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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull_Foundation	Fundació Ramon Llull	["1 Location and structure","2 References","3 External links"]	Public foundation Catalan / Valencian cultural domain Language History Literature Literature of Andorra Grammar Pronunciation Phonetic history IPA guide Spelling-to-sound charts Orthography Alphabet Braille Morpho-syntax Nouns Personal pronouns Verbs (Conjugation) Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC) Institut and Fundació Ramon Llull (IRL & FRL) People Andorrans Aragonese Balearics Ibizans Majorcans Minorcans Catalans Roussillonese Sardinians Alguerese Valencians History History of Andorra History of Aragon History of the Balearic Islands History of Catalonia History of Roussillon History of Sardinia History of Valencia Crown of Aragon Principality of Catalonia Kingdom of Majorca Kingdom of Valencia Catalan Constitutions Valencian Law Treaty of the Pyrenees Nova Planta Decrees Geo-political divisions Andorra Aragon (La Franja) Balearic Islands Ibiza Majorca Minorca Catalonia Murcia (El Carxe) Occitania Sardinia (L'Alguer) Valencia See Catalan Countries Government and politics General Council of Andorra (Politics) Courts of Aragon (Politics) Government of the Balearic Islands (Politics) Generalitat of Catalonia (Politics) General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales (Politics) Generalitat of Valencia (Politics) See Catalan and Valencian nationalism Traditions and symbols Cuisine Myths and legends Symbols Traditions Caganer Castells Correfoc Falles Fogueres de Sant Joan Gegants i capgrossos Moros i cristians Muixeranga Diada de Sant Jordi Sardana Tió de Nadal Coca Ensaïmada Pa amb tomàquet Paella Arts Antoni Gaudí Antoni Tàpies Joan Miró Joaquim Sorolla Salvador Dalí Literature Segle d'or Decadència Renaixença Modernisme Noucentisme Music Nova cançó Rock català Rumba catalana vte The Fundació Ramon Llull (Catalan pronunciation: , English: "Ramon Llull Foundation"), also known by the acronym FRL, is an international organization constituted in 2008 in order to promote Catalan language and culture internationally. Its members are the following institutions from countries and regions where Catalan language is spoken: the Government of Andorra, the Ramon Llull Institute (through which the governments of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands participate), the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the city council of Alghero and the Network of Valencian Cities. The foundation is named after Ramon Llull, a medieval writer and philosopher from the Balearic Islands, who is considered the first notable writer in the Catalan language and contributed substantially to its development. Location and structure FRL headquarters are in Andorra la Vella, the capital of Andorra. Its president is the head of government of Andorra. Since 2022, its manager is Andorran Author Teresa Colom. References ^ "Neix la Fundació Ramon Llull" (in Catalan). Catalonia Television. 31 March 2008. ^ "La Fundació Ramon Llull s'eixampla" (in Catalan). Vilaweb. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2009. ^ Valencianisme.com (ed.). "L'Ajuntament de Xeraco aprova una moció del Bloc per adherir-se a la Fundació Ramon Llull" (in Catalan). ^ "Ramon Llull" (in Catalan). LletrA. ^ "Ramon Llull". Britannica. External links Ramon Llull Institute Official Web Page vteInternational cultural promotion organizationsAmericas Brazil: Centro Cultural Brasileiro Chile: Image of Chile Colombia: Instituto Caro y Cuervo United States: America House Asia China: Confucius Institute India: Indian Council for Cultural Relations; Samskrita Bharati Japan: Japan Foundation Philippines: Sentro Rizal South Korea: Korea Foundation; Korean Cultural Center; King Sejong Institute Taiwan: Taiwan Academy Turkey: Yunus Emre Institute Europe Andorra: Ramon Llull Foundation Czech Republic: Czech Centres Denmark: Danish Cultural Institute Estonia: Estonian Institute European Union: EUNIC Finland: Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes France: Alliance Française; Institut Français Germany: Goethe-Institut Greece: Center for the Greek Language; Hellenic Foundation for Culture Hungary: Balassi Institute Ireland: Culture Ireland Italy: Società Dante Alighieri; Istituto Italiano di Cultura Poland: Adam Mickiewicz Institute; Polish Institute Portugal: Instituto Camões Romania: Romanian Cultural Institute Russia: Russkiy Mir Foundation Spain: Instituto Cervantes / Institut Ramon Llull Sweden: Swedish Institute Switzerland: Pro Helvetia Ukraine: Ukrainian Institute United Kingdom: British Council Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[fundəsiˈo rəˈmoɲ ˈʎuʎ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Catalan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Catalan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Government of Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Ramon Llull Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull_Institute"},{"link_name":"governments of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern_de_les_Illes_Balears"},{"link_name":"General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales"},{"link_name":"Alghero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alghero"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ramon Llull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Fundació Ramon Llull (Catalan pronunciation: [fundəsiˈo rəˈmoɲ ˈʎuʎ], English: \"Ramon Llull Foundation\"), also known by the acronym FRL, is an international organization constituted in 2008 in order to promote Catalan language and culture internationally.[1] Its members are the following institutions from countries and regions where Catalan language is spoken: the Government of Andorra, the Ramon Llull Institute (through which the governments of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands participate), the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the city council of Alghero and the Network of Valencian Cities.[2][3]The foundation is named after Ramon Llull, a medieval writer and philosopher from the Balearic Islands, who is considered the first notable writer in the Catalan language and contributed substantially to its development.[4][5]","title":"Fundació Ramon Llull"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andorra la Vella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"head of government of Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government_of_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Teresa Colom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Colom_i_Pich"}],"text":"FRL headquarters are in Andorra la Vella, the capital of Andorra. Its president is the head of government of Andorra. Since 2022, its manager is Andorran Author Teresa Colom.","title":"Location and structure"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Neix la Fundació Ramon Llull\" (in Catalan). Catalonia Television. 31 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3cat24.cat/noticia/267235/ociicultura/Neix-la-Fundacio-Ramon-Llull","url_text":"\"Neix la Fundació Ramon Llull\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Fundació Ramon Llull s'eixampla\" (in Catalan). Vilaweb. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_22	2 Kings 22	["1 Text","1.1 Textual witnesses","1.2 Old Testament references","2 Analysis","3 Josiah king of Judah (22:1–7)","3.1 Verse 3","4 The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8–13)","4.1 Verse 8","4.2 Verse 12","5 Huldah's prophecy (22:14–20)","5.1 Verse 20","6 Archaeology","7 Illustration","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Sources","12 External links"]	2 Kings, chapter 22 2 Kings 22← chapter 21chapter 23 →The pages containing the Books of Kings (1 & 2 Kings) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).BookSecond Book of KingsHebrew Bible partNevi'imOrder in the Hebrew part4CategoryFormer ProphetsChristian Bible partOld TestamentOrder in the Christian part12 2 Kings 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Josiah, the king of Judah, especially the discovery of the Book of the Law (Torah) during the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem. Text This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 20 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} A; 5th century). Old Testament references 2 Kings 22:1–2: 2 Chronicles 34:1–2 2 Kings 22:3–7: 2 Chronicles 34:8–13 2 Kings 22:8–13: 2 Chronicles 34:14–21 2 Kings 22:14–20: 2 Chronicles 34:22–28 Analysis A parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11–20 and 2 Kings 21–25, as follows: A. Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, kills royal seed (2 Kings 11:1) B. Joash reigns (2 Kings 11–12) C. Quick sequence of kings of Israel and Judah (2 Kings 13–16) D. Fall of Samaria (2 Kings 17) E. Revival of Judah under Hezekiah (2 Kings 18–20) A'. Manasseh, a king like Ahab, promotes idolatry and kills the innocence (2 Kings 21) B'. Josiah reigns (2 Kings 22–23) C'. Quick succession of kings of Judah (2 Kings 24) D'. Fall of Jerusalem (2 Kings 25) E'. Elevation of Jehoiachin (2 Kings 25:27–30) 2 Kings 22–23:30 mainly contains the story of Josiah's actions of his eighteenth year (22:3; 23:23) and the discovery of the book of the law (22:8-10; 23:24) as grouped based on five royal initiatives (using distinct verbs "send" and "command"): Discovery of the book (22:3–11; "sent," 22:3) Inquiry about the book (22:12–20; "commanded," 22:12) Covenant and the book (23:1–3; "sent," 23:1) Reforms from the book (23:4–20; "commanded," 23:4) Passover from the book (23:21–24; "commanded," 23:21) Josiah king of Judah (22:1–7) The account of Josiah ben Amon as the king of Judah is bracketed by the introductory regnal form in 2 Kings 22:1–2 and the concluding regnal form in 2 Kings 23:28–30, as the body in 2 Kings 22:3–23:27 highlights the religious reform and national restoration. The life of Josiah shows some similarities to the life of Joash, king of Judah, in that: both ascended the throne at a very young age (Josiah was 8 years old, 2 Kings 22:1; cf. Joash/Jehoash was 7 years old, 2 Kings 11:21) at the age of 18, both repaired the Temple, reversing the acts of the last ruler before them (Joash replaced Athaliah; Josiah succeeded Manasseh). the key event in Josiah's reign was the discovery of the book of law (Hebrew: "book of the Torah") in the temple by Hilkiah the priest (2 Kings 22:8-13), a person with similar stature as Jehoiada, the priest in Joash's reign. In 625 BCE Babylon achieved independence under Nabopolassar and in 612 BCE took the Assyrian capital Nineveh. This situation enables the kingdom of Judah, not under the threat of the Assyrians anymore, could make internal changes, including religious reforms. Verses 3–7 records the instruction of Josiah, through the scribe Shaphan ben Azaliah ben Meshullam, to the high priest Hilkiah to lead the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem. Verse 3 And it came to pass in the eighteenth year of king Josiah, that the king sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, the scribe, to the house of the LORD, saying, "Shaphan" (Hebrew: שפן, which means "hyrax, rock badger, coney"), son of Azaliah, a scribe or secretary of Josiah's court who was mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible (2 Kings 22:3–14, 25:22; parallels in 2 Chronicles 34:8–20; Jeremiah 26:24; 36:10–12; 39:14; 40:5ff; and 43:6). He had at least sons named in the Hebrew Bible: Ahikam (Jeremiah 26:24; 40:5; 2 Kings 25:22), Elasah (Jeremiah 29:3), Gemariah (Jeremiah 36:10–12) and Jaazaniah, who was among the idol worshippers seen in vision of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 8:11). His grandson were Micaiah, the son of Gemariah (Jeremiah 36:10–12) and Gedaliah, the son of Ahikam, the short-lived governor of Judah appointed by Nebuchadnezzar after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE (39:14; 40:5 and 43:6). The name "Shaphan" is attested in a bullae discovered during the excavations at the City of David headed by Israeli archeologist Yigal Shiloh in the layer of destruction by the Babylonians in ca. 586 BCE, with the inscription belonging to Gemaryahu ben Shaphan, identified with "Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe" (Jeremiah 36:10), although it is equally possible that there is no connection between the names found on the bullae and the person mentioned in the Bible. "Azaliah, the son of Meshullam" (cf. 2 Chronicles 34:8) may be attested by a bulla with the inscription "belonging to Azaliahu son of Meshullam" according to archaeologist Nahman Avigad. The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8–13) Hilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of a book of Torah in the temple during the renovations.(verse 8; cf. 2 Kings 12). Critical studies suggest that the discovered book was Deuteronomy or its core (Deuteronomy 6ab–28), which contains the speech made by Moses shortly before his death and might include some older materials as well. The closing admonitions (Deuteronomy 28), the strict demand for the exclusive worship of YHWH (Deuteronomy 6:5) and the cultic veneration of YHWH alone in the central holy site of Jerusalem (Deuteronomy 12) would impress Josiah, and rules such as the social laws of Deuteronomy (e.g. Deuteronomy 15: 24) would become state law during his reign. Shaphan's report to King Josiah concerning the discovery of the Torah scroll and read the document (verses 9–10), causing Josiah's distress on hearing the words and his command to a delegation including Hilkiah the priest, Shaphan the scribe, and others to make an inquiry of YHWH to determine the significance of this discovery (verses 11–13), which led them to the home of the prophetess, Huldah, wife of Shallum ben Harhas, the keeper of garments. Verse 8 And Hilkiah the high priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I have found the book of the law in the house of the Lord. And Hilkiah gave the book to Shaphan, and he read it. "Hilkiah" (Hebrew: חִלְקִיָּה Ḥilqîyāhū, "my portion is Yah"): Hilkiah's preaching may have encourage Josiah to restore the worship of Yahweh, God of Israel, in the kingdom of Judah. The name is attested in extra-biblical sources by at least two artifacts: (1) a clay bulla found in 1980 inscribed with the text "(Belonging) to Hanan, son (of) Hilkiah the priest" in reverse paleo-Hebrew letters (so that the letters will read properly when impressed in a lump of clay); (2) a bulla found in the eastern slope of Jerusalem during excavations in 1982 (among fifty-one bullae dated between Josiah's rule and the destruction of the city by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BCE) with the inscription: "(Belonging) to Azaryah, son (of) Hilkiah". Both seals seem to be engraved by the same master engraver, and both owners likely held a sacerdotal function in the Temple of Jerusalem, with Azaryah (identified as "Azaryah IV" by archaeologists) becoming the successor of Hilkiah as high priest (1 Chronicles 5:39; 9:11). Hilkiah may also be the father of prophet Jeremiah or (could be another) Jeremiah of Libnah, and would have lived in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin. Verse 12 And the king commanded Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Achbor the son of Michaiah, and Shaphan the scribe, and Asahiah a servant of the king's, saying, Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 34:20 "Achbor the son of Michaiah": written as "Abdon the son of Micah" in 2 Chronicles 34:20. "Asaiah, a servant of king's" may be attested by a seal with the inscription Asayahu servant of the king from the period of Josiah's reign. Huldah's prophecy (22:14–20) The prophetess Huldah pointed out the inevitability that the kingdom of Judah would suffer destruction because of the people's apostasy, although she showed supports for Josiah's reforms and indicated that Josiah's righteousness would earn him a peaceful death before the catastrophe struck. Verse 20 "Surely, therefore, I will gather you to your fathers, and you shall be gathered to your grave in peace; and your eyes shall not see all the calamity which I will bring on this place." So they brought back word to the king. "Gather you to your fathers" or "Cause you to join your ancestors in death" Archaeology Two ostraca were found in 1997 (Shlomo Moussaieff #1 and #2) that seems to strengthen the evidence for a temple renovation during the reign of Josiah (see Bordreuil, Israel, and Pardee 1996 and 1998), but these artifacts did not come from regular excavations, so there is a suspicion of modern forgery. The first ostracon has a five-line inscription that records a royal contribution of three shekel of silver by a king ʾAshyahu to the temple of Yahweh to be made through a royal functionary named Zakaryahu, dated by palaeography to the time of Josiah. The name "Ashyahu" is determined as a short form of Yo’shiyahu ("Josiah"). The second ostracon contains a widow's plea about an inheritance which mentions Josiah's name and a short quote from Psalm 22:11. Illustration People of Judah worshipped idols King Josiah ordered Shaphan the scribe to go to the high priest Hilkiah Hilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of the Book of the Law Josiah tore his clothes when Shaphan read the Book of the Law to him. See also Book of Deuteronomy Moses Torah Related Bible parts: Deuteronomy 31, 2 Kings 23, 2 Chronicles 34, Isaiah 40 Notes ^ The whole book of 2 Kings is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus. References ^ Halley 1965, p. 211. ^ Collins 2014, p. 288. ^ McKane 1993, p. 324. ^ Sweeney 2007, pp. 434–450. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74. ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ a b c d 2 Kings 22, Berean Study Bible ^ a b c d Leithart 2006, p. 266. ^ a b Nelson 1987, p. 254. ^ a b Sweeney 2007, p. 438. ^ Lohfink, Contra Norbert. “The Cult Reform of Josiah of Judah: 2 Kings 22-23 as a Source for the History of Israelite Religion,” in Ancient Israelite Religion (ed. P. D. Miller et aL; Philadelphia: Fortress. 1987). 459-75. ^ a b c d e Dietrich 2007, p. 263. ^ 2 Kings 22:3 KJV ^ John L. Mckenzie (1 October 1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible. Simon and Schuster. p. 795. ISBN 978-0-684-81913-6. ^ Yair Shoham, "Hebrew Bullae" in City of David Excavations: Final Report VI, Qedem 41 (Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000), 33 ^ Avigad, Nahman (1997). Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals (2 ed.). Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 237. ISBN 978-9652081384.; WSS 90, published by the Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities ^ Sweeney 2007, pp. 438–439. ^ 2 Kings 22:8 KJV ^ Bible Dictionary (an appendix to the edition of the King James Bible published by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A.), p. 718, article titled "Josiah". ^ Josette Elayi, Name of Deuteronomy’s Author Found on Seal Ring, Biblical Archaeology Review, September/October 1987, 54-56. ^ Yigal Shiloh and David Tarler, Bullae from the City of David, Biblical Archaeologist 49/4, 1986, 196-209. ^ Yigal Shiloh, A Group of Hebrew Bullae from the City of David, Israel Exploration Journal, 36, 1988, 16-38; Tsvi Schneider, Azaryahu Son of Hilqiyahu (Priest?) on a City of David Bulla, Israel Exploration Journal, 38, 1988, 139-141. ^ Josette Elayi, "New Light on the Identification of the Seal of Priest Hanan, Son of Hilqiyahu" (2 Kings 22), Bibliotheca Orientalis, 5/6, September–November 1992, 680–685. ^ It is unsure whether the Hilkiah that is the father of Jeremiah, is the same Hilkiah that is the Father of Eliakim (see 2 Kings 18:18, 18:26, 18:37; Isaiah 22:20, 36:3, Isaiah 36:22) ^ 2 Kings 22:12 KJV ^ Note on 2 Kings 22:12 in NKJV. ^ Heltzer, Michael, THE SEAL OF ˓AŚAYĀHŪ. In Hallo, 2000, Vol. II p. 204 ^ Sweeney 2007, p. 439. ^ 2 Kings 22:20 NKJV ^ Note a on 2 Kings 22:20 in NKJV. ^ Bordreuil, P., Israel, F. & Pardee, D. (1996). Deux ostraca paléo-hébreux de la collection Sh. Moussaieff. Semitica 46.49-76. ^ Bordreuil, P.; Israel, F.; Pardee, D. (1998). "King's Command and Widow's Plea: Two New Hebrew Ostraca of the Biblical Period". Near Eastern Archaeology. 61 (1): 2–13. doi:10.2307/3210672. JSTOR 3210672. S2CID 163195433. ^ "The Widow's Plea". doi:10.1163/2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Goren, Yuval; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Ayalon, Avner; Schilman, Bettina (2005). "Authenticity Examination of Two Iron Age Ostraca from the Moussaieff Collection". Israel Exploration Journal. 55 (1). Israel Exploration Society: 21–34. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27927087. ^ Younger, K. Lawson, Jr. (2002) The Temple Of The Lord Ostracon, Moussaïeff No. 1, Context of Scripture, The Widow’s Plea COS 3.44, p. 86. ^ Stieglitz, Robert (2003) "Ashyahu: He’s Josiah", BAR 29:03 ^ Hess, R. S. (2005) Taxes, Taxation. Dictionary of the Old Testament: historical books, p. 953. ^ The Inscription on pottery shard reads: “May Yahweh bless you with peace . And now, may my lord, the prince, hear your maidservant. My husband has died without children. May your hand be with me, and that you might give into the hand of your maidservant the inheritance concerning which you spoke to Josiah. As for the field of wheat which is in Naamah, you gave to his brother.” Rudd, Steve Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible: King Josiah Letters Ostraca collection (640 - 609 BC) - Shlomo Moussaieff #1 and #2. Accessed on September 28, 2020. Sources Cogan, Mordechai; Tadmor, Hayim (1988). II Kings: A New Translation. Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. Vol. 11. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385023887. Collins, John J. (2014). "Chapter 14: 1 Kings 12 – 2 Kings 25". Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. pp. 277–296. ISBN 9781451469233. Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810. Dietrich, Walter (2007). "13. 1 and 2 Kings". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 232–266. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019. Fretheim, Terence E (1997). First and Second Kings. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25565-7. Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4. Hallo, William W., ed. (1997–2002). The Context of Scripture. Brill. ISBN 9789004131057. OCLC 902087326. (3 Volumes) Huey, F. B. (1993). The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401165. Leithart, Peter J. (2006). 1 & 2 Kings. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1587431258. McFall, Leslie (1991), "Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles" (PDF), Bibliotheca Sacra, 148: 3–45, archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2010 McKane, William (1993). "Kings, Book of". In Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 409–413. ISBN 978-0195046458. Nelson, Richard Donald (1987). First and Second Kings. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22084-6. Pritchard, James B (1969). Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament (3 ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691035031. Sweeney, Marvin (2007). I & II Kings: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22084-6. Thiele, Edwin R. (1951). The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings: A Reconstruction of the Chronology of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019. External links Jewish translations: Melachim II - II Kings - Chapter 22 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation at Chabad.org Christian translations: Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 2 Kings chapter 22. Bible Gateway vteSecond Book of KingsBible chapters 2 Kings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Places Ammon Aram Babylon Bethel Damascus Edom Ekron Jerusalem Jezreel Jordan River Lachish Moab Megiddo Ramoth-Gilead Samaria Sea of the Arabah Tahpenes PersonsRulers of Israel/Judah Abijah (queen) Ahab Ahaz Ahaziah of Israel Ahaziah of Judah Amaziah Amon Athaliah Gedaliah Hezekiah Hoshea Jeconiah Jehoahaz of Israel Jehoahaz of Judah Jehoakim Jehoash of Israel Jehoash of Judah Jehoram of Israel Jehoram of Judah Jehoshaphat Jehu Jeroboam II Jezebel Josiah Jotham Manasseh of Judah Menahem Omri Pekah Pekahiah Shallum Uzziah Zechariah Zedekiah Rulers outside Israel/Judah Evil-Merodach Hazael Mesha Nebuchadnezzar Rezin Shalmaneser Sennacherib Tiglath-Pileser III Prophets Elijah Elisha Isaiah Jeremiah Jonah Others Gehazi Hephzibah Maacah Naaman Nimshi Jaazaniah Jehosheba Woman of Shunem Phrases/events Assyrian captivity Babylonian captivity Beelzebub Destruction of Sennacherib Dove's dung Raising of the son of the woman of Shunem Textual analysis Deuteronomistic history Books of the Kingdoms Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Wycliffe Bible King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Books of Samuel, 1 Kings (chapter 22) Bible portal Christianity portal Judaism portal 1 Chronicles (chapter 1) →	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"Books of Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Kings"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalley1965211-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2014288-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKane1993324-3"},{"link_name":"Josiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah"},{"link_name":"the king of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney2007434%E2%80%93450-4"}],"text":"2 Kings 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.[3] This chapter records the events during the reign of Josiah, the king of Judah, especially the discovery of the Book of the Law (Torah) during the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.[4]","title":"2 Kings 22"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"It is divided into","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"}],"text":"This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 20 verses.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Masoretic Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"Codex Cairensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Cairensis"},{"link_name":"Aleppo Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex"},{"link_name":"Codex Leningradensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Codex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%BCrthwein199535%E2%80%9337-5"},{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Codex Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"Codex Alexandrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%BCrthwein199573%E2%80%9374-6"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Textual witnesses","text":"Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[5]There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nB; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nA; 5th century).[6][a]","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Kings 22:1–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:1"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:1–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#34:1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsb-9"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 22:3–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:3"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:8–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#34:8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsb-9"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 22:8–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:8"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:14–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#34:14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsb-9"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 22:14–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:14"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:22–28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#34:22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsb-9"}],"sub_title":"Old Testament references","text":"2 Kings 22:1–2: 2 Chronicles 34:1–2[8]\n2 Kings 22:3–7: 2 Chronicles 34:8–13[8]\n2 Kings 22:8–13: 2 Chronicles 34:14–21[8]\n2 Kings 22:14–20: 2 Chronicles 34:22–28[8]","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeithart2006266-10"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 11:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_11:1"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_11"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_12"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_13"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_16"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_17"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_18"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_20"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_21"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_23"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_24"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_25"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 25:27–30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_25#Verses_27%E2%80%9330"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeithart2006266-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1987254-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1987254-11"}],"text":"A parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11–20 and 2 Kings 21–25, as follows:[9]A. Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, kills royal seed (2 Kings 11:1)\nB. Joash reigns (2 Kings 11–12)\nC. Quick sequence of kings of Israel and Judah (2 Kings 13–16)\nD. Fall of Samaria (2 Kings 17)\nE. Revival of Judah under Hezekiah (2 Kings 18–20)\nA'. Manasseh, a king like Ahab, promotes idolatry and kills the innocence (2 Kings 21)\nB'. Josiah reigns (2 Kings 22–23)\nC'. Quick succession of kings of Judah (2 Kings 24)\nD'. Fall of Jerusalem (2 Kings 25)\nE'. Elevation of Jehoiachin (2 Kings 25:27–30)[9]2 Kings 22–23:30 mainly contains the story of Josiah's actions of his eighteenth year (22:3; 23:23) and the discovery of the book of the law (22:8-10; 23:24) as grouped based on five royal initiatives (using distinct verbs \"send\" and \"command\"):[10]Discovery of the book (22:3–11; \"sent,\" 22:3)\nInquiry about the book (22:12–20; \"commanded,\" 22:12)\nCovenant and the book (23:1–3; \"sent,\" 23:1)\nReforms from the book (23:4–20; \"commanded,\" 23:4)\nPassover from the book (23:21–24; \"commanded,\" 23:21)[10]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney2007438-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeithart2006266-10"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 11:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_11:21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeithart2006266-10"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich2007263-14"},{"link_name":"Verses 3–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney2007438-12"}],"text":"The account of Josiah ben Amon as the king of Judah is bracketed by the introductory regnal form in 2 Kings 22:1–2 and the concluding regnal form in 2 Kings 23:28–30, as the body in 2 Kings 22:3–23:27 highlights the religious reform and national restoration.[11][12] The life of Josiah shows some similarities to the life of Joash, king of Judah, in that:[9]both ascended the throne at a very young age (Josiah was 8 years old, 2 Kings 22:1; cf. Joash/Jehoash was 7 years old, 2 Kings 11:21)\nat the age of 18, both repaired the Temple, reversing the acts of the last ruler before them (Joash replaced Athaliah; Josiah succeeded Manasseh).\nthe key event in Josiah's reign was the discovery of the book of law (Hebrew: \"book of the Torah\") in the temple by Hilkiah the priest (2 Kings 22:8-13), a person with similar stature as Jehoiada, the priest in Joash's reign.[9]In 625 BCE Babylon achieved independence under Nabopolassar and in 612 BCE took the Assyrian capital Nineveh. This situation enables the kingdom of Judah, not under the threat of the Assyrians anymore, could make internal changes, including religious reforms.[13]Verses 3–7 records the instruction of Josiah, through the scribe Shaphan ben Azaliah ben Meshullam, to the high priest Hilkiah to lead the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.[11]","title":"Josiah king of Judah (22:1–7)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Shaphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaphan"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"hyrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax"},{"link_name":"rock badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_hyrax"},{"link_name":"coney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mckenzie1995-16"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"2 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings"},{"link_name":"22:3–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:3"},{"link_name":"25:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#25:22"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"34:8–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#34:8"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"26:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_26:24"},{"link_name":"36:10–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#36:10"},{"link_name":"39:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_39:14"},{"link_name":"40:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#40:5"},{"link_name":"43:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_43:6"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Ahikam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahikam"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 26:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_26:24"},{"link_name":"40:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#40:5"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 25:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#25:22"},{"link_name":"Elasah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasah_(son_of_Shaphan)"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 29:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_29:3"},{"link_name":"Gemariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemariah_(son_of_Shaphan)"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 36:10–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#36:10"},{"link_name":"Jaazaniah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaazaniah"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel 8:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_8:11"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 36:10–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#36:10"},{"link_name":"Gedaliah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedaliah"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"586 BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/586_BCE"},{"link_name":"39:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_39:14"},{"link_name":"40:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#40:5"},{"link_name":"43:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_43:6"},{"link_name":"bullae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_(seal)"},{"link_name":"City of David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_David_(Silwan)"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"archeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 36:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_36:10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles_34:8"},{"link_name":"bulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_(seal)"},{"link_name":"Nahman Avigad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahman_Avigad"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Verse 3","text":"And it came to pass in the eighteenth year of king Josiah, that the king sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, the scribe, to the house of the LORD, saying,[14]\"Shaphan\" (Hebrew: שפן, which means \"hyrax, rock badger, coney\"[15]), son of Azaliah, a scribe or secretary of Josiah's court who was mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible (2 Kings 22:3–14, 25:22; parallels in 2 Chronicles 34:8–20; Jeremiah 26:24; 36:10–12; 39:14; 40:5ff; and 43:6). He had at least sons named in the Hebrew Bible: Ahikam (Jeremiah 26:24; 40:5; 2 Kings 25:22), Elasah (Jeremiah 29:3), Gemariah (Jeremiah 36:10–12) and Jaazaniah, who was among the idol worshippers seen in vision of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 8:11). His grandson were Micaiah, the son of Gemariah (Jeremiah 36:10–12) and Gedaliah, the son of Ahikam, the short-lived governor of Judah appointed by Nebuchadnezzar after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE (39:14; 40:5 and 43:6). The name \"Shaphan\" is attested in a bullae discovered during the excavations at the City of David headed by Israeli archeologist Yigal Shiloh in the layer of destruction by the Babylonians in ca. 586 BCE, with the inscription belonging to Gemaryahu ben Shaphan, identified with \"Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe\" (Jeremiah 36:10), although it is equally possible that there is no connection between the names found on the bullae and the person mentioned in the Bible.[16]\n\"Azaliah, the son of Meshullam\" (cf. 2 Chronicles 34:8) may be attested by a bulla with the inscription \"belonging to Azaliahu son of Meshullam\" according to archaeologist Nahman Avigad.[17]","title":"Josiah king of Judah (22:1–7)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"verse 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Verse_8"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich2007263-14"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy_28"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy 6:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#6:5"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#12:1"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy 15: 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#15:24"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich2007263-14"},{"link_name":"verses 9–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:9"},{"link_name":"verses 11–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:11"},{"link_name":"Huldah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldah"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney2007438%E2%80%93439-19"}],"text":"Hilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of a book of Torah in the temple during the renovations.(verse 8; cf. 2 Kings 12).[13] Critical studies suggest that the discovered book was Deuteronomy or its core (Deuteronomy 6ab–28), which contains the speech made by Moses shortly before his death and might include some older materials as well. The closing admonitions (Deuteronomy 28), the strict demand for the exclusive worship of YHWH (Deuteronomy 6:5) and the cultic veneration of YHWH alone in the central holy site of Jerusalem (Deuteronomy 12) would impress Josiah, and rules such as the social laws of Deuteronomy (e.g. Deuteronomy 15: 24) would become state law during his reign.[13] Shaphan's report to King Josiah concerning the discovery of the Torah scroll and read the document (verses 9–10), causing Josiah's distress on hearing the words and his command to a delegation including Hilkiah the priest, Shaphan the scribe, and others to make an inquiry of YHWH to determine the significance of this discovery (verses 11–13), which led them to the home of the prophetess, Huldah, wife of Shallum ben Harhas, the keeper of garments.[18]","title":"The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8–13)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hilkiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilkiah"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Yah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"bulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_(seal)"},{"link_name":"paleo-Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"sacerdotal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdotal"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 5:39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#5:39"},{"link_name":"9:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#9:11"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Anathoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anathoth"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Verse 8","text":"And Hilkiah the high priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I have found the book of the law in the house of the Lord. And Hilkiah gave the book to Shaphan, and he read it.[19]\"Hilkiah\" (Hebrew: חִלְקִיָּה Ḥilqîyāhū, \"my portion is Yah\"): Hilkiah's preaching may have encourage Josiah to restore the worship of Yahweh, God of Israel, in the kingdom of Judah.[20] The name is attested in extra-biblical sources by at least two artifacts: (1) a clay bulla found in 1980 inscribed with the text \"(Belonging) to Hanan, son (of) Hilkiah the priest\" in reverse paleo-Hebrew letters (so that the letters will read properly when impressed in a lump of clay);[21] (2) a bulla found in the eastern slope of Jerusalem during excavations in 1982 (among fifty-one bullae dated between Josiah's rule and the destruction of the city by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BCE) with the inscription: \"(Belonging) to Azaryah, son (of) Hilkiah\".[22][23] Both seals seem to be engraved by the same master engraver, and both owners likely held a sacerdotal function in the Temple of Jerusalem, with Azaryah (identified as \"Azaryah IV\" by archaeologists) becoming the successor of Hilkiah as high priest (1 Chronicles 5:39; 9:11).[24] Hilkiah may also be the father of prophet Jeremiah or (could be another) Jeremiah of Libnah, and would have lived in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin.[25]","title":"The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8–13)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles_34:20"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles_34:20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Asaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaiah"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Verse 12","text":"And the king commanded Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Achbor the son of Michaiah, and Shaphan the scribe, and Asahiah a servant of the king's, saying,[26]Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 34:20\n\"Achbor the son of Michaiah\": written as \"Abdon the son of Micah\" in 2 Chronicles 34:20.[27]\n\"Asaiah, a servant of king's\" may be attested by a seal with the inscription Asayahu servant of the king from the period of Josiah's reign.[28]","title":"The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8–13)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich2007263-14"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney2007439-30"}],"text":"The prophetess Huldah pointed out the inevitability that the kingdom of Judah would suffer destruction because of the people's apostasy, although she showed supports for Josiah's reforms and indicated that Josiah's righteousness would earn him a peaceful death before the catastrophe struck.[13][29]","title":"Huldah's prophecy (22:14–20)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Verse 20","text":"\"Surely, therefore, I will gather you to your fathers, and you shall be gathered to your grave in peace; and your eyes shall not see all the calamity which I will bring on this place.\" So they brought back word to the king.[30]\"Gather you to your fathers\" or \"Cause you to join your ancestors in death\"[31]","title":"Huldah's prophecy (22:14–20)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich2007263-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Psalm 22:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#22:11"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Two ostraca were found in 1997 (Shlomo Moussaieff #1 and #2) that seems to strengthen the evidence for a temple renovation during the reign of Josiah (see Bordreuil, Israel, and Pardee 1996[32] and 1998[33]),[13][34] but these artifacts did not come from regular excavations, so there is a suspicion of modern forgery.[35] The first ostracon has a five-line inscription that records a royal contribution of three shekel of silver by a king ʾAshyahu to the temple of Yahweh to be made through a royal functionary named Zakaryahu, dated by palaeography to the time of Josiah.[36] The name \"Ashyahu\" is determined as a short form of Yo’shiyahu (\"Josiah\").[37][38] The second ostracon contains a widow's plea about an inheritance which mentions Josiah's name and a short quote from Psalm 22:11.[39]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Book_of_Kings_Chapter_22-1_(Bible_Illustrations_by_Sweet_Media).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Book_of_Kings_Chapter_22-2_(Bible_Illustrations_by_Sweet_Media).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Book_of_Kings_Chapter_22-3_(Bible_Illustrations_by_Sweet_Media).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Book_of_Kings_Chapter_22-4_(Bible_Illustrations_by_Sweet_Media).jpg"}],"text":"People of Judah worshipped idols\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKing Josiah ordered Shaphan the scribe to go to the high priest Hilkiah\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of the Book of the Law\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJosiah tore his clothes when Shaphan read the Book of the Law to him.","title":"Illustration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Codex Sinaiticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"^ The whole book of 2 Kings is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[7]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"II Kings: A New Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GbHYAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780385023887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385023887"},{"link_name":"Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781451469233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451469233"},{"link_name":"Coogan, Michael David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan"},{"link_name":"The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195288810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195288810"},{"link_name":"Barton, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Muddiman, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muddiman"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Bible Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199277186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"},{"link_name":"First and Second Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7ODLAo9QouEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-664-25565-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25565-7"},{"link_name":"Halley, Henry H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hampton_Halley"},{"link_name":"Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-310-25720-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-25720-4"},{"link_name":"Hallo, William W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Hallo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004131057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004131057"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"902087326","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/902087326"},{"link_name":"The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HBguYZCdAM4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780805401165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805401165"},{"link_name":"1 & 2 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Z_gvin9G7LgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1587431258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587431258"},{"link_name":"\"Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100827065339/http://www.btinternet.com/%7Elmf12/TransGuide.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.btinternet.com/~lmf12/TransGuide.pdf"},{"link_name":"Metzger, Bruce M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458"},{"link_name":"409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/409"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0195046458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195046458"},{"link_name":"Nelson, Richard Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Nelson"},{"link_name":"First and Second Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RCgUvQOIvD0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-664-22084-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22084-6"},{"link_name":"Pritchard, James B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Pritchard"},{"link_name":"Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v1VrngEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780691035031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691035031"},{"link_name":"I & II Kings: A Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-664-22084-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22084-6"},{"link_name":"Thiele, Edwin R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele"},{"link_name":"Würthwein, Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_W%C3%BCrthwein"},{"link_name":"The Text of the Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8028-0788-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7"}],"text":"Cogan, Mordechai; Tadmor, Hayim (1988). II Kings: A New Translation. Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. Vol. 11. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385023887.\nCollins, John J. (2014). \"Chapter 14: 1 Kings 12 – 2 Kings 25\". Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. pp. 277–296. ISBN 9781451469233.\nCoogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.\nDietrich, Walter (2007). \"13. 1 and 2 Kings\". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 232–266. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.\nFretheim, Terence E (1997). First and Second Kings. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25565-7.\nHalley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.\nHallo, William W., ed. (1997–2002). The Context of Scripture. Brill. ISBN 9789004131057. OCLC 902087326. (3 Volumes)\nHuey, F. B. (1993). The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401165.\nLeithart, Peter J. (2006). 1 & 2 Kings. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1587431258.\nMcFall, Leslie (1991), \"Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles\" (PDF), Bibliotheca Sacra, 148: 3–45, archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2010\nMcKane, William (1993). \"Kings, Book of\". In Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 409–413. ISBN 978-0195046458.\nNelson, Richard Donald (1987). First and Second Kings. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22084-6.\nPritchard, James B (1969). Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament (3 ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691035031.\nSweeney, Marvin (2007). I & II Kings: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22084-6.\nThiele, Edwin R. (1951). The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings: A Reconstruction of the Chronology of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nWürthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"Book of Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy"},{"title":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"title":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"title":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"title":"Deuteronomy 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy_31"},{"title":"2 Kings 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_23"},{"title":"2 Chronicles 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles_34"},{"title":"Isaiah 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_40"}]	[{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Codex Sinaiticus\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Codex_Sinaiticus","url_text":"Codex Sinaiticus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"John L. Mckenzie (1 October 1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible. Simon and Schuster. p. 795. ISBN 978-0-684-81913-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA795","url_text":"The Dictionary Of The Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81913-6","url_text":"978-0-684-81913-6"}]},{"reference":"Avigad, Nahman (1997). Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals (2 ed.). Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 237. ISBN 978-9652081384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9652081384","url_text":"978-9652081384"}]},{"reference":"Bordreuil, P.; Israel, F.; Pardee, D. (1998). \"King's Command and Widow's Plea: Two New Hebrew Ostraca of the Biblical Period\". Near Eastern Archaeology. 61 (1): 2–13. doi:10.2307/3210672. JSTOR 3210672. S2CID 163195433.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/3210672?mobileUi=0&#","url_text":"\"King's Command and Widow's Plea: Two New Hebrew Ostraca of the Biblical Period\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210672","url_text":"10.2307/3210672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210672","url_text":"3210672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163195433","url_text":"163195433"}]},{"reference":"\"The Widow's Plea\". doi:10.1163/2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44","url_text":"\"The Widow's Plea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44","url_text":"10.1163/2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44"}]},{"reference":"Goren, Yuval; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Ayalon, Avner; Schilman, Bettina (2005). \"Authenticity Examination of Two Iron Age Ostraca from the Moussaieff Collection\". Israel Exploration Journal. 55 (1). Israel Exploration Society: 21–34. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27927087.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/27927087","url_text":"\"Authenticity Examination of Two Iron Age Ostraca from the Moussaieff Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059","url_text":"0021-2059"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27927087","url_text":"27927087"}]},{"reference":"Cogan, Mordechai; Tadmor, Hayim (1988). II Kings: A New Translation. Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. Vol. 11. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385023887.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GbHYAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"II Kings: A New Translation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385023887","url_text":"9780385023887"}]},{"reference":"Collins, John J. (2014). \"Chapter 14: 1 Kings 12 – 2 Kings 25\". Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. pp. 277–296. ISBN 9781451469233.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451469233","url_text":"9781451469233"}]},{"reference":"Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan","url_text":"Coogan, Michael David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ","url_text":"The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195288810","url_text":"9780195288810"}]},{"reference":"Dietrich, Walter (2007). \"13. 1 and 2 Kings\". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 232–266. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)","url_text":"Barton, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muddiman","url_text":"Muddiman, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Bible Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186","url_text":"978-0199277186"}]},{"reference":"Fretheim, Terence E (1997). First and Second Kings. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25565-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ODLAo9QouEC","url_text":"First and Second Kings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25565-7","url_text":"978-0-664-25565-7"}]},{"reference":"Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hampton_Halley","url_text":"Halley, Henry H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr","url_text":"Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-25720-4","url_text":"0-310-25720-4"}]},{"reference":"Hallo, William W., ed. (1997–2002). The Context of Scripture. Brill. ISBN 9789004131057. OCLC 902087326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Hallo","url_text":"Hallo, William W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004131057","url_text":"9789004131057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902087326","url_text":"902087326"}]},{"reference":"Huey, F. B. (1993). The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401165.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HBguYZCdAM4C","url_text":"The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805401165","url_text":"9780805401165"}]},{"reference":"Leithart, Peter J. (2006). 1 & 2 Kings. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1587431258.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_gvin9G7LgC","url_text":"1 & 2 Kings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587431258","url_text":"978-1587431258"}]},{"reference":"McFall, Leslie (1991), \"Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles\" (PDF), Bibliotheca Sacra, 148: 3–45, archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100827065339/http://www.btinternet.com/%7Elmf12/TransGuide.pdf","url_text":"\"Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles\""},{"url":"http://www.btinternet.com/~lmf12/TransGuide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McKane, William (1993). \"Kings, Book of\". In Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 409–413. ISBN 978-0195046458.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger","url_text":"Metzger, Bruce M"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/409","url_text":"409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195046458","url_text":"978-0195046458"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Richard Donald (1987). First and Second Kings. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22084-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Nelson","url_text":"Nelson, Richard Donald"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RCgUvQOIvD0C","url_text":"First and Second Kings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22084-6","url_text":"978-0-664-22084-6"}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, James B (1969). Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament (3 ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691035031.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Pritchard","url_text":"Pritchard, James B"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v1VrngEACAAJ","url_text":"Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691035031","url_text":"9780691035031"}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Marvin (2007). I & II Kings: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22084-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC","url_text":"I & II Kings: A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22084-6","url_text":"978-0-664-22084-6"}]},{"reference":"Thiele, Edwin R. (1951). The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings: A Reconstruction of the Chronology of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele","url_text":"Thiele, Edwin R."}]},{"reference":"Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_W%C3%BCrthwein","url_text":"Würthwein, Ernst"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC","url_text":"The Text of the Old Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7","url_text":"0-8028-0788-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA795","external_links_name":"The Dictionary Of The Bible"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+22:20&version=nkjv","external_links_name":"2 Kings 22:20"},{"Link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/3210672?mobileUi=0&#","external_links_name":"\"King's Command and Widow's Plea: Two New Hebrew Ostraca of the Biblical Period\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210672","external_links_name":"10.2307/3210672"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210672","external_links_name":"3210672"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163195433","external_links_name":"163195433"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44","external_links_name":"\"The Widow's Plea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44","external_links_name":"10.1163/2211-436X_cos_aCOSB_3_44"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/27927087","external_links_name":"\"Authenticity Examination of Two Iron Age Ostraca from the Moussaieff Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059","external_links_name":"0021-2059"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27927087","external_links_name":"27927087"},{"Link":"https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/Ostraca-king-Josiah-Letters-widows-plea-Temple-of-YHWH-Three-Shekels-Shlomo-Moussaieff-610BC.htm","external_links_name":"Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GbHYAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"II Kings: A New Translation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Oxford Bible Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ODLAo9QouEC","external_links_name":"First and Second Kings"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr","external_links_name":"Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902087326","external_links_name":"902087326"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HBguYZCdAM4C","external_links_name":"The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_gvin9G7LgC","external_links_name":"1 & 2 Kings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100827065339/http://www.btinternet.com/%7Elmf12/TransGuide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles\""},{"Link":"http://www.btinternet.com/~lmf12/TransGuide.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458","external_links_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/409","external_links_name":"409"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RCgUvQOIvD0C","external_links_name":"First and Second Kings"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v1VrngEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC","external_links_name":"I & II Kings: A Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC","external_links_name":"The Text of the Old Testament"},{"Link":"https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15928","external_links_name":"Melachim II - II Kings - Chapter 22 (Judaica Press)"},{"Link":"http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=2+Kings+22","external_links_name":"Online Bible at GospelHall.org"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=22&version=9","external_links_name":"2 Kings chapter 22. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Calgary_Flames_season	2002–03 Calgary Flames season	["1 Regular season","1.1 Final standings","2 Schedule and results","3 Player statistics","3.1 Scoring","3.2 Goaltending","4 Awards and records","4.1 Awards","4.2 Milestones","5 Transactions","5.1 Trades","5.2 Players acquired","5.3 Players lost","5.4 Signings","6 Draft picks","7 Farm teams","7.1 Saint John Flames","7.2 Johnstown Chiefs","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"]	NHL team season 2002–03 Calgary FlamesDivision5th NorthwestConference12th Western2002–03 record29–36–13–4Home record14–16–10–1Road record15–20–3–3Goals for186 (27th)Goals against228 (18th)Team informationGeneral managerCraig ButtonCoachGreg Gilbert (Oct-Dec)Darryl Sutter (Dec-Apr)CaptainCraig ConroyAlternate captainsBob BoughnerJarome IginlaArenaPengrowth SaddledomeAverage attendance16,239Minor league affiliate(s)Saint John FlamesJohnstown ChiefsTeam leadersGoalsJarome Iginla (35)AssistsCraig Conroy (37)PointsJarome Iginla (67)Penalty minutesScott Nichol (149)Plus/minusBob Boughner (+5)Denis Gauthier (+5)Oleg Saprykin (+5)WinsRoman Turek (27)Goals against averageRoman Turek (2.57)← 2001–022003–04 → The 2002–03 Calgary Flames season was the 23rd National Hockey League season in Calgary. A relatively successful start to the season quickly gave way to disaster as the Flames lost 11 of 12 games in a November stretch dropping the Flames out of contention, ultimately failing to qualify for the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season. The season began as the last had ended: with forward Marc Savard and head coach Greg Gilbert in bitter, public feud. After arguing in the media for nearly a year, the Flames finally granted the disgruntled players request, trading Savard to the Atlanta Thrashers. Gilbert himself would not last much longer with the Flames, as he would be fired by the club barely two weeks after Savard was dealt. The Flames would quickly find a replacement for Gilbert, announcing they had hired Darryl Sutter shortly before the new year. Sutter immediately began shaping the Flames to his own style, and the Flames finished 19–16–8–1 under their new bench boss. Following the season, the Flames announced that they would not renew General Manager Craig Button's contract. Sutter took over as GM, carrying the dual roles until the end of the 2005–06 season. Flames mascot, Harvey the Hound, gained widespread publicity in January 2003 following an incident with Edmonton Oilers head coach, Craig MacTavish. With the Flames leading 4–0, Harvey was taunting the Oilers behind their bench. The frustrated coach reached up and ripped Harvey's signature red tongue out of his mouth, tossing it into the crowd. The incident would seem to spark the Oilers, who scored three goals shortly after. The Flames would hold on to win 4–3, however. The incident made headlines throughout North America, and led to many jokes, including having many other NHL team mascots arrive at the 2003 All-Star Game with their tongues hanging out. Regular season The Flames struggled offensively and were shut out a league-high 10 times, tied with the Minnesota Wild, Nashville Predators and Pittsburgh Penguins. Calgary finished 12th in the Western Conference, 17 points behind the 8th place Edmonton Oilers. Final standings Northwest Division No. CR GP W L T OTL GF GA Pts 1 3 Colorado Avalanche 82 42 19 13 8 251 194 105 2 4 Vancouver Canucks 82 45 23 13 1 264 208 104 3 6 Minnesota Wild 82 42 29 10 1 198 178 95 4 8 Edmonton Oilers 82 36 26 11 9 231 230 92 5 12 Calgary Flames 82 29 36 13 4 186 228 75 Note: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs. Western Conference R Div GP W L T OTL GF GA Pts 1 Z- Dallas Stars PA 82 46 17 15 4 245 169 111 2 Y- Detroit Red Wings CE 82 48 20 10 4 269 203 110 3 Y- Colorado Avalanche NW 82 42 19 13 8 251 194 105 4 X- Vancouver Canucks NW 82 45 23 13 1 264 208 104 5 X- St. Louis Blues CE 82 41 24 11 6 253 222 99 6 X- Minnesota Wild NW 82 42 29 10 1 198 178 95 7 X- Mighty Ducks of Anaheim PA 82 40 27 9 6 203 193 95 8 X- Edmonton Oilers NW 82 36 26 11 9 231 230 92 8.5 9 Chicago Blackhawks CE 82 30 33 13 6 207 226 79 10 Los Angeles Kings PA 82 33 37 6 6 203 221 78 11 Phoenix Coyotes PA 82 31 35 11 5 204 230 78 12 Calgary Flames NW 82 29 36 13 4 186 228 75 13 Nashville Predators CE 82 27 35 13 7 183 206 74 14 San Jose Sharks PA 82 28 37 9 8 214 239 73 15 Columbus Blue Jackets CE 82 29 42 8 3 213 263 69 Divisions: PA – Pacific, CE – Central, NW – Northwest Z – Clinched Conference; Y – Clinched Division; X – Clinched Playoff spot Schedule and results 2002–03 regular season October: 3–3–2–2 (home: 1–2–2–1; road: 2–1–0–1) Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 1 October 10 Vancouver 3 – 0 Calgary Turek 17,409 0–1–0–0 0 Recap 2 October 12 Philadelphia 5 – 4 Calgary Turek 16,750 0–2–0–0 0 Recap 3 October 14 Calgary 3 – 2 Vancouver Turek 18,016 1–2–0–0 2 Recap 4 October 17 Boston 3 – 3 Calgary OT Turek 15,346 1–2–1–0 3 Recap 5 October 19 Calgary 5 – 2 Chicago Turek 14,034 2–2–1–0 5 Recap 6 October 21 Calgary 0 – 4 Detroit McLennan 20,058 2–3–1–0 5 Recap 7 October 22 Calgary 3 – 4 Minnesota OT Turek 18,064 2–3–1–1 6 Recap 8 October 24 Dallas 3 – 3 Calgary OT Turek 14,625 2–3–2–1 7 Recap 9 October 26 St. Louis 4 – 3 Calgary OT Turek 14,538 2–3–2–2 8 Recap 10 October 31 Buffalo 0 – 3 Calgary Turek 14,822 3–3–2–2 10 Recap November: 3–9–1–1 (home: 1–4–1–0; road: 2–5–0–1) Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 11 November 2 Colorado 4 – 4 Calgary OT McLennan 17,448 3–3–3–2 11 Recap 12 November 4 Calgary 4 – 2 NY Islanders McLennan 12,316 4–3–3–2 13 Recap 13 November 5 Calgary 3 – 2 New Jersey McLennan 12,315 5–3–3–2 15 Recap 14 November 7 Calgary 0 – 1 NY Rangers OT McLennan 18,200 5–3–3–3 16 Recap 15 November 9 Calgary 0 – 3 Florida McLennan 14,794 5–4–3–3 16 Recap 16 November 11 Calgary 1 – 2 Atlanta McLennan 10,501 5–5–3–3 16 Recap 17 November 14 NY Rangers 2 – 1 Calgary McLennan 16,386 5–6–3–3 16 Recap 18 November 16 St. Louis 1 – 0 Calgary McLennan 15,505 5–7–3–3 16 Recap 19 November 19 Detroit 5 – 0 Calgary McLennan 10,061 5–8–3–3 16 Recap 20 November 21 Edmonton 3 – 1 Calgary McLennan 17,660 5–9–3–3 16 Recap 21 November 23 Chicago 1 – 3 Calgary Turek 15,826 6–9–3–3 18 Recap 22 November 26 Calgary 2 – 7 Boston Turek 13,582 6–10–3–3 18 Recap 23 November 27 Calgary 2 – 4 Washington Turek 13,532 6–11–3–3 18 Recap 24 November 29 Calgary 2 – 7 St. Louis Turek 19,326 6–12–3–3 18 Recap December: 5–6–3–0 (home: 1–3–2–0; road: 4–3–1–0) Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 25 December 1 Calgary 2 – 4 Detroit Turek 20,058 6–13–3–3 18 Recap 26 December 3 Calgary 2 – 1 Colorado Turek 18,007 7–13–3–3 20 Recap 27 December 5 Minnesota 1 – 1 Calgary OT Turek 14,118 7–13–4–3 21 Recap 28 December 9 Calgary 2 – 1 Vancouver Turek 18,422 8–13–4–3 23 Recap 29 December 12 Carolina 4 – 3 Calgary Turek 14,528 8–14–4–3 23 Recap 30 December 14 Colorado 3 – 1 Calgary Turek 17,192 8–15–4–3 23 Recap 31 December 15 Calgary 3 – 3 Vancouver OT Turek 18,422 8–15–5–3 24 Recap 32 December 17 Calgary 3 – 0 Nashville Turek 10,216 9–15–5–3 26 Recap 33 December 19 Calgary 0 – 3 Columbus Turek 17,230 9–16–5–3 26 Recap 34 December 21 Calgary 0 – 2 Pittsburgh Turek 12,571 9–17–5–3 26 Recap 35 December 23 Calgary 3 – 2 Minnesota Turek 18,568 10–17–5–3 28 Recap 36 December 27 Toronto 4 – 3 Calgary Turek 18,014 10–18–5–3 28 Recap 37 December 29 Anaheim 2 – 4 Calgary Turek 16,922 11–18–5–3 30 Recap 38 December 31 Montreal 1 – 1 Calgary OT Turek 18,159 11–18–6–3 31 Recap January: 6–7–1–0 (home: 5–3–1–0; road: 1–4–0–0) Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 39 January 2 Tampa Bay 1 – 4 Calgary Turek 14,881 12–18–6–3 33 Recap 40 January 4 Minnesota 2 – 3 Calgary Turek 15,974 13–18–6–3 35 Recap 41 January 7 Calgary 4 – 2 Colorado Turek 18,007 14–18–6–3 37 Recap 42 January 9 Ottawa 1 – 0 Calgary Turek 16,058 14–19–6–3 37 Recap 43 January 11 Columbus 7 – 2 Calgary Turek 14,827 14–20–6–3 37 Recap 44 January 13 Calgary 2 – 4 Montreal Turek 20,630 14–21–6–3 37 Recap 45 January 14 Calgary 2 – 3 Toronto Turek 19,290 14–22–6–3 37 Recap 46 January 16 Nashville 2 – 2 Calgary OT McLennan 14,621 14–22–7–3 38 Recap 47 January 18 Los Angeles 1 – 2 Calgary OT Turek 16,675 15–22–7–3 40 Recap 48 January 20 Edmonton 3 – 4 Calgary Turek 17,832 16–22–7–3 42 Recap 49 January 23 Phoenix 7 – 1 Calgary Turek 14,865 16–23–7–3 42 Recap 50 January 25 Detroit 1 – 4 Calgary Turek 18,028 17–23–7–3 44 Recap 51 January 28 Calgary 3 – 4 Phoenix Turek 14,619 17–24–7–3 44 Recap 52 January 29 Calgary 1 – 4 Dallas Turek 18,532 17–25–7–3 44 Recap February: 2–6–3–1 (home: 0–1–2–0; road: 2–5–1–1) Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 53 February 4 Anaheim 3 – 2 Calgary Turek 14,110 17–26–7–3 44 Recap 54 February 6 Chicago 2 – 2 Calgary OT McLennan 16,027 17–26–8–3 45 Recap 55 February 7 Calgary 4 – 3 Edmonton Turek 16,839 18–26–8–3 47 Recap 56 February 9 Calgary 2 – 4 Colorado Turek 18,007 18–27–8–3 47 Recap 57 February 12 Calgary 3 – 4 Anaheim OT McLennan 11,612 18–27–8–4 48 Recap 58 February 13 Calgary 2 – 4 Los Angeles Turek 17,539 18–28–8–4 48 Recap 59 February 15 Vancouver 2 – 2 Calgary OT Turek 18,252 18–28–9–4 49 Recap 60 February 17 Calgary 3 – 5 St. Louis Turek 19,522 18–29–9–4 49 Recap 61 February 19 Calgary 1 – 1 Dallas OT Turek 18,532 18–29–10–4 50 Recap 62 February 20 Calgary 1 – 4 Nashville McLennan 10,842 18–30–10–4 50 Recap 63 February 23 Calgary 4 – 2 Phoenix Turek 14,241 19–30–10–4 52 Recap 64 February 24 Calgary 2 – 5 San Jose Turek 17,311 19–31–10–4 52 Recap March: 8–5–2–0 (home: 5–3–1–0; road: 3–2–1–0) Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 65 March 1 San Jose 3 – 4 Calgary Turek 17,575 20–31–10–4 54 Recap 66 March 5 New Jersey 4 – 5 Calgary OT Turek 16,106 21–31–10–4 56 Recap 67 March 7 Calgary 2 – 0 Chicago Turek 14,702 22–31–10–4 58 Recap 68 March 8 Calgary 3 – 2 Columbus OT Turek 18,136 23–31–10–4 60 Recap 69 March 11 Edmonton 5 – 2 Calgary Turek 17,714 23–32–10–4 60 Recap 70 March 13 Toronto 3 – 4 Calgary OT Turek 18,064 24–32–10–4 62 Recap 71 March 15 Calgary 2 – 3 San Jose Turek 17,496 24–33–10–4 62 Recap 72 March 16 Calgary 2 – 2 Anaheim OT McLennan 16,726 24–33–11–4 63 Recap 73 March 18 Calgary 4 – 1 Los Angeles Turek 17,470 25–33–11–4 65 Recap 74 March 20 Washington 4 – 1 Calgary Turek 15,827 25–34–11–4 65 Recap 75 March 22 Nashville 1 – 1 Calgary OT Turek 16,628 25–34–12–4 66 Recap 76 March 24 Phoenix 0 – 2 Calgary Turek 16,685 26–34–12–4 68 Recap 77 March 27 Dallas 1 – 2 Calgary OT Turek 16,533 27–34–12–4 70 Recap 78 March 29 Columbus 6 – 4 Calgary Turek 16,007 27–35–12–4 70 Recap 79 March 31 Calgary 0 – 3 Minnesota McLennan 18,568 27–36–12–4 70 Recap April: 2–0–1–0 (home: 1–0–1–0; road: 1–0–0–0) Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 80 April 2 San Jose 2 – 2 Calgary OT Turek 14,207 27–36–13–4 71 Recap 81 April 4 Los Angeles 1 – 2 Calgary OT Turek 17,003 28–36–13–4 73 Recap 82 April 5 Calgary 4 – 1 Edmonton Turek 16,839 29–36–13–4 75 Recap Legend: Win (2 points) Loss (0 points) Tie (1 point) Overtime loss (1 point) Player statistics Scoring Position abbreviations: C = Centre; D = Defence; G = Goaltender; LW = Left wing; RW = Right wing † = Joined team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, signing) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Flames only. ‡ = Left team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, release) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Flames only. Regular season No. Player Pos GP G A Pts +/- PIM 12 Jarome Iginla RW 75 35 32 67 −10 49 22 Craig Conroy C 79 22 37 59 −4 36 18 Chris Drury LW 80 23 30 53 −9 33 23 Martin Gelinas LW 81 21 31 52 −3 51 32 Toni Lydman D 81 6 20 26 −7 28 11 Stephane Yelle C 82 10 15 25 −10 50 19 Oleg Saprykin LW 52 8 15 23 5 46 17 Chris Clark RW 81 10 12 22 −11 126 10 Dave Lowry LW 34 5 14 19 4 22 44 Rob Niedermayer‡ LW 54 8 10 18 −13 42 6 Bob Boughner D 69 3 14 17 5 126 4 Jordan Leopold D 58 4 10 14 −15 12 3 Denis Gauthier D 72 1 11 12 5 99 28 Robyn Regehr D 76 0 12 12 −9 87 40 Scott Nichol C 68 5 5 10 −7 149 24 Blake Sloan RW 67 2 8 10 −5 28 20 Mathias Johansson‡ C 46 4 5 9 −15 12 8 Petr Buzek D 44 3 5 8 −6 14 7 Chuck Kobasew RW 23 4 2 6 −3 8 27 Craig Berube LW 55 2 4 6 −6 100 26 Steve Begin C 50 3 1 4 −7 51 18 Jamie Wright‡ LW 19 2 2 4 1 12 15 Blair Betts C 9 1 3 4 3 0 21 Andrew Ference† D 16 0 4 4 1 6 1 Roman Turek G 65 0 4 4 14 16 Shean Donovan† RW 13 1 2 3 −2 7 42 Micki DuPont‡ D 16 1 2 3 −5 4 27 Marc Savard‡ C 10 1 2 3 −3 8 5 Steve Montador D 50 1 1 2 −9 114 2 Mike Commodore† D 6 0 1 1 2 19 43 Ladislav Kohn RW 3 0 1 1 1 2 33 Jamie McLennan G 22 0 0 0 14 36 Mike Mottau† D 4 0 0 0 −1 0 51 Rick Mrozik D 2 0 0 0 0 0 38 Robert Dome RW 1 0 0 0 0 0 Goaltending Regular season No. Player GP W L T SA GA GAA SV% SO TOI 1 Roman Turek 65 27 29 9 1679 164 2.54 .902 4 3822 33 Jamie McLennan 22 2 11 4 537 58 2.99 .892 0 1165 Awards and records Awards Type Award/honour Recipient Ref League(in-season) NHL All-Star Game selection Jarome Iginla NHL YoungStars Game selection Jordan Leopold Team Molson Cup Jarome Iginla Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award Denis Gauthier Milestones Milestone Player Date Ref 1,000th game played Craig Berube October 12, 2002 Transactions The Flames were involved in the following transactions from June 14, 2002, the day after the deciding game of the 2002 Stanley Cup Finals, through June 9, 2003, the day of the deciding game of the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals. Trades Date Details Ref June 22, 2002 To Calgary Flames NY Rangers’ 1st-round pick in 20024th-round pick in 2002 To Florida Panthers 1st-round pick in 2002 June 22, 2002 To Calgary Flames 3rd-round pick in 20025th-round pick in 2002 To Toronto Maple Leafs 3rd-round pick in 2002 June 22, 2002 To Calgary Flames Jamie McLennan To Minnesota Wild 9th-round pick in 2002 June 23, 2002 To Calgary Flames 4th-round pick in 2002Minnesota’s 5th-round pick in 2002 To Montreal Canadiens Florida’s 4th-round pick in 2002 June 30, 2002 To Calgary Flames Rights to Curtis Joseph To Toronto Maple Leafs Conditional 8th-round pick in 2003 September 11, 2002 To Calgary Flames Ladislav Kohn To Detroit Red Wings Future considerations October 1, 2002 To Calgary Flames Chris DruryStephane Yelle To Colorado Avalanche Dean McAmmondDerek MorrisJeff Shantz November 15, 2002 To Calgary Flames Rights to Ruslan Zainullin To Atlanta Thrashers Marc Savard January 22, 2003 To Calgary Flames Future considerations To Philadelphia Flyers Jamie Wright January 22, 2003 To Calgary Flames Mike Mottau To New York Rangers 6th-round pick in 2003 or 2004 February 10, 2003 To Calgary Flames Andrew Ference To Pittsburgh Penguins Conditional draft pick in 2003 or 2004 March 11, 2003 To Calgary Flames Mike CommodoreJean-Francois Damphousse To Anaheim Mighty Ducks Rob Niedermayer March 11, 2003 To Calgary Flames Dean McAmmond To Colorado Avalanche 5th-round pick in 2003 or 2004 March 11, 2003 To Calgary Flames Shean Donovan To Pittsburgh Penguins Micki DuPontMattias Johansson Players acquired Date Player Former team Term Via Ref July 2, 2002 (2002-07-02) Martin Gelinas Carolina Hurricanes Free agency July 9, 2002 (2002-07-09) Martin Sonnenberg Pittsburgh Penguins Free agency Darcy Verot Pittsburgh Penguins Free agency July 11, 2002 (2002-07-11) Mike Martin Saint John Flames (AHL) Free agency Jason Morgan Saint John Flames (AHL) Free agency July 17, 2002 (2002-07-17) Robert Dome Pittsburgh Penguins Free agency September 9, 2002 (2002-09-09) Jan Vodrazka Lowell Lock Monsters (AHL) Free agency September 27, 2002 (2002-09-27) Darren Lynch Vancouver Giants (WHL) Free agency Players lost Date Player New team Via Ref July 2, 2002 (2002-07-02) Curtis Joseph Detroit Red Wings Free agency (III) July 11, 2002 (2002-07-11) Clarke Wilm Nashville Predators Free agency (UFA) July 18, 2002 (2002-07-18) Alan Letang New York Islanders Free agency (VI) July 23, 2002 (2002-07-23) Dallas Eakins Atlanta Thrashers Free agency (UFA) August 1, 2002 (2002-08-01) Rob Murray Springfield Falcons (AHL) Free agency (UFA) August 12, 2002 (2002-08-12) Jason Botterill Buffalo Sabres Free agency (VI) September 13, 2002 (2002-09-13) Mike Vernon Retirement (III) Kay Whitmore Retirement (III) October 4, 2002 (2002-10-04) Ronald Petrovicky New York Rangers Waiver draft October 9, 2002 (2002-10-09) Burke Henry Norfolk Admirals (AHL) Free agency (UFA) November 27, 2002 (2002-11-27) Dwayne Hay St. John's Maple Leafs (AHL) Free agency March 11, 2003 (2003-03-11) Igor Kravchuk Florida Panthers Free agency (III) Signings Date Player Term Contract type Ref June 17, 2002 (2002-06-17) Rob Niedermayer Re-signing June 22, 2002 (2002-06-22) Jamie McLennan Re-signing June 28, 2002 (2002-06-28) Chuck Kobasew 3-year Entry-level July 15, 2002 (2002-07-15) Mathias Johansson Entry-level July 16, 2002 (2002-07-16) Jamie Wright Re-signing July 19, 2002 (2002-07-19) Chris Clark Re-signing August 1, 2002 (2002-08-01) Toni Lydman Re-signing Robyn Regehr Re-signing August 3, 2002 (2002-08-03) Denis Gauthier 2-year Arbitration award August 9, 2002 (2002-08-09) Steve Begin Re-signing August 21, 2002 (2002-08-21) Matthew Lombardi Entry-level September 6, 2002 (2002-09-06) Jarome Iginla 2-year Re-signing September 9, 2002 (2002-09-09) Craig Berube Re-signing September 12, 2002 (2002-09-12) Ladislav Kohn Re-signing May 28, 2003 (2003-05-28) Chris Clark Extension Shean Donovan 3-year Extension June 5, 2003 (2003-06-05) Robyn Regehr 5-year Extension Draft picks Main article: List of Calgary Flames draft picks Calgary's picks at the 2002 NHL Entry Draft in Toronto, Ontario. The Flames had the 9th overall pick, however opted to drop down one spot to 10th via a trade with the Florida Panthers. Rnd Pick Player Nationality Position Team (league) NHL statistics GP G A Pts PIM 1 10 Eric Nystrom United States LW University of Michigan (CCHA) 593 75 48 123 401 2 39 Brian McConnell United States F Boston University (HE) 3 90 Matthew Lombardi Canada C Victoriaville Tigres (QMJHL) 536 101 161 262 293 4 112 Yuri Artyomenkov Russia RW Krylja 5 141 Jiri Cetkovsky Czech Republic RW Zlin (Czech Jr.) 5 142 Emanuel Peter Switzerland C Kloten (Swiss Jr.) 5 146 Viktor Bobrov Russia F HC CSKA (RSL) 5 159 Kristofer Persson Sweden RW Modo Jr. 6 176 Curtis McElhinney Canada G Colorado College (WCHA) 249 94–95–20, 2.83GAA 7 202 David Van der Gulik Canada RW Chilliwack Chiefs (BCHL) 49 2 11 13 10 7 203 Pierre Johnsson Sweden RW Farjestad Jr. 8 238 Jyri Marttinen Finland D Jyvaskyla Farm teams Saint John Flames The 2002–03 season would be the tenth, and last, season in New Brunswick, as the Flames bought out the local ownership's share of the team following the season and suspended operations. The "Baby Flames" finished 32–41–6–1, last in the Canadian Division, and out of the playoffs. Robert Dome led the team with 27 goals and 56 points. Dany Sabourin and Levente Szuper split goaltending duties for the Flames. Johnstown Chiefs The Chiefs finished the 2002–03 season with a record of 28–33–11, finishing fifth in the Northwest Division, failing to qualify for the playoffs. Following the season, the Flames announced they were switching affiliations to a new expansion team, the Las Vegas Wranglers. See also 2002–03 NHL season Notes ^ Drury wore number 37 through March 11. ^ Berube wore number 16 in his first 14 games. ^ In parentheses is the player's free agency group on July 1 if applicable. References Player stats: 2006–07 Calgary Flames Media Guide - 2002–03 stats, pg. 109. "Calgary Flames 2002-03 roster and scoring statistics at hockeydb.com". www.hockeydb.com. Retrieved December 12, 2022. "2002-03 Calgary Flames Roster and Statistics". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved December 12, 2022. ^ Flames ship Savard to Thrashers, cbc sports, November 15, 2002, accessed December 7, 2006. ^ Flames face Avs minus Gilbert, cbc sports, December 3, 2002, accessed December 7, 2006. ^ Flames find their man, cbc sports, December 29, 2002, accessed December 7, 2006. ^ Calgary Flames Executive Archived 2007-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, calgaryflames.com, accessed December 7, 2006. ^ Pyette, Ryan, MacTavish leaves Harvey the Hound speechless , London Free Press, January 23, 2003. ^ Francis, Eric, The uncivil war, Calgary Sun, September 21, 2003. ^ "2002-03 NHL Schedule and Results". ^ Dinger, Ralph, ed. (2009). The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book/2010. Dan Diamond & Associates. p. 162. ^ "2002-03 Calgary Flames Schedule". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2022. ^ "NHL All-Star Game Historical Summaries - 2003". NHL.com. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "NHL - 2003 YoungStars Rosters". ESPN.com. January 18, 2003. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ Hanlon, Peter; Kelso, Sean (eds.), 2010–11 Calgary Flames Media Guide, Calgary Flames Hockey Club, p. 143 ^ "GAUTHIER NAMED RECIPIENT OF THE 2002-03 RALPH SCURFIELD HUMANITARIAN AWARD". Calgary Flames. April 3, 2003. Archived from the original on April 17, 2003. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ "Berube reaches 1,000 NHL games". Calgary Flames. October 13, 2002. Archived from the original on December 5, 2002. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ "Hockey Transactions Search Results". www.prosportstransactions.com. Retrieved December 6, 2022. ^ a b c "Draft Day Transactions". TSN.ca. Archived from the original on August 8, 2002. Retrieved November 28, 2022. ^ a b "FLAMES ACQUIRE GOALTENDER JAMIE McLENNAN FROM MINNESOTA". Calgary Flames. June 22, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "Curtis Joseph traded to Flames". Toronto Maple Leafs. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original on August 5, 2002. Retrieved November 9, 2023. ^ "CALGARY FLAMES ACQUIRE FORWARD LADISLAV KOHN FROM DETROIT". Calgary Flames. September 11, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "FLAMES ACQUIRE FORWARDS CHRIS DRURY AND STEPHANE YELLE". Calgary Flames. October 1, 2002. Archived from the original on June 18, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "FLAMES ACQUIRE FORWARD RUSLAN ZAINULLIN". Calgary Flames. November 15, 2002. Archived from the original on August 4, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ a b "FLAMES MAKE TWO TRANSACTIONS - ACQUIRE MOTTAU FROM RANGERS & FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS". Calgary Flames. January 22, 2003. Archived from the original on April 6, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "FLAMES ACQUIRE DEFENCEMAN ANDREW FERENCE FROM PITTSBURGH". Calgary Flames. February 10, 2003. Archived from the original on June 20, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ a b c "FLAMES MAKE THREE DEADLINE MOVES". Calgary Flames. March 11, 2003. Archived from the original on June 19, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN FREE AGENT FORWARD MARTIN GELINAS". Calgary Flames. July 2, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ a b "FLAMES SIGN FORWARDS MARTIN SONNENBERG & DARCY VEROT". Calgary Flames. July 9, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ a b "Flames sign minor leaguers". TSN.ca. July 11, 2002. Archived from the original on August 7, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "FLAMES SIGN FORWARD ROBERT DOME". Calgary Flames. July 17, 2002. Archived from the original on October 24, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ a b "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN CRAIG BERUBE". Calgary Flames. September 9, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN FORWARD DARREN LYNCH". Calgary Flames. September 27, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "NHL FREE-AGENT LIST". Daily Herald. July 2, 2002. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "NHL - Red Wings sign goalie Joseph to three-year contract". ESPN.com. July 2, 2002. Retrieved December 5, 2022. ^ "SPORTS TRANSACTIONS FOR THURSDAY, JULY 11+". UPI. July 11, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ Grossman, Evan (July 19, 2002). "ISLES INK DEFENDER AND LW". New York Post. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "Thrashers Agree to Terms with Michael Garnett, Paul Flache and Dallas Eakins". Atlanta Thrashers. July 23, 2002. Archived from the original on August 6, 2002. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "MURRAY RETURNS TO SPRINGFIELD". Springfield Falcons. August 1, 2002. Archived from the original on January 18, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "+SPORTS TRANSACTIONS FOR MONDAY, AUGUST 12+". UPI. August 12, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. Buffalo Sabres -- Signed left wing Jason Botterill ^ "Flames goalie Vernon retires". UPI. September 13, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ Kay Whitmore at Hockey-Reference.com, retrieved December 7, 2022 ^ "Rangers Claim Ronald Petrovicky In NHL Waiver Draft". New York Rangers. October 4, 2002. Archived from the original on August 13, 2004. Retrieved November 6, 2023. ^ "Admirals Sign Defensemen Wilford and Henry". OurSports Central. October 9, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "ST. JOHN'S MAPLE LEAFS SIGN DWAYNE HAY". St. John's Maple Leafs. November 27, 2002. Archived from the original on December 14, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "Panthers send Valeri Bure to Blues". UPI. March 11, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN FORWARD ROB NIEDERMAYER". Calgary Flames. June 17, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "Flames sign Kobasew". TSN.ca. June 28, 2002. Archived from the original on August 7, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "Flames ink Johansson". TSN.ca. July 15, 2002. Archived from the original on August 15, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "SPORTS TRANSACTIONS FOR TUESDAY, JULY 16+". UPI. July 16, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. Calgary Flames -- Re-signed left wing Jamie Wright. ^ "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN FORWARD CHRIS CLARK". Calgary Flames. July 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ a b "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN DEFENCEMEN TONI LYDMAN AND ROBYN REGEHR". Calgary Flames. August 1, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN DEFENCEMAN DENIS GAUTHIER". Calgary Flames. August 3, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN FORWARD STEVE BEGIN". Calgary Flames. August 9, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "CALGARY FLAMES SIGN FORWARD MATTHEW LOMBARDI". Calgary Flames. August 21, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "Flames strike deal with Iginla". TSN.ca. September 6, 2002. Archived from the original on November 3, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "LADISLAV KOHN". TSN.ca. Archived from the original on June 26, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. 12-Sep-02: Re-signed by the Calgary Flames. ^ a b "FLAMES SIGN FORWARDS SHEAN DONOVAN AND CHRIS CLARK". Calgary Flames. May 28, 2003. Archived from the original on August 4, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ "FLAMES SIGN DEFENCEMAN ROBYN REGEHR". Calgary Flames. June 5, 2003. Archived from the original on June 19, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2022. ^ 2002 NHL Entry Draft results Archived 2006-05-02 at the Wayback Machine, nhl.com, accessed December 6, 2006. vteCalgary Flames seasonsPre-1980Atlanta Flames1980s 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990s 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000s 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010s 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020s 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship vteCalgary Flames Formerly the Atlanta Flames Founded in 1972 Based in Calgary, Alberta Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Broadcasters Personnel Owner(s) Calgary Sports and Entertainment General manager Craig Conroy Head coach Ryan Huska Team captain Mikael Backlund Current roster Arenas Stampede Corral Scotiabank Saddledome Calgary Event Centre Rivalries Edmonton Oilers Vancouver Canucks Affiliates AHL Calgary Wranglers ECHL Rapid City Rush Media TV City Sportsnet West Radio Sportsnet 960 Culture and lore Atlanta Flames George Canyon Harvey the Hound Red Mile The Monday Night Miracle Calgary Hitmen Ice hockey in Calgary 2011 Heritage Classic 2019 Heritage Classic 2023 Heritage Classic Category Commons vte2002–03 NHL seasonAtlantic New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Northeast Boston Buffalo Montreal Ottawa Toronto Southeast Atlanta Carolina Florida Tampa Bay Washington Central Chicago Columbus Detroit Nashville St. Louis Northwest Calgary Colorado Edmonton Minnesota Vancouver Pacific Anaheim Dallas Los Angeles Phoenix San Jose See also Entry Draft Waiver Draft All-Star Game Playoffs Final Transactions	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Calgary Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Flames"},{"link_name":"23rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Flames_seasons"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Marc Savard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Savard"},{"link_name":"Greg Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Thrashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Thrashers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Darryl Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Sutter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Craig Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Button"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Calgary_Flames_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Harvey the Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_the_Hound"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Craig MacTavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_MacTavish"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2003 All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 2002–03 Calgary Flames season was the 23rd National Hockey League season in Calgary. A relatively successful start to the season quickly gave way to disaster as the Flames lost 11 of 12 games in a November stretch dropping the Flames out of contention, ultimately failing to qualify for the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season.The season began as the last had ended: with forward Marc Savard and head coach Greg Gilbert in bitter, public feud. After arguing in the media for nearly a year, the Flames finally granted the disgruntled players request, trading Savard to the Atlanta Thrashers.[1] Gilbert himself would not last much longer with the Flames, as he would be fired by the club barely two weeks after Savard was dealt.[2]The Flames would quickly find a replacement for Gilbert, announcing they had hired Darryl Sutter shortly before the new year.[3] Sutter immediately began shaping the Flames to his own style, and the Flames finished 19–16–8–1 under their new bench boss.Following the season, the Flames announced that they would not renew General Manager Craig Button's contract. Sutter took over as GM, carrying the dual roles until the end of the 2005–06 season.[4]Flames mascot, Harvey the Hound, gained widespread publicity in January 2003 following an incident with Edmonton Oilers head coach, Craig MacTavish. With the Flames leading 4–0, Harvey was taunting the Oilers behind their bench. The frustrated coach reached up and ripped Harvey's signature red tongue out of his mouth, tossing it into the crowd. The incident would seem to spark the Oilers, who scored three goals shortly after. The Flames would hold on to win 4–3, however.[5] The incident made headlines throughout North America, and led to many jokes, including having many other NHL team mascots arrive at the 2003 All-Star Game with their tongues hanging out.[6]","title":"2002–03 Calgary Flames season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Wild"},{"link_name":"Nashville Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Western Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Conference_(NHL)"}],"text":"The Flames struggled offensively and were shut out a league-high 10 times, tied with the Minnesota Wild, Nashville Predators and Pittsburgh Penguins.[7]Calgary finished 12th in the Western Conference, 17 points behind the 8th place Edmonton Oilers.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Final standings","text":"[8]Note: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.Divisions: PA – Pacific, CE – Central, NW – NorthwestZ – Clinched Conference; Y – Clinched Division; X – Clinched Playoff spot","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"Goaltender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"Left wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Wing_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Right wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Wing_(ice_hockey)"}],"sub_title":"Scoring","text":"Position abbreviations: C = Centre; D = Defence; G = Goaltender; LW = Left wing; RW = Right wing\n† = Joined team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, signing) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Flames only.\n‡ = Left team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, release) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Flames only.","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Goaltending","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards","title":"Awards and records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Milestones","title":"Awards and records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"2003 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Flames were involved in the following transactions from June 14, 2002, the day after the deciding game of the 2002 Stanley Cup Finals, through June 9, 2003, the day of the deciding game of the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals.[15]","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trades","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Players acquired","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Players lost","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Signings","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Toronto, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"}],"text":"Calgary's picks at the 2002 NHL Entry Draft in Toronto, Ontario.[57] The Flames had the 9th overall pick, however opted to drop down one spot to 10th via a trade with the Florida Panthers.","title":"Draft picks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Farm teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002–03 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_AHL_season"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Robert Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_D%C3%B6me"},{"link_name":"Dany Sabourin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dany_Sabourin"},{"link_name":"Levente Szuper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levente_Szuper"}],"sub_title":"Saint John Flames","text":"The 2002–03 season would be the tenth, and last, season in New Brunswick, as the Flames bought out the local ownership's share of the team following the season and suspended operations. The \"Baby Flames\" finished 32–41–6–1, last in the Canadian Division, and out of the playoffs. Robert Dome led the team with 27 goals and 56 points. Dany Sabourin and Levente Szuper split goaltending duties for the Flames.","title":"Farm teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002–03 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_ECHL_season"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Wranglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Wranglers"}],"sub_title":"Johnstown Chiefs","text":"The Chiefs finished the 2002–03 season with a record of 28–33–11, finishing fifth in the Northwest Division, failing to qualify for the playoffs.Following the season, the Flames announced they were switching affiliations to a new expansion team, the Las Vegas Wranglers.","title":"Farm teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falist-33"}],"text":"^ Drury wore number 37 through March 11.\n\n^ Berube wore number 16 in his first 14 games.\n\n^ In parentheses is the player's free agency group on July 1 if applicable.[31]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"2002–03 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NHL_season"}]	[{"reference":"\"Calgary Flames 2002-03 roster and scoring statistics at hockeydb.com\". www.hockeydb.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalism	Bourgeois liberalization	["1 See also","2 References"]	Term in Communist Chinese political ideology History of the People's Republic of China 1949–1976: Mao era Revolution Land Reform Movement Proclamation Korean War Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns First five-year plan Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Bandung Conference Sufan movement Hundred Flowers Campaign Anti-Rightist Campaign Canton Fair Great Leap Forward Great Chinese Famine Two Bombs, One Satellite Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Socialist Education Movement Third Front Cultural Revolution UN representation Richard Nixon visit 1976–1989: Deng era Gang of Four Boluan Fanzheng 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy Reforms and Opening Up Special economic zones China–United States relations Three Communiqués Four Modernizations Sino-Vietnamese War Beijing Spring Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign Sino-British Joint Declaration Campaign against spiritual pollution Bourgeois liberalization Opposition 863 Program 1986 Chinese student demonstrations Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 1989–2002: Jiang era Shanghai Stock Exchange Pudong New District Deng's southern tour 1992 consensus One country, two systems Handover of Hong Kong Handover of Macau 1998 floods US bombing of the Belgrade embassy Persecution of Falun Gong China Western Development Hainan Island incident APEC China 2001 Accession to the WTO Forum on China–Africa Cooperation Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2002–2012: Hu era 2002–2004 SARS outbreak Shenzhou 5 Visit of Lien Chan South–North Water Transfer Project Qinghai–Tibet railway 2008 Sichuan earthquake Three Links with Taiwan 2008 Summer Olympics Expo 2010 BRICS Three Gorges Dam West–East Gas Pipeline High-speed rail 2012–present: Xi era Anti-corruption campaign Belt and Road Initiative Chang'e 3 Supercomputing APEC China 2014 Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit Xiong'an 9th BRICS summit Persecution of Uyghurs Xinjiang internment camps China–United States trade war China International Import Expo Space program 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 2020 Hong Kong national security law COVID-19 pandemic 2020–2021 reform spree 2022 Winter Olympics Constitution Beijing Shanghai Culture Economy Education Geography Politics China portalvte Bourgeois liberalization (simplified Chinese: 资产阶级自由化; traditional Chinese: 資產階級自由化; pinyin: zīchǎn jiējí zìyóuhuà) is a term used by the Chinese Communist Party to refer to either the prevalent political orientation of Western representative democracy or mainstream Western popular culture. The late 1980s saw the first major usage of the term when a number of campaigns, such as the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign, against bourgeois liberalism were initiated lasting until the early 1990s. The term is in active use in Chinese politics, with the Communist Party's Constitution stating party objectives include "combat bourgeois liberalization" in line with the four cardinal principles. According to the Chinese Communist Party, the concept of bourgeois liberalization was first proposed by Deng Xiaoping, the paramount leader of China, in early 1980s. Deng Xiaoping claimed that liberalization would destroy political and economical stability, making it difficult for development to take place. He defined the idea of liberalization as "inherently and completely capitalist", dismissing the existence of liberalization of proletariat or communism, and claim the idea of liberalization is to try to turn them towards liberalism and capitalism, thus need to be strongly opposed on the ground of realpolitik. Due to the 1986 Chinese student demonstrations, Hu Yaobang, then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and a leading reformist, was forced to resign from his post by Deng Xiaoping in early 1987. Left-wing conservatives such as Deng Liqun and Hu Qiaomu, under the support of Chen Yun and Li Xiannian (and even Deng himself), continued to launch the "Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign" in 1987. However, Zhao Ziyang, then Premier of China, successor to Hu as General Secretary and a leading reformist as well, eventually convinced Deng that the left-wing conservatives took advantage of the campaign to oppose the Reform and Opening-up program. In the end, Deng agreed to terminate the campaign in mid-1987 and supported the on-going political forms. In 2018, the Communist Party under general secretary Xi Jinping revised regulations on Party disciplinary action, expelling members from the Party if they openly adhere to bourgeois liberalization online. See also Bourgeoisie Liberalism References ^ CPC Constitution, CPC English Website, http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/65732/6758063.html Archived 2013-05-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ "邓小平反对资产阶级自由化的思想及当代启示--理论-人民网". theory.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2015-03-30. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ "邓小平："坚持四项基本原则，任何时候我都没有让过步！"--邓小平纪念网--人民网". cpc.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ "《邓小平文选第三卷》《在党的十二届六中全会上的讲话》" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2022-02-27. 大家可以回想一下，粉碎"四人帮"以后，全国人大在\一九八○年通过一个议案，取消宪法中的关于"大鸣、大放、大辩论、大字报"这一条。为什么做这件事？因为有一股自由化思潮。搞自由化，就会破坏我们安定团结的政治局面。没有一个安定团结的政治局面，就不可能搞建设。自由化本身就是资产阶级的，没有什么无产阶级的、社会主义的自由化，自由化本身就是对我们现行政策、现行制度的对抗，或者叫反对，或者叫修改。实际情况是，搞自由化就是要把我们引导到资本主义道路上去，所以我们用反对资产阶级自由化这个提法。管什么这里用过、那里用过，无关重要，现实政治要求我们在决议中写这个。我主张用。 ^ "Communist Party Says Anti-Liberalism Campaign Applies to Writers, Consumers". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ "China's former Communist Party propaganda chief Deng Liqun dies aged 100". South China Morning Post. 2015-02-11. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ "China: The Conservative Challenge to Reform" (PDF). CIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-23. ^ a b c Wu, Wei (2014-03-31). "围绕"反自由化"进行的博弈". New York Times (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ a b Wu, Wei (2014-04-08). "赵紫阳改变"大气候"的 "5.13讲话"". New York Times (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2014-04-12. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ Jenne, Jeremiah (2018-10-03). "The Party Goes Retro for National Day". RADII \| Stories from the center of China’s youth culture. Retrieved 2021-06-02.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"资","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B5%84"},{"link_name":"产","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A7"},{"link_name":"阶","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%98%B6"},{"link_name":"级","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A7"},{"link_name":"自","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA"},{"link_name":"由","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B1"},{"link_name":"化","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Western representative democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Spiritual_Pollution_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"four cardinal principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_cardinal_principles"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"paramount leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1986 Chinese student demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations"},{"link_name":"Hu Yaobang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yaobang"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Deng Liqun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Liqun"},{"link_name":"Hu Qiaomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu"},{"link_name":"Chen Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yun"},{"link_name":"Li Xiannian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiannian"},{"link_name":"Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Bourgeois_liberalization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Zhao Ziyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang"},{"link_name":"Premier of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Reform and Opening-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"on-going political forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bourgeois liberalization (simplified Chinese: 资产阶级自由化; traditional Chinese: 資產階級自由化; pinyin: zīchǎn jiējí zìyóuhuà) is a term used by the Chinese Communist Party to refer to either the prevalent political orientation of Western representative democracy or mainstream Western popular culture. The late 1980s saw the first major usage of the term when a number of campaigns, such as the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign, against bourgeois liberalism were initiated lasting until the early 1990s. The term is in active use in Chinese politics, with the Communist Party's Constitution[1] stating party objectives include \"combat[ing] bourgeois liberalization\" in line with the four cardinal principles. According to the Chinese Communist Party, the concept of bourgeois liberalization was first proposed by Deng Xiaoping, the paramount leader of China, in early 1980s.[2][3]Deng Xiaoping claimed that liberalization would destroy political and economical stability, making it difficult for development to take place. He defined the idea of liberalization as \"inherently and completely capitalist\", dismissing the existence of liberalization of proletariat or communism, and claim the idea of liberalization is to try to turn them towards liberalism and capitalism, thus need to be strongly opposed on the ground of realpolitik.[4]Due to the 1986 Chinese student demonstrations, Hu Yaobang, then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and a leading reformist, was forced to resign from his post by Deng Xiaoping in early 1987.[5] Left-wing conservatives such as Deng Liqun and Hu Qiaomu, under the support of Chen Yun and Li Xiannian (and even Deng himself), continued to launch the \"Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign\" in 1987.[6][7][8] However, Zhao Ziyang, then Premier of China, successor to Hu as General Secretary and a leading reformist as well, eventually convinced Deng that the left-wing conservatives took advantage of the campaign to oppose the Reform and Opening-up program.[8][9] In the end, Deng agreed to terminate the campaign in mid-1987 and supported the on-going political forms.[8][9] In 2018, the Communist Party under general secretary Xi Jinping revised regulations on Party disciplinary action, expelling members from the Party if they openly adhere to bourgeois liberalization online.[10]","title":"Bourgeois liberalization"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"title":"Liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"}]	[{"reference":"\"邓小平反对资产阶级自由化的思想及当代启示--理论-人民网\". theory.people.com.cn. 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Retrieved 2020-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1709907/deng-liqun-chinas-former-communist-party-propaganda-chief-and","url_text":"\"China's former Communist Party propaganda chief Deng Liqun dies aged 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"China: The Conservative Challenge to Reform\" (PDF). CIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170123023622/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP04T00907R000200290001-0.pdf","url_text":"\"China: The Conservative Challenge to Reform\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP04T00907R000200290001-0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Wei (2014-03-31). \"围绕\"反自由化\"进行的博弈\". New York Times (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2020-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140331/cc31wuwei/","url_text":"\"围绕\"反自由化\"进行的博弈\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409041916/http://cn.nytimes.com:80/china/20140331/cc31wuwei/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Wei (2014-04-08). \"赵紫阳改变\"大气候\"的 \"5.13讲话\"\". New York Times (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2014-04-12. Retrieved 2020-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140408/cc08wuwei10/","url_text":"\"赵紫阳改变\"大气候\"的 \"5.13讲话\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140412051354/http://cn.nytimes.com:80/china/20140408/cc08wuwei10/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jenne, Jeremiah (2018-10-03). \"The Party Goes Retro for National Day\". RADII \| Stories from the center of China’s youth culture. Retrieved 2021-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://radiichina.com/the-party-goes-retro-for-national-day-bourgeois-liberalization-maos-spray-tan-and-the-pointless-revival-of-magnum-pi/","url_text":"\"The Party Goes Retro for National Day\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/65732/6758063.html","external_links_name":"http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/65732/6758063.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130524233100/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/65732/6758063.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2014/1218/c83867-26234694.html","external_links_name":"\"邓小平反对资产阶级自由化的思想及当代启示--理论-人民网\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150330040501/http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2014/1218/c83867-26234694.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0621/c69113-30070894.html","external_links_name":"\"邓小平：\"坚持四项基本原则，任何时候我都没有让过步！\"--邓小平纪念网--人民网\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302121757/http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0621/c69113-30070894.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227203520/http://www.qstheory.cn/books/2019-07/31/c_1119485398_58.htm","external_links_name":"\"《邓小平文选第三卷》《在党的十二届六中全会上的讲话》\""},{"Link":"http://www.qstheory.cn/books/2019-07/31/c_1119485398_58.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/84d68d56439c15d6de2398e5cefa0910","external_links_name":"\"Communist Party Says Anti-Liberalism Campaign Applies to Writers, Consumers\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1709907/deng-liqun-chinas-former-communist-party-propaganda-chief-and","external_links_name":"\"China's former Communist Party propaganda chief Deng Liqun dies aged 100\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170123023622/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP04T00907R000200290001-0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"China: The Conservative Challenge to Reform\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP04T00907R000200290001-0.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140331/cc31wuwei/","external_links_name":"\"围绕\"反自由化\"进行的博弈\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409041916/http://cn.nytimes.com:80/china/20140331/cc31wuwei/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140408/cc08wuwei10/","external_links_name":"\"赵紫阳改变\"大气候\"的 \"5.13讲话\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140412051354/http://cn.nytimes.com:80/china/20140408/cc08wuwei10/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://radiichina.com/the-party-goes-retro-for-national-day-bourgeois-liberalization-maos-spray-tan-and-the-pointless-revival-of-magnum-pi/","external_links_name":"\"The Party Goes Retro for National Day\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Main_Public_Library	Kaohsiung Main Public Library	["1 History","2 Features","2.1 Gallery","3 Phase II","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 22°36′37″N 120°18′06″E / 22.6102°N 120.3018°E / 22.6102; 120.3018Kaohsiung Main Public Library高雄市立圖書館22°36′37″N 120°18′06″E / 22.6102°N 120.3018°E / 22.6102; 120.3018LocationKaohsiung, TaiwanEstablished2014 (current main library)Branches62Other informationDirectorCheng-Yi PanWebsitewww.ksml.edu.tw The Kaohsiung Main Public Library (Chinese: 高雄市立圖書館; pinyin: Gāoxióng Shìlì Túshūguǎn) is the central library of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is the main library of the Kaohsiung Public Library System and opened in November 2014. The building is located in Xinguang Road, opposite to the Tuntex Sky Tower. History Old main library of Kaohsiung at Minsheng Road. The old main library of Kaohsiung at Minsheng Road opened in 1981. By 2011, it had gradually become unable to keep up with the demand of the public, and a project was initiated to build a new library building in the Asia New Bay Area, located in the city center. Architecture and design work were done by Ricky Liu and the Japanese architect Toyo Ito’s team. Construction started in October 2012 and was completed in 2014. Opening to the public in November of that year, it was hailed as a new cultural landmark for the city. In 2017 the library was regarded as one of the top 10 landmarks of Taiwan by TripAdvisor. Features The library has an area of 38,000 m2 (410,000 sq ft) over eight floors, with no columns inside the building. On the top floor it has integrated a subtropical garden landscape into its architecture. It is regarded as the world’s first column-suspended green building. Gallery Ground floor main hall Level 3 Mezzanine New books area Void Level 4 Study Area Level 4 Exhibition Hall Level 5 Multimedia Theatre Level 6 Rooftop garden Phase II Phase II building from afar Phase II building The second phase of the development plan started in 2016 and was completed in 2020. It comprises a 148 m (486 ft)-tall skyscraper with 27 floors above ground and six basement levels, and a floor area of approximately 42,000 m2 (450,000 sq ft). The building includes a bookstore, restaurant, movie theater and a 238-room hotel. This BOT project accounts for the operating costs of the new library in the future, and provides accommodation and research facilities in the adjacent Kaohsiung Exhibition Center to form a cultural and creative industry cluster and create a cultural and creative industry in Kaohsiung. References ^ a b Staff (Aug 29, 2017). "Kaohsiung Library is the world's first column-suspended 'green' building". Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017. ^ "Introduction". Kaohsiung Main Public Library. Retrieved 28 September 2017. ^ Huang, Maggie (May 23, 2017). "Taipei 101 the top landmark in Taiwan". Taiwan News. Retrieved 28 September 2017. ^ "Taipei 101 named top landmark in Taiwan by TripAdvisor". The China Post. May 24, 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017. ^ "Main Public Library Phase II – Emporis". emporis.com. ^ "Main Public Library Phase II – skyscraperpage". skyscraperpage.com. ^ "(Chinese)文青照過來！台灣首座圖書館旅店高雄誕生". chinatimes.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaohsiung Main Library. Kaohsiung Main Public Library Official Website (English version) Kaohsiung Main Public Library at Kaohsiung Travel vteLibraries of TaiwanNational library National Central Library Public libraryCentral government National Taiwan Library National Library of Public Information Municipal/county level Taipei Main Public Library New Taipei City Main Public Library Taoyuan Main Public Library Kaohsiung Main Public Library	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tuntex Sky Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuntex_Sky_Tower"}],"text":"The Kaohsiung Main Public Library (Chinese: 高雄市立圖書館; pinyin: Gāoxióng Shìlì Túshūguǎn) is the central library of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is the main library of the Kaohsiung Public Library System and opened in November 2014. The building is located in Xinguang Road, opposite to the Tuntex Sky Tower.","title":"Kaohsiung Main Public Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Public_Library_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toyo Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo_Ito"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taipeitimes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"TripAdvisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TripAdvisor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Old main library of Kaohsiung at Minsheng Road.The old main library of Kaohsiung at Minsheng Road opened in 1981. By 2011, it had gradually become unable to keep up with the demand of the public, and a project was initiated to build a new library building in the Asia New Bay Area, located in the city center. Architecture and design work were done by Ricky Liu and the Japanese architect Toyo Ito’s team. Construction started in October 2012 and was completed in 2014. Opening to the public in November of that year, it was hailed as a new cultural landmark for the city.[1][2]In 2017 the library was regarded as one of the top 10 landmarks of Taiwan by TripAdvisor.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"green building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taipeitimes-1"}],"text":"The library has an area of 38,000 m2 (410,000 sq ft) over eight floors, with no columns inside the building. On the top floor it has integrated a subtropical garden landscape into its architecture. It is regarded as the world’s first column-suspended green building.[1]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_GF_Plaza_2015.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_Level_3_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_Level_3_View_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_Void_view_2015.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_Level_4_Study_area_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_Level_4_Exhibit_area_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_Level_5_Multimedia_Theatre_201507.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_Level_6_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Library_Roof_Garden_2015.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"Ground floor main hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLevel 3 Mezzanine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNew books area\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVoid\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLevel 4 Study Area\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLevel 4 Exhibition Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLevel 5 Multimedia Theatre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLevel 6\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRooftop garden","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Public_Library_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_Main_Public_Library_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"skyscraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Exhibition Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Exhibition_Center"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Phase II building from afarPhase II buildingThe second phase of the development plan started in 2016 and was completed in 2020. It comprises a 148 m (486 ft)-tall skyscraper with 27 floors above ground and six basement levels, and a floor area of approximately 42,000 m2 (450,000 sq ft).[5][6]The building includes a bookstore, restaurant, movie theater and a 238-room hotel. This BOT project accounts for the operating costs of the new library in the future, and provides accommodation and research facilities in the adjacent Kaohsiung Exhibition Center to form a cultural and creative industry cluster and create a cultural and creative industry in Kaohsiung.[7]","title":"Phase II"}]	[{"image_text":"Old main library of Kaohsiung at Minsheng Road.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kaohsiung_Public_Library_-_panoramio.jpg/150px-Kaohsiung_Public_Library_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Phase II building from afar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kaohsiung_Main_Public_Library_02.jpg/230px-Kaohsiung_Main_Public_Library_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Phase II building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kaohsiung_Main_Public_Library_03.jpg/250px-Kaohsiung_Main_Public_Library_03.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Staff (Aug 29, 2017). \"Kaohsiung Library is the world's first column-suspended 'green' building\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien_(attorney)	Robert C. O'Brien	["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","2.1 Private practice","2.2 George W. Bush and Obama administrations","2.3 Mitt Romney 2012 campaign","2.4 2016 presidential election","2.5 Trump administration (2017–2019)","3 National security advisor","3.1 Appointment","3.2 COVID-19 pandemic","3.3 Controversy over Russian disinformation efforts","3.4 Kosovo-Serbia talks","3.5 Abraham Accords","3.6 End of Trump administration","3.7 Taiwan","4 Post-Trump administration","4.1 2024 presidential election","4.2 Private sector","5 Personal life","6 Books","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	American lawyer (born 1966) For the pseudonymous American author, see Robert C. O'Brien (author). Robert C. O'Brien27th United States National Security AdvisorIn officeSeptember 18, 2019 – January 20, 2021PresidentDonald TrumpDeputyCharles KuppermanMatthew PottingerPreceded byJohn BoltonSucceeded byJake Sullivan2nd Special Envoy for Hostage AffairsIn officeMay 25, 2018 – October 3, 2019PresidentDonald TrumpPreceded byJames C. O'BrienSucceeded byRoger D. Carstens Personal detailsBornRobert Charles O'Brien Jr. (1966-06-18) June 18, 1966 (age 57)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseLo-Mari O'BrienChildren3EducationUniversity of California, Los Angeles (BA)University of California, Berkeley (JD)Military serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/service United States Army United States Army Reserve Rank MajorUnitJudge Advocate General's Corps Robert Charles O'Brien Jr. (born June 18, 1966) is an American attorney who served as the twenty-seventh United States national security advisor from 2019 to 2021. He was the fourth and final person to hold the position during the presidency of Donald Trump. He is currently the chairman of the American Global Strategies firm advising companies on international politics, the U.S. government, and crisis management. Early life and education O'Brien was born in Los Angeles and raised in Santa Rosa, California, where he attended Cardinal Newman High School. He won a Rotary scholarship to study at the University of the Free State in South Africa in 1987. He received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1988, and a Juris Doctor from the UC Berkeley School of Law in 1991. Early career From 1996 to 1998, O'Brien was a legal officer with the United Nations Compensation Commission in Geneva, Switzerland. O'Brien was a major in the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the United States Army Reserve. Private practice O'Brien was the California managing partner of the law firm Arent Fox LLP for seven years. O'Brien was a founding partner, along with former federal judge Stephen Larson, of the Los Angeles boutique law firm Larson O'Brien LLP, which they established in January 2016. O'Brien retired from the firm when he was appointed national security advisor. George W. Bush and Obama administrations O'Brien with Condoleezza Rice in 2007 O'Brien was nominated by President George W. Bush as the U.S. alternate representative to the 60th session of the United Nations General Assembly during 2005–06. O'Brien was co-chairman of the U.S. Department of State's Public-Private Partnership for Justice Reform in Afghanistan, launched in December 2007, which "promoted the rule of law" in Afghanistan by training judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys. He continued this role during the first term of the Obama administration. On July 31, 2008, President Bush announced his intention to appoint O'Brien to serve in his administration as a member of the Cultural Property Advisory Committee, an advisory committee on issues involving antiquities and cultural matters, for the remainder of a three-year term which expired on April 25, 2011. Mitt Romney 2012 campaign In October 2011, O'Brien was named to Mitt Romney's advisory team as co-chair of the International Organizations Work Group. 2016 presidential election Later, in May 2015, he became an adviser on foreign policy and national security affairs for Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's presidential campaign. After Walker left the race, O'Brien advised Ted Cruz's campaign. During the time he advised Cruz's presidential campaign, he said: "It's clear that Vladimir Putin just doesn't like , and is going to do what he can to help Donald Trump." Trump administration (2017–2019) O'Brien sworn in as presidential envoy for hostage affairs in 2018. In 2017, O'Brien was under consideration by the Donald Trump administration to serve as secretary of the navy. The Orange County Register editorial board endorsed O'Brien to serve in this position. Later in the administration, O'Brien advocated publicly for a larger Navy and visited several U.S. shipyards. From May 25, 2018 to October 3, 2019, O'Brien served as the special presidential envoy for hostage affairs. He was given the rank of ambassador one year after his appointment. As envoy for hostage affairs, O'Brien attended the trial of the American rapper ASAP Rocky, on assault charges, in Stockholm, Sweden, telling reporters "The president sent me here, so it's totally appropriate. I also help free people that are held by governments, so unjustly detained Americans." O'Brien had written the Swedish government warning of "negative consequences" if the case was not resolved. The Swedish government and court rejected political pressure in the case, citing rule-of-law principles; the rapper was ultimately convicted of assault, and sentenced to time served. In 2018, as envoy for hostage affairs, O'Brien helped obtain the release of American pastor Andrew Brunson, who had been held prisoner for two years in Turkey, raising U.S.-Turkish tensions. O'Brien was also involved in obtaining the release of Danny Burch, an American oil worker held in Yemen for a year, and who ultimately received an Oval Office meeting with President Trump. In June 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron awarded O'Brien the rank of chevalier in the Legion d'honneur, in part for his assistance in helping to rescue two French hostages kidnapped abroad. National security advisor National Security Advisor Robert O'Brien (left) in the White House Situation Room during the U.S. military raid on Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in 2019. O'Brien, Trump and Mike Pompeo with Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in November 2019. Trump, O'Brien and Jared Kushner with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Ahmedabad, India, February 2020 O'Brien prays at the Western Wall in Jerusalem's Old City in 2020. O'Brien (center) speaks to soldiers of the 19th Special Forces Group during the George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C., June 5, 2020 Milun Trivunac, State Secretary of the Ministry of Economy of Serbia (sitting left),Richard Grenell, Special US Presidential Envoy for Serbia and Kosovo Peace Negotiations (standing right),Eset Berisha, Director of the Civil Aviation Authority of Kosovo (sitting right) Appointment O'Brien took office as the twenty-seventh United States national security advisor on September 18, 2019. President Trump appointed O'Brien to succeed John Bolton, who resigned earlier that month. A few days later, O'Brien announced that Matthew Pottinger would become the deputy national security advisor, replacing Charles Kupperman in that role. O'Brien was seen as a traditional foreign policy conservative rather than a firebrand. Early in his tenure, O'Brien accompanied Vice President Mike Pence to meet Turkish President Recep Erdogan in efforts to achieve a ceasefire between Turkey and Kurdish forces in Syria after the U.S. abruptly withdrew military forces that stood between Turkish and Kurdish forces. In December 2019, O'Brien defended Trump's decision to pardon Navy SEAL Eddie Gallagher, who was accused by several fellow Navy SEAL members of his platoon of shooting unarmed civilians who posed no threat and of murdering an injured 17-year-old ISIS fighter, but who was convicted of only "wrongfully posing for an unofficial picture with a human casualty". After the Trump administration's January 2020 drone strike against Qasem Soleimani, the head of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and commander of its Quds Force, O'Brien defended the intelligence the administration used to justify the killing, arguing that Soleimani had been planning attacks on U.S. military and diplomatic installations in Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East. The National Security Council under O'Brien focused on China; he aligned himself with Peter Navarro, a fellow hardliner on China. He threatened sanctions against China if it moved to pass a national security law that pro-democracy activists believed would undermine freedom in Hong Kong. O'Brien also criticized China for its actions amid territorial disputes in the South China Sea, and oversaw an increase in U.S. and allied military activity intended to guarantee freedom of navigation. O'Brien criticized China's government, saying in a speech that "The Chinese Communist Party is Marxist-Leninist," and "The party General Secretary Xi Jinping sees himself as Josef Stalin’s successor." In the same speech, he asserted: "Together with our allies and partners, we will resist the Chinese Communist Party's efforts to manipulate our people and our governments, damage our economies, and undermine our sovereignty." When many other intelligence officials who had been involved in briefing Trump on national security characterized Trump as inattentive, O'Brien disputed the characterization, saying Trump was "laser-focused on the issues at hand and asks probing questions throughout the briefings — it reminds me of appearing before a well-prepared appellate judge and defending the case." In May 2020, after the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police, O'Brien rejected that there was systemic racism in U.S. police forces. In an article published on July 12, 2020, three weeks after the release of his predecessor's book The Room Where It Happened, O'Brien defended Trump's record on China, stating that "the United States continues to stand against policies, especially as they are aimed at the Uighurs." COVID-19 pandemic O'Brien was involved in early deliberations about reacting to the COVID-19 pandemic. In early March 2020, O'Brien and Alex Azar advised Trump to halt travel from Europe, disagreeing with several other Trump advisors, including Steve Mnuchin and Larry Kudlow. According to Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward, O'Brien counseled Trump that, "This will be the biggest national security threat you face in your presidency...This is going to be the roughest thing you face." In May 2020, O'Brien said of China's handling of the pandemic: "The cover-up that they did of the virus is going to go down in history along with Chernobyl." In December 2020, O'Brien explained in an interview that China "absolutely could have done more" when it came to COVID-19 and that "the Chinese loss of credibility will be very difficult for them to overcome". Controversy over Russian disinformation efforts Brian Murphy, who was acting chief of intelligence at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security from March 2018 until August 2020, alleged that he was instructed "to cease providing intelligence assessments on the threat of Russian interference in the United States, and instead start reporting on interference activities by China and Iran." Chad Wolf, who was acting secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, alleged that O'Brien had suppressed assessments of Russian interference. John Cohen, who was under secretary of intelligence at the Department of Homeland Security during Barack Obama's presidency, stated "By blocking information from being released that describes threats facing the nation... undermines the ability of the public and state and local authorities to work with the federal government to counteract the threat." Kosovo-Serbia talks A summit at the White House between Kosovo and Serbia was organized by Richard Grenell and scheduled for September 3 and 4, 2020. Grenell, along with O'Brien, co-hosted the talks. On September 4, the agreements were signed by Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić and Kosovo Prime Minister Avdullah Hoti. The signing ceremony took place in the Oval Office at the White House in the presence of US President Donald Trump on September 4, 2020. Kosovo awarded O'Brien the Presidential Medal of Merit for his work on the effort. Abraham Accords O'Brien was in office when the United States brokered the Abraham Accords, under which United Arab Emirates (UAE), and later Bahrain, Morocco, Oman, and Sudan, normalized diplomatic relations with Israel. In August 2020, O'Brien said that Trump should be eligible for the Nobel Peace Prize after the initial Israel-UAE agreement. O'Brien served as part of a U.S.