLength1.\"King Kong\"3:382.\"Let Em Talk\"3:313.\"All Right\"3:024.\"Invincible (ft. Ray William Johnson & Chester See)\"3:265.\"Dream Bigger\"3:116.\"Money In My Pocket\"4:007.\"Scattin' On Me (ft. Kreesha Turner)\"3:018.\"Pole Position\"3:389.\"Fuckin' Wit Me (ft. Koowplayy & Kreesha Turner)\"4:0010.\"Cameras (ft. Streetlight, Page Kennedy & Chester See)\"4:1811.\"Cheques\"2:5612.\"Smoking on a J\"3:1513.\"Magic\"3:4614.\"You are a Star (ft. The Arnats)\"3:18","title":"King Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_(web_series)"}],"text":"An album by DeStorm, Caught Series, was released August 17, 2017. It is the soundtrack album for his web series, Caught.No.TitleLength1.\"Caught Series, Pt. 1\"0:572.\"Caught Series, Pt. 2\"0:583.\"Caught Series, Pt. 3\"0:574.\"Caught Series, Pt. 4\"0:565.\"Caught Series, Pt. 5\"1:006.\"Caught Series, Pt. 6\"0:587.\"Caught Series, Pt. 7\"0:588.\"Caught Series, Pt. 8\"0:589.\"Caught Series, Pt. 9\"0:5810.\"Caught Series, Pt. 10\"0:5911.\"Caught Series, Pt. 11\"1:0212.\"Caught Series, Pt. 12\"1:1013.\"Caught Series, Pt. 13\"1:0014.\"Caught Series, Pt. 14\"1:0115.\"Caught Series, Pt. 15\"1:1016.\"Caught Series, Pt. 16\"1:1017.\"Caught Series, Pt. 17\"0:5818.\"Caught Series, Pt. 18\"1:1019.\"Caught Series, Pt. 19\"1:1320.\"Caught Series, Pt. 20\"1:40","title":"Caught Series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"ohanian, alexis. \"From Homeless to Hip Hop Social Media Star\". RedditUp. reddit. Retrieved 12 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/upvoted/episode-3-the-story-of-destorm-power","url_text":"\"From Homeless to Hip Hop Social Media Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit","url_text":"reddit"}]},{"reference":"Draw My Life | DeStorm Power, retrieved 2022-12-13","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QTaTK7xyt8","url_text":"Draw My Life | DeStorm Power"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Clem (February 12, 2010). \"From YouTube to Vancouver: New media sultan, girlfriend to cover Winter Olympics – thanks to contest\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-02-12/local/27056022_1_social-media-power-first-youtube","url_text":"\"From YouTube to Vancouver: New media sultan, girlfriend to cover Winter Olympics – thanks to contest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403122546/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-02-12/local/27056022_1_social-media-power-first-youtube","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sinderman, Zachary (November 9, 2010). \"HOW TO: Become a YouTube Sensation\". Mashable. Retrieved April 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2010/11/09/become-youtube-sensation/","url_text":"\"HOW TO: Become a YouTube Sensation\""}]},{"reference":"Lazarowitz, Elizabeth (August 11, 2009). \"He's jingling all the way: Brooklyn rapper DeStorm Power rhymes for Heinz 5G prize\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-08-11/local/17932935_1_big-prize-heinz-ketchup-power-s-video","url_text":"\"He's jingling all the way: Brooklyn rapper DeStorm Power rhymes for Heinz 5G prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403122528/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-08-11/local/17932935_1_big-prize-heinz-ketchup-power-s-video","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Holderness, Cates (September 15, 2011). \"Epic Rap Battle: Mr. T Vs Mr. Rogers\". BuzzFeed. Retrieved April 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/catesish/epic-rap-battle-mr-t-vs-mr-rogers","url_text":"\"Epic Rap Battle: Mr. T Vs Mr. Rogers\""}]},{"reference":"Klima, Jeff (April 10, 2013). \"Forefront.TV hosts first ever live stream forefront comedy night\". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved May 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://newmediarockstars.com/2013/04/forefront-tv-hosts-first-ever-live-stream-forefront-comedy-night-link/","url_text":"\"Forefront.TV hosts first ever live stream forefront comedy night\""}]},{"reference":"Wallenstein, Andrew (December 12, 2012). \"Big Frame brands top channels together as forefront\". Variety. Retrieved May 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/big-frame-brands-top-channels-together-as-forefront-1118063485/","url_text":"\"Big Frame brands top channels together as forefront\""}]},{"reference":"\"News\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.viacom.com/press-release/bet-networks/punkd-reveals-new-host-destorm-power-and-special-guest-host-king-bach-kic","url_text":"\"News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeus Unveils Launch Series, Including Original Shows from Social Media Phenom Lil Tay and 'America's Top Model' Alum Don Benjamin\". 2018-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/06/zeus-unveil-series-to-stream-at-launch-including-shows-lil-tay-americas-top-model-alum-don-benjamin-1202418521/","url_text":"\"Zeus Unveils Launch Series, Including Original Shows from Social Media Phenom Lil Tay and 'America's Top Model' Alum Don Benjamin\""}]},{"reference":"\"DeStorm Power\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/bios/destorm-power","url_text":"\"DeStorm Power\""}]},{"reference":"Power, DeStorm (May 30, 2011). \"How To Rap In Alphabetical Order!\". DeStorm. YouTube. Retrieved January 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL1nCHRwLJI","url_text":"\"How To Rap In Alphabetical Order!