-Israeli delegation on the first commercial flight from Israel to the UAE on August 31, 2020. The UAE and Israel moved to establish full diplomatic ties after Israel agreed to suspend a plan to annex parts of the occupied West Bank. O'Brien had advocated for other Arab and Muslim countries to join the accords. Trump awarded O'Brien, along with six other top aides, the National Security Medal for his role in achieving the agreement. End of Trump administration After losing the November 2020 election to Joe Biden, Trump attempted to subvert the election result and remain in power. O'Brien was among the small number of senior Trump administration officials to acknowledge Biden's victory, saying on November 16, 2020, that he would oversee a "very professional transition" by NSC to President-elect Biden's incoming administration. O'Brien remained National Security Advisor until Trump's term expired on January 20, 2021. In 2023, O'Brien reportedly was subpoenaed by Special Counsel Jack Smith as part of the special counsel investigation into Trump's handling of classified documents and efforts to overturn the 2020 election. Taiwan On March 21, 2023, Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen presented O'Brien with the Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon, in recognition of his contributions to Taiwan-US relations. At the time, O'Brien was leading a task force from the Global Taiwan Institute. Post-Trump administration 2024 presidential election In late 2020 and 2021, O'Brien's was seen a possible "dark horse" contender for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination. In November 2020, O'Brien said he is "fully focused on my current job" but added: "I'm not going to make a Shermanesque statement about never running under any circumstances." That month, Politico reported that O'Brien had discussed the possibility of a presidential candidacy with friends and associates. O'Brien's visits to early states in the primary process, including New Hampshire and Iowa, fueled further speculation. Former Republican National Committee (RNC) chair Michael Steele questioned O'Brien's viability as a candidate given his lack of name recognition or distinct electoral niche. An article published in The American Conservative suggested that O'Brien's reported presidential aspirations are a way to build his stature for a future appointment as Secretary of State or Secretary of Defense, adding: "O'Brien remains in Trump's good graces, as well as staying in good standing in Washington's foreign policy community." Private sector In July 2022, O’Brien was elected chairman of the board of directors of the Richard Nixon Foundation, which operates the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. In 2021, O'Brien established a consulting firm, American Global Strategies, advising companies on international and U.S. politics. The firm does not disclose its clientele, but said that it did not engage in lobbying and was not required to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA). The firm announced a partnership with Skyline Capitol, headed by former Utah U.S. Representative Chris Stewart, in 2023. Personal life Raised a Catholic, O'Brien converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in his twenties. His wife, Lo-Mari O'Brien, is of Afrikaner descent, and he is reportedly fluent in Afrikaans. The couple raised three children: Margaret, Robert and Lauren. His son Robert died in an accidental drowning in 2015. Books O'Brien is the author of the 2016 book While America Slept: Restoring American Leadership to a World in Crisis. Writing in Foreign Policy, Daniel Runde said, "While America Slept is the 2016 equivalent of Richard Nixon's The Real War." A former colleague from the George W. Bush administration, Runde summarized O'Brien's views as follows: Robert writes from a series of beliefs and assumptions that I also hold: a deep belief in American Exceptionalism, that peace comes through strength, that the United States is stronger when it partners with its allies and when America is a reliable friend to its allies, that the greatness of America comes from a people that respect tradition and the rule of law, and that (yes) we are the good guys and there are some bad guys out there. In The Hill, Bart Marcois, a retired foreign service officer, wrote, "If you're wondering what trends and events will drive President-elect Donald Trump's foreign policy, you need to read While America Slept, by Robert O'Brien." Other reviews were more critical. Alex Ward, the associate director in the Atlantic Council's Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, noted that "O'Brien's book is frustrating because it starts with the assumption that all of Obama's foreign policy choices are bad and assumes the reader believes this as well...is analysis, while passionately and decently argued, missed the bigger picture through the partisan fog." The book is broadly critical of the Obama administration's security and foreign policies. While national security advisor, O'Brien edited the manuscript "Trump on China: Putting America First," which was a compilation of speeches about China by senior administration officials. See also ASAP Rocky § Assault in Sweden References ^ a b Hubbell, Martindale (June 2004). Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory: California (Volume 2, A-R, 2004). Martindale-Hubbell. ISBN 9781561606009. ^ "Robert Charles O'Brien". State Bar of California. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. 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"National security adviser: 'I don't think there's systemic racism' in US police forces". CNN. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020. ^ O'Brien, Robert C. (July 12, 2020). "Trump will continue to punish China for its horrifying anti-Uighur campaign". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020. ^ "Trump's move to block travel from Europe triggered chaos and a surge of passengers from the outbreak's center". The Seattle Times. May 23, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2021. ^ Costa, Robert; Rucker, Philip (September 9, 2020). "Woodward book: Trump says he knew coronavirus was 'deadly' and worse than the flu while intentionally misleading Americans". Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2021. ^ Mueller, Eleanor. "Trump adviser compares China's handling of coronavirus to Chernobyl". POLITICO. Retrieved August 10, 2021. ^ Kazianis, Harry (December 7, 2020). "NSA Robert C. O'Brien Sounds Off on Coronavirus, North Korea and China". 19FortyFive. Retrieved December 7, 2020. ^ a b "Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Elections" (PDF). National Intelligence Council (NIC). March 10, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2022. ^ a b Behrmann, Savannah (September 24, 2020). "Acting DHS secretary: White supremacy is 'most persistent and lethal threat' internally to US". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2022. ^ Siegel, Benjamin; Margolin, Josh; Bruggeman, Lucien (September 9, 2020). "Whistleblower details alleged politicization of intelligence at DHS: Complaint filed with watchdog includes claims of interference in intelligence". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2022. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre; Wu, Nicholas (September 9, 2020). "Intelligence whistleblower says he was pressured to downplay threats from Russia, white supremacists". 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Retrieved August 15, 2021. ^ "Trump gives awards to top aides for Arab-Israeli deals". Reuters. December 24, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2021. ^ a b c d Carol E. Lee and Dareh Gregorian, Ex-national security adviser Robert O'Brien is subpoenaed by special counsel in Trump probes, NBC News (February 10, 2023). ^ Niedzwiadek, Nick (November 16, 2020). "Trump national security adviser vows 'professional transition' of power". Politico. Retrieved November 16, 2020. ^ Easley, Jonathan (November 16, 2020). "Trump national security adviser vows 'professional transition' of power". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2020. ^ "President Tsai confers decoration on former White House National Security Advisor Robert O'Brien". english.president.gov.tw. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ "Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon". Twitter. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Hewitt, Hugh (October 18, 2020). "Opinion - The 2024 race begins for Republicans on Nov. 4". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020. ^ Drucker, David (August 9, 2021). "Dark horse 2024 contender Robert C. O'Brien steps up 2022 activity for GOP". Washington Examiner. Retrieved August 10, 2021. ^ Axelrod, Tal (November 25, 2020). "O'Brien on 2024 talk: 'There's all kinds of speculation out there'". TheHill. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ Lippman, Daniel (November 24, 2020). "Trump's national security adviser floats a 2024 bid with friends". POLITICO. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ Mills, Curt (January 1, 2021). "Robert C. O'Brien, Who Covets the Presidency, Builds Ties to the Hindu Right". The American Conservative. Retrieved August 10, 2021. ^ "Ambassador Robert C. O'Brien Elected Chairman of the Richard Nixon Foundation". Richard Nixon Foundation. July 21, 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2023. ^ Jacobs, Jennifer (October 12, 2021). "Trump National Security Adviser O'Brien Starts Consulting Firm". Bloomberg.com. ^ Schnell, Mychael (October 12, 2021). "Trump national security adviser Robert O'Brien launches consulting firm". The Hill. Retrieved May 7, 2024. ^ Tomco, Brigham (January 31, 2024). "Chris Stewart announces partnership with Robert O'Brien in new government affairs firm". Deseret News. Retrieved May 7, 2024. ^ "New national security adviser worked on Romney presidential campaign". Deseret News. September 18, 2019. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019. ^ Romboy, Dennis (October 30, 2020). "Meet the highest ranking Latter-day Saint in the Trump administration". Deseret News. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ^ Megerian, Chris (September 18, 2019). "Trump names Robert C. O'Brien as new national security advisor". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020. ^ Mr. Robert Christopher O'Brien – Obituary. Legacy.com. 2015. ^ "Review: "While America Slept"". Foreign Policy. September 16, 2016. Archived from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017. ^ "America's wake-up call". The Hill. November 23, 2016. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2017. ^ "While Critics Wept: #Reviewing While America Slept". The Strategy Bridge. January 9, 2017. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019. ^ "Factbox: Trump's new national security adviser, in his own words". Reuters. September 18, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019. ^ O'Brien, Robert (2020). Trump on China: Putting America First (PDF). Retrieved February 26, 2021 – via National Archives. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert C. O'Brien (attorney). State Department Cultural Property Advisory Committee Arent Fox listing for O'Brien Appearances on C-SPAN vteAssistants to the President for National Security Affairs Cutler Anderson Jackson (acting) Cutler Gray Bundy Rostow Kissinger Scowcroft Brzezinski Allen Nance (acting) Clark McFarlane Poindexter Carlucci Powell Scowcroft Lake Berger C. Rice Hadley Jones Donilon S. Rice Flynn Kellogg (acting) McMaster Bolton Kupperman (acting) O'Brien Sullivan Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert C. O'Brien (author)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien_(author)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martindale-Hubbell_Law_Directory-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martindale-Hubbell_Law_Directory-1"},{"link_name":"United States national security advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Advisor"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the pseudonymous American author, see Robert C. O'Brien (author).Robert Charles O'Brien Jr.[1][2] (born June 18, 1966)[1] is an American attorney who served as the twenty-seventh United States national security advisor from 2019 to 2021. He was the fourth and final person to hold the position during the presidency of Donald Trump. He is currently the chairman of the American Global Strategies firm advising companies on international politics, the U.S. government, and crisis management.[3]","title":"Robert C. O'Brien"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Newman High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Newman_High_School_(Santa_Rosa,_California)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rotary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_International"},{"link_name":"University of the Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-5"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law"}],"text":"O'Brien was born in Los Angeles and raised in Santa Rosa, California, where he attended Cardinal Newman High School.[4] He won a Rotary scholarship to study at the University of the Free State in South Africa in 1987.[5] He received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1988, and a Juris Doctor from the UC Berkeley School of Law in 1991.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Compensation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Compensation_Commission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web-6"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Judge Advocate General's Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"}],"text":"From 1996 to 1998, O'Brien was a legal officer with the United Nations Compensation Commission in Geneva, Switzerland.[6] O'Brien was a major in the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the United States Army Reserve.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arent Fox LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arent_Fox_LLP"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stephen Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_G._Larson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Private practice","text":"O'Brien was the California managing partner of the law firm Arent Fox LLP for seven years.[6][7][8]O'Brien was a founding partner, along with former federal judge Stephen Larson, of the Los Angeles boutique law firm Larson O'Brien LLP, which they established in January 2016.[9] O'Brien retired from the firm when he was appointed national security advisor.[10]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condoleezza_Rice_and_Robert_O%27Brien.jpg"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Public-Private Partnership for Justice Reform in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-Private_Partnership_for_Justice_Reform_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"sub_title":"George W. Bush and Obama administrations","text":"O'Brien with Condoleezza Rice in 2007O'Brien was nominated by President George W. Bush as the U.S. alternate representative to the 60th session of the United Nations General Assembly during 2005–06.[11]O'Brien was co-chairman of the U.S. Department of State's Public-Private Partnership for Justice Reform in Afghanistan, launched in December 2007, which \"promoted the rule of law\" in Afghanistan by training judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys. He continued this role during the first term of the Obama administration.[12][13]On July 31, 2008, President Bush announced his intention to appoint O'Brien to serve in his administration as a member of the Cultural Property Advisory Committee, an advisory committee on issues involving antiquities and cultural matters, for the remainder of a three-year term which expired on April 25, 2011.[12][13]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Mitt Romney 2012 campaign","text":"In October 2011, O'Brien was named to Mitt Romney's advisory team as co-chair of the International Organizations Work Group.[14]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Walker_(politician)"},{"link_name":"presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Walker_2016_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unlikely-16"},{"link_name":"Ted Cruz's campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz_2016_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unlikely-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-veconomist1-17"}],"sub_title":"2016 presidential election","text":"Later, in May 2015, he became an adviser on foreign policy and national security affairs for Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's presidential campaign.[15][16] After Walker left the race, O'Brien advised Ted Cruz's campaign.[16] During the time he advised Cruz's presidential campaign, he said: \"It's clear that Vladimir Putin just doesn't like [Hillary Clinton], and is going to do what he can to help Donald Trump.\"[17]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Officiates_the_Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Robert_C._O%27Brien_as_Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Hostage_Affairs_(29640486768).jpg"},{"link_name":"presidential envoy for hostage affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Envoy_for_Hostage_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"secretary of the navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Orange County Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"special presidential envoy for hostage affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Envoy_for_Hostage_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-12"},{"link_name":"ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ASAP Rocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Rocky"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"rule-of-law principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Andrew Brunson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Brunson"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Turkish tensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.-Turkey_relations"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"Legion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_recipients_of_the_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_by_country#United_States"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Trump administration (2017–2019)","text":"O'Brien sworn in as presidential envoy for hostage affairs in 2018.In 2017, O'Brien was under consideration by the Donald Trump administration to serve as secretary of the navy.[18] The Orange County Register editorial board endorsed O'Brien to serve in this position.[19] Later in the administration, O'Brien advocated publicly for a larger Navy and visited several U.S. shipyards.[20][21]From May 25, 2018 to October 3, 2019, O'Brien served as the special presidential envoy for hostage affairs.[22][12] He was given the rank of ambassador one year after his appointment.[23] As envoy for hostage affairs, O'Brien attended the trial of the American rapper ASAP Rocky, on assault charges, in Stockholm, Sweden, telling reporters \"The president sent me here, so it's totally appropriate. I also help free people that are held by governments, so unjustly detained Americans.\"[24] O'Brien had written the Swedish government warning of \"negative consequences\" if the case was not resolved.[25] The Swedish government and court rejected political pressure in the case, citing rule-of-law principles; the rapper was ultimately convicted of assault, and sentenced to time served.[26]In 2018, as envoy for hostage affairs, O'Brien helped obtain the release of American pastor Andrew Brunson, who had been held prisoner for two years in Turkey, raising U.S.-Turkish tensions.[27] O'Brien was also involved in obtaining the release of Danny Burch, an American oil worker held in Yemen for a year, and who ultimately received an Oval Office meeting with President Trump.[28] In June 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron awarded O'Brien the rank of chevalier in the Legion d'honneur, in part for his assistance in helping to rescue two French hostages kidnapped abroad.[29]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Watches_as_U.S._Special_Operations_Forces_Close_in_on_ISIS_Leader_(48967991042).jpg"},{"link_name":"White House Situation Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room"},{"link_name":"raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisha_raid"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_Visit_with_the_President_of_Turkey_and_Mrs._Emine_Erdogan_(49061400651).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mike Pompeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_(49579269012).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jared Kushner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Kushner"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J_Kushner_%26_NSC_O%27Brien_visit_Aug._Sep_2020_(50287402761).jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wall"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Old City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldiers_hear_from_National_Security_Advisor.jpg"},{"link_name":"19th Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Special_Forces_Group"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4T0A1674_(49413330273).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Economy of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Richard Grenell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grenell"},{"link_name":"US Presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Kosovo Peace Negotiations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Pristina_negotiations"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Authority of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_Kosovo"}],"text":"National Security Advisor Robert O'Brien (left) in the White House Situation Room during the U.S. military raid on Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in 2019.O'Brien, Trump and Mike Pompeo with Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in November 2019.Trump, O'Brien and Jared Kushner with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Ahmedabad, India, February 2020O'Brien prays at the Western Wall in Jerusalem's Old City in 2020.O'Brien (center) speaks to soldiers of the 19th Special Forces Group during the George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C., June 5, 2020Milun Trivunac, State Secretary of the Ministry of Economy of Serbia (sitting left),Richard Grenell, Special US Presidential Envoy for Serbia and Kosovo Peace Negotiations (standing right),Eset Berisha, Director of the Civil Aviation Authority of Kosovo (sitting right)","title":"National security advisor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States national security advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bolton"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Matthew Pottinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Pottinger"},{"link_name":"deputy national security advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Charles Kupperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kupperman"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Mike Pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence"},{"link_name":"Recep Erdogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Eddie Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gallagher_(Navy_SEAL)"},{"link_name":"ISIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Qasem Soleimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani"},{"link_name":"Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps"},{"link_name":"Quds Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quds_Force"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Peter Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Navarro"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PicksHisSpots-37"},{"link_name":"pro-democracy activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"territorial disputes in the South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"freedom of navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Marxist-Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"Josef Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"murder of George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"systemic racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_racism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"his predecessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bolton"},{"link_name":"The Room Where It Happened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Room_Where_It_Happened#China"},{"link_name":"Uighurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uighurs"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Appointment","text":"O'Brien took office as the twenty-seventh United States national security advisor on September 18, 2019. President Trump appointed O'Brien to succeed John Bolton, who resigned earlier that month.[30] A few days later, O'Brien announced that Matthew Pottinger would become the deputy national security advisor,[31] replacing Charles Kupperman in that role. O'Brien was seen as a traditional foreign policy conservative rather than a firebrand.[32]Early in his tenure, O'Brien accompanied Vice President Mike Pence to meet Turkish President Recep Erdogan in efforts to achieve a ceasefire between Turkey and Kurdish forces in Syria after the U.S. abruptly withdrew military forces that stood between Turkish and Kurdish forces.[33]In December 2019, O'Brien defended Trump's decision to pardon Navy SEAL Eddie Gallagher, who was accused by several fellow Navy SEAL members of his platoon of shooting unarmed civilians who posed no threat and of murdering an injured 17-year-old ISIS fighter, but who was convicted of only \"wrongfully posing for an unofficial picture with a human casualty\".[34][35]After the Trump administration's January 2020 drone strike against Qasem Soleimani, the head of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and commander of its Quds Force, O'Brien defended the intelligence the administration used to justify the killing, arguing that Soleimani had been planning attacks on U.S. military and diplomatic installations in Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East.[36]The National Security Council under O'Brien focused on China; he aligned himself with Peter Navarro, a fellow hardliner on China.[37] He threatened sanctions against China if it moved to pass a national security law that pro-democracy activists believed would undermine freedom in Hong Kong.[38] O'Brien also criticized China for its actions amid territorial disputes in the South China Sea,[39] and oversaw an increase in U.S. and allied military activity intended to guarantee freedom of navigation.[40] O'Brien criticized China's government, saying in a speech that \"The Chinese Communist Party is Marxist-Leninist,\" and \"The party General Secretary Xi Jinping sees himself as Josef Stalin’s successor.\"[41] In the same speech, he asserted: \"Together with our allies and partners, we will resist the Chinese Communist Party's efforts to manipulate our people and our governments, damage our economies, and undermine our sovereignty.\"[42]When many other intelligence officials who had been involved in briefing Trump on national security characterized Trump as inattentive, O'Brien disputed the characterization, saying Trump was \"laser-focused on the issues at hand and asks probing questions throughout the briefings — it reminds me of appearing before a well-prepared appellate judge and defending the case.\"[43]In May 2020, after the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police, O'Brien rejected that there was systemic racism in U.S. police forces.[44]In an article published on July 12, 2020, three weeks after the release of his predecessor's book The Room Where It Happened, O'Brien defended Trump's record on China, stating that \"the United States continues to stand against [the Chinese Communist Party’s coercive population-control policies] policies, especially as they are aimed at the Uighurs.\"[45]","title":"National security advisor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Alex Azar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Azar"},{"link_name":"Steve Mnuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Mnuchin"},{"link_name":"Larry Kudlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Kudlow"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bob Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woodward"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19 pandemic","text":"O'Brien was involved in early deliberations about reacting to the COVID-19 pandemic. In early March 2020, O'Brien and Alex Azar advised Trump to halt travel from Europe, disagreeing with several other Trump advisors, including Steve Mnuchin and Larry Kudlow.[46] According to Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward, O'Brien counseled Trump that, \"This will be the biggest national security threat you face in your presidency...This is going to be the roughest thing you face.\"[47]In May 2020, O'Brien said of China's handling of the pandemic: \"The cover-up that they did of the virus is going to go down in history along with Chernobyl.\"[48] In December 2020, O'Brien explained in an interview that China \"absolutely could have done more\" when it came to COVID-19 and that \"the Chinese loss of credibility will be very difficult for them to overcome\".[49]","title":"National security advisor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Murphy_(intelligence_official)"},{"link_name":"chief of intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security_for_Intelligence_and_Analysis"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICA10032021-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday24092020-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Chad Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Russian interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation#Russian_disinformation_since_2000"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICA10032021-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday24092020-51"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCNews01092020-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Controversy over Russian disinformation efforts","text":"Brian Murphy, who was acting chief of intelligence at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security from March 2018 until August 2020, alleged that he was instructed \"to cease providing intelligence assessments on the threat of Russian interference in the United States, and instead start reporting on interference activities by China and Iran.\"[50][51][52] Chad Wolf, who was acting secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, alleged that O'Brien had suppressed assessments of Russian interference.[53] John Cohen, who was under secretary of intelligence at the Department of Homeland Security during Barack Obama's presidency, stated \"By blocking information from being released that describes threats facing the nation... undermines the ability of the public and state and local authorities to work with the federal government to counteract the threat.\"[50][51][54][55]","title":"National security advisor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Grenell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grenell"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-56"},{"link_name":"Serbian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Vučić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Avdullah Hoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avdullah_Hoti"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-57"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Kosovo-Serbia talks","text":"A summit at the White House between Kosovo and Serbia was organized by Richard Grenell and scheduled for September 3 and 4, 2020.[56] Grenell, along with O'Brien, co-hosted the talks.[56] On September 4, the agreements were signed by Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić and Kosovo Prime Minister Avdullah Hoti.[56][57] The signing ceremony took place in the Oval Office at the White House in the presence of US President Donald Trump on September 4, 2020.[57] Kosovo awarded O'Brien the Presidential Medal of Merit for his work on the effort.[58]","title":"National security advisor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"diplomatic relations with Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Israel-UAE agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"plan to annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Abraham Accords","text":"O'Brien was in office when the United States brokered the Abraham Accords, under which United Arab Emirates (UAE), and later Bahrain, Morocco, Oman, and Sudan, normalized diplomatic relations with Israel. In August 2020, O'Brien said that Trump should be eligible for the Nobel Peace Prize after the initial Israel-UAE agreement.[59] O'Brien served as part of a U.S.-Israeli delegation on the first commercial flight from Israel to the UAE on August 31, 2020.[60] The UAE and Israel moved to establish full diplomatic ties after Israel agreed to suspend a plan to annex parts of the occupied West Bank.[61] O'Brien had advocated for other Arab and Muslim countries to join the accords.[62] Trump awarded O'Brien, along with six other top aides, the National Security Medal for his role in achieving the agreement.[63]","title":"National security advisor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"losing the November 2020 election to Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"attempted to subvert the election result and remain in power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeGregorian-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeGregorian-64"},{"link_name":"transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition"},{"link_name":"President-elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"expired on January 20, 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeGregorian-64"},{"link_name":"subpoenaed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena"},{"link_name":"Jack Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Smith_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"special counsel investigation into Trump's handling of classified documents and efforts to overturn the 2020 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeGregorian-64"}],"sub_title":"End of Trump administration","text":"After losing the November 2020 election to Joe Biden, Trump attempted to subvert the election result and remain in power.[64] O'Brien was among the small number of senior Trump administration officials to acknowledge Biden's victory,[64] saying on November 16, 2020, that he would oversee a \"very professional transition\" by NSC to President-elect Biden's incoming administration.[65][66] O'Brien remained National Security Advisor until Trump's term expired on January 20, 2021.[64] In 2023, O'Brien reportedly was subpoenaed by Special Counsel Jack Smith as part of the special counsel investigation into Trump's handling of classified documents and efforts to overturn the 2020 election.[64]","title":"National security advisor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsai Ing-wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen"},{"link_name":"Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Brilliant_Star"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"On March 21, 2023, Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen presented O'Brien with the Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon, in recognition of his contributions to Taiwan-US relations.[67][68] At the time, O'Brien was leading a task force from the Global Taiwan Institute.","title":"National security advisor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post-Trump administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dark horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_horse"},{"link_name":"2024 Republican presidential nomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Shermanesque statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shermanesque_statement"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Politico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_caucuses"},{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Michael Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Steele"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"The American Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Conservative"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mills20210101-73"}],"sub_title":"2024 presidential election","text":"In late 2020 and 2021, O'Brien's was seen a possible \"dark horse\" contender for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination.[69][70] In November 2020, O'Brien said he is \"fully focused on my current job\" but added: \"I'm not going to make a Shermanesque statement about never running under any circumstances.\"[71] That month, Politico reported that O'Brien had discussed the possibility of a presidential candidacy with friends and associates. O'Brien's visits to early states in the primary process, including New Hampshire and Iowa, fueled further speculation. Former Republican National Committee (RNC) chair Michael Steele questioned O'Brien's viability as a candidate given his lack of name recognition or distinct electoral niche.[72]An article published in The American Conservative suggested that O'Brien's reported presidential aspirations are a way to build his stature for a future appointment as Secretary of State or Secretary of Defense, adding: \"O'Brien remains in Trump's good graces, as well as staying in good standing in Washington's foreign policy community.\"[73]","title":"Post-Trump administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Nixon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"consulting firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulting_firm"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Foreign Agents Registration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Chris Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stewart_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Private sector","text":"In July 2022, O’Brien was elected chairman of the board of directors of the Richard Nixon Foundation, which operates the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.[74]In 2021, O'Brien established a consulting firm, American Global Strategies, advising companies on international and U.S. politics.[75] The firm does not disclose its clientele, but said that it did not engage in lobbying and was not required to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA).[76] The firm announced a partnership with Skyline Capitol, headed by former Utah U.S. Representative Chris Stewart, in 2023.[77]","title":"Post-Trump administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deseret-78"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaners"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-5"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Raised a Catholic, O'Brien converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in his twenties.[78] His wife, Lo-Mari O'Brien, is of Afrikaner descent,[79] and he is reportedly fluent in Afrikaans.[5] The couple raised three children: Margaret, Robert and Lauren. His son Robert died in an accidental drowning in 2015.[80][81]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy"},{"link_name":"Daniel Runde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_FitzGerald_Runde"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"The Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"foreign service officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Obama's foreign policy choices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-veconomist1-17"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"O'Brien is the author of the 2016 book While America Slept: Restoring American Leadership to a World in Crisis. Writing in Foreign Policy, Daniel Runde said, \"While America Slept is the 2016 equivalent of Richard Nixon's The Real War.\" A former colleague from the George W. Bush administration, Runde summarized O'Brien's views as follows:Robert writes from a series of beliefs and assumptions that I also hold: a deep belief in American Exceptionalism, that peace comes through strength, that the United States is stronger when it partners with its allies and when America is a reliable friend to its allies, that the greatness of America comes from a people that respect tradition and the rule of law, and that (yes) we are the good guys and there are some bad guys out there.[82]In The Hill, Bart Marcois, a retired foreign service officer, wrote, \"If you're wondering what trends and events will drive President-elect Donald Trump's foreign policy, you need to read While America Slept, by Robert O'Brien.\"[83]Other reviews were more critical. Alex Ward, the associate director in the Atlantic Council's Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, noted that \"O'Brien's book is frustrating because it starts with the assumption that all of Obama's foreign policy choices are bad and assumes the reader believes this as well...[H]is analysis, while passionately and decently argued, missed the bigger picture through the partisan fog.\"[84] The book is broadly critical of the Obama administration's security and foreign policies.[17][85]While national security advisor, O'Brien edited the manuscript \"Trump on China: Putting America First,\" which was a compilation of speeches about China by senior administration officials.[86]","title":"Books"}]	[{"image_text":"O'Brien with Condoleezza Rice in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Condoleezza_Rice_and_Robert_O%27Brien.jpg/220px-Condoleezza_Rice_and_Robert_O%27Brien.jpg"},{"image_text":"O'Brien sworn in as presidential envoy for hostage affairs in 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Secretary_Pompeo_Officiates_the_Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Robert_C._O%27Brien_as_Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Hostage_Affairs_%2829640486768%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Pompeo_Officiates_the_Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Robert_C._O%27Brien_as_Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Hostage_Affairs_%2829640486768%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"National Security Advisor Robert O'Brien (left) in the White House Situation Room during the U.S. military raid on Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Trump_Watches_as_U.S._Special_Operations_Forces_Close_in_on_ISIS_Leader_%2848967991042%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_Watches_as_U.S._Special_Operations_Forces_Close_in_on_ISIS_Leader_%2848967991042%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"O'Brien, Trump and Mike Pompeo with Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in November 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_Visit_with_the_President_of_Turkey_and_Mrs._Emine_Erdogan_%2849061400651%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_Visit_with_the_President_of_Turkey_and_Mrs._Emine_Erdogan_%2849061400651%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trump, O'Brien and Jared Kushner with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Ahmedabad, India, February 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849579269012%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849579269012%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"O'Brien prays at the Western Wall in Jerusalem's Old City in 2020.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/J_Kushner_%26_NSC_O%27Brien_visit_Aug._Sep_2020_%2850287402761%29.jpg/220px-J_Kushner_%26_NSC_O%27Brien_visit_Aug._Sep_2020_%2850287402761%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"O'Brien (center) speaks to soldiers of the 19th Special Forces Group during the George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C., June 5, 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Soldiers_hear_from_National_Security_Advisor.jpg/220px-Soldiers_hear_from_National_Security_Advisor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Milun Trivunac, State Secretary of the Ministry of Economy of Serbia (sitting left),Richard Grenell, Special US Presidential Envoy for Serbia and Kosovo Peace Negotiations (standing right),Eset Berisha, Director of the Civil Aviation Authority of Kosovo (sitting right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/4T0A1674_%2849413330273%29.jpg/220px-4T0A1674_%2849413330273%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"ASAP Rocky § Assault in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Rocky#Assault_in_Sweden"}]	[{"reference":"Hubbell, Martindale (June 2004). Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory: California (Volume 2, A-R, 2004). Martindale-Hubbell. ISBN 9781561606009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martindale-Hubbell","url_text":"Martindale-Hubbell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561606009","url_text":"9781561606009"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Charles O'Brien\". State Bar of California. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Licensee/Detail/154372","url_text":"\"Robert Charles O'Brien\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190920075103/http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Licensee/Detail/154372","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Jennifer (October 12, 2021). \"Trump National Security Adviser O'Brien Starts Consulting Firm\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved November 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-12/trump-national-security-adviser-o-brien-starts-consulting-firm","url_text":"\"Trump National Security Adviser O'Brien Starts Consulting Firm\""}]},{"reference":"Riechmann, Deb; Superville, Darlene (September 18, 2019). \"Trump names Santa Rosa native as national security adviser\". Sonoma Index-Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. 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Larson O'Brien LLP. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190919052634/https://www.larsonobrienlaw.com/attorney-detail/robert-c-o-brien","url_text":"\"Robert C. O'Brien\""},{"url":"https://www.larsonobrienlaw.com/attorney-detail/robert-c-o-brien","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Alfred (May 12, 2014). \"Firm Heads to Westside to Link With Tech Scene\". Los Angeles Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. 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Larson O'Brien LLP (Press release). September 19, 2019. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.larsonobrienlaw.com/news-detail/o-brien-appointed-national-security-adviser","url_text":"\"O'Brien appointed National Security Adviser\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191112001656/https://www.larsonobrienlaw.com/news-detail/o-brien-appointed-national-security-adviser","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Presidential Nomination: Robert Charles O'Brien\". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2017 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/nominations/1187.html","url_text":"\"Presidential Nomination: Robert Charles O'Brien\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930233828/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/nominations/1187.html","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert O'Brien biography\". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/biographies/robert-c-obrien/","url_text":"\"Robert O'Brien biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929203406/https://www.state.gov/biographies/robert-c-obrien/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Personnel Announcement\". whitehouse.gov. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W258CB	W258CB	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 34°56′07″N 82°24′18″W / 34.9352°N 82.4051°W / 34.9352; -82.4051Radio station in Greenville, South CarolinaW258CBGreenville, South CarolinaBroadcast areaUpstate South CarolinaFrequency99.5 MHzBrandingStreetz 99.5ProgrammingFormatUrban contemporaryOwnershipOwnerTower Above Media(Tower Above Media LLC)OperatorSummitMediaHistoryFirst air dateDecember 13, 2007Former call signsW249CB (2004–2016)Former frequencies97.7 MHz (2007–2016)Technical informationFacility ID156241ClassDERP220 wattsHAAT333 meters (1,093 ft)Transmitter coordinates34°56′07″N 82°24′18″W / 34.9352°N 82.4051°W / 34.9352; -82.4051Repeater(s)107.3 WJMZ-HD3LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsite995streetz.com W258CB (99.5 FM) is a radio station translator in Greenville, South Carolina. Owned by Tower Above Media, the station simulcasts an urban contemporary music format branded as Streetz 99.5 from an HD Radio subchannel of SummitMedia's WJMZ-FM. History W258CB began broadcasting at 97.7 FM as W249CB in December 2007 in Six Mile, re-broadcasting WLFJ-FM HD-3, which in turn was a simulcast of WHRZ-LP in Spartanburg, which carried a Christian Contemporary format. In August 2011, the station filed an application to move to Paris Mountain in Greenville, with an upgrade from 190 watts to 250 watts, allowing the station to cover Greenville County, as well as portions of neighboring Pickens and Spartanburg counties. The new location and stronger signal gave the station an impressive coverage area for a translator, helped by the location of the antenna on a mountain. After the request was granted, construction began on the new transmitter site in Greenville. The move was made official in early 2012. On December 16, 2011, the station began operating from the new site under a construction permit. The religious format, however, did not move with the signal; on that day, 97.7 FM signed on with a variety hits format known as 97.7 Chuck FM, simulcast from an HD Radio subchannel of Cox Media Group-owned WJMZ-FM. On July 20, 2012, Cox Radio announced the sale of its mid-market stations, including WJMZ and its lease of W249CB, to SummitMedia $66.25 million. The sale was consummated on May 3, 2013. On August 19, 2016, the translator moved to 99.5 FM. The translator changed its call sign to W258CB on August 30, 2016. On December 27, 2017, the station relaunched under the Jack FM brand, with no change in format. On June 1, 2021 W258CB shifted its format from adult hits to classic hits as Awesome 99.5. On April 28, 2023 at 3PM, after signing off the "Awesome" format with an hour of songs themed around departure in some fashion (ending with "End of the Road" by Boyz II Men), the station flipped to urban contemporary as "Streetz 99.5", launching with "Players" by Coi Leray. The format serves as a flanker for sister station WHZT against, most notably, Audacy's "The Block" translator trimulcast in the market. References ^ Chuck Hits Greenville, SC ^ "Cox Puts Clusters up for Sale". ^ "Cox Sells Stations in Six Markets to Two Groups". ^ Venta, Lance (August 12, 2016). "Greenville's Chuck-FM On The Move". Radio Insight. Retrieved August 12, 2016. ^ "Chuck Thrown Out Of Building As Jack Enters Greenville". RadioInsight. 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-28. ^ SummitMedia Takes Awesome 99.5 to The Streetz External links Official website W258CB in the FCC FM station database W258CB at FCCdata.org vteRadio stations in Greenville and Spartanburg, South Carolina, including the UpstateBy AM frequency 660 800 910 950 1020 1070 1230 1260 1300 1330 1360 1390 1400 1440 1490 1530 1540 By FM frequency 88.1 89.3 90.1 91.1 91.5 92.5 93.3 93.7 94.5 95.5 98.1 98.9 100.5 101.1 103.1 103.3 103.9 104.51 104.9 105.5 106.3 106.9 107.3 LPFM 95.3 95.52 95.92 101.5 Translators 89.7 94.1 96.3 98.5 99.5 107.7 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 1490 89.3-1 89.3-2 89.3-3 89.3-4 91.5-1 92.5-1 93.3-1 93.3-2 93.3-3 93.7-1 93.7-2 93.7-3 93.7-4 94.5-1 94.5-2 94.5-3 95.5-1 98.9-1 98.9-2 100.5-1 101.1-1 101.1-3 103.9-1 104.9-1 106.9-1 106.9-2 107.3-1 107.3-2 107.3-3 107.3-4 By call sign W209CM W231BA W242BX W253BG W258CB W299BO WABB WAIM WASC WBJU1 WBPB WCCP-FM WCKI WCSZ WELP WEPR WESC WESC-FM WFBC-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WGVL WHQA WHZT WJMZ-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WKVG HD2 HD3 WLFJ-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WLTE WLTS WMIT WMXP-LP2 WOLI WORD WPCI WPJF WPJM WPLS-LP2 WRIX WROO WROQ WRTH-LP WSBF-FM WSHP-FM WSPA-FM WSPG WSSL-FM WTBI-FM WTPT HD2 HD3 WWOK-LP WYFG WYRD WYRD-FM HD2 Defunct WANS (1280 AM) WDAB (1580 AM) WFIS (1600 AM) Nearby regions Athens Atlanta Asheville Augusta Charlotte Columbia Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol Knoxville See also List of radio stations in South Carolina Notes 1. Part 15 station with notability. 2. Station is silent.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station"},{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"urban contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"SummitMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SummitMedia"},{"link_name":"WJMZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJMZ-FM"}],"text":"Radio station in Greenville, South CarolinaW258CB (99.5 FM) is a radio station translator in Greenville, South Carolina. Owned by Tower Above Media, the station simulcasts an urban contemporary music format branded as Streetz 99.5 from an HD Radio subchannel of SummitMedia's WJMZ-FM.","title":"W258CB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Mile,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"WLFJ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLFJ-FM"},{"link_name":"WHRZ-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHRZ-LP"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Christian Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Contemporary"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greenville County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Pickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickens_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"variety hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_hits"},{"link_name":"Cox Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"WJMZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJMZ-FM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"SummitMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SummitMedia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jack FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_FM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"End of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_Road_(Boyz_II_Men_song)"},{"link_name":"Boyz II Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_II_Men"},{"link_name":"urban contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players_(song)"},{"link_name":"Coi Leray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coi_Leray"},{"link_name":"WHZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHZT"},{"link_name":"Audacy's \"The Block\" translator trimulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFBC-FM"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"W258CB began broadcasting at 97.7 FM as W249CB in December 2007 in Six Mile, re-broadcasting WLFJ-FM HD-3, which in turn was a simulcast of WHRZ-LP in Spartanburg, which carried a Christian Contemporary format. In August 2011, the station filed an application to move to Paris Mountain in Greenville, with an upgrade from 190 watts to 250 watts, allowing the station to cover Greenville County, as well as portions of neighboring Pickens and Spartanburg counties. The new location and stronger signal gave the station an impressive coverage area for a translator, helped by the location of the antenna on a mountain. After the request was granted, construction began on the new transmitter site in Greenville. The move was made official in early 2012.On December 16, 2011, the station began operating from the new site under a construction permit. The religious format, however, did not move with the signal; on that day, 97.7 FM signed on with a variety hits format known as 97.7 Chuck FM, simulcast from an HD Radio subchannel of Cox Media Group-owned WJMZ-FM.[1]On July 20, 2012, Cox Radio announced the sale of its mid-market stations, including WJMZ and its lease of W249CB, to SummitMedia $66.25 million. The sale was consummated on May 3, 2013.[2][3]On August 19, 2016, the translator moved to 99.5 FM.[4] The translator changed its call sign to W258CB on August 30, 2016. On December 27, 2017, the station relaunched under the Jack FM brand, with no change in format.[5]On June 1, 2021 W258CB shifted its format from adult hits to classic hits as Awesome 99.5.On April 28, 2023 at 3PM, after signing off the \"Awesome\" format with an hour of songs themed around departure in some fashion (ending with \"End of the Road\" by Boyz II Men), the station flipped to urban contemporary as \"Streetz 99.5\", launching with \"Players\" by Coi Leray. The format serves as a flanker for sister station WHZT against, most notably, Audacy's \"The Block\" translator trimulcast in the market.[6]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cox Puts Clusters up for Sale\".","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/59007/cox-puts-clusters-up-for-sale/","url_text":"\"Cox Puts Clusters up for Sale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cox Sells Stations in Six Markets to Two Groups\".","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/80882/cox-sells-stations-in-six-markets-to-two-groups/","url_text":"\"Cox Sells Stations in Six Markets to Two Groups\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (August 12, 2016). \"Greenville's Chuck-FM On The Move\". Radio Insight. Retrieved August 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/107709/greenvilles-chuck-fm-on-the-move/","url_text":"\"Greenville's Chuck-FM On The Move\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Thrown Out Of Building As Jack Enters Greenville\". RadioInsight. 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/122023/chuck-thrown-building-jack-enters-greenville/","url_text":"\"Chuck Thrown Out Of Building As Jack Enters Greenville\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=W258CB&params=34.9352_N_82.4051_W_","external_links_name":"34°56′07″N 82°24′18″W / 34.9352°N 82.4051°W / 34.9352; -82.4051"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=W258CB&params=34.9352_N_82.4051_W_","external_links_name":"34°56′07″N 82°24′18″W / 34.9352°N 82.4051°W / 34.9352; -82.4051"},{"Link":"https://www.995streetz.com/player/","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"https://www.995streetz.com/","external_links_name":"995streetz.com"},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/54889/chuck-hits-greenville-sc/","external_links_name":"Chuck Hits Greenville, SC"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/59007/cox-puts-clusters-up-for-sale/","external_links_name":"\"Cox Puts Clusters up for Sale\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/80882/cox-sells-stations-in-six-markets-to-two-groups/","external_links_name":"\"Cox Sells Stations in Six Markets to Two Groups\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/107709/greenvilles-chuck-fm-on-the-move/","external_links_name":"\"Greenville's Chuck-FM On The Move\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/122023/chuck-thrown-building-jack-enters-greenville/","external_links_name":"\"Chuck Thrown Out Of Building As Jack Enters Greenville\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/251583/summitmedia-takes-awesome-99-5-to-the-streetz/","external_links_name":"SummitMedia Takes Awesome 99.5 to The Streetz"},{"Link":"http://awesome995.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=W258CB","external_links_name":"W258CB"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=W258CB&ccode=1&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&arn=&party=&lmspf=&lmspl=&party_type=LICEN&latd=&lond=&lang=en","external_links_name":"W258CB"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_British_Formula_Two_Championship	1996 British Formula Two Championship	["1 Drivers and teams","2 Results","2.1 British Formula Two Championship","3 Championship Standings","4 References"]	PURE HOLDING COMPANY 1996 British Formula Two Championship Previous 1995 Next 1997 Related series:1996 International Formula 3000 Championship The 1996 British Formula Two Championship was the seventh season of the British Formula 3000 Championship. The championship was dominated by the Super Nova car of Gareth Rees, the former Marlboro Masters F3 winner who competed in International Formula 3000 the previous year. He won six races and clinched the title with two rounds to go. Rees started the season in style, winning the first 5 races, but stumbled at Donington when Sascha Maassen took his only victory of the year. Werner Lupberger won the following round as Rees retired, but Gareth won the Silverstone round to tie up the championship. Luiz Garcia Jr. won the remaining two rounds after battling with Lupberger and Gonzalo Rodriguez, securing second in the standings. Lupberger ended up third, one place ahead of Rodriguez. British Formula Renault champion David Cook raced twice in Rees' absence, while future International F3000 star Jason Watt made his F3000 debut for Fred Goddard Racing in the final round. Ex-Andrea Moda F1 non-qualifier Perry McCarthy made a single seater return with DKS Racing. The future boss of International F3000 team Arden, Christian Horner, finished fifth overall after half a season with veteran team Madgwick International. Sarah Kavanagh, future Formula Nippon and BOSS Formula 1 driver, raced on a couple of occasions in a Sainsbury's and Parmalat backed Fred Goddard Racing entry. Several talented drivers entered British F2 in 1996, but at times grids had declined to just five cars, the smallest in the series' history, and teams withdrew their support. British F2 was finally dead. Drivers and teams The following drivers and teams contested the 1996 British Formula Two Championship. All teams ran a Reynard chassis with Cosworth engine. Team No. Driver Rounds Fred Goddard Racing 1 Werner Lupberger All 6 Steve Arnold 1 Sascha Maassen 4, 6, 8-9 Jason Watt 10 16 Sarah Kavanagh 4, 6 Francis Phillips 8 Paul Smith 10 22 Alan Berkov 1, 4 24 William Hewland 4 Super Nova Racing 2 Gareth Rees 1-8 David Cook 9-10 3 Luiz Garcia Jr. All Durango Equipe 4 Luca Riccitelli 1-4 Denny Zardo 5 5 Fabrizio Gollin 1 Vito Popolizio 2-3 Pietro Ferrero 4 Jupiter Racing 7 Nigel Smith 4 Madgwick International 8 Christian Horner 5-10 Edenbridge Racing 9 Gonzalo Rodriguez 4–6, 8-10 DKS Prosperity Management 10 Perry McCarthy 8-10 Worswick Engineering 17 Tony Worswick 5 Rex Hart Racing 20 David Mercer 1, 4–5, 7-10 Lars Johansson 6 Results British Formula Two Championship Round Date Circuit Pole Position Fastest Lap Winning Driver Winning Team 1 April 5 Oulton Park (Fosters) Gareth Rees Luca Riccitelli Gareth Rees Super Nova Racing 2 May 6 Snetterton Luiz Garcia Jr. Luiz Garcia Jr. Gareth Rees Super Nova Racing 3 Gareth Rees Luiz Garcia Jr. Gareth Rees Super Nova Racing 4 June 22 Silverstone (GP) Sascha Maassen Gareth Rees Gareth Rees Super Nova Racing 5 July 6 Oulton Park Luiz Garcia Jr. Gareth Rees Gareth Rees Super Nova Racing 6 August 4 Donington Park Gareth Rees Gareth Rees Sascha Maassen Fred Goddard Racing 7 August 27 Brands Hatch (Indy) Werner Lupberger Luiz Garcia Jr. Werner Lupberger Fred Goddard Racing 8 September 28 Silverstone (GP) Gareth Rees Gonzalo Rodriguez Gareth Rees Super Nova Racing 9 October 13 Brands Hatch (Indy) Luiz Garcia Jr. Gonzalo Rodriguez Luiz Garcia Jr. Super Nova Racing 10 October 27 Donington Park Luiz Garcia Jr. Luiz Garcia Jr. Luiz Garcia Jr. Super Nova Racing Championship Standings Pos. Driver OUL SNE SNE SIL OUL DON BHI SIL BHI DON Points 1 Gareth Rees 1 1 1 1 1 5 Ret 1 56 2 Luiz Garcia Jr. Ret 2 2 2 Ret 3 2 2 1 1 52 3 Werner Lupberger 4 3 3 Ret 3 Ret 1 6 3 2 35 4 Gonzalo Rodriguez Ret 2 2 Ret 2 3 22 5 Christian Horner Ret 4 3 3 5 6 14 6 Sascha Maassen Ret 1 Ret 4 12 7 Luca Riccitelli 2 4 Ret Ret 9 8 David Mercer 6 4 Ret 4 5 7 8 9 9 Perry McCarthy 3 Ret Ret 4 10 Fabrizio Gollin 3 4 11 Pietro Ferrero 3 4 12 David Cook 6 4 4 13 Denny Zardo 4 3 14 Tony Worswick 5 2 15 Alan Berkov 5 DNS 2 16 Vito Popolizio 5 Ret 2 17 Jason Watt 5 2 18 Sarah Kavanagh Ret 6 1 19 Lars Johansson 7 0 20 Francis Phillips 7 0 21 Paul Smith 7 0 William Hewland Ret References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2020-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "1996 Venson British F2 Championship \| Motorsport Database". vteBritish Formula 3000 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Formula Two Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Formula_Two_Championship"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_British_Formula_Two_Championship"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_British_Formula_3000_Championship"},{"link_name":"1996 International Formula 3000 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_International_Formula_3000_Championship"},{"link_name":"British Formula 3000 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Formula_3000"},{"link_name":"Gareth Rees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Rees_(motorsport_commentator)"},{"link_name":"International Formula 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Formula_3000"},{"link_name":"Sascha Maassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha_Maassen"},{"link_name":"Werner Lupberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Lupberger"},{"link_name":"Luiz Garcia Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Garcia_Jr."},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"British Formula Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Formula_Renault"},{"link_name":"David Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cook_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Jason Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Watt"},{"link_name":"Andrea Moda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Moda"},{"link_name":"Perry McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Christian Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Horner"},{"link_name":"Formula Nippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Nippon"},{"link_name":"Sainsbury's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s"},{"link_name":"Parmalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmalat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1996 British Formula Two Championship\n\nPrevious\n1995\nNext\n1997\nRelated series:1996 International Formula 3000 ChampionshipThe 1996 British Formula Two Championship was the seventh season of the British Formula 3000 Championship. The championship was dominated by the Super Nova car of Gareth Rees, the former Marlboro Masters F3 winner who competed in International Formula 3000 the previous year. He won six races and clinched the title with two rounds to go.Rees started the season in style, winning the first 5 races, but stumbled at Donington when Sascha Maassen took his only victory of the year. Werner Lupberger won the following round as Rees retired, but Gareth won the Silverstone round to tie up the championship. Luiz Garcia Jr. won the remaining two rounds after battling with Lupberger and Gonzalo Rodriguez, securing second in the standings. Lupberger ended up third, one place ahead of Rodriguez. British Formula Renault champion David Cook raced twice in Rees' absence, while future International F3000 star Jason Watt made his F3000 debut for Fred Goddard Racing in the final round. Ex-Andrea Moda F1 non-qualifier Perry McCarthy made a single seater return with DKS Racing. The future boss of International F3000 team Arden, Christian Horner, finished fifth overall after half a season with veteran team Madgwick International. Sarah Kavanagh, future Formula Nippon and BOSS Formula 1 driver, raced on a couple of occasions in a Sainsbury's and Parmalat backed Fred Goddard Racing entry.Several talented drivers entered British F2 in 1996, but at times grids had declined to just five cars, the smallest in the series' history, and teams withdrew their support. British F2 was finally dead.[1]","title":"1996 British Formula Two Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynard_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Cosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth"}],"text":"The following drivers and teams contested the 1996 British Formula Two Championship. All teams ran a Reynard chassis with Cosworth engine.","title":"Drivers and teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"British Formula Two Championship","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"[2]","title":"Championship Standings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2020-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211023012250/https://www.oocities.org/unofficialf3000/britishf3000/britishf3000.htm","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://www.oocities.org/unofficialf3000/britishf3000/britishf3000.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Venson British F2 Championship \| Motorsport Database\".","urls":[{"url":"https://database.motorsportmagazine.com/database/championships/british-f2-f3000/1996-venson-british-f2-championship","url_text":"\"1996 Venson British F2 Championship \| Motorsport Database\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211023012250/https://www.oocities.org/unofficialf3000/britishf3000/britishf3000.htm","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://www.oocities.org/unofficialf3000/britishf3000/britishf3000.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://database.motorsportmagazine.com/database/championships/british-f2-f3000/1996-venson-british-f2-championship","external_links_name":"\"1996 Venson British F2 Championship \| Motorsport Database\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_Two_(EP)	Page Two (EP)	["1 Background and release","2 Composition","3 Promotion","4 Critical reception","5 Commercial performance","6 Track listing","7 Content production","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","9 Accolades","10 Release history","11 Notes","12 References"]	Extended play by Twice Page TwoDigital and Mint version coverEP by TwiceReleasedApril 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)StudioJYPE StudiosGenreK-popdanceLength23:51LanguageKoreanLabelJYPProducerJ.Y. Park "The Asiansoul"Twice chronology The Story Begins(2015) Page Two(2016) Twicecoaster: Lane 1(2016) Alternative coverLimited edition cover featuring artwork by Chaeyoung Singles from Page Two "Cheer Up"Released: April 25, 2016 Page Two is the second extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Twice. The album was released digitally and physically on April 25, 2016, by JYP Entertainment and distributed by KT Music. It is supported by the lead single, "Cheer Up" which was produced by South Korean producing duo Black Eyed Pilseung. Consisting of seven tracks in total which incorporates various genres including dance-pop and hip hop, the EP became a commercial success for the group, reaching over 150,000 copies sold by September 2016. It set a record for having the highest first-week sales out of all Korean girl group album releases in 2016, until it was surpassed by Twice's succeeding EP Twicecoaster: Lane 1 which was released six months later. Background and release On April 5, 2016, Twice released a group teaser image depicting the members wearing cheerleading outfits in an empty stadium on their official SNS accounts, revealing that their comeback was slated for April 25 with the word "#CheerUp" included in the image. JYP Entertainment announced that the group's comeback will "show an even more lively side of Twice" and further added that they will begin promotional activities for the upcoming album in the following week. On April 12, the group confirmed that their next release will be an EP titled Page Two, and released an image of the album's track list, revealing seven songs in total with the lead single "Cheer Up". The seventh track "I'm Gonna Be a Star", which served as the theme song for Sixteen, was announced to be included only in the physical copy of the album. Contents of the physical album (which comes in two versions: pink and mint) was also revealed, and it was announced that 30,000 limited edition copies featuring a special sleeve designed by member Chaeyoung was available. On April 18, the group released their first music video teaser for "Cheer Up", which ranked first in real-time Korean search engines. They also uploaded a group teaser image on the same day. On April 19, a second music video teaser clip which featured Nayeon, Momo, and Dahyun was uploaded. Two sets of individual teaser photos featuring the three members were also released later that day. On April 20, a third music video teaser clip featuring Jeongyeon, Jihyo, and Mina was released, alongside the two batches of their individual teaser photos. The fourth music video teaser clip which featured Sana, Chaeyoung, and Tzuyu was uploaded on April 21, along with the two batches of their individual teaser photos. On April 22, the group released a music video teaser clip featuring all the members, revealing a snippet of the lead single's audio. The following day, they released another music video teaser which revealed a part of the choreography for "Cheer Up". An additional group teaser image was also released. On April 24, Twice released an album highlight medley featuring audio snippets for all tracks from the EP. They also released the online cover image for the album on the same day. Page Two was officially released on April 25 on various Korean music portals. Composition The extended play's lead single, "Cheer Up", has lyrics written by Sam Lewis and music by Black Eyed Pilseung, the same team who wrote Twice's hit single "Like Ooh-Ahh" from their debut mini-album. "Cheer Up" is a dance-pop song that incorporates multiple genres, including hip hop, tropical house, and drum and bass; this blend was described as "color pop". The second track on the album is a remake of Park Ji-yoon's 1998 single, "Precious Love", written by Park Jin-young (J. Y. Park). The song was re-arranged in a house dance style with electronic instrumentation and hip hop rhythms, and features a new rap written by Chaeyoung. "Touchdown" was described as a "powerful dance number with dynamic rhythms, melodies, and powerful sound effects". "Tuk Tok" is a dance-pop song with elements of soul and trap, inspired by the teaser video for Sixteen. "Woohoo" was described as a hip hop song with "groovy beats", and "My Headphones On" is a pop ballad about a girl's breakup. A seventh track, "I'm Gonna Be a Star" (the theme song from Sixteen) is only available on the CD version of the album. Promotion Twice performing "Cheer Up" at the showcase on April 25, 2016.On April 25, 2016, Twice held a media showcase at Yes 24 Live Hall in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul. They performed "Woohoo", "Touchdown", "Precious Love" and "Cheer Up" for the first time at the showcase, which was broadcast live via Naver's V Live. The group then promoted the album with a series of televised live performances on various music shows. Their first music show appearance was on M! Countdown on April 28, where they performed "Cheer Up" and "Touchdown". The choreography for "Cheer Up" was slightly changed after Sana's "shy shy shy" line (pronounced "sha sha sha") became a viral meme. Twice won their first music show award on M! Countdown the following week on May 5, and also won on Music Bank and Inkigayo that same week. They concluded promotion for the album on May 29 with a performance on Inkigayo, winning a total of eleven music show awards. The trophy on the May 27 edition of Music Bank was initially awarded to AOA before the show's producers admitted they had miscalculated the album points. Critical reception Kim Hyang-min of Korea JoongAng Daily gave the album a mixed review, describing the songs as "high-spirited and cheerful" and "generally refreshing and witty" but regretting the album's lack of genre diversity. Kim noted that the tension in the lead single's lyrics was "well-expressed" through its hip-hop and electronic sounds, though the song was too repetitive, and praised "Touchdown" for its "powerful sound" and energetic feeling. Commercial performance Page Two recorded the highest first-week sales volume for a Korean girl group in 2016 after reaching over 41,800 copies sold, which would soon be surpassed by Twice's own succeeding release Twicecoaster: Lane 1 released in October. The EP debuted at number two on the Gaon Album Chart and number six on the Billboard World Albums chart, with 80,686 units sold during the month of April. According to JYPE representatives, the pre-order of 30,000 limited edition albums was sold out before its official release. By September, the album had sold over 150,000 units. The songs from the album also performed well digitally. "Cheer Up" charted at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart and number three on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart, and was the best-performing song of 2016 in South Korea. "Precious Love" and "Touchdown" also charted on the Gaon Digital Chart, at numbers 73 and 86 respectively. Track listing Page Two — Digital EPNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1."Cheer Up"Sam LewisBlack Eyed PilseungRado3:282."Precious Love" (소중한 사랑; Sojunghan Sarang)J. Y. Park "The Asiansoul"ChaeyoungParkHong Ji-sang3:513."Touchdown"MaflyKrissie KarlssonKarl KarlssonNicki KarlssonEJ Show (Zoobeater Sound)The Karlsson'sEJ Show3:234."Tuk Tok" (툭하면 톡; Tukhamyeon Tok)Kim Min-ji (Jam Factory)Choi Jin-sukRonald "AV" NdlovuEmmanuel JimenezCourtney WoolseyStacy HebertChoi3:175."Woohoo"Glory FaceJinliGlory FaceGlory Face3:226."My Headphones On" (Headphone 써; Headphone Sseo)Kim Eun-sooDidrik ThottNiclas KingsYlva DimbergKings3:17Total length:20:37 Page Two — Physical EP bonus trackNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength7."I'm Gonna Be a Star"ParkOlltiiParkFrantsThe Vanderveers (Ebony Rae Vanderveer and Bruce "Automatic" Vanderveer)ParkFrants3:18Total length:23:55 Page Two — Thailand edition bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1."Cheer Up" (Music Video) 2."Cheer Up" (Teaser 1) 3."Cheer Up" (Teaser 2) 4."Cheer Up" (Teaser 3) 5."Cheer Up" (Teaser 4) 6."Cheer Up" (Music Video Teaser 1) 7."Cheer Up" (Music Video Teaser 2) 8."Special Interview" (Special Interview for Thai fans) Content production Credits adapted from album liner notes. Locations Recorded, engineered and mixed at JYP Entertainment Studios, Seoul, South Korea Mastered at Suono Mastering, Seoul, South Korea Personnel J. Y. Park – producer, all instruments (on "I'm Gonna Be a Star") Black Eyed Pilseung – co-producer Kim Yong-woon "goodyear" – recording and mixing engineer Choi Hye-jin – recording engineer, assistant mixing engineer Jang Hong-seok – assistant recording engineer Lee Tae-seop – mixing engineer Choi Hong-young – mastering engineer Go Ji-seon – assistant mastering engineer Park Nam-yong – choreographer Yoon Hee-so – choreographer Jang Deok-hee – photographer Kang Hye-in – album design Kim Jae-yoon – album design Park Ju-hee – album design Kim Young-jo – music video director Yoo Seung-woo – music video director Choi Hee-seon – style director Im Ji-yeon – style director Park Nae-ju – hair director Won Jeong-yo – make-up director Rado – all instruments and computer programming (on "Cheer Up") Jihyo – background vocals (on "Cheer Up", "Tuk Tok", "My Headphones On") Hong Ji-sang – all instruments and computer programming (on "Precious Love") The Karlsson's – all instruments and computer programming (on "Touchdown") EJ Show – all instruments and computer programming (on "Touchdown") Twice – background vocals (on "Touchdown") Choi Jin-seok – all instruments and computer programming (on "Tuk Tok") Daniel Kim – vocal director (on "Tuk Tok"), vocal producer (on "My Headphones On") Gong Hyeon-sik – all instruments, computer programming and background vocals (on "Woohoo") Jang Jun-ho – all instruments and computer programming (on "Woohoo") Jinri – background vocals (on "Precious Love", "Woohoo") Niclas Kings – all instruments and computer programming (on "My Headphones On") Frants – all instruments and computer programming (on "I'm Gonna Be a Star") Charts Weekly charts Chart (2016) Peakposition Japanese Albums (Oricon) 16 South Korean Albums (Gaon) 2 US World Albums (Billboard) 6 Year-end charts Chart (2016) Position South Korean Albums (Gaon) 13 Chart (2017) Position South Korean Albums (Gaon) 69 Accolades Year Award Category Result Ref. 2016 8th Melon Music Awards Best Album Award (Album of the Year) Nominated 18th Mnet Asian Music Awards Album of the Year Nominated 2017 6th Gaon Chart Music Awards Artist of the Year – Physical Album (2nd Quarter) Nominated Release history Release dates and formats for Page Two Region Date Format(s) Edition Label Ref. Various April 25, 2016 Digital downloadstreaming Standard JYP South Korea CD Thailand September 30, 2016 CD + DVD Thailand JYPBEC-Tero Music Notes ^ Glory Face (Korean: 영광의얼굴들; RR: Yeong-gwang-ui Eolguldeul) is a songwriting team made up of Jang Jun-ho and Gong Hyeon-sik, under Duble Kick Entertainment References ^ Choi, Hyeon-jeong (April 5, 2016). "트와이스 4월25일 컴백 공식 확정…티저 이미지 공개". Sports Donga (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ^ Hwang, Hye-jin (April 12, 2016). "트와이스 트랙리스트 공개, 타이틀곡 'CHEER UP'부터 박지윤 리메이크곡까지". Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ^ Jeon, Won (April 18, 2016). "트와이스 '치얼업' 티저공개…깜찍발랄 스포티 콘셉트". MyDaily (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ^ Yoo, Byung-cheol (April 18, 2016). "트와이스 CHEER UP단체 티저 이미지 공개치어리더 콘셉트 눈길". Hankook Kyungje TV (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. 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Retrieved May 21, 2017. ^ Mehta, Ankita (February 21, 2017). "Gaon Chart K-pop awards 2017 live streaming: Where to watch the event live online; complete list of nominees". International Business Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018. ^ "PAGE TWO". Naver Music (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017. ^ "트와이스(2, TWICE) - PAGE TWO: 미니앨범 2집" (in Korean). Hanteo Chart. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018. vteTwice Nayeon Jeongyeon Momo Sana Jihyo Mina Dahyun Chaeyoung Tzuyu Subgroups MiSaMo Studio albumsKorean Twicetagram Eyes Wide Open Formula of Love: O+T=<3 Japanese BDZ &Twice Perfect World Celebrate Extended plays The Story Begins Page Two Twicecoaster: Lane 1 Signal What Is Love? Yes or Yes Fancy You Feel Special More & More Taste of Love Between 1&2 Ready to Be With You-th ReissuesAlbums Merry & Happy EPs Twicecoaster: Lane 2 Summer Nights The Year of "Yes" CompilationsAlbums #Twice #Twice2 #Twice3 #Twice4 EPs What's Twice? Remix albums The Remixes SinglesKorean "Like Ooh-Ahh" "Cheer Up" "TT" "Knock Knock" "Signal" "Likey" "Heart Shaker" "What Is Love?" "Dance the Night Away" "Yes or Yes" "The Best Thing I Ever Did" "Fancy" "Feel Special" "More & More" "I Can't Stop Me" "Cry for Me" "Alcohol-Free" "Scientist" "Talk That Talk" "Set Me Free" "One Spark" Japanese "One More Time" "Candy Pop" "Wake Me Up" "BDZ" "Happy Happy" "Breakthrough" "Fake & True" "Fanfare" "Better" "Kura Kura" "Perfect World" "Doughnut" "Celebrate" "Hare Hare" English "I Want You Back" "The Feels" "Moonlight Sunrise" "I Got You" Concert tours Twicelights World Tour Twice 4th World Tour III Ready to Be World Tour Reality shows Sixteen Twice: Seize the Light Albums Singles Songs Videography Accolades Concerts Category Commons Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice"},{"link_name":"JYP Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"KT Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_Music"},{"link_name":"Cheer Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheer_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"Black Eyed Pilseung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eyed_Pilseung"},{"link_name":"Twicecoaster: Lane 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twicecoaster:_Lane_1"}],"text":"Page Two is the second extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Twice. The album was released digitally and physically on April 25, 2016, by JYP Entertainment and distributed by KT Music. It is supported by the lead single, \"Cheer Up\" which was produced by South Korean producing duo Black Eyed Pilseung.Consisting of seven tracks in total which incorporates various genres including dance-pop and hip hop, the EP became a commercial success for the group, reaching over 150,000 copies sold by September 2016. It set a record for having the highest first-week sales out of all Korean girl group album releases in 2016, until it was surpassed by Twice's succeeding EP Twicecoaster: Lane 1 which was released six months later.","title":"Page Two (EP)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JYP Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sixteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Chaeyoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeyoung"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nayeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayeon"},{"link_name":"Momo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo_Hirai"},{"link_name":"Dahyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahyun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jeongyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeongyeon"},{"link_name":"Jihyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihyo"},{"link_name":"Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_(Japanese_singer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Chaeyoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeyoung"},{"link_name":"Tzuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzuyu"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On April 5, 2016, Twice released a group teaser image depicting the members wearing cheerleading outfits in an empty stadium on their official SNS accounts, revealing that their comeback was slated for April 25 with the word \"#CheerUp\" included in the image. JYP Entertainment announced that the group's comeback will \"show an even more lively side of Twice\" and further added that they will begin promotional activities for the upcoming album in the following week.[1]On April 12, the group confirmed that their next release will be an EP titled Page Two, and released an image of the album's track list, revealing seven songs in total with the lead single \"Cheer Up\". The seventh track \"I'm Gonna Be a Star\", which served as the theme song for Sixteen, was announced to be included only in the physical copy of the album. Contents of the physical album (which comes in two versions: pink and mint) was also revealed, and it was announced that 30,000 limited edition copies featuring a special sleeve designed by member Chaeyoung was available.[2]On April 18, the group released their first music video teaser for \"Cheer Up\", which ranked first in real-time Korean search engines. They also uploaded a group teaser image on the same day.[3][4] On April 19, a second music video teaser clip which featured Nayeon, Momo, and Dahyun was uploaded. Two sets of individual teaser photos featuring the three members were also released later that day.[5][6][7] On April 20, a third music video teaser clip featuring Jeongyeon, Jihyo, and Mina was released, alongside the two batches of their individual teaser photos.[8][9][10] The fourth music video teaser clip which featured Sana, Chaeyoung, and Tzuyu was uploaded on April 21, along with the two batches of their individual teaser photos.[11][12][13] On April 22, the group released a music video teaser clip featuring all the members, revealing a snippet of the lead single's audio.[14] The following day, they released another music video teaser which revealed a part of the choreography for \"Cheer Up\". An additional group teaser image was also released.[15][16] On April 24, Twice released an album highlight medley featuring audio snippets for all tracks from the EP. They also released the online cover image for the album on the same day.[17][18] Page Two was officially released on April 25 on various Korean music portals.[19]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Eyed Pilseung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eyed_Pilseung"},{"link_name":"Like Ooh-Ahh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_Ooh-Ahh"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"tropical house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_house"},{"link_name":"drum and bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bass"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Park Ji-yoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Ji-yoon"},{"link_name":"Park Jin-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jin-young"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"Chaeyoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeyoung"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chae-21"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music_(EDM)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melon-22"},{"link_name":"pop ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_ballad"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The extended play's lead single, \"Cheer Up\", has lyrics written by Sam Lewis and music by Black Eyed Pilseung, the same team who wrote Twice's hit single \"Like Ooh-Ahh\" from their debut mini-album. \"Cheer Up\" is a dance-pop song that incorporates multiple genres, including hip hop, tropical house, and drum and bass; this blend was described as \"color pop\".[20] The second track on the album is a remake of Park Ji-yoon's 1998 single, \"Precious Love\", written by Park Jin-young (J. Y. Park). The song was re-arranged in a house dance style with electronic instrumentation and hip hop rhythms, and features a new rap written by Chaeyoung.[21]\"Touchdown\" was described as a \"powerful dance number with dynamic rhythms, melodies, and powerful sound effects\". \"Tuk Tok\" is a dance-pop song with elements of soul and trap, inspired by the teaser video for Sixteen.[22] \"Woohoo\" was described as a hip hop song with \"groovy beats\", and \"My Headphones On\" is a pop ballad about a girl's breakup.[23] A seventh track, \"I'm Gonna Be a Star\" (the theme song from Sixteen) is only available on the CD version of the album.[24]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:160425_Cheer_up_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8A%B8%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gwangjin-gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangjin-gu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Naver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver"},{"link_name":"V Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Live"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yna1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"music shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_programs_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"M! Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M!_Countdown"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Inkigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkigayo"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"AOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOA_(band)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Twice performing \"Cheer Up\" at the showcase on April 25, 2016.On April 25, 2016, Twice held a media showcase at Yes 24 Live Hall in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul.[25] They performed \"Woohoo\", \"Touchdown\", \"Precious Love\" and \"Cheer Up\" for the first time at the showcase, which was broadcast live via Naver's V Live.[26][27][28] The group then promoted the album with a series of televised live performances on various music shows. Their first music show appearance was on M! Countdown on April 28, where they performed \"Cheer Up\" and \"Touchdown\".[29] The choreography for \"Cheer Up\" was slightly changed after Sana's \"shy shy shy\" line (pronounced \"sha sha sha\") became a viral meme.[30][31] Twice won their first music show award on M! Countdown the following week on May 5,[32] and also won on Music Bank and Inkigayo that same week.[33][34] They concluded promotion for the album on May 29 with a performance on Inkigayo, winning a total of eleven music show awards. The trophy on the May 27 edition of Music Bank was initially awarded to AOA before the show's producers admitted they had miscalculated the album points.[35][36]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korea JoongAng Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Kim Hyang-min of Korea JoongAng Daily gave the album a mixed review, describing the songs as \"high-spirited and cheerful\" and \"generally refreshing and witty\" but regretting the album's lack of genre diversity. Kim noted that the tension in the lead single's lyrics was \"well-expressed\" through its hip-hop and electronic sounds, though the song was too repetitive, and praised \"Touchdown\" for its \"powerful sound\" and energetic feeling.[37]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Gaon Album Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard World Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaon_Album-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-world_albums-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaon0416-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Gaon Digital Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"best-performing song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gaon_Digital_Chart_number_ones_of_2016"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Page Two recorded the highest first-week sales volume for a Korean girl group in 2016 after reaching over 41,800 copies sold, which would soon be surpassed by Twice's own succeeding release Twicecoaster: Lane 1 released in October.[38][39] The EP debuted at number two on the Gaon Album Chart and number six on the Billboard World Albums chart, with 80,686 units sold during the month of April.[40][41][42] According to JYPE representatives, the pre-order of 30,000 limited edition albums was sold out before its official release.[43] By September, the album had sold over 150,000 units.[44]The songs from the album also performed well digitally. \"Cheer Up\" charted at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart and number three on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart, and was the best-performing song of 2016 in South Korea.[45][46] \"Precious Love\" and \"Touchdown\" also charted on the Gaon Digital Chart, at numbers 73 and 86 respectively.[47]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheer Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheer_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"Black Eyed Pilseung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eyed_Pilseung"},{"link_name":"Rado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eyed_Pilseung"},{"link_name":"J. Y. Park \"The Asiansoul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jin-young"},{"link_name":"Chaeyoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeyoung"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chae-21"},{"link_name":"Hong Ji-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Entertainment#Divisions"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Kim Min-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_Factory_(music_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Choi Jin-suk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsign_Music"},{"link_name":"Courtney Woolsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Jena%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Olltii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olltii"},{"link_name":"Frants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Entertainment#JYP_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Bruce \"Automatic\" Vanderveer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Vanderveer"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThailandEdition-50"}],"text":"Page Two — Digital EPNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1.\"Cheer Up\"Sam LewisBlack Eyed PilseungRado3:282.\"Precious Love\" (소중한 사랑; Sojunghan Sarang)J. Y. Park \"The Asiansoul\"Chaeyoung[21]ParkHong Ji-sang3:513.\"Touchdown\"MaflyKrissie KarlssonKarl KarlssonNicki KarlssonEJ Show (Zoobeater Sound)The Karlsson'sEJ Show3:234.\"Tuk Tok[48]\" (툭하면 톡; Tukhamyeon Tok)Kim Min-ji (Jam Factory)Choi Jin-sukRonald \"AV\" NdlovuEmmanuel JimenezCourtney WoolseyStacy HebertChoi3:175.\"Woohoo\"Glory Face[a]JinliGlory FaceGlory Face3:226.\"My Headphones On\" (Headphone 써; Headphone Sseo)Kim Eun-sooDidrik ThottNiclas KingsYlva DimbergKings3:17Total length:20:37Page Two — Physical EP bonus trackNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength7.\"I'm Gonna Be a Star\"ParkOlltiiParkFrantsThe Vanderveers (Ebony Rae Vanderveer and Bruce \"Automatic\" Vanderveer)ParkFrants3:18Total length:23:55Page Two — Thailand edition bonus DVD[49]No.TitleLength1.\"Cheer Up\" (Music Video) 2.\"Cheer Up\" (Teaser 1) 3.\"Cheer Up\" (Teaser 2) 4.\"Cheer Up\" (Teaser 3) 5.\"Cheer Up\" (Teaser 4) 6.\"Cheer Up\" (Music Video Teaser 1) 7.\"Cheer Up\" (Music Video Teaser 2) 8.\"Special Interview\" (Special Interview for Thai fans)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"J. Y. Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jin-young"},{"link_name":"Black Eyed Pilseung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eyed_Pilseung"},{"link_name":"Rado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eyed_Pilseung#Rado"},{"link_name":"computer programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Jihyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihyo"},{"link_name":"Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice"}],"text":"Credits adapted from album liner notes.[50]LocationsRecorded, engineered and mixed at JYP Entertainment Studios, Seoul, South Korea\nMastered at Suono Mastering, Seoul, South KoreaPersonnelJ. Y. Park – producer, all instruments (on \"I'm Gonna Be a Star\")\nBlack Eyed Pilseung – co-producer\nKim Yong-woon \"goodyear\" – recording and mixing engineer\nChoi Hye-jin – recording engineer, assistant mixing engineer\nJang Hong-seok – assistant recording engineer\nLee Tae-seop – mixing engineer\nChoi Hong-young – mastering engineer\nGo Ji-seon – assistant mastering engineer\nPark Nam-yong – choreographer\nYoon Hee-so – choreographer\nJang Deok-hee – photographer\nKang Hye-in – album design\nKim Jae-yoon – album design\nPark Ju-hee – album design\nKim Young-jo – music video director\nYoo Seung-woo – music video director\nChoi Hee-seon – style director\nIm Ji-yeon – style director\nPark Nae-ju – hair director\nWon Jeong-yo – make-up director\nRado – all instruments and computer programming (on \"Cheer Up\")\nJihyo – background vocals (on \"Cheer Up\", \"Tuk Tok\", \"My Headphones On\")\nHong Ji-sang – all instruments and computer programming (on \"Precious Love\")\nThe Karlsson's – all instruments and computer programming (on \"Touchdown\")\nEJ Show – all instruments and computer programming (on \"Touchdown\")\nTwice – background vocals (on \"Touchdown\")\nChoi Jin-seok – all instruments and computer programming (on \"Tuk Tok\")\nDaniel Kim – vocal director (on \"Tuk Tok\"), vocal producer (on \"My Headphones On\")\nGong Hyeon-sik – all instruments, computer programming and background vocals (on \"Woohoo\")\nJang Jun-ho – all instruments and computer programming (on \"Woohoo\")\nJinri – background vocals (on \"Precious Love\", \"Woohoo\")\nNiclas Kings – all instruments and computer programming (on \"My Headphones On\")\nFrants – all instruments and computer programming (on \"I'm Gonna Be a Star\")","title":"Content production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Page_Two_(EP)&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaon_Album-40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-world_albums-41"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Page_Two_(EP)&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[51]\n\n16\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Gaon)[40]\n\n2\n\n\nUS World Albums (Billboard)[41]\n\n6\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Gaon)[52]\n\n13\n\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Gaon)[53]\n\n69","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"Duble Kick Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Kick_Entertainment"}],"text":"^ Glory Face (Korean: 영광의얼굴들; RR: Yeong-gwang-ui Eolguldeul) is a songwriting team made up of Jang Jun-ho and Gong Hyeon-sik, under Duble Kick Entertainment","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Twice performing \"Cheer Up\" at the showcase on April 25, 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/160425_Cheer_up_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8A%B8%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4.jpg/220px-160425_Cheer_up_%EC%87%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8A%B8%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Choi, Hyeon-jeong (April 5, 2016). \"트와이스 4월25일 컴백 공식 확정…티저 이미지 공개\". Sports Donga (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000464289","url_text":"\"트와이스 4월25일 컴백 공식 확정…티저 이미지 공개\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613074933/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000464289","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hwang, Hye-jin (April 12, 2016). \"트와이스 트랙리스트 공개, 타이틀곡 'CHEER UP'부터 박지윤 리메이크곡까지\". Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201604121210270410","url_text":"\"트와이스 트랙리스트 공개, 타이틀곡 'CHEER UP'부터 박지윤 리메이크곡까지\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928125610/https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201604121210270410","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeon, Won (April 18, 2016). \"트와이스 '치얼업' 티저공개…깜찍발랄 스포티 콘셉트\". MyDaily (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://mydaily.co.kr/new_yk/html/read.php?newsid=201604180849121131","url_text":"\"트와이스 '치얼업' 티저공개…깜찍발랄 스포티 콘셉트\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613074934/http://mydaily.co.kr/new_yk/html/read.php?newsid=201604180849121131","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yoo, Byung-cheol (April 18, 2016). \"트와이스 CHEER UP단체 티저 이미지 공개치어리더 콘셉트 눈길\". Hankook Kyungje TV (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wowtv.co.kr/NewsCenter/News/Read?articleId=A201604180219","url_text":"\"트와이스 CHEER UP단체 티저 이미지 공개치어리더 콘셉트 눈길\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Economic_Daily","url_text":"Hankook Kyungje TV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613074948/https://www.wowtv.co.kr/NewsCenter/News/Read?articleId=A201604180219","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Mi-hwa (April 19, 2016). \"트와이스, 이번에는 깜찍한 공포?..두번째 티저 영상 공개\". Star News (in Korean). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrina_arabica	Clathrina arabica	["1 References"]	Species of sponge Clathrina arabica Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera Class: Calcarea Order: Clathrinida Family: Clathrinidae Genus: Clathrina Species: C. arabica Binomial name Clathrina arabica(Miklucho-Maclay in Haeckel, 1872) Synonyms Nardoa arabica Miklucho-Maclay in Haeckel, 1872 Guancha arabica Miklucho-Maclay in Haeckel, 1872 Clathrina arabica is a species of calcareous sponge from Oman. References World Register of Marine Species entry Taxon identifiersClathrina arabica Wikidata: Q61477791 Wikispecies: Clathrina arabica CoL: VSTG GBIF: 9499351 Open Tree of Life: 2841728 WoRMS: 1051753 Guancha arabica Wikidata: Q1980525 CoL: 3HHZX EoL: 268371 GBIF: 2236826 IRMNG: 10818244 WoRMS: 164696 This article about a calcareous sponge is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"calcareous sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_sponge"}],"text":"Clathrina arabica is a species of calcareous sponge from Oman.","title":"Clathrina arabica"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=164696/","external_links_name":"World Register of Marine Species entry"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/VSTG","external_links_name":"VSTG"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9499351","external_links_name":"9499351"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2841728","external_links_name":"2841728"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1051753","external_links_name":"1051753"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3HHZX","external_links_name":"3HHZX"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/268371","external_links_name":"268371"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2236826","external_links_name":"2236826"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10818244","external_links_name":"10818244"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=164696","external_links_name":"164696"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clathrina_arabica&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_January_1992	Deaths in January 1992	[]	List of notable deaths in a month Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ← December January February → The following is a list of notable deaths in January 1992. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. January 1992 1 Cele Abba, 85, Italian actress. Konrad Bleuler, 79, Swiss quantum physicist. Jack Badham, 72, English football player. James W. B. Douglas, 78, British social researcher. M. J. Frankovich, 82, American film producer, pneumonia. Franz Fuchsberger, 81, Austrian football player. Grace Hopper, 85, American naval admiral and computer scientist. Oskar Munzel, 92, Germany Wehrmacht general during World War II. 2 Kenneth Emory, 94, American anthropologist. Virginia Field, 74, British-born American actress, cancer. Tibor Gallai, 79, Hungarian mathematician. Hedwig Haß, 89, German Olympic fencer (1936). Hans Kurath, 100, Austrian-American linguist. Ginette Leclerc, 79, French actress, cancer. Maurice Perrin, 80, French cyclist. Yaúca, 56, Portuguese football player. 3 O. V. Alagesan, 80, Indian politician and freedom fighter. Dame Judith Anderson, 94, Australian actress, pneumonia. Robert Gordis, 83, American conservative rabbi. Carl McVoy, 61, American pianist. Domenico Meldolesi, 51, Italian racing cyclist. Matteo Poggi, 78, Italian football player and coach. Antonio Quirino, 85, Filipino judge, entrepreneur and politician. Radomiro Tomic, 77, Chilean politician. Pavel Zyryanov, 84, Soviet major general and former commander of the Soviet Border Troops. 4 Alejandro Carrión, 76, Ecuadorian poet, novelist and journalist. Patrick Gallacher, 82, Scottish football player. Antonio Ghiardello, 93, Italian rower and Olympic medalist. Teddy Grace, 86, American jazz singer. Edmund Samarakkody, 79, Ceylonese lawyer, trade unionist, and politician. Tim Washington, 32, American football player, pneumonia. 5 Ze'ev Aleksandrowicz, 86, Israeli photographer. Philip J. Dolan, 68, American physicist. Dattatraya Ganesh Godse, 77, Indian historian, playwright, and art critic. Reuben "Rube" Lautenschlager, 76, American basketball player. Chester Schaeffer, 89, American film editor. 6 Éva Balázs, 49, Hungarian cross-country skier and Olympian. Carl Bridenbaugh, 88, American historian of Colonial America. Bent Christensen, 62, Danish film director, actor, and screenwriter, cancer. Nikolay Dutov, 53, Soviet-Russian long-distance runner. Steve Gilpin, 42, New Zealand singer, traffic collision. 7 Richard Hunt, 40, American puppeteer (The Muppets). Gilles Lalay, 29, French motorcycle racer, motorcycle accident. Robert Lord, 46, New Zealand playwright. Andrew Marton, 87, Hungarian-American film director, cancer. Ian Wood, 90, Australian politician. 8 Proinsias Mac Airt, 69, Irish republican activist. Abderrahim Bouabid, 69, Moroccan politician. Anthony Dawson, 75, Scottish actor (Dr. No, Dial M for Murder, Valley of Eagles), cancer. John Harrington, 70, American gridiron football player. Marjorie Kane, 82, American film and stage actress. Johnny Meijer, 79, Dutch accordionist. Natan Peled, 78, Israeli politician. Nicolas Schöffer, 79, Hungarian-French cybernetic artist. Zoya Voskresenskaya, 84, Soviet diplomat, NKVD secret agent, and children's author. Joe Zeno, 72, American gridiron football player. 9 Steve Brodie, 72, American actor, cancer. Claude Coats, 78, American animator (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Dumbo, Peter Pan). Al Coppage, 75, American gridiron football player. Hans Jenny, 92, Swiss-born soil scientist. Walt Kichefski, 75, American football player and coach. Bill Naughton, 81, British playwright. Luigi Stipa, 91, Italian aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer. Louis Terrenoire, 83, French politician. Jochen van Aerssen, 50, German politician and member of the Bundestag. 10 Roberto Bonomi, 72, Argentine racing driver. Barbara Couper, 89, British actress. Johnny Hawke, 67, Australian rugby league football player, parkinson's disease. James I. Loeb, 82, American politician and diplomat, pneumonia. Daniel Norton, 86, Australian politician. 11 Heikki Aaltoila, 86, Finnish film composer. Jean Claudio, 64, French actor. Juan Gilberto Funes, 28, Argentine footballer, heart attack. William George Hoskins, 83, English historian. Edward Jancarz, 45, Polish speedway rider, knifed. Morton Kaer, 89, American gridiron football player. Eckart-Wilhelm von Bonin, 72, German Luftwaffe pilot during World War II. 12 Lode Anthonis, 69, Belgian racing cyclist. Bilegiin Damdinsüren, 73, Mongolian musician and composer. Kumar Gandharva, 67, Indian classical singer. Walt Morey, 84, American author. George Strohmeyer, 67, American gridiron football player. Harry van Doorn, 76, Dutch politician. 13 Hugh Meade Alcorn,Jr., 84, American politician, stroke. Yvonne Bryceland, 66, South African actress, cancer. Dagny Lind, 89, Swedish film actress. Josef Neckermann, 79, German equestrian and Olympic champion. Mehdi Abbasov, 32, Azerbaijani politician and soldier, killed in battle. Henri Queffélec, 81, French novelist. Gerhard Rose, 95, German scientist and war criminal during World War II. 14 Irakli Abashidze, 82, Georgian poet, literary scholar and politician. Walter Herssens, 61, Belgian decathlete and Olympian. Ernst Wilhelm Kalinke, 73, German cinematographer. Vernon E. Megee, 91, United States Marine Corps general. Jerry Nolan, 45, American rock drummer, stroke. Alf Teichs, 87, German filmmaker. Flory Van Donck, 79, Belgian golfer. 15 Zhang Dazhi, 80, Chinese lieutenant general and politician. Charlie Gassaway, 73, American baseball player. Fritz Kraatz, 85, Swiss ice hockey player. Dee Murray, 45, English bassist (Elton John Band), stroke. Suzanne Muzard, 91, French prostitute and photographer. Angel Penna,Sr., 68, Argentine-American racehorse trainer. Hari Rhodes, 59, American actor, heart attack. 16 Ross Patterson Alger, 71, Canadian politician, cancer. Walter Bartel, 87, German communist resistance member during World War II, and historian. Albert R. Behnke, 88, American physician. Ajahn Chah, 73, Thai Buddhist monk. W. John Kenney, 87, United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt, 70, Swedish comedian and actor, heart attack. Shelagh Roberts, 67, British politician, cancer. 17 Dorothy Alison, 66, Australian actress. Luigi Durand de la Penne, 77, Italian Navy admiral. Henry Stommel, 71, American oceanographer. Charlie Ventura, 75, American saxophonist, lung cancer. 18 Hamidul Huq Choudhury, 90, Bangladeshi politician. Theodore L. Futch, 96, United States Army brigadier general. George Hill, 90, American sprinter and Olympian. Ruby R. Levitt, 84, American set decorator (The Sound of Music, The Andromeda Strain, Chinatown). Cromie McCandless, 71, Northern Irish racing motorcyclist. Shigeo Tanaka, 85, Japanese film director. Douglas Woolf, 69, American author of novels and book reviews. 19 Augusto Benedico, 82, Spanish-Mexican actor. Pietro di Donato, 80, American writer, bone cancer. Albert Glock, 66, American archaeologist, murdered. Bill Horton, 86, English rugby player. Ted W. Lawson, 74, United States Air Force officer. Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, 62, Indian singer-songwriter. 20 Mario Ariosa, 71, Cuban baseball player. Milovan Gavazzi, 96, Croatian ethnographer. Trond Hegna, 93, Norwegian politician. Charles Kenny, 93, American composer, author, and violinist. Theodore Lukits, 94, Romanian-American painter. Jean-Pierre Lecocq, 44, Belgian molecular biologist, plane crash. Tom McCarthy, 57, Canadian ice hockey player. 21 Edmund Collein, 86, German architect. Bernard Cornut-Gentille, 82, French administrator and politician. Champion Jack Dupree, 81, American blues musician, cancer. Franz Hanreiter, 78, Austrian footballer. Marita Katusheva, 53, Soviet volleyball player and Olympic silver medalist. Eddie Mabo, 55, Australian indigenous people's activist, cancer. Miguel Manzano, 84, Mexican actor, kidney failure. 22 A. J. Antoon, 47, American theatre director, AIDS-related lymphoma. Mark Hopkinson, 42, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection. Derek Walker-Smith, Baron Broxbourne, 81, British politician. Fernand Buyle, 73, Belgian footballer. Billy Graham, 69, American boxer, cancer. Francisco Urroz, 71, Chilean football player. 23 Freddie Bartholomew, 67, English-American child actor, heart failure. Harry Mortimer, 89, English composer and conductor. Joseph Mugnaini, 79, Italian-American artist and illustrator. Ian Wolfe, 95, American actor. 24 Ignacio Bernal, 81, Mexican anthropologist and archaeologist. John Bleifer, 90, American actor. Tina Chow, 41, American model and jewelry designer, AIDS. Ken Darby, 82, American composer, lyricist, and conductor. Klaes Karppinen, 84, Finnish cross-country skier and Olympic champion. Ricky Ray Rector, 42, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection. Talia Shapira, 45, Israeli actress, cancer. 25 Raban Adelmann, 79, German politician and member of the Bundestag. Riad Ahmadov, 35, Azerbaijan officer and war hero, killed in action. Kay Beauchamp, 92, British communist activist and feminist. Guido Buzzelli, 64, Italian comic book artist, writer, and painter. Pedro Linares, 85, Mexican artist. Mahmoud Riad, 75, Egyptian diplomat. 26 Sheldon Chumir, 51, Canadian lawyer and politician. José Ferrer, 80, Puerto Rican actor (Cyrano de Bergerac, Lawrence of Arabia, The Caine Mutiny) and filmmaker, colorectal cancer. Gilroy Roberts, 86, American sculptor and minter. Hans Schulze, 80, German water polo player. 27 John Alcorn, 56, American artist, designer, and illustrator. Boris Arapov, 86, Russian composer. Bharat Bhushan, 71, Indian actor, scriptwriter and producer. Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies, 101, English actress. Sally Mugabe, 60, Zimbabwean activist, first lady (since 1987), kidney failure. Henriette von Schirach, 78, German writer and wife to nazi politician Baldur von Schirach. William Walker, 95, American television and film actor, cancer. 28 Arvid Andersson-Holtman, 95, Swedish gymnast and Olympic champion. Nahman Avigad, 86, Israeli archaeologist. Hans Lang, 83, Austrian composer of light music, film music and Viennese songs. Ərəstun Mahmudov, 34, Azerbaijani officer and war hero, killed in action.. Marifat Nasibov, 19, Azerbaijani soldier and war hero, killed in action. Viktor Seryogin, 47, Azerbaijani soldier and war hero, killed in action. Mehmet Ali Yalım, 62, Turkish basketball player. Arvo Ylppö, 104, Finnish physician and academic. 29 Michael Hicks Beach, 2nd Earl St Aldwyn, 79, British politician. Noer Alie, 77, Indonesian Islamic leader and educator. Willie Dixon, 76, American blues musician, heart failure. Art Somers, 90, Canadian ice hockey player. 30 Francis Birch, 88, American geophysicist, prostate cancer. Ed Taylor, 90, American baseball player. George Frederick James Temple, 90, English mathematician9. Coaker Triplett, 80, American baseball player. 31 Ludwig Geyer, 87, German cyclist. Mel Hein, 82, American football player, stomach cancer. Martin Held, 83, German television and film actor. István Sárközi, 44, Hungarian Olympic footballer (1968), traffic collision. References ^ "Jack Badham". worldfootball.net. Retrieved September 10, 2022. ^ OLIVER, MYRNA (January 3, 1992). "Noted Movie Producer Mike Frankovich Dies". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 10, 2022. ^ Castellanos-Monfil, Román (December 9, 2015). "Happy 109th birthday to Yale alumna Grace Hopper, a pioneer in computer science". YaleNews. Retrieved July 20, 2022. ^ "Virginia Field - Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB". ibdb.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Olympedia – Hedwig Haß". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Hans Kurath - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "matchID - Ginette Leclerc". Fichier des décès (in French). Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "matchID - Maurice Perrin". Fichier des décès (in French). Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ Eric Pace (January 4, 1992). "Dame Judith Anderson Dies at 93; An Actress of Powerful Portrayals". The New York Times. p. 1 27. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ Ari L. Goldman (January 7, 1992). "Rabbi Robert Gordis, 83, Dies; Defined Conservative Judaism". The New York Times. p. B 8. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Domenico Meldolesi". procyclingstats.com. 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The New York Times. p. 1 24. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Bent Christensen". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Richard Hunt; Puppeteer, 40". The New York Times. January 9, 1992. p. D 23. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "matchID - Gilles Lalay". Fichier des décès (in French). Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ William H. Honan (January 9, 1992). "Andrew Marton, 83, a Director Of Films Featuring Action Scenes". The New York Times. p. D 23. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Ian Wood - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Abderrahim Bouabid". data.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Anthony Dawson - Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB". ibdb.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "John Harrington Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Nicolas Schöffer". britannica.com. 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Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Charlie Gassaway Stats - Baseball-Reference.com". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Olympedia – Fritz Kraatz". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Angel Penna, 68, Race-Horse Trainer In U.S. and France". The New York Times. January 17, 1992. p. D 16. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Walter Bartel - filmportal.de". filmportal.de (in German). Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ Bruce Lambert (January 18, 1992). "W. John Kenney Is Dead at 87; Was Marshall Plan Administrator". The New York Times. p. 1 10. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Dorothy Alison". data.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Henry Stommel". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Charlie Ventura, 75, Big-Band Saxophonist". The New York Times. January 20, 1992. p. B 8. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Olympedia – George Hill". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Douglas Woolf". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Pietro di Donato - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ Fox, Edward (June 2, 2001). "The mysterious death of Dr Glock". The Guardian. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Milovan Gavazzi". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Charles Kenny - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Tom McCarthy Stats - Hockey-Reference.com". hockey-reference.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Bernard Cornut-Gentille". data.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Champion Jack Dupree, Jazz Pianist, 82". The New York Times. January 22, 1992. p. A 19. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Franz Hanreiter". worldfootball.net. 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Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "John Bleifer - Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB". ibdb.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Tina Chow - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Ken Darby - Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB". ibdb.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Olympedia – Klaes Karppinen". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Guido Buzzelli". data.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Mahmoud Riad". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "José Ferrer". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Gilroy Roberts - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Olympedia – Hans Schulze". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ Bruce Lambert (February 2, 1992). "John E. Alcorn, 56, an Illustrator and Designer in Many Media, Dies". The New York Times. p. 1 38. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Olympedia - ArvidAndersson". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ Wolfgang Saxon (February 14, 1992). "Nahman Avigad, an Archeologist And Biblical Scholar, Dies at 86". The New York Times. p. B 11. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Hans Lang - filmportal.de". filmportal.de (in German). Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Olympedia – Mehmet Ali Yalım". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Willie Dixon". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Art Somers Stats - Hockey-Reference.com". hockey-reference.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Francis Birch - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Eddie Taylor Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More – Baseball-Reference.com". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "George Frederick James Temple". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Coaker Triplett Stats - Baseball-Reference.com". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Ludwig Geyer". procyclingstats.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ Robert McG. Thomas Jr. (February 2, 1992). "Mel Hein, 82, the Durable Center of the New York Football Giants". The New York Times. p. 1 38. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Martin Held - filmportal.de". filmportal.de (in German). Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Olympedia – István Sárközi". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022. vteDeaths by month 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2019 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2018 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2016 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2015 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2014 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2013 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2012 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2011 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2008 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2006 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2005 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2004 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2003 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2002 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2001 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1999 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1998 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1997 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1996 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1995 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1994 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1993 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1992 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1991 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1990 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1989 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lists of deaths by year	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#5"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#6"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#8"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#9"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#10"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#11"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#12"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#14"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#15"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#16"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#17"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#18"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#19"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#20"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#21"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#22"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#23"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#24"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#25"},{"link_name":"26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#26"},{"link_name":"27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#27"},{"link_name":"28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#28"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#29"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#30"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#31"},{"link_name":"← December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_December_1991"},{"link_name":"February →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_February_1992"}],"text":"Contents \n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n\n← December\nJanuary\nFebruary →The following is a list of notable deaths in January 1992.Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.","title":"Deaths in January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cele Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cele_Abba"},{"link_name":"Konrad Bleuler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Bleuler"},{"link_name":"quantum physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physicist"},{"link_name":"Jack Badham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Badham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"James W. B. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._B._Douglas"},{"link_name":"M. J. Frankovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._J._Frankovich"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Franz Fuchsberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Fuchsberger"},{"link_name":"Grace Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Oskar Munzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Munzel"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"}],"sub_title":"1","text":"Cele Abba, 85, Italian actress.\nKonrad Bleuler, 79, Swiss quantum physicist.\nJack Badham, 72, English football player.[1]\nJames W. B. Douglas, 78, British social researcher.\nM. J. Frankovich, 82, American film producer, pneumonia.[2]\nFranz Fuchsberger, 81, Austrian football player.\nGrace Hopper, 85, American naval admiral and computer scientist.[3]\nOskar Munzel, 92, Germany Wehrmacht general during World War II.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Emory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Emory"},{"link_name":"Virginia Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Field"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tibor Gallai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_Gallai"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Haß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Ha%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hans Kurath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kurath"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ginette Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginette_Leclerc"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Maurice Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Perrin_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Yaúca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C3%BAca"}],"sub_title":"2","text":"Kenneth Emory, 94, American anthropologist.\nVirginia Field, 74, British-born American actress, cancer.[4]\nTibor Gallai, 79, Hungarian mathematician.\nHedwig Haß, 89, German Olympic fencer (1936).[5]\nHans Kurath, 100, Austrian-American linguist.[6]\nGinette Leclerc, 79, French actress, cancer.[7]\nMaurice Perrin, 80, French cyclist.[8]\nYaúca, 56, Portuguese football player.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O. V. Alagesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._V._Alagesan"},{"link_name":"Dame Judith Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Gordis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gordis"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Carl McVoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_McVoy"},{"link_name":"Domenico Meldolesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Meldolesi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Matteo Poggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Poggi"},{"link_name":"Antonio Quirino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Quirino"},{"link_name":"Radomiro Tomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomiro_Tomic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pavel Zyryanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Zyryanov"},{"link_name":"Soviet Border Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"3","text":"O. V. Alagesan, 80, Indian politician and freedom fighter.\nDame Judith Anderson, 94, Australian actress, pneumonia.[9]\nRobert Gordis, 83, American conservative rabbi.[10]\nCarl McVoy, 61, American pianist.\nDomenico Meldolesi, 51, Italian racing cyclist.[11]\nMatteo Poggi, 78, Italian football player and coach.\nAntonio Quirino, 85, Filipino judge, entrepreneur and politician.\nRadomiro Tomic, 77, Chilean politician.[12]\nPavel Zyryanov, 84, Soviet major general and former commander of the Soviet Border Troops.[13]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alejandro Carrión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Carri%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Patrick Gallacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gallacher"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Antonio Ghiardello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ghiardello"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Teddy Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Grace"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Edmund Samarakkody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Samarakkody"},{"link_name":"Tim Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Washington"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"4","text":"Alejandro Carrión, 76, Ecuadorian poet, novelist and journalist.[14]\nPatrick Gallacher, 82, Scottish football player.[15]\nAntonio Ghiardello, 93, Italian rower and Olympic medalist.[16]\nTeddy Grace, 86, American jazz singer.\nEdmund Samarakkody, 79, Ceylonese lawyer, trade unionist, and politician.\nTim Washington, 32, American football player, pneumonia.[17]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ze'ev Aleksandrowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%27ev_Aleksandrowicz"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Dolan"},{"link_name":"Dattatraya Ganesh Godse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattatraya_Ganesh_Godse"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Reuben \"Rube\" Lautenschlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Lautenschlager"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chester Schaeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Schaeffer"}],"sub_title":"5","text":"Ze'ev Aleksandrowicz, 86, Israeli photographer.\nPhilip J. Dolan, 68, American physicist.\nDattatraya Ganesh Godse, 77, Indian historian, playwright, and art critic.[18]\nReuben \"Rube\" Lautenschlager, 76, American basketball player.[19]\nChester Schaeffer, 89, American film editor.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Éva Balázs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89va_Bal%C3%A1zs"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Carl Bridenbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bridenbaugh"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bent Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Christensen_(director)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Dutov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Dutov"},{"link_name":"Steve Gilpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gilpin"}],"sub_title":"6","text":"Éva Balázs, 49, Hungarian cross-country skier and Olympian.[20]\nCarl Bridenbaugh, 88, American historian of Colonial America.[21]\nBent Christensen, 62, Danish film director, actor, and screenwriter, cancer.[22]\nNikolay Dutov, 53, Soviet-Russian long-distance runner.\nSteve Gilpin, 42, New Zealand singer, traffic collision.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hunt_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"The Muppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Gilles Lalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Lalay"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Robert Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lord_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Marton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Marton"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ian Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wood_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"7","text":"Richard Hunt, 40, American puppeteer (The Muppets).[23]\nGilles Lalay, 29, French motorcycle racer, motorcycle accident.[24]\nRobert Lord, 46, New Zealand playwright.\nAndrew Marton, 87, Hungarian-American film director, cancer.[25]\nIan Wood, 90, Australian politician.[26]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proinsias Mac Airt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsias_Mac_Airt"},{"link_name":"Irish republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republican"},{"link_name":"Abderrahim Bouabid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrahim_Bouabid"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Anthony Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Dr. No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._No_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dial M for Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder"},{"link_name":"Valley of Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Eagles"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"John Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrington_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Kane"},{"link_name":"Johnny Meijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Meijer"},{"link_name":"accordionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordionist"},{"link_name":"Natan Peled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natan_Peled"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Schöffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sch%C3%B6ffer"},{"link_name":"cybernetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Zoya Voskresenskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoya_Voskresenskaya"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"Joe Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Zeno"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"8","text":"Proinsias Mac Airt, 69, Irish republican activist.\nAbderrahim Bouabid, 69, Moroccan politician.[27]\nAnthony Dawson, 75, Scottish actor (Dr. No, Dial M for Murder, Valley of Eagles), cancer.[28]\nJohn Harrington, 70, American gridiron football player.[29]\nMarjorie Kane, 82, American film and stage actress.\nJohnny Meijer, 79, Dutch accordionist.\nNatan Peled, 78, Israeli politician.\nNicolas Schöffer, 79, Hungarian-French cybernetic artist.[30]\nZoya Voskresenskaya, 84, Soviet diplomat, NKVD secret agent, and children's author.\nJoe Zeno, 72, American gridiron football player.[31]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Brodie_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Claude Coats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Coats"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Dumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Al Coppage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Coppage"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Hans Jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jenny_(pedologist)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Walt Kichefski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Kichefski"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Bill Naughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Naughton"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Luigi Stipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Stipa"},{"link_name":"Louis Terrenoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Terrenoire"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jochen van Aerssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_van_Aerssen"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"}],"sub_title":"9","text":"Steve Brodie, 72, American actor, cancer.[32]\nClaude Coats, 78, American animator (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Dumbo, Peter Pan).\nAl Coppage, 75, American gridiron football player.[33]\nHans Jenny, 92, Swiss-born soil scientist.[34]\nWalt Kichefski, 75, American football player and coach.[35]\nBill Naughton, 81, British playwright.[36]\nLuigi Stipa, 91, Italian aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer.\nLouis Terrenoire, 83, French politician.[37]\nJochen van Aerssen, 50, German politician and member of the Bundestag.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberto Bonomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bonomi"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"Barbara Couper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Couper"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hawke"},{"link_name":"parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"James I. Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I._Loeb"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Daniel Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Norton_(Australian_politician)"}],"sub_title":"10","text":"Roberto Bonomi, 72, Argentine racing driver.[38][circular reference]\nBarbara Couper, 89, British actress.[39]\nJohnny Hawke, 67, Australian rugby league football player, parkinson's disease.\nJames I. Loeb, 82, American politician and diplomat, pneumonia.[40]\nDaniel Norton, 86, Australian politician.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heikki Aaltoila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikki_Aaltoila"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Jean Claudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Claudio"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Juan Gilberto Funes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gilberto_Funes"},{"link_name":"William George Hoskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Hoskins"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Edward Jancarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jancarz"},{"link_name":"speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"Morton Kaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Kaer"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Eckart-Wilhelm von Bonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckart-Wilhelm_von_Bonin"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"}],"sub_title":"11","text":"Heikki Aaltoila, 86, Finnish film composer.[41]\nJean Claudio, 64, French actor.[42]\nJuan Gilberto Funes, 28, Argentine footballer, heart attack.\nWilliam George Hoskins, 83, English historian.[43]\nEdward Jancarz, 45, Polish speedway rider, knifed.\nMorton Kaer, 89, American gridiron football player.[44]\nEckart-Wilhelm von Bonin, 72, German Luftwaffe pilot during World War II.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lode Anthonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode_Anthonis"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Bilegiin Damdinsüren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilegiin_Damdins%C3%BCren"},{"link_name":"Kumar Gandharva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva"},{"link_name":"Walt Morey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Morey"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"George Strohmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strohmeyer"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Harry van Doorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_van_Doorn"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"12","text":"Lode Anthonis, 69, Belgian racing cyclist.[45]\nBilegiin Damdinsüren, 73, Mongolian musician and composer.