\""}]},{"reference":"\"DESTORM RAPPING MOVIE TITLES\". The Flint Skinny. Blogspot. September 10, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://theflintskinny.blogspot.com/2010/09/destorm-rapping-movie-titles.html","url_text":"\"DESTORM RAPPING MOVIE TITLES\""}]},{"reference":"Power, DeStorm (April 19, 2013). \"DESTORM POWER: CAN I COUNT ON YOUTUBE? [OP-ED]\". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved April 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://newmediarockstars.com/2013/04/destorm-power-can-i-count-on-youtube-op-ed/","url_text":"\"DESTORM POWER: CAN I COUNT ON YOUTUBE? [OP-ED]\""}]},{"reference":"Gutelle, Sam (January 3, 2014). \"Destorm's Latest 'Rap Up' Might Be His Biggest One Yet\". Tubefilter. Retrieved January 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tubefilter.com/2014/01/03/destorm-2013-rap-up/","url_text":"\"Destorm's Latest 'Rap Up' Might Be His Biggest One Yet\""}]},{"reference":"\"YOUTUBE STAR DeSTORM FREESTYLE RAP … At the Gas Station\". TMZ. February 22, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmz.com/2013/02/22/youtube-destorm-power-freestyle-rap-gas-station-video/","url_text":"\"YOUTUBE STAR DeSTORM FREESTYLE RAP … At the Gas Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"DeStorm Power: Can I Count on YouTube? [OP-ED] | New Media Rockstars\".","urls":[{"url":"http://newmediarockstars.com/2013/04/destorm-power-can-i-count-on-youtube-op-ed/","url_text":"\"DeStorm Power: Can I Count on YouTube? [OP-ED] | New Media Rockstars\""}]},{"reference":"\"The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 100-76!\". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved 6 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newmediarockstars.com/2014/12/the-nmr-top-100-youtube-channels-100-76/","url_text":"\"The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 100-76!\""}]},{"reference":"Power, DeStorm (August 2, 2012). \"Larry King Challenges DeStorm\". DeStorm. YouTube. Retrieved January 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUtERF1Gg1w","url_text":"\"Larry King Challenges DeStorm\""}]},{"reference":"Power, DeStorm (March 13, 2012). \"Be Careful Mixtape\". Spinshop.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130213012831/http://destorm.spinshop.com/details/134211?parent_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DBe%2BCareful%2BMixtape%2BDeStorm%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26gbv%3D2%26prmd%3Divns%26ei%3D6rxwT_jKOcXZrQfxw-SgDg%26start%3D10%26sa%3DN","url_text":"\"Be Careful Mixtape\""},{"url":"http://destorm.spinshop.com/details/134211?parent_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DBe%2BCareful%2BMixtape%2BDeStorm%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26gbv%3D2%26prmd%3Divns%26ei%3D6rxwT_jKOcXZrQfxw-SgDg%26start%3D10%26sa%3DN","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Be Careful - Destorm Power | Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/be-careful-mw0002463918/credits","url_text":"\"Be Careful - Destorm Power | Credits\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Joshua (November 14, 2011). \"Exclusive: DeStorm, Christina Grimmie, Karmin Receive Honors from American Music Awards\". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120107003406/http://news.tubefilter.tv/2011/11/14/exclusive-destorm-christina-grimmie-karmin-american-music-awards-honors/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: DeStorm, Christina Grimmie, Karmin Receive Honors from American Music Awards\""},{"url":"http://news.tubefilter.tv/2011/11/14/exclusive-destorm-christina-grimmie-karmin-american-music-awards-honors/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Annual Nominees & Winners\". Streamys. Retrieved April 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/3rd-annual-nominees/","url_text":"\"3rd Annual Nominees & Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Gutelle, Sam (November 3, 2013). \"Eminem, Lindsey Stirling, Destorm Among YouTube Music Award Winners\". Tubefilter. 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Archived from the original on 2017-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171001235801/https://www.streamys.org/2017/09/winners-announced-for-the-7th-annual-streamy-awards/","url_text":"\"Winners Announced for the 7th Annual Streamy Awards | The Streamy Awards\""},{"url":"https://www.streamys.org/2017/09/winners-announced-for-the-7th-annual-streamy-awards/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Sugar Pine 7,' Dolan Twins Top 2017 Streamy Awards – Complete Winners List\". 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/09/2017-streamy-awards-winners-list-1202177666/","url_text":"\"'Sugar Pine 7,' Dolan Twins Top 2017 Streamy Awards – Complete Winners List\""}]},{"reference":"\"DeStorm Power\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/bios/destorm-power","url_text":"\"DeStorm Power\""}]},{"reference":"Schaffstall, Katherine (22 October 2018). \"Streamy Awards 2018: Winners List\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/streamy-awards-2018-winners-list-1146664/item/live-streamer-1146657","url_text":"\"Streamy Awards 2018: Winners List\""}]}]