\nKumar Gandharva, 67, Indian classical singer.\nWalt Morey, 84, American author.[46]\nGeorge Strohmeyer, 67, American gridiron football player.[47]\nHarry van Doorn, 76, Dutch politician.[48]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Meade Alcorn,Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meade_Alcorn"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Bryceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Bryceland"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Dagny Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagny_Lind"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Josef Neckermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Neckermann"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Mehdi Abbasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Abbasov"},{"link_name":"killed in battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"Henri Queffélec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queff%C3%A9lec"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Rose"}],"sub_title":"13","text":"Hugh Meade Alcorn,Jr., 84, American politician, stroke.\nYvonne Bryceland, 66, South African actress, cancer.[49]\nDagny Lind, 89, Swedish film actress.[50]\nJosef Neckermann, 79, German equestrian and Olympic champion.[51]\nMehdi Abbasov, 32, Azerbaijani politician and soldier, killed in battle.\nHenri Queffélec, 81, French novelist.[52]\nGerhard Rose, 95, German scientist and war criminal during World War II.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irakli Abashidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakli_Abashidze"},{"link_name":"Walter Herssens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Herssens"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ernst Wilhelm Kalinke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_W._Kalinke"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Vernon E. Megee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_E._Megee"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Jerry Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Alf Teichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Teichs"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Flory Van Donck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flory_Van_Donck"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"14","text":"Irakli Abashidze, 82, Georgian poet, literary scholar and politician.\nWalter Herssens, 61, Belgian decathlete and Olympian.[53]\nErnst Wilhelm Kalinke, 73, German cinematographer.[54]\nVernon E. Megee, 91, United States Marine Corps general.[55]\nJerry Nolan, 45, American rock drummer, stroke.\nAlf Teichs, 87, German filmmaker.[56]\nFlory Van Donck, 79, Belgian golfer.[57]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhang Dazhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dazhi"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gassaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gassaway"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kraatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kraatz"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Dee Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Murray"},{"link_name":"Elton John Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John_Band"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Muzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Muzard"},{"link_name":"Angel Penna,Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Penna_Sr."},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Hari Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Rhodes"}],"sub_title":"15","text":"Zhang Dazhi, 80, Chinese lieutenant general and politician.\nCharlie Gassaway, 73, American baseball player.[58]\nFritz Kraatz, 85, Swiss ice hockey player.[59]\nDee Murray, 45, English bassist (Elton John Band), stroke.\nSuzanne Muzard, 91, French prostitute and photographer.\nAngel Penna,Sr., 68, Argentine-American racehorse trainer.[60]\nHari Rhodes, 59, American actor, heart attack.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ross Patterson Alger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Alger"},{"link_name":"Walter Bartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bartel"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Albert R. Behnke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke"},{"link_name":"Ajahn Chah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajahn_Chah"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"W. John Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._John_Kenney"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Gustaf_Lindstedt"},{"link_name":"Shelagh Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelagh_Roberts"}],"sub_title":"16","text":"Ross Patterson Alger, 71, Canadian politician, cancer.\nWalter Bartel, 87, German communist resistance member during World War II, and historian.[61]\nAlbert R. Behnke, 88, American physician.\nAjahn Chah, 73, Thai Buddhist monk.\nW. John Kenney, 87, United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy.[62]\nCarl-Gustaf Lindstedt, 70, Swedish comedian and actor, heart attack.\nShelagh Roberts, 67, British politician, cancer.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothy Alison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Alison"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Luigi Durand de la Penne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Durand_de_la_Penne"},{"link_name":"Italian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Henry Stommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stommel"},{"link_name":"oceanographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographer"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Charlie Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Ventura"},{"link_name":"saxophonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonist"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"17","text":"Dorothy Alison, 66, Australian actress.[63]\nLuigi Durand de la Penne, 77, Italian Navy admiral.\nHenry Stommel, 71, American oceanographer.[64]\nCharlie Ventura, 75, American saxophonist, lung cancer.[65]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamidul Huq Choudhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidul_Huq_Choudhury"},{"link_name":"Theodore L. Futch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Leslie_Futch"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"George Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hill_(sprinter)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Ruby R. Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_R._Levitt"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Andromeda Strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Cromie McCandless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromie_McCandless"},{"link_name":"Shigeo Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeo_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Douglas Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Woolf"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"18","text":"Hamidul Huq Choudhury, 90, Bangladeshi politician.\nTheodore L. Futch, 96, United States Army brigadier general.\nGeorge Hill, 90, American sprinter and Olympian.[66]\nRuby R. Levitt, 84, American set decorator (The Sound of Music, The Andromeda Strain, Chinatown).\nCromie McCandless, 71, Northern Irish racing motorcyclist.\nShigeo Tanaka, 85, Japanese film director.\nDouglas Woolf, 69, American author of novels and book reviews.[67]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augusto Benedico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Benedico"},{"link_name":"Pietro di Donato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_di_Donato"},{"link_name":"bone cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_cancer"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Albert Glock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Glock"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Bill Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Horton_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Ted W. Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_W._Lawson"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Manabendra Mukhopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabendra_Mukhopadhyay"}],"sub_title":"19","text":"Augusto Benedico, 82, Spanish-Mexican actor.\nPietro di Donato, 80, American writer, bone cancer.[68]\nAlbert Glock, 66, American archaeologist, murdered.[69]\nBill Horton, 86, English rugby player.\nTed W. Lawson, 74, United States Air Force officer.\nManabendra Mukhopadhyay, 62, Indian singer-songwriter.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mario Ariosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Ariosa"},{"link_name":"Milovan Gavazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milovan_Gavazzi"},{"link_name":"ethnographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographer"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Trond Hegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trond_Hegna"},{"link_name":"Charles Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kenny"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Theodore Lukits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Lukits"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Lecocq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Lecocq"},{"link_name":"plane crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Inter_Flight_148"},{"link_name":"Tom McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McCarthy_(ice_hockey,_born_1934)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"20","text":"Mario Ariosa, 71, Cuban baseball player.\nMilovan Gavazzi, 96, Croatian ethnographer.[70]\nTrond Hegna, 93, Norwegian politician.\nCharles Kenny, 93, American composer, author, and violinist.[71]\nTheodore Lukits, 94, Romanian-American painter.\nJean-Pierre Lecocq, 44, Belgian molecular biologist, plane crash.\nTom McCarthy, 57, Canadian ice hockey player.[72]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund Collein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Collein"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cornut-Gentille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cornut-Gentille"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Champion Jack Dupree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Jack_Dupree"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Franz Hanreiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Hanreiter"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Marita Katusheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marita_Katusheva"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Eddie Mabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Mabo"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Miguel Manzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Manzano"}],"sub_title":"21","text":"Edmund Collein, 86, German architect.\nBernard Cornut-Gentille, 82, French administrator and politician.[73]\nChampion Jack Dupree, 81, American blues musician, cancer.[74]\nFranz Hanreiter, 78, Austrian footballer.[75]\nMarita Katusheva, 53, Soviet volleyball player and Olympic silver medalist.[76]\nEddie Mabo, 55, Australian indigenous people's activist, cancer.[77]\nMiguel Manzano, 84, Mexican actor, kidney failure.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. J. Antoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Antoon"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Mark Hopkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hopkinson"},{"link_name":"execution by lethal injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_lethal_injection"},{"link_name":"Derek Walker-Smith, Baron Broxbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Walker-Smith,_Baron_Broxbourne"},{"link_name":"Fernand Buyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Buyle"},{"link_name":"Billy Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham_(American_boxer)"},{"link_name":"Francisco Urroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Urroz_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"22","text":"A. J. Antoon, 47, American theatre director, AIDS-related lymphoma.[78]\nMark Hopkinson, 42, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection.\nDerek Walker-Smith, Baron Broxbourne, 81, British politician.\nFernand Buyle, 73, Belgian footballer.\nBilly Graham, 69, American boxer, cancer.\nFrancisco Urroz, 71, Chilean football player.[79]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freddie Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Harry Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mugnaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mugnaini"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Ian Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"23","text":"Freddie Bartholomew, 67, English-American child actor, heart failure.[80]\nHarry Mortimer, 89, English composer and conductor.[81]\nJoseph Mugnaini, 79, Italian-American artist and illustrator.[82]\nIan Wolfe, 95, American actor.[83]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ignacio Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Bernal"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"John Bleifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bleifer"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Tina Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Chow"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Ken Darby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Darby"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Klaes Karppinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaes_Karppinen"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Ricky Ray Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ray_Rector"},{"link_name":"execution by lethal injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_lethal_injection"},{"link_name":"Talia Shapira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia_Shapira"}],"sub_title":"24","text":"Ignacio Bernal, 81, Mexican anthropologist and archaeologist.[84]\nJohn Bleifer, 90, American actor.[85]\nTina Chow, 41, American model and jewelry designer, AIDS.[86]\nKen Darby, 82, American composer, lyricist, and conductor.[87]\nKlaes Karppinen, 84, Finnish cross-country skier and Olympic champion.[88]\nRicky Ray Rector, 42, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection.\nTalia Shapira, 45, Israeli actress, cancer.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raban Adelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raban_Adelmann"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"Riad Ahmadov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad_Ahmadov"},{"link_name":"war hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hero_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Kay Beauchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Beauchamp"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Guido Buzzelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Buzzelli"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Pedro Linares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Linares"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Riad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Riad"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"25","text":"Raban Adelmann, 79, German politician and member of the Bundestag.\nRiad Ahmadov, 35, Azerbaijan officer and war hero, killed in action.\nKay Beauchamp, 92, British communist activist and feminist.\nGuido Buzzelli, 64, Italian comic book artist, writer, and painter.[89]\nPedro Linares, 85, Mexican artist.\nMahmoud Riad, 75, Egyptian diplomat.[90]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheldon Chumir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Chumir"},{"link_name":"José Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"Cyrano de Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Caine Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny_(film)"},{"link_name":"colorectal cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Gilroy Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilroy_Roberts"},{"link_name":"minter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Engraver_of_the_United_States_Mint"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Hans Schulze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schulze"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"26","text":"Sheldon Chumir, 51, Canadian lawyer and politician.\nJosé Ferrer, 80, Puerto Rican actor (Cyrano de Bergerac, Lawrence of Arabia, The Caine Mutiny) and filmmaker, colorectal cancer.[91]\nGilroy Roberts, 86, American sculptor and minter.[92]\nHans Schulze, 80, German water polo player.[93]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Alcorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alcorn_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Boris Arapov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Arapov"},{"link_name":"Bharat Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Ffrangcon-Davies"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Sally Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"first lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Henriette von Schirach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_von_Schirach"},{"link_name":"nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Baldur von Schirach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach"},{"link_name":"William Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walker_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"27","text":"John Alcorn, 56, American artist, designer, and illustrator.[94]\nBoris Arapov, 86, Russian composer.\nBharat Bhushan, 71, Indian actor, scriptwriter and producer.\nGwen Ffrangcon-Davies, 101, English actress.[95]\nSally Mugabe, 60, Zimbabwean activist, first lady (since 1987), kidney failure.\nHenriette von Schirach, 78, German writer and wife to nazi politician Baldur von Schirach.\nWilliam Walker, 95, American television and film actor, cancer.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arvid Andersson-Holtman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Andersson-Holtman"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Nahman Avigad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahman_Avigad"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Hans Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lang_(Austrian_composer)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Ərəstun Mahmudov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arastun_Mahmudov"},{"link_name":"war hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hero_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Marifat Nasibov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marifat_Nasibov"},{"link_name":"war hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hero_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Viktor Seryogin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Vasilyevich_Seryogin"},{"link_name":"war hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hero_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Ali Yalım","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_Yal%C4%B1m"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Arvo Ylppö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo_Ylpp%C3%B6"}],"sub_title":"28","text":"Arvid Andersson-Holtman, 95, Swedish gymnast and Olympic champion.[96]\nNahman Avigad, 86, Israeli archaeologist.[97]\nHans Lang, 83, Austrian composer of light music, film music and Viennese songs.[98]\nƏrəstun Mahmudov, 34, Azerbaijani officer and war hero, killed in action..\nMarifat Nasibov, 19, Azerbaijani soldier and war hero, killed in action.\nViktor Seryogin, 47, Azerbaijani soldier and war hero, killed in action.\nMehmet Ali Yalım, 62, Turkish basketball player.[99]\nArvo Ylppö, 104, Finnish physician and academic.","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Hicks Beach, 2nd Earl St Aldwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_2nd_Earl_St_Aldwyn"},{"link_name":"Noer Alie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noer_Alie"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Art Somers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Somers"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"29","text":"Michael Hicks Beach, 2nd Earl St Aldwyn, 79, British politician.\nNoer Alie, 77, Indonesian Islamic leader and educator.\nWillie Dixon, 76, American blues musician, heart failure.[100]\nArt Somers, 90, Canadian ice hockey player.[101]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)"},{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Ed Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Taylor_(infielder)"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"George Frederick James Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_James_Temple"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Coaker Triplett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaker_Triplett"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"30","text":"Francis Birch, 88, American geophysicist, prostate cancer.[102]\nEd Taylor, 90, American baseball player.[103]\nGeorge Frederick James Temple, 90, English mathematician9.[104]\nCoaker Triplett, 80, American baseball player.[105]","title":"January 1992"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig Geyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Geyer_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Mel Hein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Hein"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Martin Held","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Held"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"István Sárközi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_S%C3%A1rk%C3%B6zi"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"31","text":"Ludwig Geyer, 87, German cyclist.[106]\nMel Hein, 82, American football player, stomach cancer.[107]\nMartin Held, 83, German television and film actor.[108]\nIstván Sárközi, 44, Hungarian Olympic footballer (1968), traffic collision.[109]","title":"January 1992"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jack Badham\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved September 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/jack-badham/","url_text":"\"Jack Badham\""}]},{"reference":"OLIVER, MYRNA (January 3, 1992). \"Noted Movie Producer Mike Frankovich Dies\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-03-me-5675-story.html","url_text":"\"Noted Movie Producer Mike Frankovich Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Castellanos-Monfil, Román (December 9, 2015). \"Happy 109th birthday to Yale alumna Grace Hopper, a pioneer in computer science\". YaleNews. Retrieved July 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yale.edu/2015/12/09/happy-109th-birthday-yale-alumna-grace-hopper-pioneer-computer-science","url_text":"\"Happy 109th birthday to Yale alumna Grace Hopper, a pioneer in computer science\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Field - Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB\". ibdb.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/96773","url_text":"\"Virginia Field - Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympedia – Hedwig Haß\". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/20704","url_text":"\"Olympedia – Hedwig Haß\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OlyMADMen","url_text":"OlyMADMen"}]},{"reference":"\"Hans Kurath - Social Networks and Archival Context\". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cg3kzs","url_text":"\"Hans Kurath - Social Networks and Archival Context\""}]},{"reference":"\"matchID - Ginette Leclerc\". Fichier des décès (in French). Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deces.matchid.io/id/I-PAXhUUCSSl","url_text":"\"matchID - Ginette Leclerc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_d%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9es","url_text":"Fichier des décès"}]},{"reference":"\"matchID - Maurice Perrin\". Fichier des décès (in French). Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deces.matchid.io/id/PPfG7yfaQAHK","url_text":"\"matchID - Maurice Perrin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_d%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9es","url_text":"Fichier des décès"}]},{"reference":"Eric Pace (January 4, 1992). \"Dame Judith Anderson Dies at 93; An Actress of Powerful Portrayals\". The New York Times. p. 1 27. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Pace","url_text":"Eric Pace"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/04/arts/dame-judith-anderson-dies-at-93-an-actress-of-powerful-portrayals.html","url_text":"\"Dame Judith Anderson Dies at 93; An Actress of Powerful Portrayals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ari L. Goldman (January 7, 1992). \"Rabbi Robert Gordis, 83, Dies; Defined Conservative Judaism\". The New York Times. p. B 8. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_L._Goldman","url_text":"Ari L. Goldman"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/07/nyregion/rabbi-robert-gordis-83-dies-defined-conservative-judaism.html","url_text":"\"Rabbi Robert Gordis, 83, Dies; Defined Conservative Judaism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Domenico Meldolesi\". procyclingstats.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/domenico-meldolesi","url_text":"\"Domenico Meldolesi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radomiro Tomic - Social Networks and Archival Context\". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6058kmp","url_text":"\"Radomiro Tomic - Social Networks and Archival Context\""}]},{"reference":"\"Павел Иванович Зырянов\". shieldandsword.mozohin.ru. Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://shieldandsword.mozohin.ru/personnel/zyryanov_p_i.htm","url_text":"\"Павел Иванович Зырянов\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alejandro Carrión\". data.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12090397b","url_text":"\"Alejandro Carrión\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Gallacher\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/patrick-gallacher/","url_text":"\"Patrick Gallacher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympedia – Antonio Ghiardello\". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/38383","url_text":"\"Olympedia – Antonio Ghiardello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OlyMADMen","url_text":"OlyMADMen"}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Washington Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com\". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/search/search.fcgi?search=Tim+Washington","url_text":"\"Tim Washington Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goḍase, Da. Ga. (Dattātraya Gaṇeśa), 1914-1992\". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81131592.html","url_text":"\"Goḍase, Da. Ga. (Dattātraya Gaṇeśa), 1914-1992\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reuben Lautenschlager NBL Stats\". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/nbl/players/l/lautere01n.html","url_text":"\"Reuben Lautenschlager NBL Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympedia – Éva Balázs\". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/80585","url_text":"\"Olympedia – Éva Balázs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OlyMADMen","url_text":"OlyMADMen"}]},{"reference":"Bruce Lambert (January 12, 1992). \"Carl Bridenbaugh; Teacher Who Wrote Many Books Was 88\". The New York Times. p. 1 24. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/12/obituaries/carl-bridenbaugh-teacher-who-wrote-many-books-was-88.html","url_text":"\"Carl Bridenbaugh; Teacher Who Wrote Many Books Was 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Bent Christensen\". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16105718c","url_text":"\"Bent Christensen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Hunt; Puppeteer, 40\". The New York Times. January 9, 1992. p. D 23. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic_electrodes	Neurotrophic electrode	["1 Background","1.1 Motivation for development","1.2 Design development","2 Components","2.1 Glass cone","2.2 Gold wires","2.3 Wireless transmitter","2.4 Data acquisition system","2.5 Assembly","3 Implementation","3.1 Computer cursor control","3.2 Speech synthesis","4 Comparison to other recording methods","5 Drawbacks","5.1 Activation delay","5.2 Surgery risks","5.3 Device failure","6 Future applications","6.1 Neuroprosthetics","6.2 Silent speech","7 References"]	Intracortical device designed to read the electrical signals of the brain The neurotrophic electrode: teflon-coated gold wires extend from the back of the glass cone, while neurites (shown in blue) grow through it. The neurotrophic electrode is an intracortical device designed to read the electrical signals that the brain uses to process information. It consists of a small, hollow glass cone attached to several electrically conductive gold wires. The term neurotrophic means "relating to the nutrition and maintenance of nerve tissue" and the device gets its name from the fact that it is coated with Matrigel and nerve growth factor to encourage the expansion of neurites through its tip. It was invented by neurologist Dr. Philip Kennedy and was successfully implanted for the first time in a human patient in 1996 by neurosurgeon Roy Bakay. Background Motivation for development Victims of locked-in syndrome are cognitively intact and aware of their surroundings, but cannot move or communicate due to near complete paralysis of voluntary muscles. In early attempts to return some degree of control to these patients, researchers used cortical signals obtained with electroencephalography (EEG) to drive a mouse cursor. However, EEG lacks the speed and precision that can be obtained by using a direct cortical interface. Patients with other motor diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebral palsy, as well as those who have suffered a severe stroke or spinal cord injury, also can benefit from implanted electrodes. Cortical signals can be used to control robotic limbs, so as the technology improves and the risks of the procedure are reduced, direct interfacing may even provide assistance for amputees. Design development When Dr. Kennedy was designing the electrode, he knew he needed a device that would be wireless, biologically compatible, and capable of chronic implantation. Initial studies with Rhesus monkeys and rats demonstrated that the neurotrophic electrode was capable of chronic implantation for as long as 14 months (human trials would later establish even greater robustness). This longevity was invaluable for the studies because while the monkeys were being trained at a task, neurons that were initially silent began firing as the task was learned, a phenomenon that would not have been observable if the electrode was not capable of long term implantation. Components Glass cone The glass cone is only 1–2 mm long, and is filled with trophic factors in order to encourage axons and dendrites to grow through its tip and hollow body. When the neurites reach the back end of the cone, they rejoin with the neuropil on that side, which anchors the glass cone in place. As a result, stable and robust long-term recording is attainable. The cone sits with its tip near layer five of the cortex, among corticospinal tract cell bodies, and is inserted at an angle of 45° from the surface, about 5 or 6 mm deep. Gold wires Three or four gold wires are glued to the inside of the glass cone and protrude out the back. They record the electrical activity of the axons that have grown through the cone, and are insulated with Teflon. The wires are coiled so as to relieve strain because they are embedded in the cortex on one end and attached to the amplifiers, which are fixed to the inside of the skull, on the other. Two wires are plugged into each amplifier to provide differential signalling. Wireless transmitter One of the greatest strengths of the neurotrophic electrode is its wireless capability, because without transdermal wiring, the risk of infection is significantly reduced. As neural signals are collected by the electrodes, they travel up the gold wires and through the cranium, where they are passed on to the bioamplifiers (usually implemented by differential amplifiers). The amplified signals are sent through a switch to a transmitter, where they are converted to FM signals and broadcast with an antenna. The amplifiers and the transmitters are powered by a 1 MHz induction signal that is rectified and filtered. The antenna, amplifiers, analog switches, and FM transmitters are all contained in a standard surface mount printed circuit board that sits just under the scalp. The whole ensemble is coated in protective gels, Parylene, Elvax, and Silastic, to make it biocompatible and to protect the electronics from fluids. Data acquisition system On the outside of the patient's scalp rests the corresponding induction coil and an antenna that sends the FM signal to the receiver. These devices are temporarily held in place with a water-soluble paste. The receiver demodulates the signal and sends it to the computer for spike sorting and data recording. Assembly Most of the neurotrophic electrode is made by hand. The gold wires are cut to the correct length, coiled, and then bent to an angle of 45° just above the point of contact with the cone in order to limit the implantation depth. One more bend in the opposite direction is added where the wires pass through the skull. The tips are stripped of their Teflon coating, and the ones farthest from the cone are soldered and then sealed with dental acrylic to a component connector. The glass cone is made by heating and pulling a glass rod to a point and then cutting the tip at the desired length. The other end is not a straight cut, but rather is carved at an angle to provide a shelf onto which the gold wires can be attached. The wires are then placed on the shelf and a methyl methacrylate gel glue is applied in several coats, with care taken to avoid covering the conductive tips. Lastly, the device is sterilized using glutaraldehyde gas at a low temperature, and aerated. Implementation Computer cursor control One of Dr. Kennedy's patients, Johnny Ray, was able to learn how to control a computer cursor with the neurotrophic electrode. Three distinct neural signals from the device were correlated with cursor movement along the x-axis, along the y-axis, and a "select" function, respectively. Movement in a given direction was triggered by an increase in neuron firing rate on the associated channel. Speech synthesis Neural signals elicited from another of Dr. Kennedy's patients have been used to formulate vowel sounds using a speech synthesizer in real time. The electronics setup was very similar to that used for the cursor, with the addition of a post-receiver neural decoder and the synthesizer itself. Researchers implanted the electrode in the area of the motor cortex associated with the movement of speech articulators because a pre-surgery fMRI scan indicated high activity there during a picture naming task. The average delay from neural firing to synthesizer output was 50 ms, which is approximately the same as the delay for an intact biological pathway. Comparison to other recording methods The neurotrophic electrode, as described above, is a wireless device, and transmits its signals transcutaneously. In addition, it has demonstrated longevity of over four years in a human patient, because every component is completely biocompatible. Recent data from a locked-in person implanted for 13 years clearly show no scarring and many myelinated neurafilaments (axons) So the longevity question has been answered for the Neurotrophic Electrode. In comparison, the wire type electrodes (Utah array) lose signal over months and years: The Utah array loses 85% of its signals over 3 years, so it cannot be considered for long term human usage. The ECOG system loses signals in less than 2 years. Many emerging electrode types, such as those being developed by Neuralink, still suffer from similar problems. Data from metal electrodes, however, are very useful in the short term and have produced copious amounts of very useful data in the brain to computer research space. The Neurotrophic Electrode was limited in the amount of information it could provide, however, because the electronics it used to transmit its signal required so much space on the scalp only four could fit on a human skull. This is becoming less of an issue over time as amplifier technology improves. Additionally, small electrode numbers have proven to still be useful. There are about 20 single unit per electrode, and recent results demonstrate one electrode with 23 single units could decode audible and silent speech, specifically phones, words and phrases. Alternatively, the Utah array is currently a wired device, but transmits more information. It has been implanted in a human for over two years and consists of 100 conductive silicon needle-like electrodes, so it has high resolution and can record from many individual neurons. The Neurotrophic Electrode has high resolution also as evidenced by the importance of slow firing units that are generally dismissed by other groups. In one experiment, Dr. Kennedy adapted the neurotrophic electrode to read local field potentials (LFPs). He demonstrated that they are capable of controlling assistive technology devices, suggesting that less invasive techniques can be used to restore functionality to locked-in patients. However, the study did not address the degree of control possible with LFPs or make a formal comparison between LFPs and single unit activity. It was the first study to show that LFPs could be used to control a device. Electroencephalography (EEG) involves the placement of many surface electrodes on the patient's scalp, in an attempt to record the summed activity of tens of thousands to millions of neurons. EEG has the potential for long term use as a brain-computer interface, because the electrodes can be kept on the scalp indefinitely. The temporal and spatial resolutions and signal to noise ratios of EEG have always lagged behind those of comparable intracortical devices, but it has the advantage of not requiring surgery. Electrocorticography (ECoG) records the cumulative activity of hundreds to thousands of neurons with a sheet of electrodes placed directly on the surface of the brain. In addition to requiring surgery and having low resolution, the ECoG device is wired, meaning the scalp cannot be completely closed, increasing the risk of infection. However, researchers investigating ECoG claim that the grid "possesses characteristics suitable for long term implantation". Their published data indicates loss of signal within two years. Drawbacks Activation delay The neurotrophic electrode is not active immediately after implantation because the axons must grow into the cone before the device can pick up electrical signals. Studies have shown that tissue growth is largely complete as early as one month after the procedure, but takes as many as four months to stabilize. A four month delay is not a disadvantage when considering the lifetime of the locked-in person who expects to move or speak again. Surgery risks The risks involved with the implantation are those that are usually associated with brain surgery, namely, the possibility of bleeding, infection, seizures, stroke, and brain damage. Until the technology advances to the point that these risks are considerably reduced, the procedure will be reserved for extreme or experimental cases. Only one of Neural Signals's six patients, Dr. Kennedy himself, had any complications. He experienced a short lived episode of focal motor seizures and brain swelling leading to temporary weakness on the contralateral side of the body. Device failure When Johnny Ray was implanted in 1998, one of the neurotrophic electrodes started providing an intermittent signal after it had become anchored in the neuropil, and as a result, Dr. Kennedy was forced to rely on the remaining devices. This was due to a problem with the electronics, NOT the electrode. Therefore, even if there is no complication from surgery, there is still a possibility that the electronics will fail. It is easy to change out the electronics. In addition, while the implants themselves are encased in the skull and are therefore relatively safe from physical damage, the electronics on the outside of the skull under the scalp are vulnerable. Two of Dr. Kennedy's patients accidentally caused damage during spasms, but in both cases only the external devices needed to be replaced. Future applications Neuroprosthetics As of November 2010, Dr. Kennedy is working on the speech synthesis application of the electrode, but has plans to expand its uses to many different areas, one of which is restoring movement with neuroprosthetics. Silent speech Silent speech is "speech processing in the absence of an intelligible acoustic signal" to be used primarily as an aid for the locked-in person. Silent speech has successfully been decoded. A secondary aim is to use audible or silent speech as a "cell phone under the scalp with the electrodes entering the speech motor cortex," i.e. as a consumer item. According to Phil Kennedy, The reader may recoil at such an idea. But let me explain. Think of all the benefits of having a continuously accessible private cell phone in your body. To wit: “I need to contact so and so, I need to ask Siri a question, I need to access the cloud and receive information, I need to perform a calculation using access to the cloud, I need to use the Internet, I need to know what my stocks are doing, I need to know where my children are, I have fallen and need to contact EMS, and so on. I can text them or I can call them just with a thought, no need to find my phone and tap on it.” The cell phone under the scalp will bypass that step. It will provide continuous communication at will, and can be turned off as desired. Furthermore, it is worth recalling that history shows people will not shun devices that are imperceptible to them, that is, implanted under the skin or scalp. Consider how cardiac pacemakers were first rejected because they were bulky and had to be carried outside the body. Now they are totally implanted and routinely prescribed to patients. To my way of thinking, this uncomfortable development is also inevitable. So my prediction is that from assisting people in need, we proceed to help people with a consumer product. Analogously, if the people in need are the tail of the dog (the whole dog being all humanity) then instead of the dog wagging the tail, the tail will wag the dog! References ^ a b c Kennedy, P. R., & Bakay, R. A. E. (1997). Activity of single action potentials in monkey motor cortex during long-term task learning. Brain Research, 760(1-2), 251-254. ^ a b c d Interview with Dr. Kennedy, Senior Research Scientist, Neural Signals, Inc., 9/30/2010 ^ a b c Kennedy, P. R., Bakay, R. A. E., Moore, M. M., Adams, K., & Goldwaithe, J. (2000). Direct control of a computer from the human central nervous system. . IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 8(2), 198-202. ^ Lebedev, M. A., & Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2006). Brain-machine interfaces: past, present and future. . Trends in Neurosciences, 29(9), 536-546. ^ Kennedy, P. R., Mirra, S. S., & Bakay, R. A. E. (1992). THE CONE ELECTRODE - ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES FOLLOWING LONG-TERM RECORDING IN RAT AND MONKEY CORTEX. . Neuroscience Letters, 142(1), 89-94. ^ Kennedy, P. R. (1989). THE CONE ELECTRODE - A LONG-TERM ELECTRODE THAT RECORDS FROM NEURITES GROWN ONTO ITS RECORDING SURFACE. . Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 29(3), 181-193. ^ a b c d e f Bartels, J., Andreasen, D., Ehirim, P., Mao, H., Seibert, S., Wright, E. J., et al. (2008). Neurotrophic electrode: Method of assembly and implantation into human motor speech cortex. . Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 174(2), 168-176. ^ Guenther, F. H., Brumberg, J. S., Wright, E. J., Nieto-Castanon, A., Tourville, J. A., Panko, M., et al. (2009). A Wireless Brain-Machine Interface for Real-Time Speech Synthesis. PLoS ONE, 4(12). ^ Gearin M and Kennedy PR. Histological confirmation of myelinated neural filaments within the tip of the Neurotrophic Electrode after a decade of neural recordings. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 21 April 2020. ^ Intracortical recording stability in human brain-computer interface users. Downey JE1, Schwed N, Chase SM, Schwartz AB, Collinger JL. J Neural Eng. 2018 Aug;15(4):046016. ^ Degenhart, A. D., Eles, J., Dum, R., Mischel, J. L., Smalianchuk, I., Endler, B., et al. (2016). Histological evaluation of a chronically-implanted electrocorticographic electrode grid in a non-human primate. J. Neural Eng. 13:046019. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046019 ^ Kennedy P.R., Gambrell C, Ehirim P, and Cervantes A. Advances in the development of a speech prosthesis. Book chapter in Brain-Machine Interfaces: Uses and Developments accepted 2017 ^ a b c Brumberg, J. S., Nieto-Castanon, A., Kennedy, P. R., & Guenther, F. H. (2010). Brain-computer interfaces for speech communication. Speech Communication, 52(4), 367-379. ^ Ganesh, A, Cervantes, A J and Kennedy PR, Slow firing single units are essential for optimal decoding of silent speech. Submitted to Computer Speech and Language 2020 ^ Kennedy, P. R., Kirby, M. T., Moore, M. M., King, B., & Mallory, A. (2004). Computer control using human intracortical local field potentials. . IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 12(3), 339-344. ^ Engber, Daniel. "The Neurologist Who Hacked His Brain—And Almost Lost His Mind". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2022-03-08.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neurotrophic_Electrode2.JPG"},{"link_name":"intracortical device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_electrode_implants"},{"link_name":"neurotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic"},{"link_name":"Matrigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrigel"},{"link_name":"nerve growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"neurites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurites"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-activity-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"}],"text":"The neurotrophic electrode: teflon-coated gold wires extend from the back of the glass cone, while neurites (shown in blue) grow through it.The neurotrophic electrode is an intracortical device designed to read the electrical signals that the brain uses to process information. It consists of a small, hollow glass cone attached to several electrically conductive gold wires. The term neurotrophic means \"relating to the nutrition and maintenance of nerve tissue\" and the device gets its name from the fact that it is coated with Matrigel and nerve growth factor to encourage the expansion of neurites through its tip.[1] It was invented by neurologist Dr. Philip Kennedy and was successfully implanted for the first time in a human patient in 1996 by neurosurgeon Roy Bakay.[2]","title":"Neurotrophic electrode"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locked-in syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome"},{"link_name":"cortical signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_coding"},{"link_name":"electroencephalography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cursor-3"},{"link_name":"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMIs-4"}],"sub_title":"Motivation for development","text":"Victims of locked-in syndrome are cognitively intact and aware of their surroundings, but cannot move or communicate due to near complete paralysis of voluntary muscles. In early attempts to return some degree of control to these patients, researchers used cortical signals obtained with electroencephalography (EEG) to drive a mouse cursor. However, EEG lacks the speed and precision that can be obtained by using a direct cortical interface.[3]Patients with other motor diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebral palsy, as well as those who have suffered a severe stroke or spinal cord injury, also can benefit from implanted electrodes. Cortical signals can be used to control robotic limbs, so as the technology improves and the risks of the procedure are reduced, direct interfacing may even provide assistance for amputees.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultrastructural-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-activity-1"}],"sub_title":"Design development","text":"When Dr. Kennedy was designing the electrode, he knew he needed a device that would be wireless, biologically compatible, and capable of chronic implantation. Initial studies with Rhesus monkeys and rats demonstrated that the neurotrophic electrode was capable of chronic implantation for as long as 14 months (human trials would later establish even greater robustness).[5] This longevity was invaluable for the studies because while the monkeys were being trained at a task, neurons that were initially silent began firing as the task was learned, a phenomenon that would not have been observable if the electrode was not capable of long term implantation.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trophic factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor"},{"link_name":"neurites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurites"},{"link_name":"neuropil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cone-6"},{"link_name":"corticospinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticospinal_tract"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assembly-7"}],"sub_title":"Glass cone","text":"The glass cone is only 1–2 mm long, and is filled with trophic factors in order to encourage axons and dendrites to grow through its tip and hollow body. When the neurites reach the back end of the cone, they rejoin with the neuropil on that side, which anchors the glass cone in place. As a result, stable and robust long-term recording is attainable.[6] The cone sits with its tip near layer five of the cortex, among corticospinal tract cell bodies, and is inserted at an angle of 45° from the surface, about 5 or 6 mm deep.[7]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teflon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon"},{"link_name":"differential signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signaling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assembly-7"}],"sub_title":"Gold wires","text":"Three or four gold wires are glued to the inside of the glass cone and protrude out the back. They record the electrical activity of the axons that have grown through the cone, and are insulated with Teflon. The wires are coiled so as to relieve strain because they are embedded in the cortex on one end and attached to the amplifiers, which are fixed to the inside of the skull, on the other. Two wires are plugged into each amplifier to provide differential signalling.[7]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bioamplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioamplifier"},{"link_name":"differential amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_amplifier"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction"},{"link_name":"rectified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier"},{"link_name":"surface mount printed circuit board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technology"},{"link_name":"Parylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parylene"},{"link_name":"Silastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silastic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assembly-7"}],"sub_title":"Wireless transmitter","text":"One of the greatest strengths of the neurotrophic electrode is its wireless capability, because without transdermal wiring, the risk of infection is significantly reduced. As neural signals are collected by the electrodes, they travel up the gold wires and through the cranium, where they are passed on to the bioamplifiers (usually implemented by differential amplifiers). The amplified signals are sent through a switch to a transmitter, where they are converted to FM signals and broadcast with an antenna. The amplifiers and the transmitters are powered by a 1 MHz induction signal that is rectified and filtered. The antenna, amplifiers, analog switches, and FM transmitters are all contained in a standard surface mount printed circuit board that sits just under the scalp. The whole ensemble is coated in protective gels, Parylene, Elvax, and Silastic, to make it biocompatible and to protect the electronics from fluids.[7]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)"},{"link_name":"spike sorting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_sorting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assembly-7"}],"sub_title":"Data acquisition system","text":"On the outside of the patient's scalp rests the corresponding induction coil and an antenna that sends the FM signal to the receiver. These devices are temporarily held in place with a water-soluble paste. The receiver demodulates the signal and sends it to the computer for spike sorting and data recording.[7]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"methyl methacrylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_methacrylate"},{"link_name":"glutaraldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaraldehyde"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assembly-7"}],"sub_title":"Assembly","text":"Most of the neurotrophic electrode is made by hand. The gold wires are cut to the correct length, coiled, and then bent to an angle of 45° just above the point of contact with the cone in order to limit the implantation depth. One more bend in the opposite direction is added where the wires pass through the skull. The tips are stripped of their Teflon coating, and the ones farthest from the cone are soldered and then sealed with dental acrylic to a component connector. The glass cone is made by heating and pulling a glass rod to a point and then cutting the tip at the desired length. The other end is not a straight cut, but rather is carved at an angle to provide a shelf onto which the gold wires can be attached. The wires are then placed on the shelf and a methyl methacrylate gel glue is applied in several coats, with care taken to avoid covering the conductive tips. Lastly, the device is sterilized using glutaraldehyde gas at a low temperature, and aerated.[7]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cursor-3"}],"sub_title":"Computer cursor control","text":"One of Dr. Kennedy's patients, Johnny Ray, was able to learn how to control a computer cursor with the neurotrophic electrode. Three distinct neural signals from the device were correlated with cursor movement along the x-axis, along the y-axis, and a \"select\" function, respectively. Movement in a given direction was triggered by an increase in neuron firing rate on the associated channel.[3]","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fMRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-8"}],"sub_title":"Speech synthesis","text":"Neural signals elicited from another of Dr. Kennedy's patients have been used to formulate vowel sounds using a speech synthesizer in real time. The electronics setup was very similar to that used for the cursor, with the addition of a post-receiver neural decoder and the synthesizer itself. Researchers implanted the electrode in the area of the motor cortex associated with the movement of speech articulators because a pre-surgery fMRI scan indicated high activity there during a picture naming task. The average delay from neural firing to synthesizer output was 50 ms, which is approximately the same as the delay for an intact biological pathway.[8]","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biocompatible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocompatibility"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"Utah array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_array"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"local field potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_field_potentials"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LFP-15"},{"link_name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"},{"link_name":"brain-computer interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-computer_interface"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-13"},{"link_name":"Electrocorticography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocorticography"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-13"}],"text":"The neurotrophic electrode, as described above, is a wireless device, and transmits its signals transcutaneously. In addition, it has demonstrated longevity of over four years in a human patient, because every component is completely biocompatible. Recent data from a locked-in person implanted for 13 years clearly show no scarring and many myelinated neurafilaments (axons)[12] [9] So the longevity question has been answered for the Neurotrophic Electrode. In comparison, the wire type electrodes (Utah array) lose signal over months and years: The Utah array loses 85% of its signals over 3 years[13],[10] so it cannot be considered for long term human usage. The ECOG system loses signals in less than 2 years[14].[11] Many emerging electrode types, such as those being developed by Neuralink, still suffer from similar problems. Data from metal electrodes, however, are very useful in the short term and have produced copious amounts of very useful data in the brain to computer research space.The Neurotrophic Electrode was limited in the amount of information it could provide, however, because the electronics it used to transmit its signal required so much space on the scalp only four could fit on a human skull.[2] This is becoming less of an issue over time as amplifier technology improves. Additionally, small electrode numbers have proven to still be useful. There are about 20 single unit per electrode, and recent results demonstrate one electrode with 23 single units could decode audible and silent speech, specifically phones, words and phrases[15].[12]Alternatively, the Utah array is currently a wired device, but transmits more information. It has been implanted in a human for over two years and consists of 100 conductive silicon needle-like electrodes, so it has high resolution and can record from many individual neurons.[13] The Neurotrophic Electrode has high resolution also as evidenced by the importance of slow firing units that are generally dismissed by other groups[16].[14]In one experiment, Dr. Kennedy adapted the neurotrophic electrode to read local field potentials (LFPs). He demonstrated that they are capable of controlling assistive technology devices, suggesting that less invasive techniques can be used to restore functionality to locked-in patients. However, the study did not address the degree of control possible with LFPs or make a formal comparison between LFPs and single unit activity.[15] It was the first study to show that LFPs could be used to control a device.Electroencephalography (EEG) involves the placement of many surface electrodes on the patient's scalp, in an attempt to record the summed activity of tens of thousands to millions of neurons. EEG has the potential for long term use as a brain-computer interface, because the electrodes can be kept on the scalp indefinitely. The temporal and spatial resolutions and signal to noise ratios of EEG have always lagged behind those of comparable intracortical devices, but it has the advantage of not requiring surgery.[13]Electrocorticography (ECoG) records the cumulative activity of hundreds to thousands of neurons with a sheet of electrodes placed directly on the surface of the brain. In addition to requiring surgery and having low resolution, the ECoG device is wired, meaning the scalp cannot be completely closed, increasing the risk of infection. However, researchers investigating ECoG claim that the grid \"possesses characteristics suitable for long term implantation\".[13] Their published data indicates loss of signal within two years[14].","title":"Comparison to other recording methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-activity-1"}],"sub_title":"Activation delay","text":"The neurotrophic electrode is not active immediately after implantation because the axons must grow into the cone before the device can pick up electrical signals. Studies have shown that tissue growth is largely complete as early as one month after the procedure, but takes as many as four months to stabilize.[1] A four month delay is not a disadvantage when considering the lifetime of the locked-in person who expects to move or speak again.","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Surgery risks","text":"The risks involved with the implantation are those that are usually associated with brain surgery, namely, the possibility of bleeding, infection, seizures, stroke, and brain damage. Until the technology advances to the point that these risks are considerably reduced, the procedure will be reserved for extreme or experimental cases.[2] Only one of Neural Signals's six patients, Dr. Kennedy himself, had any complications. He experienced a short lived episode of focal motor seizures and brain swelling leading to temporary weakness on the contralateral side of the body.[16]","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cursor-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assembly-7"}],"sub_title":"Device failure","text":"When Johnny Ray was implanted in 1998, one of the neurotrophic electrodes started providing an intermittent signal after it had become anchored in the neuropil, and as a result, Dr. Kennedy was forced to rely on the remaining devices. This was due to a problem with the electronics, NOT the electrode.[3] Therefore, even if there is no complication from surgery, there is still a possibility that the electronics will fail. It is easy to change out the electronics. In addition, while the implants themselves are encased in the skull and are therefore relatively safe from physical damage, the electronics on the outside of the skull under the scalp are vulnerable. Two of Dr. Kennedy's patients accidentally caused damage during spasms, but in both cases only the external devices needed to be replaced.[7]","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Future applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neuroprosthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprosthetics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"}],"sub_title":"Neuroprosthetics","text":"As of November 2010, Dr. Kennedy is working on the speech synthesis application of the electrode, but has plans to expand its uses to many different areas, one of which is restoring movement with neuroprosthetics.[2]","title":"Future applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Silent speech","text":"Silent speech is \"speech processing in the absence of an intelligible acoustic signal\" to be used primarily as an aid for the locked-in person. Silent speech has successfully been decoded[12]. A secondary aim is to use audible or silent speech as a \"cell phone under the scalp with the electrodes entering the speech motor cortex,\" i.e. as a consumer item.\nAccording to Phil Kennedy,The reader may recoil at such an idea. But let me explain.\nThink of all the benefits of having a continuously accessible private cell phone in your body. To wit: “I need to contact so and so, I need to ask Siri a question, I need to access the cloud and receive information, I need to perform a calculation using access to the cloud, I need to use the Internet, I need to know what my stocks are doing, I need to know where my children are, I have fallen and need to contact EMS, and so on. I can text them or I can call them just with a thought, no need to find my phone and tap on it.” The cell phone under the scalp will bypass that step. It will provide continuous communication at will, and can be turned off as desired. Furthermore, it is worth recalling that history shows people will not shun devices that are imperceptible to them, that is, implanted under the skin or scalp. Consider how cardiac pacemakers were first rejected because they were bulky and had to be carried outside the body. Now they are totally implanted and routinely prescribed to patients. To my way of thinking, this uncomfortable development is also inevitable.\n\nSo my prediction is that from assisting people in need, we proceed to help people with a consumer product. Analogously, if the people in need are the tail of the dog (the whole dog being all humanity) then instead of the dog wagging the tail, the tail will wag the dog!","title":"Future applications"}]	[{"image_text":"The neurotrophic electrode: teflon-coated gold wires extend from the back of the glass cone, while neurites (shown in blue) grow through it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Neurotrophic_Electrode2.JPG/220px-Neurotrophic_Electrode2.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Engber, Daniel. \"The Neurologist Who Hacked His Brain—And Almost Lost His Mind\". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2016/01/phil-kennedy-mind-control-computer/","url_text":"\"The Neurologist Who Hacked His Brain—And Almost Lost His Mind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2016/01/phil-kennedy-mind-control-computer/","external_links_name":"\"The Neurologist Who Hacked His Brain—And Almost Lost His Mind\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","external_links_name":"1059-1028"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_asphalt	Rubberized asphalt	["1 Porous Elastic Road Surfaces","2 References","3 External links"]	Pavement material Rubberized asphalt concrete (RAC), also known as asphalt rubber or just rubberized asphalt, is noise reducing pavement material that consists of regular asphalt concrete mixed with crumb rubber made from recycled tires. Asphalt rubber is the largest single market for ground rubber in the United States, consuming an estimated 220,000,000 pounds (100,000,000 kg), or approximately 12 million tires annually. Use of rubberized asphalt as a pavement material was pioneered by the city of Phoenix, Arizona in the 1960s because of its high durability. Since then it has garnered interest for its ability to reduce road noise. In 2003 the Arizona Department of Transportation began a three-year, $34-million Quiet Pavement Pilot Program, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration to determine if sound walls can be replaced by rubberized asphalt to reduce noise alongside highways. After about one year it was determined that asphalt rubber overlays resulted in up to 12 decibels of in road noise reduction, with a typical reduction of 7 to 9 decibels. Arizona has been the leader in using rubberized asphalt, but California, Florida, Texas, and South Carolina are also using asphalt rubber. Tests are currently underway in other parts of the United States to determine the durability of rubberized asphalt in northern climates, including a 1.3 mile stretch of Interstate 405 in Bellevue and Kirkland, Washington and a handful of local roads in the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado. In 2012, the State of Georgia issued a specification for the use of rubber-modified asphalt as a replacement for polymer-modified asphalt. In Belgium, tests in the ring of Brussel and in the F1 circuit of Francorchamp (see the film by Jean-Marie Piquint Rubberized Asphalt for Esso Belgium). Two quality control requirements are necessary when using asphalt rubber: (a) crumb rubber tends to separate and settle down in the asphalt cement and therefore asphalt rubber needs to be agitated continuously to keep the rubber particles in suspension and (b) crumb rubber is prone to degradation (devulcanization and depolymerization) and thus lose its elasticity if asphalt rubber is maintained at high temperatures for more than 6–8 hours. This means asphalt rubber must be used within 8 hours after production. Porous Elastic Road Surfaces Porous Elastic Road Surfaces (PERS) or poroelastic road surfaces improve RAC by incorporating voids and channels, making the pavement porous and further reducing traffic noise. References ^ "Management of Scrap Tires". US Environmental Protection Agency. ^ "What is Rubberized Asphalt?". Arizona Department of Transportation. ^ "Silence Please". Associate Construction Publications. Archived from the original on March 19, 2006. ^ "Testing Quieter Asphalt". Associate Construction Publications. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. ^ "Rubberized Asphalt Comes To Colorado". Associate Construction Publications. Archived from the original on October 19, 2006. ^ In Belgium, tests by Esso Belgium in the ring of Brussel and in the F1 circuit of Francorchamp, belgian film by Jean-Marie Piquint. ^ Hanson, D.I., J.A. Epps, and R.G. Hicks, “Construction Guidelines for Crumb Rubber Modified Hot Mix Asphalt”, Federal Highway Administration Report DTFH61-94-C-00035, August 1996. ^ Jerzy A. Ejsmont (April 8, 2016). "Ultra Low Noise Poroelastic Road Surfaces". MDPI. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) External links Arizona Department of Transportation Quiet Pavement Pilot Program Asphalt Rubber Usage Guide, from California Department of Transportation vteRubberChemical types Latex Natural rubber Synthetic rubber Butyl rubber Chloroprene rubber EPDM rubber Nitrile rubber Silicone rubber Styrene-butadiene Mechanical types Cold rubber Foam rubber Crumb rubber Micronized rubber powder Additives Biodegradable additives Filler (materials) Plasticizer Polymer additive Polymer stabilizers Rubber processing Rubber tapping Rubber technology Vulcanization Industry Bridgestone Dunlop Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Michelin Rubber Board Rubber industry in Malaysia Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority Rubber Manufacturers Association United States Rubber Company List of tire companies Products Rubber band Rubber mulch Rubberized asphalt Tires codes Waste Airfield rubber removal Rubber pollution Dioxins Environmental hazards Great Pacific garbage patch Persistent organic pollutant Tire-derived fuel Tire recycling Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pavement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_(material)"},{"link_name":"asphalt concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"crumb rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumb_rubber"},{"link_name":"recycled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_recycling"},{"link_name":"tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arizona Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Federal Highway Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration"},{"link_name":"sound walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_barrier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Interstate 405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Piquint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Piquint&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Rubberized asphalt concrete (RAC), also known as asphalt rubber or just rubberized asphalt, is noise reducing pavement material that consists of regular asphalt concrete mixed with crumb rubber made from recycled tires. Asphalt rubber is the largest single market for ground rubber in the United States, consuming an estimated 220,000,000 pounds (100,000,000 kg), or approximately 12 million tires annually.[1]Use of rubberized asphalt as a pavement material was pioneered by the city of Phoenix, Arizona in the 1960s because of its high durability.[2] Since then it has garnered interest for its ability to reduce road noise.In 2003 the Arizona Department of Transportation began a three-year, $34-million Quiet Pavement Pilot Program, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration to determine if sound walls can be replaced by rubberized asphalt to reduce noise alongside highways. After about one year it was determined that asphalt rubber overlays resulted in up to 12 decibels of in road noise reduction, with a typical reduction of 7 to 9 decibels.[3]Arizona has been the leader in using rubberized asphalt, but California, Florida, Texas, and South Carolina are also using asphalt rubber. Tests are currently underway in other parts of the United States to determine the durability of rubberized asphalt in northern climates, including a 1.3 mile stretch of Interstate 405 in Bellevue and Kirkland, Washington[4] and a handful of local roads in the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado. In 2012, the State of Georgia issued a specification for the use of rubber-modified asphalt as a replacement for polymer-modified asphalt. In Belgium, tests in the ring of Brussel and in the F1 circuit of Francorchamp (see the film by Jean-Marie Piquint Rubberized Asphalt for Esso Belgium).[5][6]Two quality control requirements are necessary when using asphalt rubber: (a) crumb rubber tends to separate and settle down in the asphalt cement and therefore asphalt rubber needs to be agitated continuously to keep the rubber particles in suspension and (b) crumb rubber is prone to degradation (devulcanization and depolymerization) and thus lose its elasticity if asphalt rubber is maintained at high temperatures for more than 6–8 hours. This means asphalt rubber must be used within 8 hours after production.[7]","title":"Rubberized asphalt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Porous Elastic Road Surfaces (PERS) or poroelastic road surfaces improve RAC by incorporating voids and channels, making the pavement porous and further reducing traffic noise.[8]","title":"Porous Elastic Road Surfaces"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Management of Scrap Tires\". US Environmental Protection Agency.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/garbage/tires/ground.htm","url_text":"\"Management of Scrap Tires\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Rubberized Asphalt?\". Arizona Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azdot.gov/quietroads/what_is_rubberized_asphalt.asp","url_text":"\"What is Rubberized Asphalt?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silence Please\". Associate Construction Publications. Archived from the original on March 19, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060319143533/http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6279032.html","url_text":"\"Silence Please\""},{"url":"http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6279032.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Testing Quieter Asphalt\". Associate Construction Publications. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924003712/http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6396598.html","url_text":"\"Testing Quieter Asphalt\""},{"url":"http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6396598.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rubberized Asphalt Comes To Colorado\". Associate Construction Publications. Archived from the original on October 19, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061019105847/http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6376246.html","url_text":"\"Rubberized Asphalt Comes To Colorado\""},{"url":"http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6376246.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy A. Ejsmont (April 8, 2016). \"Ultra Low Noise Poroelastic Road Surfaces\". MDPI.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI","url_text":"MDPI"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.epa.gov/garbage/tires/ground.htm","external_links_name":"\"Management of Scrap Tires\""},{"Link":"http://www.azdot.gov/quietroads/what_is_rubberized_asphalt.asp","external_links_name":"\"What is Rubberized Asphalt?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060319143533/http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6279032.html","external_links_name":"\"Silence Please\""},{"Link":"http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6279032.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924003712/http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6396598.html","external_links_name":"\"Testing Quieter Asphalt\""},{"Link":"http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6396598.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061019105847/http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6376246.html","external_links_name":"\"Rubberized Asphalt Comes To Colorado\""},{"Link":"http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6376246.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.azdot.gov/quietroads/index.asp","external_links_name":"Arizona Department of Transportation Quiet Pavement Pilot Program"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/Translab/ormt/pdf/Caltrans_Asphalt_Rubber_Usage_Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"Asphalt Rubber Usage Guide"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockherbtown	Cardiff city centre	["1 History","2 Castle Quarter","2.1 Castle Street/Duke Street/Kingsway","2.2 St. Mary Street and High Street","2.3 Womanby Street","3 Queen Street and vicinity","4 Cathays Park (Civic Centre)","5 Eastern city centre","5.1 Dumfries Place/Newport Road","5.2 Churchill Way","6 Southwestern city centre","6.1 Wood Street","6.2 Central Square","6.3 Westgate Street","7 The Hayes","7.1 Caroline Street","8 Southeastern city centre","8.1 Callaghan Square","8.2 Custom House Street/Bute Terrace/Adam Street","9 Access","10 Transport in the city centre","10.1 Bus","10.2 Rail","10.3 Road","10.4 Water","10.5 Cycle","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°29′N 3°10′W / 51.48°N 3.17°W / 51.48; -3.17Not to be confused with Cardiff Central (UK Parliament constituency). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cardiff city centre" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Central Business District in WalesCardiff City CentreWelsh: Canol y Ddinas, CaerdyddCentral Business DistrictThe Hayes, Cardiff with Cardiff Central Library (right)Cardiff City CentreLocation within CardiffPrincipal areaCardiffPreserved countyCardiffCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCARDIFFPostcode districtCF10; CF11; CF24Dialling code029PoliceSouth WalesFireSouth WalesAmbulanceWelsh UK ParliamentCardiff CentralSenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentCardiff Central List of places UK Wales Cardiff 51°29′N 3°10′W / 51.48°N 3.17°W / 51.48; -3.17 Stadium House (left) and South Gate House (right), in the west of the city centre Cardiff city centre (Welsh: Canol Dinas Caerdydd) is the city centre and central business district of Cardiff, Wales. The area is tightly bound by the River Taff to the west, the Civic Centre to the north and railway lines and two railway stations – Central and Queen Street – to the south and east respectively. Cardiff became a city in 1905. The city centre in Cardiff consists of principal shopping streets: Queen Street, St. Mary's Street and the Hayes, as well as large shopping centres, and numerous arcades and lanes that house some smaller, specialized shops and boutiques. The city centre has undergone a number of redevelopment projects, including St. David's 2, which extended the shopping district southwards, creating 100 new stores and a flagship John Lewis, the only branch in Wales and the largest outside London. Compared to nearby cities, the new St David's Centre has more retail space than the whole of Newport or Swansea. In 2008–9, the annual footfall of shoppers was 55 million, and is expected to have risen to 66 million by 2009–10. Cardiff is the sixth most successful shopping destination in the United Kingdom – behind London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool. History St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff's only medieval parish church in the city centre. Main article: History of Cardiff John Speed's 1610 map of Cardiff Cardiff was granted city status by Edward VII in 1905. In the 1960s, planners described Cardiff city centre as "worn out, inconvenient, drab and dangerous". The centre had escaped the extensive wartime bomb damage inflicted on other cities, so little redevelopment took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The Buchanan Plan of 1964 envisaged a highly ambitious extended city centre, crossed with urban motorways. The council scrapped the proposed motorway network and focused on the small commercial core of the city; its proposed redevelopment scheme, in partnership with a private developer, would have seen almost all of the city centre (except St Mary Street and Working Street) demolished, replaced by modernist office towers of up to 21 storeys and pedestrianised decks linking multi‑storey car parks to covered shopping malls. By the time the legal agreement to implement 'Centreplan 70' was signed, the 1973 property crash had made it unviable. However, one legacy of the scheme was the future segregation of office and retail development, with the west end of Newport Road as the principal office area with secondary concentrations on Churchill Way, Greyfriars Road and Westgate Street. Development in the 1970s and 80s was more piecemeal than envisaged in Centreplan, with the building of the St. David's Centre and St David's Hall, new multi‑storey car parks, and the grant‑supported construction of the 14‑storey Holiday Inn (now the Marriott) and World Trade Centre (now the Cardiff International Arena), which gave a fillip to the city's conference and exhibition business. In the mid–1980s developers returned to Queen Street, creating three medium‑sized malls, helping it to become one of the best performing shopping streets in the country in terms of footfall and rental levels. In the 1990s the Mill Lane cafe quarter was developed in partnership with the Welsh Development Agency, a pedestrian forecourt was created for the refurbished Central railway station, a new walkway was constructed alongside the Taff and the Millennium Stadium was built on the site of the National Stadium and Empire Pool. The latter became, according to official publicists, one of the icons of Cardiff's new image. Castle Quarter The Castle Quarter includes some of Cardiff's Victorian and Edwardian arcades: Castle Arcade, High Street Arcade and Duke Street Arcade, and principal shopping streets: St Mary Street, High Street, Castle Street and Duke Street. Development of the area began in February 2010 and is expected to be completed by July 2011. Cardiff Council says that work to create the Castle Quarter as a pedestrian friendly environment for High Street and St Mary Street is designed to enhance the city centre. Castle Street/Duke Street/Kingsway Duke Street Arcade Castle Street follows on from Cowbridge Road East from Canton and begins after Cardiff Bridge, over the River Taff. It becomes Duke Street after the junction with High Street before turning north and becoming Kingsway, leading to Cardiff Civic Centre. From west to east, streets that begin from the southern side of this stretch are Westgate Street, Womanby Street, High Street (St Marys Street), St Johns Street (The Hayes), Queen Street and Greyfriars Road. Cardiff Castle and Bute Park dominate the northern side of the street. On the southern side are pubs, bars, retail and hotel units. Castle Arcade and Duke Street Arcades begin from this stretch. St. Mary Street and High Street Main article: St. Mary Street/High Street St. Mary Street south end Womanby Street looking south St. Mary Street (Welsh: Heol Eglwys Fair) and High Street (Welsh: Heol Fawr). The former street is named after the 11th century church of St. Mary, the largest in Cardiff until it was destroyed by the Bristol Channel floods of 1607. Today the stretch of road is the home of a number of bars, night clubs and restaurants, as well as branches of many major banks. Also fronting onto the street is Howells department store, which stretches from just after Cardiff Central Market to the corner of Wharton Street. From August 2007 the street was closed to private vehicles, leaving only buses, cycles and taxis allowed to access the whole street. The street is usually closed to all traffic every Friday and Saturday night to allow the efflux from night clubs and pubs located in that part of the street to clear. It is also closed when major events take place such as at the Millennium Stadium. The Prince Of Wales is a prominent J D Wetherspoon establishment at the junction with Wood Street, which leads to Central Station. At the northern end of the street is Castle Street and Cardiff Castle. To the south is Callaghan Square. Womanby Street Womanby Street is one of Cardiff's oldest streets. It is known for its small, independent live music venues and is home to Clwb Ifor Bach. It is accessed from Castle Street, between Westgate Street and High Street. Queen Street and vicinity Queen Street Queen Street (Welsh: Heol y Frenhines) is the main thoroughfare in the city, now wholly pedestrianised. Most of Queen Street, from the castle moat to Dumfries Place, used to be called Crockherbtown (Crockherbtown Lane can still be found off Park Place), but the street was renamed in honour of Queen Victoria in 1886. Queen Street was pedestrianised in 1974 and is served by Cardiff Queen Street railway station on Station Terrace. It meets Dumfries Place/Newport Road at its eastern end, Duke Street/Castle Street at its western, and Park Place approximately halfway along. Further down Park Place is the New Theatre, a local landmark is Principality House, head office of the Principality Building Society. To the north running parallel is Greyfriars Road, referring to the site of an old monastery, a traditional office location that has recently seen conversion to bars, apartments and hotels as offices move to the new business parks on the edge of the city, or to the better connected southern end of the city centre. Charles Street, named after the landowner (and twice Cardiff mayor) Charles Vachell, was originally built in the 1840s as luxury housing. When Cardiff's new drainage was being devised, in 1849, Charles Street was described as Cardiff's "principal street". It joins the north side of Queen Street about halfway along its length. The street became more commercial later in the 1800s. In the 1970s it became the home of the Welsh Arts Council's Oriel gallery. It is also the location of St Davids Catholic Cathedral. Cathays Park (Civic Centre) Main article: Cathays Park Cathays Park Cathays Park is the civic centre of Cardiff. The Edwardian architecture of Cardiff City Hall, National Museum and Gallery of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff Crown Court, and the administrative headquarters of the Welsh Government dominate the area. Behind the City Hall is the Welsh National War Memorial. Bute Park also dominates the northwest of the area, running behind Cardiff Castle along the River Taff southward to Westgate Street and northward to Gabalfa. Cardiff's Winter Wonderland ice rink and fairground returns to the front lawn of the City Hall every winter. Boulevard de Nantes and Stuttgarter Strasse, named after Cardiff's twin cities, run through the southern end and act as a northern bypass of parallel Queen Street for the A4161. To the west, it is connected to Kingsway (leading to Castle Street and St Mary Street), and Dumfries Place/ Newport Road to the east. Park Place runs north to south through the area, linking it to the A470 in the north and Queen Street in the south Eastern city centre Dumfries Place/Newport Road The junction of Newport Road, Queen Street and Dumfries Place Dumfries Place is named after the Earl of Dumfries, a courtesy title given to the Marquis of Bute's eldest son. Newport Road, the major road leading east from Queen Street towards the neighbouring city of Newport, has been one of the prime office locations of central Cardiff since the 1960s. Some of the original buildings have been converted from office use to residential (e.g. The Aspect, Admiral House or hotel use including the Mercure Holland House. Occupancy of the remaining commercial property has increased, reflecting a shortage of office space in the city and there is now little scope for further conversion. Newport Road is also home to several buildings owned by Cardiff University, and Shand House, occupied by Cardiff Institute for the Blind. Newport Road is also the site for the Cardiff Royal Infirmary, now providing long-term care and rehabilitation. The hospital once housed 500 beds and provided the main A&E service for Cardiff before the University Hospital of Wales took over these functions. The eastern side of Churchill Way Churchill Way Churchill Way runs parallel to the west of Station Terrace (Cardiff Queen Street station) and joins Queen Street in the north and Bute Terrace in the south. The Capitol Centre is on the corner with Queen Street. Further along this road are office and modern apartment developments. The Cardiff office of the Driving Standards Agency, former British Gas offices in Helmont House (now a Premier Inn), and an Ibis Hotel are located on this street. The Cardiff office of the DSA subsequently closed. Cardiff Masonic Hall occupies a major site on the corner of Guildford Street, adjacent to Churchill Way. Southwestern city centre Wood Street Wood Street in December 2019 Wood Street is the main access point for Cardiff Central railway and Central bus stations, with the latter undergoing reconstruction since early 2008. The street also had bus stands running along the length of the street as well. St David's House, which ran most of its length, was demolished in 2019. Travelling westwards along this street are the Millennium Stadium, Millennium Plaza (with bars, night clubs, comedy clubs and a Vue cinema), Stadium House, Media Wales (offices of the South Wales Echo and Western Mail) and Southgate House, (which houses among other organisations the Cardiff offices for the Armed Forces). Central Square Main article: Central Square, Cardiff Central Square is a large public space between Wood Street and Cardiff Central railway station. It includes Cardiff bus station. In 2012 plans were announced to redevelop the square and rename it 'Capital Square'. Westgate Street The southern end of Westgate Street towards the perpendicular Wood Street Westgate Street runs parallel just west of St Marys Street for about half of the latter's length, linked by several alleys and lanes. Linking Castle Street and Wood Street, Cardiff Arms Park and the Millennium Stadium dominate its western side, whereas pubs and bars and hotels dominate its eastern side, with the Angel Hotel at the north end and the Royal Hotel to the south. The Hayes Main article: The Hayes Morgan Arcade Caroline Street looking south The Hayes (Welsh: Yr Ais) is where the department store Howells, Bwyty Hayes Island Snack Bar, Spillers Records, St David's Hall, and elegant Victorian arcades are found. At the northern end is Cardiff's Grade II* listed Old Library building (location of the Cardiff Story people's museum). The Hayes used to be home to David Morgan department store, an historic local landmark that dominated the shop fronts on the western side of The Hayes. Since its closure in 2005, the Grade I‑listed David Morgan Buildings have been subdivided into several retail units, and the upper floors converted into 56 luxury apartments. The exterior of the building received a comprehensive refurbishment, with the street clock being reinstated and the façade being restored to its original design, following many alterations since its construction in the late 1800s. The eastern side of the Hayes is fronted by the new St. Davids 2 shopping centre. Prior to this it was home to Oxford Arcade, a post war construction that dated quickly and was underused given its central location. Alliance in front of Cardiff Central Library The southern end features the John Lewis department store and the new Cardiff Central Library, which opened in March 2009. The previous Central Library closed in 2006 to make way for the construction of the St. David's 2 shopping centre and was located a few hundred yards north-east on Bridge Street. As part of the St Davids 2 development, the Hayes was pedestrianised and repaved. A new public square was created at its southern end with a large, interactive public artwork as its centrepiece called Alliance, a 25 metres (82 ft) high sculpture consisting of a large stainless steel and enamelled metal ring and an arrow column, which was initially meant to feature lights that would rise and fall with the tide. Caroline Street Main article: Caroline Street (Cardiff) Caroline Street is a pedestrianised link between St Mary Street and The Hayes. The street has been a host to all kinds of stores but has seen a surge in chip and kebab shops, and as such is commonly known as Chip Lane or Chip Alley. Around 2003, the north side of the street was redeveloped after the demolition of the old Brains Brewery. In its place were luxury flats encircling the Old Brewery Quarter, where new shops, bars and restaurants were erected. The pavement on the street was re‑tiled as part of this development. Southeastern city centre Callaghan Square Main article: Callaghan Square This development, built in 1999, extends the central business district south of the mainline railway. Eventually the main development will include approximately 850,000 square feet (77,000 m2) of office space and other uses, of which approximately 350,000 square feet (33,000 m2) is complete (with the largest occupiers being Eversheds and British Gas). Further phases are unlikely to be built on a speculative basis. The initial masterplan suggest that the final phase, yet to be commenced, will also include hotel and residential use. Nearby offices on Tresillian Way (housing The AA, and Lloyds TSB Black Horse finance amongst others) plus further potential developments have turned the area relatively quickly into one of the largest office locations in Central Cardiff. Within a few years total office space in the area will exceed 1 million square feet (90,000 m2). Atrium Custom House Street/Bute Terrace/Adam Street These two roads have traditionally formed the southern and southeastern boundaries of the central business district of Cardiff, and in the 2000s have seen a great deal of new development. Recent developments such as the 23‑storey Altolusso apartment complex, and the Big Sleep Hotel were set to be joined by (from west to east), a new 11‑storey office building (on the site of the 120-year-old Central Hotel – destroyed by fire in early 2003; the Meridian Gate development (consisting of an 11‑storey apartment block and a 21‑storey Radisson SAS Hotel); a new John Lewis department store as part of the St. David's 2 shopping expansion; Harlech Court (consisting of apartments and a rooftop restaurant); the University of South Wales's ATRiuM campus (which opened in 2007) along with the 21‑storey Tŷ Pont Haearn student halls; and 3 further residential towers (of up to 13 storeys) with lower floor retail and commercial use. Access From the north, North Road (A470) meets the city centre at the junction with Castle Street and Boulevard de Nantes, with the latter route forming a northern and eastern by‑pass, meeting Newport Road (A4161) and then Callaghan Square, just south of the city centre. From the west, the centre is accessed from Castle Street (A4161), Wood Street and Penarth Road (A4160), with St. Mary's Street connecting the three, but is restricted to no‑car traffic. Penarth Road terminates at Callaghan Square. From the south, Lloyd George Avenue (A470), Bute Street and the Central Link (A4234) originate from Cardiff Bay and meet the city centre at Callaghan Square. Transport in the city centre See also: Transport in Cardiff Bus The vast majority of Cardiff Bus services run to or through the city centre, approaching from the west along either Tudor Street or Westgate Street, from the north along North Road or Newport Road, from the east along Newport Road and from the south along Callaghan Square. Most services circle the city centre, creating a "bus box". Some terminate or pass through Cardiff Central bus station, off Wood Street, which is currently being redeveloped. Other major interchanges include The Hayes, Dumfries Place, Westgate Street, Greyfriars Road and St. Mary Street, with taxi stands being located next to most of these. The Baycar service circles the city centre every 10 minutes before continuing to Cardiff Bay. Rail Cardiff Central station Cardiff Queen Street station The city centre is served by two railway stations. Cardiff Queen Street is in the east of the centre and is the city's main hub for urban services to the rest of Cardiff, its valleys and the Vale of Glamorgan. Cardiff Central, located in the south of the city centre, is the largest station in the city and one of the busiest in the United Kingdom, focusing on mainline services. Central railway station is located next to Central bus station forming an interchange. Cathays railway station, Grangetown railway station and Ninian Park railway station are all within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the centre serving edges of the city centre. Road The A470 bypasses the centre to the east running southbound to Cardiff Bay and northbound to North Cardiff, Pontypridd, Merthyr Tydfil and Brecon. The A470 road meets the A4232 at Cardiff Bay, leading to Culverhouse Cross and the M4 motorway, and also meets the A48 Carmarthen–Gloucester road at Gabalfa, north of the centre. Some city centre taxis can be hailed. They are usually, but not always, black with a white bonnet or hackney carriages. Water The Cardiff Waterbus has stops at Cardiff Castle and Taff Mead Embankment, next to the Millennium Stadium, with services to Cardiff Bay. Cycle A cycle hire system, similar to those in other large cities, launched in September 2009, and included 70 bikes and 35 hire points (initially 7) around the centre and the south of the city. The cycle hire system was shut down in 2012. In early 2018, Nextbike offered a new cycle hire scheme with docking stations throughout the city. See also List of tallest buildings in Cardiff References ^ "Development – Project overview". 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ Alford, Abby (3 June 2009). "Shoppers numbers set to soar in Cardiff". South Wales Echo. Welsh Media Ltd. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ Alford, Abby (25 November 2009). "Capital investment pushes Cardiff up retail rankings". Western Mail. Welsh Media Ltd. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Grant of Letters Patent". London Gazette. 31 October 1905. pp. 7248–7249. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ a b c d Hooper, A; Punter, J, eds. (2006). Capital Cardiff 1975–2020: Regeneration, Competitiveness and the Urban Environment. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 9780708320631. ^ "Cardiff shops seek compensation for roadworks". BBC News Wales. BBC. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "City Centre Improvements". Cardiff Transport Strategy. Cardiff Council / Cyngor Caerdydd. 22 December 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ a b c "City Centre Shopping – Queen Street". Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Charles Street". Real Cardiff. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Principality Building Society". Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Cardiff Street Commissioners". The Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian. (Glamorgan, Monmouthshire and Breconshire). 31 March 1849. p. 4 – via Welsh Newspapers Online. ^ "Cardiff's Winter Wonderland". Cardiff City Council. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Admiral House Also known as Forty Newport Road". 22 December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "The closure of the Driving Standards Agency office in Cardiff". Department for Transport. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Hotel Ibis Cardiff". www.accorhotels.com. Accor Hotels. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Cardiff Masonic Hall". Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Demolition work on St David's House in Cardiff progresses quickly", Wales Online, 5 May 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2020. ^ Law, Peter (30 January 2012). "Major firms eye up new HQs on Cardiff bus station site". South Wales Echo. Welsh Media Ltd. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ Day, Louise (24 July 2003). "Central Hotel to get new lease of life". South Wales Echo. Welsh Media Ltd. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Public bike hire scheme for city". BBC News. BBC. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ Aylford, Abby (22 September 2009). "Smart bike system launch". South Wales Echo. Welsh Media Ltd. Retrieved 9 March 2013. External links Media related to Cardiff city centre at Wikimedia Commons Pontcanna Cathays Roath Riverside City centre Adamsdown Grangetown Butetown Splott vteCity of CardiffAbout Cardiff Architecture Arcades Listed buildings Tallest buildings City centre Culture and recreation Economy and industry History (Timeline) Leisure centres Libraries Media People Places Politics Public art Schools Sport Transport Bus Rail Cycle Water Air Cardiff templates Culture Economy Education Landmarks and visitor attractions Media Politics Sport Transport Neighbourhoods Adamsdown Birchgrove Butetown Caerau Canton Cardiff Bay Cardiff Gate Cathays Coryton Creigiau Cyncoed Danescourt Ely Fairwater Gabalfa Grangetown Heath Lisvane Llandaff Llandaff North Llanishen Llanrumney Pentrebane Pentwyn Pentyrch Penylan Plasdwr Pontcanna Pontprennau Radyr and Morganstown Rhiwbina Riverside Roath Rumney Splott St Fagans St Mellons Thornhill Tongwynlais Tremorfa Trowbridge Whitchurch Geography Wales	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff Central (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiff_city_centre_skyscrapers.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stadium House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_House,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_centre"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"River Taff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Taff"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Queen Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Queen_Street"},{"link_name":"shopping centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centre"},{"link_name":"numerous arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_arcades_in_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"St. David's 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._David%27s_Centre#St._David's_2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"footfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/footfall"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Cardiff Central (UK Parliament constituency).Central Business District in WalesStadium House (left) and South Gate House (right), in the west of the city centreCardiff city centre (Welsh: Canol Dinas Caerdydd) is the city centre and central business district of Cardiff, Wales. The area is tightly bound by the River Taff to the west, the Civic Centre to the north and railway lines and two railway stations – Central and Queen Street – to the south and east respectively. Cardiff became a city in 1905.The city centre in Cardiff consists of principal shopping streets: Queen Street, St. Mary's Street and the Hayes, as well as large shopping centres, and numerous arcades and lanes that house some smaller, specialized shops and boutiques.The city centre has undergone a number of redevelopment projects, including St. David's 2,[1] which extended the shopping district southwards, creating 100 new stores and a flagship John Lewis, the only branch in Wales and the largest outside London. Compared to nearby cities, the new St David's Centre has more retail space than the whole of Newport or Swansea.[citation needed]In 2008–9, the annual footfall of shoppers was 55 million, and is expected to have risen to 66 million by 2009–10.[needs update][2] Cardiff is the sixth most successful shopping destination in the United Kingdom – behind London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool.[3]","title":"Cardiff city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiff,_Church_Street,_St._John_the_Baptist.jpg"},{"link_name":"St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Cardiff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Speed%27s_map_of_Cardiff_1610.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Speed"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"multi‑storey car parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooper-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooper-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooper-5"},{"link_name":"Welsh Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park#National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Empire Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Empire_Pool"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooper-5"}],"text":"St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff's only medieval parish church in the city centre.John Speed's 1610 map of CardiffCardiff was granted city status by Edward VII in 1905.[4]In the 1960s, planners described Cardiff city centre as \"worn out, inconvenient, drab and dangerous\". The centre had escaped the extensive wartime bomb damage inflicted on other cities, so little redevelopment took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The Buchanan Plan of 1964 envisaged a highly ambitious extended city centre, crossed with urban motorways. The council scrapped the proposed motorway network and focused on the small commercial core of the city; its proposed redevelopment scheme, in partnership with a private developer, would have seen almost all of the city centre (except St Mary Street and Working Street) demolished, replaced by modernist office towers of up to 21 storeys and pedestrianised decks linking multi‑storey car parks to covered shopping malls.[5]By the time the legal agreement to implement 'Centreplan 70' was signed, the 1973 property crash had made it unviable. However, one legacy of the scheme was the future segregation of office and retail development, with the west end of Newport Road as the principal office area with secondary concentrations on Churchill Way, Greyfriars Road and Westgate Street.[5]Development in the 1970s and 80s was more piecemeal than envisaged in Centreplan, with the building of the St. David's Centre and St David's Hall, new multi‑storey car parks, and the grant‑supported construction of the 14‑storey Holiday Inn (now the Marriott) and World Trade Centre (now the Cardiff International Arena), which gave a fillip to the city's conference and exhibition business. In the mid–1980s developers returned to Queen Street, creating three medium‑sized malls, helping it to become one of the best performing shopping streets in the country in terms of footfall and rental levels.[5]In the 1990s the Mill Lane cafe quarter was developed in partnership with the Welsh Development Agency, a pedestrian forecourt was created for the refurbished Central railway station, a new walkway was constructed alongside the Taff and the Millennium Stadium was built on the site of the National Stadium and Empire Pool. The latter became, according to official publicists, one of the icons of Cardiff's new image.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castle Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Quarter_(Cardiff)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff's Victorian and Edwardian arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_arcades_in_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"St Mary Street, High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary_Street/High_Street"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Castle Quarter includes some of Cardiff's Victorian and Edwardian arcades: Castle Arcade, High Street Arcade and Duke Street Arcade, and principal shopping streets: St Mary Street, High Street, Castle Street and Duke Street.Development of the area began in February 2010 and is expected to be completed by July 2011. Cardiff Council says that work to create the Castle Quarter as a pedestrian friendly environment for High Street and St Mary Street is designed to enhance the city centre.[6]","title":"Castle Quarter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Street_Arcade_Cardiff.JPG"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"River Taff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Taff"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Civic Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathays_Park"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Castle"},{"link_name":"Bute Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bute_Park"}],"sub_title":"Castle Street/Duke Street/Kingsway","text":"Duke Street ArcadeCastle Street follows on from Cowbridge Road East from Canton and begins after Cardiff Bridge, over the River Taff. It becomes Duke Street after the junction with High Street before turning north and becoming Kingsway, leading to Cardiff Civic Centre. From west to east, streets that begin from the southern side of this stretch are Westgate Street, Womanby Street, High Street (St Marys Street), St Johns Street (The Hayes), Queen Street and Greyfriars Road. Cardiff Castle and Bute Park dominate the northern side of the street. On the southern side are pubs, bars, retail and hotel units. Castle Arcade and Duke Street Arcades begin from this stretch.","title":"Castle Quarter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Mary_Street,_Cardiff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Womanby_Street_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1575663.jpg"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Bristol Channel floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Channel_floods,_1607"},{"link_name":"bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)"},{"link_name":"night clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_club"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"Howells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howells_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_Market"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"night clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_club"},{"link_name":"pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"J D Wetherspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherspoons"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Castle"}],"sub_title":"St. Mary Street and High Street","text":"St. Mary Street south endWomanby Street looking southSt. Mary Street (Welsh: Heol Eglwys Fair) and High Street (Welsh: Heol Fawr). The former street is named after the 11th century church of St. Mary, the largest in Cardiff until it was destroyed by the Bristol Channel floods of 1607. Today the stretch of road is the home of a number of bars, night clubs and restaurants, as well as branches of many major banks. Also fronting onto the street is Howells department store, which stretches from just after Cardiff Central Market to the corner of Wharton Street. From August 2007 the street was closed to private vehicles, leaving only buses, cycles and taxis allowed to access the whole street.[citation needed] The street is usually closed to all traffic every Friday and Saturday night to allow the efflux from night clubs and pubs located in that part of the street to clear. It is also closed when major events take place such as at the Millennium Stadium.[7] The Prince Of Wales is a prominent J D Wetherspoon establishment at the junction with Wood Street, which leads to Central Station. At the northern end of the street is Castle Street and Cardiff Castle. To the south is Callaghan Square.","title":"Castle Quarter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clwb Ifor Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwb_Ifor_Bach"}],"sub_title":"Womanby Street","text":"Womanby Street is one of Cardiff's oldest streets. It is known for its small, independent live music venues and is home to Clwb Ifor Bach. It is accessed from Castle Street, between Westgate Street and High Street.","title":"Castle Quarter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Summer_on_Queen_Street_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1363923.jpg"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finch_charles_st-8"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Queen Street railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Queen_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"New Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Theatre_(Cardiff)"},{"link_name":"Principality Building Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_Building_Society"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Charles Vachell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vachell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finch_charles_st-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Welsh Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Arts_Council"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finch_charles_st-8"},{"link_name":"St Davids Catholic Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Metropolitan_Cathedral"}],"text":"Queen StreetQueen Street (Welsh: Heol y Frenhines) is the main thoroughfare in the city, now wholly pedestrianised. Most of Queen Street, from the castle moat to Dumfries Place, used to be called Crockherbtown (Crockherbtown Lane can still be found off Park Place),[8] but the street was renamed in honour of Queen Victoria in 1886.[9] Queen Street was pedestrianised in 1974 and is served by Cardiff Queen Street railway station on Station Terrace. It meets Dumfries Place/Newport Road at its eastern end, Duke Street/Castle Street at its western, and Park Place approximately halfway along. Further down Park Place is the New Theatre, a local landmark is Principality House, head office of the Principality Building Society.[10] To the north running parallel is Greyfriars Road, referring to the site of an old monastery, a traditional office location that has recently seen conversion to bars, apartments and hotels as offices move to the new business parks on the edge of the city, or to the better connected southern end of the city centre.Charles Street, named after the landowner (and twice Cardiff mayor) Charles Vachell, was originally built in the 1840s as luxury housing.[8] When Cardiff's new drainage was being devised, in 1849, Charles Street was described as Cardiff's \"principal street\".[11] It joins the north side of Queen Street about halfway along its length. The street became more commercial later in the 1800s. In the 1970s it became the home of the Welsh Arts Council's Oriel gallery.[8] It is also the location of St Davids Catholic Cathedral.","title":"Queen Street and vicinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathays_Park,_Cardiff.png"},{"link_name":"civic centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_centre"},{"link_name":"Edwardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"National Museum and Gallery of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Cardiff University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Crown Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Crown_Court"},{"link_name":"Welsh Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Government"},{"link_name":"Welsh National War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_National_War_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Bute Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bute_Park"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Castle"},{"link_name":"Gabalfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabalfa"},{"link_name":"ice rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rink"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Stuttgarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"}],"text":"Cathays ParkCathays Park is the civic centre of Cardiff. The Edwardian architecture of Cardiff City Hall, National Museum and Gallery of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff Crown Court, and the administrative headquarters of the Welsh Government dominate the area. Behind the City Hall is the Welsh National War Memorial. Bute Park also dominates the northwest of the area, running behind Cardiff Castle along the River Taff southward to Westgate Street and northward to Gabalfa. Cardiff's Winter Wonderland ice rink and fairground returns to the front lawn of the City Hall every winter.[12]Boulevard de Nantes and Stuttgarter Strasse, named after Cardiff's twin cities, run through the southern end and act as a northern bypass of parallel Queen Street for the A4161. To the west, it is connected to Kingsway (leading to Castle Street and St Mary Street), and Dumfries Place/ Newport Road to the east. Park Place runs north to south through the area, linking it to the A470 in the north and Queen Street in the south","title":"Cathays Park (Civic Centre)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Eastern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Street_junction_with_Dumfries_Place.JPG"},{"link_name":"Earl of Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Dumfries"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"Newport Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Road"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mercure Holland House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_House,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Cardiff University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Institute for the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Institute_for_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Royal Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Royal_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"University Hospital of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_big_squeeze%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1186370.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Dumfries Place/Newport Road","text":"The junction of Newport Road, Queen Street and Dumfries PlaceDumfries Place is named after the Earl of Dumfries, a courtesy title given to the Marquis of Bute's eldest son.Newport Road, the major road leading east from Queen Street towards the neighbouring city of Newport, has been one of the prime office locations of central Cardiff since the 1960s. Some of the original buildings have been converted from office use to residential (e.g. The Aspect, Admiral House[13] or hotel use including the Mercure Holland House. Occupancy of the remaining commercial property has increased, reflecting a shortage of office space in the city and there is now little scope for further conversion. Newport Road is also home to several buildings owned by Cardiff University, and Shand House, occupied by Cardiff Institute for the Blind.Newport Road is also the site for the Cardiff Royal Infirmary, now providing long-term care and rehabilitation. The hospital once housed 500 beds and provided the main A&E service for Cardiff before the University Hospital of Wales took over these functions.The eastern side of Churchill Way","title":"Eastern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capitol Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Centre,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Driving Standards Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_Standards_Agency"},{"link_name":"British Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrica"},{"link_name":"Helmont House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmont_House"},{"link_name":"Premier Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Inn"},{"link_name":"Ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Ibis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Churchill Way","text":"Churchill Way runs parallel to the west of Station Terrace (Cardiff Queen Street station) and joins Queen Street in the north and Bute Terrace in the south. The Capitol Centre is on the corner with Queen Street. Further along this road are office and modern apartment developments. The Cardiff office of the Driving Standards Agency, former British Gas offices in Helmont House (now a Premier Inn), and an Ibis Hotel are located on this street. The Cardiff office of the DSA subsequently closed.[14]\n[15]Cardiff Masonic Hall occupies a major site on the corner of Guildford Street, adjacent to Churchill Way.[16]","title":"Eastern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Southwestern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wood_Street,_Cardiff_(December_2019).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Central bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Vue cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vue_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"Stadium House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_House"},{"link_name":"South Wales Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Echo"},{"link_name":"Western Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)"}],"sub_title":"Wood Street","text":"Wood Street in December 2019Wood Street is the main access point for Cardiff Central railway and Central bus stations, with the latter undergoing reconstruction since early 2008. The street also had bus stands running along the length of the street as well. St David's House, which ran most of its length, was demolished in 2019.[17] Travelling westwards along this street are the Millennium Stadium, Millennium Plaza (with bars, night clubs, comedy clubs and a Vue cinema), Stadium House, Media Wales (offices of the South Wales Echo and Western Mail) and Southgate House, (which houses among other organisations the Cardiff offices for the Armed Forces).","title":"Southwestern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Central Square","text":"Central Square is a large public space between Wood Street and Cardiff Central railway station. It includes Cardiff bus station. In 2012 plans were announced to redevelop the square and rename it 'Capital Square'.[18]","title":"Southwestern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westgate_Street_(south)_Cardiff.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Arms Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Angel Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Hotel,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Royal Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hotel,_Cardiff"}],"sub_title":"Westgate Street","text":"The southern end of Westgate Street towards the perpendicular Wood StreetWestgate Street runs parallel just west of St Marys Street for about half of the latter's length, linked by several alleys and lanes. Linking Castle Street and Wood Street, Cardiff Arms Park and the Millennium Stadium dominate its western side, whereas pubs and bars and hotels dominate its eastern side, with the Angel Hotel at the north end and the Royal Hotel to the south.","title":"Southwestern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiff_arcade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caroline_Street_Cardiff.JPG"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"Howells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howells_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Bwyty Hayes Island Snack Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_Island_Snack_Bar"},{"link_name":"Spillers Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillers_Records"},{"link_name":"St David's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Hall"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Old Library building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Library,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Story"},{"link_name":"David Morgan department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morgan_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"St. Davids 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._David%27s_Centre#St._David's"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alliance_Cardiff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"John Lewis department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_Library"},{"link_name":"Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_(sculpture)"}],"text":"Morgan ArcadeCaroline Street looking southThe Hayes (Welsh: Yr Ais) is where the department store Howells, Bwyty Hayes Island Snack Bar, Spillers Records, St David's Hall, and elegant Victorian arcades are found. At the northern end is Cardiff's Grade II* listed Old Library building (location of the Cardiff Story people's museum).The Hayes used to be home to David Morgan department store, an historic local landmark that dominated the shop fronts on the western side of The Hayes. Since its closure in 2005, the Grade I‑listed David Morgan Buildings have been subdivided into several retail units, and the upper floors converted into 56 luxury apartments. The exterior of the building received a comprehensive refurbishment, with the street clock being reinstated and the façade being restored to its original design, following many alterations since its construction in the late 1800s.The eastern side of the Hayes is fronted by the new St. Davids 2 shopping centre. Prior to this it was home to Oxford Arcade, a post war construction that dated quickly and was underused given its central location.Alliance in front of Cardiff Central LibraryThe southern end features the John Lewis department store and the new Cardiff Central Library, which opened in March 2009. The previous Central Library closed in 2006 to make way for the construction of the St. David's 2 shopping centre and was located a few hundred yards north-east on Bridge Street.As part of the St Davids 2 development, the Hayes was pedestrianised and repaved. A new public square was created at its southern end with a large, interactive public artwork as its centrepiece called Alliance, a 25 metres (82 ft) high sculpture consisting of a large stainless steel and enamelled metal ring and an arrow column, which was initially meant to feature lights that would rise and fall with the tide.","title":"The Hayes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_A_Brain"},{"link_name":"Old Brewery Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Brewery_Quarter"}],"sub_title":"Caroline Street","text":"Caroline Street is a pedestrianised link between St Mary Street and The Hayes. The street has been a host to all kinds of stores but has seen a surge in chip and kebab shops, and as such is commonly known as Chip Lane or Chip Alley. Around 2003, the north side of the street was redeveloped after the demolition of the old Brains Brewery. In its place were luxury flats encircling the Old Brewery Quarter, where new shops, bars and restaurants were erected. The pavement on the street was re‑tiled as part of this development.","title":"The Hayes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Southeastern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atrium,_Cardiff.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Callaghan Square","text":"This development, built in 1999, extends the central business district south of the mainline railway. Eventually the main development will include approximately 850,000 square feet (77,000 m2) of office space and other uses, of which approximately 350,000 square feet (33,000 m2) is complete (with the largest occupiers being Eversheds and British Gas). Further phases are unlikely to be built on a speculative basis. The initial masterplan suggest that the final phase, yet to be commenced, will also include hotel and residential use. Nearby offices on Tresillian Way (housing The AA, and Lloyds TSB Black Horse finance amongst others) plus further potential developments have turned the area relatively quickly into one of the largest office locations in Central Cardiff. Within a few years total office space in the area will exceed 1 million square feet (90,000 m2).[citation needed]Atrium","title":"Southeastern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Altolusso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altolusso"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Meridian Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Gate,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"University of South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"ATRiuM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(Cardiff)"},{"link_name":"Tŷ Pont Haearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7_Pont_Haearn"}],"sub_title":"Custom House Street/Bute Terrace/Adam Street","text":"These two roads have traditionally formed the southern and southeastern boundaries of the central business district of Cardiff, and in the 2000s have seen a great deal of new development. Recent developments such as the 23‑storey Altolusso apartment complex, and the Big Sleep Hotel were set to be joined by (from west to east), a new 11‑storey office building (on the site of the 120-year-old Central Hotel – destroyed by fire in early 2003;[19] the Meridian Gate development (consisting of an 11‑storey apartment block and a 21‑storey Radisson SAS Hotel); a new John Lewis department store as part of the St. David's 2 shopping expansion; Harlech Court (consisting of apartments and a rooftop restaurant); the University of South Wales's ATRiuM campus (which opened in 2007) along with the 21‑storey Tŷ Pont Haearn student halls; and 3 further residential towers (of up to 13 storeys) with lower floor retail and commercial use.","title":"Southeastern city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bay"}],"text":"From the north, North Road (A470) meets the city centre at the junction with Castle Street and Boulevard de Nantes, with the latter route forming a northern and eastern by‑pass, meeting Newport Road (A4161) and then Callaghan Square, just south of the city centre.From the west, the centre is accessed from Castle Street (A4161), Wood Street and Penarth Road (A4160), with St. Mary's Street connecting the three, but is restricted to no‑car traffic. Penarth Road terminates at Callaghan Square.From the south, Lloyd George Avenue (A470), Bute Street and the Central Link (A4234) originate from Cardiff Bay and meet the city centre at Callaghan Square.","title":"Access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport in Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Cardiff"}],"text":"See also: Transport in Cardiff","title":"Transport in the city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bus"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Baycar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baycar"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bay"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"The vast majority of Cardiff Bus services run to or through the city centre, approaching from the west along either Tudor Street or Westgate Street, from the north along North Road or Newport Road, from the east along Newport Road and from the south along Callaghan Square. Most services circle the city centre, creating a \"bus box\". Some terminate or pass through Cardiff Central bus station, off Wood Street, which is currently being redeveloped. Other major interchanges include The Hayes, Dumfries Place, Westgate Street, Greyfriars Road and St. Mary Street, with taxi stands being located next to most of these.The Baycar service circles the city centre every 10 minutes before continuing to Cardiff Bay.","title":"Transport in the city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CardiffCentral-front-02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiff_Queen_Street_station_April_2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Queen Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Queen_Street"},{"link_name":"valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cathays railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathays_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Grangetown railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grangetown_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ninian Park railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninian_Park_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"Cardiff Central stationCardiff Queen Street stationThe city centre is served by two railway stations. Cardiff Queen Street is in the east of the centre and is the city's main hub for urban services to the rest of Cardiff, its valleys and the Vale of Glamorgan. Cardiff Central, located in the south of the city centre, is the largest station in the city and one of the busiest in the United Kingdom, focusing on mainline services. Central railway station is located next to Central bus station forming an interchange.Cathays railway station, Grangetown railway station and Ninian Park railway station are all within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the centre serving edges of the city centre.","title":"Transport in the city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A470_road"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bay"},{"link_name":"North Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(geographical_area)"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"Brecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon"},{"link_name":"A4232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4232_road"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bay"},{"link_name":"Culverhouse Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culverhouse_Cross"},{"link_name":"M4 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_motorway"},{"link_name":"A48 Carmarthen–Gloucester road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A48_road"},{"link_name":"Gabalfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabalfa"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"The A470 bypasses the centre to the east running southbound to Cardiff Bay and northbound to North Cardiff, Pontypridd, Merthyr Tydfil and Brecon. The A470 road meets the A4232 at Cardiff Bay, leading to Culverhouse Cross and the M4 motorway, and also meets the A48 Carmarthen–Gloucester road at Gabalfa, north of the centre.Some city centre taxis can be hailed. They are usually, but not always, black with a white bonnet or hackney carriages.","title":"Transport in the city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff Waterbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Waterbus"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bay"}],"sub_title":"Water","text":"The Cardiff Waterbus has stops at Cardiff Castle and Taff Mead Embankment, next to the Millennium Stadium, with services to Cardiff Bay.","title":"Transport in the city centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Cycle","text":"A cycle hire system, similar to those in other large cities, launched in September 2009, and included 70 bikes and 35 hire points (initially 7) around the centre and the south of the city. The cycle hire system was shut down in 2012.\n[20][21] In early 2018, Nextbike offered a new cycle hire scheme with docking stations throughout the city.","title":"Transport in the city centre"}]	[{"image_text":"Stadium House (left) and South Gate House (right), in the west of the city centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cardiff_city_centre_skyscrapers.JPG/170px-Cardiff_city_centre_skyscrapers.JPG"},{"image_text":"St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff's only medieval parish church in the city centre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cardiff%2C_Church_Street%2C_St._John_the_Baptist.jpg/220px-Cardiff%2C_Church_Street%2C_St._John_the_Baptist.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Speed's 1610 map of Cardiff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Speed%27s_map_of_Cardiff_1610.jpg/220px-John_Speed%27s_map_of_Cardiff_1610.jpg"},{"image_text":"Duke Street Arcade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Duke_Street_Arcade_Cardiff.JPG/170px-Duke_Street_Arcade_Cardiff.JPG"},{"image_text":"St. Mary Street south end","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/St._Mary_Street%2C_Cardiff.jpg/220px-St._Mary_Street%2C_Cardiff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Womanby Street looking south","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Womanby_Street_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1575663.jpg/170px-Womanby_Street_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1575663.jpg"},{"image_text":"Queen Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Summer_on_Queen_Street_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1363923.jpg/220px-Summer_on_Queen_Street_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1363923.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cathays Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cathays_Park%2C_Cardiff.png/220px-Cathays_Park%2C_Cardiff.png"},{"image_text":"The junction of Newport Road, Queen Street and Dumfries Place","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Queen_Street_junction_with_Dumfries_Place.JPG/220px-Queen_Street_junction_with_Dumfries_Place.JPG"},{"image_text":"The eastern side of Churchill Way","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_big_squeeze%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1186370.jpg/220px-The_big_squeeze%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1186370.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wood Street in December 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wood_Street%2C_Cardiff_%28December_2019%29.jpg/220px-Wood_Street%2C_Cardiff_%28December_2019%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The southern end of Westgate Street towards the perpendicular Wood Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Westgate_Street_%28south%29_Cardiff.JPG/170px-Westgate_Street_%28south%29_Cardiff.JPG"},{"image_text":"Morgan Arcade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardiff_arcade.jpg/170px-Cardiff_arcade.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caroline Street looking south","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Caroline_Street_Cardiff.JPG/170px-Caroline_Street_Cardiff.JPG"},{"image_text":"Alliance in front of Cardiff Central Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alliance_Cardiff.jpg/170px-Alliance_Cardiff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Atrium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Atrium%2C_Cardiff.jpg/200px-Atrium%2C_Cardiff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cardiff Central station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CardiffCentral-front-02.jpg/220px-CardiffCentral-front-02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cardiff Queen Street station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cardiff_Queen_Street_station_April_2009.JPG/220px-Cardiff_Queen_Street_station_April_2009.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cardiff"}]	[{"reference":"\"Development – Project overview\". 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121227194341/http://www.stdavidscardiff.com/About-us/Development","url_text":"\"Development – Project overview\""},{"url":"http://stdavidscardiff.com/About-us/Development","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alford, Abby (3 June 2009). \"Shoppers numbers set to soar in Cardiff\". South Wales Echo. Welsh Media Ltd. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/cardiff-news/2009/06/03/shoppers-numbers-set-to-soar-in-cardiff-91466-23774599/","url_text":"\"Shoppers numbers set to soar in Cardiff\""}]},{"reference":"Alford, Abby (25 November 2009). \"Capital investment pushes Cardiff up retail rankings\". Western Mail. Welsh Media Ltd. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business-in-wales/business-news/2009/11/25/capital-investment-pushes-cardiff-up-retail-rankings-91466-25245234/","url_text":"\"Capital investment pushes Cardiff up retail rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grant of Letters Patent\". London Gazette. 31 October 1905. pp. 7248–7249. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27849/pages/7248","url_text":"\"Grant of Letters Patent\""}]},{"reference":"Hooper, A; Punter, J, eds. (2006). Capital Cardiff 1975–2020: Regeneration, Competitiveness and the Urban Environment. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 9780708320631.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press","url_text":"University of Wales Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780708320631","url_text":"9780708320631"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiff shops seek compensation for roadworks\". BBC News Wales. BBC. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11647951","url_text":"\"Cardiff shops seek compensation for roadworks\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Centre Improvements\". Cardiff Transport Strategy. Cardiff Council / Cyngor Caerdydd. 22 December 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023060757/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2870%2C4048%2C4188%2C5137&parent_directory_id=2865&id=5317","url_text":"\"City Centre Improvements\""},{"url":"http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2870%2C4048%2C4188%2C5137&parent_directory_id=2865&id=5317","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City Centre Shopping – Queen Street\". Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keytothecity.co.uk/dayout.htm#shops","url_text":"\"City Centre Shopping – Queen Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Street\". Real Cardiff. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peterfinch.co.uk/charles.htm","url_text":"\"Charles Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Principality Building Society\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130303064224/http://www.principality.co.uk/en/About-Us/About-Principality.aspx","url_text":"\"Principality Building Society\""},{"url":"http://www.principality.co.uk/en/About-Us/About-Principality.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiff Street Commissioners\". The Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian. (Glamorgan, Monmouthshire and Breconshire). 31 March 1849. p. 4 – via Welsh Newspapers Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3089447/3089451/","url_text":"\"Cardiff Street Commissioners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cardiff_and_Merthyr_Guardian","url_text":"The Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiff's Winter Wonderland\". Cardiff City Council. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204441/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2868%2C2964%2C4981&parent_directory_id=2865","url_text":"\"Cardiff's Winter Wonderland\""},{"url":"http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2868%2C2964%2C4981&parent_directory_id=2865","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Admiral House Also known as Forty Newport Road\". 22 December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014081459/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=967","url_text":"\"Admiral House Also known as Forty Newport Road\""},{"url":"http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=967","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The closure of the Driving Standards Agency office in Cardiff\". Department for Transport. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-closure-of-the-driving-standards-agency-office-in-cardiff","url_text":"\"The closure of the Driving Standards Agency office in Cardiff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport","url_text":"Department for Transport"}]},{"reference":"\"Hotel Ibis Cardiff\". www.accorhotels.com. Accor Hotels. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibis.com/gb/hotel-2936-ibis-cardiff/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Hotel Ibis Cardiff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiff Masonic Hall\". Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cardiffmasonichall.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Cardiff Masonic Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Law, Peter (30 January 2012). \"Major firms eye up new HQs on Cardiff bus station site\". South Wales Echo. Welsh Media Ltd. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radwin	Radwin	["1 History","2 Awards & notable events","3 References"]	Telecommunications company that develops and manufactures hardware for wireless applications This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Radwin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Radwin Ltd.Company typePrivateIndustryTelecommunicationsFounded1997; 27 years ago (1997)HeadquartersNew Jersey, USAArea servedWorldKey peopleSharon Sher (CEO)ProductsPTP: Radwin 2000 PTP, Radwin 2000 Alpha,PtMP: JET Series, NEO Series, Subscriber Units, MultiSector Series, Outland™ Series, TerraWin™ SeriesMobility: FiberinMotion®, Terrabridge, OSS Tools, Beamforming technologyNumber of employees250Websitewww.radwin.com Radwin is an American wireless communications manufacturing company that produces wireless communications systems used by telecoms carriers, city and town councils, remote communities, ISPs, WISPs, and private networks. It also creates hardware for transportation applications such as metro systems, bus networks, ferries, airports, and vehicles such as patrol vehicles, manned and unmanned heavy machinery used in mines and ports. The hardware is used for applications, including mobile and IP backhaul, home and enterprise wireless broadband access, private network connectivity, and video surveillance transmission. As part of the Smart City initiative in India by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Radwin entered a partnership with Avaya in 2016. The company is headquartered in Miami, United States, with regional offices around the world, in Brazil, El Salvador, China, Colombia, Poland, India, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Russia, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom and United States. History Radwin was founded in 1997 by Sharon Sher. During his military service obligation, he was assigned to a R&D unit where he worked on projects involving telecommunication systems and wireless communications. After receiving a degree in mathematics and physics from Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a master's degree in electronic engineering from Tel Aviv University, he founded Radwin in 1997 as a spin-off of RAD Data Communications. The first products were point-to-point radios. Radwin system in use at Kennedy Space Centre, Florida.By 2005, the company had sold its first 10,000 radios, and its products were chosen for one of Asia's largest WiFi backhaul projects, with more than one thousand wireless links. Radwin was selected by Indian Railways for train-to-track connectivity, and in the same year, the company opened an office in India. After the 2004 tsunami, Radwin donated 1,000 wireless broadband units for the reconstruction of Thailand's communications network. In 2006, the company launched its first point to multipoint products. By 2007 Radwin had sold more than 50,000 units, in over 70 countries, and in 2008, that reached 100,000 units in more than 100 countries. Radwin was chosen by the UK Ministry of Defence in 2009 to provide a front line digital communications backbone to replace the Cormorant Network in the War in Afghanistan. Systems were fitted to front-line vehicles, providing reliable broadband communication in non-line-of-sight conditions. In 2010 Radwin was chosen for wireless HD video transmission at NASA launch events taking place at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. In 2013, the company's FiberinMotion was selected and deployed on the Moscow Metro, providing in-tunnel train-to-wayside broadband wireless communication, delivering on-board high-speed (90 Mbit/s) internet for passengers, and infrastructure for real-time CCTV transmission, passenger information systems and communications-based train control. The company launched a beamforming point-to-multipoint system in 2015, Radwin 5000 Jet, designed to deliver high capacity in challenging high-interference environments and use congested spectrum more efficiently than traditional systems. Radwin's wireless mobility solution is selected by Bangkok for Gold Line ( A first completely automated, mass rapid transit (MRT) system in Bangkok). Awards & notable events WISP President's Choice Award 2004 Named one of the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 Passenger Innovation of the Year 2017, SmartRail Europe Innovation Awards References ^ Abbas, Muntazir (17 March 2016). "Avaya, Radwin team up to win Smart City projects in India". telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com. p. 1. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ^ "Offices worldwide". Retrieved 10 October 2021. ^ "Sharon Sher - CEO - RADWIN \| LinkedIn". il.linkedin.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10. ^ "Company Overview of Radwin Ltd". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2014. ^ Lewis Page (8 September 2009), "Army's £114m battle-comms net not up to Afghan demands", The Register, retrieved 20 November 2014 ^ Daniel Emery (10 September 2009), "MoD withdraws £114m comms system", BBC News, retrieved 16 November 2014 ^ "Free wi-fi rolls out across the Moscow Metro", Railway Gazette International, 7 March 2014, retrieved 30 March 2014 ^ David Briginshaw (10 March 2014), "WiFi rolls out on the Moscow Metro", International Railway Journal, retrieved 30 March 2014 ^ James Atkinson (6 March 2014), "Radwin FiberinMotion train-to-track Wi-Fi solution chosen for Moscow Metro", Wireless Magazine, archived from the original on 27 May 2014, retrieved 25 May 2014 ^ Monica Alleven (16 March 2015), "Radwin completes Moscow Wi-Fi deployment on metro trains; launches of high capacity long range point-to-multipoint solution", Fierce Wireless, retrieved 15 July 2015 ^ James Atkinson (16 March 2015), "Radwin launches next generation 5000 JET wireless PtMP solution", Wireless Magazine, retrieved 15 July 2015 ^ Nair, Shalini (2021-06-11). "Bangkok selects Radwin's wireless mobility solution for Gold Line". Railway Technology. Retrieved 2023-04-30. ^ "WISP President's Choice Award 2004". Retrieved 3 October 2013. ^ "Deloitte Technology Fast 50 winners". Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "Who are the winners of the SmartRail Europe Innovation Awards 2017?". Retrieved 13 August 2019. vteCompanies of the RAD GroupNasdaq Listed Ceragon Networks Radcom Radware Silicom Privately held Bynet PacketLight Networks RAD Data Communications RADiFlow RADWIN SecurityDAM Former members Armon (sold in 1996 to Bay Networks, today Avaya) LANNET (sold in 1995 to Madge Networks, which in 1998 sold it to Lucent) RADLAN (now Marvell Software) RADLINX (sold in 1998 to VocalTec) RADNET (sold in 1997 to Siemens and Newbridge Networks) RadView Software Radvision (sold in 2012 to Avaya) RADWIZ (sold in 1999 to Terayon Communication Systems) RiT Technologies (sold in 2008 to Stins Coman Corporation) RND (sold in 2003 to USR Electronics)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wireless communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communications"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company"},{"link_name":"telecoms carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_service_provider"},{"link_name":"city and town councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"remote communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_and_isolated_community"},{"link_name":"ISPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"WISPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"private networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network"},{"link_name":"metro systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_systems"},{"link_name":"airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_port"},{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"backhaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhaul_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"Avaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Radwin is an American wireless communications manufacturing company that produces wireless communications systems used by telecoms carriers, city and town councils, remote communities, ISPs, WISPs, and private networks. It also creates hardware for transportation applications such as metro systems, bus networks, ferries, airports, and vehicles such as patrol vehicles, manned and unmanned heavy machinery used in mines and ports. The hardware is used for applications, including mobile and IP backhaul, home and enterprise wireless broadband access, private network connectivity, and video surveillance transmission. As part of the Smart City initiative in India by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Radwin entered a partnership with Avaya in 2016.[1]The company is headquartered in Miami, United States, with regional offices around the world, in Brazil, El Salvador, China, Colombia, Poland, India, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Russia, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom and United States.[2]","title":"Radwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military service obligation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"R&D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"electronic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_spin-off"},{"link_name":"RAD Data Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD_Data_Communications"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RADWIN_unit,_Kennedy_Space_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"WiFi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFi"},{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"2004 tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"point to multipoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication"},{"link_name":"UK Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"front line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_line"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cormorant Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant_Network"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"non-line-of-sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-line-of-sight"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Moscow Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television"},{"link_name":"passenger information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_information_systems"},{"link_name":"communications-based train control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"beamforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamforming"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Radwin was founded in 1997 by Sharon Sher. During his military service obligation, he was assigned to a R&D unit where he worked on projects involving telecommunication systems and wireless communications. After receiving a degree in mathematics and physics from Hebrew University of Jerusalem,[3] and a master's degree in electronic engineering from Tel Aviv University, he founded Radwin in 1997 as a spin-off of RAD Data Communications. The first products were point-to-point radios.[4]Radwin system in use at Kennedy Space Centre, Florida.By 2005, the company had sold its first 10,000 radios, and its products were chosen for one of Asia's largest WiFi backhaul projects, with more than one thousand wireless links. Radwin was selected by Indian Railways for train-to-track connectivity, and in the same year, the company opened an office in India.After the 2004 tsunami, Radwin donated 1,000 wireless broadband units for the reconstruction of Thailand's communications network. [citation needed]In 2006, the company launched its first point to multipoint products. By 2007 Radwin had sold more than 50,000 units, in over 70 countries, and in 2008, that reached 100,000 units in more than 100 countries.Radwin was chosen by the UK Ministry of Defence in 2009 to provide a front line digital communications backbone[5] to replace the Cormorant Network in the War in Afghanistan. Systems were fitted to front-line vehicles, providing reliable broadband communication in non-line-of-sight conditions.[6]In 2010 Radwin was chosen for wireless HD video transmission at NASA launch events taking place at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida.In 2013, the company's FiberinMotion was selected and deployed on the Moscow Metro,[7] providing in-tunnel train-to-wayside broadband wireless communication, delivering on-board high-speed (90 Mbit/s) internet for passengers,[8] and infrastructure for real-time CCTV transmission, passenger information systems and communications-based train control.[9]The company launched a beamforming point-to-multipoint system in 2015, Radwin 5000 Jet, designed to deliver high capacity in challenging high-interference environments[10] and use congested spectrum more efficiently than traditional systems.[11] Radwin's wireless mobility solution is selected by Bangkok for Gold Line ( A first completely automated, mass rapid transit (MRT) system in Bangkok).[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"WISP President's Choice Award 2004[13]\nNamed one of the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011[14]\nPassenger Innovation of the Year 2017, SmartRail Europe Innovation Awards[15]","title":"Awards & notable events"}]	[{"image_text":"Radwin system in use at Kennedy Space Centre, Florida.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RADWIN_unit%2C_Kennedy_Space_Center.jpg/220px-RADWIN_unit%2C_Kennedy_Space_Center.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Abbas, Muntazir (17 March 2016). \"Avaya, Radwin team up to win Smart City projects in India\". telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com. p. 1. Retrieved 17 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/avaya-radwin-team-up-to-win-smart-city-projects-in-india/51436255","url_text":"\"Avaya, Radwin team up to win Smart City projects in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offices worldwide\". Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radwin.com/offices/","url_text":"\"Offices worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sharon Sher - CEO - RADWIN \| LinkedIn\". il.linkedin.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://il.linkedin.com/in/ssher","url_text":"\"Sharon Sher - CEO - RADWIN \| LinkedIn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Overview of Radwin Ltd\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231180336/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=125088","url_text":"\"Company Overview of Radwin Ltd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek","url_text":"Bloomberg Businessweek"},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=125088","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis Page (8 September 2009), \"Army's £114m battle-comms net not up to Afghan demands\", The Register, retrieved 20 November 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/09/08/cormorant_needs_israeli_help/","url_text":"\"Army's £114m battle-comms net not up to Afghan demands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register","url_text":"The Register"}]},{"reference":"Daniel Emery (10 September 2009), \"MoD withdraws £114m comms system\", BBC News, retrieved 16 November 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8247143.stm","url_text":"\"MoD withdraws £114m comms system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Free wi-fi rolls out across the Moscow Metro\", Railway Gazette International, 7 March 2014, retrieved 30 March 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/free-wi-fi-rolls-out-across-the-moscow-metro.html","url_text":"\"Free wi-fi rolls out across the Moscow Metro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International","url_text":"Railway Gazette International"}]},{"reference":"David Briginshaw (10 March 2014), \"WiFi rolls out on the Moscow Metro\", International Railway Journal, retrieved 30 March 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/wifi-rolls-out-on-the-moscow-metro.html","url_text":"\"WiFi rolls out on the Moscow Metro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Railway_Journal","url_text":"International Railway Journal"}]},{"reference":"James Atkinson (6 March 2014), \"Radwin FiberinMotion train-to-track Wi-Fi solution chosen for Moscow Metro\", Wireless Magazine, archived from the original on 27 May 2014, retrieved 25 May 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215711/http://www.wireless-mag.com/News/28636/radwin_train-to-track_wi-fi_solution_chosen_for_moscow_metro.aspx","url_text":"\"Radwin FiberinMotion train-to-track Wi-Fi solution chosen for Moscow Metro\""},{"url":"http://www.wireless-mag.com/News/28636/radwin_train-to-track_wi-fi_solution_chosen_for_moscow_metro.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Monica Alleven (16 March 2015), \"Radwin completes Moscow Wi-Fi deployment on metro trains; launches of high capacity long range point-to-multipoint solution\", Fierce Wireless, retrieved 15 July 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiercewireless.com/tech/story/radwin-completes-moscow-wi-fi-deployment-metro-trains/2015-03-16","url_text":"\"Radwin completes Moscow Wi-Fi deployment on metro trains; launches of high capacity long range point-to-multipoint solution\""}]},{"reference":"James Atkinson (16 March 2015), \"Radwin launches next generation 5000 JET wireless PtMP solution\", Wireless Magazine, retrieved 15 July 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wireless-mag.com/News/32433/radwin-launches-next-gen-ptmp-5000-jet-wireless-small-cell.aspx","url_text":"\"Radwin launches next generation 5000 JET wireless PtMP solution\""}]},{"reference":"Nair, Shalini (2021-06-11). \"Bangkok selects Radwin's wireless mobility solution for Gold Line\". Railway Technology. Retrieved 2023-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railway-technology.com/news/bangkok-selects-radwin-wireless/","url_text":"\"Bangkok selects Radwin's wireless mobility solution for Gold Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"WISP President's Choice Award 2004\". Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20041213005521/en/PART-15.ORG-Awards-RADWIN-Presidents-Choice-Award-Fall","url_text":"\"WISP President's Choice Award 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deloitte Technology Fast 50 winners\". Retrieved 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deloitte.com/view/en_IL/il/industries/tmt/fast50/winners","url_text":"\"Deloitte Technology Fast 50 winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who are the winners of the SmartRail Europe Innovation Awards 2017?\". Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smartrailworld.com/it-and-wifi/who-are-the-winners-of-the-smartrail-europe-innovation-awards-2017","url_text":"\"Who are the winners of the SmartRail Europe Innovation Awards 2017?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radwin&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Radwin%22","external_links_name":"\"Radwin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Radwin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Radwin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Radwin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Radwin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Radwin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.radwin.com/","external_links_name":"www.radwin.com"},{"Link":"https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/avaya-radwin-team-up-to-win-smart-city-projects-in-india/51436255","external_links_name":"\"Avaya, Radwin team up to win Smart City projects in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.radwin.com/offices/","external_links_name":"\"Offices worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://il.linkedin.com/in/ssher","external_links_name":"\"Sharon Sher - CEO - RADWIN \| LinkedIn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231180336/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=125088","external_links_name":"\"Company Overview of Radwin Ltd\""},{"Link":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=125088","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/09/08/cormorant_needs_israeli_help/","external_links_name":"\"Army's £114m battle-comms net not up to Afghan demands\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8247143.stm","external_links_name":"\"MoD withdraws £114m comms system\""},{"Link":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/free-wi-fi-rolls-out-across-the-moscow-metro.html","external_links_name":"\"Free wi-fi rolls out across the Moscow Metro\""},{"Link":"http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/wifi-rolls-out-on-the-moscow-metro.html","external_links_name":"\"WiFi rolls out on the Moscow Metro\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215711/http://www.wireless-mag.com/News/28636/radwin_train-to-track_wi-fi_solution_chosen_for_moscow_metro.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Radwin FiberinMotion train-to-track Wi-Fi solution chosen for Moscow Metro\""},{"Link":"http://www.wireless-mag.com/News/28636/radwin_train-to-track_wi-fi_solution_chosen_for_moscow_metro.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fiercewireless.com/tech/story/radwin-completes-moscow-wi-fi-deployment-metro-trains/2015-03-16","external_links_name":"\"Radwin completes Moscow Wi-Fi deployment on metro trains; launches of high capacity long range point-to-multipoint solution\""},{"Link":"http://www.wireless-mag.com/News/32433/radwin-launches-next-gen-ptmp-5000-jet-wireless-small-cell.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Radwin launches next generation 5000 JET wireless PtMP solution\""},{"Link":"https://www.railway-technology.com/news/bangkok-selects-radwin-wireless/","external_links_name":"\"Bangkok selects Radwin's wireless mobility solution for Gold Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20041213005521/en/PART-15.ORG-Awards-RADWIN-Presidents-Choice-Award-Fall","external_links_name":"\"WISP President's Choice Award 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.deloitte.com/view/en_IL/il/industries/tmt/fast50/winners","external_links_name":"\"Deloitte Technology Fast 50 winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.smartrailworld.com/it-and-wifi/who-are-the-winners-of-the-smartrail-europe-innovation-awards-2017","external_links_name":"\"Who are the winners of the SmartRail Europe Innovation Awards 2017?\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_12	Bronx Community Board 12	["1 Community board staff and membership","2 Demographics","3 Board Meetings","4 References","5 External links"]	Community District in New York, United StatesBronx Community District 12 Bronx Community Board 12Community DistrictLocation in The BronxCountry United StatesState New YorkCity New York CityBorough The BronxNeighborhoods list Bronx ManorEdenwaldOlinvilleBaychesterEastchesterFish BayWilliamsbridgeWakefieldWoodlawn Government • TypeCommunity board • BodyBronx Community Board 12 • ChairpersonWilliam Hall • District ManagerGeorge TorresArea • Total5.6 sq mi (15 km2)Population (2000) • Total149,077 • Density27,000/sq mi (10,000/km2)Ethnicity • Hispanic and Latino Americans18.5% • African-American65.9% • White10% • Asian% • Others0.3% • American Indian or Alaska Native0.2%Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP codes10460, 10466, 10467, 10469, 10470, and 10475Area codes718, 347, and 929, and 917Police Precincts47th (website)Websitewww1.nyc.gov/site/bronxcb12/index.page Bronx Community Board 12 is a local government unit of the New York City borough of the Bronx, encompassing the neighborhoods of Edenwald, Wakefield, Williamsbridge, Woodlawn Heights, Fish Bay, Eastchester, Olinville and Baychester. It is delimited by Van Cortlandt Park East and Jerome Avenue to the west, Adee Avenue and Gun Hill Road East to the south, the New England Thruway to the east and the Westchester County border to the north. Bronx Community Board 12 office Community board staff and membership The current chairperson of the Bronx Community board 12 is Dr. Michael Burke. Its District Manager is George Torres. The City Council members representing the community district are non-voting, ex officio board members. The council members and their council districts are: 11th NYC Council District - Eric Dinowitz 12th NYC Council District - Kevin Riley 13th NYC Council District - Mark Gjonaj 15th NYC Council District - Ritchie Torres Demographics The board has a population of 149,077 and is 10% White or Caucasian, 65.9% Black or African American. 15.3% Asian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native Nonhispanic 0.7% of other races 3.0% of mixed race and 18.5% Hispanic. Board Meetings The Bronx Community 12 Board typically meets on the fourth Thursday of each month at 7:30pm at the Town Hall, 4101 White Plains Road, Bronx, New York 10466. Meeting times can be viewed on the official website; citizens can contact the office directly to learn about upcoming meetings that have not been updated to the website. References ^ "NYC Planning \| Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. Retrieved March 26, 2018. ^ "bx12_profile.pdf" (PDF). docs.google.com. NYC Department of Planning. Retrieved March 25, 2018. ^ New York City Charter § 2800(a) ^ "Elected Officials - Bronx Community Board 9". www1.nyc.gov. Retrieved 11 April 2018. External links Official website Webpage at Bronxmall.com vteCommunity boards of New York CityThe Bronx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Brooklyn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Manhattan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Queens 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Staten Island 1 2 3 vteUniform Land Use Review Procedure of New York City DCPCity Planning CBCommunity boards BPBorough president CPC City Planning Commission CC City Council MayorNYC Mayor vteNeighborhoods in the New York City borough of the BronxSouth Bronx East Morrisania/Crotona Park East Hunts Point Longwood Melrose Morrisania Mott Haven Port Morris West Bronx Bedford Park Belmont Concourse East Tremont Fordham Highbridge Jerome Park Kingsbridge Kingsbridge Heights Van Cortlandt Village Morris Heights Norwood Riverdale North Riverdale Fieldston Hudson Hill Mosholu Spuyten Duyvil Tremont University Heights West Farms Woodlawn Heights East Bronx Allerton Baychester Bronx Manor Castle Hill City Island Clason Point Harding Park Co-op City Country Club Eastchester Morris Park Olinville Pelham Bay Pelham Gardens Parkchester Pelham Parkway Soundview Throggs Neck Edgewater Park Locust Point Schuylerville Van Nest Wakefield Westchester Square Williamsbridge Related areas Marble Hill Rikers Island Retail districts Arthur Avenue Fordham Plaza The Hub Community districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Joint interest areas: 26 27 28 This New York City–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bronx_neighborhoods"},{"link_name":"Edenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenwald,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Williamsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsbridge,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Woodlawn Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Heights,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Fish Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_Bay,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Eastchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastchester,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Olinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olinville,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Baychester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baychester,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Van Cortlandt Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park"},{"link_name":"Jerome Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Gun Hill Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Hill_Road_(Bronx)"},{"link_name":"New England Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Thruway"},{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:47_Precinct_door_WPR_jeh.jpg"}],"text":"Bronx Community Board 12 is a local government unit of the New York City borough of the Bronx, encompassing the neighborhoods of Edenwald, Wakefield, Williamsbridge, Woodlawn Heights, Fish Bay, Eastchester, Olinville and Baychester.It is delimited by Van Cortlandt Park East and Jerome Avenue to the west, Adee Avenue and Gun Hill Road East to the south, the New England Thruway to the east and the Westchester County border to the north.Bronx Community Board 12 office","title":"Bronx Community Board 12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charter_s2800a-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Eric Dinowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dinowitz"},{"link_name":"Kevin Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Riley_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Mark Gjonaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gjonaj"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Torres"}],"text":"The current chairperson of the Bronx Community board 12 is Dr. Michael Burke. Its District Manager is George Torres.The City Council members representing the community district are non-voting, ex officio board members.[3] The council members and their council districts are:[4]11th NYC Council District - Eric Dinowitz\n12th NYC Council District - Kevin Riley\n13th NYC Council District - Mark Gjonaj\n15th NYC Council District - Ritchie Torres","title":"Community board staff and membership"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The board has a population of 149,077 and is 10% White or Caucasian, 65.9% Black or African American. 15.3% Asian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native Nonhispanic 0.7% of other races 3.0% of mixed race and 18.5% Hispanic.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Bronx Community 12 Board typically meets on the fourth Thursday of each month at 7:30pm at the Town Hall, 4101 White Plains Road, Bronx, New York 10466. 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Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/bronxcb9/resources/elected-officials.page","url_text":"\"Elected Officials - Bronx Community Board 9\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/47th-precinct.page","external_links_name":"website"},{"Link":"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/bronxcb12/index.page","external_links_name":"www1.nyc.gov/site/bronxcb12/index.page"},{"Link":"https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/bronx/12","external_links_name":"\"NYC Planning \| Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NYCPlanning/labs-cd-files/master/static-profiles/bx12_profile.pdf","external_links_name":"\"bx12_profile.pdf\""},{"Link":"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/bronxcb9/resources/elected-officials.page","external_links_name":"\"Elected Officials - Bronx Community Board 9\""},{"Link":"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/bronxcb12/index.page","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.bronxmall.com/commboards/cd12.html","external_links_name":"Webpage at Bronxmall.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronx_Community_Board_12&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Short_Stories_2021	The Best American Short Stories 2021	["1 Short stories included","2 References"]	2021 short story collection This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "The Best American Short Stories 2021" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "The Best American Short Stories 2021" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Best American Short Stories 2021 EditorJesmyn Ward and Heidi PitlorLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Best American Short StoriesPublished2021PublisherHoughton Mifflin HarcourtMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)ISBN9781328485380 (hardback)Preceded byThe Best American Short Stories 2020 Followed byThe Best American Short Stories 2022 The Best American Short Stories 2021 is a volume in the annual Best American Short Stories anthology. It was edited by the series editor, Heidi Pitlor, and guest editor and two-time National Book Award winner, Jesmyn Ward. Short stories included Author Title First published Gabriel Bump "To Buffalo Eastward" McSweeney's (No. 59) Rita Chang-Eppig "The Miracle Girl" Virginia Quarterly Review (Vol.96, No.4) Vanessa Cuti "Our Children" West Branch (No. 94) Jenzo DuQue "The Rest of Us" One Story (No.268) Brandon Hobson "Escape from the Dysphesiac People" McSweeney's (No. 61) Jamil Jan Kochai "Playing Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain" The New Yorker (January 6, 2020) Nicole Krauss "Switzerland" The New Yorker (September 14, 2020) David Means "Clementine, Carmelita, Dog" Granta (No. 152) Yxta Maya Murray "Paradise" The Southern Review (Vol. 56, No. 3) Eloghosa Osunde "Good Boy" The Paris Review (No. 234) Jane Pek "Portrait of Two Young Ladies in White and Green Robes (Unidentified Artist, circa Sexteenth Century)" Conjunctions (No.75) Tracy Rose Peyton "The Last Days of Rodney" American Short Fiction (Vol. 23, No.71) Christa Romanosky "In This Sort of World, the Asshole Wins" The Cincinnati Review (Vol. 17, No.2) George Saunders "Love Letter" The New Yorker (April 6, 2020) Shanteka Sigers "A Way with Bea" The Paris Review (No. 234) Stephanie Soileau "Haguillory" Zoetrope: All-Story (Vol.24, No. 2) Madhuri Vijay "You Are My Dear Friend" The New Yorker (August 17, 2020) Bryan Washington "Palaver" McSweeney's (No. 62) Kevin Wilson "Biology" The Southern Review (Vol 56, No.1) C Pam Zhang "Little Beast" BOMB (No. 153) References ^ Pitlor, Heidi and Ward, Jesmyn (editors), The Best American Short Stories 2021 Houghton Mifflin, New York, 2021.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conover%27s_tuco-tuco	Conover's tuco-tuco	["1 References"]	Species of rodent Conover's tuco-tuco Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Ctenomyidae Genus: Ctenomys Species: C. conoveri Binomial name Ctenomys conoveriOsgood, 1946 Conover's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys conoveri) is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. References ^ Dunnum, J.; Bernal, N. (2016). "Ctenomys conoveri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T5802A22192609. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T5802A22192609.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. vteExtant species of family Ctenomyidae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Suborder: Hystricomorpha Infraorder: Hystricognathi Parvorder: Caviomorpha Ctenomys(tuco-tucos) Anderson's cujuchi (Ctenomys andersoni) Argentine tuco-tuco (Ctenomys argentinus) Southern tuco-tuco (Ctenomys australis) Azara's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys azarae) Berg's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys bergi) Bidau's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys bidaui) Bolivian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys boliviensis) Bonetto's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys bonettoi) Brazilian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys brasiliensis) Budin's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys budini) Colburn's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys colburni) Puntilla tuco-tuco (Ctenomys coludo) Conover's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys conoveri) Contreras's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys contrerasi) Coyhaique tuco-tuco (Ctenomys coyhaiquensis) D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys dorbignyi) Chacoan tuco-tuco (Ctenomys dorsalis) Emily's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys emilianus) Erika's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys erikacuellarae) Famatina tuco-tuco (Ctenomys famosus) Flamarion's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys flamarioni) Foch's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys fochi) Lago Blanco tuco-tuco (Ctenomys fodax) Reddish tuco-tuco (Ctenomys frater) Tawny tuco-tuco (Ctenomys fulvus) Goodfellow's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys goodfellowi) Haig's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys haigi) Ibicui tuco-tuco (Ctenomys ibicuiensis) San Juan tuco-tuco (Ctenomys johannis) Jujuy tuco-tuco (Ctenomys juris) Catamarca tuco-tuco (Ctenomys knighti) Lami tuco-tuco (Ctenomys lami) Mottled tuco-tuco (Ctenomys latro) Lessa's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys lessai) White-toothed tuco-tuco (Ctenomys leucodon) Lewis's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys lewisi) Magellanic tuco-tuco (Ctenomys magellanicus) Maule tuco-tuco (Ctenomys maulinus) Mendoza tuco-tuco (Ctenomys mendocinus) Tiny tuco-tuco (Ctenomys minutus) Natterer's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys nattereri) Furtive tuco-tuco (Ctenomys occultus) Highland tuco-tuco (Ctenomys opimus) Reig's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys osvaldoreigi) Pearson's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys pearsoni) Goya tuco-tuco (Ctenomys perrensi) Peruvian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys peruanus) Pilar tuco-tuco (Ctenomys pilarensis) San Luis tuco-tuco (Ctenomys pontifex) Porteous's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys porteousi) Pundt's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys pundti) Rio Negro tuco-tuco (Ctenomys rionegrensis) Roig's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys roigi) Salta tuco-tuco (Ctenomys saltarius) Scaglia's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys scagliai) Silky tuco-tuco (Ctenomys sericeus) Social tuco-tuco (Ctenomys sociabilis) Steinbach's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys steinbachi) Forest tuco-tuco (Ctenomys sylvanus) Talas tuco-tuco (Ctenomys talarum) Thales's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys thalesi) Collared tuco-tuco (Ctenomys torquatus) Robust tuco-tuco (Ctenomys tuconax) Tucuman tuco-tuco (Ctenomys tucumanus) Sierra Tontal tuco-tuco (Ctenomys tulduco) Strong tuco-tuco (Ctenomys validus) Vipos tuco-tuco (Ctenomys viperinus) Yates's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys yatesi) Yolanda's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys yolandae) Category Taxon identifiersCtenomys conoveri Wikidata: Q1761816 Wikispecies: Ctenomys conoveri ADW: Ctenomys_conoveri BOLD: 666108 CoL: 3264T EoL: 128870 GBIF: 2439643 iNaturalist: 45883 IRMNG: 10598494 ITIS: 584747 IUCN: 5802 MDD: 1001316 MSW: 13400293 NCBI: 61866 Open Tree of Life: 350151 uBio: 106485 This article about a rodent is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"Ctenomyidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenomyidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-2"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"}],"text":"Conover's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys conoveri) is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae.[2]\nIt is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.","title":"Conover's tuco-tuco"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dunnum, J.; Bernal, N. (2016). \"Ctenomys conoveri\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T5802A22192609. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T5802A22192609.en. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Kontinental_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game	2012 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game	["1 Skills Competition Winners","2 Rosters","2.1 Notes","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	2012 KHL All-Star Game 123 Total Team Fedorov 357 15 Team Ozoliņš 443 11 Date21 January 2012ArenaArena RigaCityRiga, LatviaAttendance10,950 ← 2011 2013 → 4th Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game clock The 2012 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game was the All-Star game for the 2011-12 season of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). It took place on 20 (Legends Game) and 21 (All-Star Game) January 2012 at the Arena Riga in Riga, Latvia. Skills Competition Winners The Fastest Skater - Miķelis Rēdlihs Shootout Skill - Vladimir Tarasenko Goaltender Competition - Chris Holt Longest Shot - Dmitri Kalinin Puck Control Team Relay - Team Ozoliņš Shooting Accuracy - Sergei Mozyakin Hardest Shot - Alexander Riazantsev (183.67 km/h, which is considered as a new world record) Captains Duel - Sergei Fedorov Fastest Skater Team Relay - Team Fedorov Rosters Team Fedorov (East) Team Ozoliņš (West) Coach: Valery Belousov (Traktor Chelyabinsk) Miloš Říha (SKA Saint Petersburg) Assistant Coaches: Hannu Jortikka (Amur Khabarovsk) Oļegs Znaroks (Dynamo Moscow) Starters: – F Evgeny Kuznetsov (Traktor Chelyabinsk) – F Alexei Kalyuzhny (Avangard Omsk) – F Jakub Petružálek (Amur Khabarovsk) – D Ilya Nikulin (Ak Bars Kazan) – D Mikko Mäenpää (Amur Khabarovsk) – G Mikhail Biryukov (Yugra Khanty-Mansiysk) – F Miķelis Rēdlihs (Dinamo Riga) – F Vadim Schipachev (Severstal Cherepovets) – F Zbyněk Irgl (Dinamo Minsk) – D Jere Karalahti (Dinamo Minsk) – D Maxim Chudinov (Severstal Cherepovets) – G Konstantin Barulin (Atlant Moscow Oblast) Reserves: – F Sergei Fedorov (Metallurg Magnitogorsk) (C) – F Alexander Radulov (Salavat Yulaev Ufa) – F Vladimir Tarasenko (Sibir Novosibirsk) – F Roman Červenka (Avangard Omsk) – F Sergei Mozyakin (Metallurg Magnitogorsk) – F Brandon Bochenski (Barys Astana) – F Alexander Frolov (Avangard Omsk) – D Kevin Dallman (Barys Astana) – D Alexander Riazantsev (Traktor Chelyabinsk) – D Vitali Proshkin (Salavat Yulaev Ufa) – D Yevgeny Medvedev (Ak Bars Kazan) – G Michael Garnett (Traktor Chelyabinsk) – F Sergei Shirokov (CSKA Moscow) – F Tony Mårtensson (SKA Saint Petersburg) – F Mikhail Anisin (Vityaz Chekhov) – F Nikolay Zherdev (Atlant Moscow Oblast) – F Mārtiņš Karsums (Dinamo Riga) – F Vyacheslav Kozlov (Dynamo Moscow) – D Sandis Ozoliņš (Dinamo Riga) (C) – D Dmitri Kalinin (SKA Saint Petersburg) – D Janne Niskala (Atlant Moscow Oblast) – D Kirill Koltsov (SKA Saint Petersburg) – D Karel Pilař (Lev Poprad) – G Chris Holt (Dinamo Riga) Notes ^W1 Geoff Platt was named to the Team Ozoliņš, but did not to play. Zbyněk Irgl was named as his replacement. ^W2 Vitali Koval was named to the Team Ozoliņš, but did not play. Chris Holt was named as his replacement. See also 2011–12 KHL season Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game References ^ "All Star Game 2012". khlallstar.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013. ^ "Record-breaking All-Stars". khl.ru. 2012-01-21. External links Official homepage vteKontinental Hockey LeagueWestern ConferenceEastern Conference Bobrov Division SKA Saint Petersburg Sochi Spartak Moscow Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod Vityaz Moscow Region Tarasov Division CSKA Moscow Dinamo Minsk Dynamo Moscow Kunlun Red Star Lokomotiv Yaroslavl Severstal Cherepovets Kharlamov Division Ak Bars Kazan Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg Lada Togliatti Metallurg Magnitogorsk Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk Traktor Chelyabinsk Chernyshev Division Admiral Vladivostok Amur Khabarovsk Avangard Omsk Barys Astana Salavat Yulaev Ufa Sibir Novosibirsk TopicsSeasons 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Playoffs 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Junior Drafts 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 expansion 2014 expansion 2015 2016 All-Star Games 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Games and Cups Gagarin Cup KHL Conference Finals Continental Cup Nadezhda Cup Opening Cup KHL vs NHL games Former teams Atlant Moscow Oblast Dinamo Riga Donbass Jokerit Khimik Voskresensk Lev Poprad Lev Praha Medveščak Zagreb Metallurg Novokuznetsk HC MVD Slovan Bratislava Yugra Khanty-Mansiysk Related topics Team changes Potential expansion List of champions List of goal scoring champions List of scoring champions KHL territorial pick KHL Players' Trade Union Rivalries in the KHL KHL arenas	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4th_KHL_All-Star_Game_clock.jpg"},{"link_name":"All-Star game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"2011-12 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-12_KHL_season"},{"link_name":"Kontinental Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Arena Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Riga"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-1"}],"text":"4th Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game clockThe 2012 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game was the All-Star game for the 2011-12 season of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_music	Music of Algeria	["1 Genres","2 Important musicians","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. (March 2024) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. 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Part of a series on theCulture of Algeria HistoryMaritime history • Military history • Economic history People LanguagesArabic • Berber TraditionsGender roles Mythology CuisineCouscous • Karantita • Makroudh • Merguez • Pastilla • Wine • more FestivalsPublic holidays • Sahara International Film Festival ReligionChristianity (Catholic Church) • Islam • Judaism • more Art LiteratureWriters • more Music and performing artsAndalusi nubah • Berber music • Chaabi • Hip hop • Hofii • Nuubaat • Raï • Zindalii • more Media Television Cinema Films • Newspapers • more SportBasketball (national team) • Football • Olympics • Rugby union (national team) • Tennis (Davis Cup team) • Tennis (Fed Cup team) • more Monuments World Heritage Sites Madghacen • more Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem more vte Algerian music is virtually synonymous with Raï among foreigners; the musical genre has achieved great popularity in France, Spain and other parts of Europe. For several centuries, Algerian music was dominated by styles inherited from Al-Andalus, eventually forming a unique North African twist on these poetic forms. Algerian music came to include suites called nuubaat (singular nuuba). Later derivatives include rabaab and hawzii. Genres Imarhan, Tuareg desert rock quintet Music in Algeria offers a rich diversity of genre: popular music (Chaabi), various genres of Andalusian classical music such as Sana'a, Gharnati music, Ma'luf, as well as classical Arabic, Bedouin, Berber music (Staifi, Raï, Kabyle, Shawi, Tuareg, Gnawa, etc.), Andalusian music is particularly well developed in Algeria, and is considered the most sophisticated by musical scholars - there exist three schools, the greatest number in the Maghreb region, and the performers invited to festivals across the Maghreb are usually of Algerian origin. Famous performers include Beihdja Rahal, Brahim Hadj Kacem, Nouri Koufi and Leila Borsali. Haouzi music is another style of Algerian music. It took the melodies of Andalusian music and modernized them. Haouzi music is most often played at weddings and ceremonies. Khaled known as Cheb Khaled, is considered as the King of Rai music, has achieved international fame, as Rai music is very popular in Algeria, Morocco France, Tunisia, Turkey, Libya, and Egypt. Staifi is a genre of music which began in Eu-eulma City, and is mostly played at weddings and celebrations, primarily featuring lyrics which symbolize purity and love. Chaabi refers to a style of recent urban popular music, inherited from the older Andalusian repertoire, of which the best known performer was El Hajj Muhammad El Anka, considered to be the Grand Master of Andalusian classical music. True styles of folk music include hofii, a form of female vocal music, and zindalii, from Constantine. Raï is a creative outlet to express love and romance; a mix between Western music and Bedouin music. Ma'luf is a genre of Andalusian classical music from Constantine which has survived because of the efforts of the Tunisian government and a few private individuals. Malouf is still performed in public, especially at weddings and circumcision ceremonies, though recordings are relatively rare. Souad Massi Important musicians See: List of Algerian musicians See also Algeria portal Arabic music Berber music References Bibliography Morgan, Andy. "Music Under Fire". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 413–424. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0 Morgan, Andy. "Bards of Immigritude". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 425–427. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0 La Chanson de l'exil ; les voix natales (1939–1969), Rachid Mokhtari, Alger, Casbah Éditions, 2001 Chants kabyles de la guerre d'indépendance, Mehenna Mahfoufi, Éditions Séguier, 2002. Les grands maîtres algériens du cha’bi et du hawzi, diwan arabe-kabyle, textes transcrits, traduits et annotés sous la direction de Rachid Aous, Éditions El Ouns/Unesco, Paris, 1996. Bezza Mazouzi La musique algérienne et la question raï, Richard-Masse, Paris, 1990. External links BBC Radio 3 Audio (90 minutes): Rai music in Oran and the Kasbah of Algiers. Accessed November 25, 2010. BBC Radio 3 Audio (90 minutes): Rachid Taha and the Kabilian mountains.. Accessed November 25, 2010. Audio clips - music of Algeria. French National Library. Accessed November 25, 2010. (in French)Audio clip: traditional Algerian music. Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010. vteMusic of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Raï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AF"},{"link_name":"musical genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_genre"},{"link_name":"Al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"nuubaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuuba"},{"link_name":"rabaab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"hawzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawzii"}],"text":"Algerian music is virtually synonymous with Raï among foreigners; the musical genre has achieved great popularity in France, Spain and other parts of Europe. For several centuries, Algerian music was dominated by styles inherited from Al-Andalus, eventually forming a unique North African twist on these poetic forms. Algerian music came to include suites called nuubaat (singular nuuba). Later derivatives include rabaab and hawzii.","title":"Music of Algeria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20170709-Rudolstadt-Festival-Imarhan-08253.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imarhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imarhan"},{"link_name":"Chaabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"Andalusian classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Sana'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_(music)"},{"link_name":"Gharnati music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharnati_music"},{"link_name":"Ma'luf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27luf"},{"link_name":"Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chaabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"El Hajj Muhammad El Anka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hajj_Muhammad_El_Anka"},{"link_name":"Andalusian classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music"},{"link_name":"hofii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofii"},{"link_name":"zindalii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zindalii"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Raï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AF"},{"link_name":"Ma'luf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27luf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Souad_Massi_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Souad Massi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souad_Massi"}],"text":"Imarhan, Tuareg desert rock quintetMusic in Algeria offers a rich diversity of genre: popular music (Chaabi), various genres of Andalusian classical music such as Sana'a, Gharnati music, Ma'luf, as well as classical Arabic, Bedouin, Berber music (Staifi, Raï, Kabyle, Shawi, Tuareg, Gnawa, etc.),Andalusian music is particularly well developed in Algeria, and is considered the most sophisticated by musical scholars - there exist three schools, the greatest number in the Maghreb region, and the performers invited to festivals across the Maghreb are usually of Algerian origin. \nFamous performers include Beihdja Rahal, Brahim Hadj Kacem, Nouri Koufi and Leila Borsali.Haouzi music is another style of Algerian music. It took the melodies of Andalusian music and modernized them. Haouzi music is most often played at weddings and ceremonies.Khaled known as Cheb Khaled, is considered as the King of Rai music, has achieved international fame, \nas Rai music is very popular in Algeria, Morocco France, Tunisia, Turkey, Libya, and \nEgypt.\nStaifi is a genre of music which began in Eu-eulma City, and is mostly played at weddings and celebrations, primarily featuring lyrics which symbolize purity and love.Chaabi refers to a style of recent urban popular music, inherited from the older Andalusian repertoire, of which the best known performer was El Hajj Muhammad El Anka, considered to be the Grand Master of Andalusian classical music. True styles of folk music include hofii, a form of female vocal music, and zindalii, from Constantine.Raï is a creative outlet to express love and romance; a mix between Western music and Bedouin music.Ma'luf is a genre of Andalusian classical music from Constantine which has survived because of the efforts of the Tunisian government and a few private individuals. Malouf is still performed in public, especially at weddings and circumcision ceremonies, though recordings are relatively rare.Souad Massi","title":"Genres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Algerian musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Algerian_musicians"}],"text":"See: List of Algerian musicians","title":"Important musicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85828-636-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85828-636-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"}],"text":"Morgan, Andy. \"Music Under Fire\". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 413–424. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0\nMorgan, Andy. \"Bards of Immigritude\". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 425–427. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0\nLa Chanson de l'exil ; les voix natales (1939–1969), Rachid Mokhtari, Alger, Casbah Éditions, 2001\nChants kabyles de la guerre d'indépendance, Mehenna Mahfoufi, Éditions Séguier, 2002.\nLes grands maîtres algériens du cha’bi et du hawzi, diwan arabe-kabyle, textes transcrits, traduits et annotés sous la direction de Rachid Aous, Éditions El Ouns/Unesco, Paris, 1996.\nBezza Mazouzi La musique algérienne et la question raï, Richard-Masse, Paris, 1990.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Imarhan, Tuareg desert rock quintet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/20170709-Rudolstadt-Festival-Imarhan-08253.jpg/220px-20170709-Rudolstadt-Festival-Imarhan-08253.jpg"},{"image_text":"Souad Massi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Souad_Massi_2012.jpg/200px-Souad_Massi_2012.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Algeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Algeria"},{"title":"Arabic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_music"},{"title":"Berber music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_music"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005y2pq","external_links_name":"BBC Radio 3 Audio (90 minutes): Rai music in Oran and the Kasbah of Algiers."},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005y2pv","external_links_name":"BBC Radio 3 Audio (90 minutes): Rachid Taha and the Kabilian mountains.."},{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?ArianeWireIndex=index&lang=EN&q=algerie&p=1&f_typedoc=audio","external_links_name":"Audio clips - music of Algeria."},{"Link":"http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Alg%E9rie&debut=0&bool=AND","external_links_name":"Audio clip: traditional Algerian music."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mohorovic	Joseph Mohorovic	["1 References","2 External links"]	American politician Joseph P. MohorovicCommissioner, U.S. Consumer Product Safety CommissionIn officeJuly 28, 2014 – October 20, 2017PresidentBarack ObamaPreceded byNancy NordSucceeded byPeter Feldman Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublicanAlma materUniversity of Texas at AustinUniversity of New Mexico Joseph P. Mohorovic was a member of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. He resigned from the Commission effective October 20, 2017, to join a law firm and work in Chicago and Washington, D.C. Before taking office as commissioner, Mohorovic was an executive at the testing firm Intertek, and previously worked as a member of the staff of then-CPSC Chairman Hal Stratton. Before that, he served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives. He served as a cochair of the Illinois campaign of John Kasich. References ^ "Joseph Mohorovic". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ^ Appleman, Eric M., ed. (December 5, 2015). "Organization of Kasich for America - Staff, Advisors and Supporters". Democracy in Action. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021. External links Official CPSC press release re Commissioner Mohorovic This article about a New Mexico politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a person who has held a non-elected position in the federal government of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Intertek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertek"},{"link_name":"Hal Stratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Stratton"},{"link_name":"New Mexico House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John Kasich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kasich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Joseph P. Mohorovic was a member of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.[1] He resigned from the Commission effective October 20, 2017, to join a law firm and work in Chicago and Washington, D.C.Before taking office as commissioner, Mohorovic was an executive at the testing firm Intertek, and previously worked as a member of the staff of then-CPSC Chairman Hal Stratton. Before that, he served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives. He served as a cochair of the Illinois campaign of John Kasich.[2]","title":"Joseph Mohorovic"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Joseph Mohorovic\". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpsc.gov/en/About-CPSC/Commissioners/Joseph-Mohorovic/","url_text":"\"Joseph Mohorovic\""}]},{"reference":"Appleman, Eric M., ed. (December 5, 2015). \"Organization of Kasich for America - Staff, Advisors and Supporters\". Democracy in Action. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126153325/http://www.p2016.org/kasich/kasichorg.html","url_text":"\"Organization of Kasich for America - Staff, Advisors and Supporters\""},{"url":"http://www.p2016.org/kasich/kasichorg.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cpsc.gov/en/About-CPSC/Commissioners/Joseph-Mohorovic/","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Mohorovic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126153325/http://www.p2016.org/kasich/kasichorg.html","external_links_name":"\"Organization of Kasich for America - Staff, Advisors and Supporters\""},{"Link":"http://www.p2016.org/kasich/kasichorg.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cpsc.gov/en/About-CPSC/Commissioners/Joseph-Mohorovic/","external_links_name":"Official CPSC press release re Commissioner Mohorovic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Mohorovic&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Mohorovic&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airliner_shootdown_incidents	List of airliner shootdown incidents	["1 1930s","1.1 Kweilin incident","2 1940s","2.1 Sabena OO-AUI","2.2 Kaleva","2.3 Air France F-ARTD","2.4 Air France F-AQBA","2.5 Eurasia XXV","2.6 The Chungking","2.7 La Verrier","2.8 KNILM PK-AFW","2.9 Corio","2.10 Circe","2.11 KNILM PK-AFV","2.12 KNILM PK-ALO","2.13 LATI I-BURA","2.14 Air France F-AREJ","2.15 LATI I-TELO","2.16 BOAC G-AGEJ","2.17 LATI I-BONI","2.18 LATI I-MAST","2.19 LATI I-MONC","2.20 BOAC Flight 777","2.21 Dai Nippon Koku KK J-BIOA","2.22 AB Aerotransport SE-BAG Gripen","2.23 Deutsche Lufthansa D-AOCA","2.24 Deutsche Lufthansa D-AMHL","2.25 Friedrich Dahmen","2.26 Deutsche Lufthansa D-ARHW","2.27 Dai Nippon Koku KK J-BKOV","2.28 Deutsche Lufthansa D-ANAJ","2.29 Pan Am 1948 incident","2.30 Pacific Overseas Airlines HS-PC103","2.31 Aigle Azur F-OABJ","3 1950s","3.1 Air Liban LR-AAN","3.2 Air France F-BELI","3.3 STAEO F-BEIB","3.4 Philippine Air Lines PI-C38","3.5 Aeroflot 1953 shootdown","3.6 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown","3.7 El Al Flight 402","3.8 Aerolineas Nacionales TI-1022","4 1960s","4.1 1962: Aeroflot Flight 902","4.2 Air Vietnam XV-NIC","4.3 CITCA F-BELV","4.4 Gujarat Beechcraft incident","4.5 Pan African Airlines N3924C","5 1970s","5.1 Alitalia Flight 713","5.2 Royal Air Lao XW-TDE","5.3 1973: Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114","5.4 1975: Malév Flight 240","5.5 1978: Korean Air Lines Flight 902","5.6 1978: Air Rhodesia Flight 825","5.7 1979: Air Rhodesia Flight 827","6 1980s","6.1 1980: Itavia Flight 870","6.2 1980: Linhas Aéreas de Angola Yakovlev Yak-40","6.3 1981: Ram attack on TAR Canadair CL-44","6.4 1983: Korean Air Lines Flight 007","6.5 1985: Polar 3","6.6 1985: Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26, Afghanistan","6.7 1985: Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shootdown, Angola","6.8 1987: Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26, Afghanistan","6.9 1987: Zimex Aviation Lockheed L-100, Angola","6.10 1987: Air Malawi 7Q-YMB","6.11 1988: Iran Air Flight 655","6.12 1988: Ariana Afghan Airlines shootdown","6.13 1988: T&G Aviation DC-7","7 1990s","7.1 1992: Shooting of Armenian plane by the Azerbaijan military","7.2 1993: Transair Georgian Airline shootdowns","7.3 1994: Civil Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown","7.4 1994: Rwandan presidential airliner","7.5 1998: Lionair Flight 602","7.6 1998: Lignes Aériennes Congolaises crash","8 2000s","8.1 2001: Peru shootdown","8.2 2001: Siberia Airlines Flight 1812","8.3 2003: DHL Flight 209","8.4 2007: Balad aircraft crash","8.5 2007: Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash","9 2010s","9.1 2014: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17","10 2020s","10.1 2020: Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752","10.2 2020: East African Express Airways Brasilia crash","11 See also","12 References"]	Airliner shootdown incidents have occurred since at least the 1930s, either intentionally or by accident. This chronological list shows instances of airliners being brought down by gunfire or missile attacks – including during wartime – rather than by terrorist bombings or sabotage of an airplane. 1930s Kweilin incident Main article: Kweilin incident This incident is believed to be the first commercial passenger plane attacked by hostile forces. On 24 August 1938 – during the Second Sino-Japanese War – the Kweilin, a DC-2 jointly operated by China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) and Pan American World Airways, carrying 18 passengers and crew, was forced down by Japanese aircraft in Chinese territory just north of Hong Kong. 15 people died when the Kweilin, which made an emergency water landing to avoid the attack, was strafed by the Japanese and sunk in a river. The American pilot Hugh L. Woods and two others survived. Three prominent Chinese bankers, Hu Yun, Xu Xinliu (Singloh Hsu), and Wang Yumei, were among the dead. It was later believed to be an assassination attempt on Chinese president Sun Yat-sen's only son, Sun Fo, who was believed by the Japanese to be aboard but missed the flight. The plane was refurbished, renamed the Chungking, and was later involved in a second shootdown incident, in 1940. 1940s Sabena OO-AUI OO-AUI, a Douglas DC-3-227B owned by Sabena, was hit by anti-aircraft fire over Calais on a flight from Merville to London on May 23, 1940. The pilot made a forced landing near Arques, killing the navigator and injuring 2 passengers. The surviving crew and passengers were taken POW. Kaleva Main article: Kaleva (airplane) The Kaleva (registered OH-ALL) was a civilian Junkers Ju 52-3/mge passenger aircraft operated by Finnish carrier Aero O/Y which was shot down by two Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers on 14 June 1940, over the Baltic Sea while en route from Tallinn, Estonia to Helsinki, Finland. This occurred during the Interim Peace between Finland and the Soviet Union, three months after the end of the Winter War, and a year before the Continuation War began. A few minutes after taking off in Tallinn, the Kaleva was intercepted by Soviet DB-3s. The bombers opened fire with their machine guns and badly damaged the Kaleva, causing it to ditch into seawater in the Gulf of Finland, a few kilometers northeast of Keri lighthouse. All seven passengers and two crew members on board died. Air France F-ARTD F-ARTD, a Dewoitine D.338 of Air France, was accidentally shot down by French anti-aircraft fire near Ouistreham on June 20, 1940. The sole occupant was killed. Air France F-AQBA F-AQBA, another Dewoitine D.338 of Air France, was shot down by a Japanese military fighter over the Gulf of Tonkin on July 7, 1940. All 4 occupants were killed. Eurasia XXV XXV, a Junkers Ju-52/3mte of Eurasia, was attacked by 3 Japanese fighters on a delivery flight near Kunming on October 26, 1940. The plane made a forced landing in a rice field and was strafed, but both occupants survived. The Chungking Main article: Chungking (airplane) On 29 October 1940, the same DC-2 involved in the previous shootdown incident as Kweilin, now renamed Chungking, operated by CNAC, was destroyed by Japanese fighters at Changyi Airfield, Yunnan, China, after it made a scheduled landing and was coming to a stop. Nine people died, including the American pilot Walter "Foxie" Kent and Chinese architect Chang-Kan Chien. The plane caught fire and never flew again. La Verrier La Verrier, an Air France SNCAC NC.223.4 mail plane, disappeared on the first leg of a flight from Marseille to Damascus with stopovers in Bizerte and Beirut on November 24, 1940. All 7 on board, including Jean Chiappe, are presumed to have died. No wreckage has been recovered, the plane radioed they were hit by machine-gun fire before disappearing; it has been theorized they were shot down in the nearby Battle of Cape Spartivento that occurred on the same day. KNILM PK-AFW PK-AFW, a Douglas DC-3-194C of KNILM, was attacked by Japanese military aircraft on January 24, 1942, during a cargo flight. The plane made a forced landing near Samarinda and all 3 occupants survived, but the plane was written off. Corio Main article: 1942 Qantas Short Empire shootdown The Corio, a Short Empire flying boat airliner, operated by Qantas, was shot down by Imperial Japanese Naval Air Service aircraft in the early days of the Pacific War during World War II off the coast of West Timor, Dutch East Indies, on 30 January 1942. Thirteen occupants were killed. Captain Aubrey Koch, along with another crewman and three passengers, swam to shore and were rescued. Circe The Circe (G-AETZ), another Short S.23 Empire operated by Qantas (leased from BOAC), was evacuating civilians and military personnel from Tjilatjap to Broome on February 28, 1942, was shot down 400 km (248.5 miles) south of Tjilatjap by a Japanese bomber on maritime patrol from Denpasar. All 22 occupants, 4 crew and 18 passengers, were killed. KNILM PK-AFV Main article: 1942 KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown PK-AFV, also known as the PH-ALP Pelikaan (one of the KLM airliners that diverted during the German invasion of the Netherlands), was a Douglas DC-3 airliner operated by KNILM from 1940. On 3 March 1942, while on a flight from Bandung, Netherlands East Indies, to Broome, Australia, with the well-known KLM captain Ivan Smirnov, the plane was attacked by three Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter planes; PK-AFV successfully landed on the beach near Broome with damage and an engine fire but was then strafed and the flight engineer and three passengers (including a baby) were killed. Smirnov had a consignment of diamonds, worth at the time an estimated £150,000–300,000 (in 2023 an approximate £9–19 million), in his possession. The vast majority of these were lost or stolen following the crash. KNILM PK-ALO PK-ALO, another Douglas DC-3 of KNILM, was also attacked on March 3, 1942. While landing at Broome, Japanese A6M fighters fired at the aircraft. Pilot E.E. Hulsebos landed safely but the fighters attacked again, causing the aircraft to burn out; no one onboard was killed. LATI I-BURA I-BURA, a Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down near Sicily on March 28, 1942. It is unknown who shot down the plane and if there were any fatalities. Air France F-AREJ F-AREJ, an Air France Lioré-et-Olivier H.246.1, was attacked by RAF Hawker Hurricanes on a passenger flight from Marseille to Algiers on August 13, 1942. The damaged aircraft managed to arrive at Algiers harbor but sank after landing. 4 passengers were killed. LATI I-TELO I-TELO, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down on a military flight from Tunis to Castelvetrano on November 15, 1942, killing all 4 on board. It is unknown who shot down the plane. BOAC G-AGEJ G-AGEJ, a BOAC Lockheed 18-40 Lodestar, was shot down by a Junkers Ju 88 of Luftwaffe 10/NJG 3 piloted by lieutenant Werner Speidel on April 4, 1943, 50 kilometers (31.3 miles) NW of Skagen, on a passenger flight from Stockholm to Saint Andrews. All 7 on board were killed. LATI I-BONI I-BONI, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down on April 10, 1943. The location, fatalities (if any), and who shot down the plane is unknown. LATI I-MAST I-MAST, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down by RAF fighters on April 13, 1943, during a passenger flight over the Mediterranean. It is unknown if anyone died. LATI I-MONC I-MONC, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down by enemy fighters on April 19, 1943, during a passenger flight over the Mediterranean. It is unknown if anyone died. BOAC Flight 777 Main article: BOAC Flight 777 BOAC Flight 777 was a scheduled civilian flight from Portela Airport, Lisbon in neutral Portugal bound for Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport, United Kingdom. The Douglas DC-3 operating the route (registered G-AGBB, ex-PH-ALI Ibis) had fled the German invasion of the Netherlands, and was owned and operated by KLM with a Dutch crew, albeit with British Overseas Airways Corporation flight numbers. On 1 June 1943, Ibis was attacked by eight German Junkers Ju 88 fighter bombers, who were not aware of the existence of the scheduled flight and the civilian status of the aircraft. Ibis crashed into the Bay of Biscay killing all aboard, including English actor Leslie Howard. Dai Nippon Koku KK J-BIOA J-BIOA, a Nakajima L2D of Dai Nippon Koku KK, was shot down near Sulawesi in August 1943. The exact day and fatalities (if any) are unknown. AB Aerotransport SE-BAG Gripen The Gripen (registered SE-BAG) was a Douglas DC-3 which was attacked by a German Junkers Ju 88 fighter-bomber over the coast of the island of Hållö, Sweden on 22 October 1943 while flying a scheduled passenger flight from Aberdeen to Stockholm. A ditching at sea was attempted but the aircraft flew against the cliffs and crashed. Of the fifteen occupants, two survived, the flight-engineer and a passenger, after they were thrown out of the rear part of the aircraft. Deutsche Lufthansa D-AOCA D-AOCA, a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down on April 17, 1944, during an Allied fighter sweep of Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). The plane was on scheduled service E.17 from Vienna to Athens with stops in Belgrade, Sofia, and Thessaloniki. The plane caught fire after being hit from the rear and starboard, crashing in Alt-Pasua, 26 km (16.1 miles) north of Semlin; 5 of the 7 occupants were killed. Deutsche Lufthansa D-AMHL D-AMHL, a Focke-Wulf Fw 200D-2 of Deutsche Lufthansa, was intercepted and shot down by a Bristol Beaufighter Mk VIF of No. 415 Squadron RCAF from Dijon, over Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux at 20:31 on September 27, 1944, on a passenger flight from Stuttgart to Barcelona. All 9 occupants were killed. Friedrich Dahmen Friedrich Dahmen (D-ASHE), a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, had to make a forced landing in Komárom County, Hungary, after being attacked by British Mosquito fighters during a passenger flight on October 17, 1944. Of the 9 occupants, 1 passenger was killed. Deutsche Lufthansa D-ARHW D-ARHW, a Focke-Wulf Fw 200 of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down by a German patrol boat at 10:25 on November 29, 1944, off Målkläppen, Sweden, on a passenger flight from Berlin to Stockholm. All 10 occupants were killed. Dai Nippon Koku KK J-BKOV J-BKOV, a Nakajima L2D of Dai Nippon Koku KK, was shot down on a flight to Taipei on March 5, 1945. It is unknown who shot down the plane, where it departed from, and if anyone died. Deutsche Lufthansa D-ANAJ D-ANAJ, a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down by the Soviets during an evacuation flight on April 20, 1945, in the forest at Glienig. Of the 20 occupants (3 crew and 17 passengers, including a woman), only 2 passengers survived. Among the dead was film director Hans Steinhoff. This plane was the last Deutsche Lufthansa flight to leave Berlin before WW2 ended, headed for Enns with a stop in Prague. Pan Am 1948 incident On April 29, 1948, a Pan Am Douglas DC-3A (registration unknown) was shot at by riflemen shortly after takeoff from San Jose, Costa Rica, with several bullets hitting the fuselage, a tire blowing out, and a propeller being hit. Despite this substantial damage, the plane safely continued to its destination and was later repaired. All 12 occupants survived. A communist leader who was a passenger on the flight is suspected to have been the attackers' target. Pacific Overseas Airlines HS-PC103 HS-PC103, a Douglas C-47 of Thai airline Pacific Overseas Airlines, is believed to have been shot down off the west coast of Sumatra by Dutch pilots on October 25, 1948. The plane's route and fatality count (if any) is unknown. Aigle Azur F-OABJ F-OABJ, a Douglas C-47 of Aigle Azur, crashed during a passenger flight (route unknown) near Đông Khê, present-day Vietnam, on November 27, 1949. All 10 occupants were killed. It is speculated that the plane was shot down by the Viet Minh during a supply-drop flight. 1950s Air Liban LR-AAN On July 24, 1950, LR-AAN, a Douglas C-47A-40-DL of Air Liban, was shot at by an Israeli Spitfire on a flight from Jerusalem to Beirut over the Israel-Lebanon border area. The plane landed safely despite substantial damage and was later repaired. Of the 28 occupants, 3 passengers were killed. Air France F-BELI F-BELI, a Douglas C-54 of Air France, was shot at by 2 Soviet MiG-15 on April 29, 1952, near Berlin. The aircraft was hit 89 times, wounding 3 passengers and forcing engines no. 3 and 4 to be shut down. The plane made a safe landing at Berlin-Tempelhof and was later repaired. Soviets claimed the C-54 had strayed out of the international air corridor. STAEO F-BEIB F-BEIB, a Douglas C-47 of Société des Transports Aériens d'Extrême-Orient (STAEO), was shot down by communist guerrillas during a passenger flight take off in Phan Thiet on May 4, 1952. Of the 14 occupants, only 1 crew member was killed. The plane was written off. Philippine Air Lines PI-C38 PI-C38, a Douglas DC-3 of Philippine Air Lines, was on a passenger flight from Laoag to Aparri on December 30, 1952, when an armed man forced himself into the cockpit shortly after takeoff. The man, armed with a .45 pistol, demanded to be taken to Amoy, China. The captain put the plane into a dive, but the hijacker kept his balance and fatally shot him. The co-pilot regained control of the aircraft, and the plane's steward was fatally shot through the cockpit door when he came up to see what was happening. The co-pilot flew towards China over the China Sea at 6,000 feet until a pair of Chinese Nationalist T-6 Harvard aircraft appeared, spraying machine gun fire at the DC-3 over Chinmen Island. The plane turned back and was forced to land at Quemoy by more Chinese Nationalist aircraft; the hijacker was arrested upon landing. The captain and steward were the only fatalities of the 10 occupants. Aeroflot 1953 shootdown On July 27, 1953, an Ilyushin Il-12 (registration unknown) of Aeroflot was shot at in North Korean airspace flying from Port Arthur to Vladivostok and crashed onto Chinese territory at 12:30, killing all 21 occupants. The plane was spotted by USAF Capt. Ralph S. Parr Jr. in his F-86F Sabre during an escort mission near Chunggang-jin; Parr made several passes and mistakenly identified the aircraft as North Korean. In downing the IL-12 he obtained double-ace status. One long burst brought down the plane, crashing 4 km (2.5 miles) from Mao-erh-shan in what was the final aircraft shot down before the armistice was signed later the same day. Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown Main article: 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown VR-HEU, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster airliner operated by Cathay Pacific Airways en route from Bangkok to Hong Kong on 23 July 1954, was shot down by People's Liberation Army Air Force Lavochkin La-11 fighters off the coast of Hainan Island; 10 of the 19 on board died. El Al Flight 402 Main article: El Al Flight 402 El Al Flight 402, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation (registered 4X-AKC), was a passenger flight from Vienna, Austria, to Tel Aviv, Israel, via Istanbul, Turkey, on 27 July 1955. The aircraft strayed into Bulgarian airspace, refused to land, and was shot down by two Bulgarian Air Force MiG-15 fighters several kilometers away from the Greek border near Petrich, Bulgaria. All 7 crew and 51 passengers on board the airliner died. Aerolineas Nacionales TI-1022 TI-1022, a Curtiss C-46 Commando of Aerolineas Nacionales, left San Jose, Costa Rica, at 06:21 on June 1, 1959, for a farm airstrip near Volcán, Panama, to carry a meat shipment to Curaçao. Instead of landing at Volcán, however, the plane landed at an unknown location in Costa Rica and was boarded by armed guerrillas and left for Nicaragua to take part in the uprising against President Luis Somoza. The plane was shot down by a Nicaraguan Air Force P-51 and crashed into Nicaraguan territory, killing all on board. Apart from the 2 crew, the number of passengers is unknown. 1960s 1962: Aeroflot Flight 902 Main article: Aeroflot Flight 902 Aeroflot Flight 902 was a Tupolev Tu-104 flight on scheduled domestic service from Khabarovsk to Moscow. On 30 June 1962, its wreckage was found 28 km (17 mi) east of Krasnoyarsk Airport, in flat terrain. There were no survivors. An entry hole, with signs of fire damage on the cabin side of the fuselage, was consistent with that which could be caused by an anti-aircraft missile, and there was an unofficial confirmation that an anti-aircraft missile had gone astray during an air defense exercise in the area. Air Vietnam XV-NIC XV-NIC, a Douglas C-47 of Air Vietnam, was shot down by communist ground fire on a domestic passenger flight from Quang Ngai to Saigon on September 16, 1965, 11 km (6.9 miles) northeast of Quang Ngai. All 39 on board were killed, including 1 passenger who was found alive but died in a hospital. CITCA F-BELV F-BELV, a Boeing S.307B-1 Stratoliner of Compagnie Internationale de Transports Civil Aériens (CITCA) operating for the International Commission for Supervision and Control (ICSC), disappeared near Hanoi on October 18, 1965, with all 13 onboard presumed dead. The plane was carrying 4 French crew members and 9 ICSC members from Vientiane to Hanoi, departing at 15:05 and contacting Hanoi at 15:20, giving an ETA of 16:44, but no further radio contact was received. French and Canadian forces searched in Laos, being refused permission in North Vietnam with North Vietnamese authorities reporting they could not find the plane either. In 1996, a study by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade concluded the plane had likely been shot down by a North Vietnamese military unit, accidentally or deliberately. Gujarat Beechcraft incident During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 a Pakistani pilot shot down a civil aircraft with eight people onboard. Pan African Airlines N3924C N3934C, a Douglas C-54 of Pan African Airlines, was hit by an anti-aircraft shell at 15:23 on April 25, 1969. Descending at 6500 feet into Enugu from Lagos, the shell left a 5-foot hole on the starboard side and injured 5 passengers. The plane turned back to Lagos due to undercarriage issues and made a safe landing after the undercarriage made a free fall extension. The aircraft was later repaired. 1970s Alitalia Flight 713 Alitalia Flight 713, operated by Douglas DC-8-43 I-DIWL, was approaching Syrian airspace after takeoff from Tehran on June 26, 1970, and was told that Syrian airspace had been closed. The pilot requested vectors to Beirut, and was told to fly to Damascus and turn to Beirut from there. While at FL295 6.5 km (4.1 miles) east of Damascus, a surface-to-air missile made direct contact with the left wing. The plane went down 3250 feet and the pilot turned off the no. 1 engine, landing safely at Beirut; all 94 occupants survived. At the time of the missile strike, several Egyptian MiG-21 and Israeli Mirage IIICJ were fighting over Syria with some Syrian MiG-17 also being reported present. Royal Air Lao XW-TDE XW-TDE, a Douglas C-54 of Royal Air Lao, disappeared on a flight from Savannakhet to Vientiane on February 11, 1972, with all 23 onboard presumed dead. The last radio contact was made with Bangkok Regional Control Center at 13:20, reportedly over the SH point with ETA given as 14:22. The plane was reportedly shot down. 1973: Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 Main article: Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 Libyan Airlines Flight 114 was a regularly scheduled flight from Tripoli, Libya, via Benghazi to Cairo. At 10:30 on 21 February 1973, the Boeing 727 operating the flight left Tripoli, but became lost due to a combination of bad weather and equipment failure over northern Egypt around 13:44 (local time). It entered Israeli-controlled airspace over the Sinai Peninsula, where was intercepted by two Israeli Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighters, refused to land, and was shot down. Of the 113 people on board, five survived, including the co-pilot. 1975: Malév Flight 240 Main article: Malév Flight 240 Malév Flight 240 was a scheduled flight from Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, Hungary, to Beirut International Airport, Lebanon. On 30 September 1975, the aircraft operating the route, a Tupolev Tu-154 of Malév Hungarian Airlines, on its final approach for landing, crashed into the Mediterranean Sea just off the coast of Lebanon. All fifty passengers and ten crew on board were killed. No official investigation has ever been conducted on the crash by the Hungarian authorities. The aircraft was allegedly shot down during final approach, probably due to its assumed involvement in the Lebanese Civil War. 1978: Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Main article: Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Korean Air Lines Flight 902 was scheduled flight from Paris, France bound for Seoul, South Korea with a stopover at Anchorage, Alaska operated by a civilian Boeing 707 airliner (registered HL7429) that was shot down by Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15 fighters on 20 April 1978 near Murmansk, Soviet Union after it violated Soviet airspace and failed to respond to Soviet interceptors. Two passengers died in the incident. 107 passengers and crew survived after the plane made an emergency landing on a frozen lake. 1978: Air Rhodesia Flight 825 Main article: Air Rhodesia Flight 825 Air Rhodesia Flight 825 was a scheduled flight between Kariba and Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe), that was shot down on 3 September 1978, by Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) guerrillas using a Soviet-manufactured Strela 2 missile. Eighteen of the 56 passengers of the Vickers Viscount survived the crash, but 10 of the survivors were killed by the guerrillas at the crash site. 1979: Air Rhodesia Flight 827 Main article: Air Rhodesia Flight 827 Air Rhodesia Flight 827 was a scheduled flight between Kariba and Salisbury that was shot down on 12 February 1979, by ZIPRA guerrillas using a Soviet-manufactured Strela 2 missile in similar circumstances to Flight RH825 five months earlier. None of the 59 passengers or crew of the Vickers Viscount survived. 1980s 1980: Itavia Flight 870 Main article: Itavia Flight 870 Remains of Itavia Flight 870 at the Museum for the Memory of Ustica, Bologna, Italy On 27 June 1980 a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 operated by Itavia broke up mid-air and crashed into the sea near the Tyrrhenian Sea island of Ustica, while en route from Bologna to Palermo, Italy. All 81 people on board were killed. The cause has been the subject of a decades-long controversy. The aircraft may have been accidentally shot down during a military operation possibly involving United States, French, Italian and Libyan military aircraft. Another theory is that the plane was bombed by terrorists. On 23 January 2013, Italy's top criminal court ruled that there was "abundantly" clear evidence that the flight was brought down by a missile, but the perpetrators are still missing. 1980: Linhas Aéreas de Angola Yakovlev Yak-40 On 8 June 1980 Linhas Aéreas de Angola airliner (registered D2-TYC), a Yakovlev Yak-40, was shot down near Matala, Angola with the loss of all on board (4 crew and 15 passengers). ICAO reported that a "sudden situation took place in response to actions by a foreign aircraft and accidentally the Yak-40 was hit and crashed". Unconfirmed reports mention the possible involvement of a Zambian Shenyang J-6 fighter. 1981: Ram attack on TAR Canadair CL-44 Main article: 1981 Armenia mid-air collision On 18 July 1981 Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense's Canadair CL-44 commercial cargo aircraft involved in the clandestine weapons supplies under the Iran-Contra affair was taken down by a Soviet Airforce Su-15 by a ram attack. The Argentinian airliner that returned from Tehran to Larnaca, Cyprus was supposed to fly in Turkish airspace along the Soviet border but deviated and appeared over Soviet Armenia. After the pilot of a Su-15 interceptor failed to force the Canadair CL-44 to land in the USSR, and realizing that the intruder was escaping, the pilot hit the Canadair's tail causing both planes to crash near Erevan. The Soviet pilot ejected but the TAR crew died. 1983: Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Main article: Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was a Korean Air Lines Boeing 747 civilian airliner shot down by a Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15TM interceptor on 1 September 1983, near Moneron Island just west of Sakhalin Island, after it strayed into Soviet airspace. 269 passengers and crew, including US congressman Larry McDonald, were aboard KAL 007; there were no survivors. An official investigation concluded that the course deviation was likely caused by pilot error in configuring the air navigation system. 1985: Polar 3 Main article: Polar 3 On 24 February 1985, the Polar 3, a Dornier 228 research airplane of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, West Germany, was shot down by guerrillas of the Polisario Front over West Sahara. All three crew members died. Polar 3 was on its way back from Antarctica and had taken off in Dakar, Senegal, to reach Arrecife, Canary Islands. 1985: Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26, Afghanistan Main article: 1985 Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 shootdown On 4 September 1985 (during the Soviet–Afghan War), a Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 (registered YA-BAM) was shot down by a surface-to-air missile near Kandahar, Afghanistan. The aircraft was carrying 47 passengers and 5 crew members and had been on a scheduled flight from Kandahar to Farah. There were no survivors. 1985: Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shootdown, Angola Main article: 1985 Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shoot-down On November 25, 1985, in Angola during the Angolan Civil War, an Aeroflot Antonov An-12 is shot down by a surface-to-air missile, while operating a cargo flight from Cuito Cuanavale to Luanda, allegedly by South African Special Forces; all 21 people on board are killed. 1987: Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26, Afghanistan On 11 June 1987, a Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 (registered YA-BAL) was shot down by a missile near Khost, killing 53 out of the 55 people on board. The aircraft had been on a flight from Kandahar to Kabul. 1987: Zimex Aviation Lockheed L-100, Angola On 14 October 1987, a Lockheed L-100 Hercules (registered HB-ILF), owned by the Swiss company Zimex Aviation and operated on behalf of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), was shot down about four minutes after departing Cuito airport, Angola. It was hit by an unknown projectile fired by unknown combatants during the Angolan Civil War. Four crew members and two passengers died. On the ground, two persons died and one was severely injured. 1987: Air Malawi 7Q-YMB On 6 November 1987, an Air Malawi Shorts Skyvan (registered 7Q-YMB) was shot down while on a domestic flight from Blantyre, Malawi to Lilongwe. The flight plan took it over Mozambique where the Mozambican Civil War was in progress. The aircraft was shot down near the Mozambican town of Ulongwe. The eight passengers and two crew on board died. 1988: Iran Air Flight 655 Main article: Iran Air Flight 655 A missile departs the forward launcher of Vincennes during a 1987 exercise. The forward launcher was also used in the downing of Iran Air 655. Iran Air Flight 655 was a commercial flight operated by Iran Air that regularly flew from Bandar Abbas, Iran to Dubai, UAE. On 3 July 1988 the aircraft was shot down by the U.S. Navy guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes which fired a RIM-66 Standard surface-to-air missile. The airplane was destroyed between Bandar Abbas and Dubai; all 290 passengers and crew died, including 66 children. USS Vincennes was in Iranian waters at the time of the attack. IR655, an Airbus A300 on an ascending flight path, was mistaken by Vincennes as a descending Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcat. 1988: Ariana Afghan Airlines shootdown On 19 November 1988, an Antonov An-26 operated by Ariana Afghan Airlines was flying from Kabul, Afghanistan to Jalalabad, Afghanistan when the pilot became lost due to a technical issue. The aircraft entered Pakistani airspace when the pilot asked for help from a nearby airport in Pakistan. It was subsequently shot down by ground fire from the Pakistan Air Force near Parachinar, Pakistan resulting in 30 deaths. Ministry of Defence of Pakistan claimed that the aircraft was shot down by ground fire when it entered Pakistani territory and failed to identify itself. 1988: T&G Aviation DC-7 On 8 December 1988 a Douglas DC-7 chartered by the US Agency for International Development was shot down over Western Sahara by the Polisario Front, resulting in five deaths. Leaders of the movement said the plane was mistaken for a Moroccan Lockheed C-130. The aircraft was bound for Morocco for a locust control mission. A second aircraft was also hit, but managed to land at Sidi Ifni, Morocco. 1990s 1992: Shooting of Armenian plane by the Azerbaijan military A Yak-40 plane traveling from Stepanakert airport to Yerevan on 27 March 1992, with a total of 34 passengers and crew, was attacked by an Azerbaijani Air Force Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft. With an engine failure and a fire in rear of the plane, it eventually made a safe landing on Armenian territory. 1993: Transair Georgian Airline shootdowns Main article: 1993 Sukhumi airliner attacks In September 1993, two airliners belonging to Transair Georgia and a third belong to Orbi Georgia were shot down by missiles and gunfire in Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia. The first, a Tupolev Tu-134, was shot down on 21 September 1993 by a missile during landing approach. The second plane, a Tupolev Tu-154, was shot down a day later also during approach. A third one was shelled and destroyed on the ground, while passengers were boarding. 1994: Civil Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown Main article: 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown The 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown occurred on March 17, 1994, when an Iranian Air Force C-130E military transport aircraft, carrying Iranian embassy personnel from Moscow to Tehran, was shot down by Armenian military forces near the city of Stepanakert in Nagorno-Karabakh, an area which had been under armed conflict since 1988. The 32 people (19 passengers and 13 crew) on board were killed in the crash. 1994: Rwandan presidential airliner Main article: Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira The Dassault Falcon 50 airplane carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down by surface-to-air-missiles as it prepared to land in Kigali, Rwanda, on 6 April 1994. Both presidents died. This double assassination was the catalyst for the Rwandan genocide and the First Congo War. Responsibility for the attack is disputed, with most theories proposing as suspects either the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) or government-aligned Hutu Power extremists opposed to negotiation with the RPF. 1998: Lionair Flight 602 Main article: Lionair Flight 602 Lionair Flight 602, operated by an Antonov An-24RV, crashed into the sea off the north-western coast of Sri Lanka on 29 September 1998. The aircraft departed Jaffna-Palaly Air Force Base on a flight to Colombo and disappeared from radar screens just after the pilot had reported depressurization. Initial reports indicated that the plane had been shot down by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam rebels with a missile. All 7 crew and 48 passengers died. 1998: Lignes Aériennes Congolaises crash Main article: 1998 Lignes Aériennes Congolaises crash The 1998 Lignes Aériennes Congolaises crash occurred on October 10, 1998, when, shortly after take-off, a Lignes Aériennes Congolaises Boeing 727-30 flying from Kindu Airport to N'djili Airport, DR Congo was struck by a surface-to-air missile launched by rebel forces during the Second Congo War. The captain attempted an emergency landing, but the 727 crashed into a dense jungle near Kindu killing all 41 people on board. 2000s 2001: Peru shootdown Main article: 2001 Peru shootdown On 20 April 2001, a Cessna A185E floatplane (registered OB-1408) was shot down by a Peruvian Cessna A-37B Dragonfly attack aircraft over the border Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province of Peru. Two out of four passengers on board were killed, American Christian missionary Roni Bowers and her infant daughter Charity, while the pilot Kevin Donaldson was severely wounded. The incident took place during the Air Bridge Denial Program, where the floatplane was spotted by a CIA surveillance aircraft, who requested that the Peruvian Air Force follow the floatplane and force it to land at Iquitos to be searched for illegal drugs. After failing to contact the floatplane due to the message being sent on the wrong frequency, the CIA observers advised against a shootdown due to the floatplane not matching the expected behavior seen in drug trafficking aircraft, only for the Peruvian Dragonfly to open fire, downing the floatplane. A year later, the US government paid compensation of $8 million to the Bowers family and the pilot. 2001: Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 Main article: Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 On 4 October 2001, Siberian Airlines Flight 1812, a Tupolev Tu-154, crashed over the Black Sea en route from Tel Aviv, Israel to Novosibirsk, Russia. Although the immediate suspicion was of a terrorist attack, American sources proved that the plane was hit by a S-200 surface-to-air missile, fired from the Crimean Peninsula during a joint Ukrainian-Russian military exercise, and this was confirmed by the Moscow-based Interstate Aviation Committee. All on board (66 passengers and 12 crew) died. The President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma and several high commanders of the military expressed their condolences to the relatives of the victims. The Ukrainian Government paid out $200,000 in compensation to the families of every passenger and crew who died when the plane crashed; a total of $15 million in compensation for the accident. 2003: DHL Flight 209 Main article: 2003 Baghdad DHL attempted shootdown incident On 22 November 2003, DHL Flight 209, an Airbus A300-200F cargo aircraft (registered OO-DLL), was struck on the left wing by a surface-to-air missile shortly after takeoff from Baghdad bound for Muharraq, Bahrain. The aircraft lost all hydraulic controls and the crew had to use engine thrust to maneuver. The pilots managed to return to Baghdad International Airport but lost directional control on landing, resulting in a runway excursion. All 3 people on board survived. The A300 did not fly again after the incident and was scrapped. 2007: Balad aircraft crash Main article: 2007 Balad aircraft crash On 9 January 2007, an Antonov An-26 crashed while attempting a landing at Balad Air Base in Iraq. 2007: Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash Main article: 2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash On 23 March 2007, a TransAVIAexport Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 airplane crashed in the outskirts of Mogadishu, Somalia, during the 2007 Battle of Mogadishu. Witnesses, including a Shabelle reporter, claim they saw the plane being shot down, and Belarus has initiated an anti-terrorist investigation, but Somalia insists the crash was accidental. All 11 Belarusian civilians on board died. 2010s 2014: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Main article: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was a regularly scheduled flight from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Netherlands to Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia. On 17 July 2014, the Boeing 777-200ER (registered 9M-MRD) operating the flight was hit by a Soviet-made Buk surface-to-air missile fired by pro-Russian Donetsk separatists. All 283 passengers and 15 crew were killed, including 80 children. The Joint Investigation Team claimed the missile was operated by Russian-backed rebels near Donetsk, Ukraine during the Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion. Russian President Vladimir Putin denied accusations of Russian involvement. At the time, the shootdown was Ukraine's deadliest aviation disaster and the deadliest aviation disaster involving the Boeing 777. 2020s 2020: Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 Main article: Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Tehran to Kyiv operated by Ukraine International Airlines. On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737-800 (registered UR-PSR) operating the route was shot down by the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) shortly after takeoff from Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, killing all 176 people on board. After initially denying responsibility, Iran admitted on 11 January 2020 that, in the hours following the IRGC's launch of missiles against air bases used by the U.S., the plane was unintentionally targeted when the IRGC mistook it for a cruise missile launched by the U.S. in retaliation. 2020: East African Express Airways Brasilia crash Main article: 2020 East African Express Airways Brasilia crash On 4 May 2020, an East African Express Airways Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia on an air charter flight carrying pandemic relief supplies crashed on approach to an airstrip in Berdale, Somalia, after being fired upon by Ethiopian Ground Forces. All on board the aircraft were killed. The incident is under investigation by the Somali government. See also Aviation portal Arkia Israel Airlines Flight 582, a November 2002 flight that was the subject of an attempted shootdown with the missile missing the target Flight Guard, an antimissile defense mechanism for civilian aircraft List of aircraft hijackings References ^ Gregory Crouch (2012). "Chapter 13: The Kweilin Incident". China's Wings: War, Intrigue, Romance and Adventure in the Middle Kingdom during the Golden Age of Flight. Bantam Books. pp. 172–189. ^ Powell, J.W. (1 March 1941). The China Monthly Review (Vols. 94-95 ed.). Millard Publishing House. p. 462. The 12-ton plane "Chungking" formerly was the plane, "Kweilin," which was shot down by the Japanese in 1938 ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-227B OO-AUI Arques". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-08. ^ Virtualpilots – Tapauskaleva. Retrieved January 1, 2007. ^ Petrov, Pavel (2008). Punalipuline Balti Laevastik ja Eesti 1939–1941 (in Estonian). Tänapäev. ISBN 978-9985-62-631-3. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Dewoitine D.338 F-ARTD Ouistreham". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-08. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Dewoitine D.338 F-AQBA Gulf of Tonkin". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-08. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3mte XXV Kunming". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-08. ^ Gregory Crouch (2012). "Chapter 17: Ventricular Tachycardia". China's Wings: War, Intrigue, Romance and Adventure in the Middle Kingdom during the Golden Age of Flight. Bantam Books. pp. 240–242. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident SNCAC (Farman) NC.223.4 F-AROA Cape Spartivento, Sardinia, Italy". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-19. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-194C PK-AFW Samarinda, Dutch East Indies". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk I G-AEUH Timor". aviation-safety.net. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk I G-AETZ Cilacap, Java, Indonesia". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ Wills, Juliet; Van Velzen, Marianne (2006), The Diamond Dakota mystery, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74114-745-2 ^ Tyler, William H (1987), Flight of Diamonds : the story of Broome's war and the Carnot Bay diamonds, Hesperian Press, ISBN 978-0-85905-105-7 ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-194B PK-ALO Broome Airport, WA (BME)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 I-BURA Sicily". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Lioré-et-Olivier H.246.1 F-AREJ Algiers". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-19. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75C I-TELO between Tunisia and Sicily". aviation-safety.net. 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Retrieved 2023-08-11. ^ ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54A-10-DC VR-HEU Hainan Island - Aviation Safety Network ^ Accident details - VR-HEU - Plane Crash Info ^ VR-HEU Account by passenger: Valerie Parish Archived 2009-01-27 at the Wayback Machine - Major Commercial Airline Disasters ^ VR-HEU Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine - The Life & Times of James Harper ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-149 Constellation 4X-AKC Petrich". aviation-safety.net. ^ Staff writer (August 8, 1955). "Through the Curtain". Time. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2011. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Curtiss C-46 Commando TI-1022 Nicaragua". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ a b "Criminal occurrence description – Flight 902". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 19 July 2013. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-90-DL (DC-3) XV-NIC Quang-Ngai". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing S.307B-1 Stratoliner F-BELV Hanoi". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "Pakistan pilot's 'remorse' for 1965 shooting down". BBC News. 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2023-08-11. ^ "Why Did Pakistani Air Force Jet Shoot-Down Indian Civilian Aircraft In 1965 Indo-Pak War?". Retrieved 2023-08-11. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54B-20-DO (DC-4) N3934C Enugu". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-8-43 I-DIWL Damascus". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54A-DO (DC-4) XW-TDE between Savannakhet and Vientiane". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ http://www.airsafe.com/events/models/b727.htm List of 727 incidents. ^ Aerial intrusions by Civil and Military Aircraft in a Time of Peace. Phelps, John Maj. Military Law Review. Vol 107 Winter 1985 Page 288 ^ "Malév Flight 240 Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ "Accident Synopsis 09301975". Airdisaster.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Still no hope in the most mysterious crash – Aeronautics". Archived from the original on 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2020-01-11. ^ "Рейс "KAL" # 902 по расписанию не прибыл / История / Независимая газета". nvo.ng.ru. ^ "Description of Air Rhodesia Flight RH827". Aviation-Safety.net. Retrieved 2008-02-08. ^ "Italian court: Missile caused 1980 Mediterranean plane crash; Italy must pay compensation". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. ^ ICAO Report No. 12/80 ^ Incident description for D2-TYC at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 20 June 2011. ^ "Flight safety: 1980 reviewed – Fatal Accidents: Scheduled Passenger Services" (pdf). Flight International: 228. 24 January 1981. 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Retrieved November 23, 2006. ^ "Crash of a Lignes Aériennes Congolaises Boeing 727-30 in 1998". aviation safety network. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 30 November 2023. ^ Sugden, Joanna (4 February 2010). "Veronica Bowers: the long fight for justice". The Times. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2018-04-18. ^ Wines, Michael (14 October 2001). "After 9 Days, Ukraine Says Its Missile Hit A Russian Jet". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-05-25. ^ "Aviation Photo #1909863: Airbus A300B4-203(F) - Untitled". Airliners.net. ^ "Airframe information N1452 Airbus A300B4-203(F) - Untitled". planespotters.net. 31 October 2022. ^ Abdul-Zahra, Qassim (9 January 2007). "32 Killed in Cargo Plane Crash in Iraq". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2007-01-27. ^ "Somali plane was shot down". News24. 24 March 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. ^ "Missile attack on plane kills 11 Belarusian". The Malaysia Sun. IANS. 24 March 2007. 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AP NEWS. January 11, 2020. Hajizadeh said Guard forces ringing the capital had beefed up their air defenses and were at the "highest level of readiness," fearing that the U.S. would retaliate. He said he suggested Tehran should close its airspace but no action was taken... He said the airline's pilot and crew had done nothing wrong, but an officer made the "bad decision" to open fire on the plane after mistaking it for a cruise missile. ^ "Six dead as plane carrying coronavirus aid crashes in Somalia". Reuters. 4 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020. ^ "Cargo plane "shot down" in Somalia, all occupants killed". Garowe Online. Retrieved 2020-05-22.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of airliner shootdown incidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1930s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crouch-1"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"DC-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-2"},{"link_name":"China National Aviation Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Aviation_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Pan American World Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"water landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_landing"},{"link_name":"Xu Xinliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Xinliu"},{"link_name":"Chinese president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Sun Yat-sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen"},{"link_name":"Sun Fo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Fo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Kweilin incident","text":"This incident is believed to be the first commercial passenger plane attacked by hostile forces.[1] On 24 August 1938 – during the Second Sino-Japanese War – the Kweilin, a DC-2 jointly operated by China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) and Pan American World Airways, carrying 18 passengers and crew, was forced down by Japanese aircraft in Chinese territory just north of Hong Kong. 15 people died when the Kweilin, which made an emergency water landing to avoid the attack, was strafed by the Japanese and sunk in a river. The American pilot Hugh L. Woods and two others survived. Three prominent Chinese bankers, Hu Yun, Xu Xinliu (Singloh Hsu), and Wang Yumei, were among the dead. It was later believed to be an assassination attempt on Chinese president Sun Yat-sen's only son, Sun Fo, who was believed by the Japanese to be aboard but missed the flight. The plane was refurbished, renamed the Chungking, and was later involved in a second shootdown incident, in 1940.[2]","title":"1930s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3-227B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Sabena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"Merville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merville,_Nord"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Arques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arques,_Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Sabena OO-AUI","text":"OO-AUI, a Douglas DC-3-227B owned by Sabena, was hit by anti-aircraft fire over Calais on a flight from Merville to London on May 23, 1940. The pilot made a forced landing near Arques, killing the navigator and injuring 2 passengers. The surviving crew and passengers were taken POW.[3]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 52-3/mge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52"},{"link_name":"Aero O/Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnair"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin DB-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-3"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Interim Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Peace"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"Continuation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Keri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_(island)"},{"link_name":"lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Kaleva","text":"The Kaleva (registered OH-ALL) was a civilian Junkers Ju 52-3/mge passenger aircraft operated by Finnish carrier Aero O/Y which was shot down by two Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers on 14 June 1940, over the Baltic Sea while en route from Tallinn, Estonia to Helsinki, Finland.[4] This occurred during the Interim Peace between Finland and the Soviet Union, three months after the end of the Winter War, and a year before the Continuation War began. A few minutes after taking off in Tallinn, the Kaleva was intercepted by Soviet DB-3s. The bombers opened fire with their machine guns and badly damaged the Kaleva, causing it to ditch into seawater in the Gulf of Finland, a few kilometers northeast of Keri lighthouse. All seven passengers and two crew members on board died.[5]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dewoitine D.338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewoitine_D.338"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"Ouistreham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouistreham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Air France F-ARTD","text":"F-ARTD, a Dewoitine D.338 of Air France, was accidentally shot down by French anti-aircraft fire near Ouistreham on June 20, 1940. The sole occupant was killed.[6]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Tonkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Air France F-AQBA","text":"F-AQBA, another Dewoitine D.338 of Air France, was shot down by a Japanese military fighter over the Gulf of Tonkin on July 7, 1940. All 4 occupants were killed.[7]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junkers Ju-52/3mte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia_Aviation_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming"},{"link_name":"forced landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_landing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Eurasia XXV","text":"XXV, a Junkers Ju-52/3mte of Eurasia, was attacked by 3 Japanese fighters on a delivery flight near Kunming on October 26, 1940. The plane made a forced landing in a rice field and was strafed, but both occupants survived.[8]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Changyi Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhanyi_Airport"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crouch17-9"}],"sub_title":"The Chungking","text":"On 29 October 1940, the same DC-2 involved in the previous shootdown incident as Kweilin, now renamed Chungking, operated by CNAC, was destroyed by Japanese fighters at Changyi Airfield, Yunnan, China, after it made a scheduled landing and was coming to a stop.[9] Nine people died, including the American pilot Walter \"Foxie\" Kent and Chinese architect Chang-Kan Chien. The plane caught fire and never flew again.","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"SNCAC NC.223.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman_F.220"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Jean Chiappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chiappe"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Spartivento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"La Verrier","text":"La Verrier, an Air France SNCAC NC.223.4 mail plane, disappeared on the first leg of a flight from Marseille to Damascus with stopovers in Bizerte and Beirut on November 24, 1940. All 7 on board, including Jean Chiappe, are presumed to have died. No wreckage has been recovered, the plane radioed they were hit by machine-gun fire before disappearing; it has been theorized they were shot down in the nearby Battle of Cape Spartivento that occurred on the same day.[10]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KNILM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNILM"},{"link_name":"Samarinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarinda"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"KNILM PK-AFW","text":"PK-AFW, a Douglas DC-3-194C of KNILM, was attacked by Japanese military aircraft on January 24, 1942, during a cargo flight. The plane made a forced landing near Samarinda and all 3 occupants survived, but the plane was written off.[11]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Short Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Empire"},{"link_name":"Qantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"West Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Timor"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Koch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Corio","text":"The Corio, a Short Empire flying boat airliner, operated by Qantas, was shot down by Imperial Japanese Naval Air Service aircraft in the early days of the Pacific War during World War II off the coast of West Timor, Dutch East Indies, on 30 January 1942. Thirteen occupants were killed. Captain Aubrey Koch, along with another crewman and three passengers, swam to shore and were rescued.[12]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tjilatjap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilacap_Regency"},{"link_name":"Broome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Denpasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Circe","text":"The Circe (G-AETZ), another Short S.23 Empire operated by Qantas (leased from BOAC), was evacuating civilians and military personnel from Tjilatjap to Broome on February 28, 1942, was shot down 400 km (248.5 miles) south of Tjilatjap by a Japanese bomber on maritime patrol from Denpasar. All 22 occupants, 4 crew and 18 passengers, were killed.[13]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"German invasion of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"KNILM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNILM"},{"link_name":"Bandung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"},{"link_name":"Netherlands East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Broome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Smirnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Smirnov_(aviator)"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi A6M Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"KNILM PK-AFV","text":"PK-AFV, also known as the PH-ALP Pelikaan (one of the KLM airliners that diverted during the German invasion of the Netherlands), was a Douglas DC-3 airliner operated by KNILM from 1940. On 3 March 1942, while on a flight from Bandung, Netherlands East Indies, to Broome, Australia, with the well-known KLM captain Ivan Smirnov, the plane was attacked by three Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter planes; PK-AFV successfully landed on the beach near Broome with damage and an engine fire but was then strafed and the flight engineer and three passengers (including a baby) were killed. Smirnov had a consignment of diamonds, worth at the time an estimated £150,000–300,000 (in 2023 an approximate £9–19 million), in his possession. The vast majority of these were lost or stolen following the crash.[14][15]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A6M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"KNILM PK-ALO","text":"PK-ALO, another Douglas DC-3 of KNILM, was also attacked on March 3, 1942. While landing at Broome, Japanese A6M fighters fired at the aircraft. Pilot E.E. Hulsebos landed safely but the fighters attacked again, causing the aircraft to burn out; no one onboard was killed.[16]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savoia-Marchetti SM-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75_Marsupiale"},{"link_name":"LATI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LATI_(airline)"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"LATI I-BURA","text":"I-BURA, a Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down near Sicily on March 28, 1942. It is unknown who shot down the plane and if there were any fatalities.[17]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lioré-et-Olivier H.246.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lior%C3%A9_et_Olivier_LeO_H-246"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Air France F-AREJ","text":"F-AREJ, an Air France Lioré-et-Olivier H.246.1, was attacked by RAF Hawker Hurricanes on a passenger flight from Marseille to Algiers on August 13, 1942. The damaged aircraft managed to arrive at Algiers harbor but sank after landing. 4 passengers were killed.[18]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Castelvetrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelvetrano"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"LATI I-TELO","text":"I-TELO, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down on a military flight from Tunis to Castelvetrano on November 15, 1942, killing all 4 on board. It is unknown who shot down the plane.[19]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BOAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed 18-40 Lodestar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Model_18_Lodestar"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Skagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagen"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Saint Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuchars_Station"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"BOAC G-AGEJ","text":"G-AGEJ, a BOAC Lockheed 18-40 Lodestar, was shot down by a Junkers Ju 88 of Luftwaffe 10/NJG 3 piloted by lieutenant Werner Speidel on April 4, 1943, 50 kilometers (31.3 miles) NW of Skagen, on a passenger flight from Stockholm to Saint Andrews. All 7 on board were killed.[20]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"LATI I-BONI","text":"I-BONI, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down on April 10, 1943. The location, fatalities (if any), and who shot down the plane is unknown.[21]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"LATI I-MAST","text":"I-MAST, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down by RAF fighters on April 13, 1943, during a passenger flight over the Mediterranean. It is unknown if anyone died.[22]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"LATI I-MONC","text":"I-MONC, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down by enemy fighters on April 19, 1943, during a passenger flight over the Mediterranean. It is unknown if anyone died.[23]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portela Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portela_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"neutral Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_(Whitchurch)_Airport"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"German invasion of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"British Overseas Airways Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Leslie Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Howard_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"BOAC Flight 777","text":"BOAC Flight 777 was a scheduled civilian flight from Portela Airport, Lisbon in neutral Portugal bound for Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport, United Kingdom. The Douglas DC-3 operating the route (registered G-AGBB, ex-PH-ALI Ibis) had fled the German invasion of the Netherlands, and was owned and operated by KLM with a Dutch crew, albeit with British Overseas Airways Corporation flight numbers. On 1 June 1943, Ibis was attacked by eight German Junkers Ju 88 fighter bombers, who were not aware of the existence of the scheduled flight and the civilian status of the aircraft. Ibis crashed into the Bay of Biscay killing all aboard, including English actor Leslie Howard.[24]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nakajima L2D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa/Nakajima_L2D"},{"link_name":"Dai Nippon Koku KK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Dai Nippon Koku KK J-BIOA","text":"J-BIOA, a Nakajima L2D of Dai Nippon Koku KK, was shot down near Sulawesi in August 1943. The exact day and fatalities (if any) are unknown.[25]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"AB Aerotransport SE-BAG Gripen","text":"The Gripen (registered SE-BAG) was a Douglas DC-3 which was attacked by a German Junkers Ju 88 fighter-bomber over the coast of the island of Hållö, Sweden on 22 October 1943 while flying a scheduled passenger flight from Aberdeen to Stockholm.\nA ditching at sea was attempted but the aircraft flew against the cliffs and crashed. Of the fifteen occupants, two survived, the flight-engineer and a passenger, after they were thrown out of the rear part of the aircraft.[26]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Lufthansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Lufthansa_(1926-1945)"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Alt-Pasua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Pazova"},{"link_name":"Semlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemun"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Deutsche Lufthansa D-AOCA","text":"D-AOCA, a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down on April 17, 1944, during an Allied fighter sweep of Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). The plane was on scheduled service E.17 from Vienna to Athens with stops in Belgrade, Sofia, and Thessaloniki. The plane caught fire after being hit from the rear and starboard, crashing in Alt-Pasua, 26 km (16.1 miles) north of Semlin; 5 of the 7 occupants were killed.[27]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 200D-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_Condor"},{"link_name":"Bristol Beaufighter Mk VIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter"},{"link_name":"No. 415 Squadron RCAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._415_Squadron_RCAF"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas-l%C3%A8s-C%C3%AEteaux"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart_Airport"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Tarradellas_Barcelona%E2%80%93El_Prat_Airport"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Deutsche Lufthansa D-AMHL","text":"D-AMHL, a Focke-Wulf Fw 200D-2 of Deutsche Lufthansa, was intercepted and shot down by a Bristol Beaufighter Mk VIF of No. 415 Squadron RCAF from Dijon, over Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux at 20:31 on September 27, 1944, on a passenger flight from Stuttgart to Barcelona. All 9 occupants were killed.[28]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komárom County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom_County"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Friedrich Dahmen","text":"Friedrich Dahmen (D-ASHE), a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, had to make a forced landing in Komárom County, Hungary, after being attacked by British Mosquito fighters during a passenger flight on October 17, 1944. Of the 9 occupants, 1 passenger was killed.[29]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Målkläppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5kl%C3%A4ppen"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Deutsche Lufthansa D-ARHW","text":"D-ARHW, a Focke-Wulf Fw 200 of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down by a German patrol boat at 10:25 on November 29, 1944, off Målkläppen, Sweden, on a passenger flight from Berlin to Stockholm. All 10 occupants were killed.[30]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Dai Nippon Koku KK J-BKOV","text":"J-BKOV, a Nakajima L2D of Dai Nippon Koku KK, was shot down on a flight to Taipei on March 5, 1945. It is unknown who shot down the plane, where it departed from, and if anyone died.[31]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glienig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahme-Spreewald"},{"link_name":"Hans Steinhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Steinhoff"},{"link_name":"Enns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enns_(city)"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel_Airport_Prague"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Deutsche Lufthansa D-ANAJ","text":"D-ANAJ, a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down by the Soviets during an evacuation flight on April 20, 1945, in the forest at Glienig. Of the 20 occupants (3 crew and 17 passengers, including a woman), only 2 passengers survived. Among the dead was film director Hans Steinhoff. This plane was the last Deutsche Lufthansa flight to leave Berlin before WW2 ended, headed for Enns with a stop in Prague.[32]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am"},{"link_name":"San Jose, Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Pan Am 1948 incident","text":"On April 29, 1948, a Pan Am Douglas DC-3A (registration unknown) was shot at by riflemen shortly after takeoff from San Jose, Costa Rica, with several bullets hitting the fuselage, a tire blowing out, and a propeller being hit. Despite this substantial damage, the plane safely continued to its destination and was later repaired. All 12 occupants survived. A communist leader who was a passenger on the flight is suspected to have been the attackers' target.[33]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Pacific Overseas Airlines HS-PC103","text":"HS-PC103, a Douglas C-47 of Thai airline Pacific Overseas Airlines, is believed to have been shot down off the west coast of Sumatra by Dutch pilots on October 25, 1948. The plane's route and fatality count (if any) is unknown.[34]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aigle Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigle_Azur"},{"link_name":"Đông Khê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kh%C3%AA,_Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Viet Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Aigle Azur F-OABJ","text":"F-OABJ, a Douglas C-47 of Aigle Azur, crashed during a passenger flight (route unknown) near Đông Khê, present-day Vietnam, on November 27, 1949. All 10 occupants were killed. It is speculated that the plane was shot down by the Viet Minh during a supply-drop flight.[35]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Liban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Rafic_Hariri_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Air Liban LR-AAN","text":"On July 24, 1950, LR-AAN, a Douglas C-47A-40-DL of Air Liban, was shot at by an Israeli Spitfire on a flight from Jerusalem to Beirut over the Israel-Lebanon border area. The plane landed safely despite substantial damage and was later repaired. Of the 28 occupants, 3 passengers were killed.[36]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas C-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"MiG-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Air France F-BELI","text":"F-BELI, a Douglas C-54 of Air France, was shot at by 2 Soviet MiG-15 on April 29, 1952, near Berlin. The aircraft was hit 89 times, wounding 3 passengers and forcing engines no. 3 and 4 to be shut down. The plane made a safe landing at Berlin-Tempelhof and was later repaired. Soviets claimed the C-54 had strayed out of the international air corridor.[37]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"guerrillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Phan Thiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Thi%E1%BA%BFt"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"STAEO F-BEIB","text":"F-BEIB, a Douglas C-47 of Société des Transports Aériens d'Extrême-Orient (STAEO), was shot down by communist guerrillas during a passenger flight take off in Phan Thiet on May 4, 1952. Of the 14 occupants, only 1 crew member was killed. The plane was written off.[38]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Laoag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoag"},{"link_name":"Aparri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparri"},{"link_name":"Amoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Seas"},{"link_name":"Chinese Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"T-6 Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Quemoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Philippine Air Lines PI-C38","text":"PI-C38, a Douglas DC-3 of Philippine Air Lines, was on a passenger flight from Laoag to Aparri on December 30, 1952, when an armed man forced himself into the cockpit shortly after takeoff. The man, armed with a .45 pistol, demanded to be taken to Amoy, China. The captain put the plane into a dive, but the hijacker kept his balance and fatally shot him. The co-pilot regained control of the aircraft, and the plane's steward was fatally shot through the cockpit door when he came up to see what was happening. The co-pilot flew towards China over the China Sea at 6,000 feet until a pair of Chinese Nationalist T-6 Harvard aircraft appeared, spraying machine gun fire at the DC-3 over Chinmen Island. The plane turned back and was forced to land at Quemoy by more Chinese Nationalist aircraft; the hijacker was arrested upon landing. The captain and steward were the only fatalities of the 10 occupants.[39]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-12"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"Port Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Ralph S. Parr Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Parr"},{"link_name":"Chunggang-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunggang_County"},{"link_name":"double-ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(military)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Aeroflot 1953 shootdown","text":"On July 27, 1953, an Ilyushin Il-12 (registration unknown) of Aeroflot was shot at in North Korean airspace flying from Port Arthur to Vladivostok and crashed onto Chinese territory at 12:30, killing all 21 occupants. The plane was spotted by USAF Capt. Ralph S. Parr Jr. in his F-86F Sabre during an escort mission near Chunggang-jin; Parr made several passes and mistakenly identified the aircraft as North Korean. In downing the IL-12 he obtained double-ace status. One long burst brought down the plane, crashing 4 km (2.5 miles) from Mao-erh-shan in what was the final aircraft shot down before the armistice was signed later the same day.