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[OP-ED] | New Media Rockstars\""},{"Link":"http://newmediarockstars.com/2014/12/the-nmr-top-100-youtube-channels-100-76/","external_links_name":"\"The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 100-76!\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUtERF1Gg1w","external_links_name":"\"Larry King Challenges DeStorm\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130213012831/http://destorm.spinshop.com/details/134211?parent_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DBe%2BCareful%2BMixtape%2BDeStorm%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26gbv%3D2%26prmd%3Divns%26ei%3D6rxwT_jKOcXZrQfxw-SgDg%26start%3D10%26sa%3DN","external_links_name":"\"Be Careful Mixtape\""},{"Link":"http://destorm.spinshop.com/details/134211?parent_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DBe%2BCareful%2BMixtape%2BDeStorm%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26gbv%3D2%26prmd%3Divns%26ei%3D6rxwT_jKOcXZrQfxw-SgDg%26start%3D10%26sa%3DN","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/be-careful-mw0002463918/credits","external_links_name":"\"Be Careful - Destorm Power | Credits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120107003406/http://news.tubefilter.tv/2011/11/14/exclusive-destorm-christina-grimmie-karmin-american-music-awards-honors/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: DeStorm, Christina Grimmie, Karmin Receive Honors from American Music Awards\""},{"Link":"http://news.tubefilter.tv/2011/11/14/exclusive-destorm-christina-grimmie-karmin-american-music-awards-honors/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/3rd-annual-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"3rd Annual Nominees & Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.tubefilter.com/2013/11/03/youtube-music-awards-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Eminem, Lindsey Stirling, Destorm Among YouTube Music Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141014051408/http://themusicuniverse.com/winners-announced-for-4th-annual-streamys-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Winners announced for 4th Annual Streamys Awards | The Music Universe\""},{"Link":"https://themusicuniverse.com/winners-announced-for-4th-annual-streamys-awards/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171001235801/https://www.streamys.org/2017/09/winners-announced-for-the-7th-annual-streamy-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Winners Announced for the 7th Annual Streamy Awards | The Streamy Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.streamys.org/2017/09/winners-announced-for-the-7th-annual-streamy-awards/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2017/09/2017-streamy-awards-winners-list-1202177666/","external_links_name":"\"'Sugar Pine 7,' Dolan Twins Top 2017 Streamy Awards – Complete Winners List\""},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/bios/destorm-power","external_links_name":"\"DeStorm Power\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/streamy-awards-2018-winners-list-1146664/item/live-streamer-1146657","external_links_name":"\"Streamy Awards 2018: Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/DeStorm","external_links_name":"DeStorm's channel"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/DeStormTV","external_links_name":"DeStormTV's channel"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/14f91282-52e9-4496-acbc-b84a9b8c3f21","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplias
Ampliatus
["1 Hymns","2 References","3 External links"]
Roman Christian mentioned by Paul in one of his letters Stachys, Amplias, Urban (Menologion of Basil II) Ampliatus or Amplias (in the King James Version; Greek: Αμπλίατος) was a Roman Christian mentioned by Paul in one of his letters, where he says, "Greet Ampliatus, whom I love in the Lord." (Romans 16:8) He is considered one of the Seventy Disciples by the Eastern Orthodox Church. Tradition has it that he and his companions subsequently attached themselves to the Apostle Saint Andrew, and ultimately died martyrs. He may have served as bishop of Odessos (Varna), in modern Bulgaria. He is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on Oct. 31. Hymns Troparion (Tone 3) Holy Apostles of the Seventy: Stáchys, Amplías, Úrban, Narcíssus, Apélles, and Aristobúlus, entreat the merciful God to grant our souls forgiveness of transgressions. Kontakion (Tone 8) Let us thankfully praise the wise Apostles Stáchys, Amplías, Úrban, Narcíssus, Apélles, and Aristobúlus, those treasures of the Holy Spirit and rays of the Sun of glory, who were gathered together by the grace of our God. References ^ Monks of Ramsgate. "Ampliatus, Urban and Narcissus". Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 13 June 2012 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Varna And Environs", Balkan Heritage Field School ^ "Roman Martyrology October, in English". External links Apostle Amplias of the Seventy (OCA) Amplias, Apellos, Stachyos, Urbanos, Aristovoulos & Narcissos of the 70 (GOARCH)  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Amplias". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. St. Nikolai Velimirovic, The Prologue from Ohrid This article is derived in whole or in part from Ampliatus at OrthodoxWiki, which is dually licensed under CC-By-SA and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.
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null
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