[40][41]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas C-54 Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"Cathay Pacific Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Lavochkin La-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavochkin_La-11"},{"link_name":"Hainan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Island"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-val-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-helianthus-45"}],"sub_title":"Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown","text":"VR-HEU, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster airliner operated by Cathay Pacific Airways[42] en route from Bangkok to Hong Kong on 23 July 1954, was shot down by People's Liberation Army Air Force Lavochkin La-11 fighters off the coast of Hainan Island; 10 of the 19 on board died.[43][44][45]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Al"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-049 Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-049_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"MiG-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15"},{"link_name":"Petrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrich"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asn1-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1-47"}],"sub_title":"El Al Flight 402","text":"El Al Flight 402, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation (registered 4X-AKC), was a passenger flight from Vienna, Austria, to Tel Aviv, Israel, via Istanbul, Turkey, on 27 July 1955. The aircraft strayed into Bulgarian airspace, refused to land, and was shot down by two Bulgarian Air Force MiG-15 fighters several kilometers away from the Greek border near Petrich, Bulgaria. All 7 crew and 51 passengers on board the airliner died.[46][47]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"Volcán, Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n,_Panama"},{"link_name":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Luis Somoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Somoza_Debayle"},{"link_name":"Nicaraguan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Aerolineas Nacionales TI-1022","text":"TI-1022, a Curtiss C-46 Commando of Aerolineas Nacionales, left San Jose, Costa Rica, at 06:21 on June 1, 1959, for a farm airstrip near Volcán, Panama, to carry a meat shipment to Curaçao. Instead of landing at Volcán, however, the plane landed at an unknown location in Costa Rica and was boarded by armed guerrillas and left for Nicaragua to take part in the uprising against President Luis Somoza. The plane was shot down by a Nicaraguan Air Force P-51 and crashed into Nicaraguan territory, killing all on board. Apart from the 2 crew, the number of passengers is unknown.[48]","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-104"},{"link_name":"Khabarovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabarovsk"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Krasnoyarsk Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asn-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asn-49"}],"sub_title":"1962: Aeroflot Flight 902","text":"Aeroflot Flight 902 was a Tupolev Tu-104 flight on scheduled domestic service from Khabarovsk to Moscow. On 30 June 1962, its wreckage was found 28 km (17 mi) east of Krasnoyarsk Airport, in flat terrain. There were no survivors.[49] An entry hole, with signs of fire damage on the cabin side of the fuselage, was consistent with that which could be caused by an anti-aircraft missile, and there was an unofficial confirmation that an anti-aircraft missile had gone astray during an air defense exercise in the area.[49]","title":"1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Quang Ngai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i"},{"link_name":"Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Air Vietnam XV-NIC","text":"XV-NIC, a Douglas C-47 of Air Vietnam, was shot down by communist ground fire on a domestic passenger flight from Quang Ngai to Saigon on September 16, 1965, 11 km (6.9 miles) northeast of Quang Ngai. All 39 on board were killed, including 1 passenger who was found alive but died in a hospital.[50]","title":"1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing S.307B-1 Stratoliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner"},{"link_name":"International Commission for Supervision and Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Control_Commission"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Vientiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattay_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Lam_Airport"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"CITCA F-BELV","text":"F-BELV, a Boeing S.307B-1 Stratoliner of Compagnie Internationale de Transports Civil Aériens (CITCA) operating for the International Commission for Supervision and Control (ICSC), disappeared near Hanoi on October 18, 1965, with all 13 onboard presumed dead. The plane was carrying 4 French crew members and 9 ICSC members from Vientiane to Hanoi, departing at 15:05 and contacting Hanoi at 15:20, giving an ETA of 16:44, but no further radio contact was received. French and Canadian forces searched in Laos, being refused permission in North Vietnam with North Vietnamese authorities reporting they could not find the plane either. In 1996, a study by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade concluded the plane had likely been shot down by a North Vietnamese military unit, accidentally or deliberately.[51]","title":"1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Gujarat Beechcraft incident","text":"During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 a Pakistani pilot shot down a civil aircraft with eight people onboard.[52][53]","title":"1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Pan African Airlines N3924C","text":"N3934C, a Douglas C-54 of Pan African Airlines, was hit by an anti-aircraft shell at 15:23 on April 25, 1969. Descending at 6500 feet into Enugu from Lagos, the shell left a 5-foot hole on the starboard side and injured 5 passengers. The plane turned back to Lagos due to undercarriage issues and made a safe landing after the undercarriage made a free fall extension. The aircraft was later repaired.[54]","title":"1960s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alitalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitalia"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-8-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrabad_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"MiG-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21"},{"link_name":"Mirage IIICJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"MiG-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Alitalia Flight 713","text":"Alitalia Flight 713, operated by Douglas DC-8-43 I-DIWL, was approaching Syrian airspace after takeoff from Tehran on June 26, 1970, and was told that Syrian airspace had been closed. The pilot requested vectors to Beirut, and was told to fly to Damascus and turn to Beirut from there. While at FL295 6.5 km (4.1 miles) east of Damascus, a surface-to-air missile made direct contact with the left wing. The plane went down 3250 feet and the pilot turned off the no. 1 engine, landing safely at Beirut; all 94 occupants survived. At the time of the missile strike, several Egyptian MiG-21 and Israeli Mirage IIICJ were fighting over Syria with some Syrian MiG-17 also being reported present.[55]","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Lao"},{"link_name":"Savannakhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannakhet"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Royal Air Lao XW-TDE","text":"XW-TDE, a Douglas C-54 of Royal Air Lao, disappeared on a flight from Savannakhet to Vientiane on February 11, 1972, with all 23 onboard presumed dead. The last radio contact was made with Bangkok Regional Control Center at 13:20, reportedly over the SH point with ETA given as 14:22. The plane was reportedly shot down.[56]","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"northern Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airsafe-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLR85-288-58"}],"sub_title":"1973: Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114","text":"Libyan Airlines Flight 114 was a regularly scheduled flight from Tripoli, Libya, via Benghazi to Cairo. At 10:30 on 21 February 1973, the Boeing 727 operating the flight left Tripoli, but became lost due to a combination of bad weather and equipment failure over northern Egypt around 13:44 (local time). It entered Israeli-controlled airspace over the Sinai Peninsula, where was intercepted by two Israeli Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighters, refused to land, and was shot down. Of the 113 people on board, five survived, including the co-pilot.[57][58]","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budapest Ferihegy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Ferenc_Liszt_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Beirut International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Rafic_Hariri_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154"},{"link_name":"Malév Hungarian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A9v_Hungarian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"1975: Malév Flight 240","text":"Malév Flight 240 was a scheduled flight from Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, Hungary, to Beirut International Airport, Lebanon. On 30 September 1975, the aircraft operating the route, a Tupolev Tu-154 of Malév Hungarian Airlines, on its final approach for landing, crashed into the Mediterranean Sea just off the coast of Lebanon. All fifty passengers and ten crew on board were killed.[59][60] No official investigation has ever been conducted on the crash by the Hungarian authorities. The aircraft was allegedly shot down during final approach, probably due to its assumed involvement in the Lebanese Civil War.[61]","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15"},{"link_name":"Murmansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"1978: Korean Air Lines Flight 902","text":"Korean Air Lines Flight 902 was scheduled flight from Paris, France bound for Seoul, South Korea with a stopover at Anchorage, Alaska operated by a civilian Boeing 707 airliner (registered HL7429) that was shot down by Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15 fighters on 20 April 1978 near Murmansk, Soviet Union after it violated Soviet airspace and failed to respond to Soviet interceptors. Two passengers died in the incident. 107 passengers and crew survived after the plane made an emergency landing on a frozen lake.[62]","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Kariba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba,_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Strela 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strela_2"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"}],"sub_title":"1978: Air Rhodesia Flight 825","text":"Air Rhodesia Flight 825 was a scheduled flight between Kariba and Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe), that was shot down on 3 September 1978, by Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) guerrillas using a Soviet-manufactured Strela 2 missile. Eighteen of the 56 passengers of the Vickers Viscount survived the crash, but 10 of the survivors were killed by the guerrillas at the crash site.","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"1979: Air Rhodesia Flight 827","text":"Air Rhodesia Flight 827 was a scheduled flight between Kariba and Salisbury that was shot down on 12 February 1979, by ZIPRA guerrillas using a Soviet-manufactured Strela 2 missile in similar circumstances to Flight RH825 five months earlier. None of the 59 passengers or crew of the Vickers Viscount survived.[63]","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bologna,_Museo_per_la_Memoria_di_Ustica_(8).jpg"},{"link_name":"Itavia Flight 870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-15"},{"link_name":"Itavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itavia"},{"link_name":"Tyrrhenian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ustica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustica"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Libyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-64"}],"sub_title":"1980: Itavia Flight 870","text":"Remains of Itavia Flight 870 at the Museum for the Memory of Ustica, Bologna, ItalyOn 27 June 1980 a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 operated by Itavia broke up mid-air and crashed into the sea near the Tyrrhenian Sea island of Ustica, while en route from Bologna to Palermo, Italy. All 81 people on board were killed. The cause has been the subject of a decades-long controversy. The aircraft may have been accidentally shot down during a military operation possibly involving United States, French, Italian and Libyan military aircraft. Another theory is that the plane was bombed by terrorists. On 23 January 2013, Italy's top criminal court ruled that there was \"abundantly\" clear evidence that the flight was brought down by a missile, but the perpetrators are still missing.[64]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linhas Aéreas de Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_de_Angola"},{"link_name":"Yakovlev Yak-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-40"},{"link_name":"Matala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matala,_Angola"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Zambian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Shenyang J-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_J-6"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"1980: Linhas Aéreas de Angola Yakovlev Yak-40","text":"On 8 June 1980 Linhas Aéreas de Angola airliner (registered D2-TYC), a Yakovlev Yak-40, was shot down near Matala, Angola with the loss of all on board (4 crew and 15 passengers). ICAO reported that a \"sudden situation took place in response to actions by a foreign aircraft and accidentally the Yak-40 was hit and crashed\".[65] Unconfirmed reports mention the possible involvement of a Zambian Shenyang J-6 fighter.[66][67]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_A%C3%A9reo_Rioplatense"},{"link_name":"Canadair CL-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CL-44"},{"link_name":"Iran-Contra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair"},{"link_name":"Soviet Airforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Su-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Larnaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larnaca"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Erevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erevan"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"1981: Ram attack on TAR Canadair CL-44","text":"On 18 July 1981 Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense's Canadair CL-44 commercial cargo aircraft involved in the clandestine weapons supplies under the Iran-Contra affair was taken down by a Soviet Airforce Su-15 by a ram attack. The Argentinian airliner that returned from Tehran to Larnaca, Cyprus was supposed to fly in Turkish airspace along the Soviet border but deviated and appeared over Soviet Armenia. After the pilot of a Su-15 interceptor failed to force the Canadair CL-44 to land in the USSR, and realizing that the intruder was escaping, the pilot hit the Canadair's tail causing both planes to crash near Erevan. The Soviet pilot ejected but the TAR crew died.[68]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15"},{"link_name":"Moneron Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneron_Island"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_Island"},{"link_name":"Larry McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McDonald"},{"link_name":"official investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007#Investigations"},{"link_name":"air navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_navigation"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"1983: Korean Air Lines Flight 007","text":"Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was a Korean Air Lines Boeing 747 civilian airliner shot down by a Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15TM interceptor on 1 September 1983, near Moneron Island just west of Sakhalin Island, after it strayed into Soviet airspace. 269 passengers and crew, including US congressman Larry McDonald, were aboard KAL 007; there were no survivors. An official investigation concluded that the course deviation was likely caused by pilot error in configuring the air navigation system.[69]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dornier 228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_228"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wegener Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute_for_Polar_and_Marine_Research"},{"link_name":"Bremerhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Polisario Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front"},{"link_name":"West Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Arrecife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrecife"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"1985: Polar 3","text":"On 24 February 1985, the Polar 3, a Dornier 228 research airplane of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, West Germany, was shot down by guerrillas of the Polisario Front over West Sahara. All three crew members died. Polar 3 was on its way back from Antarctica and had taken off in Dakar, Senegal, to reach Arrecife, Canary Islands.[70]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Bakhtar Afghan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtar_Afghan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-26"},{"link_name":"was shot down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Bakhtar_Afghan_Airlines_Antonov_An-26_shootdown"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Farah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"1985: Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26, Afghanistan","text":"On 4 September 1985 (during the Soviet–Afghan War), a Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 (registered YA-BAM) was shot down by a surface-to-air missile near Kandahar, Afghanistan. The aircraft was carrying 47 passengers and 5 crew members and had been on a scheduled flight from Kandahar to Farah. There were no survivors.[71]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Angolan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-12"},{"link_name":"Cuito Cuanavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuito_Cuanavale"},{"link_name":"Luanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"1985: Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shootdown, Angola","text":"On November 25, 1985, in Angola during the Angolan Civil War, an Aeroflot Antonov An-12 is shot down by a surface-to-air missile, while operating a cargo flight from Cuito Cuanavale to Luanda, allegedly by South African Special Forces; all 21 people on board are killed.[72]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"1987: Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26, Afghanistan","text":"On 11 June 1987, a Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 (registered YA-BAL) was shot down by a missile near Khost, killing 53 out of the 55 people on board. The aircraft had been on a flight from Kandahar to Kabul.[73]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockheed L-100 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-100_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Zimex Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimex_Aviation"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Cuito airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuito_Cuanavale_Airport"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Angolan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"1987: Zimex Aviation Lockheed L-100, Angola","text":"On 14 October 1987, a Lockheed L-100 Hercules (registered HB-ILF), owned by the Swiss company Zimex Aviation and operated on behalf of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), was shot down about four minutes after departing Cuito airport, Angola. It was hit by an unknown projectile fired by unknown combatants during the Angolan Civil War. Four crew members and two passengers died. On the ground, two persons died and one was severely injured.[74][75]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Shorts Skyvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorts_Skyvan"},{"link_name":"Blantyre, Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Lilongwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilongwe"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Mozambican Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ulongwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulongu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"1987: Air Malawi 7Q-YMB","text":"On 6 November 1987, an Air Malawi Shorts Skyvan (registered 7Q-YMB) was shot down while on a domestic flight from Blantyre, Malawi to Lilongwe. The flight plan took it over Mozambique where the Mozambican Civil War was in progress. The aircraft was shot down near the Mozambican town of Ulongwe. The eight passengers and two crew on board died.[76]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Vincennes_launching_SM-2MR_in_1987.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iran Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air"},{"link_name":"Iran Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air"},{"link_name":"Bandar Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"UAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"guided missile cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(CG-49)"},{"link_name":"RIM-66 Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-66_Standard"},{"link_name":"Airbus A300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300"},{"link_name":"Grumman F-14 Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"1988: Iran Air Flight 655","text":"A missile departs the forward launcher of Vincennes during a 1987 exercise. The forward launcher was also used in the downing of Iran Air 655.Iran Air Flight 655 was a commercial flight operated by Iran Air that regularly flew from Bandar Abbas, Iran to Dubai, UAE. On 3 July 1988 the aircraft was shot down by the U.S. Navy guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes which fired a RIM-66 Standard surface-to-air missile. The airplane was destroyed between Bandar Abbas and Dubai; all 290 passengers and crew died, including 66 children. USS Vincennes was in Iranian waters at the time of the attack. IR655, an Airbus A300 on an ascending flight path, was mistaken by Vincennes as a descending Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcat.[77]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonov An-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-26"},{"link_name":"Ariana Afghan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_york_times_PAF_downs_airline-78"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachinar"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_york_times_PAF_downs_airline-78"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_york_times_PAF_downs_airline-78"}],"sub_title":"1988: Ariana Afghan Airlines shootdown","text":"On 19 November 1988, an Antonov An-26 operated by Ariana Afghan Airlines was flying from Kabul, Afghanistan to Jalalabad, Afghanistan when the pilot became lost due to a technical issue.[78] The aircraft entered Pakistani airspace when the pilot asked for help from a nearby airport in Pakistan. It was subsequently shot down by ground fire from the Pakistan Air Force near Parachinar, Pakistan resulting in 30 deaths.[78] Ministry of Defence of Pakistan claimed that the aircraft was shot down by ground fire when it entered Pakistani territory and failed to identify itself.[78]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas DC-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-7"},{"link_name":"US Agency for International Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Polisario Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"1988: T&G Aviation DC-7","text":"On 8 December 1988 a Douglas DC-7 chartered by the US Agency for International Development was shot down over Western Sahara by the Polisario Front, resulting in five deaths. Leaders of the movement said the plane was mistaken for a Moroccan Lockheed C-130. The aircraft was bound for Morocco for a locust control mission. A second aircraft was also hit, but managed to land at Sidi Ifni, Morocco.[79]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yak-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-40"},{"link_name":"Stepanakert airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanakert_Airport"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Air_and_Air_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"1992: Shooting of Armenian plane by the Azerbaijan military","text":"A Yak-40 plane traveling from Stepanakert airport to Yerevan on 27 March 1992, with a total of 34 passengers and crew, was attacked by an Azerbaijani Air Force Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft. With an engine failure and a fire in rear of the plane, it eventually made a safe landing on Armenian territory.[80][81][82]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transair Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transair_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Sukhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhumi"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-134"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"1993: Transair Georgian Airline shootdowns","text":"In September 1993, two airliners belonging to Transair Georgia and a third belong to Orbi Georgia were shot down by missiles and gunfire in Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia. The first, a Tupolev Tu-134, was shot down on 21 September 1993 by a missile during landing approach. The second plane, a Tupolev Tu-154, was shot down a day later also during approach. A third one was shelled and destroyed on the ground, while passengers were boarding.[83][84][85]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1994: Civil Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown","text":"The 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown occurred on March 17, 1994, when an Iranian Air Force C-130E military transport aircraft, carrying Iranian embassy personnel from Moscow to Tehran, was shot down by Armenian military forces near the city of Stepanakert in Nagorno-Karabakh, an area which had been under armed conflict since 1988. The 32 people (19 passengers and 13 crew) on board were killed in the crash.","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dassault Falcon 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_50"},{"link_name":"Rwandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Juvénal Habyarimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana"},{"link_name":"Burundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Cyprien Ntaryamira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprien_Ntaryamira"},{"link_name":"Kigali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali"},{"link_name":"double assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira"},{"link_name":"Rwandan genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide"},{"link_name":"First Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"Rwandan Patriotic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front"},{"link_name":"Hutu Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutu_Power"}],"sub_title":"1994: Rwandan presidential airliner","text":"The Dassault Falcon 50 airplane carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down by surface-to-air-missiles as it prepared to land in Kigali, Rwanda, on 6 April 1994. Both presidents died. This double assassination was the catalyst for the Rwandan genocide and the First Congo War. Responsibility for the attack is disputed, with most theories proposing as suspects either the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) or government-aligned Hutu Power extremists opposed to negotiation with the RPF.","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionair_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-24"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS-86"}],"sub_title":"1998: Lionair Flight 602","text":"Lionair Flight 602, operated by an Antonov An-24RV, crashed into the sea off the north-western coast of Sri Lanka on 29 September 1998. The aircraft departed Jaffna-Palaly Air Force Base on a flight to Colombo and disappeared from radar screens just after the pilot had reported depressurization. Initial reports indicated that the plane had been shot down by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam rebels with a missile. All 7 crew and 48 passengers died.[86]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lignes Aériennes Congolaises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignes_A%C3%A9riennes_Congolaises"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"Kindu Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindu_Airport"},{"link_name":"N'djili Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27djili_Airport"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Second Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"Kindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindu"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"1998: Lignes Aériennes Congolaises crash","text":"The 1998 Lignes Aériennes Congolaises crash occurred on October 10, 1998, when, shortly after take-off, a Lignes Aériennes Congolaises Boeing 727-30 flying from Kindu Airport to N'djili Airport, DR Congo was struck by a surface-to-air missile launched by rebel forces during the Second Congo War. The captain attempted an emergency landing, but the 727 crashed into a dense jungle near Kindu killing all 41 people on board.[87]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cessna A185E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_185_Skywagon"},{"link_name":"Cessna A-37B Dragonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariscal_Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla_Province"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Air Bridge Denial Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Bridge_Denial_Program"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Iquitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos"},{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"US government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-20100204-88"}],"sub_title":"2001: Peru shootdown","text":"On 20 April 2001, a Cessna A185E floatplane (registered OB-1408) was shot down by a Peruvian Cessna A-37B Dragonfly attack aircraft over the border Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province of Peru. Two out of four passengers on board were killed, American Christian missionary Roni Bowers and her infant daughter Charity, while the pilot Kevin Donaldson was severely wounded. The incident took place during the Air Bridge Denial Program, where the floatplane was spotted by a CIA surveillance aircraft, who requested that the Peruvian Air Force follow the floatplane and force it to land at Iquitos to be searched for illegal drugs. After failing to contact the floatplane due to the message being sent on the wrong frequency, the CIA observers advised against a shootdown due to the floatplane not matching the expected behavior seen in drug trafficking aircraft, only for the Peruvian Dragonfly to open fire, downing the floatplane.\nA year later, the US government paid compensation of $8 million to the Bowers family and the pilot.[88]","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siberian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_airlines"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"S-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-200_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Crimean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Interstate Aviation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee"},{"link_name":"President of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kuchma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"2001: Siberia Airlines Flight 1812","text":"On 4 October 2001, Siberian Airlines Flight 1812, a Tupolev Tu-154, crashed over the Black Sea en route from Tel Aviv, Israel to Novosibirsk, Russia. Although the immediate suspicion was of a terrorist attack, American sources proved that the plane was hit by a S-200 surface-to-air missile, fired from the Crimean Peninsula during a joint Ukrainian-Russian military exercise, and this was confirmed by the Moscow-based Interstate Aviation Committee. All on board (66 passengers and 12 crew) died. The President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma and several high commanders of the military expressed their condolences to the relatives of the victims. The Ukrainian Government paid out $200,000 in compensation to the families of every passenger and crew who died when the plane crashed; a total of $15 million in compensation for the accident.[89]","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airbus A300-200F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300"},{"link_name":"Muharraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharraq"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Baghdad International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"runway excursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_excursion"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"2003: DHL Flight 209","text":"On 22 November 2003, DHL Flight 209, an Airbus A300-200F cargo aircraft (registered OO-DLL), was struck on the left wing by a surface-to-air missile shortly after takeoff from Baghdad bound for Muharraq, Bahrain. The aircraft lost all hydraulic controls and the crew had to use engine thrust to maneuver. The pilots managed to return to Baghdad International Airport but lost directional control on landing, resulting in a runway excursion. All 3 people on board survived. The A300 did not fly again after the incident and was scrapped.[90][91]","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonov An-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-26"},{"link_name":"Balad Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_base_and_Kulak-92"}],"sub_title":"2007: Balad aircraft crash","text":"On 9 January 2007, an Antonov An-26 crashed while attempting a landing at Balad Air Base in Iraq.[92]","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TransAVIAexport Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransAVIAexport_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"2007 Battle of Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(March%E2%80%93April_2007)"},{"link_name":"Shabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabelle_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crew-passenger_balance-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Missile_attack_on_plane_kills_11_Belarusian-94"}],"sub_title":"2007: Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash","text":"On 23 March 2007, a TransAVIAexport Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 airplane crashed in the outskirts of Mogadishu, Somalia, during the 2007 Battle of Mogadishu. Witnesses, including a Shabelle reporter, claim they saw the plane being shot down, and Belarus has initiated an anti-terrorist investigation, but Somalia insists the crash was accidental.[93] All 11 Belarusian civilians on board died.[94]","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia Airlines Flight 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Schiphol Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Schiphol_Airport"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777-200ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777-200ER"},{"link_name":"Buk surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk_missile_system"},{"link_name":"pro-Russian Donetsk separatists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Joint Investigation Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Investigation_Team"},{"link_name":"Russian-backed rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist_forces_of_the_war_in_Donbass"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_in_Shakhtarsk_Raion"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"deadliest aviation disaster involving the Boeing 777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777#Accidents_and_incidents"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"2014: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17","text":"Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was a regularly scheduled flight from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Netherlands to Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia. On 17 July 2014, the Boeing 777-200ER (registered 9M-MRD) operating the flight was hit by a Soviet-made Buk surface-to-air missile fired by pro-Russian Donetsk separatists. All 283 passengers and 15 crew were killed, including 80 children. The Joint Investigation Team claimed the missile was operated by Russian-backed rebels near Donetsk, Ukraine during the Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion.[95] Russian President Vladimir Putin denied accusations of Russian involvement.[96] At the time, the shootdown was Ukraine's deadliest aviation disaster and the deadliest aviation disaster involving the Boeing 777.[97]","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2020s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps"},{"link_name":"Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-7-jan-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aj-8-jan-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-100"},{"link_name":"the IRGC's launch of missiles against air bases used by the U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani"},{"link_name":"cruise missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"2020: Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752","text":"Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Tehran to Kyiv operated by Ukraine International Airlines. On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737-800 (registered UR-PSR) operating the route was shot down by the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) shortly after takeoff from Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, killing all 176 people on board.[98][99][100] After initially denying responsibility, Iran admitted on 11 January 2020 that, in the hours following the IRGC's launch of missiles against air bases used by the U.S., the plane was unintentionally targeted when the IRGC mistook it for a cruise missile launched by the U.S. in retaliation.[101]","title":"2020s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East African Express Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Express_Airways"},{"link_name":"Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_EMB_120_Brasilia"},{"link_name":"air charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_charter"},{"link_name":"pandemic relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"crashed on approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_East_African_Airways_Brasilia_crash"},{"link_name":"Berdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdale"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"2020: East African Express Airways Brasilia crash","text":"On 4 May 2020, an East African Express Airways Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia on an air charter flight carrying pandemic relief supplies crashed on approach to an airstrip in Berdale, Somalia, after being fired upon by Ethiopian Ground Forces. All on board the aircraft were killed. The incident is under investigation by the Somali government.[102][103]","title":"2020s"}]	[{"image_text":"Remains of Itavia Flight 870 at the Museum for the Memory of Ustica, Bologna, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bologna%2C_Museo_per_la_Memoria_di_Ustica_%288%29.jpg/220px-Bologna%2C_Museo_per_la_Memoria_di_Ustica_%288%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A missile departs the forward launcher of Vincennes during a 1987 exercise. The forward launcher was also used in the downing of Iran Air 655.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/USS_Vincennes_launching_SM-2MR_in_1987.jpg/170px-USS_Vincennes_launching_SM-2MR_in_1987.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Arkia Israel Airlines Flight 582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkia_Israel_Airlines_Flight_582"},{"title":"Flight Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Guard"},{"title":"List of aircraft hijackings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings"}]	[{"reference":"Gregory Crouch (2012). \"Chapter 13: The Kweilin Incident\". China's Wings: War, Intrigue, Romance and Adventure in the Middle Kingdom during the Golden Age of Flight. Bantam Books. pp. 172–189.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_Wings","url_text":"China's Wings: War, Intrigue, Romance and Adventure in the Middle Kingdom during the Golden Age of Flight"}]},{"reference":"Powell, J.W. (1 March 1941). The China Monthly Review (Vols. 94-95 ed.). Millard Publishing House. p. 462. The 12-ton plane \"Chungking\" formerly was the plane, \"Kweilin,\" which was shot down by the Japanese in 1938","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-227B OO-AUI Arques\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19400523-4","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-227B OO-AUI Arques\""}]},{"reference":"Petrov, Pavel (2008). Punalipuline Balti Laevastik ja Eesti 1939–1941 (in Estonian). Tänapäev. ISBN 978-9985-62-631-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tnp.ee/raamat?id=717","url_text":"Punalipuline Balti Laevastik ja Eesti 1939–1941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9985-62-631-3","url_text":"978-9985-62-631-3"}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Dewoitine D.338 F-ARTD Ouistreham\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19400620-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Dewoitine D.338 F-ARTD Ouistreham\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Dewoitine D.338 F-AQBA Gulf of Tonkin\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19400707-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Dewoitine D.338 F-AQBA Gulf of Tonkin\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3mte XXV Kunming\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19401026-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3mte XXV Kunming\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory Crouch (2012). \"Chapter 17: Ventricular Tachycardia\". China's Wings: War, Intrigue, Romance and Adventure in the Middle Kingdom during the Golden Age of Flight. Bantam Books. pp. 240–242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_Wings","url_text":"China's Wings: War, Intrigue, Romance and Adventure in the Middle Kingdom during the Golden Age of Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident SNCAC (Farman) NC.223.4 F-AROA Cape Spartivento, Sardinia, Italy\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19401127-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident SNCAC (Farman) NC.223.4 F-AROA Cape Spartivento, Sardinia, Italy\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-194C PK-AFW Samarinda, Dutch East Indies\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19420124-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-194C PK-AFW Samarinda, Dutch East Indies\""}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk I G-AEUH Timor\". aviation-safety.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19420130-2","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk I G-AEUH Timor\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk I G-AETZ Cilacap, Java, Indonesia\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19420228-2","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk I G-AETZ Cilacap, Java, Indonesia\""}]},{"reference":"Wills, Juliet; Van Velzen, Marianne (2006), The Diamond Dakota mystery, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74114-745-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-745-2","url_text":"978-1-74114-745-2"}]},{"reference":"Tyler, William H (1987), Flight of Diamonds : the story of Broome's war and the Carnot Bay diamonds, Hesperian Press, ISBN 978-0-85905-105-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85905-105-7","url_text":"978-0-85905-105-7"}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-194B PK-ALO Broome Airport, WA (BME)\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19420303-9","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-194B PK-ALO Broome Airport, WA (BME)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 I-BURA Sicily\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19420328-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 I-BURA Sicily\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Lioré-et-Olivier H.246.1 F-AREJ Algiers\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19420813-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Lioré-et-Olivier H.246.1 F-AREJ Algiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75C I-TELO between Tunisia and Sicily\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19421115-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75C I-TELO between Tunisia and Sicily\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed 18-40 Lodestar (C-56B-LO) G-AGEJ Skagen, Denmark [North Sea]\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19430404-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed 18-40 Lodestar (C-56B-LO) G-AGEJ Skagen, Denmark [North Sea]\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 bis I-BONI\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19430410-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 bis I-BONI\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 I-MAST Mediterranean Sea\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19430413-2","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 I-MAST Mediterranean Sea\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 bis I-MONC Mediterranean Sea\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19430419-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 bis I-MONC Mediterranean Sea\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3 (Nakajima L2D) J-BIOA Sulawesi\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19430899-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3 (Nakajima L2D) J-BIOA Sulawesi\""}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-268 SE-BAG Hållö Island\". aviation-safety.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19431022-2","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-268 SE-BAG Hållö Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3m D-AOCA Belgrade\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19440417-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3m D-AOCA Belgrade\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Focke-Wulf Fw 200D-2 D-AMHL Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19440927-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Focke-Wulf Fw 200D-2 D-AMHL Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3m D-ASHE Komárom County\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19441017-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3m D-ASHE Komárom County\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Focke-Wulf Fw 200 D-ARHW Målkläppen\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19441129-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Focke-Wulf Fw 200 D-ARHW Målkläppen\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3 (Nakajima L2D) J-BKOV Taiwan\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19450305-9","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3 (Nakajima L2D) J-BKOV Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3m D-ANAJ Glienig/Steinreich\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19450420-5","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Junkers Ju-52/3m D-ANAJ Glienig/Steinreich\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3A registration unknown San José\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19480429-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3A registration unknown San José\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47 (DC-3) HS-PC103 Sumatra Island\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19481025-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47 (DC-3) HS-PC103 Sumatra Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47B-5-DK (DC-3) F-OABJ Dong Khe\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19491127-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47B-5-DK (DC-3) F-OABJ Dong Khe\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-40-DL (DC-3) LR-AAN northern Israeli / Lebanese border area\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19500724-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-40-DL (DC-3) LR-AAN northern Israeli / Lebanese border area\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54A-DO (DC-4) F-BELI Berlin\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19520429-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54A-DO (DC-4) F-BELI Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47B-15-DK (DC-3) F-BEIB Phan Thiet\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19520504-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47B-15-DK (DC-3) F-BEIB Phan Thiet\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3 PI-C38 Chinmen Island\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19521230-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3 PI-C38 Chinmen Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-12 registration unknown Mao-erh-shan\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19530727-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-12 registration unknown Mao-erh-shan\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACCIDENT DETAILS\". www.planecrashinfo.com. Retrieved 2023-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planecrashinfo.com/1953/1953-43.htm","url_text":"\"ACCIDENT DETAILS\""}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-149 Constellation 4X-AKC Petrich\". aviation-safety.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19550727-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-149 Constellation 4X-AKC Petrich\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (August 8, 1955). \"Through the Curtain\". Time. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soag%C5%8Boj%C3%A1vri	Soagŋojávri	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 69°27′48″N 23°08′42″E / 69.4633°N 23.1450°E / 69.4633; 23.1450Lake in Kautokeino, Norway SoagŋojávriSoagŋojávriLocation of the lakeShow map of FinnmarkSoagŋojávriSoagŋojávri (Norway)Show map of NorwayLocationKautokeino, FinnmarkCoordinates69°27′48″N 23°08′42″E / 69.4633°N 23.1450°E / 69.4633; 23.1450Basin countriesNorwayMax. length6 kilometres (3.7 mi)Max. width1 kilometre (0.62 mi)Surface area4.02 km2 (1.55 sq mi)Shore length126.78 kilometres (16.64 mi)Surface elevation469 metres (1,539 ft)ReferencesNVE1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. Soagŋojávri is a lake in the municipality of Kautokeino-Guovdageaidnu in Finnmark county, Norway. The 4.02-square-kilometre (1.55 sq mi) lake lies on the Finnmarksvidda plateau, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of the village of Masi. See also List of lakes in Norway References ^ "Soagŋojávri" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 2013-04-03. vteLakes in NorwayvteLakes in Agder Blåsjø Botnsvatnet Botsvatn Breidvatn Byglandsfjorden Fisstøylvatnet Gillsvannet Gjuvvatnet Gravatnet Grøssæ Gyvatn Hartevatnet Herefossfjorden Holmavatnet Holmevatnet Homstølvatnet Hovatn Høvringsvatnet Kilefjorden Kolsvatnet Kulivatnet Kumlevollvatnet Kvifjorden Longerakvatnet Lundevatn Lygne Myklevatnet Måvatn Nasvatn Nelaug Nesvatn Nystølfjorden Nåvatnet Ogge Ormsavatnet Ramvatn Reinevatn Rore Rosskreppfjorden Selura Sirdalsvatnet Skyvatn Store Bjørnevatn Store Urevatn Straumsfjorden Syndle Sæsvatn Topsæ Uldalsåna Valevatn Vatndalsvatnet Vegår Vollevannet Ytre Storevatnet Ytre Øydnavatnet Øre Østre Grimevann Øyarvatnet Åraksfjorden 3. 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Aursjøen Avalsjøen Bessvatnet Breiddalsvatnet Bukkehåmårtjønne Bygdin Digeren Dokkfløyvatn Einavatnet Engeren Falningsjøen Feforvatnet Femund Flatningen Fleinsendin Flensjøen Fundin Galtsjøen Gardsjøen (Grue) Gjende Gjesåssjøen Grønvatnet Gutulisjøen Harrsjøen Helin Hukusjøen Innerdalsvatnet Isteren Lalmsvatnet Langsjøen Lemonsjøen Lesjaskogsvatnet Lomnessjøen Losna Mangen Marsjøen Mjøsa Møkeren Nedre Heimdalsvatn Nedre Roasten Nugguren Olefjorden Olstappen Osensjø Otrøvatnet Prestesteinsvatnet Randsfjorden Rauddalsvatn Rogen Rokosjøen Rondvatnet Russvatnet Råsen Samsjøen (Ringerike) Sandvatnet/Kaldfjorden/Øyvatnet Savalen Siksjøen Skasen Skjervangen Slettningen Slidrefjord Steinbusjøen Storsjøen (Odal) Storsjøen (Rendalen) Strondafjorden Tesse Tisleifjorden Tordsvatnet Tyin Vågåvatn Vangsmjøse Vermunden Vestre Bjonevatnet Vinstre Vurrusjøen Øvre Leirungen Øvre Sjodalsvatnet Øyangen (Gran) Øyangen (Nord-Fron) Øyangen (Valdres) vteLakes in Telemark Bandak Bolkesjø Farris Flåvatn Fyresvatn Holmavatnet Kalhovdfjorden Kviteseidvatn Lake Tinn Møsvatn Nisser Norsjø Songevatnet Toke Totak vteLakes in Troms Altevatnet Geavdnjajávri Leinavatn Lille Rostavatn Lysvatnet (Lenvik) Niingsvatnet Prestvannet Rihpojávri Rostojávri Šuoikkatjávri vteLakes in Vestfold Eikeren Farris Goksjø Hallevannet vteLakes in Vestland Askevatnet Askjelldalsvatnet Austdalsvatnet Bjølsegrøvvatnet Blådalsvatnet Breimsvatn Degnepollvatnet Dingevatn Eidfjordvatnet Eldrevatnet Emhjellevatnet Endestadvatnet Evangervatnet Finsevatnet Flakavatnet Gjønavatnet Granvinsvatnet Halnefjorden Hamlagrøvatnet Henangervatnet Holmavatnet (Kvam) Holsavatnet Holskardvatnet Hornindalsvatnet Jordalsvatnet Juklavatnet Jølstravatn Kalandsvatnet Kvennsjøen Langavatnet (Odda) Lille Lungegårdsvannet Lovatnet Løkjelsvatnet Lønavatnet Nordmannslågen Nyhellervatnet Onarheimsvatnet Oppheimsvatnet Oppstrynsvatn Prestesteinsvatnet Ringedalsvatnet Røldalsvatnet Sandvinvatnet Skaupsjøen Skjerjavatnet Skogseidvatnet Stakkastadvatnet Steinslandsvatnet Storavatnet Styggevatnet Svartediket Sysenvatnet Tinnhølen Torfinnsvatnet Tyin Valldalsvatnet Vangsvatnet Veivatnet Viddalsdammen Vigdarvatnet Votna Øljusjøen vteLakes in Østfold Ara Aspern Femsjøen Isesjøen Lyseren Mingevannet Øgderen Ørsjøen Øyeren Øymarksjøen Rødenessjøen Rømsjøen Store Erte Store Le Vansjø Vestvannet Visterflo This article about a location in Finnmark is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a lake in Norway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Kautokeino-Guovdageaidnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautokeino"},{"link_name":"Finnmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Finnmarksvidda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmarksvidda"},{"link_name":"Masi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masi,_Norway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lake in Kautokeino, NorwaySoagŋojávri is a lake in the municipality of Kautokeino-Guovdageaidnu in Finnmark county, Norway. The 4.02-square-kilometre (1.55 sq mi) lake lies on the Finnmarksvidda plateau, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of the village of Masi.[1]","title":"Soagŋojávri"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of lakes in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Norway"}]	[{"reference":"\"Soagŋojávri\" (in Norwegian). yr.no. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_element	Coxeter element	["1 Definitions","2 Group order","3 Coxeter elements","4 Coxeter plane","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]	Concept in geometry Not to be confused with Longest element of a Coxeter group. In mathematics, a Coxeter element is an element of an irreducible Coxeter group which is a product of all simple reflections. The product depends on the order in which they are taken, but different orderings produce conjugate elements, which have the same order. This order is known as the Coxeter number. They are named after British-Canadian geometer H.S.M. Coxeter, who introduced the groups in 1934 as abstractions of reflection groups. Definitions Note that this article assumes a finite Coxeter group. For infinite Coxeter groups, there are multiple conjugacy classes of Coxeter elements, and they have infinite order. There are many different ways to define the Coxeter number h of an irreducible root system. The Coxeter number is the order of any Coxeter element;. The Coxeter number is 2 m n , {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2m}{n}},} where n is the rank, and m is the number of reflections. In the crystallographic case, m is half the number of roots; and 2m+n is the dimension of the corresponding semisimple Lie algebra. If the highest root is ∑ m i α i {\displaystyle \sum m_{i}\alpha _{i}} for simple roots αi, then the Coxeter number is 1 + ∑ m i . {\displaystyle 1+\sum m_{i}.} The Coxeter number is the highest degree of a fundamental invariant of the Coxeter group acting on polynomials. The Coxeter number for each Dynkin type is given in the following table: Coxeter group Coxeterdiagram Dynkindiagram Reflections m = n h 2 {\displaystyle m={\tfrac {nh}{2}}} Coxeter numberh Dual Coxeter number Degrees of fundamental invariants An ... ... n ( n + 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}} n + 1 n + 1 2, 3, 4, ..., n + 1 Bn ... ... n2 2n 2n − 1 2, 4, 6, ..., 2n Cn ... n + 1 Dn ... ... n(n − 1) 2n − 2 2n − 2 n; 2, 4, 6, ..., 2n − 2 E6 36 12 12 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12 E7 63 18 18 2, 6, 8, 10,12, 14, 18 E8 120 30 30 2, 8, 12, 14,18, 20, 24, 30 F4 24 12 9 2, 6, 8, 12 G2 6 6 4 2, 6 H3 - 15 10 2, 6, 10 H4 - 60 30 2, 12, 20, 30 I2(p) - p p 2, p The invariants of the Coxeter group acting on polynomials form a polynomial algebra whose generators are the fundamental invariants; their degrees are given in the table above. Notice that if m is a degree of a fundamental invariant then so is h + 2 − m. The eigenvalues of a Coxeter element are the numbers e 2 π i m − 1 h {\displaystyle e^{2\pi i{\frac {m-1}{h}}}} as m runs through the degrees of the fundamental invariants. Since this starts with m = 2, these include the primitive hth root of unity, ζ h = e 2 π i 1 h , {\displaystyle \zeta _{h}=e^{2\pi i{\frac {1}{h}}},} which is important in the Coxeter plane, below. The dual Coxeter number is 1 plus the sum of the coefficients of simple roots in the highest short root of the dual root system. Group order There are relations between the order g of the Coxeter group and the Coxeter number h: [ p ] : 2 h g p = 1 [ p , q ] : 8 g p , q = 2 p + 2 q − 1 [ p , q , r ] : 64 h g p , q , r = 12 − p − 2 q − r + 4 p + 4 r [ p , q , r , s ] : 16 g p , q , r , s = 8 g p , q , r + 8 g q , r , s + 2 p s − 1 p − 1 q − 1 r − 1 s + 1 ⋮ ⋮ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{}:&\quad {\frac {2h}{g_{p}}}=1\\:&\quad {\frac {8}{g_{p,q}}}={\frac {2}{p}}+{\frac {2}{q}}-1\\:&\quad {\frac {64h}{g_{p,q,r}}}=12-p-2q-r+{\frac {4}{p}}+{\frac {4}{r}}\\:&\quad {\frac {16}{g_{p,q,r,s}}}={\frac {8}{g_{p,q,r}}}+{\frac {8}{g_{q,r,s}}}+{\frac {2}{ps}}-{\frac {1}{p}}-{\frac {1}{q}}-{\frac {1}{r}}-{\frac {1}{s}}+1\\\vdots \qquad &\qquad \vdots \end{aligned}}} For example, has h = 30: 64 × 30 g 3 , 3 , 5 = 12 − 3 − 6 − 5 + 4 3 + 4 5 = 2 15 , ∴ g 3 , 3 , 5 = 1920 × 15 2 = 960 × 15 = 14400. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {64\times 30}{g_{3,3,5}}}=12-3-6-5+{\frac {4}{3}}+{\frac {4}{5}}={\frac {2}{15}},\\&\therefore g_{3,3,5}={\frac {1920\times 15}{2}}=960\times 15=14400.\end{aligned}}} Coxeter elements This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2008) Distinct Coxeter elements correspond to orientations of the Coxeter diagram (i.e. to Dynkin quivers): the simple reflections corresponding to source vertices are written first, downstream vertices later, and sinks last. (The choice of order among non-adjacent vertices is irrelevant, since they correspond to commuting reflections.) A special choice is the alternating orientation, in which the simple reflections are partitioned into two sets of non-adjacent vertices, and all edges are oriented from the first to the second set. The alternating orientation produces a special Coxeter element w satisfying w h / 2 = w 0 , {\displaystyle w^{h/2}=w_{0},} where w0 is the longest element, provided the Coxeter number h is even. For A n − 1 ≅ S n , {\displaystyle A_{n-1}\cong S_{n},} the symmetric group on n elements, Coxeter elements are certain n-cycles: the product of simple reflections ( 1 , 2 ) ( 2 , 3 ) ⋯ ( n − 1 , n ) {\displaystyle (1,2)(2,3)\cdots (n-1,n)} is the Coxeter element ( 1 , 2 , 3 , … , n ) {\displaystyle (1,2,3,\dots ,n)} . For n even, the alternating orientation Coxeter element is: ( 1 , 2 ) ( 3 , 4 ) ⋯ ( 2 , 3 ) ( 4 , 5 ) ⋯ = ( 2 , 4 , 6 , … , n − 2 , n , n − 1 , n − 3 , … , 5 , 3 , 1 ) . {\displaystyle (1,2)(3,4)\cdots (2,3)(4,5)\cdots =(2,4,6,\ldots ,n{-}2,n,n{-}1,n{-}3,\ldots ,5,3,1).} There are 2 n − 2 {\displaystyle 2^{n-2}} distinct Coxeter elements among the ( n − 1 ) ! {\displaystyle (n{-}1)!} n-cycles. The dihedral group Dihp is generated by two reflections that form an angle of 2 π 2 p , {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\pi }{2p}},} and thus the two Coxeter elements are their product in either order, which is a rotation by ± 2 π p . {\displaystyle \pm {\tfrac {2\pi }{p}}.} Coxeter plane Projection of E8 root system onto Coxeter plane, showing 30-fold symmetry. For a given Coxeter element w, there is a unique plane P on which w acts by rotation by 2 π h . {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\pi }{h}}.} This is called the Coxeter plane and is the plane on which P has eigenvalues e 2 π i 1 h {\displaystyle e^{2\pi i{\frac {1}{h}}}} and e − 2 π i 1 h = e 2 π i h − 1 h . {\displaystyle e^{-2\pi i{\frac {1}{h}}}=e^{2\pi i{\frac {h-1}{h}}}.} This plane was first systematically studied in (Coxeter 1948), and subsequently used in (Steinberg 1959) to provide uniform proofs about properties of Coxeter elements. The Coxeter plane is often used to draw diagrams of higher-dimensional polytopes and root systems – the vertices and edges of the polytope, or roots (and some edges connecting these) are orthogonally projected onto the Coxeter plane, yielding a Petrie polygon with h-fold rotational symmetry. For root systems, no root maps to zero, corresponding to the Coxeter element not fixing any root or rather axis (not having eigenvalue 1 or −1), so the projections of orbits under w form h-fold circular arrangements and there is an empty center, as in the E8 diagram at above right. For polytopes, a vertex may map to zero, as depicted below. Projections onto the Coxeter plane are depicted below for the Platonic solids. In three dimensions, the symmetry of a regular polyhedron, {p, q}, with one directed Petrie polygon marked, defined as a composite of 3 reflections, has rotoinversion symmetry Sh, , order h. Adding a mirror, the symmetry can be doubled to antiprismatic symmetry, Dhd, , order 2h. In orthogonal 2D projection, this becomes dihedral symmetry, Dihh, , order 2h. Coxeter group A3Td B3Oh H3Ih Regularpolyhedron Tetrahedron{3,3} Cube{4,3} Octahedron{3,4} Dodecahedron{5,3} Icosahedron{3,5} Symmetry S4, , (2×)D2d, , (22) S6, , (3×)D3d, , (23) S10, , (5×)D5d, , (25) Coxeter planesymmetry Dih4, , (4•) Dih6, , (6•) Dih10, , (10•) Petrie polygons of the Platonic solids, showing 4-fold, 6-fold, and 10-fold symmetry. In four dimensions, the symmetry of a regular polychoron, {p, q, r}, with one directed Petrie polygon marked is a double rotation, defined as a composite of 4 reflections, with symmetry +1/h (John H. Conway), (C2h/C1;C2h/C1) (#1', Patrick du Val (1964)), order h. Coxeter group A4 B4 F4 H4 Regularpolychoron 5-cell{3,3,3} 16-cell{3,3,4} Tesseract{4,3,3} 24-cell{3,4,3} 120-cell{5,3,3} 600-cell{3,3,5} Symmetry +1/5 +1/8 +1/12 +1/30 Coxeter planesymmetry Dih5, , (5•) Dih8, , (8•) Dih12, , (12•) Dih30, , (30•) Petrie polygons of the regular 4D solids, showing 5-fold, 8-fold, 12-fold and 30-fold symmetry. In five dimensions, the symmetry of a regular 5-polytope, {p, q, r, s}, with one directed Petrie polygon marked, is represented by the composite of 5 reflections. Coxeter group A5 B5 D5 Regularpolyteron 5-simplex{3,3,3,3} 5-orthoplex{3,3,3,4} 5-cube{4,3,3,3} 5-demicubeh{4,3,3,3} Coxeter planesymmetry Dih6, , (6•) Dih10, , (10•) Dih8, , (8•) In dimensions 6 to 8 there are 3 exceptional Coxeter groups; one uniform polytope from each dimension represents the roots of the exceptional Lie groups En. The Coxeter elements are 12, 18 and 30 respectively. En groups Coxeter group E6 E7 E8 Graph 122 231 421 Coxeter planesymmetry Dih12, , (12•) Dih18, , (18•) Dih30, , (30•) See also Longest element of a Coxeter group Notes ^ Coxeter, Harold Scott Macdonald; Chandler Davis; Erlich W. Ellers (2006), The Coxeter Legacy: Reflections and Projections, AMS Bookstore, p. 112, ISBN 978-0-8218-3722-1 ^ Coxeter, Regular polytopes, §12.6 The number of reflections, equation 12.61 ^ Regular polytopes, p. 233 ^ George Lusztig, Introduction to Quantum Groups, Birkhauser (2010) ^ (Humphreys 1992, p. 75) ^ Coxeter Planes Archived 2018-02-10 at the Wayback Machine and More Coxeter Planes Archived 2017-08-21 at the Wayback Machine John Stembridge ^ (Humphreys 1992, Section 3.17, "Action on a Plane", pp. 76–78) ^ a b (Reading 2010, p. 2) ^ a b (Stembridge 2007) ^ On Quaternions and Octonions, 2003, John Horton Conway and Derek A. Smith ISBN 978-1-56881-134-5 ^ Patrick Du Val, Homographies, quaternions and rotations, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964. References Coxeter, H. S. M. (1948), Regular Polytopes, Methuen and Co. Steinberg, R. (June 1959), "Finite Reflection Groups", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 91 (3): 493–504, doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1959-0106428-2, ISSN 0002-9947, JSTOR 1993261 Hiller, Howard Geometry of Coxeter groups. Research Notes in Mathematics, 54. Pitman (Advanced Publishing Program), Boston, Mass.-London, 1982. iv+213 pp. ISBN 0-273-08517-4 Humphreys, James E. (1992), Reflection Groups and Coxeter Groups, Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–76 (Section 3.16, Coxeter Elements), ISBN 978-0-521-43613-7 Stembridge, John (April 9, 2007), Coxeter Planes, archived from the original on February 10, 2018, retrieved April 21, 2010 Stekolshchik, R. (2008), Notes on Coxeter Transformations and the McKay Correspondence, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, arXiv:math/0510216, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77399-3, ISBN 978-3-540-77398-6, S2CID 117958873 Reading, Nathan (2010), "Noncrossing Partitions, Clusters and the Coxeter Plane", Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire, B63b: 32 Bernšteĭn, I. N.; Gelʹfand, I. M.; Ponomarev, V. A., "Coxeter functors, and Gabriel's theorem" (Russian), Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 28 (1973), no. 2(170), 19–33. Translation on Bernstein's website.	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The product depends on the order in which they are taken, but different orderings produce conjugate elements, which have the same order. This order is known as the Coxeter number. They are named after British-Canadian geometer H.S.M. Coxeter, who introduced the groups in 1934 as abstractions of reflection groups.[1]","title":"Coxeter element"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coxeter group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group"},{"link_name":"conjugacy classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugacy_class"},{"link_name":"roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"primitive hth root of unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_root_of_unity"},{"link_name":"Coxeter plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Coxeter_plane"},{"link_name":"short root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system#properties_of_the_irreducible_root_systems"},{"link_name":"dual root system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system#the_dual_root_system"}],"text":"Note that this article assumes a finite Coxeter group. For infinite Coxeter groups, there are multiple conjugacy classes of Coxeter elements, and they have infinite order.There are many different ways to define the Coxeter number h of an irreducible root system.The Coxeter number is the order of any Coxeter element;.\nThe Coxeter number is \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n m\n \n n\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {2m}{n}},}\n \n where n is the rank, and m is the number of reflections. In the crystallographic case, m is half the number of roots; and 2m+n is the dimension of the corresponding semisimple Lie algebra.\nIf the highest root is \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n α\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum m_{i}\\alpha _{i}}\n \n for simple roots αi, then the Coxeter number is \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n ∑\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1+\\sum m_{i}.}\n \n\nThe Coxeter number is the highest degree of a fundamental invariant of the Coxeter group acting on polynomials.The Coxeter number for each Dynkin type is given in the following table:The invariants of the Coxeter group acting on polynomials form a polynomial algebra\nwhose generators are the fundamental invariants; their degrees are given in the table above. \nNotice that if m is a degree of a fundamental invariant then so is h + 2 − m.The eigenvalues of a Coxeter element are the numbers \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n i\n \n \n \n m\n −\n 1\n \n h\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{2\\pi i{\\frac {m-1}{h}}}}\n \n as m runs through the degrees of the fundamental invariants. Since this starts with m = 2, these include the primitive hth root of unity, \n \n \n \n \n ζ\n \n h\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n i\n \n \n 1\n h\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta _{h}=e^{2\\pi i{\\frac {1}{h}}},}\n \n which is important in the Coxeter plane, below.The dual Coxeter number is 1 plus the sum of the coefficients of simple roots in the highest short root of the dual root system.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"There are relations between the order g of the Coxeter group and the Coxeter number h:[3][\n p\n ]\n :\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n h\n \n \n g\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n [\n p\n ,\n q\n ]\n :\n \n \n \n \n \n 8\n \n g\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 2\n p\n \n \n +\n \n \n 2\n q\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n [\n p\n ,\n q\n ,\n r\n ]\n :\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 64\n h\n \n \n g\n \n p\n ,\n q\n ,\n r\n \n \n \n \n =\n 12\n −\n p\n −\n 2\n q\n −\n r\n +\n \n \n 4\n p\n \n \n +\n \n \n 4\n r\n \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n p\n ,\n q\n ,\n r\n ,\n s\n ]\n :\n \n \n \n \n \n 16\n \n g\n \n p\n ,\n q\n ,\n r\n ,\n s\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 8\n \n g\n \n p\n ,\n q\n ,\n r\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 8\n \n g\n \n q\n ,\n r\n ,\n s\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 2\n \n p\n s\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n p\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n q\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n r\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n s\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{}[p]:&\\quad {\\frac {2h}{g_{p}}}=1\\\\[4pt][p,q]:&\\quad {\\frac {8}{g_{p,q}}}={\\frac {2}{p}}+{\\frac {2}{q}}-1\\\\[4pt][p,q,r]:&\\quad {\\frac {64h}{g_{p,q,r}}}=12-p-2q-r+{\\frac {4}{p}}+{\\frac {4}{r}}\\\\[4pt][p,q,r,s]:&\\quad {\\frac {16}{g_{p,q,r,s}}}={\\frac {8}{g_{p,q,r}}}+{\\frac {8}{g_{q,r,s}}}+{\\frac {2}{ps}}-{\\frac {1}{p}}-{\\frac {1}{q}}-{\\frac {1}{r}}-{\\frac {1}{s}}+1\\\\[4pt]\\vdots \\qquad &\\qquad \\vdots \\end{aligned}}}For example, [3,3,5] has h = 30:64\n ×\n 30\n \n \n g\n \n 3\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 5\n \n \n \n \n =\n 12\n −\n 3\n −\n 6\n −\n 5\n +\n \n \n 4\n 3\n \n \n +\n \n \n 4\n 5\n \n \n =\n \n \n 2\n 15\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∴\n \n g\n \n 3\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 5\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1920\n ×\n 15\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 960\n ×\n 15\n =\n 14400.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&{\\frac {64\\times 30}{g_{3,3,5}}}=12-3-6-5+{\\frac {4}{3}}+{\\frac {4}{5}}={\\frac {2}{15}},\\\\[4pt]&\\therefore g_{3,3,5}={\\frac {1920\\times 15}{2}}=960\\times 15=14400.\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Group order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"longest element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_element_of_a_Coxeter_group"},{"link_name":"symmetric group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"dihedral group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group"}],"text":"Distinct Coxeter elements correspond to orientations of the Coxeter diagram (i.e. to Dynkin quivers): the simple reflections corresponding to source vertices are written first, downstream vertices later, and sinks last. (The choice of order among non-adjacent vertices is irrelevant, since they correspond to commuting reflections.) A special choice is the alternating orientation, in which the simple reflections are partitioned into two sets of non-adjacent vertices, and all edges are oriented from the first to the second set.[4] The alternating orientation produces a special Coxeter element w satisfying \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n h\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n w\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w^{h/2}=w_{0},}\n \n where w0 is the longest element, provided the Coxeter number h is even.For \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n ≅\n \n S\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{n-1}\\cong S_{n},}\n \n the symmetric group on n elements, Coxeter elements are certain n-cycles: \nthe product of simple reflections \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 2\n )\n (\n 2\n ,\n 3\n )\n ⋯\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n ,\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1,2)(2,3)\\cdots (n-1,n)}\n \n is the Coxeter element \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1,2,3,\\dots ,n)}\n \n.[5] For n even, the alternating orientation Coxeter element is:(\n 1\n ,\n 2\n )\n (\n 3\n ,\n 4\n )\n ⋯\n (\n 2\n ,\n 3\n )\n (\n 4\n ,\n 5\n )\n ⋯\n =\n (\n 2\n ,\n 4\n ,\n 6\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n \n −\n \n 2\n ,\n n\n ,\n n\n \n −\n \n 1\n ,\n n\n \n −\n \n 3\n ,\n …\n ,\n 5\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 1\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1,2)(3,4)\\cdots (2,3)(4,5)\\cdots =(2,4,6,\\ldots ,n{-}2,n,n{-}1,n{-}3,\\ldots ,5,3,1).}2\n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n-2}}(\n n\n \n −\n \n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (n{-}1)!}nThe dihedral group Dihp is generated by two reflections that form an angle of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n 2\n p\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {2\\pi }{2p}},}\n \n and thus the two Coxeter elements are their product in either order, which is a rotation by \n \n \n \n ±\n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n p\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pm {\\tfrac {2\\pi }{p}}.}","title":"Coxeter elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E8Petrie.svg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1948"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-readp2-8"},{"link_name":"Steinberg 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSteinberg1959"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-readp2-8"},{"link_name":"orthogonally projected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_projection"},{"link_name":"Petrie polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrie_polygon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stem2007-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stem2007-9"},{"link_name":"Platonic solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_solid"},{"link_name":"regular polyhedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polyhedron"},{"link_name":"rotoinversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotoinversion"},{"link_name":"dihedral symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_symmetry"},{"link_name":"regular polychoron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_regular_polychoron"},{"link_name":"double rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_rotation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John H. Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Conway"},{"link_name":"Patrick du Val","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_du_Val"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"regular 5-polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polyteron"}],"text":"Projection of E8 root system onto Coxeter plane, showing 30-fold symmetry.For a given Coxeter element w, there is a unique plane P on which w acts by rotation by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n h\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {2\\pi }{h}}.}\n \n This is called the Coxeter plane[6] and is the plane on which P has eigenvalues \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n i\n \n \n 1\n h\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{2\\pi i{\\frac {1}{h}}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n 2\n π\n i\n \n \n 1\n h\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n i\n \n \n \n h\n −\n 1\n \n h\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{-2\\pi i{\\frac {1}{h}}}=e^{2\\pi i{\\frac {h-1}{h}}}.}\n \n[7] This plane was first systematically studied in (Coxeter 1948),[8] and subsequently used in (Steinberg 1959) to provide uniform proofs about properties of Coxeter elements.[8]The Coxeter plane is often used to draw diagrams of higher-dimensional polytopes and root systems – the vertices and edges of the polytope, or roots (and some edges connecting these) are orthogonally projected onto the Coxeter plane, yielding a Petrie polygon with h-fold rotational symmetry.[9] For root systems, no root maps to zero, corresponding to the Coxeter element not fixing any root or rather axis (not having eigenvalue 1 or −1), so the projections of orbits under w form h-fold circular arrangements[9] and there is an empty center, as in the E8 diagram at above right. For polytopes, a vertex may map to zero, as depicted below. Projections onto the Coxeter plane are depicted below for the Platonic solids.In three dimensions, the symmetry of a regular polyhedron, {p, q}, with one directed Petrie polygon marked, defined as a composite of 3 reflections, has rotoinversion symmetry Sh, [2+,h+], order h. Adding a mirror, the symmetry can be doubled to antiprismatic symmetry, Dhd, [2+,h], order 2h. In orthogonal 2D projection, this becomes dihedral symmetry, Dihh, [h], order 2h.In four dimensions, the symmetry of a regular polychoron, {p, q, r}, with one directed Petrie polygon marked is a double rotation, defined as a composite of 4 reflections, with symmetry +1/h[Ch×Ch][10] (John H. Conway), (C2h/C1;C2h/C1) (#1', Patrick du Val (1964)[11]), order h.In five dimensions, the symmetry of a regular 5-polytope, {p, q, r, s}, with one directed Petrie polygon marked, is represented by the composite of 5 reflections.In dimensions 6 to 8 there are 3 exceptional Coxeter groups; one uniform polytope from each dimension represents the roots of the exceptional Lie groups En. The Coxeter elements are 12, 18 and 30 respectively.","title":"Coxeter plane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Coxeter Legacy: Reflections and Projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cKpBGcqpspIC&q=%22Coxeter+number%22+%22Donald+Coxeter%22&pg=PA107"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8218-3722-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-3722-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Coxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1992"},{"link_name":"p. 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ODfjmOeNLMUC&pg=PA75&dq=%22coxeter+element%22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Coxeter Planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180210123511/http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"More Coxeter Planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane2.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170821032628/http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane2.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"John Stembridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stembridge"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys1992"},{"link_name":"Section 3.17, \"Action on a Plane\", pp. 76–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ODfjmOeNLMUC&pg=PA76"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-readp2_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-readp2_8-1"},{"link_name":"Reading 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFReading2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stem2007_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stem2007_9-1"},{"link_name":"Stembridge 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStembridge2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"On Quaternions and Octonions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Quaternions-Octonions-John-Horton-Conway/dp/1568811349"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56881-134-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-134-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Clarendon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"}],"text":"^ Coxeter, Harold Scott Macdonald; Chandler Davis; Erlich W. Ellers (2006), The Coxeter Legacy: Reflections and Projections, AMS Bookstore, p. 112, ISBN 978-0-8218-3722-1\n\n^ Coxeter, Regular polytopes, §12.6 The number of reflections, equation 12.61\n\n^ Regular polytopes, p. 233\n\n^ George Lusztig, Introduction to Quantum Groups, Birkhauser (2010)\n\n^ (Humphreys 1992, p. 75)\n\n^ Coxeter Planes Archived 2018-02-10 at the Wayback Machine and More Coxeter Planes Archived 2017-08-21 at the Wayback Machine John Stembridge\n\n^ (Humphreys 1992, Section 3.17, \"Action on a Plane\", pp. 76–78)\n\n^ a b (Reading 2010, p. 2)\n\n^ a b (Stembridge 2007)\n\n^ On Quaternions and Octonions, 2003, John Horton Conway and Derek A. Smith ISBN 978-1-56881-134-5\n\n^ Patrick Du Val, Homographies, quaternions and rotations, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Projection of E8 root system onto Coxeter plane, showing 30-fold symmetry.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/E8Petrie.svg/220px-E8Petrie.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Longest element of a Coxeter group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_element_of_a_Coxeter_group"}]	[{"reference":"Coxeter, Harold Scott Macdonald; Chandler Davis; Erlich W. Ellers (2006), The Coxeter Legacy: Reflections and Projections, AMS Bookstore, p. 112, ISBN 978-0-8218-3722-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cKpBGcqpspIC&q=%22Coxeter+number%22+%22Donald+Coxeter%22&pg=PA107","url_text":"The Coxeter Legacy: Reflections and Projections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-3722-1","url_text":"978-0-8218-3722-1"}]},{"reference":"Coxeter, H. S. M. (1948), Regular Polytopes, Methuen and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._S._M._Coxeter","url_text":"Coxeter, H. S. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Polytopes_(book)","url_text":"Regular Polytopes"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, R. (June 1959), \"Finite Reflection Groups\", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 91 (3): 493–504, doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1959-0106428-2, ISSN 0002-9947, JSTOR 1993261","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Transactions of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9947-1959-0106428-2","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9947-1959-0106428-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9947","url_text":"0002-9947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1993261","url_text":"1993261"}]},{"reference":"Humphreys, James E. (1992), Reflection Groups and Coxeter Groups, Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–76 (Section 3.16, Coxeter Elements), ISBN 978-0-521-43613-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ODfjmOeNLMUC","url_text":"Reflection Groups and Coxeter Groups"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43613-7","url_text":"978-0-521-43613-7"}]},{"reference":"Stembridge, John (April 9, 2007), Coxeter Planes, archived from the original on February 10, 2018, retrieved April 21, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210123511/http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane.html","url_text":"Coxeter Planes"},{"url":"http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stekolshchik, R. (2008), Notes on Coxeter Transformations and the McKay Correspondence, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, arXiv:math/0510216, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77399-3, ISBN 978-3-540-77398-6, S2CID 117958873","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0510216","url_text":"math/0510216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-77399-3","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-77399-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77398-6","url_text":"978-3-540-77398-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117958873","url_text":"117958873"}]},{"reference":"Reading, Nathan (2010), \"Noncrossing Partitions, Clusters and the Coxeter Plane\", Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire, B63b: 32","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emis.de/journals/SLC/wpapers/s63reading.html","url_text":"\"Noncrossing Partitions, Clusters and the Coxeter Plane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9minaire_Lotharingien_de_Combinatoire","url_text":"Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coxeter_element&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cKpBGcqpspIC&q=%22Coxeter+number%22+%22Donald+Coxeter%22&pg=PA107","external_links_name":"The Coxeter Legacy: Reflections and Projections"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ODfjmOeNLMUC&pg=PA75&dq=%22coxeter+element%22","external_links_name":"p. 75"},{"Link":"http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane.html","external_links_name":"Coxeter Planes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210123511/http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane2.html","external_links_name":"More Coxeter Planes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821032628/http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ODfjmOeNLMUC&pg=PA76","external_links_name":"Section 3.17, \"Action on a Plane\", pp. 76–78"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Quaternions-Octonions-John-Horton-Conway/dp/1568811349","external_links_name":"On Quaternions and Octonions"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9947-1959-0106428-2","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0002-9947-1959-0106428-2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9947","external_links_name":"0002-9947"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1993261","external_links_name":"1993261"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ODfjmOeNLMUC","external_links_name":"Reflection Groups and Coxeter Groups"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210123511/http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane.html","external_links_name":"Coxeter Planes"},{"Link":"http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~jrs/coxplane.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0510216","external_links_name":"math/0510216"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-77399-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-77399-3"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117958873","external_links_name":"117958873"},{"Link":"http://www.emis.de/journals/SLC/wpapers/s63reading.html","external_links_name":"\"Noncrossing Partitions, Clusters and the Coxeter Plane\""},{"Link":"http://www.math.tau.ac.il/~bernstei/Publication_list/publication_texts/BGG-CoxeterF-Usp.pdf","external_links_name":"Translation on Bernstein's website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-English_Academy	University School of Milwaukee	["1 History","2 Lawsuit","3 Athletics","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°11′12″N 87°56′01″W / 43.18667°N 87.93361°W / 43.18667; -87.93361Private day school in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "University School of Milwaukee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. 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(July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) University School of MilwaukeeAddress2100 West Fairy Chasm RoadMilwaukee, WisconsinUnited StatesCoordinates43°11′12″N 87°56′01″W / 43.18667°N 87.93361°W / 43.18667; -87.93361InformationOther nameUSMFormer namesGerman-English Academy, Milwaukee University School, Milwaukee Country Day School, Milwaukee-Downer SeminaryTypePrivate, DayMottoE Tribus Una(From Three, One)Established1964; 60 years ago (1964)CEEB code501390Head of schoolSteve HancockEnrollment1,107Average class size15Student to teacher ratio10:1Campus size123 acres (0.50 km2)Campus typeSuburbanColor(s)Blue and goldAthletics24 varsity sportsMascotWillie the WildcatAccreditationIndependent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS)AffiliationNational Association of Independent Schools (NAIS)Websitewww.usm.org The University School of Milwaukee (often abbreviated to USM) is an independent pre-kindergarten through secondary preparatory school in River Hills and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was founded as the result of the merger of three schools, Milwaukee Country Day School, Milwaukee Downer Seminary, and Milwaukee University School. USM is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS). History Milwaukee University School, the oldest of the three schools that merged as University School of Milwaukee, was founded in 1851 as the German-English Academy (die deutsch-englische Akademie) by a group of Milwaukee German Americans that included educationist Peter Engelmann and hardware wholesaler William Frankfurth. The Academy offered classes that taught the German language and literature, as well as English. In 1891, the academy moved to the German-English Academy Building in downtown Milwaukee. The institution changed its name in 1917 to Milwaukee University School because of anti-German prejudice that occurred during World War I. In 1964, the Milwaukee University School, the Milwaukee Country Day School and Milwaukee-Downer Seminary merged to become the University School of Milwaukee. It operated from two campuses, North and South, one in Whitefish Bay and the other in River Hills. In 1985, the two combined into one campus at the River Hills location, serving students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. Lawsuit On Monday, April 18, 2022, Craig and Kelly Robinson filed a civil lawsuit alleging that "the school acted impermissibly to silence and to retaliate against those adversely affected by, and raising concerns about, the school's unfair treatment of students of color and underrepresented students." Earlier, the couple had given feedback towards the school based on racial and ethnic stereotypes in classroom assignments. Their children, then 9 and 11, were later removed from enrollment at the school. Craig Robinson stated, "We feel like they were retaliated against because we brought up some issues that were sensitive to the administration." The school issued a statement responding to the allegations, "USM's enrollment decisions had nothing to do with complaints of inequity or discrimination." More families later came out with allegations of discrimination. Athletics The school's athletic teams follow a no-cut athletic policy, which allows every student to participate in any sport. The athletic program begins in fifth grade when students become eligible for a number of teams, including basketball, track and field, football, and several intramural sports. The Middle School offers 13 interscholastic sports and intramural options. The Upper School has 24 varsity teams level sports, in addition to a number of junior varsity programs. Sports State championships Conference championships Baseball 2010 5× champions Basketball (B/G) Boys' basketball: 6× champions Girls' basketball: 2× champions Cross country (B/G) Boys' cross country: 10× champions Girls' cross country: 2× champions Field hockey 2014, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2003, 2002, 2001, 1991 12× champions Football 10× champions Golf 8× champions Ice hockey (B/G) Boys' ice hockey: 2019, 2010, 2006, Girls' ice hockey: 2015 Boys' ice hockey: 8× champions Girls' ice hockey: 3× champions Lacrosse (B/G) Girls' lacrosse: 2021 Boys' lacrosse: 3× champions Girls' lacrosse 1× champion Skiing (coed) Soccer (B/G) Boys' soccer: 2018, 2013 Girls' soccer: 2008 Boys' soccer: 20× champions Girls' soccer: 9× champions Softball Swimming (B/G) 1× champion Tennis (B/G) Boys': 2018, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2004 Girls': 2023, 2022, 2018, 2017, 2014, 2012, 2011, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004 Boys': 46× champions Girls': 14× champions Track and field (B/G) Boys' track: 13× champions Girls' track: 6× champions Volleyball 2× champions Notable alumni Rakesh "Raj" Bhala, international trade law and Islamic law expert and professor at the University of Kansas Raj Chetty, professor of economics at Harvard University Adam Ciralsky, journalist, television and film producer, and attorney James Graaskamp, professor of real estate analysis and appraisal Carl Holty, painter Bob Jake, basketball player and physician William Kasik, businessman and member of the Wisconsin State Assembly Robert Koehler, artist and teacher Von Mansfield, football player Lane MacDonald, hockey player Sue Mingus, record producer and band manager George Rathmann, chemist and biotechnology executive, (co-founder of Amgen) Henry Reuss, member of Congress Mark Rylance, Academy Award winner for best supporting actor; stage director Wendy Selig-Prieb, businesswoman, former president of the Milwaukee Brewers James Sensenbrenner, member of Congress Erich C. Stern, lawyer and Wisconsin State Representative August Uihlein, brewer and later owner of the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company Neal Ulevich, photojournalist, Pulitzer Prize winner D.A. Wallach, musician and business executive Sarah P. L. Wolffe, Lady Wolffe, Outer House Senator of the College of Justice of Scotland Bill Zito, general manager of the Florida Panthers References ^ "CENTRAL DATA REQUEST – CODE BOOK" (PDF). www.wisconsin.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-03-18. ^ "History and Tradition". www.usm.org. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-03-18. ^ "USM at a Glance". University School of Milwaukee. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01. ^ "ISACS :: Alphabetical Listing". isacs2.isacs.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2021-03-18. ^ Koss, Rudolph A. (1871). Milwaukee. Schnellpressendruck des "Herold". p. 364. ^ "History and Tradition". Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01. ^ "Michelle Obama's brother says his kids were disenrolled from school after raising concerns of bias". ^ "Michelle Obama's brother says his kids were disenrolled from their school as 'retaliation' for parents bringing up concerns of bias". CNN. ^ "More families make racist allegations against elite Milwaukee school". ^ "USM Athletics". USM Athletics. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2017-08-17. ^ a b "USM Trophy Case". Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-kindergarten"},{"link_name":"secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"River Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Hills,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Association of Independent Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Schools"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Private day school in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USThe University School of Milwaukee (often abbreviated to USM) is an independent pre-kindergarten through secondary preparatory school in River Hills and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was founded as the result of the merger of three schools, Milwaukee Country Day School, Milwaukee Downer Seminary, and Milwaukee University School.[2] USM is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS).[3][4]","title":"University School of Milwaukee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"German Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"educationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/educationist"},{"link_name":"Peter Engelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Engelmann"},{"link_name":"hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_hardware"},{"link_name":"William Frankfurth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frankfurth"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"German-English Academy Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-English_Academy_Building"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Country Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Country_Day_School"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee-Downer Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee-Downer_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Whitefish Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_Bay,_Wisconsin"}],"text":"Milwaukee University School, the oldest of the three schools that merged as University School of Milwaukee, was founded in 1851 as the German-English Academy (die deutsch-englische Akademie)[5] by a group of Milwaukee German Americans that included educationist Peter Engelmann and hardware wholesaler William Frankfurth. The Academy offered classes that taught the German language and literature, as well as English. In 1891, the academy moved to the German-English Academy Building in downtown Milwaukee. The institution changed its name in 1917 to Milwaukee University School because of anti-German prejudice that occurred during World War I.In 1964, the Milwaukee University School, the Milwaukee Country Day School and Milwaukee-Downer Seminary merged to become the University School of Milwaukee.[6] It operated from two campuses, North and South, one in Whitefish Bay and the other in River Hills. In 1985, the two combined into one campus at the River Hills location, serving students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig and Kelly Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On Monday, April 18, 2022, Craig and Kelly Robinson filed a civil lawsuit alleging that \"the school acted impermissibly to silence and to retaliate against those adversely affected by, and raising concerns about, the school's unfair treatment of students of color and underrepresented students.\"[7] Earlier, the couple had given feedback towards the school based on racial and ethnic stereotypes in classroom assignments. Their children, then 9 and 11, were later removed from enrollment at the school. [8] Craig Robinson stated, \"We feel like they were retaliated against because we brought up some issues that were sensitive to the administration.\" The school issued a statement responding to the allegations, \"USM's enrollment decisions had nothing to do with complaints of inequity or discrimination.\" More families later came out with allegations of discrimination.[9]","title":"Lawsuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varsity teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_team"}],"text":"The school's athletic teams follow a no-cut athletic policy, which allows every student to participate in any sport. The athletic program begins in fifth grade when students become eligible for a number of teams, including basketball, track and field, football, and several intramural sports. The Middle School offers 13 interscholastic sports and intramural options. The Upper School has 24 varsity teams level sports, in addition to a number of junior varsity programs.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rakesh \"Raj\" Bhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bhala"},{"link_name":"Raj Chetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Chetty"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Adam Ciralsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ciralsky"},{"link_name":"James Graaskamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graaskamp"},{"link_name":"Carl Holty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Holty"},{"link_name":"Bob Jake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jake"},{"link_name":"William Kasik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kasik"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Robert Koehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koehler"},{"link_name":"Von Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Lane MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Sue Mingus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Mingus"},{"link_name":"George Rathmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rathmann"},{"link_name":"Amgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen"},{"link_name":"Henry Reuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Reuss"},{"link_name":"Mark Rylance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rylance"},{"link_name":"Wendy Selig-Prieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Selig-Prieb"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"James Sensenbrenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sensenbrenner"},{"link_name":"Erich C. Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_C._Stern"},{"link_name":"August Uihlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Uihlein"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schlitz_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Neal Ulevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Ulevich"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"D.A. Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.A._Wallach"},{"link_name":"Sarah P. L. Wolffe, Lady Wolffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_P._L._Wolffe,_Lady_Wolffe"},{"link_name":"College of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bill Zito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Zito"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"}],"text":"Rakesh \"Raj\" Bhala, international trade law and Islamic law expert and professor at the University of Kansas\nRaj Chetty, professor of economics at Harvard University\nAdam Ciralsky, journalist, television and film producer, and attorney\nJames Graaskamp, professor of real estate analysis and appraisal\nCarl Holty, painter\nBob Jake, basketball player and physician\nWilliam Kasik, businessman and member of the Wisconsin State Assembly\nRobert Koehler, artist and teacher\nVon Mansfield, football player\nLane MacDonald, hockey player\nSue Mingus, record producer and band manager\nGeorge Rathmann, chemist and biotechnology executive, (co-founder of Amgen)\nHenry Reuss, member of Congress\nMark Rylance, Academy Award winner for best supporting actor; stage director\nWendy Selig-Prieb, businesswoman, former president of the Milwaukee Brewers\nJames Sensenbrenner, member of Congress\nErich C. Stern, lawyer and Wisconsin State Representative\nAugust Uihlein, brewer and later owner of the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company\nNeal Ulevich, photojournalist, Pulitzer Prize winner\nD.A. Wallach, musician and business executive\nSarah P. L. Wolffe, Lady Wolffe, Outer House Senator of the College of Justice of Scotland\nBill Zito, general manager of the Florida Panthers","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"CENTRAL DATA REQUEST – CODE BOOK\" (PDF). www.wisconsin.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisconsin.edu/education-reports-statistics/download/central_data_request/cdr_manual/volume_2/VI-High-School-Code-Tables.pdf","url_text":"\"CENTRAL DATA REQUEST – CODE BOOK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224224627/https://www.wisconsin.edu/education-reports-statistics/download/central_data_request/cdr_manual/volume_2/VI-High-School-Code-Tables.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History and Tradition\". www.usm.org. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usm.org/about/history-and-tradition","url_text":"\"History and Tradition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215956/https://www.usm.org/about/history-and-tradition","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"USM at a Glance\". University School of Milwaukee. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usm.org/about/at-a-glance","url_text":"\"USM at a Glance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215815/https://www.usm.org/about/at-a-glance","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ISACS :: Alphabetical Listing\". isacs2.isacs.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2021-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://isacs2.isacs.org/page/472116_Alphabetical_Listing.asp","url_text":"\"ISACS :: Alphabetical Listing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210419035154/http://isacs2.isacs.org/page/472116_Alphabetical_Listing.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Koss, Rudolph A. (1871). Milwaukee. Schnellpressendruck des \"Herold\". p. 364.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mD4VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA364","url_text":"Milwaukee"}]},{"reference":"\"History and Tradition\". Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usm.org/about/history-and-tradition","url_text":"\"History and Tradition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215956/https://www.usm.org/about/history-and-tradition","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Michelle Obama's brother says his kids were disenrolled from school after raising concerns of bias\".","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7chicago.com/michelle-obama-brother-craig-robinson-and-kelly-university-school-of-milwaukee/11786796/","url_text":"\"Michelle Obama's brother says his kids were disenrolled from school after raising concerns of bias\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michelle Obama's brother says his kids were disenrolled from their school as 'retaliation' for parents bringing up concerns of bias\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bislett_Games	2019 Bislett Games	["1 Diamond League results","1.1 Men","1.2 Women","2 Other international results","3 Norwegian national results","3.1 Men","3.2 Women","3.3 Mixed","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	International athletics championship event2019 Bislett GamesDates13 June 2019Host cityOslo, NorwayVenueBislett StadiumLevel2019 IAAF Diamond LeagueEvents29 (13 Diamond League)← 2018 2020 → The 2019 Bislett Games was the 54th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Oslo, Norway. Held on 13 June at Bislett Stadium, it was the fifth leg of the 2019 IAAF Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit. 29 events were contested with 13 of them being point-scoring Diamond League disciplines. Local favorite Karsten Warholm, running in the men's 400 metres hurdles, won in a new European record time of 47.33 seconds, improving on the previous European record of 47.37 seconds that was set by Stéphane Diagana for France in 1995. Warholm had already been the Norwegian record holder with a time 47.64 seconds. He also improved on the meeting record of 47.60 seconds, previously set by Abderrahman Samba for Qatar in the 2018 edition. In other men's events, Christian Coleman improved on the 100 metres world lead that he shared with fellow American Noah Lyles and Nigeria's Divine Oduduru by 0.01 seconds to 9.85 seconds. A Polish record and world lead was set by Marcin Lewandowski in the mile race, passing Kenyan Vincent Kibet on the home straight to win in 3:52.34, four hundredths ahead of Kibet. Selemon Barega also set a world lead and personal best in the 3000 metres race with a time of 7:32.17 seconds to win ahead of Joshua Cheptegei and Nicholas Kimeli, who finished second and third also with personal bests of 7:33.26 and 7:34.85 respectively. Henrik Ingebrigtsen finished fourth with a Norwegian record with a time of 7:36.85. Sam Kendricks took his third Diamond League win for the season in the men's pole vault with a mark of 5.91 metres, with world leader Mondo Duplantis settling for fourth behind second place Piotr Lisek and third place Cole Walsh, with all three below Kendricks sharing a final mark of 5.81 metres. In the women's 3000 metres steeplechase, Norah Jeruto defeated world record holder Beatrice Chepkoech and 2017 world champion Emma Coburn, winning in a world leading and meeting record time of 9:03.71. Chepkoech, who hadn't lost since May 2018, finished second in 9:04.30 with Coburn in fourth behind Hyvin Jepkemoi. Though they did not finish in the top eight, national records were set by Maruša Mišmaš for Slovenia and Anna Emilie Møller for Denmark, with times of 9:20.97 and 9:24.21 respectively. Two other world leads were set by the women in the high jump and the triple jump. Mariya Lasitskene leaped the first over two meters mark for the 2019 season in the high jump, winning her 20th Diamond League meet in her career at 2.01 metres. Caterine Ibargüen took the world lead in the triple jump with a mark of 14.79 metres. In her Diamond League debut in the women's 400 metres hurdles, Sydney McLaughlin passed 2016 Olympic champion and world leader Dalilah Muhammad after the final hurdle to win in 54.16 seconds to Muhammad's 54.35 seconds. Diamond League results Athletes competing in the Diamond League disciplines earned extra compensation and points which went towards qualifying for one of two Diamond League finals (either Zürich or Brussels depending on the discipline). First place earned eight points, with each step down in place earning one less point than the previous, until no points are awarded in ninth place or lower. Men 100 m (wind: -0.9 m/s) Place Athlete Time Points 1 Christian Coleman (USA) 9.85 WL 15 (+8) 2 Xie Zhenye (CHN) 10.01 10 (+7) 3 Mike Rodgers (USA) 10.04 7 (+6) 4 Filippo Tortu (ITA) 10.10 5 (+5) 5 Yuki Koike (JPN) 10.15 4 (+4) 6 Chijindu Ujah (GBR) 10.18 3 (+3) 7 Tommy Ramdhan (GBR) 10.28 2 (+2) 8 Reece Prescod (GBR) 10.76 6 (+1) Mile Place Athlete Time Points 1 Marcin Lewandowski (POL) 3:52.34 WL NR 8 (+8) 2 Vincent Kibet (KEN) 3:52.38 12 (+7) 3 Ayanleh Souleiman (DJI) 3:52.66 13 (+6) 4 John Gregorek (USA) 3:52.94 PB 5 (+5) 5 Clayton Murphy (USA) 3:52.97 4 (+4) 6 Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR) 3:53.04 (9 +3) 7 Ryan Gregson (AUS) 3:53.51 2 (+2) 8 Kalle Berglund (SWE) 3:53.83 NR 1 (+1) 9 Filip Ingebrigtsen (NOR) 3:54.41 0 10 Bethwell Birgen (KEN) 3:54.92 11 11 Ismael Debjani (BEL) 3:57.37 0 12 Justus Soget (KEN) 3:57.90 0 13 Aman Wote (ETH) 3:59.37 2 DNF (PM) Harun Abda (KEN) Did not finish (pace maker) 0 Jordan Williamsz (AUS) 0 3000 m Place Athlete Time Points 1 Selemon Barega (ETH) 7:32.17 WL PB 22 (+8) 2 Joshua Cheptegei (UGA) 7:33.26 PB 9 (+7) 3 Nicholas Kipkorir Kimeli (KEN) 7:34.85 PB 9 (+6) 4 Henrik Ingebrigtsen (NOR) 7:36.85 NR 5 (+5) 5 Birhanu Balew (BHR) 7:37.37 14 (+4) 6 Stewart McSweyn (AUS) 7:38.22 3 (+3) 7 Drew Hunter (USA) 7:39.85 PB 2 (+2) 8 Ben True (USA) 7:40.49 1 (+1) 9 Davis Kiplangat (KEN) 7:42.20 0 10 Andrew Butchart (GBR) 7:43.57 1 11 Muktar Edris (ETH) 7:45.35 0 12 Matthew Ramsden (AUS) 7:45.68 PB 0 13 Milkesa Mengesha (ETH) 7:49.23 PB 0 14 Paul Kipngetich Tanui (KEN) 7:55.77 0 DNF (PM) Cornelius Kangogo (KEN) Did not finish (pace maker) 0 Paul Robinson (IRL) 0 DNS Hagos Gebrhiwet (ETH) Did not start 12 400 m hurdles Place Athlete Time Points 1 Karsten Warholm (NOR) 47.33 AR MR 16 (+8) 2 Thomas Barr (IRL) 49.11 19 (+7) 3 Kyron McMaster (IVB) 49.12 6 (+6) 4 David Kendziera (USA) 49.27 5 (+5) 5 Takatoshi Abe (JPN) 49.78 7 (+4) 6 Patryk Dobek (POL) 49.80 8 (+3) 7 TJ Holmes (USA) 50.60 9 (+2) Pole vault Place Athlete Mark Points 1 Sam Kendricks (USA) 5.91 m 24 (+8) 2 Piotr Lisek (POL) 5.81 m 19 (+7) 3 Cole Walsh (USA) 5.81 m PB 6 (+6) 4 Mondo Duplantis (SWE) 5.81 m 5 (+5) 5 Paweł Wojciechowski (POL) 5.71 m 8 (+4) 6 Seito Yamamoto (JPN) 5.61 m 15 (+3) 7 Sondre Guttormsen (NOR) 5.61 m 2 (+2) 8 Alioune Sene (FRA) 5.51 m 1 (+1) Javelin throw Place Athlete Mark Points 1 Johannes Vetter (GER) 85.27 m 8 (+8) 2 Magnus Kirt (EST) 84.74 m 7 (+7) 3 Cheng Chao-tsun (TPE) 84.30 m 13 (+6) 4 Andreas Hofmann (GER) 82.92 m 13 (+5) 5 Jakub Vadlejch (CZE) 82.73 m 7 (+4) 6 Thomas Röhler (GER) 82.63 m 8 (+3) 7 Bernhard Seifert (GER) 82.33 m 2 (+2) 8 Shivpal Singh (IND) 80.87 m 1 (+1) 9 Marcin Krukowski (POL) 78.19 m 6 Women 200 m (wind: -0.7 m/s) Place Athlete Time Points 1 Dafne Schippers (NED) 22.56 14 (+8) 2 Crystal Emmanuel (CAN) 22.89 10 (+7) 3 Jenna Prandini (USA) 23.10 10 (+6) 4 Gabrielle Thomas (USA) 23.11 5 (+5) 5 Jamile Samuel (NED) 23.21 13 (+4) 6 Kyra Jefferson (USA) 23.23 8 (+3) 7 Vitória Cristina Rosa (BRA) 23.26 2 (+2) 8 Helene Rønningen (NOR) 24.16 1 (+1) 100 m hurdles (wind: +1.1 m/s) Place Athlete Time Points 1 Christina Clemons (USA) 12.69 13 (+8) 2 Sharika Nelvis (USA) 12.74 20 (+7) 3 Elvira Herman (BLR) 12.84 13 (+6) 4 Cindy Roleder (GER) 12.93 10 (+5) 5 Nadine Visser (NED) 13.00 5 (+4) 6 Isabelle Pedersen (NOR) 13.08 3 (+3) 7 Nooralotta Neziri (FIN) 13.18 2 (+2) DQ Brianna McNeal (USA) False start 2 400 m hurdles Place Athlete Time Points 1 Sydney McLaughlin (USA) 54.16 8 (+8) 2 Dalilah Muhammad (USA) 54.35 23 (+7) 3 Shamier Little (USA) 54.92 13 (+6) 4 Kori Carter (USA) 55.67 10 (+5) 5 Amalie Iuel (NOR) 55.80 4 (+4) 6 Anna Ryzhykova (UKR) 56.26 12 (+3) 7 Léa Sprunger (SUI) 56.46 2 (+2) 8 Meghan Beesley (GBR) 57.13 4 (+1) 3000 m steeple Place Athlete Time Points 1 Norah Jeruto (KEN) 9:03.71 WL MR 8 (+8) 2 Beatrice Chepkoech (KEN) 9:04.30 15 (+7) 3 Hyvin Jepkemoi (KEN) 9:07.56 6 (+6) 4 Emma Coburn (USA) 9:08.42 5 (+5) 5 Daisy Jepkemei (KEN) 9:10.54 PB 4 (+4) 6 Celliphine Chespol (KEN) 9:15.04 10 (+3) 7 Peruth Chemutai (UGA) 9:16.72 8 (+2) 8 Gesa Felicitas Krause (GER) 9:20.31 1 (+1) 9 Maruša Mišmaš (SLO) 9:20.97 NR 3 10 Winfred Mutile Yavi (BHR) 9:21.36 5 11 Anna Emilie Møller (DEN) 9:24.21 NR 0 12 Karoline Bjerkeli Grøvdal (NOR) 9:28.99 0 13 Mel Lawrence (USA) 9:29.81 PB 0 14 Rosie Clarke (GBR) 9:31.68 PB 0 15 Viktória Wagner-Gyürkés (HUN) 9:34.56 PB 0 DNF (PM) Fancy Cherono (KEN) Did not finish (pace maker) 1 Caroline Tuigong (KEN) 0 High jump Place Athlete Mark Points 1 Mariya Lasitskene (RUS) 2.01 m WL 16 (+8) 2 Erika Kinsey (SWE) 1.96 m 20 (+7) 3 Mirela Demireva (BUL) 1.94 m 17 (+6) 4 Karyna Taranda (BLR) 1.94 m 5 (+5) 5 Iryna Herashchenko (UKR) 1.94 m 4 (+4) 6 Yuliya Levchenko (UKR) 1.94 m 10 (+3) 7 Tonje Angelsen (NOR) 1.88 m 2 (+2) 8 Morgan Lake (GBR) 1.85 m 1 (+1) 9 Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR) 1.85 m 13 Triple jump Place Athlete Mark Points 1 Caterine Ibargüen (COL) 14.79 m (wind: -0.2 m/s) WL 8 (+8) 2 Keturah Orji (USA) 14.53 m (wind: +1.2 m/s) 7 (+7) 3 Shanieka Ricketts (JAM) 14.41 m (wind: +1.5 m/s) 6 (+6) 4 Kimberly Williams (JAM) 14.36 m (wind: +1.4 m/s) 5 (+5) 5 Paraskevi Papachristou (GRE) 14.34 m (wind: +0.8 m/s) 4 (+4) 6 Olha Saladukha (UKR) 14.30 m (wind: +0.8 m/s) 3 (+3) 7 Patrícia Mamona (POR) 14.09 m (wind: +1.3 m/s) 2 (+2) 8 Kristin Gierisch (GER) 13.71 m (wind: +0.8 m/s) 1 (+1) 9 Tori Franklin (USA) 13.68 m (wind: +0.7 m/s) 0 10 Rouguy Diallo (FRA) 11.85 m (wind: +1.4 m/s) 0 Shot put Place Athlete Mark Points 1 Gong Lijiao (CHN) 19.51 m 15 (+8) 2 Chase Ealey (USA) 19.20 m 15 (+7) 3 Fanny Roos (SWE) 18.75 m 8 (+6) 4 Danniel Thomas-Dodd (JAM) 18.67 m 9 (+5) 5 Christina Schwanitz (GER) 18.48 m 4 (+4) 6 Aliona Dubitskaya (BLR) 18.41 m 9 (+3) 7 Jessica Ramsey (USA) 18.39 m 7 (+2) 8 Michelle Carter (USA) 18.28 m 1 (+1) 9 Paulina Guba (POL) 17.79 m 1 10 Maggie Ewen (USA) 17.30 m 3 Other international results Event First Second Third Men's 800 m Ryan Sánchez (PUR) 1:46.34 Cornelius Tuwei (KEN) 1:46.52 Michał Rozmys (POL) 1:46.71 Women's 800 m Halimah Nakaayi (UGA) 2:01.93 Selina Büchel (SUI) 2:02.32 Diribe Welteji (ETH) 2:02.85 Women's javelin throw Kathryn Mitchell (AUS) 56.07 m Ane Dahlen (NOR) 52.79 m Maria Børstad Jensen (NOR) 51.27 m Norwegian national results Men Event First Second Third 100 m (wind: +1.8 m/s) Salum Ageze Kashafali 10.45 PB Even Meinseth 10.61 Christian Mensah 10.74 200 m (wind: +1.3 m/s) Mathias Hove Johansen 21.12 Andreas Haara Bakketun 21.36 Filip Bøe 21.38 400 m Luca Thompson 47.97 Simen Sigurdsen 48.11 Gustav Lundholm Nielsen (DEN) 48.16 1500 m Jacob Boutera 3:42.75 Andreas Lindgreen (DEN) 3:43.27 Marius Vedvik 3:44.04 PB Age 14–15 800 m Benjamin Olsen 2:04.33 Halvard Grape Fladby 2:04.68 Simen Gløgård Stensrud 2:07.51 Women Event First Second Third 100 m (wind: -0.3 m/s) Helene Rønningen 11.65 Ingvild Meinseth 11.85 Astrid Mangen Ingebrigtsen 11.87 400 m Naomi Van den Broeck (BEL) 54.48 PB Sara Dorthea Jensen 54.83 Kaitesi Ertzgaard 55.60 1500 m Mina Anglero 4:23.80 Malin Edland 4:24.34 PB Sanne Njaastad 4:25.43 400 m hurdles Hanna Palmqvist (SWE) 57.91 PB Elisabeth Slettum 58.72 Andrea Rooth 58.83 PB Under-18 100 m hurdles Mia Guldteig Lien 13.88 Vilde Marstein 13.98 Elea Jørstad Block 14.18 Age 14–15 800 m Malin Hoelsveen 2:13.59 Sunniva Fjeld 2:16.99 Filippa Bertelsen Fadnes 2:18.00 Mixed Event First Second Third Long jump Ingar Kiplesund 7.77 m (wind: +0.6 m/s) Amund Høie Sjursen 7.47 m (wind: +1.1 m/s) Benjamin Gabrielsen (DEN) 7.28 m (wind: +1.2 m/s) Under-18 4×200 m relay Tønsberg FIK (NOR)Mathea Wego KarlsenTobias Slettingdalen JohansenClaudia Maria FossSebastian Berntsen 1:45.49 IFK Gøteborg 1 (SWE)Isabelle RydénAlbin EdinIvana PekicHugo Kündig 1:46.94 Tyrving 1 (NOR)Hannah de YoungeSindre AxelsenAiselin FeliotKristian Drabløs 1:49.27 See also 2019 Weltklasse Zürich (first half of the Diamond League final) 2019 Memorial Van Damme (second half of the Diamond League final) References ^ Ramsak, Bob (2019-06-11). "Strong slate of champions resume points chase in Oslo - IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ a b c d Halford, Paul (2019-06-13)."Karsten Warholm breaks European 400m hurdles record in Oslo". Athletics Weekly. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ a b c Zaccardi, Nick (2019-06-13). "Christian Coleman runs world’s fastest 100m of 2019". NBC Sports. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ "Big names head to Bislett Games". Athletics Weekly (2019-06-12). Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ Middlebrook, Hailey (2019-06-14). "Sydney McLaughlin Wins in Her Diamond League 400-Meter Hurdles Debut". Runner's World. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ Ramsak, Bob (2019-05-16). "High-powered head-to-heads on tap in Shanghai - IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 2021-05-02. Results "Results Archive Diamond League Selected Season: 2019". Diamond League (2019-06-30). Retrieved 2021-05-04. External links Official Diamond League Bislett Games website vte2019 in the sport of athletics « 2018 World Rankings 2020 » World World Athletics Championships World Para Athletics Championships World Relays World Cross Country Championships World Mountain Running Championships Long Distance IAU World Championships Trail 50 km 24-hour Military World Games World Masters Indoor Championships Universiade RegionalChampionships Arab Asian Athletics Marathon Race Walking Balkan Athletics Indoor Half Marathon Marathon Mountain Running Race Walking Relays European Indoor 10,000 m Combined Events Cross Country Race Walking Team Throwing NACAC NACAC Combined Events Championships NACAC Cross Country Championships NACAC Race Walking Championships NACAC U18 & U23 Championships NACAC U20 Championships Oceanian Pan American Race Walking Cup South American Athletics Cross Country Half Marathon Marathon Mountain Running Mile Trail The Match Europe v USA Games African Games African Beach Games European Games Games of the Small States of Europe Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Qualification Parapan American Games Southeast Asian Games South Asian Games Age group African U18 and U20 Arab U18 Asian U18 Balkan U18 Balkan U18 Indoor Balkan U20 CARIFTA Games European U20 European U23 European Youth Olympic Festival European Masters Mediterranean Indoor U23 NACAC U23/U18 Oceania U20 Pan American U20 South American U20 SeasonalDiamond League Doha Shanghai Stockholm Rome Oslo Rabat Stanford Lausanne Monaco London Birmingham Paris Zürich Brussels World Marathon Majors Berlin Boston Chicago London New York Tokyo World Championships men women Other marathons Amsterdam Dubai Eindhoven Frankfurt Fukuoka Hamburg Hong Kong Los Angeles Milan Nagoya Osaka Paris Prague Rome Rotterdam Seoul Xiamen Beijing Vienna Other series World Indoor Tour Road Race Label Events IAAF Challenges World Challenge Combined Events Race Walking Hammer Throw WMRA World Cup NationalIndoor Belgian British Czech Dutch French German Italian Polish Russian Spanish Swedish Ukrainian United States NCAA Outdoor Australian Belgian British Canadian Chinese Czech Dutch Estonian Finnish French German Hungarian Icelandic Italian Jamaican Japanese Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish Ukrainian United States Cross Country Track and field U20 NCAA Track NCAA XC (Div I, Div II See also: 2019 in 100 metres	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bislett Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislett_Games"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Bislett Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislett_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2019 IAAF Diamond League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Diamond_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Diamond League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_League"},{"link_name":"Karsten Warholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Warholm"},{"link_name":"400 metres hurdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_metres_hurdles"},{"link_name":"European record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Diagana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Diagana"},{"link_name":"Norwegian record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW_recap-2"},{"link_name":"Abderrahman Samba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrahman_Samba"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"2018 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Bislett_Games&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Coleman"},{"link_name":"100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres"},{"link_name":"Noah Lyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Lyles"},{"link_name":"Divine Oduduru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Oduduru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_recap-3"},{"link_name":"Polish record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Marcin Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Lewandowski"},{"link_name":"mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_run"},{"link_name":"Vincent Kibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Kibet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW_recap-2"},{"link_name":"Selemon Barega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selemon_Barega"},{"link_name":"3000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres"},{"link_name":"Joshua Cheptegei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Cheptegei"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Kimeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kimeli"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ingebrigtsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ingebrigtsen"},{"link_name":"Sam Kendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kendricks"},{"link_name":"pole vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_vault"},{"link_name":"Mondo Duplantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Duplantis"},{"link_name":"Piotr Lisek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Lisek"},{"link_name":"Cole Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Walsh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW_recap-2"},{"link_name":"3000 metres steeplechase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase"},{"link_name":"Norah Jeruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jeruto"},{"link_name":"world record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Chepkoech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Chepkoech"},{"link_name":"2017 world champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Emma Coburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Coburn"},{"link_name":"Hyvin Jepkemoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyvin_Jepkemoi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_recap-3"},{"link_name":"Maruša Mišmaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maru%C5%A1a_Mi%C5%A1ma%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Anna Emilie Møller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Emilie_M%C3%B8ller"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"high jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jump"},{"link_name":"triple jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_jump"},{"link_name":"Mariya Lasitskene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_Lasitskene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AW_recap-2"},{"link_name":"Caterine Ibargüen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen"},{"link_name":"Sydney McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"2016 Olympic champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Dalilah Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalilah_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_recap-3"}],"text":"The 2019 Bislett Games was the 54th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Oslo, Norway. Held on 13 June at Bislett Stadium, it was the fifth leg of the 2019 IAAF Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit.[1] 29 events were contested with 13 of them being point-scoring Diamond League disciplines.Local favorite Karsten Warholm, running in the men's 400 metres hurdles, won in a new European record time of 47.33 seconds, improving on the previous European record of 47.37 seconds that was set by Stéphane Diagana for France in 1995. Warholm had already been the Norwegian record holder with a time 47.64 seconds.[2] He also improved on the meeting record of 47.60 seconds, previously set by Abderrahman Samba for Qatar in the 2018 edition.In other men's events, Christian Coleman improved on the 100 metres world lead that he shared with fellow American Noah Lyles and Nigeria's Divine Oduduru by 0.01 seconds to 9.85 seconds.[3] A Polish record and world lead was set by Marcin Lewandowski in the mile race, passing Kenyan Vincent Kibet on the home straight to win in 3:52.34, four hundredths ahead of Kibet.[2] Selemon Barega also set a world lead and personal best in the 3000 metres race with a time of 7:32.17 seconds to win ahead of Joshua Cheptegei and Nicholas Kimeli, who finished second and third also with personal bests of 7:33.26 and 7:34.85 respectively. Henrik Ingebrigtsen finished fourth with a Norwegian record with a time of 7:36.85.Sam Kendricks took his third Diamond League win for the season in the men's pole vault with a mark of 5.91 metres, with world leader Mondo Duplantis settling for fourth behind second place Piotr Lisek and third place Cole Walsh, with all three below Kendricks sharing a final mark of 5.81 metres.[4][2]In the women's 3000 metres steeplechase, Norah Jeruto defeated world record holder Beatrice Chepkoech and 2017 world champion Emma Coburn, winning in a world leading and meeting record time of 9:03.71. Chepkoech, who hadn't lost since May 2018, finished second in 9:04.30 with Coburn in fourth behind Hyvin Jepkemoi.[3] Though they did not finish in the top eight, national records were set by Maruša Mišmaš for Slovenia and Anna Emilie Møller for Denmark, with times of 9:20.97 and 9:24.21 respectively.Two other world leads were set by the women in the high jump and the triple jump. Mariya Lasitskene leaped the first over two meters mark for the 2019 season in the high jump, winning her 20th Diamond League meet in her career at 2.01 metres.[2] Caterine Ibargüen took the world lead in the triple jump with a mark of 14.79 metres.In her Diamond League debut in the women's 400 metres hurdles, Sydney McLaughlin passed 2016 Olympic champion and world leader Dalilah Muhammad after the final hurdle to win in 54.16 seconds to Muhammad's 54.35 seconds.[5][3]","title":"2019 Bislett Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Weltklasse_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Memorial_Van_Damme"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Athletes competing in the Diamond League disciplines earned extra compensation and points which went towards qualifying for one of two Diamond League finals (either Zürich or Brussels depending on the discipline). First place earned eight points, with each step down in place earning one less point than the previous, until no points are awarded in ninth place or lower.[6]","title":"Diamond League results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Coleman"},{"link_name":"WL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Xie Zhenye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Zhenye"},{"link_name":"Mike Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Filippo Tortu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Tortu"},{"link_name":"Yuki Koike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Koike_(sprinter)"},{"link_name":"Chijindu Ujah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chijindu_Ujah"},{"link_name":"Tommy Ramdhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Ramdhan"},{"link_name":"Reece Prescod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Prescod"},{"link_name":"Marcin Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Lewandowski"},{"link_name":"WL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Vincent Kibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Kibet"},{"link_name":"Ayanleh Souleiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayanleh_Souleiman"},{"link_name":"John Gregorek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gregorek_Jr."},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Clayton Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Jakob Ingebrigtsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Ingebrigtsen"},{"link_name":"Ryan Gregson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gregson"},{"link_name":"Kalle Berglund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalle_Berglund"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Filip Ingebrigtsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Ingebrigtsen"},{"link_name":"Bethwell Birgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethwell_Birgen"},{"link_name":"Ismael Debjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Debjani"},{"link_name":"Justus Soget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Soget"},{"link_name":"Aman Wote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_Wote"},{"link_name":"DNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Circumstances_and_conditions"},{"link_name":"PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacemaker_(running)"},{"link_name":"Harun Abda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harun_Abda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jordan Williamsz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Williamsz"},{"link_name":"Selemon Barega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selemon_Barega"},{"link_name":"WL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Joshua Cheptegei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Cheptegei"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Kipkorir Kimeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kipkorir_Kimeli"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ingebrigtsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ingebrigtsen"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Birhanu Balew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birhanu_Balew"},{"link_name":"Stewart McSweyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_McSweyn"},{"link_name":"Drew Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Hunter"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Ben True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_True"},{"link_name":"Davis Kiplangat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davis_Kiplangat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Butchart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Butchart"},{"link_name":"Muktar Edris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muktar_Edris"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ramsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ramsden"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Milkesa Mengesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkesa_Mengesha"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Paul Kipngetich Tanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kipngetich_Tanui"},{"link_name":"DNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Circumstances_and_conditions"},{"link_name":"PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacemaker_(running)"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Kangogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Kangogo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robinson_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"DNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Circumstances_and_conditions"},{"link_name":"Hagos Gebrhiwet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagos_Gebrhiwet"},{"link_name":"Karsten Warholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Warholm"},{"link_name":"AR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meet_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Thomas Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Barr_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Kyron McMaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyron_McMaster"},{"link_name":"David Kendziera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kendziera"},{"link_name":"Takatoshi Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatoshi_Abe"},{"link_name":"Patryk Dobek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patryk_Dobek"},{"link_name":"TJ Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJ_Holmes_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Sam Kendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kendricks"},{"link_name":"Piotr Lisek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Lisek"},{"link_name":"Cole Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Walsh"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Mondo Duplantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Duplantis"},{"link_name":"Paweł Wojciechowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Wojciechowski_(pole_vaulter)"},{"link_name":"Seito Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seito_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Sondre Guttormsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondre_Guttormsen"},{"link_name":"Alioune Sene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alioune_Sene"},{"link_name":"Johannes Vetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vetter"},{"link_name":"Magnus Kirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Kirt"},{"link_name":"Cheng Chao-tsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Chao-tsun"},{"link_name":"Andreas Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Hofmann_(javelin_thrower)"},{"link_name":"Jakub Vadlejch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Vadlejch"},{"link_name":"Thomas Röhler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R%C3%B6hler"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Seifert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Seifert"},{"link_name":"Shivpal Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivpal_Singh"},{"link_name":"Marcin Krukowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Krukowski"}],"sub_title":"Men","text":"100 m (wind: -0.9 m/s)\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nTime\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Christian Coleman (USA)\n9.85 WL\n15 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Xie Zhenye (CHN)\n10.01\n10 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Mike Rodgers (USA)\n10.04\n7 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Filippo Tortu (ITA)\n10.10\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Yuki Koike (JPN)\n10.15\n4 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Chijindu Ujah (GBR)\n10.18\n3 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Tommy Ramdhan (GBR)\n10.28\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Reece Prescod (GBR)\n10.76\n6 (+1)\n\n\n\n\nMile\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nTime\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Marcin Lewandowski (POL)\n3:52.34 WL NR\n8 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Vincent Kibet (KEN)\n3:52.38\n12 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Ayanleh Souleiman (DJI)\n3:52.66\n13 (+6)\n\n\n4\n John Gregorek (USA)\n3:52.94 PB\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Clayton Murphy (USA)\n3:52.97\n4 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n3:53.04\n(9 +3)\n\n\n7\n Ryan Gregson (AUS)\n3:53.51\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Kalle Berglund (SWE)\n3:53.83 NR\n1 (+1)\n\n\n9\n Filip Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n3:54.41\n0\n\n\n10\n Bethwell Birgen (KEN)\n3:54.92\n11\n\n\n11\n Ismael Debjani (BEL)\n3:57.37\n0\n\n\n12\n Justus Soget (KEN)\n3:57.90\n0\n\n\n13\n Aman Wote (ETH)\n3:59.37\n2\n\n\nDNF (PM)\n Harun Abda (KEN)\nDid not finish (pace maker)\n0\n\n\n Jordan Williamsz (AUS)\n03000 m\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nTime\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Selemon Barega (ETH)\n7:32.17 WL PB\n22 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Joshua Cheptegei (UGA)\n7:33.26 PB\n9 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Nicholas Kipkorir Kimeli (KEN)\n7:34.85 PB\n9 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Henrik Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n7:36.85 NR\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Birhanu Balew (BHR)\n7:37.37\n14 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Stewart McSweyn (AUS)\n7:38.22\n3 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Drew Hunter (USA)\n7:39.85 PB\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Ben True (USA)\n7:40.49\n1 (+1)\n\n\n9\n Davis Kiplangat (KEN)\n7:42.20\n0\n\n\n10\n Andrew Butchart (GBR)\n7:43.57\n1\n\n\n11\n Muktar Edris (ETH)\n7:45.35\n0\n\n\n12\n Matthew Ramsden (AUS)\n7:45.68 PB\n0\n\n\n13\n Milkesa Mengesha (ETH)\n7:49.23 PB\n0\n\n\n14\n Paul Kipngetich Tanui (KEN)\n7:55.77\n0\n\n\nDNF (PM)\n Cornelius Kangogo (KEN)\nDid not finish (pace maker)\n0\n\n\n Paul Robinson (IRL)\n0\n\n\nDNS\n Hagos Gebrhiwet (ETH)\nDid not start\n12\n\n\n\n\n400 m hurdles\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nTime\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Karsten Warholm (NOR)\n47.33 AR MR\n16 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Thomas Barr (IRL)\n49.11\n19 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Kyron McMaster (IVB)\n49.12\n6 (+6)\n\n\n4\n David Kendziera (USA)\n49.27\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Takatoshi Abe (JPN)\n49.78\n7 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Patryk Dobek (POL)\n49.80\n8 (+3)\n\n\n7\n TJ Holmes (USA)\n50.60\n9 (+2)Pole vault\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nMark\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Sam Kendricks (USA)\n5.91 m\n24 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Piotr Lisek (POL)\n5.81 m\n19 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Cole Walsh (USA)\n5.81 m PB\n6 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Mondo Duplantis (SWE)\n5.81 m\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Paweł Wojciechowski (POL)\n5.71 m\n8 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Seito Yamamoto (JPN)\n5.61 m\n15 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Sondre Guttormsen (NOR)\n5.61 m\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Alioune Sene (FRA)\n5.51 m\n1 (+1)\n\n\n\n\nJavelin throw\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nMark\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Johannes Vetter (GER)\n85.27 m\n8 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Magnus Kirt (EST)\n84.74 m\n7 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Cheng Chao-tsun (TPE)\n84.30 m\n13 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Andreas Hofmann (GER)\n82.92 m\n13 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Jakub Vadlejch (CZE)\n82.73 m\n7 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Thomas Röhler (GER)\n82.63 m\n8 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Bernhard Seifert (GER)\n82.33 m\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Shivpal Singh (IND)\n80.87 m\n1 (+1)\n\n\n9\n Marcin Krukowski (POL)\n78.19 m\n6","title":"Diamond League results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dafne Schippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafne_Schippers"},{"link_name":"Crystal Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Jenna Prandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Prandini"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Jamile Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamile_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Kyra Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyra_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Vitória Cristina Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_Cristina_Rosa"},{"link_name":"Helene Rønningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_R%C3%B8nningen"},{"link_name":"Christina Clemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Clemons"},{"link_name":"Sharika Nelvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharika_Nelvis"},{"link_name":"Elvira Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira_Herman"},{"link_name":"Cindy Roleder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Roleder"},{"link_name":"Nadine Visser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Visser"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Pedersen"},{"link_name":"Nooralotta Neziri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nooralotta_Neziri"},{"link_name":"DQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Disqualifications"},{"link_name":"Brianna McNeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_McNeal"},{"link_name":"Sydney McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"Dalilah Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalilah_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Shamier Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamier_Little"},{"link_name":"Kori Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kori_Carter"},{"link_name":"Amalie Iuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalie_Iuel"},{"link_name":"Anna Ryzhykova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Ryzhykova"},{"link_name":"Léa Sprunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Sprunger"},{"link_name":"Meghan Beesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Beesley"},{"link_name":"Norah Jeruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jeruto"},{"link_name":"WL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meet_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Chepkoech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Chepkoech"},{"link_name":"Hyvin Jepkemoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyvin_Jepkemoi"},{"link_name":"Emma Coburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Coburn"},{"link_name":"Daisy Jepkemei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Jepkemei"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Celliphine Chespol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celliphine_Chespol"},{"link_name":"Peruth Chemutai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruth_Chemutai"},{"link_name":"Gesa Felicitas Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesa_Felicitas_Krause"},{"link_name":"Maruša Mišmaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maru%C5%A1a_Mi%C5%A1ma%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Winfred Mutile Yavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfred_Mutile_Yavi"},{"link_name":"Anna Emilie Møller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Emilie_M%C3%B8ller"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Karoline Bjerkeli Grøvdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoline_Bjerkeli_Gr%C3%B8vdal"},{"link_name":"Mel Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Rosie Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_Clarke"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Viktória Wagner-Gyürkés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikt%C3%B3ria_Wagner-Gy%C3%BCrk%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"DNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Circumstances_and_conditions"},{"link_name":"PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacemaker_(running)"},{"link_name":"Fancy Cherono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Cherono"},{"link_name":"Caroline Tuigong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Tuigong"},{"link_name":"Mariya Lasitskene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_Lasitskene"},{"link_name":"WL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Erika Kinsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Kinsey"},{"link_name":"Mirela Demireva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirela_Demireva"},{"link_name":"Karyna Taranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyna_Taranda"},{"link_name":"Iryna Herashchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iryna_Herashchenko_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Yuliya Levchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuliya_Levchenko"},{"link_name":"Tonje Angelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonje_Angelsen"},{"link_name":"Morgan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Lake"},{"link_name":"Yaroslava Mahuchikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslava_Mahuchikh"},{"link_name":"Caterine Ibargüen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen"},{"link_name":"WL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Bests"},{"link_name":"Keturah Orji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturah_Orji"},{"link_name":"Shanieka Ricketts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanieka_Ricketts"},{"link_name":"Kimberly Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Williams_(triple_jumper)"},{"link_name":"Paraskevi Papachristou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraskevi_Papachristou"},{"link_name":"Olha Saladukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olha_Saladukha"},{"link_name":"Patrícia Mamona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patr%C3%ADcia_Mamona"},{"link_name":"Kristin Gierisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Gierisch"},{"link_name":"Tori Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Rouguy Diallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouguy_Diallo"},{"link_name":"Gong Lijiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Lijiao"},{"link_name":"Chase Ealey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Ealey"},{"link_name":"Fanny Roos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Roos"},{"link_name":"Danniel Thomas-Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danniel_Thomas-Dodd"},{"link_name":"Christina Schwanitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Schwanitz"},{"link_name":"Aliona Dubitskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliona_Dubitskaya"},{"link_name":"Jessica Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Michelle Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Carter_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Paulina Guba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Guba"},{"link_name":"Maggie Ewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Ewen"}],"sub_title":"Women","text":"200 m (wind: -0.7 m/s)\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nTime\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Dafne Schippers (NED)\n22.56\n14 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Crystal Emmanuel (CAN)\n22.89\n10 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Jenna Prandini (USA)\n23.10\n10 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Gabrielle Thomas (USA)\n23.11\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Jamile Samuel (NED)\n23.21\n13 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Kyra Jefferson (USA)\n23.23\n8 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Vitória Cristina Rosa (BRA)\n23.26\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Helene Rønningen (NOR)\n24.16\n1 (+1)\n\n\n\n\n100 m hurdles (wind: +1.1 m/s)\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nTime\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Christina Clemons (USA)\n12.69\n13 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Sharika Nelvis (USA)\n12.74\n20 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Elvira Herman (BLR)\n12.84\n13 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Cindy Roleder (GER)\n12.93\n10 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Nadine Visser (NED)\n13.00\n5 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Isabelle Pedersen (NOR)\n13.08\n3 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Nooralotta Neziri (FIN)\n13.18\n2 (+2)\n\n\nDQ\n Brianna McNeal (USA)\nFalse start\n2400 m hurdles\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nTime\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Sydney McLaughlin (USA)\n54.16\n8 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Dalilah Muhammad (USA)\n54.35\n23 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Shamier Little (USA)\n54.92\n13 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Kori Carter (USA)\n55.67\n10 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Amalie Iuel (NOR)\n55.80\n4 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Anna Ryzhykova (UKR)\n56.26\n12 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Léa Sprunger (SUI)\n56.46\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Meghan Beesley (GBR)\n57.13\n4 (+1)\n\n\n\n\n3000 m steeple\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nTime\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Norah Jeruto (KEN)\n9:03.71 WL MR\n8 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Beatrice Chepkoech (KEN)\n9:04.30\n15 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Hyvin Jepkemoi (KEN)\n9:07.56\n6 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Emma Coburn (USA)\n9:08.42\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Daisy Jepkemei (KEN)\n9:10.54 PB\n4 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Celliphine Chespol (KEN)\n9:15.04\n10 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Peruth Chemutai (UGA)\n9:16.72\n8 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Gesa Felicitas Krause (GER)\n9:20.31\n1 (+1)\n\n\n9\n Maruša Mišmaš (SLO)\n9:20.97 NR\n3\n\n\n10\n Winfred Mutile Yavi (BHR)\n9:21.36\n5\n\n\n11\n Anna Emilie Møller (DEN)\n9:24.21 NR\n0\n\n\n12\n Karoline Bjerkeli Grøvdal (NOR)\n9:28.99\n0\n\n\n13\n Mel Lawrence (USA)\n9:29.81 PB\n0\n\n\n14\n Rosie Clarke (GBR)\n9:31.68 PB\n0\n\n\n15\n Viktória Wagner-Gyürkés (HUN)\n9:34.56 PB\n0\n\n\nDNF (PM)\n Fancy Cherono (KEN)\nDid not finish (pace maker)\n1\n\n\n Caroline Tuigong (KEN)\n0High jump\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nMark\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Mariya Lasitskene (RUS)\n2.01 m WL\n16 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Erika Kinsey (SWE)\n1.96 m\n20 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Mirela Demireva (BUL)\n1.94 m\n17 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Karyna Taranda (BLR)\n1.94 m\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Iryna Herashchenko (UKR)\n1.94 m\n4 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Yuliya Levchenko (UKR)\n1.94 m\n10 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Tonje Angelsen (NOR)\n1.88 m\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Morgan Lake (GBR)\n1.85 m\n1 (+1)\n\n\n9\n Yaroslava Mahuchikh (UKR)\n1.85 m\n13\n\n\n\n\nTriple jump\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nMark\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Caterine Ibargüen (COL)\n14.79 m (wind: -0.2 m/s) WL\n8 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Keturah Orji (USA)\n14.53 m (wind: +1.2 m/s)\n7 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Shanieka Ricketts (JAM)\n14.41 m (wind: +1.5 m/s)\n6 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Kimberly Williams (JAM)\n14.36 m (wind: +1.4 m/s)\n5 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Paraskevi Papachristou (GRE)\n14.34 m (wind: +0.8 m/s)\n4 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Olha Saladukha (UKR)\n14.30 m (wind: +0.8 m/s)\n3 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Patrícia Mamona (POR)\n14.09 m (wind: +1.3 m/s)\n2 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Kristin Gierisch (GER)\n13.71 m (wind: +0.8 m/s)\n1 (+1)\n\n\n9\n Tori Franklin (USA)\n13.68 m (wind: +0.7 m/s)\n0\n\n\n10\n Rouguy Diallo (FRA)\n11.85 m (wind: +1.4 m/s)\n0Shot put\n\n\nPlace\n\nAthlete\n\nMark\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n Gong Lijiao (CHN)\n19.51 m\n15 (+8)\n\n\n2\n Chase Ealey (USA)\n19.20 m\n15 (+7)\n\n\n3\n Fanny Roos (SWE)\n18.75 m\n8 (+6)\n\n\n4\n Danniel Thomas-Dodd (JAM)\n18.67 m\n9 (+5)\n\n\n5\n Christina Schwanitz (GER)\n18.48 m\n4 (+4)\n\n\n6\n Aliona Dubitskaya (BLR)\n18.41 m\n9 (+3)\n\n\n7\n Jessica Ramsey (USA)\n18.39 m\n7 (+2)\n\n\n8\n Michelle Carter (USA)\n18.28 m\n1 (+1)\n\n\n9\n Paulina Guba (POL)\n17.79 m\n1\n\n\n10\n Maggie Ewen (USA)\n17.30 m\n3","title":"Diamond League results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other international results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Norwegian national results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Norwegian national results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Norwegian national results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed","title":"Norwegian national results"}]	[]	[{"title":"2019 Weltklasse Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Weltklasse_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"title":"2019 Memorial Van Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Memorial_Van_Damme"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldathletics.org/news/preview/oslo-bislett-diamond-league-preview","external_links_name":"\"Strong slate of champions resume points chase in Oslo - IAAF Diamond League\""},{"Link":"https://athleticsweekly.com/event-news/karsten-warholm-breaks-european-400m-hurdles-record-in-oslo-1039923117/","external_links_name":"\"Karsten Warholm breaks European 400m hurdles record in Oslo\""},{"Link":"https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2019/06/13/christian-coleman-sydney-mclaughlin-oslo-diamond-league/","external_links_name":"\"Christian Coleman runs world’s fastest 100m of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://athleticsweekly.com/event-news/big-names-head-to-bislett-games-1039923099/","external_links_name":"\"Big names head to Bislett Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a28035313/sydney-mclaughlin-wins-diamond-league-race/","external_links_name":"\"Sydney McLaughlin Wins in Her Diamond League 400-Meter Hurdles Debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldathletics.org/news/preview/shanghai-iaaf-diamond-league-preview-2019","external_links_name":"\"High-powered head-to-heads on tap in Shanghai - IAAF Diamond League\""},{"Link":"https://oslo.diamondleague.com/en/programme-results/results-archive/","external_links_name":"\"Results Archive Diamond League Selected Season: 2019\""},{"Link":"https://oslo.diamondleague.com/en/home/","external_links_name":"Official Diamond League Bislett Games website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaart_van_der_Walt	Tjaart van der Walt	["1 Career","2 Professional wins (1)","2.1 Sunshine Tour wins (1)","3 Playoff record","4 Results in major championships","5 Results in World Golf Championships","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	South African professional golfer (born 1974) For the academic, see Tjaart van der Walt (academic). Tjaart van der WaltPersonal informationBorn (1974-09-25) 25 September 1974 (age 49)Pretoria, South AfricaHeight1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Weight87 kg (192 lb; 13.7 st)Sporting nationality South AfricaResidenceGeorge, South AfricaAustin, Texas, U.S.SpouseVictoriaCareerCollegeCentral Alabama Community CollegeTurned professional1996Former tour(s)PGA TourEuropean TourAsian TourSunshine TourNationwide TourGolden Bear TourProfessional wins1Number of wins by tourSunshine Tour1Best results in major championshipsMasters TournamentDNPPGA ChampionshipDNPU.S. OpenCUT: 2015The Open ChampionshipT36: 2004Achievements and awardsAsian TourRookie of the Year2011 Tjaart van der Walt (born 25 September 1974) is a South African professional golfer. Career Like many top golfers, van der Walt received a golf scholarship to study in the United States, attending Central Alabama Community College. He turned professional in 1996 and immediately joined his home tour in South Africa, the Sunshine Tour. He finished 45th in the Order of Merit in his first season as a professional, and improved to 7th the following year. In 1999, van der Walt attempted to qualify for the PGA Tour, and was successful enough to earn a place on the Nationwide Tour for 2000, prompting him to return to the U.S. He played successfully on that tour until 2003, recording runner-up finishes in his first two years, and choosing not to take up a place on the European Tour he had won for 2001 at the qualifying school, in preference for another Nationwide season. In 2003, van der Walt successfully came through the PGA Tour qualifying school and secured himself a PGA Tour place for 2004. He spent the following three seasons at the level, with his best result coming in 2005 when he lost a playoff to Brad Faxon for the Buick Championship. In 2007, van der Walt returned to the Nationwide Tour, recording another runner-up finish. He was a Nationwide regular until losing his place on that tour at the end of 2010. For 2011, van der Walt qualified for the first time for the Asian Tour. In his first season on that tour he compiled five top-10 finishes in ten events, including a runner-up at the ISPS Handa Singapore Classic, and finished 17th on the Order of Merit. At the end of the season he was named Asian Tour Rookie of the Year. After his 2011 season, van der Walt entered qualifying school for the European Tour once more. Eleven years after previously earning his card at the school, he was once again successful in ensuring a place on the tour for 2012. In the season opening event of the 2012 European Tour, van der Walt finished runner-up in the Africa Open to compatriot Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes. Van der Walt has maintained a commitment to his home Sunshine Tour. Since his debut season in 1996–97 he has never played fewer than five tournaments a year on the tour, and has never finished lower than 70th on the Order of Merit. Van der Walt has recorded an array of runners-up finishes across the globe, including the Sunshine Tour, Nationwide Tour, PGA Tour, European Tour and Asian Tour, but was never able to win a professional event until 2013. Van der Walt won the 2013 Lion of Africa Cape Town Open on the Sunshine Tour, seventeen years after turning pro. In 2017, Van der Walt co-founded AnchorUp Sports – an exclusive talent management agency working with a select group of the world's top golfers. He currently holds the position of managing director at the company. Professional wins (1) Sunshine Tour wins (1) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 3 Nov 2013 Lion of Africa Cape Town Open −14 (69-69-65-71=274) 6 strokes Michael Hollick Playoff record PGA Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 2005 Buick Championship Brad Faxon Lost to birdie on first extra hole European Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 2013 Najeti Hotels et Golfs Open Simon Thornton Lost to par on first extra hole Asian Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponents Result 1 2011 ISPS Handa Singapore Classic Adilson da Silva, Himmat Rai, Elmer Salvador, Guido van der Valk Rai won with birdie on sixth extra holeda Silva, van der Valk and van der Walt eliminated by birdie on second hole Nationwide Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponents Result 1 2007 WNB Golf Classic Brad Adamonis, Vance Veazey, Ron Whittaker Adamonis won with par on eighth extra holeVeazey eliminated by par on second holeWhittaker eliminated by par on first hole Results in major championships Tournament 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 U.S. Open CUT The Open Championship T36 Note: van der Walt never played in the Masters Tournament or the PGA Championship. Did not play CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied Results in World Golf Championships Tournament 2000 Match Play Championship T50 Invitational Did not play "T" = Tied See also 2003 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates 2011 European Tour Qualifying School graduates References ^ Pagunsan honoured at awards gala External links Official website Tjaart van der Walt at the European Tour official site Tjaart van der Walt at the Sunshine Tour official site Tjaart van der Walt at the PGA Tour official site Tjaart van der Walt at the Official World Golf Ranking official site	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tjaart van der Walt (academic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaart_van_der_Walt_(academic)"},{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"}],"text":"For the academic, see Tjaart van der Walt (academic).Tjaart van der Walt (born 25 September 1974) is a South African professional golfer.","title":"Tjaart van der Walt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Alabama Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Alabama_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Tour"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Nationwide Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_Tour"},{"link_name":"European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Tour"},{"link_name":"qualifying school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifying_school"},{"link_name":"Brad Faxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Faxon"},{"link_name":"Buick Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Championship"},{"link_name":"Asian Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Tour"},{"link_name":"ISPS Handa Singapore Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPS_Handa_Singapore_Classic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Africa Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Open"},{"link_name":"Louis Oosthuizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Oosthuizen"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Tour"}],"text":"Like many top golfers, van der Walt received a golf scholarship to study in the United States, attending Central Alabama Community College. He turned professional in 1996 and immediately joined his home tour in South Africa, the Sunshine Tour. He finished 45th in the Order of Merit in his first season as a professional, and improved to 7th the following year. In 1999, van der Walt attempted to qualify for the PGA Tour, and was successful enough to earn a place on the Nationwide Tour for 2000, prompting him to return to the U.S. He played successfully on that tour until 2003, recording runner-up finishes in his first two years, and choosing not to take up a place on the European Tour he had won for 2001 at the qualifying school, in preference for another Nationwide season.In 2003, van der Walt successfully came through the PGA Tour qualifying school and secured himself a PGA Tour place for 2004. He spent the following three seasons at the level, with his best result coming in 2005 when he lost a playoff to Brad Faxon for the Buick Championship. In 2007, van der Walt returned to the Nationwide Tour, recording another runner-up finish. He was a Nationwide regular until losing his place on that tour at the end of 2010.For 2011, van der Walt qualified for the first time for the Asian Tour. In his first season on that tour he compiled five top-10 finishes in ten events, including a runner-up at the ISPS Handa Singapore Classic, and finished 17th on the Order of Merit. At the end of the season he was named Asian Tour Rookie of the Year.[1]After his 2011 season, van der Walt entered qualifying school for the European Tour once more. Eleven years after previously earning his card at the school, he was once again successful in ensuring a place on the tour for 2012.In the season opening event of the 2012 European Tour, van der Walt finished runner-up in the Africa Open to compatriot Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes.Van der Walt has maintained a commitment to his home Sunshine Tour. Since his debut season in 1996–97 he has never played fewer than five tournaments a year on the tour, and has never finished lower than 70th on the Order of Merit.Van der Walt has recorded an array of runners-up finishes across the globe, including the Sunshine Tour, Nationwide Tour, PGA Tour, European Tour and Asian Tour, but was never able to win a professional event until 2013. Van der Walt won the 2013 Lion of Africa Cape Town Open on the Sunshine Tour, seventeen years after turning pro.In 2017, Van der Walt co-founded AnchorUp Sports – an exclusive talent management agency working with a select group of the world's top golfers. He currently holds the position of managing director at the company.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wins (1)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sunshine Tour wins (1)","title":"Professional wins (1)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)European Tour playoff record (0–1)Asian Tour playoff record (0–1)Nationwide Tour playoff record (0–1)","title":"Playoff record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masters Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Championship"}],"text":"Note: van der Walt never played in the Masters Tournament or the PGA Championship.Did not playCUT = missed the half-way cut\n\"T\" = tied","title":"Results in major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Did not play\"T\" = Tied","title":"Results in World Golf Championships"}]	[]	[{"title":"2003 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates"},{"title":"2011 European Tour Qualifying School graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_European_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.asiantour.com/news.aspx?sid=20111219979467985750","external_links_name":"Pagunsan honoured at awards gala"},{"Link":"http://tjaart.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.europeantour.com/players/1928/","external_links_name":"Tjaart van der Walt"},{"Link":"https://sunshinetour.com/playerprofile/VAN053","external_links_name":"Tjaart van der Walt"},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/player/20812","external_links_name":"Tjaart van der Walt"},{"Link":"https://www.owgr.com/playerprofile/5937","external_links_name":"Tjaart van der Walt"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummidivaram_Mandal	Mummidivaram mandal	["1 Demographics","2 Towns and villages","2.1 Villages","3 See also","4 References"]	Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaMummidivaram mandalMandalInteractive map outlining mandalCountry IndiaStateAndhra PradeshDistrictDr. B.R. Ambedkar KonaseemaPopulation according to 2011 Census68,586Number of Villages11Area in Sq Km95.71Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST) Mummidivaram mandal is one of the 22 mandals in Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh. As per census 2011, there are 11 villages in this mandal. Demographics Mummidivaram mandal has total population of 68,586 as per the 2011 Census out of which 34,389 are males while 34,197 are females. The average sex ratio is 994. The total literacy rate is 78%. Towns and villages Villages 1. Balusulanka 2. Ainapuram 3. Ananthavaram 4. Annampalle 5. Ch. Gunnepalle 6. Gadilanka 7. Kamini 8. Komanapalle 9. Kothalanka 10. Krapa Chintalapudi 11. Mummidivaram 12. Tanelanka 13 Lanka of Thanelanka See also List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh References ^ "List of Mandals of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh". ^ "According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh". ^ "Villages in Mandals of East Godvari district" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2015. vteDr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema districtDistrict headquarters Amalapuram Revenue divisions Amalapuram Kothapeta Ramachandrapuram Mandals Ainavilli Alamuru Allavaram Amalapuram Ambajipeta Atreyapuram Gangavaram I. Polavaram Kapileswarapuram Katrenikona Kothapeta Malikipuram Mamidikuduru Mandapeta Mummidivaram P. Gannavaram Ramachandrapuram Ravulapalem Rayavaram Razole Sakhinetipalle Uppalaguptam Cities Amalapuram Towns Malikipuram Mandapeta Mummidivaram Ramachandrapuram Ravulapalem Census towns Bandarulanka	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._B.R._Ambedkar_Konaseema_district"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaMummidivaram mandal is one of the 22 mandals in Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh. As per census 2011, there are 11 villages in this mandal.[1]","title":"Mummidivaram mandal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mummidivaram mandal has total population of 68,586 as per the 2011 Census out of which 34,389 are males while 34,197 are females. The average sex ratio is 994. The total literacy rate is 78%.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Towns and villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balusulanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balusulanka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ainapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainapuram"},{"link_name":"Ananthavaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananthavaram,_Mummidivaram_Mandal"},{"link_name":"Annampalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annampalle"},{"link_name":"Ch. Gunnepalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch._Gunnepalle"},{"link_name":"Gadilanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadilanka"},{"link_name":"Kamini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamini,_Mummidivaram_Mandal"},{"link_name":"Komanapalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komanapalle"},{"link_name":"Kothalanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kothalanka"},{"link_name":"Krapa Chintalapudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapa_Chintalapudi"},{"link_name":"Mummidivaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummidivaram"},{"link_name":"Tanelanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanelanka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Villages","text":"1. Balusulanka\n2. Ainapuram\n3. Ananthavaram\n4. Annampalle\n5. Ch. Gunnepalle\n6. Gadilanka\n7. Kamini\n8. Komanapalle\n9. Kothalanka\n10. Krapa Chintalapudi\n11. Mummidivaram\n12. Tanelanka[3]\n13 Lanka of Thanelanka","title":"Towns and villages"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mandals_in_Andhra_Pradesh"}]	[{"reference":"\"List of Mandals of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/","url_text":"\"List of Mandals of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh\".","urls":[{"url":"https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/census/","url_text":"\"According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Villages in Mandals of East Godvari district\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf","url_text":"\"Villages in Mandals of East Godvari district\""},{"url":"http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/","external_links_name":"\"List of Mandals of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh\""},{"Link":"https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/census/","external_links_name":"\"According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Villages in Mandals of East Godvari district\""},{"Link":"http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinsaari	Papinsaari	["1 See also"]	Coordinates: 60°23′37″N 22°16′20″E / 60.39361°N 22.27222°E / 60.39361; 22.27222District of Turku, Finland This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Papinsaari" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Papinsaari seen from Kaistarniemi. Papinsaari on a map of Turku. Papinsaari is a district of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the southeastern extremity of the island of Hirvensalo, off the city's coastline. As of 2004, the population of Papinsaari is 158, but is rapidly increasing at an annual rate of 28.48%. 29.75% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 4.43% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 94.94% Finnish, and 5.06% Swedish. See also Districts of Turku Districts of Turku by population vteDistricts of Hirvensalo-Kakskerta Friskala Haarla (Harlax) Illoinen (Illois) Jänessaari Kaistarniemi (Kaistarudden) Kakskerta Kukola Lauttaranta (Färjstranden) Maanpää Moikoinen (Moikois) Oriniemi Papinsaari Pikisaari (Beckholmen) Satava Särkilahti Toijainen (Toijais) 60°23′37″N 22°16′20″E / 60.39361°N 22.27222°E / 60.39361; 22.27222 This Western Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papinsaari_from_Kaistarniemi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaistarniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaistarniemi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turku,_Papinsaari.png"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turku"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Hirvensalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirvensalo"},{"link_name":"linguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland-Swedish"}],"text":"District of Turku, FinlandPapinsaari seen from Kaistarniemi.Papinsaari on a map of Turku.Papinsaari is a district of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the southeastern extremity of the island of Hirvensalo, off the city's coastline.As of 2004, the population of Papinsaari is 158, but is rapidly increasing at an annual rate of 28.48%. 29.75% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 4.43% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 94.94% Finnish, and 5.06% Swedish.","title":"Papinsaari"}]	[{"image_text":"Papinsaari seen from Kaistarniemi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Papinsaari_from_Kaistarniemi.jpg/220px-Papinsaari_from_Kaistarniemi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Papinsaari on a map of Turku.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Turku%2C_Papinsaari.png/220px-Turku%2C_Papinsaari.png"}]	[{"title":"Districts of Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turku"},{"title":"Districts of Turku by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turku_by_population"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Turku_2_districts"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Turku_2_districts"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turku_2_districts"},{"title":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turku"},{"title":"Hirvensalo-Kakskerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirvensalo-Kakskerta"},{"title":"Friskala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friskala"},{"title":"Haarla (Harlax)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarla"},{"title":"Illoinen (Illois)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illoinen"},{"title":"Jänessaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4nessaari"},{"title":"Kaistarniemi (Kaistarudden)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaistarniemi"},{"title":"Kakskerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakskerta"},{"title":"Kukola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukola"},{"title":"Lauttaranta (Färjstranden)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauttaranta"},{"title":"Maanpää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanp%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"title":"Moikoinen (Moikois)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moikoinen"},{"title":"Oriniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriniemi"},{"title":"Papinsaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Pikisaari (Beckholmen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikisaari"},{"title":"Satava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satava"},{"title":"Särkilahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4rkilahti"},{"title":"Toijainen (Toijais)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toijainen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turku.vaakuna.svg"},{"title":"60°23′37″N 22°16′20″E / 60.39361°N 22.27222°E / 60.39361; 22.27222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Papinsaari&params=60_23_37_N_22_16_20_E_type:city(158)_region:FI-LS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_l%C3%A4%C3%A4nin_vaakuna.svg"},{"title":"Western Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Finland"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papinsaari&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WesternFinland-geo-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WesternFinland-geo-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WesternFinland-geo-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Papinsaari&params=60_23_37_N_22_16_20_E_type:city(158)_region:FI-LS","external_links_name":"60°23′37″N 22°16′20″E / 60.39361°N 22.27222°E / 60.39361; 22.27222"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Papinsaari%22","external_links_name":"\"Papinsaari\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Papinsaari%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Papinsaari%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Papinsaari%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Papinsaari%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Papinsaari%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Papinsaari&params=60_23_37_N_22_16_20_E_type:city(158)_region:FI-LS","external_links_name":"60°23′37″N 22°16′20″E / 60.39361°N 22.27222°E / 60.39361; 22.27222"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papinsaari&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponaria_officinalis	Saponaria officinalis	["1 Description","2 External use","3 Internal use","4 Chemistry","5 References","6 External links"]	Species of plant "Bouncing Bet" redirects here. For the World War II German landmine commonly known as the "Bouncing Betty", see S-mine. Saponaria officinalis Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Caryophyllales Family: Caryophyllaceae Genus: Saponaria Species: S. officinalis Binomial name Saponaria officinalisL. Synonyms Bootia saponaria Neck. Bootia vulgaris Neck Lychnis officinalis (L.) Scop. Silene saponaria Fr. ex Willk. & Lange Pods and seeds Saponaria officinalis is a common perennial plant from the family Caryophyllaceae. This plant has many common names, including common soapwort, bouncing-bet, crow soap, wild sweet William, and soapweed. There are about 20 species of soapworts altogether. The scientific name Saponaria is derived from the Latin sapo (stem sapon-) meaning "soap", which, like its common name, refers to its utility in cleaning. From this same Latin word is derived the name of the toxic substance saponin, contained in the roots at levels up to 20 percent when the plant is flowering (Indian soapnuts contain only 15 percent). It produces a lather when in contact with water. The epithet officinalis indicates its medicinal functions. It is a common host plant for some moth species, including the white-lined sphinx. Saponaria officinalis' native range extends throughout Europe, and in Asia to western Siberia. It grows in cool places at low or moderate elevations under hedgerows and along the shoulders of roadways. It can be found as a horticultural escape and noxious invasive in much of North America. Description Saponaria officinalis, Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan, Quebec, Canada The plant possesses leafy, unbranched stems (often tinged with red). It grows in patches, attaining a height of 70 cm (28 in). The broad, lanceolate, sessile leaves are opposite and between 4 and 12 cm long. Its sweetly scented flowers are radially symmetrical and pink, or sometimes white. Each of the five flat petals have two small scales in the throat of the corolla. They are about 2.5 cm (1 in) wide. They are arranged in dense, terminal clusters on the main stem and its branches. The long tubular calyx has five pointed red teeth. A blooming clump at the Prague Botanical Garden The individual flowers open in the evening, and stay open for about three days. They produce a stronger scent at night and supplement nectar production during the night. The flowers are protandrous: on the second night of blooming, the pollen is released, and the stigma develops to its final position by the third night. Much of the seed production comes from self-pollination. The flowers are visited by various insects including Noctuidae, Sphingidae, bumblebees, and hoverflies. In the Northern Hemisphere Saponaria officinalis blooms from May to September, and in the Southern Hemisphere October to March. External use As its common name implies, it can be used as a very gentle soap, usually in dilute solution. It has historically been used to clean delicate or unique textiles, especially woollen fabrics; it has been hypothesized that the plant was used to treat the Shroud of Turin. A lathery liquid that has the ability to dissolve fats or grease can be procured by boiling the leaves or roots in water. Leaves are chopped, boiled, and strained; the liquid can then be used as soap. In the Romanian village of Șieu-Odorhei, natives call the plant săpunele. It is traditionally used by the villagers as a soap replacement for dry skin. Internal use An overdose can cause nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Despite its toxic potential, Saponaria officinalis finds culinary use as an emulsifier in the commercial preparation of tahini and in brewing to create beer with a good head. In the Middle East, the root is often used as an additive in the process of making halva. The plant is used to stabilize the oils in the mixture and to create the distinctive texture of halva. Chemistry Saponaria officinalis contains the flavone saponarin. References ^ "Saponaria officinalis L.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online ^ a b c "Saponaria officinalis". Plant Selector. Royal Horticultural Society. 2002. ^ a b "Saponaria officinalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 December 2017. ^ Slichter, Paul. "The Pink Family in the Columbia River Gorge: Caryophyllaceae". ^ Hiltunen, Raimo; Holm, Yvonne. Farmakognosia (in Finnish). Helsinki University Press. ^ "White-lined Sphinx Hyles lineata (Fabricius, 1775)". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Retrieved 2017-11-14. ^ Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing Bet)". Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 2017-12-29. ^ a b c d e Wolff, D.; Witt, T.; Jurgens, A.; Gottsberger, G. (2006). "Nectar dynamics and reproductive success in Saponaria officinalis (Caryophyllaceae) in southern Germany". Flora. Morphologie, Geobotanik, Oekophysiologie. 201 (5): 353–364. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.010. ^ Dioscorides, The Herbal of Dioscorides the Greek, Book 2:193, s.v. Strouthion ^ "Shroud of Turin" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-06-03. ^ Mabey, Richard (1977). Plants with a Purpose: A guide to the everyday use of wild plants. William Collins. ^ "Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing-bet, Soapwort) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". ^ Arndt, Alice (10 August 1999). Seasoning Savvy: How to Cook With Herbs, Spices, and Other Flavorings. Psychology Press. pp. 215–. ISBN 978-1-56022-031-2. Retrieved 3 June 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saponaria officinalis. Wikiversity has bloom time data for Saponaria officinalis on the Bloom Clock Wikispecies has information related to Saponaria officinalis. "SEINet Portal Network - Saponaria officinalis" "Saponaria officinalis 'Flore Pleno' - Plant Finder" "Saponaria officinalis" Taxon identifiersSaponaria officinalis Wikidata: Q156841 Wikispecies: Saponaria officinalis AoFP: 1847 APA: 1442 APDB: 13343 APNI: 62151 BioLib: 38607 Calflora: 7344 Cal-IPC: saponaria-officinalis CoL: 6XL6Y Ecocrop: 9559 EoL: 588672 EPPO: SAWOF EUNIS: 167539 FNA: 220011957 FoAO2: Saponaria officinalis FoC: 220011957 GBIF: 3085360 GRIN: 33108 iNaturalist: 56154 IPA: 6368 IPNI: 156627-1 IRMNG: 10203676 ITIS: 20039 MichiganFlora: 771 NatureServe: 2.153728 NBN: NBNSYS0000003015 NCBI: 3572 NSWFlora: Saponaria~officinalis NZOR: a5e06587-99b6-4b52-bc3a-ddb8a5cab281 NZPCN: 2672 Observation.org: 7410 Open Tree of Life: 842209 PalDat: Saponaria_officinalis PfaF: Saponaria officinalis PFI: 917 Plant List: kew-2484914 PLANTS: SAOF4 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:156627-1 Tropicos: 6300191 VASCAN: 4362 VicFlora: 9917d110-762c-46a8-9529-8dd3abfc8337 WisFlora: 4977 WFO: wfo-0000438211	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S-mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-mine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saponaria_officinalis_MHNT.BOT.40.40.jpg"},{"link_name":"perennial plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"Caryophyllaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHS-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"soapworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapwort"},{"link_name":"sapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sapo#Latin"},{"link_name":"cleaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing"},{"link_name":"saponin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"white-lined sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyles_lineata"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Bouncing Bet\" redirects here. For the World War II German landmine commonly known as the \"Bouncing Betty\", see S-mine.Pods and seedsSaponaria officinalis is a common perennial plant from the family Caryophyllaceae. This plant has many common names,[2] including common soapwort,[3] bouncing-bet,[3] crow soap,[2] wild sweet William,[2] and soapweed.[4] There are about 20 species of soapworts altogether.The scientific name Saponaria is derived from the Latin sapo (stem sapon-) meaning \"soap\", which, like its common name, refers to its utility in cleaning. From this same Latin word is derived the name of the toxic substance saponin, contained in the roots at levels up to 20 percent when the plant is flowering[5] (Indian soapnuts contain only 15 percent). It produces a lather when in contact with water. The epithet officinalis indicates its medicinal functions. It is a common host plant for some moth species, including the white-lined sphinx.[6]Saponaria officinalis' native range extends throughout Europe, and in Asia to western Siberia. It grows in cool places at low or moderate elevations under hedgerows and along the shoulders of roadways. It can be found as a horticultural escape and noxious invasive in much of North America.[7]","title":"Saponaria officinalis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saponaria_officinalis_018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve-de-Batiscan"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"stems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolate"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(botany)"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"radially symmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radially_symmetrical"},{"link_name":"petals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(flower)"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyx_(botany)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saponaria_officinalis_Prague_2011_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prague Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prague_Botanical_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-8"},{"link_name":"Noctuidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctuidae"},{"link_name":"Sphingidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingidae"},{"link_name":"bumblebees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee"},{"link_name":"hoverflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-8"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Southern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere"}],"text":"Saponaria officinalis, Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan, Quebec, CanadaThe plant possesses leafy, unbranched stems (often tinged with red). It grows in patches, attaining a height of 70 cm (28 in). The broad, lanceolate, sessile leaves are opposite and between 4 and 12 cm long. Its sweetly scented flowers are radially symmetrical and pink, or sometimes white. Each of the five flat petals have two small scales in the throat of the corolla. They are about 2.5 cm (1 in) wide. They are arranged in dense, terminal clusters on the main stem and its branches. The long tubular calyx has five pointed red teeth.A blooming clump at the Prague Botanical GardenThe individual flowers open in the evening, and stay open for about three days.[8] They produce a stronger scent at night and supplement nectar production during the night.[8] The flowers are protandrous: on the second night of blooming, the pollen is released, and the stigma develops to its final position by the third night.[8] Much of the seed production comes from self-pollination.[8] The flowers are visited by various insects including Noctuidae, Sphingidae, bumblebees, and hoverflies.[8]In the Northern Hemisphere Saponaria officinalis blooms from May to September, and in the Southern Hemisphere October to March.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"woollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woollen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Shroud of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Șieu-Odorhei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ieu-Odorhei"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As its common name implies, it can be used as a very gentle soap, usually in dilute solution. It has historically been used to clean delicate or unique textiles, especially woollen fabrics;[9] it has been hypothesized that the plant was used to treat the Shroud of Turin.[10]A lathery liquid that has the ability to dissolve fats or grease can be procured by boiling the leaves or roots in water. Leaves are chopped, boiled, and strained; the liquid can then be used as soap.[11]In the Romanian village of Șieu-Odorhei, natives call the plant săpunele. It is traditionally used by the villagers as a soap replacement for dry skin.[citation needed]","title":"External use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"emulsifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifier"},{"link_name":"tahini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahini"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_head"},{"link_name":"halva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halva"}],"text":"An overdose can cause nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.[citation needed][12]Despite its toxic potential, Saponaria officinalis finds culinary use as an emulsifier in the commercial preparation of tahini[13] and in brewing to create beer with a good head. In the Middle East, the root is often used as an additive in the process of making halva. The plant is used to stabilize the oils in the mixture and to create the distinctive texture of halva.","title":"Internal use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saponarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponarin"}],"text":"Saponaria officinalis contains the flavone saponarin.","title":"Chemistry"}]	[{"image_text":"Pods and seeds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Saponaria_officinalis_MHNT.BOT.40.40.jpg/220px-Saponaria_officinalis_MHNT.BOT.40.40.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saponaria officinalis, Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan, Quebec, Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saponaria_officinalis_018.jpg/220px-Saponaria_officinalis_018.jpg"},{"image_text":"A blooming clump at the Prague Botanical Garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Saponaria_officinalis_Prague_2011_1.jpg/300px-Saponaria_officinalis_Prague_2011_1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Saponaria officinalis L.\". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2484914","url_text":"\"Saponaria officinalis L.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families","url_text":"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plant_List","url_text":"The Plant List"}]},{"reference":"\"Saponaria officinalis\". Plant Selector. Royal Horticultural Society. 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1783","url_text":"\"Saponaria officinalis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saponaria officinalis\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=33108","url_text":"\"Saponaria officinalis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Slichter, Paul. \"The Pink Family in the Columbia River Gorge: Caryophyllaceae\".","urls":[{"url":"http://science.halleyhosting.com/nature/gorge/5petal/pink/saponaria/officinalis.htm","url_text":"\"The Pink Family in the Columbia River Gorge: Caryophyllaceae\""}]},{"reference":"Hiltunen, Raimo; Holm, Yvonne. Farmakognosia (in Finnish). Helsinki University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"White-lined Sphinx Hyles lineata (Fabricius, 1775)\". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Retrieved 2017-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Hyles-lineata","url_text":"\"White-lined Sphinx Hyles lineata (Fabricius, 1775)\""}]},{"reference":"Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). \"Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing Bet)\". Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 2017-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/bouncing-bet","url_text":"\"Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing Bet)\""}]},{"reference":"Wolff, D.; Witt, T.; Jurgens, A.; Gottsberger, G. (2006). \"Nectar dynamics and reproductive success in Saponaria officinalis (Caryophyllaceae) in southern Germany\". Flora. Morphologie, Geobotanik, Oekophysiologie. 201 (5): 353–364. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.flora.2005.07.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.010"}]},{"reference":"\"Shroud of Turin\" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/rogers.pdf","url_text":"\"Shroud of Turin\""}]},{"reference":"Mabey, Richard (1977). Plants with a Purpose: A guide to the everyday use of wild plants. William Collins.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing-bet, Soapwort) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox\".","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/saponaria-officinalis/","url_text":"\"Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing-bet, Soapwort) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox\""}]},{"reference":"Arndt, Alice (10 August 1999). Seasoning Savvy: How to Cook With Herbs, Spices, and Other Flavorings. Psychology Press. pp. 215–. ISBN 978-1-56022-031-2. Retrieved 3 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WaPt5KSaVEIC&pg=PA215","url_text":"Seasoning Savvy: How to Cook With Herbs, Spices, and Other Flavorings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56022-031-2","url_text":"978-1-56022-031-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2484914","external_links_name":"\"Saponaria officinalis L.\""},{"Link":"http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1783","external_links_name":"\"Saponaria officinalis\""},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=33108","external_links_name":"\"Saponaria officinalis\""},{"Link":"http://science.halleyhosting.com/nature/gorge/5petal/pink/saponaria/officinalis.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Pink Family in the Columbia River Gorge: Caryophyllaceae\""},{"Link":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Hyles-lineata","external_links_name":"\"White-lined Sphinx Hyles lineata (Fabricius, 1775)\""},{"Link":"https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/bouncing-bet","external_links_name":"\"Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing Bet)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.flora.2005.07.010","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.010"},{"Link":"http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/rogers.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Shroud of Turin\""},{"Link":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/saponaria-officinalis/","external_links_name":"\"Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing-bet, Soapwort) \| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WaPt5KSaVEIC&pg=PA215","external_links_name":"Seasoning Savvy: How to Cook With Herbs, Spices, and Other Flavorings"},{"Link":"http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxon=520","external_links_name":"\"SEINet Portal Network - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidredomen	Slidredomen	["1 History","2 Interior","3 Media gallery","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 61°05′25″N 8°58′48″E / 61.0903634638°N 8.97991105914°E / 61.0903634638; 8.97991105914Church in Innlandet, NorwayVestre Slidre ChurchSlidredomenVestre Slidre kirkeView of the church61°05′25″N 8°58′48″E / 61.0903634638°N 8.97991105914°E / 61.0903634638; 8.97991105914LocationVestre Slidre, InnlandetCountryNorwayDenominationChurch of NorwayPrevious denominationCatholic ChurchChurchmanshipEvangelical LutheranHistoryStatusParish churchFoundedc. 1170Consecratedc. 1170ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitectural typeLong churchStyleRomanesqueCompletedc. 1170(854 years ago) (1170)SpecificationsCapacity200MaterialsStoneAdministrationDioceseHamar bispedømmeDeaneryValdres prostiParishSlidreNorwegian Cultural Heritage SiteTypeChurchStatusAutomatically protectedID85499 Vestre Slidre Church (Norwegian: Vestre Slidre kirke or Slidredomen) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Vestre Slidre Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located on a hill in the village of Slidre at the northern end of Slidrefjord. It is the church for the Slidre parish which is part of the Valdres prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The old stone church was built in a long church design around the year 1170 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 200 people. History The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1264 in a letter from the Pope, but the church was not new that year. The church at Slidre was built around the year 1170. It is a Romanesque stone church, which has a rectangular nave and a narrower, square choir. The stone walls of the nave are 160–170 centimetres (63–67 in) thick, except for the west wall which is approximately 215 centimetres (85 in) thick. The church roof was repaired or replaced around 1266-1268 (according to 20th century dendrochronological dating). There is a tower on the roof of the nave. Interestingly, there is no entrance on the west end of the nave as is common in most churches in Norway (probably because the terrain on that side of the church is quite steep). The main entrance is on the south side of the nave, with another entrance on the north side. During the Middle Ages, this was the parish church for all of Slidre as well as the seat of the Valdres prosti. In 1620, the north entrance to the church was closed up and filled in with stone to match the rest of the walls. Around 1700, the old tower was removed and a new tower was built on the same location. In 1736, the original narrow entrance from the nave to the choir was enlarged and made much wider. In 1814, this church served as an election church (Norwegian: valgkirke). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year. During the late-1800s, a small wooden sacristy was built on the south side of the choir. The sacristy was enlarged in 1935 including putting a small basement underneath it. In 1955, plans were made for a comprehensive renovation of the building itself. As part of the repair, electric lighting and heating systems were installed. Also, the floors and ceilings were insulated and the sacristy was enlarged again. The architect for the work was Jens Dunker. The church was rededicated after the work on 26 September 1956. In 1961, the old north entrance to the church was re-opened (it had been walled over in 1620). Interior The altarpiece dates to 1665 and was painted by Ola Hermundsson Berge (1768-1825) in 1797. Berge performed significant painting in the church between 1797 and 1798. The pulpit was carved by Hans Jonassen Felde in 1797. An organ was built by German-born organ builder Albert Hollenbach (1850-1904) in 1891. It was replaced in 1983 by a new mechanical organ from Norsk Orgel- og Harmoniumfabrikk of Snertingdal in Gjøvik. Media gallery See also List of churches in Hamar References ^ "Slidredomen". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "Slidre kirkested" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ a b c d "Slidre kirke". Norges-Kirker.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ a b c d Christie, Sigrid; Storsletten, Ola; Hoff, Anna Marte. "Slidre kirke" (in Norwegian). Norges Kirker. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ a b "Valgkirkene". LokalHistorieWiki.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "Valgkartet". Valgene i 1814 (in Norwegian). Arkivverket. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "Om valgene". Valgene i 1814 (in Norwegian). Arkivverket. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ Nils Ellingsgard. "Ola Hermundsen Berge". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved 1 September 2018. vteChurch of Norway churches in the Valdres prosti in Innlandet county, Norway Etnedal Municipality: Bruflat Nord-Etnedal Nord-Aurdal Municipality: Aurdal Skrautvål Strand Tingnes Tisleidalen Ulnes Sør-Aurdal Municipality: Bagn Begnadalen Hedalen Stave Leirskogen Reinli Stave Reinli Vang Municipality: Heensåsen Høre Vang Øye Øye Stave St Thomas Vestre Slidre Municipality: Lomen Lomen Stave Røn Øyjar Vestre Slidre Øystre Slidre Municipality: Hegge Lidar Rogne Volbu Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Artists KulturNav	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Church of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Vestre Slidre Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestre_Slidre_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Innlandet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innlandet"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Slidre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidre"},{"link_name":"Slidrefjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidrefjord"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Valdres prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdres_prosti"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Hamar"},{"link_name":"long church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_church"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Church in Innlandet, NorwayVestre Slidre Church (Norwegian: Vestre Slidre kirke or Slidredomen) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Vestre Slidre Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located on a hill in the village of Slidre at the northern end of Slidrefjord. It is the church for the Slidre parish which is part of the Valdres prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The old stone church was built in a long church design around the year 1170 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 200 people.[1][2]","title":"Slidredomen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"dendrochronological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronological"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Slidre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidre"},{"link_name":"Valdres prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdres_prosti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kms-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NK-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoff-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NK-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoff-5"},{"link_name":"election church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_church"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lhw-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Constituent_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"church parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestegjeld"},{"link_name":"Eidsvoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidsvoll"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lhw-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"sacristy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacristy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NK-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoff-5"}],"text":"The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1264 in a letter from the Pope, but the church was not new that year. The church at Slidre was built around the year 1170. It is a Romanesque stone church, which has a rectangular nave and a narrower, square choir. The stone walls of the nave are 160–170 centimetres (63–67 in) thick, except for the west wall which is approximately 215 centimetres (85 in) thick. The church roof was repaired or replaced around 1266-1268 (according to 20th century dendrochronological dating). There is a tower on the roof of the nave. Interestingly, there is no entrance on the west end of the nave as is common in most churches in Norway (probably because the terrain on that side of the church is quite steep). The main entrance is on the south side of the nave, with another entrance on the north side. During the Middle Ages, this was the parish church for all of Slidre as well as the seat of the Valdres prosti.[3][4][5]In 1620, the north entrance to the church was closed up and filled in with stone to match the rest of the walls. Around 1700, the old tower was removed and a new tower was built on the same location. In 1736, the original narrow entrance from the nave to the choir was enlarged and made much wider.[4][5]In 1814, this church served as an election church (Norwegian: valgkirke).[6][7] Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called \"electors\" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.[6][8]During the late-1800s, a small wooden sacristy was built on the south side of the choir. The sacristy was enlarged in 1935 including putting a small basement underneath it. In 1955, plans were made for a comprehensive renovation of the building itself. As part of the repair, electric lighting and heating systems were installed. Also, the floors and ceilings were insulated and the sacristy was enlarged again. The architect for the work was Jens Dunker. The church was rededicated after the work on 26 September 1956. In 1961, the old north entrance to the church was re-opened (it had been walled over in 1620).[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"Gjøvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NK-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoff-5"}],"text":"The altarpiece dates to 1665 and was painted by Ola Hermundsson Berge (1768-1825)[9] in 1797. Berge performed significant painting in the church between 1797 and 1798. The pulpit was carved by Hans Jonassen Felde in 1797. An organ was built by German-born organ builder Albert Hollenbach (1850-1904) in 1891. It was replaced in 1983 by a new mechanical organ from Norsk Orgel- og Harmoniumfabrikk of Snertingdal in Gjøvik.[4][5]","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slidredomen_-_The_Stone_Church_in_Slidre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slidredomen_church_Vestre_Slidre_Valdres_Norway_2017-03-29_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slidredomen_church_Vestre_Slidre_Valdres_Norway_2017-03-29_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slidredomen_church_Vestre_Slidre_Valdres_Norway_2017-03-29_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slidredomen_church_Vestre_Slidre_Valdres_Norway_2017-03-29_06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slidredomen_church_Vestre_Slidre_V%C3%B8llavegen_Valdres_Norway_2017-03-29_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slidredomen,_Vestre_Slidre.JPG"}],"title":"Media gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of churches in Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Hamar"}]	[{"reference":"\"Slidredomen\". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kirkesok.no/kirke/054300101","url_text":"\"Slidredomen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kirkekonsulenten.no/kirker.htm","url_text":"\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slidre kirkested\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kulturminnesok.no/kulturminnesok/kulturminne/?LOK_ID=85499","url_text":"\"Slidre kirkested\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Directorate_for_Cultural_Heritage","url_text":"Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage"}]},{"reference":"\"Slidre kirke\". Norges-Kirker.no (in Norwegian). 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Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://1814.arkivverket.no/#about-elections","url_text":"\"Om valgene\""}]},{"reference":"Nils Ellingsgard. \"Ola Hermundsen Berge\". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.snl.no/Ola_Hermundsen_Berge","url_text":"\"Ola Hermundsen Berge\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Slidredomen&params=61.0903634638_N_8.97991105914_E_region:NO_type:landmark","external_links_name":"61°05′25″N 8°58′48″E / 61.0903634638°N 8.97991105914°E / 61.0903634638; 8.97991105914"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Slidredomen&params=61.0903634638_N_8.97991105914_E_region:NO_type:landmark","external_links_name":"61°05′25″N 8°58′48″E / 61.0903634638°N 8.97991105914°E / 61.0903634638; 8.97991105914"},{"Link":"http://www.kulturminnesok.no/kulturminnesok/kulturminne/?LOK_ID=85499","external_links_name":"85499"},{"Link":"https://kirkesok.no/kirke/054300101","external_links_name":"\"Slidredomen\""},{"Link":"http://www.kirkekonsulenten.no/kirker.htm","external_links_name":"\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\""},{"Link":"http://www.kulturminnesok.no/kulturminnesok/kulturminne/?LOK_ID=85499","external_links_name":"\"Slidre kirkested\""},{"Link":"https://www.norske-kirker.net/home/oppland/slidre-kirke/","external_links_name":"\"Slidre kirke\""},{"Link":"https://norgeskirker.no/wiki/Slidre_kirke","external_links_name":"\"Slidre kirke\""},{"Link":"https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Valgkirkene","external_links_name":"\"Valgkirkene\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205923/http://1814.arkivverket.no","external_links_name":"\"Valgkartet\""},{"Link":"http://1814.arkivverket.no/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://1814.arkivverket.no/#about-elections","external_links_name":"\"Om valgene\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.snl.no/Ola_Hermundsen_Berge","external_links_name":"\"Ola Hermundsen Berge\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153981716","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007037484","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/5771a99a-d7b1-4a69-b98b-668d061f2e50","external_links_name":"KulturNav"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanostomum_baccatum	Stephanostomum baccatum	["1 Distribution","2 References"]	Species of fluke Stephanostomum baccatum Stephanostomum baccatum on a common dab Limanda limanda, from the Belgian coastal waters: The whitish spots are embedded individual trematodes. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda Order: Plagiorchiida Family: Acanthocolpidae Genus: Stephanostomum Species: S. baccatum Binomial name Stephanostomum baccatum(Nicoll, 1907) Synonyms Stephanochasmus baccatus Nicoll, 1907 Stephanostomum baccatum is a species of parasitic flatworms in the family Acanthocolpidae. Stephanostomum baccatum is a marine hermaphroditic endoparasite that feeds on its host. Larval stages have been found in the digestive gland of Buccinum undatum. Distribution The distribution of S. baccatum includes: Southern Gaspé waters (Baie des Chaleurs, Gaspe Bay to American, Orphan and Bradelle banks; eastern boundary: Eastern Bradelle Valley) Prince Edward Island (from the northern tip of Miscou Island, N.B., to Cape Breton Island south of Cheticamp, including the Northumberland Strait and Georges Bay to the Canso Strait causeway) Laurentian Channel (bathyal zone)(Esquiman Channel), The lower Laurentian Channel (bathyal zone as far as Cabot Strait; Cape North, N.S., St. Paul Island to Cape Ray, NL). References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephanostomum baccatum. This article incorporates CC-BY-SA-3.0 text from the reference. ^ a b c d e f g Gibson, D. (2009). Stephanostomum baccatum (Nicoll, 1907). Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=108929 on 2010-06-24 ^ Sommerville C. (1978). "The histopathology of Stephanochasmus baccatus Nicoll, 1907 in the digestive gland of Buccinum undatum (L.)". Journal of Fish Diseases 1(3): 219-232. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1978.tb00024.x. Taxon identifiersStephanostomum baccatum Wikidata: Q2833636 CoL: 6ZPNZ EUNIS: 28929 GBIF: 2505487 IRMNG: 10592853 ITIS: 57261 NBN: NHMSYS0000067778 NCBI: 74977 OBIS: 108929 Open Tree of Life: 207305 SeaLifeBase: 38102 WoRMS: 108929 This Trematoda (fluke)- related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This parasitic animal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acanthocolpidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocolpidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS_2009-1"},{"link_name":"hermaphroditic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphroditic"},{"link_name":"endoparasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoparasite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS_2009-1"},{"link_name":"digestive gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_gland"},{"link_name":"Buccinum undatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinum_undatum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stephanostomum baccatum is a species of parasitic flatworms in the family Acanthocolpidae.[1]Stephanostomum baccatum is a marine hermaphroditic endoparasite that feeds on its host.[1] Larval stages have been found in the digestive gland of Buccinum undatum.[2]","title":"Stephanostomum baccatum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaspé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Bay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Laurentian Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_Channel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS_2009-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS_2009-1"}],"text":"The distribution of S. baccatum includes:Southern Gaspé waters (Baie des Chaleurs, Gaspe Bay to American, Orphan and Bradelle banks; eastern boundary: Eastern Bradelle Valley)[1]\nPrince Edward Island (from the northern tip of Miscou Island, N.B., to Cape Breton Island south of Cheticamp, including the Northumberland Strait and Georges Bay to the Canso Strait causeway)[1]\nLaurentian Channel (bathyal zone)(Esquiman Channel),[1]\nThe lower Laurentian Channel (bathyal zone as far as Cabot Strait; Cape North, N.S., St. Paul Island to Cape Ray, NL).[1]","title":"Distribution"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=108929","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=108929"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2761.1978.tb00024.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2761.1978.tb00024.x"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6ZPNZ","external_links_name":"6ZPNZ"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/28929","external_links_name":"28929"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2505487","external_links_name":"2505487"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10592853","external_links_name":"10592853"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=57261","external_links_name":"57261"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000067778","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000067778"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=74977","external_links_name":"74977"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/108929","external_links_name":"108929"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=207305","external_links_name":"207305"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=38102","external_links_name":"38102"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=108929","external_links_name":"108929"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanostomum_baccatum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanostomum_baccatum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_Loher	Katja Loher	["1 Education","2 Career","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]	Swiss visual artist (born 1979) Katja Loher Katja Loher (born 1979) is a Swiss visual artist, known for her video sculptures and installations. She often integrates organic, planetary, and moving choreographic elements into panoramic aerial perspectives. Her pieces are considered by critics as evocative of alternative dimensions where past, present, and future converge. Her works have been shown in art museums in many countries including Italy, Russia, China, and the US. Her art is also represented in the collections of institutions like Swissgrid AG, Perth Concert Hall Museum, and the New Britain Museum of American Art. Loher was born in Zurich in 1979. Education Loher attended the École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Geneva (2000–2001), and the Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst in Basel, (2001–2004), where she respectively obtained Bachelor of Arts and Diploma degrees in Art . Career A year after finishing her studies, she participated as a collective exhibitor in the First Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art (2005). Five years later, she exhibited her artwork in galleries in Rome, Zurich, Naples, Tel Aviv, and Sao Paulo. In 2013, Loher made her solo premiere in New York City at the C24 Gallery, where she also presented further solo shows in 2014, 2016 and 2018. Consecutive solo exhibitions of Loher's art have been held between 2013 and 2020 at the Anya Tish Gallery in Houston, TX , as well as at the Andres Thalmann Gallery, Zurich, Switzerland between 2013 and 2018. Museums where Loher's artwork has been exhibited include: Kunsthalle Palazzo (Basel, 2007), MAXXI Museum (Rome 2010), Haus für Kunst Uri (2013), Figge Art Museum (Davenport, IA, US, 2014), Telfair Museum (Savannah, GA, US, 2015), State Hermitage Museum (St.Petersburg, Russia 2005), Today Art Museum (Beijing, China 2016), Bruce Museum (Greenwich, CT, US, 2017), Long Museum (Shanghai, China 2014), San Jose Museum of Art (San Jose, CA, US, 2014), and New Britain Museum of American Art (New Britain, CT, US, 2015). Loher's audiovisual installations have been also displayed in many open air sites and festivals around the world, among them the Dublin Fringe Festival in 2006, the SURGE for the 798 Arts Festival 2007 in Beijing, The Prague Contemporary Art Festival in 2010, the Brooklyn Academy of Music Next Wave Festival in 2014, the PULSE Festival (Savannah, GA) in 2015, the India Art Fair (Swiss Embassy, New Delhi, 2018), and the Nou Le Morne Festival (Mauritius (2019). Among awards, in 2004 Loher received the CreaTVty Award for new media from the TV Productioncenter Zürich; in 2008, she was granted a six-month Artist Residence in Berlin by the Cultural Department of her hometown Schaffhausen, and in 2010 she received the second Art Credit Award from the city of Basel. Loher's oeuvre has been reviewed in art sources and newspapers, and is covered in a multi-volume book series published by Gallery Andres Thalmann. Works Beebubble, glass artwork by Katja Loher Some of Loher's art installations in recent years have been: 2010 Bubbles - premiered at Andres Thalmann Gallery in Zurich, an installation based on soap bubble-like glass pieces on whose interior 3D video images were projected, showing luminously dressed, miniature dancers recorded from above, displaying kaleidoscopic patterns and ornaments, accompanied by poetic texts inspired by Chilean poet Pablo Neruda. 2012 Timebubble - premiered in New York, it features American composer and pianist Philip Glass as the master of time. This video-sculpture shows on one side dancers imitating the mechanized movements of a clock’s various components that, like the sections of the orchestra, follow the direction of the composer. On the other side, a maze-like area is inhabited by creatures whose movements create positive and negative space. 2014 Bang Bang - shown at C24 Gallery in Chelsea, the installation consisting of choreographic video projections of costumed dancers in synchronized Busby Berkeley-style viewed from atop, accompanied by humorous or abstract existential questions. 2014 Videoplanet-Orchestra - shown at Figge Art Museum and C24 Gallery, video projections of performance art, music, and dance on hanging orbs, with interrogative elements addressing the balance between humans, nature and technology. Videoplanets by Kaja Loher 2015 Beeplanet - shown at the Jepson Center for the Arts (Savannah, GA), showed hand-blown glass orbs as screens to watch environmentally-conscious videos. 2016 Vuela Vuela - shown at C24 Gallery in Chelsea, glass bubbles and rainforest resources were combined with projections of surreal creature choreographies that explored the four elements of nature, invoking the healer, his medicine and his plants. 2018 Where Does The Rainbow End? - permanently installed at the Swissgrid headquarters (Aarau), a seven-section video line where ant figures move along the elements of nature (water, earth, air, and fire) and then onwards into "dreams", inviting the viewer to philosophical questions contrasting against a technically complex working environment. 2019 Seeds of Life - produced at The House Collective, and presented at their sites in Hong Kong, Chengdu, Beijing and Shanghai (China), where Loher joined with Feng Shui designer Thierry Chow, fashion Designers Dirty Pineapple, Chinese ink painter Wu Hao and local creatives for large scale site-specific productions exploring the five traditional Chinese elements of nature (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), integrating audiovisual resources and local traditions to bring together past, present, and future projected on kaleidoscopic video 'globes' in counterpoint to traditional architectural surroundings. 2020 What happens to the swallows that are late for spring? - exhibited at the Anya Tish Gallery, intricate images are projected onto large floating spheres and glass bubbles encased in bird nests, to show a universe of exotic planets where creatures, landscapes and textures harmonize, questioning the individual´s role in the greater universe. 2021 Plankton Manifesto - premiered in Old Town Zurich, a video-sculpture made of flowing, luminous shapes allusive of sea plankton and its ecological value, accompanied by music, dancing, costumes and voices. References ^ "Katja Loher \| Biography". MutualArt. Retrieved 4 December 2021. ^ "Structures Awards". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2020-09-17. ^ a b "The House Collective's art programme with Swiss artist Katja Loher concludes at The Temple House". BURO. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2020-09-17. ^ a b c "MAXXI Newsletter". www.maxxi.art. Retrieved 2020-09-17. ^ a b "Katja Loher's Video World". www.784.kunafin.com. Retrieved 2020-09-16. ^ a b "The 3rd China International Installation Art Academic Forum and China International Installation Art Exhibition". todayartmuseum.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ a b "2014 2nd China International Installation Art Academic Forum (Shanghai)-and 2014 China International Installation Art Exhibition". thelongmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ a b "View". Figge Art Museum. Archived from the original on 2021-04-03. Retrieved 2020-09-17. ^ a b "Katja Loher: Beeplanet » Telfair Museums". Telfair Museums. Retrieved 2020-09-16. ^ a b "Small Scales: Lands of Enchantment \| Bruce Museum". brucemuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2020-09-16. ^ a b "SJMA explores food through contemporaty art this fall" (PDF). sjmusart.org. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "New Swissgrid headquarters". www.swissgrid.ch. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-09-19. ^ "Contemporary Art at Perth Concert Hall and Perth Theatre". www.horsecross.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ a b "NEW/NOW: Katja Loher: How can we cool down the gilded sunbeams?". NBMAA. 6 June 2015. Retrieved 2020-09-16. ^ "HEAD \|". www.hesge.ch. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Art". FHNW. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ Loher, Katja; Loher, Katja; Loher, Katja; Galerie Andres Thalmann (Zürich) (2010). Katja Loher - sculpting in air: exhibition, 4 November - 4 December (in German). Zürich: Galerie Andres Thalmann. ISBN 978-3-9523571-6-3. OCLC 731487262. ^ "2009". www.tizianadicaro.it. Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ "2011 – Braverman". Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ Manso, Fernando. "galeriarabieh". galeriarabieh. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ "Other Voices". c24gallery.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "Bang Bang". c24gallery.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "\| Vuela Vuela". c24gallery.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "What is the color of scent?". c24gallery.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "KATJA LOHER \| Anya Tish Gallery". www.anyatishgallery.com. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "KATJA LOHER \| Anya Tish Gallery". www.anyatishgallery.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "KATJA LOHER \| Anya Tish Gallery". www.anyatishgallery.com. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ a b "Katja Loher: What happens to the swallows that are late for spring?". Glasstire. Retrieved 2021-01-23. ^ "KL_Will the Moon - Galerie Andres Thalmann". www.andresthalmann.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "Katja Loher - Where do things in dreams go - Galerie Andres Thalmann". www.andresthalmann.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "Katja Loher - Will the doves rise - Galerie Andres Thalmann". www.andresthalmann.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ ""Les jeux sont faits" in der Kunsthalle Palazzo". www.artlog.net (in German). Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "MINIVERSUM". Haus für Kunst Uri (in German). 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2020-11-05. ^ "Dublin Fringe Festival 2006". issuu.com/dublinfringefestival/docs. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ "SURGE for the 798 Arts Festival 2007". theartistnetwork.org. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ The Prague contemporary art festival. Prague: Vernon Fine Art Int. 2009. ISBN 978-80-904461-0-6. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ "Online Exclusive: Material Universe". BAM.org. Retrieved 2020-09-19. ^ a b Chandler, Anna. "PULSE Festival: Katja Loher". Connect Savannah. Retrieved 2021-01-05. ^ "Will the doves nestle on the moon? (Art installation)". www.eda.admin.ch (in German). Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "KATJA LOHER". Nou Le Morne. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "«tpc creaTVty award 2004» an Katja Loher und Thomas Gerber". Klein Report (in German). Retrieved 2020-12-31. ^ Schaffhausen, Fachstelle f\u00FCr Kulturfragen Kanton. "GewinnerInnen der Atelierstipendien Berlin ab 2004 - Kanton Schaffhausen". sh.ch (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 2020-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Weniger Raum, dafür zentral". Basler Zeitung (in German). ISSN 1420-3006. Retrieved 2020-12-31. ^ "Immersive Glass Portals Unveil the Secret Life of Nature". www.vice.com. 13 November 2016. Retrieved 2020-10-08. ^ "Beyond Two Dimensions: Add New Media To Your Collection With These Innovative Works". Artspace. Retrieved 2020-10-08. ^ "View to a Thrill: a bumper summer harvest in store". South China Morning Post. 2019-06-16. p. Newspaper - City & Life - Art. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ KASE, LORI MILLER (25 February 2016). "Toddlers, Even Babies At New Britain Museum: Never Too Early To Start Art Education". courant.com. Retrieved 2020-10-08. ^ Diciembre 2016, Por: Joaquín Badajoz 14 de (14 December 2016). "Katja Loher o la armonía de las esferas". El Diario NY (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-10-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Results for 'au:Katja Loher' ". www.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2020-10-06. ^ "Katja Loher". www.artlog.net (in German). Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ "Katja Loher's Interplanetary Orchestration in New York". Droste Effect Mag. 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2020-10-08. ^ "Katja Loher Expresses The Fragmentation Of Her Beloved Harmonious Cosmos". Artlyst. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ Mohr, Claire Kovacs, Melissa (19 April 2017). "'The Gallery Gap' Ep. 7: Earth Day Edition". www.wvik.org. Retrieved 2020-09-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ GalleryLOG (2014-02-27), Katja Loher at VOLTA NY 2014, retrieved 2020-09-20 ^ "Vuela Vuela". c24gallery.com. Retrieved 2020-09-19. ^ "Art and architecture". www.swissgrid.ch. Retrieved 2020-10-05. ^ @NatGeoUK (2019-05-20). "A city guide to the cooler side of Beijing". National Geographic. Retrieved 2020-09-20. ^ moneycab (2021-05-25). "Plankton Manifesto: Katja Lohers Grösse destilliert in den winzigen Kreaturen des Meeres". Moneycab (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 2021-10-18. External links Katja Loher's Official website Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists SIKART	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katja_Loher,_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MutualArt-1"},{"link_name":"visual artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_artist"},{"link_name":"video sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_sculpture"},{"link_name":"installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-11"},{"link_name":"Swissgrid AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissgrid"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Perth Concert Hall Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Concert_Hall_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"New Britain Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-14"}],"text":"Katja LoherKatja Loher (born 1979)[1] is a Swiss visual artist, known for her video sculptures and installations. She often integrates organic, planetary, and moving choreographic elements into panoramic aerial perspectives. Her pieces are considered by critics as evocative of alternative dimensions where past, present, and future converge.[2][3] Her works have been shown in art museums in many countries including Italy,[4] Russia,[5] China,[6][7] and the US.[8][9][10][11] Her art is also represented in the collections of institutions like Swissgrid AG,[12] Perth Concert Hall Museum,[13] and the New Britain Museum of American Art.[14] Loher was born in Zurich in 1979.","title":"Katja Loher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Loher attended the École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Geneva (2000–2001),[15] and the Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst in Basel, (2001–2004),[16] where she respectively obtained Bachelor of Arts and Diploma degrees in Art .","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Biennale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"C24 Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Kunsthalle Palazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthalle_Basel"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"MAXXI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAXXI"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Figge Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figge_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"Telfair Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telfair_Museums"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"State Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Today Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Bruce Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Museum_of_Arts_and_Science"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"Long Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"San Jose Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-11"},{"link_name":"New Britain Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"A year after finishing her studies, she participated as a collective exhibitor in the First Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art (2005). Five years later, she exhibited her artwork in galleries in Rome,[4] Zurich,[17] Naples,[18] Tel Aviv,[19] and Sao Paulo.[20] In 2013, Loher made her solo premiere in New York City at the C24 Gallery,[21] where she also presented further solo shows in 2014,[22] 2016[23] and 2018.[24] Consecutive solo exhibitions of Loher's art have been held between 2013 and 2020 at the Anya Tish Gallery in Houston, TX ,[25][26][27][28] as well as at the Andres Thalmann Gallery, Zurich, Switzerland between 2013 and 2018.[29][30][31]Museums where Loher's artwork has been exhibited include: Kunsthalle Palazzo (Basel, 2007),[32] MAXXI Museum (Rome 2010),[4] Haus für Kunst Uri (2013),[33] Figge Art Museum (Davenport, IA, US, 2014),[8] Telfair Museum (Savannah, GA, US, 2015),[9] State Hermitage Museum (St.Petersburg, Russia 2005),[5] Today Art Museum (Beijing, China 2016),[6] Bruce Museum (Greenwich, CT, US, 2017),[10] Long Museum (Shanghai, China 2014),[7] San Jose Museum of Art (San Jose, CA, US, 2014),[11] and New Britain Museum of American Art (New Britain, CT, US, 2015).[14]Loher's audiovisual installations have been also displayed in many open air sites and festivals around the world, among them the Dublin Fringe Festival in 2006,[34] the SURGE for the 798 Arts Festival 2007 in Beijing,[35] The Prague Contemporary Art Festival in 2010,[36] the Brooklyn Academy of Music Next Wave Festival in 2014,[37] the PULSE Festival (Savannah, GA) in 2015,[38] the India Art Fair (Swiss Embassy, New Delhi, 2018),[39] and the Nou Le Morne Festival (Mauritius (2019).[40]Among awards, in 2004 Loher received the CreaTVty Award for new media from the TV Productioncenter Zürich;[41] in 2008, she was granted a six-month Artist Residence in Berlin by the Cultural Department of her hometown Schaffhausen,[42] and in 2010 she received the second Art Credit Award from the city of Basel.[43]Loher's oeuvre has been reviewed in art sources[44][45] and newspapers,[46][47][48] and is covered in a multi-volume book series published by Gallery Andres Thalmann.[49]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beebubble,_glass_artwork_by_Katja_Loher.jpg"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Videoplanets_by_Kaja_Loher.jpg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-38"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-55"},{"link_name":"Swissgrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissgrid"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-28"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Beebubble, glass artwork by Katja LoherSome of Loher's art installations in recent years have been:2010 Bubbles - premiered at Andres Thalmann Gallery in Zurich, an installation based on soap bubble-like glass pieces on whose interior 3D video images were projected, showing luminously dressed, miniature dancers recorded from above, displaying kaleidoscopic patterns and ornaments, accompanied by poetic texts inspired by Chilean poet Pablo Neruda.[50]\n2012 Timebubble - premiered in New York, it features American composer and pianist Philip Glass as the master of time. This video-sculpture shows on one side dancers imitating the mechanized movements of a clock’s various components that, like the sections of the orchestra, follow the direction of the composer. On the other side, a maze-like area is inhabited by creatures whose movements create positive and negative space.[51]\n2014 Bang Bang - shown at C24 Gallery in Chelsea, the installation consisting of choreographic video projections of costumed dancers in synchronized Busby Berkeley-style viewed from atop, accompanied by humorous or abstract existential questions.[52]\n2014 Videoplanet-Orchestra - shown at Figge Art Museum and C24 Gallery, video projections of performance art, music, and dance on hanging orbs, with interrogative elements addressing the balance between humans, nature and technology.[53][54]Videoplanets by Kaja Loher2015 Beeplanet - shown at the Jepson Center for the Arts (Savannah, GA), showed hand-blown glass orbs as screens to watch environmentally-conscious videos.[38]\n2016 Vuela Vuela - shown at C24 Gallery in Chelsea, glass bubbles and rainforest resources were combined with projections of surreal creature choreographies that explored the four elements of nature, invoking the healer, his medicine and his plants.[55]\n2018 Where Does The Rainbow End? - permanently installed at the Swissgrid headquarters (Aarau), a seven-section video line where ant figures move along the elements of nature (water, earth, air, and fire) and then onwards into \"dreams\", inviting the viewer to philosophical questions contrasting against a technically complex working environment.[56]\n2019 Seeds of Life - produced at The House Collective, and presented at their sites in Hong Kong, Chengdu, Beijing and Shanghai (China), where Loher joined with Feng Shui designer Thierry Chow, fashion Designers Dirty Pineapple, Chinese ink painter Wu Hao and local creatives for large scale site-specific productions exploring the five traditional Chinese elements of nature (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), integrating audiovisual resources and local traditions to bring together past, present, and future projected on kaleidoscopic video 'globes' in counterpoint to traditional architectural surroundings.[3][57]\n2020 What happens to the swallows that are late for spring? - exhibited at the Anya Tish Gallery, intricate images are projected onto large floating spheres and glass bubbles encased in bird nests, to show a universe of exotic planets where creatures, landscapes and textures harmonize, questioning the individual´s role in the greater universe.[28]\n2021 Plankton Manifesto - premiered in Old Town Zurich, a video-sculpture made of flowing, luminous shapes allusive of sea plankton and its ecological value, accompanied by music, dancing, costumes and voices.[58]","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Katja Loher","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Katja_Loher%2C_portrait.jpg/310px-Katja_Loher%2C_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beebubble, glass artwork by Katja Loher","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Beebubble%2C_glass_artwork_by_Katja_Loher.jpg/330px-Beebubble%2C_glass_artwork_by_Katja_Loher.jpg"},{"image_text":"Videoplanets by Kaja Loher","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Videoplanets_by_Kaja_Loher.jpg/330px-Videoplanets_by_Kaja_Loher.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Katja Loher \| Biography\". MutualArt. Retrieved 4 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Katja-Loher/F060FC367B610C96/Biography","url_text":"\"Katja Loher \| Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Structures Awards\". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2020-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/news/2017/11/10/structures-awards-2017-learn-more.html","url_text":"\"Structures Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"The House Collective's art programme with Swiss artist Katja Loher concludes at The Temple House\". BURO. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2020-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922131749/https://www.buro247.sg/culture/art-and-design/the-house-collective-debut-art-programme-with-swiss-artist-katja-loher-concludes-at-the-temple-house-in-chengdu-china.html","url_text":"\"The House Collective's art programme with Swiss artist Katja Loher concludes at The Temple House\""},{"url":"https://www.buro247.sg/culture/art-and-design/the-house-collective-debut-art-programme-with-swiss-artist-katja-loher-concludes-at-the-temple-house-in-chengdu-china.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MAXXI Newsletter\". www.maxxi.art. Retrieved 2020-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxxi.art/newsletter/30062010/newsletter_eng.html","url_text":"\"MAXXI Newsletter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katja Loher's Video World\". www.784.kunafin.com. 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Retrieved 2020-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wvik.org/post/gallery-gap-ep-7-earth-day-edition","url_text":"\"'The Gallery Gap' Ep. 7: Earth Day Edition\""}]},{"reference":"GalleryLOG (2014-02-27), Katja Loher at VOLTA NY 2014, retrieved 2020-09-20","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/87823375","url_text":"Katja Loher at VOLTA NY 2014"}]},{"reference":"\"Vuela Vuela\". c24gallery.com. Retrieved 2020-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c24gallery.com/vuela-vuela","url_text":"\"Vuela Vuela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art and architecture\". www.swissgrid.ch. Retrieved 2020-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissgrid.ch/en/home/about-us/company/art-and-architecture.html","url_text":"\"Art and architecture\""}]},{"reference":"@NatGeoUK (2019-05-20). \"A city guide to the cooler side of Beijing\". National Geographic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Moberg_v._33T_LLC	Moberg v. 33T LLC	["1 References","2 See also"]	Moberg v. 33T LLC was a 2009 case, where the verdict was that a photo posted on a foreign internet site is not a US work. The Swedish photographer Håkan Moberg sued the Delaware company 33T, LLC over copyright infringement over unauthorised use of photos he published on a German website in 2004. The defendant used Moberg's photos as stock photos in some of their website designs. When the cease-and-desist was ignored Håkan Moberg sued 33T over copyright infringement and violation of the DMCA. The defendant claimed that by making the images available online they would be published in the United States and that would make it a United States work, and that they needed to be registered with the United States Copyright Office. The court rejected that and said that it would "overextend and pervert" U.S. copyright law and be contrary to the goals of the Berne Convention. The court also stated that if anything published online was a US work it would make US citizens able to infringe foreign works without fear of retribution and that it would be contrary to US copyright law: "the United States copyright laws, in accord with the Berne Convention, provide for protection of foreign works in the United States without requiring the artists to undertake any formalities in the United States". References ^ a b c Moberg v. 33T LLC: Delaware District Court Distinguishes Posting and Publication for Purposes of the Copyright Act ^ Wallace, R.P.; Lusthaus, A.M.; Kim, J.H. "Moberg and the Inconsistent Treatment of the Internet in Personal and Subject Matter Jurisdiction Analysis". SSRN Electronic Journal. November 2011. ^ Country of Origin and Internet Publication: Applying the Berne Convention in the Digital Age ^ Exclusive Rights: Court finds that putting photos on the internet doesn't make them U.S. works ^ Moberg v. 33T LLC et al, No. 1:2008cv00625 - Document 24 (D. Del. 2009) See also Timbaland plagiarism controversy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harward-1"},{"link_name":"Berne Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harward-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Swedish photographer Håkan Moberg sued the Delaware company 33T, LLC over copyright infringement over unauthorised use of photos he published on a German website in 2004. The defendant used Moberg's photos as stock photos in some of their website designs. When the cease-and-desist was ignored Håkan Moberg sued 33T over copyright infringement and violation of the DMCA.[4] The defendant claimed that by making the images available online they would be published in the United States and that would make it a United States work, and that they needed to be registered with the United States Copyright Office.[1] The court rejected that and said that it would \"overextend and pervert\" U.S. copyright law and be contrary to the goals of the Berne Convention.[1] The court also stated that if anything published online was a US work it would make US citizens able to infringe foreign works without fear of retribution and that it would be contrary to US copyright law: \"the United States copyright laws, in accord with the Berne Convention, provide for protection of foreign works in the United States without requiring the artists to undertake any formalities in the United States\".[5]","title":"Moberg v. 33T LLC"}]	[]	[{"title":"Timbaland plagiarism controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland_plagiarism_controversy"}]	[{"reference":"Wallace, R.P.; Lusthaus, A.M.; Kim, J.H. \"Moberg and the Inconsistent Treatment of the Internet in Personal and Subject Matter Jurisdiction Analysis\". SSRN Electronic Journal. November 2011.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/moberg-v-33t-llc","external_links_name":"Moberg v. 33T LLC: Delaware District Court Distinguishes Posting and Publication for Purposes of the Copyright Act"},{"Link":"https://lawexplores.com/country-of-origin-and-internet-publication-applying-the-berne-convention-in-the-digital-age/","external_links_name":"Country of Origin and Internet Publication: Applying the Berne Convention in the Digital Age"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091017101104/http://www.exclusiverights.net/2009/10/court-finds-that-putting-photos-on-the-internet-doesnt-make-them-us-works/","external_links_name":"Exclusive Rights: Court finds that putting photos on the internet doesn't make them U.S. works"},{"Link":"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/delaware/dedce/1:2008cv00625/41082/24/","external_links_name":"Moberg v. 33T LLC et al, No. 1:2008cv00625 - Document 24 (D. Del. 2009)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wagner	Günter P. Wagner	["1 Education and training","2 Work","2.1 Population genetics","2.2 Evolutionary developmental biology","2.3 Homology and innovation","3 Awards","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"]	Austrian evolutionary biologist Günter P. WagnerWagner in 2008Born (1954-05-28) May 28, 1954 (age 70)Vienna, AustriaAlma materUniversity of ViennaAwardsMacArthur Prize (1992) A.O. Kovalevsky Medal (2016) Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal (2018)Scientific careerFieldsevolutionary biology, evolutionary developmental biologyDoctoral advisorRupert Riedl Günter P. Wagner (born May 28, 1954 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-born evolutionary biologist who is Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary biology at Yale University, and head of the Wagner Lab. Education and training After undergraduate education in chemical engineering, Wagner studied zoology and mathematical logic at the University of Vienna, Austria. During his graduate study, Wagner worked with the Viennese zoologist Rupert Riedl and the theoretical chemist Peter Schuster, and finished his PhD in theoretical population genetics in 1979. Wagner conducted postdoctoral research at Max Planck Institutes in Göttingen and Tübingen, as well as at the University of Göttingen. Wagner began his academic career as assistant professor in the Theoretical Biology Department of the University of Vienna in 1985. In 1991, he moved to Yale University as a full professor of biology and has served as the first chair of Yale's Department of Ecology and Evolution from 1997 2002 and then from 2005 to 2008. Work The focus of Wagner's work is on the evolution of complex characters. His research utilizes both the theoretical tools of population genetics as well as experimental approaches in evolutionary developmental biology. Wagner has contributed substantially to the current understanding of evolvability of complex organisms, the origin of novel characters, and modularity. Population genetics Wagner's early work was focused on mathematical population genetics. Together with the mathematician Reinhard Bürger at the University of Vienna, he contributed to the theory of mutation–selection balance and the evolution of dominance modifiers. Later Wagner shifted his focus on issues of the evolution of variational properties like canalization and modularity. He introduced the seminal distinction between variation and variability, the former describing the actually existing differences among individuals while the latter measures the tendency to vary, as measured in mutation rate and mutational variance. He published the first mathematical model for the evolution of genetic canalization, and thus contributed to the renaissance of studies of canalization in the mid 1990s. His more recent work is on the measurement of gene interaction, the evolution of evolvability and how it relates to the evolution of genetic architecture. Evolutionary developmental biology With the advent of comparative developmental genetics in the early 1991 Wagner's research program shifted towards the molecular evolution of developmental genes, initially Hox genes and Hox gene clusters. The Wagner lab was the first to identify major blocks of ultraconserved non-coding sequences in the intergenic regions between Hox genes, and dated the “fish-specific” Hox cluster duplication to nearly coincide with the most recent common ancestor of Teleostei fish. This work led to the theory that Hox cluster and genome duplications create a window of opportunity which, if coincidental with ecological changes, can lead to the fixation of these genes and novel gene functions. In recent years the Wagner lab has focussed on the evolution of gene regulatory networks, in particular the role of transcription factor protein evolution in evolutionary innovation. In August 2016, an article by Wagner and Mihaela Pavlicev, gained attention for proposing a possible evolutionary connection between the female orgasm in humans and ovulation induced by copulation in other mammals. Homology and innovation A key conceptual and mechanistic problem in evolutionary biology is the nature of character identity, aka homology. Wagner was an early proponent of a mechanistic understanding of homology, together with Louise Roth at Duke University and Gerd Müller at the University of Vienna. A test case for this approach arose when Wagner and his colleague Jacques Gauthier proposed a solution of the century-old problem of the identity of avian digits. The core of the problem is that the three digits in the bird wing have the morphology of digits 1, 2, and 3, but develop from the digit condensations 2, 3, and 4, which according to some shows that they should be digits 2, 3, and 4. Wagner and Gauthier proposed that during the evolution of theropod dinosaurs, the closest relatives of birds, digits have "changed place" so that in the bird wing digit 1 develops from position 2 and digit 2 from position 3 and digit 3 from position 4 in the wing bud. This view is now strongly supported by molecular and experimental evidence and shows how mechanistic insights can solve seemingly intractable conceptual problems. According to Wagner the homology concept has a complementary twin, that of innovation. While homology refers to the historical continuity of character identity, the term innovation refers to the origin of novel characters, i.e. the origin of novel homologues. Therefore, Wagner and Müller argue that the origin and maintenance of character identity is a central goal of evolutionary developmental biology. Awards Günter Wagner is recipient of numerous awards, among them the prestigious MacArthur Prize in 1992, the Bobby Murcer Prize in 2001, and the Humboldt Prize in 2007. He received nominations as Gomperz Lecturer, University of California, Berkeley 1993; Koopmans Distinguished Lecturer, IIASA Vienna 1995; Sewall Wright Speaker, University of Chicago, IL, 1996. He is also a corresponding Member of Austrian Academy of Sciences (1997), a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1997), and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2010). He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2018. Publications Wagner has published four books, numerous book chapters and more than 270 scientific articles. Books The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology, Academic Press. 2000 Modularity in Development and Evolution, University of Chicago Press, 2004 Morphology and the Evolution of Development, Yale University Press. 2007 Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation. Princeton University Press. 2014 Articles ResearchGate Publication list References ^ "Yale Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology". Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ "Wagner Lab :: People". Archived from the original on 2003-08-02. Retrieved 2010-04-29. ^ Wagner, G. P., G. Booth, and H. Bagheri-Chaichian. 1997. "A population genetic theory of canalization". Evolution 51:329–347. ^ Wagner, G. P., J. P. Kenney-Hunt, M. Pavlicev, J. R. Peck, D. Waxman, and J. M. Cheverud. 2008. "Pleiotropic scaling of gene effects and the 'cost of complexity.'" Nature 452:470-472. ^ Chiu, C.-h., C. Amemiya, K. Dewar, C.-b. Kim, F. Ruddle, and G. P. Wagner. 2002. Molecular evolution of the HoxA cluster in three major gnathostome lineages. PNAS 99:5492-5497. ^ Crow, K. D., P. F. Stadler, V. J. Lynch, C. Amemiya, and G. P. Wagner. 2006. The "Fish-Specific" Hox Cluster Duplication Is Coincident with the Origin of Teleosts. Mol Biol Evol 23:121-136. ^ Wagner, G. P., C. Amemiya, and F. Ruddle. 2003. Hox cluster duplications and the opportunity for evolutionary novelties. PNAS 100:14603-14606. ^ Lynch, V. J., A. Tanzer, Y. Wang, F. C. Leung, B. Gellersen, D. Emera, and G. P. Wagner. 2008. Adaptive changes in the transcription factor HoxA-11 are essential for the evolution of pregnancy in mammals. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 105:14928-14933. ^ Pavličev M, Wagner G, 2016. The evolutionary origin of female orgasm. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 00B:1–12. ^ Wagner, G. P. 1989a. The biological homology concept. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:51-69. ^ Wagner, G. P. 2007. The developmental genetics of homology. Nature Rev. Genetics 8:473-479. ^ Wagner, G. P., and J. A. Gauthier. 1999. 1,2,3=2,3,4: A solution to the problem of the homology of the digits in the avian hand. PNAS 96:5111-5116. ^ Müller, G. B., and G. P. Wagner. 1991. Novelty in evolution: restructuring the concept. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22:229-256. ^ "Gunter Wagner, PHD". ^ "Gunter Wagner, PHD". ^ "Gunter Wagner, PHD". ^ "Gunter Wagner Elected to the National Academy of Sciences \| Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology". External links Yale University Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Biology portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Günter P. Wagner (born May 28, 1954 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-born evolutionary biologist who is Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary biology at Yale University,[1] and head of the Wagner Lab.[2]","title":"Günter P. Wagner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Rupert Riedl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Riedl"},{"link_name":"Peter Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schuster"},{"link_name":"population genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"}],"text":"After undergraduate education in chemical engineering, Wagner studied zoology and mathematical logic at the University of Vienna, Austria. During his graduate study, Wagner worked with the Viennese zoologist Rupert Riedl and the theoretical chemist Peter Schuster, and finished his PhD in theoretical population genetics in 1979. Wagner conducted postdoctoral research at Max Planck Institutes in Göttingen and Tübingen, as well as at the University of Göttingen.Wagner began his academic career as assistant professor in the Theoretical Biology Department of the University of Vienna in 1985. In 1991, he moved to Yale University as a full professor of biology and has served as the first chair of Yale's Department of Ecology and Evolution from 1997 2002 and then from 2005 to 2008.","title":"Education and training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"evolutionary developmental biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"evolvability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolvability"}],"text":"The focus of Wagner's work is on the evolution of complex characters. His research utilizes both the theoretical tools of population genetics as well as experimental approaches in evolutionary developmental biology. Wagner has contributed substantially to the current understanding of evolvability of complex organisms, the origin of novel characters, and modularity.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reinhard Bürger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_B%C3%BCrger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mutation–selection balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation%E2%80%93selection_balance"},{"link_name":"dominance modifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_dominance"},{"link_name":"variational properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_properties"},{"link_name":"canalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"modularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity_(biology)"},{"link_name":"variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"variability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variability"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gene interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis"},{"link_name":"evolvability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolvability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Population genetics","text":"Wagner's early work was focused on mathematical population genetics. Together with the mathematician Reinhard Bürger at the University of Vienna, he contributed to the theory of mutation–selection balance and the evolution of dominance modifiers. Later Wagner shifted his focus on issues of the evolution of variational properties like canalization and modularity. He introduced the seminal distinction between variation and variability, the former describing the actually existing differences among individuals while the latter measures the tendency to vary, as measured in mutation rate and mutational variance. He published the first mathematical model for the evolution of genetic canalization,[3] and thus contributed to the renaissance of studies of canalization in the mid 1990s. His more recent work is on the measurement of gene interaction, the evolution of evolvability and how it relates to the evolution of genetic architecture.[4]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"developmental genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_genetics"},{"link_name":"molecular evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution"},{"link_name":"Hox genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hox_gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleostei"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"gene regulatory networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary developmental biology","text":"With the advent of comparative developmental genetics in the early 1991 Wagner's research program shifted towards the molecular evolution of developmental genes, initially Hox genes and Hox gene clusters. The Wagner lab was the first to identify major blocks of ultraconserved non-coding sequences in the intergenic regions between Hox genes,[5] and dated the “fish-specific” Hox cluster duplication to nearly coincide with the most recent common ancestor of Teleostei fish.[6] This work led to the theory that Hox cluster and genome duplications create a window of opportunity which, if coincidental with ecological changes, can lead to the fixation of these genes and novel gene functions.[7]In recent years the Wagner lab has focussed on the evolution of gene regulatory networks, in particular the role of transcription factor protein evolution in evolutionary innovation.[8] In August 2016, an article by Wagner and Mihaela Pavlicev, gained attention for proposing a possible evolutionary connection between the female orgasm in humans and ovulation induced by copulation in other mammals.[9]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Louise Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Roth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Gerd Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_M%C3%BCller_(theoretical_biologist)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Gauthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"theropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropod"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Homology and innovation","text":"A key conceptual and mechanistic problem in evolutionary biology is the nature of character identity, aka homology. Wagner was an early proponent of a mechanistic understanding of homology,[10][11] together with Louise Roth at Duke University and Gerd Müller at the University of Vienna. A test case for this approach arose when Wagner and his colleague Jacques Gauthier proposed a solution of the century-old problem of the identity of avian digits.[12] The core of the problem is that the three digits in the bird wing have the morphology of digits 1, 2, and 3, but develop from the digit condensations 2, 3, and 4, which according to some shows that they should be digits 2, 3, and 4. Wagner and Gauthier proposed that during the evolution of theropod dinosaurs, the closest relatives of birds, digits have \"changed place\" so that in the bird wing digit 1 develops from position 2 and digit 2 from position 3 and digit 3 from position 4 in the wing bud. This view is now strongly supported by molecular and experimental evidence and shows how mechanistic insights can solve seemingly intractable conceptual problems.According to Wagner the homology concept has a complementary twin, that of innovation. While homology refers to the historical continuity of character identity, the term innovation refers to the origin of novel characters, i.e. the origin of novel homologues. Therefore, Wagner and Müller argue that the origin and maintenance of character identity is a central goal of evolutionary developmental biology.[13]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MacArthur Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Prize"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bobby Murcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Murcer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Prize"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Austrian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Günter Wagner is recipient of numerous awards, among them the prestigious MacArthur Prize in 1992,[14] the Bobby Murcer Prize in 2001,[citation needed] and the Humboldt Prize in 2007.[15] He received nominations as Gomperz Lecturer, University of California, Berkeley 1993; Koopmans Distinguished Lecturer, IIASA Vienna 1995; Sewall Wright Speaker, University of Chicago, IL, 1996. He is also a corresponding Member of Austrian Academy of Sciences (1997), a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1997), and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2010).[16]\nHe was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2018.[17]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ResearchGate Publication list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/profile/Gunter_Wagner"}],"text":"Wagner has published four books, numerous book chapters and more than 270 scientific articles.BooksThe Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology, Academic Press. 2000\nModularity in Development and Evolution, University of Chicago Press, 2004\nMorphology and the Evolution of Development, Yale University Press. 2007\nHomology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation. Princeton University Press. 2014ArticlesResearchGate Publication list","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Yale Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant	Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant	["1 Controversies and accidents","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°24′36″N 10°24′32″E / 53.41000°N 10.40889°E / 53.41000; 10.40889Nuclear power plant in Germany Krümmel Nuclear Power PlantKrümmel Nuclear Power PlantCountryGermanyCoordinates53°24′36″N 10°24′32″E / 53.41000°N 10.40889°E / 53.41000; 10.40889StatusMothballed (Earmarked not to return following moratorium on nuclear power)Construction began1974Commission dateSeptember 28, 1983Decommission date6 August 2011Owner(s)50% PreussenElektra50% VattenfallOperator(s)VattenfallNuclear power station Reactor typeBWRReactor supplierSiemensCooling sourceElbe RiverPower generation Units operational1 x 1,402Make and modelSiemensNameplate capacity1,402 MWCapacity factor82.9%Annual net output10,178 GW·hExternal linksWebsitekraftwerke.vattenfall.de/krummelCommonsRelated media on Commons Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant is a German nuclear power plant in Geesthacht, Schleswig-Holstein, near Hamburg. It was taken into operation in 1983 and is owned 50% by Vattenfall via Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH and 50% by E.ON, and operated by the Swedish Vattenfall. Its gross power production is 1,401 MW, using a boiling water reactor. The reactor was the world's second largest of its type in commercial operation. It is nearly identical to three other German nuclear reactors, namely Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant (near Hamburg), Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant Block 1 and Isar Nuclear Power Plant Block 1, as well as the Austrian Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant, that never went into service. Since July 4, 2009, after the reactor is not running, and since 2011 it is definitely shutdown due to popular demand. (Atomausstieg). Controversies and accidents Since 1986, a significantly higher than average number of cases of leukemia have been found in the area around the power plant. On June 28, 2007, a short circuit caused a fire in the transformer of the power plant and required the plant to be shut down. Power outages were experienced in the neighboring areas. The sequence of events caused the dismissal and resignation of several Vattenfall Europe AG employees. On June 21, 2009, the Krümmel reactor was restarted for the first time since the 2007 fire, and the plant started to produce electricity again but was shut down for the second time on July 4, 2009, only a few days after its two-year-long repair period. The shutdown was caused by a short circuit in a transformer that was very similar to what caused the June 2007 fire. The reactor shut down normally and was not affected. The plant's general manager resigned. In a press conference July 9, Ernst Michael Züfle, head of the nuclear division of Vattenfall, acknowledged that there was damage to "perhaps a few fuel elements." Even before the shutdown, foreign bodies—sharp shards of metal from earlier work that should have been flushed—were found to have ended up, potentially dangerously, in the reactor and had, to some degree, been cleaned out. On July 7, Wulf Bernotat, CEO of E.on, wrote in a sharply worded letter to Vattenfall management in Sweden that his company was "appalled" by the handling of safety procedures at the plant, according to a lengthy report in Spiegel. The report went on to discuss how the accident could impact the German national debate about nuclear power plant license extensions. Before new transformers could be installed, it was decided in March 2011 to decommission the plant. References ^ ARD-Magazin "kontraste" vom 15. Juli 2010: Atomkraft – Laufzeitverlängerung trotz Sicherheitsdefiziten Archived 2011-03-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Background information KiKK study". Archived from the original on 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-04-20. ^ "Leukemia in the Proximity of a German Boiling-water Nuclear Reactor: Evidence of Population Exposure by Chromosome Studies and Environmental Radioactivity". Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-20. ^ Nuclear Engineering International. German Chain Reaction Archived May 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. July 24. ^ Krümmel nuclear power plant starts up again ^ Quick shutdown in nuclear power plant Krümmel ^ Krümmel nuclear plant won't resume until 2010 ^ "ATOMIC NIGHTMARE: Krümmel Accident Puts Question Mark over Germany's Nuclear Future" by Spiegel staff; Petra Bornhöft, Markus Deggerich, Frank Dohmen, Sebastian Knauer, Gunther Latsch, Christian Salewski, Christian Schwägerl, Samiha Shafy; Trans. from the German by Christopher Sultan. 7/13/09. Retrieved 8/16/2009. External links Germany portalEnergy portalNuclear technology portal Media related to Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant at Wikimedia Commons Krümmel BWR (drawing) vteVattenfallDivisions andsubsidiariesCurrent Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH Vattenfall United Kingdom Vattenfall Nederland Former 50Hertz Transmission GmbH1 Joint ventures Aegir Wave Power Deutsche Gesellschaft zum Bau und Betrieb von Endlagern für Abfallstoffe (5.5%) Deutsche Offshore-Testfeld und Infrastruktur (26.25%) Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service (5.5%) Places and facilitiesDenmark Fyn Power Station Horns Rev (60%) Nordjylland Power Station GermanyCoal Boxberg Jänschwalde Lippendorf Rostock (25%) Schwarze Pumpe Nuclear Brokdorf (20%) Brunsbüttel2 (67%) Krümmel2 (50%) Stade2 (33.3%) Wind Alpha Ventus Offshore Wind Farm4 Poland Kawęczyn Heat Plant Siekierki Power Station Żerań Power Station SwedenHydroelectric Älvkarleby Harsprånget Hojum Olidan Porjus Suorva Nuclear Ågesta2 Barsebäck2 Forsmark Ringhals (70%) Wind Lillgrund United KingdomWave Aegir3 5 Wind Kentish Flats Offshore Ormonde Thanet Pen y Cymoedd Other Vattenfall Cyclassics Nuna 1Sold 2Decommissioned 3Proposed 4Owned by Deutsche Offshore-Testfeld und Infrastruktur 5Owned by Aegir Wave Power Category Commons vteNuclear power in GermanyReactorsclosed AVR reactor Biblis Brokdorf Brunsbüttel Emsland Grafenrheinfeld Greifswald Grohnde Großwelzheim Gundremmingen Hamm-Uentrop Isar Kahl Kalkar (SNR-300) Krümmel Lingen Mülheim-Kärlich Obrigheim Neckarwestheim Niederaichbach Philippsburg Rheinsberg Stade Stendal Unterweser Würgassen opposition Anti-nuclear movement in Germany Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival Black bloc Wyhl Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant"},{"link_name":"Geesthacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geesthacht"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Vattenfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenfall"},{"link_name":"Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenfall_Europe_Nuclear_Energy_GmbH"},{"link_name":"E.ON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.ON"},{"link_name":"MW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"boiling water reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor"},{"link_name":"Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippsburg_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Isar Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isar_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwentendorf_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nuclear power plant in GermanyKrümmel Nuclear Power Plant is a German nuclear power plant in Geesthacht, Schleswig-Holstein, near Hamburg. It was taken into operation in 1983 and is owned 50% by Vattenfall via Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH and 50% by E.ON, and operated by the Swedish Vattenfall. Its gross power production is 1,401 MW, using a boiling water reactor.The reactor was the world's second largest of its type in commercial operation. It is nearly identical to three other German nuclear reactors, namely Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant (near Hamburg), Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant Block 1 and Isar Nuclear Power Plant Block 1, as well as the Austrian Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant, that never went into service.[1]Since July 4, 2009, after the reactor is not running, and since 2011 it is definitely shutdown due to popular demand. (Atomausstieg).","title":"Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"disputed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant#About_research_on_%22Krummel_effect%22"},{"link_name":"transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"German national debate about nuclear power plant license extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany#Phase-out"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Since 1986, a significantly higher than average number of cases of leukemia have been found in the area around the power plant.[2][3][disputed – discuss]On June 28, 2007, a short circuit caused a fire in the transformer of the power plant and required the plant to be shut down. Power outages were experienced in the neighboring areas. The sequence of events caused the dismissal and resignation of several Vattenfall Europe AG employees.[4]On June 21, 2009, the Krümmel reactor was restarted for the first time since the 2007 fire, and the plant started to produce electricity again[5] but was shut down for the second time on July 4, 2009, only a few days after its two-year-long repair period.[6] The shutdown was caused by a short circuit in a transformer that was very similar to what caused the June 2007 fire. The reactor shut down normally and was not affected. The plant's general manager resigned.[7] In a press conference July 9, Ernst Michael Züfle, head of the nuclear division of Vattenfall, acknowledged that there was damage to \"perhaps a few fuel elements.\" Even before the shutdown, foreign bodies—sharp shards of metal from earlier work that should have been flushed—were found to have ended up, potentially dangerously, in the reactor and had, to some degree, been cleaned out. On July 7, Wulf Bernotat, CEO of E.on, wrote in a sharply worded letter to Vattenfall management in Sweden that his company was \"appalled\" by the handling of safety procedures at the plant, according to a lengthy report in Spiegel. The report went on to discuss how the accident could impact the German national debate about nuclear power plant license extensions.[8] Before new transformers could be installed, it was decided in March 2011 to decommission the plant.","title":"Controversies and accidents"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Background information KiKK study\". Archived from the original on 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820030542/http://www.bfs.de/en/kerntechnik/kinderkrebs/kikk.html","url_text":"\"Background information KiKK study\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.de/en/kerntechnik/kinderkrebs/kikk.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leukemia in the Proximity of a German Boiling-water Nuclear Reactor: Evidence of Population Exposure by Chromosome Studies and Environmental Radioactivity\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924171846/http://www.ehponline.org/members/1997/Suppl-6/schmitz-feuerhake-full.html","url_text":"\"Leukemia in the Proximity of a German Boiling-water Nuclear Reactor: Evidence of Population Exposure by Chromosome Studies and Environmental Radioactivity\""},{"url":"http://www.ehponline.org/members/1997/Suppl-6/schmitz-feuerhake-full.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant&params=53_24_36_N_10_24_32_E_region:DE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°24′36″N 10°24′32″E / 53.41000°N 10.40889°E / 53.41000; 10.40889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant&params=53_24_36_N_10_24_32_E_region:DE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°24′36″N 10°24′32″E / 53.41000°N 10.40889°E / 53.41000; 10.40889"},{"Link":"http://kraftwerke.vattenfall.de/krummel","external_links_name":"kraftwerke.vattenfall.de/krummel"},{"Link":"http://www.rbb-online.de/kontraste/archiv/kontraste_vom_15_07/atomkraft___laufzeitverlaengerung.html","external_links_name":"ARD-Magazin \"kontraste\" vom 15. Juli 2010: Atomkraft – Laufzeitverlängerung trotz Sicherheitsdefiziten"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110326214250/http://www.rbb-online.de/kontraste/archiv/kontraste_vom_15_07/atomkraft___laufzeitverlaengerung.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820030542/http://www.bfs.de/en/kerntechnik/kinderkrebs/kikk.html","external_links_name":"\"Background information KiKK study\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.de/en/kerntechnik/kinderkrebs/kikk.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924171846/http://www.ehponline.org/members/1997/Suppl-6/schmitz-feuerhake-full.html","external_links_name":"\"Leukemia in the Proximity of a German Boiling-water Nuclear Reactor: Evidence of Population Exposure by Chromosome Studies and Environmental Radioactivity\""},{"Link":"http://www.ehponline.org/members/1997/Suppl-6/schmitz-feuerhake-full.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=132&storyCode=2046209","external_links_name":"German Chain Reaction"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515185421/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=132&storyCode=2046209","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.vattenfall.com/www/vf_com/vf_com/370103press/558539press/index.jsp?pmid=103417","external_links_name":"Krümmel nuclear power plant starts up again"},{"Link":"http://www.vattenfall.com/www/vf_com/vf_com/370103press/370165vatte/558562vatte/index.jsp?pmid=103890","external_links_name":"Quick shutdown in nuclear power plant Krümmel"},{"Link":"http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090708-20449.html","external_links_name":"Krümmel nuclear plant won't resume until 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,635788,00.html","external_links_name":"\"ATOMIC NIGHTMARE: Krümmel Accident Puts Question Mark over Germany's Nuclear Future\""},{"Link":"http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/nuceng/id/45/rec/1","external_links_name":"Krümmel BWR (drawing)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/247702462","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2097130-8","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_2018	Let's Dance 2018	["1 Couples","2 Scoring chart","2.1 Average chart","3 References"]	Season of television series Let's Dance 2018Season 2018Celebrity winnerJon Henrik FjällgrenProfessional winnerKatja Luján Engelholm No. of episodes11ReleaseOriginal networkTV4Original release23 March (2018-03-23) –1 June 2018 (2018-06-01)Season chronology← PreviousLet's Dance 2017 Next →Let's Dance 2019 Let's Dance 2018 is the thirteenth season of the Swedish celebrity dancing TV-series Let's Dance, the season premiered on TV4 23 March 2018. The show is presented by Tilde de Paula Eby and David Hellenius. English dancer Aaron Brown from the UK version of Strictly Come Dancing competes for the first time. Couples Celebrity Known for Professional Status Britt Ekland Actress Aaron Brown Eliminated 1ston 30 March 2018 Nikki Amini Music marketer Tobias Karlsson Eliminated 2ndon 6 April 2018 Claes Malmberg Actor and comedian Malin Watson Eliminated 3rdon 13 April 2018 Gustaf Hammarsten Actor Jasmine Takács Eliminated 4thon 20 April 2018 Martina Haag actress and author Tobias Bader Eliminated 5thon 27 April 2018 Therese Alshammar Olympic swimmer Calle Sterner Eliminated 6thon 4 May 2018 Viktor Frisk Blogger and singer Linn Hegdal Eliminated 7thon 11 May 2018 Margaux Dietz Youtuber Alexander Svanberg Eliminated 8thon 18 May 2018 Gunde Svan Cross-country skier and racing driver Jeanette Carlsson Third Placeon 25 May 2018 Daniel Norberg Youtuber Maria Zimmerman Runners-upon 1 June 2018 Jon Henrik Fjällgren Singer Katja Luján Engelholm Winnerson 1 June 2018 Scoring chart Couple Place 1 2 1+2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Jon Henrik & Katja 1 15 22 37 22 28 22 28+10=38 31+2=33 21+4=25 26 – 26+30=56 29+28+30=87 Daniel & Maria 2 13 12 25 15 23 20 29+12=41 30+12=42 26+12+38 30 – 29+29=58 30+29+30=89 Gunde & Jeanette 3 12 17 29 19 18 21 16+4=20 32+6=38 30+6=36 25 26 27+23=50 Margaux & Alexander 4 9 19 28 21 20 25 16+14=30 35+10=45 28+8=36 27 30 Viktor & Linn 5 8 9 17 14 14 20 13+6=19 23+8=31 16+10=26 Therese & Calle 6 13 17 30 19 24 24 23+8=31 25+4=29 Martina & Tobias 7 9 12 21 9 14 10 16+2=18 Gustaf & Jasmine 8 18 17 35 14 23 18 Claes & Malin 9 8 15 23 13 18 Nikki & Tobias 10 15 13 28 16 Britt & Aaron 11 10 7 17 Red numbers indicate the lowest score of each week. Green number indicate the highest score of each week. indicates the couple that was eliminated that week. indicates the couple received the lowest score of the week and were eliminated. indicates the couple finished in the bottom two. indicates the couple earned immunity from elimination. indicates the winning couple. indicates the runner-up couple. indicates the third place couple. Average chart Points awarded by guest judges and bonus points from dance marathons will not be included. Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average 1 1 Jon Henrik & Katja 321 13 24.7 2 2 Daniel & Maria 304 13 23.4 3 4 Margaux & Alexander 222 10 22.2 4 3 Gunde & Jeanette 258 12 21.5 5 6 Therese & Calle 139 7 19.9 6 8 Gustaf & Jasmine 90 5 18.0 7 10 Nikki & Tobias 44 3 14.7 8 5 Viktor & Linn 111 8 13.9 9 9 Claes & Malin 54 4 13.5 10 7 Martina & Tobias 70 6 11.7 11 11 Britt & Aaron 17 2 8.5 References ^ Här är alla deltagare i ”Let’s dance” 2018 Aftonbladet Retrieved 28 February 2018 ^ "Eklands dansare rekryterad från England". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 19 November 2020. ^ Rudberg, Ann Helena (3 March 2018). "Ann Helena Rudberg: Britt Ekland tävlar med Aaron Brown". Retrieved 19 November 2020. vteLet's Dance (Swedish TV series) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 This Swedish television programme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Let's Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(Swedish_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"TV4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV4_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Tilde de Paula Eby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilde_de_Paula_Eby"},{"link_name":"David Hellenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hellenius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Strictly Come Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Season of television seriesLet's Dance 2018 is the thirteenth season of the Swedish celebrity dancing TV-series Let's Dance, the season premiered on TV4 23 March 2018. The show is presented by Tilde de Paula Eby and David Hellenius.[1]English dancer Aaron Brown from the UK version of Strictly Come Dancing competes for the first time.[2]\n[3]","title":"Let's Dance 2018"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Couples"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Red numbers indicate the lowest score of each week.\nGreen number indicate the highest score of each week.\n indicates the couple that was eliminated that week.\n indicates the couple received the lowest score of the week and were eliminated.\n indicates the couple finished in the bottom two.\n indicates the couple earned immunity from elimination.\n indicates the winning couple.\n indicates the runner-up couple.\n indicates the third place couple.","title":"Scoring chart"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Average chart","text":"Points awarded by guest judges and bonus points from dance marathons will not be included.","title":"Scoring chart"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Eklands dansare rekryterad från England\". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 19 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/G1e6nm","url_text":"\"Eklands dansare rekryterad från England\""}]},{"reference":"Rudberg, Ann Helena (3 March 2018). \"Ann Helena Rudberg: Britt Ekland tävlar med Aaron Brown\". Retrieved 19 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://annhelenarudberg2.blogspot.com/2018/03/britt-ekland-tavlar-med-aaron-brown.html","url_text":"\"Ann Helena Rudberg: Britt Ekland tävlar med Aaron Brown\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/rL80l8/har-ar-alla-deltagare-i-lets-dance-2018","external_links_name":"Här är alla deltagare i ”Let’s dance” 2018"},{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/G1e6nm","external_links_name":"\"Eklands dansare rekryterad från England\""},{"Link":"https://annhelenarudberg2.blogspot.com/2018/03/britt-ekland-tavlar-med-aaron-brown.html","external_links_name":"\"Ann Helena Rudberg: Britt Ekland tävlar med Aaron Brown\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let%27s_Dance_2018&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscoates	Muscoates	["1 Heritage","2 Singular writer","3 References"]	Coordinates: 54°12′58″N 0°57′00″W / 54.216°N 0.950°W / 54.216; -0.950Hamlet in North Yorkshire, England Human settlement in EnglandMuscoatesLane into MuscoatesMuscoatesLocation within North YorkshireOS grid referenceSE687802Civil parishNunningtonUnitary authorityNorth YorkshireCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townYORKPostcode districtYO62PoliceNorth YorkshireFireNorth YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire UK ParliamentThirsk and Malton List of places UK England Yorkshire 54°12′58″N 0°57′00″W / 54.216°N 0.950°W / 54.216; -0.950 Muscoates is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Nunnington, in North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Riccal, 4 miles (6 km) to the south of the town of Kirkbymoorside. Heritage Muscoates is first mentioned in a 12th-century document. The name derives either from the Old English mūsa cotes, meaning "mouse-ridden cottages", or from an Old Norse personal name Músi. Muscoates was a township in the ancient parish of Kirkdale, and became a separate civil parish in 1866. Muscoates was a small parish with an area of 1,045 acres (423 ha) and a population of 23 in 1961. In 1974 it became part of the new district of Ryedale, and on 1 April 1986 the parish was abolished and merged with Nunnington. Ryedale was abolished in 2023 and the area is now administered by North Yorkshire Council. Singular writer Sir Herbert Read, the poet and art critic, was born at Muscoates in 1893, the son of a farmer. His fantasy novel The Green Child (1935) was described by the critic Geoffrey Wheatcroft in 1993 as "singular, odd, completely original". References ^ Watts, Victor, ed. (2010), "Muscoates", The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978 0 521 16855 7 ^ Page, William, ed. (1914). "Parishes: Kirkdale". Victoria County History. A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 1. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 26 August 2014. ^ "Vision of Britain:relationships and changes". Retrieved 26 August 2014. ^ "Vision of Britain: 1961 census report". Retrieved 26 August 2014. ^ "The Ryedale (Parishes) Order 1985" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (11 December 1993). "Off the Shelf: Trailing baroque clouds of glory: Geoffrey Wheatcroft ponders Herbert Read's entrancing novel, The Green Child". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2009.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Nunnington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunnington"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"River Riccal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Riccal"},{"link_name":"Kirkbymoorside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkbymoorside"}],"text":"Hamlet in North Yorkshire, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandMuscoates is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Nunnington, in North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Riccal, 4 miles (6 km) to the south of the town of Kirkbymoorside.","title":"Muscoates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Kirkdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkdale,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-2"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ryedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryedale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council"}],"text":"Muscoates is first mentioned in a 12th-century document. The name derives either from the Old English mūsa cotes, meaning \"mouse-ridden cottages\", or from an Old Norse personal name Músi.[1] Muscoates was a township in the ancient parish of Kirkdale,[2] and became a separate civil parish in 1866.[3]Muscoates was a small parish with an area of 1,045 acres (423 ha) and a population of 23 in 1961.[4]In 1974 it became part of the new district of Ryedale, and on 1 April 1986 the parish was abolished and merged with Nunnington.[5] Ryedale was abolished in 2023 and the area is now administered by North Yorkshire Council.","title":"Heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Herbert Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Read"},{"link_name":"The Green Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Child"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Wheatcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Wheatcroft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Sir Herbert Read, the poet and art critic, was born at Muscoates in 1893, the son of a farmer. His fantasy novel The Green Child (1935) was described by the critic Geoffrey Wheatcroft in 1993 as \"singular, odd, completely original\".[6]","title":"Singular writer"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Watts, Victor, ed. (2010), \"Muscoates\", The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978 0 521 16855 7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_0_521_16855_7","url_text":"978 0 521 16855 7"}]},{"reference":"Page, William, ed. (1914). \"Parishes: Kirkdale\". Victoria County History. A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 1. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=64795","url_text":"\"Parishes: Kirkdale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"}]},{"reference":"\"Vision of Britain:relationships and changes\". Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10455601/relationships","url_text":"\"Vision of Britain:relationships and changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vision of Britain: 1961 census report\". Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/table_page.jsp?tab_id=EW1961COU_M3&u_id=10455601&show=DB","url_text":"\"Vision of Britain: 1961 census report\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ryedale (Parishes) Order 1985\" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/12097/ryedale-parishes-order-1985.pdf","url_text":"\"The Ryedale (Parishes) Order 1985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Boundary_Commission_for_England","url_text":"Local Government Boundary Commission for England"}]},{"reference":"Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (11 December 1993). \"Off the Shelf: Trailing baroque clouds of glory: Geoffrey Wheatcroft ponders Herbert Read's entrancing novel, The Green Child\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/off-the-shelf-trailing-baroque-clouds-of-glory-geoffrey-wheatcroft-ponders-herbert-reads-entrancing-novel-the-green-child-1466774.html","url_text":"\"Off the Shelf: Trailing baroque clouds of glory: Geoffrey Wheatcroft ponders Herbert Read's entrancing novel, The Green Child\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/off-the-shelf-trailing-baroque-clouds-of-glory-geoffrey-wheatcroft-ponders-herbert-reads-entrancing-novel-the-green-child-1466774.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muscoates&params=54.216_N_0.95_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"54°12′58″N 0°57′00″W / 54.216°N 0.950°W / 54.216; -0.950"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muscoates&params=54.212939_N_0.948065_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Muscoates","external_links_name":"SE687802"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muscoates&params=54.216_N_0.95_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"54°12′58″N 0°57′00″W / 54.216°N 0.950°W / 54.216; -0.950"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=64795","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: Kirkdale\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10455601/relationships","external_links_name":"\"Vision of Britain:relationships and changes\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/table_page.jsp?tab_id=EW1961COU_M3&u_id=10455601&show=DB","external_links_name":"\"Vision of Britain: 1961 census report\""},{"Link":"https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/12097/ryedale-parishes-order-1985.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Ryedale (Parishes) Order 1985\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/off-the-shelf-trailing-baroque-clouds-of-glory-geoffrey-wheatcroft-ponders-herbert-reads-entrancing-novel-the-green-child-1466774.html","external_links_name":"\"Off the Shelf: Trailing baroque clouds of glory: Geoffrey Wheatcroft ponders Herbert Read's entrancing novel, The Green Child\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/off-the-shelf-trailing-baroque-clouds-of-glory-geoffrey-wheatcroft-ponders-herbert-reads-entrancing-novel-the-green-child-1466774.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Capel	David Capel	["1 Playing career","2 Later career","3 References","4 External links"]	English cricketer (1963–2020) David CapelPersonal informationFull nameDavid John CapelBorn6 February 1963Northampton, EnglandDied2 September 2020(2020-09-02) (aged 57)Northampton, EnglandBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm medium-fastCareer statistics Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 15 23 313 345 Runs scored 374 327 12,202 7,011 Batting average 15.58 19.23 29.68 27.38 100s/50s 0/2 0/1 16/72 4/28 Top score 98 50* 175 121 Balls bowled 2,000 1,038 33,070 12,315 Wickets 21 17 546 237 Bowling average 50.66 47.35 32.18 32.52 5 wickets in innings 0 0 14 1 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0 Best bowling 3/88 3/38 7/44 5/51 Catches/stumpings 6/– 6/– 156/– 84/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 2 September 2020 David John Capel (6 February 1963 – 2 September 2020) was an English cricketer who played for Northamptonshire County Cricket Club and the English cricket team. Cricket writer Colin Bateman noted that "Capel was one of those unfortunate cricketers who became tagged as being the next all-rounder to fill Ian Botham's boots". He was well known for his long stint with Northamptonshire as a player as well as coach for nearly 32 years. He died on 2 September 2020, at the age of 57, after being diagnosed with a brain tumour in 2018. Playing career An irrepressible enthusiast, Capel was a batsman who bowled but, because of his dual role, found himself pushed down the order. He joined Northamptonshire in 1980 as an "apprentice cricketer" without much experience and made his first-class debut in 1981 against the visiting Sri Lankans. He played in 313 first-class matches, scoring 12,202 runs and taking 546 wickets. Capel also featured in 345 List A matches scoring 7,011 runs and taking 237 wickets. He spent most of his playing career with Northamptonshire, representing the club in 270 first-class matches and 300 List A matches, and helping them to win the NatWest Trophy in 1992. He retired from first-class cricket in 1998. He made his international Test match debut against Pakistan in 1987 at Headingley, becoming the first Northamptonshire-born cricketer in 77 years to represent England in test cricket after George Thompson. He walked to the crease when England were at 31 for 5 and scored a fifty against Imran Khan and Wasim Akram. He eventually top scored in England's first innings total of 136 with 53 off 161 balls. He registered his career best of 98 in punishing conditions in Karachi against Pakistan in 1987–88, in his fourth Test match in his career. However, he followed it up with a string of poor scores and was discarded with a batting average below 20 and a bowling average close to 50 in both forms of the international game. He dismissed Viv Richards three times in his career, as well as forming part of the pace quartet which won in Jamaica in 1989–90. This was England's first Test victory over the West Indies for sixteen years, although it would be the only time in his Test career when he finished on the winning side. He ended up playing fifteen Tests and twenty-three One Day Internationals (ODIs) for England. He was part of the 1992-3 England "A" tour to Australia. Later career After retiring from playing competitive cricket in 1998, Capel became the director of excellence of the Northamptonshire County Cricket Club in 1999. Capel also eventually took over the academy at Northamptonshire. He became the head coach of the Northamptonshire County Cricket Club in 2006, replacing Kepler Wessels. He served as the head coach of the county until 2012. On 2 July 2012, Northants Cricket sacked him from the position of head coach of the club following the conclusion of the 2012 Twenty20 Cup. It ended his 32-year-long association with the club. After eight years as the head coach of Northamptonshire, Capel became the assistant coach of the England women's cricket team in 2013, staying in the role until 2015. In October 2016, he was appointed by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) as the head coach of the Bangladesh women's cricket team, initially for an agreed period of four months. However, his contract was extended by the BCB, and he served as Bangladesh women's team head coach until 2018. In May 2020, he was inducted into the Northamptonshire CCC Hall of Fame. Capel underwent surgery in 2018 after being diagnosed with a brain tumour. Having battled the condition for two years, he died from complications on 2 September 2020. References ^ a b c Bateman, Colin (1993). If The Cap Fits. Tony Williams Publications. p. 36. ISBN 1-869833-21-X. ^ "David Capel: unfairly labelled as the 'next Ian Botham'". Cricket Country. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Ex-England all-rounder Capel dies at 57". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Former England and Northamptonshire all-rounder David Capel passes away aged 57". Firstpost. 2 September 2020. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "David Capel". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ a b "David Capel, former England and Northants all-rounder, dies aged 57". The Guardian. 2 September 2020. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "England v Pakistan 1987 Headingley". cricketarchive.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Full scorecard of England v Pakistan 3rd Test 1987-8". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 12 June 2022. ^ "Full scorecard of West Indies v England 1st Test 1989–90". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 12 June 2022. ^ Hoult, Nick (2 September 2020). "Former England and Northants all-rounder David Capel dies aged 57". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "England 'A' in Australia, 1992-3 - England 'A' squad". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 12 June 2022. ^ "David Capel passes away, aged 57". Cricbuzz. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "News – Northants Cricket". 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Bangladesh appoint Capel as women's coach". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ May 11, 2020. "Northamptonshire CCC Hall of Fame Welcomes David Capel". Cricket World. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "David Capel undergoes surgery for brain tumour". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "David Capel, former England allrounder and Northants legend, dies aged 57". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.; "David Capel, former Northants and England all-rounder, dies aged 57". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020. External links David Capel at ESPNcricinfo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cap-1"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"English cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ian Botham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Botham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cap-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"brain tumour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumour"}],"text":"David John Capel (6 February 1963 – 2 September 2020)[1] was an English cricketer who played for Northamptonshire County Cricket Club and the English cricket team. Cricket writer Colin Bateman noted that \"Capel was one of those unfortunate cricketers who became tagged as being the next all-rounder to fill Ian Botham's boots\".[1][2] He was well known for his long stint with Northamptonshire as a player as well as coach for nearly 32 years.[3] He died on 2 September 2020, at the age of 57, after being diagnosed with a brain tumour in 2018.","title":"David Capel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_order_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cap-1"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_CCC"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NatWest Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatWest_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Test match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Pakistan in 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_England_in_1987"},{"link_name":"Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headingley"},{"link_name":"George Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thompson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Imran Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan"},{"link_name":"Wasim Akram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasim_Akram"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan in 1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Pakistan_in_1987%E2%80%9388"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"bowling average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_average"},{"link_name":"Viv Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viv_Richards"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Park"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"One Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"An irrepressible enthusiast, Capel was a batsman who bowled but, because of his dual role, found himself pushed down the order.[1] He joined Northamptonshire in 1980 as an \"apprentice cricketer\" without much experience and made his first-class debut in 1981 against the visiting Sri Lankans. He played in 313 first-class matches, scoring 12,202 runs and taking 546 wickets. Capel also featured in 345 List A matches scoring 7,011 runs and taking 237 wickets. He spent most of his playing career with Northamptonshire, representing the club in 270 first-class matches and 300 List A matches,[4] and helping them to win the NatWest Trophy in 1992. He retired from first-class cricket in 1998.[5]He made his international Test match debut against Pakistan in 1987 at Headingley, becoming the first Northamptonshire-born cricketer in 77 years to represent England in test cricket after George Thompson. He walked to the crease when England were at 31 for 5 and scored a fifty against Imran Khan and Wasim Akram.[6] He eventually top scored in England's first innings total of 136 with 53 off 161 balls.[7] He registered his career best of 98 in punishing conditions in Karachi against Pakistan in 1987–88, in his fourth Test match in his career.[8] However, he followed it up with a string of poor scores and was discarded with a batting average below 20 and a bowling average close to 50 in both forms of the international game. He dismissed Viv Richards three times in his career, as well as forming part of the pace quartet which won in Jamaica in 1989–90. This was England's first Test victory over the West Indies for sixteen years,[9] although it would be the only time in his Test career when he finished on the winning side. He ended up playing fifteen Tests and twenty-three One Day Internationals (ODIs) for England.[10] He was part of the 1992-3 England \"A\" tour to Australia.[11]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Kepler Wessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_Wessels"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2012 Twenty20 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"England women's cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh women's cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After retiring from playing competitive cricket in 1998, Capel became the director of excellence of the Northamptonshire County Cricket Club in 1999. Capel also eventually took over the academy at Northamptonshire. He became the head coach of the Northamptonshire County Cricket Club in 2006, replacing Kepler Wessels.[12] He served as the head coach of the county until 2012. On 2 July 2012, Northants Cricket sacked him from the position of head coach of the club following the conclusion of the 2012 Twenty20 Cup. It ended his 32-year-long association with the club.[13]After eight years as the head coach of Northamptonshire, Capel became the assistant coach of the England women's cricket team in 2013, staying in the role until 2015. In October 2016, he was appointed by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) as the head coach of the Bangladesh women's cricket team, initially for an agreed period of four months.[14] However, his contract was extended by the BCB, and he served as Bangladesh women's team head coach until 2018. In May 2020, he was inducted into the Northamptonshire CCC Hall of Fame.[15]Capel underwent surgery in 2018 after being diagnosed with a brain tumour.[16] Having battled the condition for two years, he died from complications on 2 September 2020.[6][17]","title":"Later career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bateman, Colin (1993). If The Cap Fits. Tony Williams Publications. p. 36. ISBN 1-869833-21-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-869833-21-X","url_text":"1-869833-21-X"}]},{"reference":"\"David Capel: unfairly labelled as the 'next Ian Botham'\". Cricket Country. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCF	Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	"YCF" redirects here. For the United States Navy hull classification symbol "YCF", see Hull classification symbol. YCF S.E.Entrance to Río Turbio pictured in 2009Company typestate-ownedIndustryCoal miningFounded1958Defunct1994; 30 years ago (1994)SuccessorYCRTHeadquartersRío Turbio, Santa Cruz, ArgentinaArea servedArgentinaProductsCoalDivisionsRio Turbio Railway YCF, acronym for Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales (Spanish for Fiscal Coal Fields), was an Argentine state-owned company dedicated to exploiting coal deposits in the Argentine mainland, mainly the field near to Rio Turbio. The company was succeeded in 1994 by Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio. History "Ferrocarril Industrial Río Turbio" freight train The company was founded in 1958 and existed until 1994, when it was privatised and renamed as Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio S.A. Prior to the creation of YCF, Argentina used to import coal. This became a problem during World War II, when a severe shortage caused problems to such key sectors as industry and transport. Production peaked in 1972 when it reached 570,000 tons. The coal was mined in Rio Turbio and transported to the port city of Rio Gallegos using the Rio Turbio Railway. References ^ "Historia". ^ "RAZONES Y ORÍGENES - DE LA EMPRESA Y.C.F." (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-06. ^ "YCRT". Archived from the original on 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2012-04-23. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales. YCF history on Argentina.gob.ar Ley Nº 22.775 "Modifícanse las Partidas de Gastos y Recursos de la Empresa del Estado Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales para el ejercicio 1980" - InfoLeg website (accessed 2016-10-07) vteGovernment of ArgentinaExecutive President Historic list General Secretariat Legal and Technical Secretariat Vice President Historic list Legislative Senate list provisional president Chamber of Deputies list president National Congress Judiciary Supreme Court Attorney General Council of Magistracy MinistriesCurrent Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers Defense Economy Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship Health Human Capital Justice Security Defunct Agriculture Education Infrastructure Productive Development Public Works Transport Tourism and Sports Women, Genders and Diversity Agencies AFI AFIP ANSES Anti-Corruption Bureau Archive of Remembrance Archive of the Nation Banco Hipotecario Banco Nación Casa de Moneda Central Bank CNEA CITEDEF Civil Aviation CONAE CONICET Directorate for Migration Fondo de las Artes INADI INAI INAPL INCAA INDEC Instituto Antártico PAMI Parques Nacionales Secretariat of the Interior Secretariat of Labour, Employment and Social Security SEDRONAR Servicio Meteorológico SIGEN SSN White Helmets CompaniesCurrent Aerolíneas Argentinas AySA ARSAT Correo Argentino ENARSA Fabricaciones Militares FAdeA Ferrocarriles Argentinos S.E. Operaciones Cargas Infraestructura LADE Tandanor YCRT Defunct Austral ENTel FAdeL Ferrocarriles Argentinos IAME Obras Sanitarias YCF Rio Turbio Railway Communications ENACOM Encuentro Pakapaka Radio Nacional RAE Argentina Télam Televisión Pública Armed Forces Air Force Army Navy Law enforcement Federal Police Gendarmerie Category Commons Portals: Argentina Energy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hull classification symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"state-owned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"Rio Turbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Turbio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacimientos_Carbon%C3%ADferos_R%C3%ADo_Turbio"}],"text":"\"YCF\" redirects here. For the United States Navy hull classification symbol \"YCF\", see Hull classification symbol.YCF, acronym for Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales (Spanish for Fiscal Coal Fields), was an Argentine state-owned company dedicated to exploiting coal deposits in the Argentine mainland, mainly the field near to Rio Turbio.[1][2]The company was succeeded in 1994 by Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio.","title":"Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RFIRT_2-10-2_No_109_at_Rio_Turbio.jpg"},{"link_name":"privatised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A._(corporation)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rio Turbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Turbio"},{"link_name":"Rio Gallegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Gallegos"},{"link_name":"Rio Turbio Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Turbio_Railway"}],"text":"\"Ferrocarril Industrial Río Turbio\" freight trainThe company was founded in 1958 and existed until 1994, when it was privatised and renamed as Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio S.A.[3]Prior to the creation of YCF, Argentina used to import coal. This became a problem during World War II, when a severe shortage caused problems to such key sectors as industry and transport. Production peaked in 1972 when it reached 570,000 tons.[citation needed]The coal was mined in Rio Turbio and transported to the port city of Rio Gallegos using the Rio Turbio Railway.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"\"Ferrocarril Industrial Río Turbio\" freight train","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/RFIRT_2-10-2_No_109_at_Rio_Turbio.jpg/200px-RFIRT_2-10-2_No_109_at_Rio_Turbio.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Historia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ycrt.gov.ar/html/historia/","url_text":"\"Historia\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAZONES Y ORÍGENES - DE LA EMPRESA Y.C.F.\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mirioturbio.com.ar/temas/ycf.php","url_text":"\"RAZONES Y ORÍGENES - DE LA EMPRESA Y.C.F.\""}]},{"reference":"\"YCRT\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-21. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma_van_Gool	Wilma van den Berg	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Dutch sprinter (born 1947) In this Dutch name, the surname is van den Berg, not Berg. Wilma van den BergWilma and Riet van den Berg in 1970Personal informationBirth nameWilhelmina Catharina Maria Martina van GoolFull nameWilhelmina Catharina Maria Martina "Wilma" van Gool-van den BergBorn (1947-08-11) 11 August 1947 (age 76)Uden, the NetherlandsHeight1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)Weight56 kg (123 lb)SportSportSprintClubDe Keijen Medal record Representing the Netherlands European Championships (outdoors) 1969 Athens 100 m European Championships (indoors) 1970 Vienna 60 m Wilhelmina Catharina Maria Martina "Wilma" van Gool (née van den Berg. born 11 August 1947), commonly known as Wilma van den Berg, is a Dutch former sprinter, two-time Olympian, silver medalist in the European Championships and Universiade, Dutch national champion, and 1969 Dutch Female Athlete of the Year. Biography She won the Dutch national championship in both the 100 m event and the 200 m in 1967, 1969-72, and 1976; she also won the 100 m event in 1974. She won a silver medal at the 1969 European Championships in the 100 m event, and a bronze medal at the 1970 European Indoor Championships in the 60 m. At the 1970 Summer Universiade she won a silver medal in the 100 m event, and a bronze medal in the 200 m. She competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1972 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 200 m sprint and 4 × 100 m relay. She finished in fourth place in the relay in 1968; individually, she did not reach the finals. She had qualified for the semifinals in the 200 m sprints at the Munich Olympics, and the 23.22 that she ran in the quarterfinals was faster than the time in the quarterfinals of the eventual gold medal winner, Renate Stecher of East Germany. However, after the killing of 11 Israeli athletes in the Munich Massacre, and the Olympics not being cancelled, she withdrew from the competition in sympathy with the Israeli victims. She said that she was leaving in protest of the "obscene" decision to continue with the Olympic Games. The organizers of the 1973 Maccabiah Games in Israel invited her to join, and she ran as a pacer--not as a competitor. In 1969 she was selected as the Dutch Female Athlete of the Year. Her personal bests were 11.1 seconds in the 100 m (1972), and 23.22 seconds in the 200 m (1972). See also List of European Athletics Championships medalists (women) List of European Athletics Indoor Championships medalists (women) List of 100 metres national champions (women) Women's 4 × 100 metres relay world record progression References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wilma van den Berg. ^ "Dutch Championships". www.gbrathletics.com. ^ "Wilma VAN GOOL \| Profile \| World Athletics". worldathletics.org. ^ a b c Wilma van Gool-van den Berg. sports-reference.com ^ "Olympedia – 200 metres, Women". www.olympedia.org. ^ a b "Maccabiah Games: A Somber Occasion". The New York Times. July 8, 1973. ^ John Bale (2004). Running Cultures; Racing in Time and Space External links Wilma van Gool at World Athletics Wilma van Gool-van den Berg at Olympedia Wilhelmina Catharina van den Berg at Olympics.com Awards Preceded byMia Gommers KNAU Cup 1969 Succeeded byIlja Keizer-Laman Authority control databases: People World Athletics This biographical article relating to Dutch athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"1969 Dutch Female Athlete of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Athlete_of_the_Year"}],"text":"In this Dutch name, the surname is van den Berg, not Berg.Wilhelmina Catharina Maria Martina \"Wilma\" van Gool (née van den Berg. born 11 August 1947), commonly known as Wilma van den Berg, is a Dutch former sprinter, two-time Olympian, silver medalist in the European Championships and Universiade, Dutch national champion, and 1969 Dutch Female Athlete of the Year.","title":"Wilma van den Berg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1969 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres"},{"link_name":"1970 European Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_60_metres"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1970 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1970_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"100 m event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1970_Summer_Universiade_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres"},{"link_name":"200 m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1970_Summer_Universiade_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metres"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-3"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"in fourth place in the relay in 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-3"},{"link_name":"Munich Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Renate Stecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Stecher"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Munich Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto451-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1973 Maccabiah Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Maccabiah_Games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto451-5"},{"link_name":"Dutch Female Athlete of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Athlete_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-3"}],"text":"She won the Dutch national championship in both the 100 m event and the 200 m in 1967, 1969-72, and 1976; she also won the 100 m event in 1974.[1]She won a silver medal at the 1969 European Championships in the 100 m event, and a bronze medal at the 1970 European Indoor Championships in the 60 m.[2] At the 1970 Summer Universiade she won a silver medal in the 100 m event, and a bronze medal in the 200 m.[3]She competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1972 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 200 m sprint and 4 × 100 m relay. She finished in fourth place in the relay in 1968; individually, she did not reach the finals.[3]She had qualified for the semifinals in the 200 m sprints at the Munich Olympics, and the 23.22 that she ran in the quarterfinals was faster than the time in the quarterfinals of the eventual gold medal winner, Renate Stecher of East Germany.[4] However, after the killing of 11 Israeli athletes in the Munich Massacre, and the Olympics not being cancelled, she withdrew from the competition in sympathy with the Israeli victims.[5] She said that she was leaving in protest of the \"obscene\" decision to continue with the Olympic Games.[6] The organizers of the 1973 Maccabiah Games in Israel invited her to join, and she ran as a pacer--not as a competitor.[5]In 1969 she was selected as the Dutch Female Athlete of the Year. Her personal bests were 11.1 seconds in the 100 m (1972), and 23.22 seconds in the 200 m (1972).[3]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of European Athletics Championships medalists (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Athletics_Championships_medalists_(women)"},{"title":"List of European Athletics Indoor Championships medalists (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_medalists_(women)"},{"title":"List of 100 metres national champions (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_100_metres_national_champions_(women)"},{"title":"Women's 4 × 100 metres relay world record progression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay_world_record_progression"}]	[{"reference":"\"Dutch Championships\". www.gbrathletics.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ned.htm","url_text":"\"Dutch Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilma VAN GOOL \| Profile \| World Athletics\". worldathletics.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/wilma-van-gool-14362430","url_text":"\"Wilma VAN GOOL \| Profile \| World Athletics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympedia – 200 metres, Women\". www.olympedia.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympedia.org/results/61413","url_text":"\"Olympedia – 200 metres, Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maccabiah Games: A Somber Occasion\". The New York Times. July 8, 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/08/archives/maccabia-games-a-somber-occasion.html","url_text":"\"Maccabiah Games: A Somber Occasion\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ned.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dutch Championships\""},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/wilma-van-gool-14362430","external_links_name":"\"Wilma VAN GOOL \| Profile \| World Athletics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418112631/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/wilma-van-gool-van-den-berg-1.html","external_links_name":"Wilma van Gool-van den Berg"},{"Link":"http://www.olympedia.org/results/61413","external_links_name":"\"Olympedia – 200 metres, Women\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/08/archives/maccabia-games-a-somber-occasion.html","external_links_name":"\"Maccabiah Games: A Somber Occasion\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkeRAgAAQBAJ&dq=Wilma++van+Gool+sprinter&pg=PA157","external_links_name":"Running Cultures; Racing in Time and Space"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/wilma-van-gool-14362430","external_links_name":"Wilma van Gool"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/73773","external_links_name":"Wilma van Gool-van den Berg"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/wilhelmina-catharina-van-den-berg","external_links_name":"Wilhelmina Catharina van den Berg"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14362430","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilma_van_den_Berg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Afghanistan	1980 in Afghanistan	["1 Incumbents","2 January 14, 1980","3 January 29, 1980","4 February 1980","5 April 1980","6 May 1980","7 June 1980","8 September 1980","9 October 16, 1980","10 November 1980"]	List of events ← 1979 1978 1977 1980 in Afghanistan → 1981 1982 1983 Decades: 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s See also:Other events of 1980List of years in Afghanistan The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Afghanistan. Karmal faces increasing friction within the Revolutionary Council and other wings of the government. One of the most striking evidences of Khalq-Parcham feuding comes when Karmal removes his deputy prime minister, Assadullah Sarwari, a prominent Khalqi, and three other Khalq followers from the scene by appointing them as ambassadors. Sarwari, who was once considered a potential Soviet choice to replace Karmal, is named envoy to Mongolia after a sojourn in the Soviet Union. There are reports of assassinations of Khalqis by Parchamites and vice versa, and bitter interparty fighting is said to have spread to army units and government agencies in various parts of the country. Karmal reshuffles his cabinet, promoting Sultan Ali Keshtmand, a trusted Parchamite colleague, to replace Sarwari as first deputy prime minister. Incumbents General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan: Babrak Karmal Chairman of the Revolutionary Council: Babrak Karmal Chairman of the Council of Ministers: Babrak Karmal January 14, 1980 A special session of the UN General Assembly passes a resolution (104-18) calling for the immediate withdrawal of "foreign troops" in Afghanistan. Similar resolutions are passed in subsequent years until November 10, 1987, when the vote in favour reaches a record 123. January 29, 1980 An emergency session of the Conference of Islamic States, convening in Islamabad, Pakistan, condemns the "Soviet military aggression against the Afghan people" and demands that all Soviet troops be withdrawn immediately. The foreign ministers also suspend Afghanistan from their organization and ask that their respective governments sever diplomatic relations with it. February 1980 Main article: 3 Hoot uprising Anti-Soviet feeling among the Afghans rises to a high pitch, when a general strike and violent demonstrations are staged against the Soviet presence in Kabul and other major cities. The mass uprising is quelled as Afghan armed forces and Communist militia inflict heavy casualties on the demonstrators. As cases of Soviet soldiers disappearing begin to increase, the Soviet troops assume more and more direct control of the security situation from the Afghan Army. The Soviets unleash a series of offensives against insurgents in the provinces of Paktia, Konarha, Ghazni, Herat, Kandahar, and Badakhshan. April 1980 Main article: 1980 student protests in Kabul The demonstrations are repeated at the end of April, this time staged by students from Kabul University and other educational institutions. The April demonstrations, which occur during the anniversary celebrations of the Saur (April) Revolution launched by former leader Taraki on April 27, 1978, result in the brutal killings of more than 50 students. May 1980 Attempts to bring about a peaceful solution of the Afghan crisis and Soviet withdrawal from the country are made by the Islamic Conference in Islamabad, Pakistan. No headway can be made, however. Pakistan refuses to have any direct talks with the Karmal regime, since this would involve recognition of the Soviet-backed government. Karmal insists that all subversive activities against his country must stop before any international discussion on the crisis could be held. June 1980 The Soviet Union announces a token withdrawal of one of its divisions, but this fails to placate the Afghans. Despite intense propaganda by General Secretary Karmal, Afghan state organs, and the Soviet government to the effect that the Soviet presence had a "limited" purpose and the troops would pull out as soon as peace was restored, the Karmal regime is finding itself more and more isolated from the people. Except for a small percentage consisting of ruling PDPA cadres, bureaucrats, and intellectuals, no section of the population accepts the government's thesis: that all the country's ills either are caused by saboteurs and agents from Pakistan and the U.S. or result from the tyrannical measures adopted by the short-lived regime of Karmal's predecessor, Hafizullah Amin. Increasingly, Karmal is finding himself in a dilemma, because the very Soviet troops who are arousing such resistance from his countrymen are the only force preventing the collapse of his government. Meanwhile, several regional groups, collectively known as Mujahideen (from the Persian word meaning "warriors"), have united inside Afghanistan, or across the border in Peshawar, to resist the Soviet invaders and the Soviet-backed Afghan Army. The Afghan Army's strength is down to 32,000 from an estimated 80,000 at the time of the Soviet intervention, due to large-scale desertions. September 1980 Outside estimates place the number of Afghans seeking shelter in Pakistan at over 900,000. October 16, 1980 Karmal begins an extended visit to Moscow, where he is welcomed by Soviet Pres. Leonid Brezhnev. Their subsequent discussion and joint signature of a document in the Kremlin is seen as a formal acknowledgment of the Afghan government's puppet status. November 1980 It is disclosed that Egypt is sending arms to the Mujahideen. vteYears in Afghanistan (1528–present)16th century 1528 Afghanistan portal18th century 1729 1738 19th century 1823 1826 1834 1839 1840 1841 1842 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1980 in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Soviet Union Sri Lanka Syria Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam North Yemen South Yemen States with limitedrecognition Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic Palestine Taiwan Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Dependencies, coloniesand other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Brunei Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"}],"text":"The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Afghanistan.Karmal faces increasing friction within the Revolutionary Council and other wings of the government. One of the most striking evidences of Khalq-Parcham feuding comes when Karmal removes his deputy prime minister, Assadullah Sarwari, a prominent Khalqi, and three other Khalq followers from the scene by appointing them as ambassadors. Sarwari, who was once considered a potential Soviet choice to replace Karmal, is named envoy to Mongolia after a sojourn in the Soviet Union. There are reports of assassinations of Khalqis by Parchamites and vice versa, and bitter interparty fighting is said to have spread to army units and government agencies in various parts of the country. Karmal reshuffles his cabinet, promoting Sultan Ali Keshtmand, a trusted Parchamite colleague, to replace Sarwari as first deputy prime minister.","title":"1980 in Afghanistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Babrak Karmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babrak_Karmal"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Afghanistan)"},{"link_name":"Babrak Karmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babrak_Karmal"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Afghanistan)"},{"link_name":"Babrak Karmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babrak_Karmal"}],"text":"General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan: Babrak Karmal\nChairman of the Revolutionary Council: Babrak Karmal\nChairman of the Council of Ministers: Babrak Karmal","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A special session of the UN General Assembly passes a resolution (104-18) calling for the immediate withdrawal of \"foreign troops\" in Afghanistan. Similar resolutions are passed in subsequent years until November 10, 1987, when the vote in favour reaches a record 123.","title":"January 14, 1980"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An emergency session of the Conference of Islamic States, convening in Islamabad, Pakistan, condemns the \"Soviet military aggression against the Afghan people\" and demands that all Soviet troops be withdrawn immediately. The foreign ministers also suspend Afghanistan from their organization and ask that their respective governments sever diplomatic relations with it.","title":"January 29, 1980"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Anti-Soviet feeling among the Afghans rises to a high pitch, when a general strike and violent demonstrations are staged against the Soviet presence in Kabul and other major cities. The mass uprising is quelled as Afghan armed forces and Communist militia inflict heavy casualties on the demonstrators. As cases of Soviet soldiers disappearing begin to increase, the Soviet troops assume more and more direct control of the security situation from the Afghan Army. The Soviets unleash a series of offensives against insurgents in the provinces of Paktia, Konarha, Ghazni, Herat, Kandahar, and Badakhshan.","title":"February 1980"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The demonstrations are repeated at the end of April, this time staged by students from Kabul University and other educational institutions. The April demonstrations, which occur during the anniversary celebrations of the Saur (April) Revolution launched by former leader Taraki on April 27, 1978, result in the brutal killings of more than 50 students.","title":"April 1980"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Attempts to bring about a peaceful solution of the Afghan crisis and Soviet withdrawal from the country are made by the Islamic Conference in Islamabad, Pakistan. No headway can be made, however. Pakistan refuses to have any direct talks with the Karmal regime, since this would involve recognition of the Soviet-backed government. Karmal insists that all subversive activities against his country must stop before any international discussion on the crisis could be held.","title":"May 1980"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hafizullah Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin"}],"text":"The Soviet Union announces a token withdrawal of one of its divisions, but this fails to placate the Afghans. Despite intense propaganda by General Secretary Karmal, Afghan state organs, and the Soviet government to the effect that the Soviet presence had a \"limited\" purpose and the troops would pull out as soon as peace was restored, the Karmal regime is finding itself more and more isolated from the people. Except for a small percentage consisting of ruling PDPA cadres, bureaucrats, and intellectuals, no section of the population accepts the government's thesis: that all the country's ills either are caused by saboteurs and agents from Pakistan and the U.S. or result from the tyrannical measures adopted by the short-lived regime of Karmal's predecessor, Hafizullah Amin. Increasingly, Karmal is finding himself in a dilemma, because the very Soviet troops who are arousing such resistance from his countrymen are the only force preventing the collapse of his government. Meanwhile, several regional groups, collectively known as Mujahideen (from the Persian word meaning \"warriors\"), have united inside Afghanistan, or across the border in Peshawar, to resist the Soviet invaders and the Soviet-backed Afghan Army.The Afghan Army's strength is down to 32,000 from an estimated 80,000 at the time of the Soviet intervention, due to large-scale desertions.","title":"June 1980"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Outside estimates place the number of Afghans seeking shelter in Pakistan at over 900,000.","title":"September 1980"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin"}],"text":"Karmal begins an extended visit to Moscow, where he is welcomed by Soviet Pres. Leonid Brezhnev. Their subsequent discussion and joint signature of a document in the Kremlin is seen as a formal acknowledgment of the Afghan government's puppet status.","title":"October 16, 1980"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Years_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"16th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Years_of_the_16th_century_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1528_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"18th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_18th_century_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"1729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1729_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1738_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_19th_century_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"1823","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1823_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1826_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1834_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1839_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1840_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1841_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1842_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1878_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1880_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1881_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1882_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1883_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1884_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1885_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1886_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1887_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1888_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1889_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1890_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1891_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1892_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1893_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1894_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"20th 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states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Burma (Myanmar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_China"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Laos"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qatar"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"North Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Yemen"},{"link_name":"South Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Yemen"},{"link_name":"States with limitedrecognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"link_name":"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Palestinian_territories"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"British Indian Ocean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"}],"text":"It is disclosed that Egypt is sending arms to the Mujahideen.vteYears in Afghanistan (1528–present)16th century\n1528\n\nAfghanistan portal18th century\n1729\n1738\n19th century\n1823\n1826\n1834\n1839\n1840\n1841\n1842\n\n1878\n1879\n1880\n1881\n1882\n1883\n1884\n1885\n1886\n1887\n1888\n1889\n1890\n1891\n1892\n1893\n1894\n1896\n1897\n1898\n1899\n1900\n20th century\n1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n21st century\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024vte1980 in AsiaSovereign states\nAfghanistan\n\n\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\n\nBurma (Myanmar)\n\nCambodia\n\nChina\nCyprus\n\nEgypt\n\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\n\n\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\n\nLaos\nLebanon\n\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\n\nNepal\nOman\n\nPakistan\n\n\n\nPhilippines\nQatar\n\nSaudi Arabia\n\n\nSingapore\nSoviet Union\nSri Lanka\nSyria\n\nThailand\n\nTurkey\n\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\nVietnam\n\n\n\nNorth Yemen\nSouth Yemen\nStates with limitedrecognition\n\nArmenian Soviet Socialist Republic\nAzerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic\nByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic\nEstonian Soviet Socialist Republic\nGeorgian Soviet Socialist Republic\nKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic\nKirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic\nLatvian Soviet Socialist Republic\nLithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic\nMoldavian Soviet Socialist Republic\n\n\n\nPalestine\n\nTaiwan\nTajik Soviet Socialist Republic\n\nTurkmen Soviet Socialist Republic\nUzbek Soviet Socialist Republic\nDependencies, coloniesand other territories\n\n\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\n\nBrunei\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands","title":"November 1980"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Eternity_(Ancient_Egypt)	House of Eternity (Ancient Egypt)	["1 Mythological connections","2 The house of eternity as the 'book of life'","3 Celebration in the house of eternity","4 Houses of eternity","4.1 Mastabas","4.2 Pyramids","4.3 Temple tombs","4.4 Shaft and rock tombs","5 Literature","6 References"]	Term referring to a tomb House of Eternity in Hieroglyphs Old Kingdom of Egypt Per-djetPr-ḏ.tHouse of the Eternal Time /House of Eternity Ancient Greek Aidioi oikoiHouses of Eternity The Pyramids of Giza In ancient Egypt, the term house of eternity refers to a tomb that consists of a pit, a tomb shaft, or from mudbricks, which were later carved into rocks; or built on open land. Burial sites made of stone were a "sign of immortality", due to the long durability of stone. This was an ideal construction method that could be afforded by only a very few ancient Egyptians, due to its high cost. In ancient Egyptian mythology, the construction of a monument during one's own lifetime represented the most intensive representation with the connection of life; and the concept of living in the afterlife. The house of eternity was "a place to meet oneself" for the tomb owner and contained decorations portraying the owner's likeness, and the stages of their lives. The owner immortalised themselves with their portrait on the walls of the tomb, along with the inscriptions, to resurrect them in "a new life in later times". The tomb owner depicted their "completed life" in anticipation of their death, which according to their beliefs, was to be removed from this form; in the portrayal of oblivion and mortality. The tomb owner hoped that through immaculate moral conduct, they would meet their Ka in the afterlife. The house of eternity was the place that enabled the tomb owner to endure unwavering, in the 'eternal life' (djet). With that said, the ancient Egyptians began to spend the most important annual celebrations in the house of eternity. Mythological connections Osiris as the Ruler of the Afterlife (Tomb of Sennedjem, Nineteenth Dynasty) The ancient Egyptians believed that life in the mortal world was short in comparison to eternity in the afterlife. They, therefore, had two concepts of time for 'the eternal cycle of life of earth' (neheh – nḥḥ) and 'life in the eternity of the kingdom of the dead' (djet – ḏt). 'Neheh' means a period of time in which something exists, renews and repeats. 'Djet' refers to the future in which earthly life will have ended and everything accomplished in life lives for an indefinite amount of time in Duat. The sun god Ra was the manifestation of the time called 'neheh', as Ra 'renewed himself every night' and 'was reborn' with the dawn of every day by the sky goddess Nut. Contrary to this, Osiris, as the god of the dead, was the synonym for the time called 'djet'. Osiris', whose appearance was as a mummy, also carried the name of; 'the one who continues to be perfect.' In this respect, neheh, the time of Ra, is the rebirth, and djet, the time of Osiris, is the remembrance. The 'life goals' of the ancient Egyptians depicted the eternal continuation in the 'Kingdom of Osiris', for which the embalming, mummification and the reading of the judgment of the dead; were required for those who had died. A life lived in moral perfection symbolised 'the good', which was allowed to pass into the afterlife and thus, in the djet after being 'checked by the judgment of the dead.' The house of eternity also functioned as the 'tribunal and mummification hall', constructed according to the principles of the goddess Maat. The house of eternity as the 'book of life' Stone entrance to tomb from the inner courtyard belonging to Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum ( Saqqara, fifth dynasty). The ancient Egyptians lead their lives from birth in preparation for later death. The officials with good earnings and the people working in the temple cults began planning their own house of eternity upon entering into working life. Reserve funds, built from their income, were used for the gradual expansion of their tombs. After laying the foundation stone, the inscriptions telling the stages of life followed. The tradition of the ancient Egyptian house of eternity had its roots in 'result-oriented thinking', which was based on past culture and had no scope for innovation at the religious level. Contrary to the spiritually innovative progress, which took into consideration life experiences and the further course of continually adapting to new circumstances, the Egyptians saw personal life until death as a perfect outcome for the preparation of the afterlife; in which the completed actions on earth would be repeated. The actions 'to be repeated' had their spiritual foundation in the cult of the dead, which prescribed to living a morally perfect life. Upon the 'successful accomplishments of the tasks in life', the beckoning reward after death was the 'crossing into the holy land.' The point of departure for the crossing into Duat was the house of eternity. Therefore, the construction and the orientation for the tomb was the most important project in the life of an ancient Egyptian. The house of eternity consisted of the hope in immortality after death. The tomb owner asked himself or herself, in this context, the sorrowful question of whether they were leading a worthy life. The tomb functioned as a mirror, which showed the tomb owner their life in the light of day. Hieroglyphs from the Ptolemaic dynasty at the temple of Kom Ombo. There is a close connection between the house of eternity and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The layout inside of a tomb became a fixed construction design, over a thousand years. The hieroglyphs were primarily linked to the house of eternity and, therefore, there was only a marginal difference in their appearance. Just as the house of eternity was made to last an eternity, so were the hieroglyphs. Even the educated 'ancient Egyptian from the Twenty-fifth Dynasty' should be able to read and understand the tomb inscriptions of their 'ancestors from the First Dynasty.' The house of eternity functioned according to ancient Egyptian understanding as a 'book of life', which the tomb owner wrote in their role as author. The tomb and the hieroglyphs came together as a 'work of art', which served as a template for future 'houses of eternity' from generation to generation. The hieroglyphs and the house of eternity were based on the foundation of 'cultural memory.' The old systems became hallowed, which prevented the alienation for their own tomb culture. The retention of the old traditions cannot be compared to the 'inability for further development', but it is an expression of the ancient Egyptians' desire for immortality. A Book of Wisdom from the Nineteenth Dynasty states: They have passed away and have completed their lifetime; all of their contemporaries have fallen into oblivion... However, they created books as heirs and teachings that they wrote themselves... They made their gates and chapels; they have fallen apart. Their priests for the dead have departed, and their alters have become covered with earth... and their names were forgotten, but it is the book that keeps them the memory of them alive.— Extracts from the Book of Wisdom Celebration in the house of eternity Musicians at the Valley Festival (Tomb TT52, Eighteenth Dynasty) Celebrations in the house of eternity were already being conducted by the time of the Old Kingdom, in which the tomb owner was surrounded by their friends and family. The associated cult of the dead had fully formed by the time of the Fifth Dynasty. Sacrifices and other temple-offerings were brought to the house of eternity for the most important festivals throughout the year. In this era, there was a feast in honour of the tomb owner and for various deities, which was followed by music and dancing. The collapse of the Old Kingdom is connected with a religious addition to the cult of the dead in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. With the addition of the Duat, a new three-levelled view of the world was created in writing, with the 'access to the afterlife of the heavens, and the Duat' through the preparation of the non-sovereign cult of the dead among others; and the new evermore commonly used coffin texts. The 'earlier funeral feast of the elite' started to reach to a wider audience with the introduction of the Book of the Dead, during the New Kingdom of Egypt. The Beautiful Festival of the Valley is particularly noted during this era. This festival which took place in the house of eternity developed during the Eighteenth Dynasty and became an exuberant feast which included dancing and drinking. A statue or symbol no longer stood in the centre personifying the tomb owner's later life in the Duat, but mainly as a ‘standing sacrificial offering and consecration recipient in life.' During the reign of Akhenaten, in which the cult of Aten was founded, the celebrations in the house of eternity were temporarily suspended. With the start of the Nineteenth Dynasty the earlier traditional structures were again at the forefront, which removed the splendour of the frivolities during the Eighteenth Dynasty; and replaced them with serious rituals. Houses of eternity Entrance to the Tomb of Menna (TT69), Eighteenth DynastyOnly quotations have survived from the work Aegyptiaca ("On the Egyptians") by the Greek historian Hecataeus of Abdera between 320 and 305 BC, who reported on the life of the Egyptians in Alexandria at the beginning of the Ptolemaic period. Above all, the description of the land of the Nile in the first book of world history Diodorus Siculus is based primarily on Hecataeus. One of his quotes tells about the Houses of Eternity: The locals give the time they spend living very low value. They called houses for the living 'dosshouses' due to the short time they spend living there. Contrary to this, they place the most value on the time after their death, during which the memory of virtue will preserve them. The tombs of the dead are called 'eternal houses' because the dead spend a never-ending time in the underworld. Therefore, they gave little thought to the earthly materials in their houses, but, on the other hand, it seems that no expense was too high for their tombs.— Hecataeus of Abdera, quoted by Diodorus Siculus, Bibl. Hist. I 51 The observations of Hecataeus of Abdera mirrored the actual situation in ancient Egypt. The houses of the Egyptians, just as the palaces of the kings, were constructed from air-dried loam bricks, as it was the easiest and cheapest construction material with which to work. Whereas the 'houses of eternity' were built, just as a temple, from stone slabs or were rock-cut tombs. Mastabas Construction of a typical mastaba. The mastaba is a type of tomb structure named after the Egyptian-Arabic word for 'stone bench'. Concerning art history, mastabas are part of an evolutionary line that began with the tombs of the elite from the early dynastic period, which lead to the construction of pyramids within royal contexts; and ended at the end of the Twelfth Dynasty in private contexts. The funeral took place under the building, in a chamber at the end of a shaft. The mastabas of lower courtiers were usually rather simple in comparison and have no niche façade. At the end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the classical mastaba form is no longer a conventional structure. The decoration is mostly reduced to just a false door, while the tomb became gradually more decorated. Pyramids Pyramid of Djoser The Egyptian pyramids are a further development of Nu, which are found at the royal tombs at Abydos, Egypt. The hill shape of the mastabas at Saqqara was also incorporated. From the Third Dynasty, the pyramids served as the burial ground of the King, which developed as a synthesis of the various Upper and Lower Egyptian components of the tomb and valley district. Elements of the tombs and facilities are again found at Saqqara. The large enclosure in Saqqara (Gisr el-Mudir) is said to have served as a stone equivalent of the valley districts of Abydos, as a model for the enclosure of the pyramidal district, as well as the wedge-shaped gallery graves of the Second Dynasty, in Saqqara. The construction of the Pyramid of Djoser created a new visual appearance for the house of eternity, which was said to have enabled the deceased King or Queen to ascend to a 'human equivalent of the sun,' a rank on par with the sun god Horus. This new philosophy of the kings can be seen alongside the increasing size of the later pyramids. The inside walls of these constructions had relief decorations, such as those in the Pyramid of Djoser, but were undecorated until the end of the Fifth Dynasty. The paths to the tomb chambers were through tunnels inside of the pyramid.Great Pyramid of Giza If the Kings saw themselves as Horus on Earth until the Third Dynasty, then they understood themselves to be 'sons of Ra', with the rising of the sun associated with the god Ra from the time of King Djedefre, Fourth Dynasty. The hierarchical change led to a reduction in the size of the pyramids. The literary work, the Instruction of Hardjedef, which refers to the tombs of the Old Kingdom as houses of eternity, now only exists in fragments. Due to the language, the work can clearly be dated to the Middle Kingdom. It begins with the quote: Make your home in the west splendid and fit in abundantly from your seat in the necropolis. Accept this; death is minor to us, accept this, for life is mighty. But the house of death serves life.— Doctrine of Hardjedef The rest of the text deals with the tomb site. Accordingly, the house of eternity was in the ideal case, a plot to provide the necessary income as an offering. In the Old Kingdom, there was the office 'overseer of the house of eternity'. A Funerary Priest took care of offering the 'revenue of the house of eternity': "This will be more useful to you than a dear son. Promote this more than your heirs. Remember what they say, no heir remembers forever." Temple tombs Two Pylons in EdfuSince the Middle Kingdom, there were temple-like tombs. They were found in all parts of Egypt and are attested to the late period. Some of the temple tombs had a causeway and were surrounded by a wall on the front, where pylons could be found. The mausoleum had a courtyard, optionally decorated with columns. Behind it, there was a cult room with a statue or a door. The complexes of the Middle Kingdom were partly built in Lisht, in a grand style. In Thebes, there existed smaller variants made of mud bricks. In the New Kingdom, this type of tomb reached its heyday, especially in Saqqara, a large number of these tombs were found and excavated. The walls were often decorated with reliefs and rarely with paintings. Small pyramids were innovated around this time as well. Shaft and rock tombs Entrance to a tomb in Valley of the Kings Most ancient Egyptians were buried in simple shafts, or pits, for cost reasons. The Valley of the Kings is where the tombs of the Kings of the New Kingdom (nineteenth and twentieth dynasties), are located in particular. The valley is located in Thebes-West, opposite Karnak, on the edge of the desert and is surrounded by high mountains, namely by the natural rock pyramid, El Qurn ("The Horn"). Almost the entire area of Thebes-West forms a vast necropolis, where, to date, 64 tombs and other mines have been found. In the Valley of the Queens, three basic types of tombs can be found. The oldest structures are simple, undecorated shaft tombs. These usually had only one chamber, more rarely, one or two auxiliary chambers. The standard tombs generally consist of two large, consecutive rooms. There were up to five auxiliary chambers. The tombs were usually richly decorated. Paintings in tomb KV2 In the Valley of the Kings None of the complexes show the remains of a superstructure which were normally reserved for the cult of the dead. These are probably to be found on the fertile edge and have the form of small temples. Around the time of Thutmose III, the following text was written in tomb TT 131 of the vizier Useramen, who in a few words expresses "result-oriented thinking": I built myself an excellent grave in my city of abundance of time (neheh). I excellently equipped the site of my tomb from rock in the Eternal Desert ( djet ). May my name last in the mouth of the living, remembering me well in the people after the years to come. This world is a little just for this, but eternity is in the kingdom of the dead.— Tomb TT 131 Useramen Literature Jan Assmann: Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten. Sonderausgabe. Beck, München 2003, ISBN 3406497071. Ulrike Fritz: Typologie der Mastabagräber des Alten Reiches. Strukturelle Analyse eines altägyptischen Grabtyps (= Achet – Schriften zur Ägyptologie. A 5). Achet-Verlag, Berlin, 2004, ISBN 3933684196 (Zugleich: Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2000). Siegfried Schott: Das schöne Fest vom Wüstentale. Festbräuche einer Totenstadt (= Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. Jg. 1952, Nr. 11, ISSN 0002-2977). Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz 1953. Rainer Stadelmann: Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. Vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder (= Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt. Bd. 30). 3., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3805311427. Kent R. Weeks (Hrsg.): Im Tal der Könige. Von Grabkunst und Totenkult der ägyptischen Herrscher. Fotos von Araldo de Luca. Weltbild, Augsburg 2001, ISBN 3828905862. References ^ Jan Assmann: Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten. pp. 484–485. ^ Siegfried Schott: Das schöne Fest vom Wüstentale. p. 64 and p. 66. ^ Jan Assmann: Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten. p. 169. ^ Siegfried Schott: Das schöne Fest vom Wüstentale. ^ Jan Assmann: Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten. p. 483 ^ Mark Lehner: Das erste Weltwunder. Die Geheimnisse der ägyptischen Pyramiden. ECON, Düsseldorf u.a. 1997, ISBN 3430159636, p. 75 ff.: Die Königsgräber von Abydos. ^ W. Helck: Geschichte des alten Ägypten (= Handbuch der Orientalistik. Abt. 1, Bd. 1, 3). Photomechanischer Nachdruck mit Berichtigungen und Ergänzungen. Brill, Leiden 1981, ISBN 9004064974, pp. 45–46. ^ Günter Burkhard, Heinz J. Thissen: Einführung in die altägyptische Literaturgeschichte. Band 1: Altes und Mittleres Reich (= Einführung und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie. Bd. 1). 2. Auflage. LIT, Münster u.a. 2007, ISBN 978-3825861322, p. 81. ^ Jan Assmann: Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten. p. 481 ^ a b Hellmut Brunner: Altägyptische Weisheit. Lehren für das Leben (= Die Bibliothek der alten Welt. Reihe: Der Alte Orient. Bd. 6). Artemis, Zürich u. a. 1988, ISBN 3760836836, S. 103.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"mudbricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudbrick"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"},{"link_name":"afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul#Ka_(vital_essence)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In ancient Egypt, the term house of eternity refers to a tomb that consists of a pit, a tomb shaft, or from mudbricks, which were later carved into rocks; or built on open land. Burial sites made of stone were a \"sign of immortality\", due to the long durability of stone. This was an ideal construction method that could be afforded by only a very few ancient Egyptians, due to its high cost. In ancient Egyptian mythology, the construction of a monument during one's own lifetime represented the most intensive representation with the connection of life; and the concept of living in the afterlife. [citation needed]The house of eternity was \"a place to meet oneself\" for the tomb owner and contained decorations portraying the owner's likeness, and the stages of their lives. The owner immortalised themselves with their portrait on the walls of the tomb, along with the inscriptions, to resurrect them in \"a new life in later times\". The tomb owner depicted their \"completed life\" in anticipation of their death, which according to their beliefs, was to be removed from this form; in the portrayal of oblivion and mortality. [citation needed]The tomb owner hoped that through immaculate moral conduct, they would meet their Ka in the afterlife. The house of eternity was the place that enabled the tomb owner to endure unwavering, in the 'eternal life' (djet). With that said, the ancient Egyptians began to spend the most important annual celebrations in the house of eternity. [citation needed]","title":"House of Eternity (Ancient Egypt)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_aus_dem_Grab_des_Sennudjem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sennedjem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennedjem"},{"link_name":"Nineteenth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Duat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra"},{"link_name":"Nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"god of the dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_deity"},{"link_name":"mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"embalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalming"},{"link_name":"mummification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification"},{"link_name":"Maat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Osiris as the Ruler of the Afterlife (Tomb of Sennedjem, Nineteenth Dynasty)The ancient Egyptians believed that life in the mortal world was short in comparison to eternity in the afterlife. They, therefore, had two concepts of time for 'the eternal cycle of life of earth' (neheh – nḥḥ) and 'life in the eternity of the kingdom of the dead' (djet – ḏt). 'Neheh' means a period of time in which something exists, renews and repeats. 'Djet' refers to the future in which earthly life will have ended and everything accomplished in life lives for an indefinite amount of time in Duat. [citation needed]The sun god Ra was the manifestation of the time called 'neheh', as Ra 'renewed himself every night' and 'was reborn' with the dawn of every day by the sky goddess Nut. Contrary to this, Osiris, as the god of the dead, was the synonym for the time called 'djet'. Osiris', whose appearance was as a mummy, also carried the name of; 'the one who continues to be perfect.' In this respect, neheh, the time of Ra, is the rebirth, and djet, the time of Osiris, is the remembrance. [citation needed]The 'life goals' of the ancient Egyptians depicted the eternal continuation in the 'Kingdom of Osiris', for which the embalming, mummification and the reading of the judgment of the dead; were required for those who had died. A life lived in moral perfection symbolised 'the good', which was allowed to pass into the afterlife and thus, in the djet after being 'checked by the judgment of the dead.' The house of eternity also functioned as the 'tribunal and mummification hall', constructed according to the principles of the goddess Maat. [citation needed]","title":"Mythological connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum"},{"link_name":"Saqqara, fifth dynasty).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cult of the dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_dead"},{"link_name":"Duat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_Hieroglyphe2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kom Ombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_Ombo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Twenty-fifth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"First Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Book of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Stone entrance to tomb from the inner courtyard belonging to Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum ( Saqqara, fifth dynasty).The ancient Egyptians lead their lives from birth in preparation for later death. The officials with good earnings and the people working in the temple cults began planning their own house of eternity upon entering into working life. Reserve funds, built from their income, were used for the gradual expansion of their tombs. After laying the foundation stone, the inscriptions telling the stages of life followed. The tradition of the ancient Egyptian house of eternity had its roots in 'result-oriented thinking', which was based on past culture and had no scope for innovation at the religious level. [citation needed]Contrary to the spiritually innovative progress, which took into consideration life experiences and the further course of continually adapting to new circumstances, the Egyptians saw personal life until death as a perfect outcome for the preparation of the afterlife; in which the completed actions on earth would be repeated. The actions 'to be repeated' had their spiritual foundation in the cult of the dead, which prescribed to living a morally perfect life. Upon the 'successful accomplishments of the tasks in life', the beckoning reward after death was the 'crossing into the holy land.' The point of departure for the crossing into Duat was the house of eternity. Therefore, the construction and the orientation for the tomb was the most important project in the life of an ancient Egyptian. [citation needed]The house of eternity consisted of the hope in immortality after death. The tomb owner asked himself or herself, in this context, the sorrowful question of whether they were leading a worthy life. The tomb functioned as a mirror, which showed the tomb owner their life in the light of day.Hieroglyphs from the Ptolemaic dynasty at the temple of Kom Ombo.[citation needed]There is a close connection between the house of eternity and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The layout inside of a tomb became a fixed construction design, over a thousand years. The hieroglyphs were primarily linked to the house of eternity and, therefore, there was only a marginal difference in their appearance. Just as the house of eternity was made to last an eternity, so were the hieroglyphs. Even the educated 'ancient Egyptian from the Twenty-fifth Dynasty' should be able to read and understand the tomb inscriptions of their 'ancestors from the First Dynasty.' [citation needed]The house of eternity functioned according to ancient Egyptian understanding as a 'book of life', which the tomb owner wrote in their role as author. The tomb and the hieroglyphs came together as a 'work of art', which served as a template for future 'houses of eternity' from generation to generation. The hieroglyphs and the house of eternity were based on the foundation of 'cultural memory.' The old systems became hallowed, which prevented the alienation for their own tomb culture. The retention of the old traditions cannot be compared to the 'inability for further development', but it is an expression of the ancient Egyptians' desire for immortality. A Book of Wisdom from the Nineteenth Dynasty states:They have passed away and have completed their lifetime; all of their contemporaries have fallen into oblivion... However, they created books as heirs and teachings that they wrote themselves... They made their gates and chapels; they have fallen apart. Their priests for the dead have departed, and their alters have become covered with earth... and their names were forgotten, but it is the book that keeps them the memory of them alive.— Extracts from the Book of Wisdom[1]","title":"The house of eternity as the 'book of life'"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Nacht_004.jpg"},{"link_name":"TT52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT52"},{"link_name":"Fifth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sacrifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifices"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"coffin texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_texts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Book of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Festival of the Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley"},{"link_name":"Eighteenth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Akhenaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"Aten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten"},{"link_name":"Nineteenth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"}],"text":"Musicians at the Valley Festival (Tomb TT52, Eighteenth Dynasty)Celebrations in the house of eternity were already being conducted by the time of the Old Kingdom, in which the tomb owner was surrounded by their friends and family. The associated cult of the dead had fully formed by the time of the Fifth Dynasty. Sacrifices and other temple-offerings were brought to the house of eternity for the most important festivals throughout the year. In this era, there was a feast in honour of the tomb owner and for various deities, which was followed by music and dancing.[2] The collapse of the Old Kingdom is connected with a religious addition to the cult of the dead in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. With the addition of the Duat, a new three-levelled view of the world was created in writing, with the 'access to the afterlife of the heavens, and the Duat' through the preparation of the non-sovereign cult of the dead among others; and the new evermore commonly used coffin texts.[3]The 'earlier funeral feast of the elite' started to reach to a wider audience with the introduction of the Book of the Dead, during the New Kingdom of Egypt. The Beautiful Festival of the Valley is particularly noted during this era. This festival which took place in the house of eternity developed during the Eighteenth Dynasty and became an exuberant feast which included dancing and drinking. A statue or symbol no longer stood in the centre personifying the tomb owner's later life in the Duat, but mainly as a ‘standing sacrificial offering and consecration recipient in life.'[4] During the reign of Akhenaten, in which the cult of Aten was founded, the celebrations in the house of eternity were temporarily suspended. With the start of the Nineteenth Dynasty the earlier traditional structures were again at the forefront, which removed the splendour of the frivolities during the Eighteenth Dynasty; and replaced them with serious rituals.","title":"Celebration in the house of eternity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Menna_(TT69)_-_Entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"TT69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT69"},{"link_name":"Hecataeus of Abdera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Abdera"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"loam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam"},{"link_name":"rock-cut tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs"}],"text":"Entrance to the Tomb of Menna (TT69), Eighteenth DynastyOnly quotations have survived from the work Aegyptiaca (\"On the Egyptians\") by the Greek historian Hecataeus of Abdera between 320 and 305 BC, who reported on the life of the Egyptians in Alexandria at the beginning of the Ptolemaic period. Above all, the description of the land of the Nile in the first book of world history Diodorus Siculus is based primarily on Hecataeus. One of his quotes tells about the Houses of Eternity:The locals give the time they spend living very low value. They called houses for the living 'dosshouses' due to the short time they spend living there. Contrary to this, they place the most value on the time after their death, during which the memory of virtue will preserve them. The tombs of the dead are called 'eternal houses' because the dead spend a never-ending time in the underworld. Therefore, they gave little thought to the earthly materials in their houses, but, on the other hand, it seems that no expense was too high for their tombs.— Hecataeus of Abdera, quoted by Diodorus Siculus, Bibl. Hist. I 51[5]The observations of Hecataeus of Abdera mirrored the actual situation in ancient Egypt. The houses of the Egyptians, just as the palaces of the kings, were constructed from air-dried loam bricks, as it was the easiest and cheapest construction material with which to work. Whereas the 'houses of eternity' were built, just as a temple, from stone slabs or were rock-cut tombs.","title":"Houses of eternity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mastaba_schematics.svg"},{"link_name":"mastaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom of Egypt, the classical mastaba form is no longer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"false door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_door"}],"sub_title":"Mastabas","text":"Construction of a typical mastaba.The mastaba is a type of tomb structure named after the Egyptian-Arabic word for 'stone bench'. Concerning art history, mastabas are part of an evolutionary line that began with the tombs of the elite from the early dynastic period, which lead to the construction of pyramids within royal contexts; and ended at the end of the Twelfth Dynasty in private contexts.The funeral took place under the building, in a chamber at the end of a shaft. The mastabas of lower courtiers were usually rather simple in comparison and have no niche façade. At the end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the classical mastaba form is no longer a conventional structure. The decoration is mostly reduced to just a false door, while the tomb became gradually more decorated.","title":"Houses of eternity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DjoserPyramid.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pyramid of Djoser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids"},{"link_name":"Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Abydos, Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Saqqara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara"},{"link_name":"Third Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gisr el-Mudir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisr_el-Mudir"},{"link_name":"Second Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Pyramid of Djoser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fifth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gizeh_Cheops_BW_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Pyramid of Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra"},{"link_name":"Djedefre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefre"},{"link_name":"Instruction of Hardjedef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_of_Hardjedef"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heli-10"}],"sub_title":"Pyramids","text":"Pyramid of DjoserThe Egyptian pyramids are a further development of Nu, which are found at the royal tombs at Abydos, Egypt. The hill shape of the mastabas at Saqqara was also incorporated. From the Third Dynasty, the pyramids served as the burial ground of the King, which developed as a synthesis of the various Upper and Lower Egyptian components of the tomb and valley district.[6] Elements of the tombs and facilities are again found at Saqqara. The large enclosure in Saqqara (Gisr el-Mudir) is said to have served as a stone equivalent of the valley districts of Abydos, as a model for the enclosure of the pyramidal district, as well as the wedge-shaped gallery graves of the Second Dynasty, in Saqqara.The construction of the Pyramid of Djoser created a new visual appearance for the house of eternity, which was said to have enabled the deceased King or Queen to ascend to a 'human equivalent of the sun,' a rank on par with the sun god Horus. This new philosophy of the kings can be seen alongside the increasing size of the later pyramids.[7] The inside walls of these constructions had relief decorations, such as those in the Pyramid of Djoser, but were undecorated until the end of the Fifth Dynasty. The paths to the tomb chambers were through tunnels inside of the pyramid.Great Pyramid of GizaIf the Kings saw themselves as Horus on Earth until the Third Dynasty, then they understood themselves to be 'sons of Ra', with the rising of the sun associated with the god Ra from the time of King Djedefre, Fourth Dynasty. The hierarchical change led to a reduction in the size of the pyramids. The literary work, the Instruction of Hardjedef, which refers to the tombs of the Old Kingdom as houses of eternity, now only exists in fragments. Due to the language, the work can clearly be dated to the Middle Kingdom.[8] It begins with the quote:Make your home in the west splendid and fit in abundantly from your seat in the necropolis. Accept this; death is minor to us, accept this, for life is mighty. But the house of death serves life.— Doctrine of Hardjedef[9]The rest of the text deals with the tomb site. Accordingly, the house of eternity was in the ideal case, a plot to provide the necessary income as an offering. In the Old Kingdom, there was the office 'overseer of the house of eternity'. A Funerary Priest took care of offering the 'revenue of the house of eternity': \"This will be more useful to you than a dear son. Promote this more than your heirs. Remember what they say, no heir remembers forever.\"[10]","title":"Houses of eternity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EG_Edfu_asb_2003-08_20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pylons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Edfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"Lisht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisht"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Saqqara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara"}],"sub_title":"Temple tombs","text":"Two Pylons in EdfuSince the Middle Kingdom, there were temple-like tombs. They were found in all parts of Egypt and are attested to the late period. Some of the temple tombs had a causeway and were surrounded by a wall on the front, where pylons could be found. The mausoleum had a courtyard, optionally decorated with columns. Behind it, there was a cult room with a statue or a door.The complexes of the Middle Kingdom were partly built in Lisht, in a grand style. In Thebes, there existed smaller variants made of mud bricks. In the New Kingdom, this type of tomb reached its heyday, especially in Saqqara, a large number of these tombs were found and excavated. The walls were often decorated with reliefs and rarely with paintings. Small pyramids were innovated around this time as well.","title":"Houses of eternity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grabeingang-Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige-Aegypten.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Kings is where","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings"},{"link_name":"Karnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak"},{"link_name":"El Qurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Qurn"},{"link_name":"necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Queens"},{"link_name":"shaft tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_tomb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grabmalereien.jpg"},{"link_name":"KV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV2"},{"link_name":"Thutmose III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Useramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useramen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heli-10"}],"sub_title":"Shaft and rock tombs","text":"Entrance to a tomb in Valley of the KingsMost ancient Egyptians were buried in simple shafts, or pits, for cost reasons. The Valley of the Kings is where the tombs of the Kings of the New Kingdom (nineteenth and twentieth dynasties), are located in particular. The valley is located in Thebes-West, opposite Karnak, on the edge of the desert and is surrounded by high mountains, namely by the natural rock pyramid, El Qurn (\"The Horn\"). Almost the entire area of Thebes-West forms a vast necropolis, where, to date, 64 tombs and other mines have been found.In the Valley of the Queens, three basic types of tombs can be found. The oldest structures are simple, undecorated shaft tombs. These usually had only one chamber, more rarely, one or two auxiliary chambers. The standard tombs generally consist of two large, consecutive rooms. There were up to five auxiliary chambers. The tombs were usually richly decorated.Paintings in tomb KV2 In the Valley of the KingsNone of the complexes show the remains of a superstructure which were normally reserved for the cult of the dead. These are probably to be found on the fertile edge and have the form of small temples. Around the time of Thutmose III, the following text was written in tomb TT 131 of the vizier Useramen, who in a few words expresses \"result-oriented thinking\":I built myself an excellent grave in my city of abundance of time (neheh). I excellently equipped the site of my tomb from rock in the Eternal Desert ( djet ). May my name last in the mouth of the living, remembering me well in the people after the years to come. This world is a little just for this, but eternity is in the kingdom of the dead.— Tomb TT 131 Useramen[10]","title":"Houses of eternity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Assmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Assmann"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3406497071","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3406497071"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3933684196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3933684196"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"},{"link_name":"0002-2977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220002-2977%22&key=cql"},{"link_name":"Rainer Stadelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Stadelmann"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3805311427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3805311427"},{"link_name":"Kent R. Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_R._Weeks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3828905862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3828905862"}],"text":"Jan Assmann: Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten. Sonderausgabe. Beck, München 2003, ISBN 3406497071.\nUlrike Fritz: Typologie der Mastabagräber des Alten Reiches. Strukturelle Analyse eines altägyptischen Grabtyps (= Achet – Schriften zur Ägyptologie. A 5). Achet-Verlag, Berlin, 2004, ISBN 3933684196 (Zugleich: Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2000).\nSiegfried Schott: Das schöne Fest vom Wüstentale. Festbräuche einer Totenstadt (= Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. Jg. 1952, Nr. 11, ISSN 0002-2977). Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz 1953.\nRainer Stadelmann: Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. Vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder (= Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt. Bd. 30). 3., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3805311427.\nKent R. Weeks (Hrsg.): Im Tal der Könige. Von Grabkunst und Totenkult der ägyptischen Herrscher. Fotos von Araldo de Luca. Weltbild, Augsburg 2001, ISBN 3828905862.","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/All_Gizah_Pyramids-2.jpg/300px-All_Gizah_Pyramids-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Osiris as the Ruler of the Afterlife (Tomb of Sennedjem, Nineteenth Dynasty)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Detail_aus_dem_Grab_des_Sennudjem.jpg/220px-Detail_aus_dem_Grab_des_Sennudjem.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stone entrance to tomb from the inner courtyard belonging to Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum ( Saqqara, fifth dynasty).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_entrance.jpg/220px-Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hieroglyphs from the Ptolemaic dynasty at the temple of Kom Ombo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Egypt_Hieroglyphe2.jpg/220px-Egypt_Hieroglyphe2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Musicians at the Valley Festival (Tomb TT52, Eighteenth Dynasty)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Nacht_004.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Nacht_004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to the Tomb of Menna (TT69), Eighteenth Dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tomb_of_Menna_%28TT69%29_-_Entrance.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Menna_%28TT69%29_-_Entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Construction of a typical mastaba.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mastaba_schematics.svg/220px-Mastaba_schematics.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Pyramid of Djoser","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/DjoserPyramid.jpg/220px-DjoserPyramid.jpg"},{"image_text":"Great Pyramid of Giza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gizeh_Cheops_BW_1.jpg/220px-Gizeh_Cheops_BW_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two Pylons in Edfu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/EG_Edfu_asb_2003-08_20.jpg/220px-EG_Edfu_asb_2003-08_20.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to a tomb in Valley of the Kings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Grabeingang-Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige-Aegypten.jpg/220px-Grabeingang-Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige-Aegypten.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paintings in tomb KV2 In the Valley of the Kings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Grabmalereien.jpg/220px-Grabmalereien.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220002-2977%22&key=cql","external_links_name":"0002-2977"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RightOnCanada.ca	RightOnCanada.ca	["1 Holistic approach","2 Grass roots campaigning","3 Strategies","4 Demilitarization","5 Campaigns","6 Reports","7 References","8 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "RightOnCanada.ca" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "RightOnCanada.ca" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) RightOnCanada.ca is an independent research and advocacy group based in Ottawa, Canada, and is affiliated with the Rideau Institute. It is an internet and public advocacy campaign to make human rights a key concern of the Canadian government's political agenda by providing research, analysis and commentary on public policy issues. Supporters of this campaign believe that Canadian citizens feel that their government should play a leadership role in advancing issues such as human rights, social justice, democracy and environmental sustainability. The founder and coordinator of RightOnCanada.ca is Kathleen Ruff. She is the former director of the Court Challenges Program of Canada and the former director of the BC Human Rights Commission. Currently, she is the President of the Rotterdam Convention Alliance and is a senior advisor on human rights to the Rideau Institute. RightOnCanada.ca is an independent organization and does not receive government funding. The only funding it receives is from individual donors. It has purposefully not sought charitable tax status so that it is not restricted in its activism and lobbying activities. Holistic approach The campaign uses what is refers to as a holistic approach. Human rights and the environment are deeply interconnected and therefore these issues cannot be dealt with separately but as one. The campaign believes communities have a responsibility to care about human rights and should act as responsible stewards of the environment. Grass roots campaigning RightOnCanada.ca is a campaign that operates at the grass roots level by encouraging citizens to lobby the government through actions such as: signing on to receive their action alerts and sending letters to MPs and the government raising public awareness of their website donating to support the work of RightOnCanada.ca and its campaigns volunteering to help with advocacy campaigns sending in ideas for action campaigns Strategies RightOnCanada.ca's main approach to campaigning is to hold MPs accountable to Canadians. MPs who have relevant ministerial or critic responsibilities are specifically targeted and local citizen efforts are supported. The key idea is to empower Canadians who too often see their government's policies dictated by non-accountable institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The goal of the campaign is foster an open democratic process and policies that put the well-being of people and the planet first. Demilitarization One of the main concerns of the RightOnCanada.ca campaign is militarization. Supporters of the campaign feel that the Canadian government is aligning the country with the United States's policies that are based increasingly on militarization and weaponry. This prevents Canada from being a leader in promoting human rights, democracy and a healthy environment. Campaigns RightOnCanada.ca has worked to raise awareness on the following issues: Asbestos poisoning and the marketing of asbestos by Canada to developing countries The dangers of terminator technology Stopping genetically engineered trees Biofuels and the food crisis Security and Prosperity Partnership Water security Reports Ruff, Kathleen "Exporting Harm: How Canada Markets Asbestos to the Developing World" The Rideau Institute (October 2008) References ^ http://www.rightoncanada.ca/about.html ^ a b Forrest, Maura. "Canadian companies illegally shipped at least 2,300 metric tons of waste overseas, documents show". POLITICO. Retrieved 2022-07-01. ^ Walker, Martin J. (2017-03-28). Corporate Ties That Bind: An Examination of Corporate Manipulation and Vested Interest in Public Health. Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-5107-1189-1. ^ "Doctors alarmed by loophole allowing sale of used asbestos products - constructconnect.com". Daily Commercial News. 2021-10-14. Retrieved 2022-07-01. External links Official website Rideau Institute on International Affairs website Ceasefire.ca Abolition 2000 The Canadian Pugwash Group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Rideau Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"environmental sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sustainability"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Court Challenges Program of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Challenges_Program_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"RightOnCanada.ca is an independent research and advocacy group based in Ottawa, Canada, and is affiliated with the Rideau Institute.[1] It is an internet and public advocacy campaign to make human rights a key concern of the Canadian government's political agenda by providing research, analysis and commentary on public policy issues. Supporters of this campaign believe that Canadian citizens feel that their government should play a leadership role in advancing issues such as human rights, social justice, democracy and environmental sustainability. The founder and coordinator of RightOnCanada.ca is Kathleen Ruff.[2] She is the former director of the Court Challenges Program of Canada and the former director of the BC Human Rights Commission. Currently, she is the President of the Rotterdam Convention Alliance and is a senior advisor on human rights to the Rideau Institute.[3] RightOnCanada.ca is an independent organization and does not receive government funding. The only funding it receives is from individual donors. It has purposefully not sought charitable tax status so that it is not restricted in its activism and lobbying activities.","title":"RightOnCanada.ca"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The campaign uses what is refers to as a holistic approach. 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MPs who have relevant ministerial or critic responsibilities are specifically targeted and local citizen efforts are supported. The key idea is to empower Canadians who too often see their government's policies dictated by non-accountable institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The goal of the campaign is foster an open democratic process and policies that put the well-being of people and the planet first.","title":"Strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"militarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarization"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"One of the main concerns of the RightOnCanada.ca campaign is militarization. Supporters of the campaign feel that the Canadian government is aligning the country with the United States's policies that are based increasingly on militarization and weaponry. This prevents Canada from being a leader in promoting human rights, democracy and a healthy environment.","title":"Demilitarization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"RightOnCanada.ca has worked to raise awareness on the following issues:Asbestos poisoning and the marketing of asbestos by Canada to developing countries[2][4]\nThe dangers of terminator technology\nStopping genetically engineered trees\nBiofuels and the food crisis\nSecurity and Prosperity Partnership\nWater security","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ruff, Kathleen \"Exporting Harm: How Canada Markets Asbestos to the Developing World\" The Rideau Institute (October 2008)","title":"Reports"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Forrest, Maura. \"Canadian companies illegally shipped at least 2,300 metric tons of waste overseas, documents show\". POLITICO. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Music	Pop music	["1 Definitions and etymology","2 Characteristics","3 Development and influence","3.1 Technology and media","3.2 Stylistic evolution","3.3 International spread and crosspollination","3.4 21st century","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Genre of music This article is about a specific music genre. For popular music in general, see Popular music. For other uses, see Pop music (disambiguation). "Pop song" redirects here. For other uses, see Pop Song. Pop musicStylistic origins Traditional pop rock and roll contemporary folk Cultural originsMid-1950s, United States and United KingdomDerivative forms New wave hyperpop Subgenres Alternative pop art pop Brill Building bubblegum dance-pop operatic pop orchestral pop schlager sophisti-pop sunshine pop synth-pop teen pop wonky pop(complete list) Fusion genres Baroque pop country pop contemporary R&B cowboy pop dancehall pop electropop emo pop folk-pop hypnagogic pop indie pop pop punk pop rap pop-soul ambient pop pop rock pop metal power pop psychedelic pop space age pop worldbeat Regional scenes Austria Brazil China Colombia France Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Kazakhstan Malaysia Mexico Middle East Morocco Netherland Pakistan Philippines Russia Scandinavia South America South Korea Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Vietnam Western Europe Other topics African pop Afro fusion Avant-pop experimental pop Hyperpop New Pop K-Pop pop music automation poptimism rock music Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form during the mid-1950s in the United States and the United Kingdom. During the 1950s and 1960s, pop music encompassed rock and roll and the youth-oriented styles it influenced. Rock and pop music remained roughly synonymous until the late 1960s, after which pop became associated with music that was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible. Identifying factors of pop music usually include repeated choruses and hooks, short to medium-length songs written in a basic format (often the verse–chorus structure), and rhythms or tempos that can be easily danced to. Much of pop music also borrows elements from other styles such as rock, urban, dance, Latin, and country. The terms popular music and pop music are often used interchangeably, although the former more accurately describes all music that is popular and includes many disparate styles. Although much of the music that appears on record charts is considered to be pop music, the genre is distinguished from chart music. Definitions and etymology David Hatch and Stephen Millward describe pop music as "a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, and folk music". According to Pete Seeger, pop music is "professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music". David Boyle, a music researcher, states pop music as any type of music that a person has been exposed to by the mass media. Most individuals think that pop music is just the singles charts and not the sum of all chart music. The music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. As a genre, pop music is seen to exist and develop separately. Therefore, the term "pop music" may be used to describe a distinct genre, designed to appeal to all, often characterized as "instant singles-based music aimed at teenagers" in contrast to rock music as "album-based music for adults". Pop music continuously evolves along with the term's definition. According to music writer Bill Lamb, popular music is defined as "the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class." The term "pop song" was first used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music "having popular appeal". Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues, and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance). According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the term "pop music" "originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced". The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's "earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc." Grove Music Online also states that " in the early 1960s, 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music , while in the US its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of 'rock and roll'". From about 1967, the term "pop music" was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, a division that gave generic significance to both terms. While rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of popular music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible. According to British musicologist Simon Frith, pop music is produced "as a matter of enterprise not art", and is "designed to appeal to everyone" but "doesn't come from any particular place or mark off any particular taste". Frith adds that it is "not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative". It is, "provided from on high (by record companies, radio programmers, and concert promoters) rather than being made from below (...) Pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged". Characteristics The Righteous Brothers – "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" (1965) As of 2011, "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" ranks as the most frequently played song in US radio history. It is described by music writers Nick Logan and Bob Woffinden as "the ultimate pop record". Problems playing this file? See media help. According to Frith, characteristics of pop music include an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology, and an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal "artistic" qualities. Besides, Frith also offers three identifying characteristics of pop music: light entertainment, commercial imperatives, and personal identification. Pop music grew out of a light entertainment and easy listening tradition. Pop music is more conservative than other music genres such as folk, blues, country, and tradition. Many pop songs do not contain themes of resistance, opposition, or political themes, rather focusing more on love and relationships. Therefore, pop music does not challenge its audiences socially, and does not cause political activism. Frith also said the main purpose of pop music is to create revenue. It is not a medium of free articulation of the people. Instead, pop music seeks to supply the nature of personal desire and achieve the instant empathy with cliche personalities, stereotypes, and melodrama that appeals to listeners. It is mostly about how much revenue pop music makes for record companies. Music scholar Timothy Warner said pop music typically has an emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather than live performance; a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and seeks to encourage dancing or uses dance-oriented rhythms. Amr Diab, Egyptian pop star, named "El-Hadaba", for achieving high records sales in the Middle East and Africa for the last three decades The main medium of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three and a half minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic element, a mainstream style and a simple traditional structure. The structure of many popular songs is that of a verse and a chorus, the chorus serving as the portion of the track that is designed to stick in the ear through simple repetition both musically and lyrically. The chorus is often where the music builds towards and is often preceded by "the drop" where the bass and drum parts "drop out". Common variants include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus on melodies and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically, rhythmically and harmonically with the verse. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment. The lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions. Harmony and chord progressions in pop music are often "that of classical European tonality, only more simple-minded." Clichés include the barbershop quartet-style harmony (i.e. ii – V – I) and blues scale-influenced harmony. There was a lessening of the influence of traditional views of the circle of fifths between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, including less predominance for the dominant function. In October 2023, Billboard compiled a list of "the 500 best pop songs". In doing so, they noted the difficulty of defining "pop songs": One of the reasons pop can be hard to summarize is because there’s no real sonic or musical definition to it. There are common elements to a lot of the biggest pop songs, but at the end of the day, "pop" means "popular" first and foremost, and just about any song that becomes popular enough...can be considered a pop song. Development and influence Technology and media Bing Crosby was one of the first artists to be nicknamed "King of Pop" or "King of Popular Music". In the 1940s, improved microphone design allowed a more intimate singing style and, ten or twenty years later, inexpensive and more durable 45 rpm records for singles "revolutionized the manner in which pop has been disseminated", which helped to move pop music to "a record/radio/film star system". Another technological change was the widespread availability of television in the 1950s with televised performances, which meant that "pop stars had to have a visual presence". In the 1960s, the introduction of inexpensive, portable transistor radios meant that teenagers in the developed world could listen to music outside of the home. By the early 1980s, the promotion of pop music had been greatly affected by the rise of music television channels like MTV, which "favoured those artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna who had a strong visual appeal". Multi-track recording (from the 1960s) and digital sampling (from the 1980s) have also been used as methods for the creation and elaboration of pop music. During the mid-1960s, pop music made repeated forays into new sounds, styles, and techniques that inspired public discourse among its listeners. The word "progressive" was frequently used, and it was thought that every song and single was to be a "progression" from the last. Music critic Simon Reynolds writes that beginning with 1967, a divide would exist between "progressive" pop and "mass/chart" pop, a separation which was "also, broadly, one between boys and girls, middle-class and working-class." The latter half of the 20th century included a large-scale trend in American culture in which the boundaries between art and pop music were increasingly blurred. Between 1950 and 1970, there was a debate of pop versus art. Since then, certain music publications have embraced the music's legitimacy, a trend referred to as "poptimism". Stylistic evolution The 1960s British Invasion marked a period when the US charts were inundated with British acts such as the Beatles (pictured 1964). Throughout its development, pop music has absorbed influences from other genres of popular music. Early pop music drew on traditional pop, an American counterpart to German Schlager and French Chanson, however compared to the pop of European countries, traditional pop originally emphasized influences ranging from Tin Pan Alley songwriting, Broadway theatre, and show tunes. As the genre evolved more influences ranging from classical, folk, rock, country, electronic music, and other popular genres became more prominent. In 2016, a Scientific Reports study that examined over 464,000 recordings of popular music recorded between 1955 and 2010 found that, compared to 1960s pop music, contemporary pop music uses a smaller variety of pitch progressions, greater average volume, less diverse instrumentation and recording techniques, and less timbral variety. Scientific American's John Matson reported that this "seems to support the popular anecdotal observation that pop music of yore was "better", or at least more varied, than today's top-40 stuff". However, he also noted that the study may not have been entirely representative of pop in each generation. Known for his flamboyant style and virtuosic piano playing, Elton John became one of the biggest pop stars of the 1970s. In the 1960s, the majority of mainstream pop music fell in two categories: guitar, drum and bass groups or singers backed by a traditional orchestra. Since early in the decade, it was common for pop producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with musical form, orchestration, unnatural reverb, and other sound effects. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spector's Wall of Sound and Joe Meek's use of homemade electronic sound effects for acts like the Tornados. At the same time, pop music on radio and in both American and British film moved away from refined Tin Pan Alley to more eccentric songwriting and incorporated reverb-drenched electric guitar, symphonic strings, and horns played by groups of properly arranged and rehearsed studio musicians. A 2019 study held by New York University in which 643 participants had to rank how familiar a pop song is to them, songs from the 1960s turned out to be the most memorable, significantly more than songs from recent years 2000 to 2015. Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music. Assisted by the mid-1960s economic boom, record labels began investing in artists, giving them the freedom to experiment, and offering them limited control over their content and marketing. This situation declined after the late 1970s and would not reemerge until the rise of Internet stars. Indie pop, which developed in the late 1970s, marked another departure from the glamour of contemporary pop music, with guitar bands formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music without having to procure a record contract from a major label. The 1980s are commonly remembered for an increase in the use of digital recording, associated with the usage of synthesizers, with synth-pop music and other electronic genres featuring non-traditional instruments increasing in popularity. By 2014, pop music worldwide had been permeated by electronic dance music. In 2018, researchers at the University of California, Irvine, concluded that pop music has become 'sadder' since the 1980s. The elements of happiness and brightness have eventually been replaced with electronic beats making pop music more 'sad yet danceable'. International spread and crosspollination Michael Jackson (left) and Madonna (right) have been dubbed respectively as the "King and Queen of Pop" since the 1980s. Pop music has been dominated by the American and (from the mid-1960s) British music industries, whose influence has made pop music something of an international monoculture, but most regions and countries have their own form of pop music, sometimes producing local versions of wider trends, and lending them local characteristics. Some of these trends (for example Europop) have had a significant impact on the development of the genre. The story of pop music is largely the story of the intertwining pop culture of the United States and the United Kingdom in the postwar era. — Bob Stanley According to Grove Music Online, "Western-derived pop styles, whether coexisting with or marginalizing distinctively local genres, have spread throughout the world and have come to constitute stylistic common denominators in global commercial music cultures". Some non-Western countries, such as Japan, have developed a thriving pop music industry, most of which is devoted to Western-style pop. Japan has for several years produced a greater quantity of music than everywhere except the US. The spread of Western-style pop music has been interpreted variously as representing processes of Americanization, homogenization, modernization, creative appropriation, cultural imperialism, or a more general process of globalization. Britney Spears has been named "Princess of Pop" for revitalizing teen pop in the 2000s. One of the pop music styles that developed alongside other music styles is Latin pop, which rose in popularity in the US during the 1950s with early rock and roll success Ritchie Valens. Later, Los Lobos and Chicano rock gained in popularity during the 1970s and 1980s, and musician Selena saw large-scale popularity in the 1980s and 1990s, along with crossover appeal with fans of Tejano musicians Lydia Mendoza and Little Joe. With later Hispanic and Latino Americans seeing success within pop music charts, 1990s pop successes stayed popular in both their original genres and in broader pop music. Latin pop hit singles, such as "Macarena" by Los del Río and "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi, have seen record-breaking success on worldwide pop music charts. Notable pop artists of the late 20th century that became global superstars include Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Madonna, George Michael, and Prince. 21st century Kelly Clarkson has 2 wins and 6 nominations for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album At the beginning of the 2000s, the trends that dominated during the late 1990s still continued, but the music industry started to change as people began to download music from the internet. People were able to discover genres and artists that were outside of the mainstream and propel them to fame, but at the same time smaller artists had a harder time making a living because their music was being pirated. Popular artists were Avril Lavigne, Justin Timberlake, NSYNC, Christina Aguilera, Destiny's Child, and Britney Spears. Pop music often came from many different genres, with each genre in turn influencing the next one, blurring the lines between them and making them less distinct. This change was epitomized in Spears' highly influential 2007 album Blackout, which under the influence of producer Danja, mixed the sounds of EDM, avant-funk, R&B, dance music, and hip hop. By 2010, pop music impacted by dance music came to be dominant on the charts. Instead of radio setting the trends, it was now the club. At the beginning of the 2010s, Will.i.am stated, "The new bubble is all the collective clubs around the world. Radio is just doing its best to keep up." Songs that talked of escapism through partying became the most popular, influenced by the impulse to forget the economic troubles that had taken over the world after the 2008 crash. Throughout the 2010s, a lot of pop music also began to take cues from Alternative pop. Popularized by artists such as Lana Del Rey and Lorde in the early 2010s and later inspiring other highly influential artists including Billie Eilish and Taylor Swift, it gave space to a more sad and moody tone within pop music. See also Pop music portalMusic portal1950s portal1960s portal Honorific nicknames in popular music Origins of rock and roll Popular music pedagogy List of music genres and styles History of music Public domain music List of largest recorded music markets Music genre References ^ Traditional Pop, AllMusic Archived 2017-10-19 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 August 2016 ^ a b c R. Middleton, et al., "Pop", Grove music online, retrieved 14 March 2010. (subscription required) Archived 13 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 1 – Play A Simple Melody: Pete Seeger on the origins of pop music" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. ^ a b c d e f g S. Frith, W. Straw, and J. Street, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), ISBN 0-521-55660-0, pp. 95–105. ^ "Pop/Rock » Punk/New Wave » New Wave". allmusic.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021. ^ "The 50 Best New Wave Albums". Paste. 13 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2021. ^ "Q&A with Theo Cateforis, author of Are We Not New Wave? Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s" (PDF). University of Michigan. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021. ^ "Hyperpop or overhyped? The rise of 2020's most maximalist sound". Independent. 27 December 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2023. ^ D. Hatch and S. Millward, From Blues to Rock: an Analytical History of Pop Music (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), ISBN 0-7190-1489-1, p. 1. ^ Boyle, J. David; Hosterman, Glenn L.; Ramsey, Darhyl S. (1981-04-01). "Factors Influencing Pop Music Preferences of Young People". Journal of Research in Music Education. 29 (1): 47–55. doi:10.2307/3344679. ISSN 0022-4294. JSTOR 3344679. S2CID 145122624. ^ R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk, Tarnished Gold: the Record Industry Revisited (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 3rd edn., 1986), ISBN 0-88738-618-0, pp. 2–3. ^ Moore, Allan F. (2016). Song Means: Analysing and Interpreting Recorded Popular Song. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-05265-4. ^ Musicologist Allan Moore surmises that the term "pop music" itself may have been popularized by pop art. ^ Lamb, Bill (29 September 2018). "What Is Pop Music?". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ J. Simpson and E. Weiner, Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). ISBN 0-19-861186-2, cf. pop. ^ D. Hatch and S. Millward, From Blues to Rock: an Analytical History of Pop Music, ISBN 0-7190-1489-1, p. 49. ^ "Pop", The Oxford Dictionary of Music, retrieved 9 March 2010.(subscription required) Archived 12 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Kenneth Gloag in The Oxford Companion to Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-866212-2, p. 983. ^ a b T. Warner, Pop Music: Technology and Creativity: Trevor Horn and the Digital Revolution (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), ISBN 0-7546-3132-X, pp. 3–4. ^ "Van's Brown Eyed Girl hits the 10 million mark in US". BBC. 5 October 2011. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018. ^ Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 2. Scarecrow Press. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0-8108-8296-6. ^ Rojek, Chris (2011). Pop music, pop culture. Polity; 1st edition (June 13, 2011). pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0745642642. ^ Rojek, Chris (2011). Pop music, pop culture. Polity; 1st edition (June 13, 2011). pp. 2–3. ^ Maisey, Sarah (2023-06-27). "Amr Diab to perform in Beirut for the first time in 12 years". The National. Retrieved 2023-11-26. ^ "Egypt's megastar Amr Diab releases 'Katar Men Orbak' song". EgyptToday. 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2023-11-26. ^ W. Everett, Expression in Pop-rock Music: A Collection of Critical and Analytical Essays (London: Taylor & Francis, 2000), p. 272. ^ "Characteristics of Pop Music: An Introduction". Cmuse.org. 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ J. Shepherd, Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Performance and production (Continuum, 2003), p. 508. ^ V. Kramarz, The Pop Formulas: Harmonic Tools of the Hit Makers (Mel Bay Publications, 2007), p. 61. ^ Winkler, Peter (1978). "Toward a theory of pop harmony", In Theory Only, 4, pp. 3–26. ^ Sargeant, p. 198. cited in Winkler (1978), p. 4. ^ Winkler (1978), p. 22. ^ Billboard staff (October 19, 2023). "The 500 Best Pop Songs: Staff List". Billboard. ^ Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s. ^ a b c d D. Buckley, "Pop" "II. Implications of technology", Grove Music Online, retrieved 15 March 2010. ^ Hewitt, Paolo; Hellier, John (2015). Steve Marriott: All Too Beautiful. Dean Street Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-910570-69-2. ^ Reynolds, Simon (2006). "New Pop and its Aftermath". On Record: Rock, Pop and the Written Word. Routledge. p. 398. ISBN 978-1-134-93951-0. ^ Edmondson, Jacqueline, ed. (2013). Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 317, 1233. ISBN 978-0-313-39348-8. Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2016-10-25. ^ a b Loss, Robert (August 10, 2015). "No Apologies: A Critique of the Rockist v. Poptimist Paradigm". PopMatters. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022. ^ Serrà, Joan; Corral, Álvaro; Boguñá, Marián; Haro, Martín; Arcos, Josep Ll. (2012). "Measuring the Evolution of Contemporary Western Popular Music". Scientific Reports. 2: 521. arXiv:1205.5651. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.521S. doi:10.1038/srep00521. PMC 3405292. PMID 22837813. ^ a b John Matson, "Is Pop Music Evolving, or Is It Just Getting Louder?", Scientific American, 26 July 2012 Archived 23 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 March 2016 ^ "Making Arrangements—A Rough Guide To Song Construction & Arrangement, Part 1". Sound on Sound. October 1997. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014. ^ Blake, Andrew (2009). "Recording practices and the role of the producer". In Cook, Nicholas; Clarke, Eric; Leech-Wilkinson, Daniel (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Recorded Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-139-82796-6. ^ Pareles, Jon (October 31, 2008). "Orchestral Pop, the Way It Was (More or Less)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2013. ^ "The greatest decade for pop music has been revealed (according to science)". Smooth. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-03-31. ^ Willis, Paul E. (2014). Profane Culture. Princeton University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-4008-6514-7. ^ a b Moore 2016, p. 202. ^ Abebe, Nitsuh (24 October 2005), "Twee as Fuck: The Story of Indie Pop", Pitchfork Media, archived from the original on 24 February 2011 ^ Collins, Glenn (1988-08-29). "Rap Music, Brash And Swaggering, Enters Mainstream". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2019-07-10. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (2014). "Anti-Rockism's Hall of Fame". The Barnes & Noble Review. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2015. ^ "New study finds pop music has gotten extremely depressing but also more fun to dance to". The Fader. Archived from the original on 2018-05-21. Retrieved 2018-05-21. ^ McGee, Alan (August 20, 2008). "Madonna Pop Art". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2013. ^ J. Kun, Audiotopia: Music, Race, and America (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005), ISBN 0-520-24424-9, p. 201. ^ "Star profiles" in S. Frith, W. Stray and J. Street, The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-521-55660-0, pp. 199–200. ^ a b c P. Manuel, "Pop. Non-Western cultures 1. Global dissemination", Grove Music Online, retrieved 14 March 2010. ^ Often referred to in interviews, cover stories and promotional material as the new 'princess of pop'Hopkins, Susan (2002), Girl heroes: The New Force In Popular Culture, University of Michigan Press, p. 60 ^ "Los Lobos, Ritchie Valens, and the Day the Music Died". Strachwitz Frontera Collection. February 16, 2017. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ Aldama, A.J.; Sandoval, C.; García, P.J. (2012). Performing the US Latina and Latino Borderlands. Indiana University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-253-00295-2. Retrieved February 14, 2020. ^ Villafañe, Veronica (August 14, 2017). "Still No.1, Record-Breaking 'Despacito' Ties 'Macarena' Streak On Hot 100, But Is Snubbed By MTV". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020. ^ Ghoshal, Abhimanyu (2018-12-28). "A nostalgic look back at digital music piracy in the 2000s". TNW \| Insights. Archived from the original on 2022-07-27. Retrieved 2022-07-27. ^ Hova, Tray (2011-02-07). "Studio Stories: Danja ". VIBE.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-27. Retrieved 2022-07-27. ^ Herrera, Monica (2010-12-10). "2010 in Music: The Year That Went Pop". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-07-27. ^ "Bopping Through the Bailouts: Why the Great Recession Led to Great Music". afterglow. 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-07-08. Retrieved 2022-07-27. ^ "For The Record: Why Lana Del Rey's 'Born To Die' Is One Of Pop's Most Influential Albums In The Past Decade". April 26, 2024. ^ "5 Ways Lorde's 'Pure Heroine' Helped Pave The Way For The Unconventional Modern Superstar". April 26, 2024. ^ "Taylor Swift Believes Lana Del Rey Is 'The Most Influential Artist In Pop'". April 26, 2024. Further reading Adorno, Theodor W., (1942) "On Popular Music", Institute of Social Research. Bell, John L., (2000) The Singing Thing: A Case for Congregational Song, GIA Publications, ISBN 1-57999-100-9 Bindas, Kenneth J., (1992) America's Musical Pulse: Popular Music in Twentieth-Century Society, Praeger. Clarke, Donald, (1995) The Rise and Fall of Popular Music, St Martin's Press. Dolfsma, Wilfred, (1999) Valuing Pop Music: Institutions, Values and Economics, Eburon. Dolfsma, Wilfred, (2004) Institutional Economics and the Formation of Preferences: The Advent of Pop Music, Edward Elgar Publishing. Frith, Simon, Straw, Will, Street, John, eds, (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock, Cambridge University Press, Frith, Simon (2004) Popular Music: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies, Routledge. Gillett, Charlie, (1970) The Sound of the City. The Rise of Rock and Roll, Outerbridge & Dienstfrey. Hatch, David and Stephen Millward, (1987), From Blues to Rock: an Analytical History of Pop Music, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-1489-1 Johnson, Julian, (2002) Who Needs Classical Music?: Cultural Choice and Musical Value, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514681-6. Kent, Jeff, (1983) The Rise and Fall of Rock, Witan Books, ISBN 0-9508981-0-4. Lonergan, David F., (2004) Hit Records, 1950–1975, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-5129-6. Maultsby, Portia K., (7907) Intra- and International Identities in American Popular Music, Trading Culture. Middleton, Richard, (1990) Studying Popular Music, Open University Press. Negus, Bob, (1999) Music Genres and Corporate Cultures, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-17399-X. Pleasants, Henry (1969) Serious Music and All That Jazz, Simon & Schuster. Roxon, Lillian, (1969) Rock Encyclopedia, Grosset & Dunlap. Shuker, Roy, (2002) Popular Music: The Key Concepts, Routledge, (2nd edn.) ISBN 0-415-28425-2. Starr, Larry & Waterman, Christopher, (2002) American Popular Music: From Minstrelsy to MTV, Oxford University Press. Watkins, S. Craig, (2005) Hip Hop Matters: Politics, Pop Culture, and the Struggle for the Soul of a Movement, Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-0982-2. External links Pop music at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Pop music at Curlie The Consumption of Music and the Expression of Values: A Social Economic Explanation for the Advent of Pop Music, Wilfred Dolfsma, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, October 1999. vtePop musicStylistic origins Tin Pan Alley Traditional pop Rock and roll Styles Adult contemporary Christian Quiet storm Rhythmic Urban Alternative Paisley Underground Ambient Art Avant Beach Beat Brill Building Bubblegum Chamber Contemporary Christian music Country Bro-country Cowboy Cringe Dancehall Dance Freestyle Disco polo Dream Experimental Folk Hyperpop Hypnagogic Indie Dunedin sound Twee Operatic Orchestral Baroque Pop rap Pop rock Emo Jangle Pop metal Pop-punk Power Progressive Psychedelic Sophisti-pop Space age Sunshine Swamp Synth-pop Electropop Futurepop Teen Traditional Wonky Regional variantsAfrica Africa Afrobeats Moroccan The Americas American Argentine Brazilian (MPB) Latin Tropipop Mexican Nueva ola Asia Arabic Assyrian Azerbaijani Chinese Cantopop Hakka Hokkien Mandopop French Xinyao Zhongguo feng Chinoiserie Hong Kong English Indian Bhangra Filmi Hindutva Indonesian Iranian Japanese City Kayōkyoku Ryūkōka Shibuya-kei Kazakhstani Korean North South Lao Malaysian Pakistani Philippine Thai Vietnamese Europe Austropop Balkan pop-folk Chalga Laïko Manele Tallava Turbo-folk British Dutch Nederbeat New pop Eurodance Europop French pop French Mandopop Yé-yé Hungarian Italian Macedonian Čalgija Romanian Manele Russian Schlager Serbian Swedish Turkish SFR Yugoslavia Soviet VIA music Ukrainian Related topics Celebrity Bobby soxer Sasaeng fan Teenybopper Wota Honorific nicknames Music and fashion Pop music automation Popular music pedagogy Rockism and poptimism Songwriter Talent manager Talent agent Teen idol Boy band Girl group Verse–chorus form Virtual band Worldbeat Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"Pop music (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pop Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Song_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firth2001-4"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"hooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"verse–chorus structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"record charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"}],"text":"This article is about a specific music genre. For popular music in general, see Popular music. For other uses, see Pop music (disambiguation).\"Pop song\" redirects here. For other uses, see Pop Song.Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form during the mid-1950s in the United States and the United Kingdom.[4] During the 1950s and 1960s, pop music encompassed rock and roll and the youth-oriented styles it influenced. Rock and pop music remained roughly synonymous until the late 1960s, after which pop became associated with music that was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible.Identifying factors of pop music usually include repeated choruses and hooks, short to medium-length songs written in a basic format (often the verse–chorus structure), and rhythms or tempos that can be easily danced to. Much of pop music also borrows elements from other styles such as rock, urban, dance, Latin, and country.The terms popular music and pop music are often used interchangeably, although the former more accurately describes all music that is popular and includes many disparate styles. Although much of the music that appears on record charts is considered to be pop music, the genre is distinguished from chart music.","title":"Pop music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hatch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pete Seeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc1-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"singles charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"novelty songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_song"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firth2001-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What_Is_Pop_Music-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-15"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"hillbilly music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_music"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolling_stones_-_11_luglio_2006_-_san_siro.jpg"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-2"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"beat music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gloag983-18"},{"link_name":"authenticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gloag983-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warner2003-19"},{"link_name":"Simon Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Frith"},{"link_name":"enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"},{"link_name":"do-it-yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firth2001-4"}],"text":"David Hatch and Stephen Millward describe pop music as \"a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, and folk music\".[9]\nAccording to Pete Seeger, pop music is \"professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music\".[3]\nDavid Boyle, a music researcher, states pop music as any type of music that a person has been exposed to by the mass media.[10] Most individuals think that pop music is just the singles charts and not the sum of all chart music. The music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. As a genre, pop music is seen to exist and develop separately.[11] Therefore, the term \"pop music\" may be used to describe a distinct genre, designed to appeal to all, often characterized as \"instant singles-based music aimed at teenagers\" in contrast to rock music as \"album-based music for adults\".[4][13]Pop music continuously evolves along with the term's definition. According to music writer Bill Lamb, popular music is defined as \"the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class.\"[14] The term \"pop song\" was first used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music \"having popular appeal\".[15] Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues, and hillbilly music.[16]The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term \"pop\" refers to music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance).According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the term \"pop music\" \"originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced\".[2] The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's \"earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience [...] since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc.\"[17] Grove Music Online also states that \"[...] in the early 1960s, [the term] 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music [in England], while in the US its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of 'rock and roll'\".[2]From about 1967, the term \"pop music\" was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, a division that gave generic significance to both terms.[18] While rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of popular music,[18] pop was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible.[19] According to British musicologist Simon Frith, pop music is produced \"as a matter of enterprise not art\", and is \"designed to appeal to everyone\" but \"doesn't come from any particular place or mark off any particular taste\". Frith adds that it is \"not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward [...] and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative\". It is, \"provided from on high (by record companies, radio programmers, and concert promoters) rather than being made from below (...) Pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged\".[4]","title":"Definitions and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Righteous Brothers – \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" (1965)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Righteous_Brothers_-_You%27ve_Lost_That_Lovin%27_Feelin%27.ogg"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pop_music&action=edit"},{"link_name":"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27ve_Lost_That_Lovin%27_Feelin%27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nick Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Logan"},{"link_name":"Bob Woffinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woffinden"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firth2001-4"},{"link_name":"easy listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"progressive developments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_music"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warner2003-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amr_Diab_at_World_Music_Awards_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amr Diab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_Diab"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"rhythmic element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"},{"link_name":"structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_structure_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"thirty-two-bar form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-two-bar_form"},{"link_name":"melodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"hooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain"},{"link_name":"harmonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse_(music)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firth2001-4"},{"link_name":"Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_(music)"},{"link_name":"chord progressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_progression"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"tonality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"barbershop quartet-style harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_and_open_harmony"},{"link_name":"blues scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_scale"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"circle of fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_(music)"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_function"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The Righteous Brothers – \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" (1965)\n\nAs of 2011[update], \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" ranks as the most frequently played song in US radio history.[20] It is described by music writers Nick Logan and Bob Woffinden as \"the ultimate pop record\".[21]\nProblems playing this file? See media help.According to Frith, characteristics of pop music include an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology, and an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal \"artistic\" qualities.[4] Besides, Frith also offers three identifying characteristics of pop music: light entertainment, commercial imperatives, and personal identification. Pop music grew out of a light entertainment and easy listening tradition.[22] Pop music is more conservative than other music genres such as folk, blues, country, and tradition. Many pop songs do not contain themes of resistance, opposition, or political themes, rather focusing more on love and relationships. Therefore, pop music does not challenge its audiences socially, and does not cause political activism. Frith also said the main purpose of pop music is to create revenue. It is not a medium of free articulation of the people. Instead, pop music seeks to supply the nature of personal desire and achieve the instant empathy with cliche personalities, stereotypes, and melodrama that appeals to listeners. It is mostly about how much revenue pop music makes for record companies.[23] Music scholar Timothy Warner said pop music typically has an emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather than live performance; a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and seeks to encourage dancing or uses dance-oriented rhythms.[19]Amr Diab, Egyptian pop star, named \"El-Hadaba\", for achieving high records sales in the Middle East and Africa for the last three decades[24][25]The main medium of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three and a half minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic element, a mainstream style and a simple traditional structure.[26] The structure of many popular songs is that of a verse and a chorus, the chorus serving as the portion of the track that is designed to stick in the ear through simple repetition both musically and lyrically. The chorus is often where the music builds towards and is often preceded by \"the drop\" where the bass and drum parts \"drop out\".[27] Common variants include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus on melodies and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically, rhythmically and harmonically with the verse.[28] The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment.[29] The lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions.[4]Harmony and chord progressions in pop music are often \"that of classical European tonality, only more simple-minded.\"[30] Clichés include the barbershop quartet-style harmony (i.e. ii – V – I) and blues scale-influenced harmony.[31] There was a lessening of the influence of traditional views of the circle of fifths between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, including less predominance for the dominant function.[32]In October 2023, Billboard compiled a list of \"the 500 best pop songs\". In doing so, they noted the difficulty of defining \"pop songs\":One of the reasons pop can be hard to summarize is because there’s no real sonic or musical definition to it. There are common elements to a lot of the biggest pop songs, but at the end of the day, \"pop\" means \"popular\" first and foremost, and just about any song that becomes popular enough...can be considered a pop song.[33]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bing_Crosby_1930s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"microphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley-35"},{"link_name":"transistor radios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_radio"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley-35"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley-35"},{"link_name":"Multi-track recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-track_recording"},{"link_name":"digital sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firth2001-4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Music critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"Simon Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMLoss2015-39"},{"link_name":"poptimism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poptimism"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMLoss2015-39"}],"sub_title":"Technology and media","text":"Bing Crosby was one of the first artists to be nicknamed \"King of Pop\" or \"King of Popular Music\".[34][verification needed]In the 1940s, improved microphone design allowed a more intimate singing style and, ten or twenty years later, inexpensive and more durable 45 rpm records for singles \"revolutionized the manner in which pop has been disseminated\", which helped to move pop music to \"a record/radio/film star system\".[35] Another technological change was the widespread availability of television in the 1950s with televised performances, which meant that \"pop stars had to have a visual presence\".[35] In the 1960s, the introduction of inexpensive, portable transistor radios meant that teenagers in the developed world could listen to music outside of the home.[35] By the early 1980s, the promotion of pop music had been greatly affected by the rise of music television channels like MTV, which \"favoured those artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna who had a strong visual appeal\".[35]Multi-track recording (from the 1960s) and digital sampling (from the 1980s) have also been used as methods for the creation and elaboration of pop music.[4] During the mid-1960s, pop music made repeated forays into new sounds, styles, and techniques that inspired public discourse among its listeners. The word \"progressive\" was frequently used, and it was thought that every song and single was to be a \"progression\" from the last.[36] Music critic Simon Reynolds writes that beginning with 1967, a divide would exist between \"progressive\" pop and \"mass/chart\" pop, a separation which was \"also, broadly, one between boys and girls, middle-class and working-class.\"[37]The latter half of the 20th century included a large-scale trend in American culture in which the boundaries between art and pop music were increasingly blurred.[38] Between 1950 and 1970, there was a debate of pop versus art.[39] Since then, certain music publications have embraced the music's legitimacy, a trend referred to as \"poptimism\".[39]","title":"Development and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"traditional pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_pop"},{"link_name":"Schlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlager_music"},{"link_name":"Chanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"Broadway theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"show tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_tune"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"Scientific Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Reports"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matson-41"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matson-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elton_John_receiving_his_star_on_the_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"orchestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestration"},{"link_name":"unnatural reverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverb_effect"},{"link_name":"Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"Wall of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Joe Meek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Meek"},{"link_name":"the Tornados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tornados"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"progressive pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_pop"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2016202-47"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2016202-47"},{"link_name":"Indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"record contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_contract"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"digital recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_recording"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"electronic dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christgau-50"},{"link_name":"University of California, Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine"},{"link_name":"happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Stylistic evolution","text":"The 1960s British Invasion marked a period when the US charts were inundated with British acts such as the Beatles (pictured 1964).Throughout its development, pop music has absorbed influences from other genres of popular music. Early pop music drew on traditional pop, an American counterpart to German Schlager and French Chanson, however compared to the pop of European countries, traditional pop originally emphasized influences ranging from Tin Pan Alley songwriting, Broadway theatre, and show tunes. As the genre evolved more influences ranging from classical, folk, rock, country, electronic music, and other popular genres became more prominent. In 2016, a Scientific Reports study that examined over 464,000 recordings of popular music recorded between 1955 and 2010 found that, compared to 1960s pop music, contemporary pop music uses a smaller variety of pitch progressions, greater average volume,[40] less diverse instrumentation and recording techniques, and less timbral variety.[41] Scientific American's John Matson reported that this \"seems to support the popular anecdotal observation that pop music of yore was \"better\", or at least more varied, than today's top-40 stuff\". However, he also noted that the study may not have been entirely representative of pop in each generation.[41]Known for his flamboyant style and virtuosic piano playing, Elton John became one of the biggest pop stars of the 1970s.In the 1960s, the majority of mainstream pop music fell in two categories: guitar, drum and bass groups or singers backed by a traditional orchestra.[42] Since early in the decade, it was common for pop producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with musical form, orchestration, unnatural reverb, and other sound effects. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spector's Wall of Sound and Joe Meek's use of homemade electronic sound effects for acts like the Tornados.[43] At the same time, pop music on radio and in both American and British film moved away from refined Tin Pan Alley to more eccentric songwriting and incorporated reverb-drenched electric guitar, symphonic strings, and horns played by groups of properly arranged and rehearsed studio musicians.[44] A 2019 study held by New York University in which 643 participants had to rank how familiar a pop song is to them, songs from the 1960s turned out to be the most memorable, significantly more than songs from recent years 2000 to 2015.[45]Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music.[46] Assisted by the mid-1960s economic boom, record labels began investing in artists, giving them the freedom to experiment, and offering them limited control over their content and marketing.[47] This situation declined after the late 1970s and would not reemerge until the rise of Internet stars.[47] Indie pop, which developed in the late 1970s, marked another departure from the glamour of contemporary pop music, with guitar bands formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music without having to procure a record contract from a major label.[48]The 1980s are commonly remembered for an increase in the use of digital recording, associated with the usage of synthesizers, with synth-pop music and other electronic genres featuring non-traditional instruments increasing in popularity.[49] By 2014, pop music worldwide had been permeated by electronic dance music.[50] In 2018, researchers at the University of California, Irvine, concluded that pop music has become 'sadder' since the 1980s. The elements of happiness and brightness have eventually been replaced with electronic beats making pop music more 'sad yet danceable'.[51]","title":"Development and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rebel_Heart_3_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"King and Queen of Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"music industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Europop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europop"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firth2002-54"},{"link_name":"Bob Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stanley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christgau-50"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PManuel-55"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PManuel-55"},{"link_name":"homogenization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Homogenization"},{"link_name":"cultural imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_imperialism"},{"link_name":"globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PManuel-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britney_Spears.jpg"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Princess of Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Valens"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strachwitz_Frontera_Collection_2017-57"},{"link_name":"Los Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Lobos"},{"link_name":"Chicano rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_rock"},{"link_name":"Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena"},{"link_name":"Tejano musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejano_music"},{"link_name":"Lydia Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Little Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Joe_(singer)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hispanic and Latino Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Macarena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarena"},{"link_name":"Los del Río","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_del_R%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Despacito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despacito"},{"link_name":"Luis Fonsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Fonsi"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Villafa%C3%B1e_2017-59"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"International spread and crosspollination","text":"Michael Jackson (left) and Madonna (right) have been dubbed respectively as the \"King and Queen of Pop\" since the 1980s.[52]Pop music has been dominated by the American and (from the mid-1960s) British music industries, whose influence has made pop music something of an international monoculture, but most regions and countries have their own form of pop music, sometimes producing local versions of wider trends, and lending them local characteristics.[53] Some of these trends (for example Europop) have had a significant impact on the development of the genre.[54]The story of pop music is largely the story of the intertwining pop culture of the United States and the United Kingdom in the postwar era.\n\n\n — Bob Stanley[50]According to Grove Music Online, \"Western-derived pop styles, whether coexisting with or marginalizing distinctively local genres, have spread throughout the world and have come to constitute stylistic common denominators in global commercial music cultures\".[55] Some non-Western countries, such as Japan, have developed a thriving pop music industry, most of which is devoted to Western-style pop. Japan has for several years produced a greater quantity of music than everywhere except the US.[clarification needed][55] The spread of Western-style pop music has been interpreted variously as representing processes of Americanization, homogenization, modernization, creative appropriation, cultural imperialism, or a more general process of globalization.[55]Britney Spears has been named \"Princess of Pop\" for revitalizing teen pop in the 2000s.[56]One of the pop music styles that developed alongside other music styles is Latin pop, which rose in popularity in the US during the 1950s with early rock and roll success Ritchie Valens.[57] Later, Los Lobos and Chicano rock gained in popularity during the 1970s and 1980s, and musician Selena saw large-scale popularity in the 1980s and 1990s, along with crossover appeal with fans of Tejano musicians Lydia Mendoza and Little Joe.[citation needed] With later Hispanic and Latino Americans seeing success within pop music charts, 1990s pop successes stayed popular in both their original genres and in broader pop music.[58] Latin pop hit singles, such as \"Macarena\" by Los del Río and \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi, have seen record-breaking success on worldwide pop music charts.[59]Notable pop artists of the late 20th century that became global superstars include Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Madonna, George Michael, and Prince.","title":"Development and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelly_Clarkson_live_in_Sudbury_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Vocal_Album"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSYNC"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(Britney_Spears_album)"},{"link_name":"Danja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danja_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"avant-funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-funk"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Will.i.am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will.i.am"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"2008 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Alternative pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_pop"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorde"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Billie Eilish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Eilish"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"Kelly Clarkson has 2 wins and 6 nominations for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal AlbumAt the beginning of the 2000s, the trends that dominated during the late 1990s still continued, but the music industry started to change as people began to download music from the internet. People were able to discover genres and artists that were outside of the mainstream and propel them to fame, but at the same time smaller artists had a harder time making a living because their music was being pirated.[60] Popular artists were Avril Lavigne, Justin Timberlake, NSYNC, Christina Aguilera, Destiny's Child, and Britney Spears. Pop music often came from many different genres, with each genre in turn influencing the next one, blurring the lines between them and making them less distinct. This change was epitomized in Spears' highly influential 2007 album Blackout, which under the influence of producer Danja, mixed the sounds of EDM, avant-funk, R&B, dance music, and hip hop.[61]By 2010, pop music impacted by dance music came to be dominant on the charts. Instead of radio setting the trends, it was now the club. At the beginning of the 2010s, Will.i.am stated, \"The new bubble is all the collective clubs around the world. Radio is just doing its best to keep up.\"[62] Songs that talked of escapism through partying became the most popular, influenced by the impulse to forget the economic troubles that had taken over the world after the 2008 crash.[63] Throughout the 2010s, a lot of pop music also began to take cues from Alternative pop. Popularized by artists such as Lana Del Rey[64] and Lorde[65] in the early 2010s and later inspiring other highly influential artists including Billie Eilish and Taylor Swift,[66] it gave space to a more sad and moody tone within pop music.","title":"Development and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adorno, Theodor W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57999-100-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57999-100-9"},{"link_name":"Clarke, Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Clarke_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of Popular Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071231045026/http://www.musicweb.uk.net/RiseandFall/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Frith, Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Frith"},{"link_name":"Frith, Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Frith"},{"link_name":"Gillett, Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gillett"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7190-1489-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-1489-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-514681-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514681-6"},{"link_name":"Kent, Jeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kent_(author)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9508981-0-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508981-0-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8108-5129-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5129-6"},{"link_name":"Middleton, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Middleton_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-17399-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17399-X"},{"link_name":"Pleasants, Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pleasants_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"Roxon, Lillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Roxon"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-28425-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28425-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8070-0982-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-0982-2"}],"text":"Adorno, Theodor W., (1942) \"On Popular Music\", Institute of Social Research.\nBell, John L., (2000) The Singing Thing: A Case for Congregational Song, GIA Publications, ISBN 1-57999-100-9\nBindas, Kenneth J., (1992) America's Musical Pulse: Popular Music in Twentieth-Century Society, Praeger.\nClarke, Donald, (1995) The Rise and Fall of Popular Music, St Martin's Press.\nDolfsma, Wilfred, (1999) Valuing Pop Music: Institutions, Values and Economics, Eburon.\nDolfsma, Wilfred, (2004) Institutional Economics and the Formation of Preferences: The Advent of Pop Music, Edward Elgar Publishing.\nFrith, Simon, Straw, Will, Street, John, eds, (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock, Cambridge University Press,\nFrith, Simon (2004) Popular Music: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies, Routledge.\nGillett, Charlie, (1970) The Sound of the City. The Rise of Rock and Roll, Outerbridge & Dienstfrey.\nHatch, David and Stephen Millward, (1987), From Blues to Rock: an Analytical History of Pop Music, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-1489-1\nJohnson, Julian, (2002) Who Needs Classical Music?: Cultural Choice and Musical Value, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514681-6.\nKent, Jeff, (1983) The Rise and Fall of Rock, Witan Books, ISBN 0-9508981-0-4.\nLonergan, David F., (2004) Hit Records, 1950–1975, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-5129-6.\nMaultsby, Portia K., (7907) Intra- and International Identities in American Popular Music, Trading Culture.\nMiddleton, Richard, (1990) Studying Popular Music, Open University Press.\nNegus, Bob, (1999) Music Genres and Corporate Cultures, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-17399-X.\nPleasants, Henry (1969) Serious Music and All That Jazz, Simon & Schuster.\nRoxon, Lillian, (1969) Rock Encyclopedia, Grosset & Dunlap.\nShuker, Roy, (2002) Popular Music: The Key Concepts, Routledge, (2nd edn.) ISBN 0-415-28425-2.\nStarr, Larry & Waterman, Christopher, (2002) American Popular Music: From Minstrelsy to MTV, Oxford University Press.\nWatkins, S. Craig, (2005) Hip Hop Matters: Politics, Pop Culture, and the Struggle for the Soul of a Movement, Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-0982-2.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term \"pop\" refers to music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rolling_stones_-_11_luglio_2006_-_san_siro.jpg/220px-Rolling_stones_-_11_luglio_2006_-_san_siro.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Amr Diab, Egyptian pop star, named \"El-Hadaba\", for achieving high records sales in the Middle East and Africa for the last three decades[24][25]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Amr_Diab_at_World_Music_Awards_2007.jpg/220px-Amr_Diab_at_World_Music_Awards_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bing Crosby was one of the first artists to be nicknamed \"King of Pop\" or \"King of Popular Music\".[34][verification needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bing_Crosby_1930s.jpg/170px-Bing_Crosby_1930s.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1960s British Invasion marked a period when the US charts were inundated with British acts such as the Beatles (pictured 1964).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg/220px-The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"Known for his flamboyant style and virtuosic piano playing, Elton John became one of the biggest pop stars of the 1970s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Elton_John_receiving_his_star_on_the_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg/220px-Elton_John_receiving_his_star_on_the_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg"},{"image_text":"Britney Spears has been named \"Princess of Pop\" for revitalizing teen pop in the 2000s.[56]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Britney_Spears.jpg/170px-Britney_Spears.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kelly Clarkson has 2 wins and 6 nominations for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kelly_Clarkson_live_in_Sudbury_2011.jpg/220px-Kelly_Clarkson_live_in_Sudbury_2011.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Audio-input-microphone.png"},{"title":"Pop music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pop_music"},{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"1950s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1950s"},{"title":"1960s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1960s"},{"title":"Honorific nicknames in popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music"},{"title":"Origins of rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll"},{"title":"Popular music pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music_pedagogy"},{"title":"List of music genres and styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles"},{"title":"History of music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_music"},{"title":"Public domain music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain_music"},{"title":"List of largest recorded music markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets"},{"title":"Music genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genre"}]	[{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1969). \"Show 1 – Play A Simple Melody: Pete Seeger on the origins of pop music\" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19745/m1/","url_text":"\"Show 1 – Play A Simple Melody: Pete Seeger on the origins of pop music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Chronicles","url_text":"Pop Chronicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries","url_text":"University of North Texas Libraries"}]},{"reference":"\"Pop/Rock » Punk/New Wave » New Wave\". allmusic.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/style/new-wave-ma0000002750","url_text":"\"Pop/Rock » Punk/New Wave » New Wave\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043137/https://www.allmusic.com/style/new-wave-ma0000002750","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The 50 Best New Wave Albums\". Paste. 13 October 2020. 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ISBN 978-0745642642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745642642","url_text":"978-0745642642"}]},{"reference":"Rojek, Chris (2011). Pop music, pop culture. Polity; 1st edition (June 13, 2011). pp. 2–3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maisey, Sarah (2023-06-27). \"Amr Diab to perform in Beirut for the first time in 12 years\". The National. Retrieved 2023-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music-stage/2023/06/27/amr-diab-to-perform-in-beirut-for-the-first-time-in-12-years/","url_text":"\"Amr Diab to perform in Beirut for the first time in 12 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt's megastar Amr Diab releases 'Katar Men Orbak' song\". EgyptToday. 2021-12-27. 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Dean Street Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-910570-69-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CxhzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT162","url_text":"Steve Marriott: All Too Beautiful"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910570-69-2","url_text":"978-1-910570-69-2"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Simon (2006). \"New Pop and its Aftermath\". On Record: Rock, Pop and the Written Word. Routledge. p. 398. ISBN 978-1-134-93951-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Reynolds","url_text":"Reynolds, Simon"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lauJAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"New Pop and its Aftermath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93951-0","url_text":"978-1-134-93951-0"}]},{"reference":"Edmondson, Jacqueline, ed. (2013). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Kriek	Erik Kriek	["1 References"]	Erik Kriek (born 18 November 1966, Amsterdam) is a Dutch artist and the winner of the 2008 Stripschapprijs. He writes and draws the comic book, Gutsman. In addition to his work he collects banjos and plays in a bluegrass band. Some of the most notable books he has illustrated are: The Set-up: The lost classic by the author of The Wild Party by Joseph Moncure March (Korero Press 2021), Welcome to Creek Country: (Concerto 2020) and In the Pines: Murder Ballads (Fantagraphics 2017). References ^ "38 jaar de Stripschapprijs - 1974 – 2011". Het Stripschap. Retrieved 28 December 2011. ^ "Erik Kriek". Lambiek. Retrieved 21 June 2010. Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists RKD Artists This profile of a European comics creator, writer, or artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Set-up: The lost classic by the author of The Wild Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Set-Up_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Moncure March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Moncure_March"}],"text":"Some of the most notable books he has illustrated are: The Set-up: The lost classic by the author of The Wild Party by Joseph Moncure March (Korero Press 2021), Welcome to Creek Country: (Concerto 2020) and In the Pines: Murder Ballads (Fantagraphics 2017).","title":"Erik Kriek"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"38 jaar de Stripschapprijs - 1974 – 2011\". Het Stripschap. Retrieved 28 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stripschap.nl/pages/stripschapprijzen/de-stripschapprijs.php","url_text":"\"38 jaar de Stripschapprijs - 1974 – 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erik Kriek\". Lambiek. Retrieved 21 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://lambiek.net/artists/k/kriek.htm","url_text":"\"Erik Kriek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambiek","url_text":"Lambiek"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.stripschap.nl/pages/stripschapprijzen/de-stripschapprijs.php","external_links_name":"\"38 jaar de Stripschapprijs - 1974 – 2011\""},{"Link":"http://lambiek.net/artists/k/kriek.htm","external_links_name":"\"Erik Kriek\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/186156114","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16650981c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16650981c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1014811589","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015063180","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/96468","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erik_Kriek&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Oscarsson	Per Oscarsson	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Selected filmography","5 References","6 External links"]	Swedish actor (1927-2010) Per OscarssonOscarsson in 1948BornPer Oscar Heinrich Oscarsson(1927-01-28)28 January 1927Stockholm, SwedenDied31 December 2010(2010-12-31) (aged 83)Skara, SwedenOccupationActorYears active1944–2009Spouses Gerd Hegnell (m. 1954; div. 1960) Bärbel Krämer (m. 1962; div. 1973) Kia Östling (m. 1989; died 2010) Children6 Per Oscar Heinrich Oscarsson (28 January 1927 – 31 December 2010) was a Swedish actor. He is best known for his role in the 1966 film Hunger, which earned him a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor. Early life Oscarsson was born, along with his twin brother Björn, on 28 January 1927 on Kungsholmen, Stockholm, to parents Einar Oscarsson, an engineer, and Therèse, née Küppers. The twins had two elder siblings. Their mother, who was German, died of cancer in 1933. Career Oscarsson was best known for his role as Pontus, a starving writer, in the social realism drama Hunger, based on the Knut Hamsun novel by the same name, a role for which he won the 1966 Bodil, the Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the 1966 Cannes Film Festival best actor awards. His most recent film role was as Holger Palmgren, the character Lisbeth Salander's publicly appointed guardian, in the 2009 movies The Girl Who Played with Fire and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, based on Stieg Larsson's famous novels. Death A fire started in the house of Per Oscarsson and his wife Kia Östling on the night of 30–31 December 2010. On 31 December, a relative found the house burned to the ground with only the foundations and chimney remaining. Oscarsson had not been heard from since the fire. A body was discovered in the ruins of the house on 2 January 2011, and was presumed by police to be either the body of Oscarsson or that of his wife. A second body was discovered on 3 January, which increased the possibility that both Oscarsson and his wife had perished in the fire. On 5 January, the deaths of Oscarsson and his wife were confirmed through dental records by Swedish police. Oscarsson died at age 83. Selected filmography Eaglets (1944) - Young Man (uncredited) Prince Gustaf (1944) - Prince August Flickor i hamn (1945) - Young Man (uncredited) The Serious Game (1945) - Filip Stille, Lydia's Brother (uncredited) Kristin Commands (1946) - Jan Westman (uncredited) Youth in Danger (1946) - Stickan The Loveliest Thing on Earth (1947) - Tomas Isakson The Street (1949) - Åke Rodelius Son of the Sea (1949) - Rolf Bakken Vi flyr på Rio (1949) - Helmer Wallberg Living on 'Hope' (1951)- Per Encounter with Life (1952) - Robert Defiance (1952) - Rolf Thörner Barabbas (1953) - Boy Vi tre debutera (We Three Debutantes) (1953) - Lillebror Brummer Karin Månsdotter (1954) - Anders Wild Birds (1955) - Nisse Bortom Kärlek på turné (Ingen så tokig som jag) (1955) - Oskar Ölander Fröken April (Miss April) (1958) - Sverker Ek Lovely Is the Summer Night (1961) - Lars-Ove Larsson Ticket to Paradise (1962) - Freddo Rossi Vaxdockan (The Doll) (1962) - Lundgren Det är hos mig han har varit (1963) - Hans Treve Adam och Eva (Adam and Eve) (1963) - Reverend Helge Kall Någon av er (1963, TV Movie) Är du inte riktigt klok? (1964) - Man without character Bödeln (1965, TV Movie) - Galg-Lasse Asmodeus (1966, TV Movie) - Blaise Couture Syskonbädd 1782 (My Sister My Love) (1966) - Jacob / Brother Doktor Knock (1966, TV Movie) Hunger (1966) - Pontus Myten (1966) - Guest Patrasket (1966, TV Movie) - Joe Meng ABC Stage 67 (1966, TV Series) - Olaf Helton Here's Your Life (1966) - Niklas Trettondagsafton (1967, TV Movie) - Andreas Blek af Nosen Drottningens juvelsmycke (1967, TV Mini-Series) - Richard Furumo De Löjliga preciöserna (1967, TV Movie) - Jodelet Ghosts (1967, TV Movie) - Osvald Alving Who Saw Him Die? (1968) - Sören Mårtensson A Dandy in Aspic (1968) - Pavel Doctor Glas (1968) - Dr. Glas Vindingevals (1968) - The Baptiser An-Magritt (1969) - Hedström Oss emellan (Between Us, Close to the Wind) (1969) - Per Olofsson La Madriguera (Honeycomb) (1969) - Pedro Miss and Mrs Sweden (1969) - Jonne Love Is War (1970) - Mann med ønskekvist The Last Valley (1971) - Father Sebastian The Night Visitor (1971) - Dr. Anton Jenks Secrets (1971) - Raoul Kramer The New Land (1972) - Pastor Törner Endless Night (1972) - Santonix Inferno (1973, TV Movie) - August Strindberg The Blockhouse (1973) - Lund Dream City (1973) - Florian Sand The Blue Hotel (1973, TV Movie) - The Swede Ebon Lundin (1973) - Ebon Lundin Gangsterfilmen (A Stranger Came by Train) (1974) - Johan Gustavsson The Metamorphosis (1976) - Managing Clerk Dagny (1977) - August Strindberg Terror of Frankenstein (aka Victor Frankenstein) (1977) - The Monster Uppdraget (The Assignment) (1977) - Sixto The Brothers Lionheart (1977) - Orvar The Adventures of Picasso (1978) - Apollinaire Chez nous (1978) - Schrenk Kristoffers hus (Christopher's House) (1979) - Kräftan Charlotte Löwensköld (1979) - Pontus Friman Hello Sweden (1979) Tvingad att leva (1980) Attentatet (Outrage) (1980) - Doctor Sverige åt svenskarna (Battle of Sweden, Sweden for the Swedes) (1980) - Gustav Leonard Vinkelhjern Klosterhjerta / Jean Louis VIII / Karl Brecht der Stärkste und der Grösste / Wilfred Himmelthrill XIII The Sleep of Death (The Inn of the Flying Dragon) (1980) - Col. Gaillard Montenegro (1981) - Dr. Aram Pazardjian Kallocain (1981, TV Mini-Series) - Försöksperson nr 135 Göta kanal eller Vem drog ur proppen? (1981) - Ulf Svensson Hans Christian och sällskapet (1981, TV Movie) - Georg Polisen som vägrade svara (1982, TV Mini-Series) - Gustav Jörgensson Historien om lilla och stora kanin (1983, Short) - Narrator (voice) Master Olof (1983, TV Mini-Series) - Hans Windrank Henrietta (1983) - Einar Vargen (1984, TV Movie) - Arnold Wolf Polisen som vägrade ge upp (1984, TV Mini-Series) - Gustav Jörgensson Ronia, the Robber's Daughter (1984) - Borka Da Capo (1985) - Eino Hud (1986) - The Vicar Nattseilere (1986) - With Bödeln och skökan (1986, TV Movie) - Fogden Flykten (1986, TV Mini-Series) Ondskans år (1987, TV Movie) - The Estate Owner Nattseilere (1988, TV Mini-Series) - With Oväder (1988, TV Movie) - Brodern Venus 90 (1988) - Erlandson, Vraket Polisen som vägrade ta semester (1988, TV Mini-Series) - Gustav Jörgensson Kråsnålen (1988, TV Mini-Series) - Himself Ingen rövare finns i skogen (1988, Short) - Fiolito 1939 (1989) - Isak Kurt Olsson - The Film About My Life as Myself (1990) - Personell Manager Lindroth Bulan (1990) - The poet Fasadklättraren (1991, TV Mini-Series) - Larsson House of Angels (1992) - Erik Zander Kejsarn av Portugallien (1992–1993, TV Mini-Series) - Ol-Bengtsa Polisen och domarmordet (1993, TV Mini-Series) - Gustav Jörgensson Dreaming of Rita (1993) - Bob Cross My Heart and Hope to Die (1994) - Pianostemmeren Kan du vissla Johanna? (1994, TV Movie) - Nils Polisen och pyromanen (TV mini-series) (1996) Harry och Sonja (1996) - Harry's Father Juloratoriet (Christmas Oratorio) (1996) - Fälldin Germans (Jubilee, the Darkest Hour) (1996) - Prof. Sonnenbruch The Last Viking (1997) - Skrælling Rika barn leka bäst (1997) - Vilhelm Ogginoggen (1997, Short) - Dansedommeren Forbudt for børn (1998) - Dansedommer Stormen (1998, TV Movie) - Gonzalo White Water Fury (2000) - Åke Herr von Hancken (2000, TV Mini-Series) - Herr von Hancken Anderssons älskarinna (2001, TV Mini-Series) - Elof Send mere slik (Send More Candy) (2001) - Rasmus Stora teatern (2002, TV Mini-Series) - Berra Midsommer (Midsummer) (2003) - Persson Manden bag døren (The Bouncer, The Man Behind the Door) (2003) - Karl Att sörja Linnea (2004, TV Movie) - Allan Young Andersen (Young Andersen) (2005) - H.C. Andersens farfar Those Who Whisper (2006, TV Movie) - Pappan The Girl Who Played with Fire (2009) - Holger Palmgren The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (2009) - Holger Palmgren (uncredited) Tysta leken (2011) - Oscar (final film role) References ^ Roxborough, Scott (5 January 2011). "Swedish Police Identify Per Oscarsson's Remains". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 7 January 2011. ^ Per Oscarsson - Bakom rubrikerna och replikerna ("Per Oscarsson - Behind headlines and lines") TV-interview with Agneta Bolme Börjefors from 1998. ^ "Svält (1966)". Swedish Film Institute. 1 March 2014. ^ "Cinema giant may have burned to death". The Age. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011. ^ "Per Oscarsson befaras död i brand". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 1 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011. ^ "Swedish actor Per Oscarsson feared dead in house fire". BBC News Online. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011. ^ Roxborough, Scott (3 January 2011). "Second body found at Swedish film actor's house". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 7 January 2011. ^ Edblom, Kristina; Bergfeldt, Carina (5 January 2011). "Kropparna är identifierade". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 January 2011. ^ "Swedish actor confirmed dead in house fire". The Local. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Per Oscarsson. Per Oscarsson at IMDb Per Oscarsson at the Swedish Film Database vteCannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor1946–1975 Ray Milland (1946) Edward G. Robinson (1949) Michael Redgrave (1951) Marlon Brando (1952) Spencer Tracy / Sergei Lukyanov / Boris Andreyev / Aleksey Batalov / Sergei Kurilov / Vadim Medvedev / Boris Bityukov / Nikolai Gritsenko / Pavel Kadochnikov / Boris Kokovkin / Nikolay Sergeev (1955) John Kitzmiller (1957) Paul Newman (1958) Bradford Dillman / Dean Stockwell / Orson Welles (1959) Anthony Perkins (1961) Dean Stockwell / Jason Robards / Ralph Richardson / Murray Melvin (1962) Richard Harris (1963) Antal Páger / Saro Urzì (1964) Terence Stamp (1965) Per Oscarsson (1966) Oded Kotler (1967) Jean-Louis Trintignant (1969) Marcello Mastroianni (1970) Riccardo Cucciolla (1971) Jean Yanne (1972) Giancarlo Giannini (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Vittorio Gassman (1975) 1976–2000 José Luis Gómez (1976) Fernando Rey (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Jack Lemmon / Stefano Madia (1979) Michel Piccoli / Jack Thompson (1980) Ugo Tognazzi / Ian Holm (1981) Jack Lemmon (1982) Gian Maria Volonté (1983) Alfredo Landa / Francisco Rabal (1984) William Hurt (1985) Michel Blanc / Bob Hoskins (1986) Marcello Mastroianni (1987) Forest Whitaker (1988) James Spader (1989) Gérard Depardieu (1990) John Turturro / Samuel L. Jackson (1991) Tim Robbins (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Ge You (1994) Jonathan Pryce (1995) Pascal Duquenne / Daniel Auteuil (1996) Sean Penn (1997) Peter Mullan (1998) Emmanuel Schotte (1999) Tony Leung Chiu-wai (2000) 2001–present Benoît Magimel (2001) Olivier Gourmet (2002) Muzaffer Özdemir / Mehmet Emin Toprak (2003) Yūya Yagira (2004) Tommy Lee Jones (2005) Jamel Debbouze / Samy Naceri / Roschdy Zem / Sami Bouajila / Bernard Blancan (2006) Konstantin Lavronenko (2007) Benicio del Toro (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Javier Bardem / Elio Germano (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Mads Mikkelsen (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Vincent Lindon (2015) Shahab Hosseini (2016) Joaquin Phoenix (2017) Marcello Fonte (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Caleb Landry Jones (2021) Song Kang-ho (2022) Koji Yakusho (2023) Jesse Plemons (2024) vteNational Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor1966–2000 Michael Caine (1966) Rod Steiger (1967) Per Oscarsson (1968) Jon Voight (1969) George C. Scott (1970) Peter Finch (1971) Al Pacino (1972) Marlon Brando (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson (1975) Robert De Niro (1976) Art Carney (1977) Gary Busey (1978) Dustin Hoffman (1979) Peter O'Toole (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Dustin Hoffman (1982) Gérard Depardieu (1983) Steve Martin (1984) Jack Nicholson (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Steve Martin (1987) Michael Keaton (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons (1990) River Phoenix (1991) Stephen Rea (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Paul Newman (1994) Nicolas Cage (1995) Eddie Murphy (1996) Robert Duvall (1997) Nick Nolte (1998) Russell Crowe (1999) Javier Bardem (2000) 2001–present Gene Hackman (2001) Adrien Brody (2002) Bill Murray (2003) Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn (2008) Jeremy Renner (2009) Jesse Eisenberg (2010) Brad Pitt (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Oscar Isaac (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Michael B. Jordan (2015) Casey Affleck (2016) Daniel Kaluuya (2017) Ethan Hawke (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Delroy Lindo (2020) Hidetoshi Nishijima (2021) Colin Farrell (2022) Andrew Scott (2023) vteGuldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role1963–1999 Keve Hjelm (1963/64) Jarl Kulle (1964/65) Thommy Berggren (1965/66) Per Oscarsson (1966/67) Halvar Björk (1967/68) Roland Hedlund (1968/69) Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt (1969/70) Eddie Axberg (1971/72) Gösta Ekman (1972/73) Allan Edwall (1973/74) Göran Stangertz (1974/75) Toivo Pawlo (1975/76) Håkan Serner (1976/77) Anders Lönnbro (1977/78) Anders Åberg (1978/79) Peter Lindgren (1979/80) Ingvar Hirdwall (1980/81) Stellan Skarsgård (1981/82) Jarl Kulle (1982/83) Sven Wollter (1984) Anton Glanzelius (1985) Erland Josephson (1986) Max von Sydow (1987) Tomas Bolme (1988) Stellan Skarsgård (1989) Börje Ahlstedt (1990) Lasse Åberg (1991) Rolf Lassgård (1992) Sven Lindberg (1993) Sven-Bertil Taube (1994) Loa Falkman (1995) Max von Sydow (1996) Göran Stangertz (1997) Krister Henriksson (1998) Björn Kjellman (1999) 2000–present Kjell Bergqvist (2000) Sven Wollter (2001) Michael Nyqvist (2002) Jonas Karlsson (2003) Robert Gustafsson (2004) Krister Henriksson (2005) Gustaf Skarsgård (2006) Michael Segerström (2007) Mikael Persbrandt (2008) Claes Ljungmark (2009) Joel Kinnaman (2010) Sven-Bertil Taube (2011) Johannes Brost (2012) Mikael Persbrandt (2013) Sverrir Gudnason (2014) Rolf Lassgård (2015) Anders Mossling (2016) Fares Fares (2017) Joakim Sällquist (2018) Levan Gelbakhiani (2019) Uje Brandelius (2020) Jonas Karlsson (2021) Granit Rushiti (2022) Joel Spira (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Sweden Czech Republic Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-1"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"},{"link_name":"Hunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival_Award_for_Best_Actor"}],"text":"Per Oscar Heinrich Oscarsson (28 January 1927 – 31 December 2010)[1] was a Swedish actor. He is best known for his role in the 1966 film Hunger, which earned him a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor.","title":"Per Oscarsson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kungsholmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungsholmen"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Oscarsson was born, along with his twin brother Björn, on 28 January 1927 on Kungsholmen, Stockholm, to parents Einar Oscarsson, an engineer, and Therèse, née Küppers. The twins had two elder siblings. Their mother, who was German, died of cancer in 1933.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism"},{"link_name":"Hunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Knut Hamsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Hamsun"},{"link_name":"Bodil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodil_Award"},{"link_name":"Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldbagge_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4thGuldbagge-3"},{"link_name":"1966 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Lisbeth Salander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbeth_Salander"},{"link_name":"The Girl Who Played with Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Played_with_Fire_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Kicked_the_Hornets%27_Nest_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stieg Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stieg_Larsson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theage-4"}],"text":"Oscarsson was best known for his role as Pontus, a starving writer, in the social realism drama Hunger, based on the Knut Hamsun novel by the same name, a role for which he won the 1966 Bodil, the Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role[3] and the 1966 Cannes Film Festival best actor awards. His most recent film role was as Holger Palmgren, the character Lisbeth Salander's publicly appointed guardian, in the 2009 movies The Girl Who Played with Fire and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, based on Stieg Larsson's famous novels.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dn-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-7"},{"link_name":"dental records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aftonbladet-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thelocal-9"}],"text":"A fire started in the house of Per Oscarsson and his wife Kia Östling on the night of 30–31 December 2010. On 31 December, a relative found the house burned to the ground with only the foundations and chimney remaining.[5] Oscarsson had not been heard from since the fire. A body was discovered in the ruins of the house on 2 January 2011, and was presumed by police to be either the body of Oscarsson or that of his wife.[6] A second body was discovered on 3 January, which increased the possibility that both Oscarsson and his wife had perished in the fire.[7] On 5 January, the deaths of Oscarsson and his wife were confirmed through dental records by Swedish police.[8][9] Oscarsson died at age 83.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eaglets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaglets"},{"link_name":"Prince Gustaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Serious Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serious_Game_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kristin Commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Commands"},{"link_name":"Youth in Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_in_Danger"},{"link_name":"The Loveliest Thing on 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varit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Det_%C3%A4r_hos_mig_han_har_varit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_er_meg_han_har_v%C3%A6rt_hos"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_%C3%A4r_hos_mig_han_har_varit"},{"link_name":"Adam och Eva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_och_Eva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_och_Eva_(1963)"},{"link_name":"Någon av er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A5gon_av_er&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Är du inte riktigt klok?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%84r_du_inte_riktigt_klok%3F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84r_du_inte_riktigt_klok%3F"},{"link_name":"Bödeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6deln&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asmodeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asmodeus_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syskonbädd 1782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syskonb%C3%A4dd_1782"},{"link_name":"Doktor Knock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doktor_Knock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Myten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrasket&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ABC Stage 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Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Ebon Lundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebon_Lundin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebon_Lundin"},{"link_name":"Gangsterfilmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsterfilmen"},{"link_name":"The Metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Metamorphosis_(1976_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rvandlingen_(1976)"},{"link_name":"Dagny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagny_(film)"},{"link_name":"Terror of Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_of_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Uppdraget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppdraget"},{"link_name":"The Brothers Lionheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Lionheart_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Apollinaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire"},{"link_name":"Chez nous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chez_nous_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kristoffers hus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffers_hus"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Löwensköld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_L%C3%B6wensk%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"Hello Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hello_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tvingad att leva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tvingad_att_leva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvingad_att_leva"},{"link_name":"Attentatet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attentatet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentatet_(1980)"},{"link_name":"Sverige åt svenskarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sverige_%C3%A5t_svenskarna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverige_%C3%A5t_svenskarna"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sweden for the Swedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweden_for_the_Swedes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Sleep of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sleep_of_Death"},{"link_name":"The Inn of the Flying Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inn_of_the_Flying_Dragon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kallocain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallocain"},{"link_name":"Göta kanal eller Vem drog ur proppen?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_kanal_eller_Vem_drog_ur_proppen%3F"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian och sällskapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Christian_och_s%C3%A4llskapet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_och_s%C3%A4llskapet"},{"link_name":"Polisen som vägrade svara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polisen_som_v%C3%A4grade_svara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisen_som_v%C3%A4grade_svara"},{"link_name":"Historien om lilla och stora kanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historien_om_lilla_och_stora_kanin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Master Olof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Olof"},{"link_name":"Henrietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrietta_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vargen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vargen_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polisen som vägrade ge upp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polisen_som_v%C3%A4grade_ge_upp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisen_som_v%C3%A4grade_ge_upp"},{"link_name":"Ronia, the Robber's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronia,_the_Robber%27s_Daughter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Da Capo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Da_Capo_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hud_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"Nattseilere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nattseilere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattseilere"},{"link_name":"Bödeln och skökan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6deln_och_sk%C3%B6kan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flykten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flykten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flykten_(TV-serie)"},{"link_name":"Ondskans år","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ondskans_%C3%A5r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondskans_%C3%A5r"},{"link_name":"Nattseilere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nattseilere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattseilere"},{"link_name":"Oväder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ov%C3%A4der&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venus 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus_90&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_90"},{"link_name":"Polisen som vägrade ta semester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polisen_som_v%C3%A4grade_ta_semester&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisen_som_v%C3%A4grade_ta_semester"},{"link_name":"Kråsnålen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kr%C3%A5sn%C3%A5len&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A5sn%C3%A5len"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A5sn%C3%A5len"},{"link_name":"Ingen rövare finns i skogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingen_r%C3%B6vare_finns_i_skogen"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Olsson - The Film About My Life as Myself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Olsson_-_The_Film_About_My_Life_as_Myself&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Bulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulan_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fasadklättraren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasadkl%C3%A4ttraren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasadkl%C3%A4ttraren"},{"link_name":"House of Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84nglag%C3%A5rd_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kejsarn av Portugallien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsarn_av_Portugallien"},{"link_name":"Polisen och domarmordet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polisen_och_domarmordet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisen_och_domarmordet"},{"link_name":"Dreaming of Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming_of_Rita"},{"link_name":"Cross My Heart and Hope to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_My_Heart_and_Hope_to_Die"},{"link_name":"Kan du vissla Johanna?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan_du_vissla_Johanna%3F_(film)"},{"link_name":"Polisen och pyromanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polisen_och_pyromanen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisen_och_pyromanen"},{"link_name":"Harry och Sonja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_och_Sonja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juloratoriet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juloratoriet_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jubilee, the Darkest Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jubilee,_the_Darkest_Hour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Last Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Viking_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rika barn leka bäst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rika_barn_leka_b%C3%A4st&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rika_barn_leka_b%C3%A4st"},{"link_name":"Ogginoggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogginoggen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogginoggen"},{"link_name":"Forbudt for børn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbudt_for_b%C3%B8rn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbudt_for_b%C3%B8rn"},{"link_name":"Stormen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormen"},{"link_name":"White Water Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Water_Fury"},{"link_name":"Herr von Hancken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herr_von_Hancken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herr_von_Hancken_(TV-serie)"},{"link_name":"Anderssons älskarinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderssons_%C3%A4lskarinna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderssons_%C3%A4lskarinna"},{"link_name":"Send mere slik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Send_mere_slik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_mere_slik"},{"link_name":"Stora teatern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stora_teatern_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Midsommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsommer"},{"link_name":"Manden bag døren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manden_bag_d%C3%B8ren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manden_bag_d%C3%B8ren"},{"link_name":"Att sörja Linnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Att_s%C3%B6rja_Linnea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Att_s%C3%B6rja_Linnea"},{"link_name":"Young Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Those Who Whisper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Those_Who_Whisper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Girl Who Played with Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Played_with_Fire_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Kicked_the_Hornets%27_Nest_(film)"}],"text":"Eaglets (1944) - Young Man (uncredited)\nPrince Gustaf (1944) - Prince August\nFlickor i hamn (1945) - Young Man (uncredited)\nThe Serious Game (1945) - Filip Stille, Lydia's Brother (uncredited)\nKristin Commands (1946) - Jan Westman (uncredited)\nYouth in Danger (1946) - Stickan\nThe Loveliest Thing on Earth (1947) - Tomas Isakson\nThe Street (1949) - Åke Rodelius\nSon of the Sea (1949) - Rolf Bakken\nVi flyr på Rio (1949) - Helmer Wallberg\nLiving on 'Hope' (1951)- Per\nEncounter with Life (1952) - Robert\nDefiance (1952) - Rolf Thörner\nBarabbas (1953) - Boy\nVi tre debutera (We Three Debutantes) (1953) - Lillebror Brummer\nKarin Månsdotter (1954) - Anders\nWild Birds (1955) - Nisse Bortom\nKärlek på turné [sv] (Ingen så tokig som jag) (1955) - Oskar Ölander\nFröken April (Miss April) (1958) - Sverker Ek\nLovely Is the Summer Night (1961) - Lars-Ove Larsson\nTicket to Paradise (1962) - Freddo Rossi\nVaxdockan [it; no; sv] (The Doll) (1962) - Lundgren\nDet är hos mig han har varit [no; sv] (1963) - Hans Treve\nAdam och Eva [sv] (Adam and Eve) (1963) - Reverend Helge Kall\nNågon av er (1963, TV Movie)\nÄr du inte riktigt klok? [sv] (1964) - Man without character\nBödeln (1965, TV Movie) - Galg-Lasse\nAsmodeus (1966, TV Movie) - Blaise Couture\nSyskonbädd 1782 (My Sister My Love) (1966) - Jacob / Brother\nDoktor Knock (1966, TV Movie)\nHunger (1966) - Pontus\nMyten (1966) - Guest\nPatrasket (1966, TV Movie) - Joe Meng\nABC Stage 67 (1966, TV Series) - Olaf Helton\nHere's Your Life (1966) - Niklas\nTrettondagsafton (1967, TV Movie) - Andreas Blek af Nosen\nDrottningens juvelsmycke (1967, TV Mini-Series) - Richard Furumo\nDe Löjliga preciöserna (1967, TV Movie) - Jodelet\nGhosts (1967, TV Movie) - Osvald Alving\nWho Saw Him Die? (1968) - Sören Mårtensson\nA Dandy in Aspic (1968) - Pavel\nDoctor Glas (1968) - Dr. Glas\nVindingevals (1968) - The Baptiser\nAn-Magritt (1969) - Hedström\nOss emellan [sv] (Between Us, Close to the Wind) (1969) - Per Olofsson\nLa Madriguera (Honeycomb) (1969) - Pedro\nMiss and Mrs Sweden [sv] (1969) - Jonne\nLove Is War (1970) - Mann med ønskekvist\nThe Last Valley (1971) - Father Sebastian\nThe Night Visitor (1971) - Dr. Anton Jenks\nSecrets (1971) - Raoul Kramer\nThe New Land (1972) - Pastor Törner\nEndless Night (1972) - Santonix\nInferno [sv] (1973, TV Movie) - August Strindberg\nThe Blockhouse (1973) - Lund\nDream City [de] (1973) - Florian Sand\nThe Blue Hotel (1973, TV Movie) - The Swede\nEbon Lundin [sv] (1973) - Ebon Lundin\nGangsterfilmen (A Stranger Came by Train) (1974) - Johan Gustavsson\nThe Metamorphosis [sv] (1976) - Managing Clerk\nDagny (1977) - August Strindberg\nTerror of Frankenstein (aka Victor Frankenstein) (1977) - The Monster\nUppdraget (The Assignment) (1977) - Sixto\nThe Brothers Lionheart (1977) - Orvar\nThe Adventures of Picasso (1978) - Apollinaire\nChez nous (1978) - Schrenk\nKristoffers hus (Christopher's House) (1979) - Kräftan\nCharlotte Löwensköld (1979) - Pontus Friman\nHello Sweden (1979)\nTvingad att leva [sv] (1980)\nAttentatet [sv] (Outrage) (1980) - Doctor\nSverige åt svenskarna [sv] (Battle of Sweden, Sweden for the Swedes) (1980) - Gustav Leonard Vinkelhjern Klosterhjerta / Jean Louis VIII / Karl Brecht der Stärkste und der Grösste / Wilfred Himmelthrill XIII\nThe Sleep of Death (The Inn of the Flying Dragon) (1980) - Col. Gaillard\nMontenegro (1981) - Dr. Aram Pazardjian\nKallocain (1981, TV Mini-Series) - Försöksperson nr 135\nGöta kanal eller Vem drog ur proppen? (1981) - Ulf Svensson\nHans Christian och sällskapet [sv] (1981, TV Movie) - Georg\nPolisen som vägrade svara [sv] (1982, TV Mini-Series) - Gustav Jörgensson\nHistorien om lilla och stora kanin (1983, Short) - Narrator (voice)\nMaster Olof (1983, TV Mini-Series) - Hans Windrank\nHenrietta (1983) - Einar\nVargen (1984, TV Movie) - Arnold Wolf\nPolisen som vägrade ge upp [sv] (1984, TV Mini-Series) - Gustav Jörgensson\nRonia, the Robber's Daughter (1984) - Borka\nDa Capo (1985) - Eino\nHud (1986) - The Vicar\nNattseilere [no] (1986) - With\nBödeln och skökan (1986, TV Movie) - Fogden\nFlykten [sv] (1986, TV Mini-Series)\nOndskans år [sv] (1987, TV Movie) - The Estate Owner\nNattseilere [no] (1988, TV Mini-Series) - With\nOväder (1988, TV Movie) - Brodern\nVenus 90 [sv] (1988) - Erlandson, Vraket\nPolisen som vägrade ta semester [sv] (1988, TV Mini-Series) - Gustav Jörgensson\nKråsnålen [id; sv] (1988, TV Mini-Series) - Himself\nIngen rövare finns i skogen (1988, Short) - Fiolito\n1939 (1989) - Isak\nKurt Olsson - The Film About My Life as Myself (1990) - Personell [sic?] Manager Lindroth\nBulan [sv] (1990) - The poet\nFasadklättraren [sv] (1991, TV Mini-Series) - Larsson\nHouse of Angels (1992) - Erik Zander\nKejsarn av Portugallien (1992–1993, TV Mini-Series) - Ol-Bengtsa\nPolisen och domarmordet [sv] (1993, TV Mini-Series) - Gustav Jörgensson\nDreaming of Rita (1993) - Bob\nCross My Heart and Hope to Die (1994) - Pianostemmeren\nKan du vissla Johanna? (1994, TV Movie) - Nils\nPolisen och pyromanen [sv] (TV mini-series) (1996)\nHarry och Sonja (1996) - Harry's Father\nJuloratoriet (Christmas Oratorio) (1996) - Fälldin\nGermans (Jubilee, the Darkest Hour) (1996) - Prof. Sonnenbruch\nThe Last Viking (1997) - Skrælling\nRika barn leka bäst [sv] (1997) - Vilhelm\nOgginoggen [da] (1997, Short) - Dansedommeren\nForbudt for børn [da] (1998) - Dansedommer\nStormen (1998, TV Movie) - Gonzalo\nWhite Water Fury (2000) - Åke\nHerr von Hancken [sv] (2000, TV Mini-Series) - Herr von Hancken\nAnderssons älskarinna [sv] (2001, TV Mini-Series) - Elof\nSend mere slik [da] (Send More Candy) (2001) - Rasmus\nStora teatern (2002, TV Mini-Series) - Berra\nMidsommer (Midsummer) (2003) - Persson\nManden bag døren [da] (The Bouncer, The Man Behind the Door) (2003) - Karl\nAtt sörja Linnea [sv] (2004, TV Movie) - Allan\nYoung Andersen (Young Andersen) (2005) - H.C. Andersens farfar\nThose Who Whisper (2006, TV Movie) - Pappan\nThe Girl Who Played with Fire (2009) - Holger Palmgren\nThe Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (2009) - Holger Palmgren (uncredited)\nTysta leken (2011) - Oscar (final film role)","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Roxborough, Scott (5 January 2011). \"Swedish Police Identify Per Oscarsson's Remains\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 7 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/swedish-police-identify-oscarsson-s-68646","url_text":"\"Swedish Police Identify Per Oscarsson's Remains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Svält (1966)\". Swedish Film Institute. 1 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=4736&iv=Awards","url_text":"\"Svält (1966)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cinema giant may have burned to death\". The Age. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/cinema-giant-may-have-burned-to-death-20110103-19dcq.html","url_text":"\"Cinema giant may have burned to death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"\"Per Oscarsson befaras död i brand\". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 1 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/per-oscarsson-befaras-dod-i-brand","url_text":"\"Per Oscarsson befaras död i brand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter","url_text":"Dagens Nyheter"}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish actor Per Oscarsson feared dead in house fire\". BBC News Online. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12105889","url_text":"\"Swedish actor Per Oscarsson feared dead in house fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"Roxborough, Scott (3 January 2011). \"Second body found at Swedish film actor's house\". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 7 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110103/en_nm/us_peroscarsson","url_text":"\"Second body found at Swedish film actor's house\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"}]},{"reference":"Edblom, Kristina; Bergfeldt, Carina (5 January 2011). \"Kropparna är identifierade\". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article8372690.ab","url_text":"\"Kropparna är identifierade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish actor confirmed dead in house fire\". The Local. 5 January 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar_Police_Commissionerate	Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate	["1 Structure and jurisdiction","2 Police stations","3 Specialised Police Stations","4 Traffic Guards","5 See also","6 External links","7 References"]	Indian police force Law enforcement agency Bidhannagar City Policeবিধাননগর সিটি পুলিশCommon nameBidhannagar City Police বিধাননগর শহর পুলিশAbbreviationBDNCPMottoCourage Care CommitmentBengali: সাহস সতর্কতা প্রতিজ্ঞাবদ্ধAgency overviewFormed20 January, 2012 Annual budget₹890 crore (US$110 million) (2021–22 est.)Jurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionBidhan Nagar & New Town area, INSize146.34 km2 (56.50 sq mi)Populationest. 15 lacsLegal jurisdictionBidhannagar Municipal Corporation ; New Town, Kolkata (WBHIDCO Area) & Bidhannagar Constituency Area.Primary governing bodyGovernment of West BengalSecondary governing bodyWest Bengal PoliceGeneral natureLocal civilian policeOperational structureHeadquartersBidhannagar Police Headquarters, Sec-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata - 700 106Elected officer responsibleMamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West BengalAgency executiveShri Gaurav Sharma, IPS, Commissioner of PoliceParent agencyWest Bengal PoliceFacilitiesStations13 (Police Stations); 9 (Traffic Guards); 1 (Women PS); 1 (Cyber Crime PS)Websitebidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in Bidhannagar City Police (Bengali: বিধাননগর সিটি পুলিশ), established on 20 January 2012, is a police force with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation within Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation and certain adjacent areas in Greater Kolkata (Saltlake, Lake Town, Kestopur, Baguiati, Raghunathpur, Teghoria, Arjunpur, Kaikhali, Rajarhat, New Town, Dumdum/Kolkata Airport Area, Inside of NSCBI Airport, Gouripur, Michael Nagar, Ganganagar). The Commissionerate is part of the West Bengal Police and is under the administrative control of Home Ministry of West Bengal. Shri Gaurav Sharma is the current Commissioner of the Bidhannagar City Police. Shri Rajeev Kumar was the first commissioner of Bidhan Nagar City Police. Structure and jurisdiction The Police commissionerate is situated at Bidhannagar and is divided into three divisions- Bidhannagar Division, Newtown Division , Airport Division. The commissionerate is responsible for law enforcement over an area of 146.34 km2 (56.50 sq mi) with 13 Police Stations; 9 Traffic Guards; 1 Women Police Station and 1 Cyber Crime Police Station under it. As like Kolkata Traffic Police, Only Bidhan Nagar City Traffic Police has traffic guards offices headed by an Officer-In-Charge. Bidhannaagar City Police is headed by the Commissioner of Police, who is an Indian Police Service officer in the rank of Inspector-General of Police (IGP). The commissioner is assisted by deputy commissioners. Other departments, including the detective department and the special branch wing are headed by Additional deputy commissioners, who are in the rank of additional superintendent of police. The police stations are headed by an Officer-In-Charge, an Inspector rank officer. Police stations On 27 November 2019, 2 new police station Eco Park and Technocity was inaugurated after dividing New Town Police Station. Airport PS Baguiati PS Bidhannagar East PS Bidhannagar North PS Bidhannagar South PS Eco Park PS Electronics Complex PS Lake Town PS Narayanpur PS New Town PS NSCBI Airport PS Rajarhat PS Technocity PS Specialised Police Stations 1.Bidhannagar Cyber Crime PS 2.Bidhannagar Women PS Traffic Guards 1. Airport Traffic Guard 2. Baguiati Traffic Guard 3. Kaikhali Traffic Guard 4.Rajarhat Traffic Guard 5. Bidhannagar Traffic Guard 6. Lake Town Traffic Guard 7. New Town Traffic Guard 8. Nabadiganta Sector - V Traffic Guard 9. NSCBI Traffic Guard See also Howrah Police Commissionerate Kolkata Police Police Commissioner of Kolkata External links Official website References ^ "Bidhan Nagar Police History", BPC ^ "Detailed Demands For Grants For 2021-22" (PDF). 5 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "Bidhannagar City Police Total Area". ^ "West Bengal govt transfers 43 IPS officers, including 3 police commissioners", India Today, 28 May 2019 ^ "Police Stations List". ^ "Women Police Stations of West Bengal". ^ "North 24 Parganas district". Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ "Police Commissionerate". ^ "DGP orders probe against Lake Town IC". The Times of India. 6 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012. ^ "Division-wise Police Stations". ^ "Bidhannagar City Police Jurisdiction". ^ "All Police Stations". ^ a b "Township task force: What it means for you". The Telegraph. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012. ^ "2 New PS for 300 sq KM satellite town". Times of India. 27 November 2019. ^ "Total Police Stations". BPC. ^ "Specialised Police Stations". ^ "Women Police Stations List". ^ "Traffic Guards" (PDF). vte Law enforcement in IndiaBackgroundIndian criminal law Indian Penal Code (IPC) Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Cognisable offence Capital punishment Judiciary of India Law of India History of Indian law Indian Civil Law Code of Civil Procedure (India) (CPC) Crime tracking and records: Call 112 Criminal record National Crime Records Bureau Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) Sex offender registry United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Police related issues: Police Complaints Authority in India Police brutality in India Police Foundations and Institutes Mass surveillance in India Human rights in India Crime in India Corruption Crime against castes Crime against children Crime against women Rapes Suicide Organised crime Political and financial criminal scams Political dynasties Nexus: Terrorism, Drugs, Hawala, Underworld, Black money, Hindi cinema, Politicians, Paid media Civil services: Indian Administrative Service (IAS) Indian Police Service IPS State Administrative Services DANICS Flag of IndiaMinistries &departmentsCentral Ministry of Home Affairs States Bihar Himachal Pradesh Kerala Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Armed PoliceForcesCentral Assam Rifles Border Security Force Central Industrial Security Force Central Reserve Police Force Commando Battalion for Resolute Action Rapid Action Force Indo-Tibetan Border Police National Security Guard Sashastra Seema Bal State Eastern Frontier Rifles Kerala Armed Police Mizoram Armed Police Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary CentralagenciesLaw enforcementUTs Andaman and Nicobar Chandigarh NCT of Delhi Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry Other Home Guard Government Railway Police Railway Protection Force (RPF) Special Protection Group Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Special Group Special Frontier Force Investigation Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Central Bureau of Narcotics (CBN) Enforcement Directorate (ED) Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) National Investigation Agency (NIA) National Counter Terrorism Centre Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) Research and Training Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (SVPNPA) State policeforces Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal PoliceCommissioneratesNorthUttar Pradesh Agra Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Kanpur Nagar Lucknow Prayagraj Varanasi Haryana Faridabad Gurugram Panchkula Punjab Amritsar Ludhiana Jalandhar Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Indore EastWest Bengal Asansol–Durgapur Barrackpore Bidhannagar Chandannagar Howrah Kolkata Siliguri Odisha Bhubaneswar–Cuttack WestMaharashtra Mumbai Nagpur Pune Gujarat Ahmedabad City Surat Rajkot Vadodara Rajasthan Jaipur Jodhpur SouthAndhra Pradesh Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Karnataka Bangalore Kerala Kannur Kochi Kollam Kozhikode Thiruvananthapuram Thrissur Tamil Nadu Greater Chennai Avadi Tambaram Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Tiruppur Salem Tirunelveli Telangana Cyberabad Hyderabad Karimnagar Khammam Nizamabad Rachakonda Ramagundam Siddipet Warangal NortheastAssam Guwahati Nagaland Dimapur See also Indian Armed Forces and Indian Military Indian nationality law Legal aid List of police tactical units in India Legal rights and other NGOs in India Uniform Civil Code Number of police officers by nations Global emergency phone numbers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"police force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_force"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar_Municipal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Greater Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Area"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"West Bengal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Police"},{"link_name":"Home Ministry of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(West_Bengal)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Law enforcement agencyBidhannagar City Police (Bengali: বিধাননগর সিটি পুলিশ), established on 20 January 2012, is a police force with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation within Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation and certain adjacent areas in Greater Kolkata[7] (Saltlake, Lake Town, Kestopur, Baguiati, Raghunathpur, Teghoria, Arjunpur, Kaikhali, Rajarhat, New Town, Dumdum/Kolkata Airport Area, Inside of NSCBI Airport, Gouripur, Michael Nagar, Ganganagar).[8] The Commissionerate is part of the West Bengal Police and is under the administrative control of Home Ministry of West Bengal. Shri Gaurav Sharma is the current Commissioner of the Bidhannagar City Police. Shri Rajeev Kumar was the first commissioner of Bidhan Nagar City Police.[9]","title":"Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Indian Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newforce-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newforce-13"}],"text":"The Police commissionerate is situated at Bidhannagar and is divided into three divisions-Bidhannagar Division, Newtown Division , Airport Division.[10] The commissionerate is responsible for law enforcement over an area of 146.34 km2 (56.50 sq mi)[11] with 13 Police Stations; 9 Traffic Guards; 1 Women Police Station and 1 Cyber Crime Police Station under it.[12] As like Kolkata Traffic Police, Only Bidhan Nagar City Traffic Police has traffic guards offices headed by an Officer-In-Charge. Bidhannaagar City Police is headed by the Commissioner of Police, who is an Indian Police Service officer in the rank of Inspector-General of Police (IGP). The commissioner is assisted by deputy commissioners.[13] Other departments, including the detective department and the special branch wing are headed by Additional deputy commissioners, who are in the rank of additional superintendent of police.[13] The police stations are headed by an Officer-In-Charge, an Inspector rank officer.","title":"Structure and jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Baguiati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguiati"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Eco Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town_Eco_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"NSCBI Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rajarhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajarhat"}],"text":"On 27 November 2019, 2 new police station Eco Park and Technocity was inaugurated after dividing New Town Police Station.[14][15]Airport PS\nBaguiati PS\nBidhannagar East PS\nBidhannagar North PS\nBidhannagar South PS\nEco Park PS\nElectronics Complex PS\nLake Town PS\nNarayanpur PS\nNew Town PS\nNSCBI Airport PS\nRajarhat PS\nTechnocity PS","title":"Police stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Cyber Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Crime"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"[16]1.Bidhannagar Cyber Crime PS\n2.Bidhannagar Women PS [17]","title":"Specialised Police Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"Baguiati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguiati"},{"link_name":"Kaikhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikhali"},{"link_name":"Rajarhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajarhat"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Lake Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"NSCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport"}],"text":"[18]\n1. 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The Telegraph. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120122025223/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120117/jsp/calcutta/story_15015467.jsp","url_text":"\"Township task force: What it means for you\""},{"url":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120117/jsp/calcutta/story_15015467.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2 New PS for 300 sq KM satellite town\". Times of India. 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2-new-ps-for-30sq-km-satellite-town/articleshow/72267674.cms","url_text":"\"2 New PS for 300 sq KM satellite town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total Police Stations\". BPC.","urls":[{"url":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/police_station.php","url_text":"\"Total Police Stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Specialised Police Stations\".","urls":[{"url":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/org_police.php","url_text":"\"Specialised Police Stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women Police Stations List\".","urls":[{"url":"http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php","url_text":"\"Women Police Stations List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic Guards\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/docs/TrafficGuard.pdf","url_text":"\"Traffic Guards\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/","external_links_name":"bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in"},{"Link":"http://www.bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/history.php","external_links_name":"\"Bidhan Nagar Police History\""},{"Link":"http://wbfin.nic.in/writereaddata/Budget_Publication/2021_bp3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Detailed Demands For Grants For 2021-22\""},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/juridiction_map.php","external_links_name":"\"Bidhannagar City Police Total Area\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-govt-transfers-43-ips-officers-1537075-2019-05-28","external_links_name":"\"West Bengal govt transfers 43 IPS officers, including 3 police commissioners\""},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/org_police.php","external_links_name":"\"Police Stations List\""},{"Link":"http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php","external_links_name":"\"Women Police Stations of West Bengal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7","external_links_name":"\"North 24 Parganas district\""},{"Link":"https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wbpolice.gov.in/WBP/Common/WBP_Comm_Websites.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Police Commissionerate\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120715110617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-06/kolkata/31029772_1_dgp-orders-probe-fresh-probe-police-station","external_links_name":"\"DGP orders probe against Lake Town IC\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-06/kolkata/31029772_1_dgp-orders-probe-fresh-probe-police-station","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/police_station.php","external_links_name":"\"Division-wise Police Stations\""},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/juridiction_map.php","external_links_name":"\"Bidhannagar City Police Jurisdiction\""},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/police_station.php","external_links_name":"\"All Police Stations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120122025223/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120117/jsp/calcutta/story_15015467.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Township task force: What it means for you\""},{"Link":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120117/jsp/calcutta/story_15015467.jsp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2-new-ps-for-30sq-km-satellite-town/articleshow/72267674.cms","external_links_name":"\"2 New PS for 300 sq KM satellite town\""},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/police_station.php","external_links_name":"\"Total Police Stations\""},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/org_police.php","external_links_name":"\"Specialised Police Stations\""},{"Link":"http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/women_ps/main.php","external_links_name":"\"Women Police Stations List\""},{"Link":"http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/docs/TrafficGuard.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Traffic Guards\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe_Is_Paras	Nuraghe Is Paras	["1 Gallery","2 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 39°44′55″N 9°06′27″E / 39.7486°N 9.1075°E / 39.7486; 9.1075This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nuraghe Is ParasNuraghe Is ParasLocationIsili, Sardinia, ItalyTypeSettlementHistoryPeriodsBronze AgeCulturesNuragic civilization The nuraghe Is Paras is an archeological site of Isili, a town in the historical region of Sarcidano, province of South Sardinia. The nuraghe is located in a strategic position dominating the underlying territories open to the West. Its shape is that of a trilobate nuraghe, formed by a triangular bastion with three towers at the corners. According to the archaeologist Giovanni Lilliu its tholos is the largest and most harmonious of all those present in Sardinia. The diameter of the base of the tower is of about 12,50 meters, its tholos chamber reached a height of 11,80 meters, making it the tallest dome in the world when it was built in the 15-14th century bc, it was surpassed by the underground tholos of the tomb of Atreus one or two centuries later. Inside the main tower there's a circular well. Originally there was an additional chamber on top of the first one, which would be reached through the still partially extant spiral staircase. Three smaller towers were added around the main one during the 13th century bc and connected by a wall. The complex was in turn surrounded by an external wall with towers. Gallery Bibliography Giovanni Lilliu, I nuraghi, torri preistoriche della Sardegna, Cagliari, La Zattera 1962 Ercole Contu, L'architettura nuragica, Ichnussa. La Sardegna dalle origini all'età classica, Milano, Scheiwiller 1981 A. Moravetti, Gli interventi del 1975-77 nel nuraghe Is Paras di Isili, in L’eredità del Sarcidano e della Barbagia di Seulo, Sassari - Blackwood e Partners 2000 T. Cossu, Il Nuraghe Is Paras di Isili: campagna di scavo 1998, in L’eredità del Sarcidano e della Barbagia di Seulo, Sassari - Blackwood e Partners 2000 39°44′55″N 9°06′27″E / 39.7486°N 9.1075°E / 39.7486; 9.1075	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isili"},{"link_name":"Sarcidano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcidano"},{"link_name":"province of South Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"nuraghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Lilliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Lilliu"},{"link_name":"tholos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholos_(Ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"tomb of Atreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Atreus"}],"text":"The nuraghe Is Paras is an archeological site of Isili, a town in the historical region of Sarcidano, province of South Sardinia.The nuraghe is located in a strategic position dominating the underlying territories open to the West. Its shape is that of a trilobate nuraghe, formed by a triangular bastion with three towers at the corners.According to the archaeologist Giovanni Lilliu its tholos is the largest and most harmonious of all those present in Sardinia. The diameter of the base of the tower is of about 12,50 meters, its tholos chamber reached a height of 11,80 meters, making it the tallest dome in the world when it was built in the 15-14th century bc, it was surpassed by the underground tholos of the tomb of Atreus one or two centuries later. Inside the main tower there's a circular well. Originally there was an additional chamber on top of the first one, which would be reached through the still partially extant spiral staircase. Three smaller towers were added around the main one during the 13th century bc and connected by a wall. The complex was in turn surrounded by an external wall with towers.","title":"Nuraghe Is Paras"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuraghe_of_Is_Paras_-_Isili_-_Sardinia_-_Italy_-_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuraghe_of_Is_Paras_-_Isili_-_Sardinia_-_Italy_-_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuraghe_Is_Paras_6.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Lilliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Lilliu"},{"link_name":"Ercole Contu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ercole_Contu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"39°44′55″N 9°06′27″E / 39.7486°N 9.1075°E / 39.7486; 9.1075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nuraghe_Is_Paras&params=39.7486_N_9.1075_E_source:wikidata"}],"text":"Giovanni Lilliu, I nuraghi, torri preistoriche della Sardegna, Cagliari, La Zattera 1962\nErcole Contu, L'architettura nuragica, Ichnussa. La Sardegna dalle origini all'età classica, Milano, Scheiwiller 1981\nA. Moravetti, Gli interventi del 1975-77 nel nuraghe Is Paras di Isili, in L’eredità del Sarcidano e della Barbagia di Seulo, Sassari - Blackwood e Partners 2000\nT. Cossu, Il Nuraghe Is Paras di Isili: campagna di scavo 1998, in L’eredità del Sarcidano e della Barbagia di Seulo, Sassari - Blackwood e Partners 200039°44′55″N 9°06′27″E / 39.7486°N 9.1075°E / 39.7486; 9.1075","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nuraghe_Is_Paras&params=39.7486_N_9.1075_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"39°44′55″N 9°06′27″E / 39.7486°N 9.1075°E / 39.7486; 9.1075"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nuraghe_Is_Paras&params=39.7486_N_9.1075_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"39°44′55″N 9°06′27″E / 39.7486°N 9.1075°E / 39.7486; 9.1075"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Dominican_Republic	Catholic Church in the Dominican Republic	["1 Hierarchy","2 Church in society","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References and notes"]	People in the Cathedral of Santa María la Menor, first cathedral of the New World. Part of a series on theCatholic Church by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Middle East Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Abkhazia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Palestine Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Catholicism portalvte The Catholic Church in the Dominican Republic is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. The Catholic Church is the world's largest Christian Church, and its largest religious grouping. There are an estimated 5 million Catholics in the Dominican Republic (48% of the population). In 2020, just over 50% of Dominicans identified as Catholic, served by 1140 priests across 709 parishes. Hierarchy Within the Dominican Republic the hierarchy consists of: Archbishopric Bishopric Archdiocese of Santiago de los Caballeros Diocese of La Vega Diocese of Mao-Monte Cristi Diocese of Puerto Plata Diocese of San Francisco de Macorís Archdiocese of Santo Domingo Diocese of Baní Diocese of Barahona Diocese of Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia in Higüey Diocese of San Juan de la Maguana Diocese of San Pedro de Macorís Military Ordinariate of the Dominican Republic Church in society The Dominican Republic offers religious freedom, and Catholicism is the official religion of the state; this was signed into law by the 1954 concordat with the Vatican. Under Rafael Trujillo's government, the power of the Catholic Church was limited. Gallery See also Dominican Republic portalReligion portal Religion in the Dominican Republic Protestantism in the Dominican Republic Religion in Latin America List of Central American and Caribbean Saints References and notes ^ Latinobarometro, Opinion Publica Latinoamericana, Enero 2018. ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2022 Dominican Republic, US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. ^ Catholics And Culture website, retrieved 20234-08-01 International Religious Freedom Report 2022 Dominican Republic, U.S. Department of State, 2022 report vteCatholic Church in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:usirf-2"},{"link_name":"priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Catholic Church in the Dominican Republic is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.The Catholic Church is the world's largest Christian Church, and its largest religious grouping. There are an estimated 5 million Catholics in the Dominican Republic (48% of the population).[1] In 2020, just over 50% of Dominicans identified as Catholic,[2] served by 1140 priests across 709 parishes.[3]","title":"Catholic Church in the Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Santiago de los Caballeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_los_Caballeros"},{"link_name":"Diocese of La Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Vega"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Mao-Monte Cristi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mao-Monte_Cristi"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Puerto Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Puerto_Plata"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Francisco de Macorís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Francisco_de_Macor%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Baní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ban%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Barahona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Barahona"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia in Higüey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Altagracia_in_Hig%C3%BCey"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Juan de la Maguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Juan_de_la_Maguana"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Pedro de Macorís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Pedro_de_Macor%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Military Ordinariate of the Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Ordinariate_of_the_Dominican_Republic"}],"text":"Within the Dominican Republic the hierarchy consists of:Archbishopric\nBishopricArchdiocese of Santiago de los Caballeros\nDiocese of La Vega\nDiocese of Mao-Monte Cristi\nDiocese of Puerto Plata\nDiocese of San Francisco de Macorís\nArchdiocese of Santo Domingo\nDiocese of Baní\nDiocese of Barahona\nDiocese of Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia in Higüey\nDiocese of San Juan de la Maguana\nDiocese of San Pedro de Macorís\nMilitary Ordinariate of the Dominican Republic","title":"Hierarchy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1954 concordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1954"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Rafael Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo"}],"text":"The Dominican Republic offers religious freedom, and Catholicism is the official religion of the state; this was signed into law by the 1954 concordat with the Vatican. Under Rafael Trujillo's government, the power of the Catholic Church was limited.","title":"Church in society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catedral_Santiago_Ap%C3%B3stol-IMG_0132.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catedral_Ban%C3%AD_RD.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iglesia_y_Convento_Dominicos_CCSD_07_2018_0486.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IglesiaSagradoCorazondeJesusMoca.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catedral_San_Pedro_de_Macoris_04_2019_4321.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:usirf_2-0"},{"link_name":"International Religious Freedom Report 2022 Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/dominican-republic/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Catholics And Culture website, retrieved 20234-08-01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catholicsandcultures.org/dominican-republic"},{"link_name":"International Religious Freedom Report 2022 Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/dominican-republic/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belize"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Panama"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Aruba"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greenland"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saba_(island)"},{"link_name":"Sint Eustatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sint_Maarten"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"^ Latinobarometro, Opinion Publica Latinoamericana, Enero 2018.\n\n^ International Religious Freedom Report 2022 Dominican Republic, US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.\n\n^ Catholics And Culture website, retrieved 20234-08-01International Religious Freedom Report 2022 Dominican Republic, U.S. Department of State, 2022 reportvteCatholic Church in North America Sovereign states\nAntigua and Barbuda\nBahamas\nBarbados\nBelize\nCanada\nCosta Rica\nCuba\nDominica\nDominican Republic\nEl Salvador\nGrenada\nGuatemala\nHaiti\nHonduras\nJamaica\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\nSaint Lucia\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines\nTrinidad and Tobago\nUnited States\nDependencies andother territories\nAnguilla\nAruba\nBermuda\nBonaire\nBritish Virgin Islands\nCayman Islands\nCuraçao\nGreenland\nGuadeloupe\nMartinique\nMontserrat\nPuerto Rico\nSaint Barthélemy\nSaint Martin\nSaint Pierre and Miquelon\nSaba\nSint Eustatius\nSint Maarten\nTurks and Caicos Islands\nUnited States Virgin Islands","title":"References and notes"}]	[{"image_text":"People in the Cathedral of Santa María la Menor, first cathedral of the New World.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Altagracia_Catedral_Primada_de_America_CCSD_01_2018_6752.jpg/300px-Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Altagracia_Catedral_Primada_de_America_CCSD_01_2018_6752.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Dominican Republic portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"title":"Religion in the Dominican 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Sterling-Folker	Jennifer Sterling-Folker	["1 Biography","2 Selected publications","3 References"]	American political scientist Jennifer Sterling-FolkerBorn (1960-12-21) December 21, 1960 (age 63)Alma materUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of New HampshireChildrenKatherine FolkerScientific careerFieldsPolitical ScienceInternational RelationsInstitutionsUniversity of Connecticut WebsiteJennifer Sterling-Folker Jennifer Sterling-Folker (born December 21, 1960) is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Connecticut. She was the Alan R. Bennett Honors Professor of Political Science. She is a specialist in International Relations theory. Biography She received her M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, and a B.A. in political science and art history from the University of New Hampshire. Sterling-Folker served as co-editor, along with Mark A. Boyer, of International Studies Review, a journal of the International Studies Association, and, along with Kimberly Hutchings, George Lawson, and Mathias Albert, of Review of International Studies, a journal of the British International Studies Association. In her own research, Sterling-Folker has explored the lines between different schools of international relations theory such as constructivism and neoliberalism in international relations, also called neoliberal institutionalism; and realism and constructivism. She also led efforts to apply international relations theory to the 1999 conflict in Kosovo and 2003 U.S. led invasion of Iraq. Selected publications Books Editor, Making Sense of International Relations Theory, second edition (Lynne Reinner Press, 2013). Theories of International Cooperation and the Primacy of Anarchy: Explaining U.S. International Monetary Policy-Making After Bretton Woods (SUNY Series in Global Politics, 2002). Articles “All Hail to the Chief: Liberal IR Theory in the New World Order.” (2015) International Studies Perspective, vol. 16, no. 1 (February): 40-49. Contribution to a special symposium on "Diversity in IR Theory." “A Disagreeable Dinner Guest? Waltz and the Study of Global Governance.” (2014) Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 49, no. 3 (August): 530-534. Prepared for inclusion in a special issue, “Waltz Today: Reflections on the Legacy of Kenneth N. Waltz.” “The Emperor Wore Cowboy Boots.” (2008) International Studies Perspective, vol. 9, no. 3 (August): 319-330. “Lamarckian With a Vengeance: Human Nature and American International Relations Theory.” (2006) Journal of International Relations and Development, vol. 9, no. 3 (September): 227-246. “Discourses of Power: Traversing the Realist-Postmodern Divide.” Co-author with Rosemary E. Shinko. (2005) Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Special Issue, vol.33, no. 3, (March): 637-664. Reprinted in Power in World Politics, editors Felix Berenskoetter and M. J. Williams (Routledge, 2007). "Realism and the Constructivist Challenge: Rejecting, Reconstructing, or Rereading." (2002) International Studies Review, vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring): 73-97. "Competing Paradigms or Birds of a Feather? Constructivism and Neoliberal Institutionalism Compared." (2000) International Studies Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 1 (March): 97-119. "Realist Environment, Liberal Process, and Domestic-Level Variables." (1997) International Studies Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 1 (March): 1-25. Book chapters “Be Careful What You Wish For: Positivism and the Desire for Relevance in the American Study of IR.” In What’s the Point of International Relations?, Rorden Wilkinson, Jan Selby, and Synne Dyvik, eds. (Routledge, 2017). “Disciplining Human Nature: The Evolution of American Social Scientific Theorizing.” Co-author with Jason Charrette. In Man, Agency, and Beyond: The Evolution of Human Nature in International Relations, Daniel Jacobi and Annette Freyberg-Inan, eds. (Cambridge University Press, 2015). “Realism.” Co-author with Jason Charrette. In International Organization and Global Governance, Thomas G. Weiss & Rorden Wilkinson, eds. (Routledge, 2013). “Constructivism.” Co-author with Dina Badie. In The Routledge Handbook of American Foreign Policy, Steven Hook and Christopher Jones, eds. (Routledge, 2011). “Neoliberalism.” In International Relations Theory: Discipline and Diversity, Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith, eds., (Oxford University Press, 2010). "Realist Theorizing as Tradition: Forward Is As Forward Does.” In Rethinking Realism in International Relations: Between Tradition and Innovation, Annette Freyberg-Inan, Patrick James, and Ewan Harrison, eds. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009). “Neoclassical Realism and Identity: Peril Despite Profit Across the Taiwan Straits.” In Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy, Steven Lobell, Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey Taliaferro, eds. (Cambridge University Press, 2009). "Realist Global Governance: Revisiting Cave! hic dragones and Beyond." In World Orders and Rule Systems, Contending Perspectives on Global Governance, Matthew Hoffmann and Alice Ba, eds. (Routledge, 2005). "Conflict and the Nation-State: Magical Mirrors of Muggles and Refracted Images." Co-authored with Brian Folker. In Harry Potter in International Relations, Daniel Nexon and Iver B. Neumman, eds. (Rowman and Littlefield, 2006). "Evolutionary Tendencies in Realist and Liberal Theory". In Evolutionary Interpretations of World Politics, ed. William R. Thompson. (Routledge, 2001.) "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: ‘Assertive Multilateralism’ in Post-Cold War US Foreign Policy-Making." In After the End: Making U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, ed. James M. Scott. (Duke University Press, 1998). References ^ Google Scholar ^ CV ^ "International Studies Review - Journal Information". Wiley.com. 2011-04-22. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2012-03-02. ^ "Welcome to the Frontpage". Bisa.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-02. ^ "Competing Paradigms or Birds of a Feather? Constructivism and Neoliberal Institutionalism Compared," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 44 (March 2000): 97-119. ^ "Realism and the Constructivist Challenge: Rejecting, Reconstructing, or Rereading." International Studies Review, vol. 4, issue 1 (Spring 2002): 73-97. ^ William A. Callahan, Millennium, vol. 35,(March 2007), 466-467. ^ Jennifer Sterling-Folker, Making Sense of International Relations Theory, second edition (Lynne Rienner Press, 2013). Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Political Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Science"},{"link_name":"University of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Political Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Science"},{"link_name":"International Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Relations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jennifer Sterling-Folker (born December 21, 1960) is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Connecticut. She was the Alan R. Bennett Honors Professor of Political Science. She is a specialist in International Relations theory.[1]","title":"Jennifer Sterling-Folker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mark A. 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Boyer, of International Studies Review, a journal of the International Studies Association,[3] and, along with Kimberly Hutchings, George Lawson, and Mathias Albert, of Review of International Studies, a journal of the British International Studies Association.[4]In her own research, Sterling-Folker has explored the lines between different schools of international relations theory such as constructivism and neoliberalism in international relations, also called neoliberal institutionalism;[5] and realism and constructivism.[6] She also led efforts to apply international relations theory to the 1999 conflict in Kosovo and 2003 U.S. led invasion of Iraq.[7][8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"BooksEditor, Making Sense of International Relations Theory, second edition (Lynne Reinner Press, 2013).\nTheories of International Cooperation and the Primacy of Anarchy: Explaining U.S. International Monetary Policy-Making After Bretton Woods (SUNY Series in Global Politics, 2002).Articles“All Hail to the Chief: Liberal IR Theory in the New World Order.” (2015) International Studies Perspective, vol. 16, no. 1 (February): 40-49. Contribution to a special symposium on \"Diversity in IR Theory.\"\n“A Disagreeable Dinner Guest? Waltz and the Study of Global Governance.” (2014) Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 49, no. 3 (August): 530-534. Prepared for inclusion in a special issue, “Waltz Today: Reflections on the Legacy of Kenneth N. Waltz.”\n“The Emperor Wore Cowboy Boots.” (2008) International Studies Perspective, vol. 9, no. 3 (August): 319-330.\n“Lamarckian With a Vengeance: Human Nature and American International Relations Theory.” (2006) Journal of International Relations and Development, vol. 9, no. 3 (September): 227-246.\n“Discourses of Power: Traversing the Realist-Postmodern Divide.” Co-author with Rosemary E. Shinko. (2005) Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Special Issue, vol.33, no. 3, (March): 637-664. Reprinted in Power in World Politics, editors Felix Berenskoetter and M. J. Williams (Routledge, 2007).\n\"Realism and the Constructivist Challenge: Rejecting, Reconstructing, or Rereading.\" (2002) International Studies Review, vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring): 73-97.\n\"Competing Paradigms or Birds of a Feather? Constructivism and Neoliberal Institutionalism Compared.\" (2000) International Studies Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 1 (March): 97-119.\n\"Realist Environment, Liberal Process, and Domestic-Level Variables.\" (1997) International Studies Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 1 (March): 1-25.Book chapters“Be Careful What You Wish For: Positivism and the Desire for Relevance in the American Study of IR.” In What’s the Point of International Relations?, Rorden Wilkinson, Jan Selby, and Synne Dyvik, eds. (Routledge, 2017).\n“Disciplining Human Nature: The Evolution of American Social Scientific Theorizing.” Co-author with Jason Charrette. In Man, Agency, and Beyond: The Evolution of Human Nature in International Relations, Daniel Jacobi and Annette Freyberg-Inan, eds. (Cambridge University Press, 2015).\n“Realism.” Co-author with Jason Charrette. In International Organization and Global Governance, Thomas G. Weiss & Rorden Wilkinson, eds. (Routledge, 2013).\n“Constructivism.” Co-author with Dina Badie. In The Routledge Handbook of American Foreign Policy, Steven Hook and Christopher Jones, eds. (Routledge, 2011).\n“Neoliberalism.” In International Relations Theory: Discipline and Diversity, Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith, eds., (Oxford University Press, 2010).\n\"Realist Theorizing as Tradition: Forward Is As Forward Does.” In Rethinking Realism in International Relations: Between Tradition and Innovation, Annette Freyberg-Inan, Patrick James, and Ewan Harrison, eds. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).\n“Neoclassical Realism and Identity: Peril Despite Profit Across the Taiwan Straits.” In Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy, Steven Lobell, Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey Taliaferro, eds. (Cambridge University Press, 2009).\n\"Realist Global Governance: Revisiting Cave! hic dragones and Beyond.\" In World Orders and Rule Systems, Contending Perspectives on Global Governance, Matthew Hoffmann and Alice Ba, eds. (Routledge, 2005).\n\"Conflict and the Nation-State: Magical Mirrors of Muggles and Refracted Images.\" Co-authored with Brian Folker. In Harry Potter in International Relations, Daniel Nexon and Iver B. Neumman, eds. (Rowman and Littlefield, 2006).\n\"Evolutionary Tendencies in Realist and Liberal Theory\". In Evolutionary Interpretations of World Politics, ed. William R. Thompson. (Routledge, 2001.)\n\"Between a Rock and a Hard Place: ‘Assertive Multilateralism’ in Post-Cold War US Foreign Policy-Making.\" In After the End: Making U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, ed. James M. Scott. (Duke University Press, 1998).","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"International Studies Review - Journal Information\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographies_of_Mozart	Biographies of Mozart	["1 Early biographers","2 Later biographies","3 Adding to the documentary evidence","4 Revisionism in Mozart biography","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading"]	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died after a short illness on 5 December 1791, aged 35. His reputation as a composer, already strong during his lifetime, rose rapidly in the years after his death, and he became (as he has remained to this day) one of the most celebrated of all composers. Shortly after Mozart's death, biographers began to piece together accounts of his life, relying on the testimony of those still living who knew him, as well as surviving correspondence. The creation of Mozart biographies has been an activity of scholars ever since. Early biographers Friedrich Schlichtegroll; artist unknown Friedrich Schlichtegroll was a teacher and a scholar who published Mozart's obituary in 1793. The obituary was part of a volume of obituaries referred to as Nekrolog. The two had never met. Most of the information was obtained from Nannerl, Mozart's sister, and Johann Andreas Schachtner, a friend of the family in Mozart's early years. Therefore, what Schlichtegroll knew and wrote about was the period before Vienna. Franz Xaver Niemetschek was a citizen of Prague, a teacher and writer. Niemetschek allegedly met with Mozart and claimed to have been acquainted with Mozart's friends in Prague. After Mozart's death, his widow Constanze sent Carl, the elder son, to live with him from 1792-97. Through these relationships with the family, Niemetschek gathered the information needed to write a biography of Mozart. His main source was Constanze and Mozart's friends in Prague. Therefore, his emphasis was on Mozart's years in Vienna and his many trips to Prague. Based on research by Austrian scholar Walther Brauneis, much doubt has recently been cast on the veracity of Niemetschek's claim that he actually made Mozart's personal acquaintance. Friedrich Rochlitz, portrait by Veit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld, c. 1820 Friedrich Rochlitz was the editor of the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (AMZ), a journal published by Breitkopf & Hartel. Motivated by the wish to publicize the company's edition in progress of the composer's works, he published a number of anecdotes about Mozart, many of them vivid and entertaining. However, since the research of Maynard Solomon in 1991, Mozart scholars have considered Rochlitz's stories so contaminated by Rochlitz's own fictional additions that they must be considered completely unreliable. They continue to play a role in forming the popular image of the composer. I. T. F. C. Arnold, an author of Gothic novels, wrote Mozart's Geist, published in Erfurt in 1803. According to William Stafford, the work is "almost entirely plagiarized from Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and perhaps Rochlitz"; Stafford does not trust any other material that appears in this work, though he notes that some of it was adopted for appearance in later Mozart biographies. Georg Nikolaus Nissen. Painting by Ferdinand Jagemann, 1809 Georg Nikolaus Nissen was the second husband of Mozart's wife Constanze. Both he and Constanze had a strong interest in Mozart biography. They were able to pursue this interest following Nissen's retirement from the Danish civil service, when the couple moved to Salzburg (where Mozart had lived for much of his life up to age 25). Much of the Nissen biography included what had been previously written by Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and Rochlitz, but Nissen also had access to a great number of Mozart family letters given him by Nannerl. Nissen died in 1826 having only written a small portion of the work, and it was completed (1828) from his notes by others. Stafford (1993) writes: "Sometimes Nissen corrects the chunks he borrows, and occasionally he tells the reader that he has done this ... unfortunately, he does not always correct and revise in this way. Assembling his narrative with scissors and paste, he allows contradictions to creep in." Vincent and Mary Novello made a pilgrimage to Salzburg in 1829, to visit Mozart's surviving relatives and to provide financial support to Nannerl (whom they mistakenly imagined to be impoverished). They did interviews of Nannerl, Constanze, and Mozart's sister-in-law Sophie Haibel, but never converted this material into a biography. The diaries were discovered and published in 1955. Later biographies A very important Mozart biography was that published in 1856 by Otto Jahn. Jahn brought a new standard of scholarship to the field. It is still active as a scholarly document, circulating in versions revised first by Hermann Abert, then by the contemporary Mozart scholar Cliff Eisen. The Mozart scholar Otto Erich Deutsch produced (English version 1965) a widely cited "documentary" biography, in which most of the material is reprinted documentary evidence, tied together by Deutsch's own commentary. A follow-up volume with additional documents was published in 1991 by Eisen. A great number of additional biographies exist, of which notably recent ones include those by Marcia Davenport, Volkmar Braunbehrens, Maynard Solomon, and Ruth Halliwell. Adding to the documentary evidence An important 20th century trend was the use of careful analysis of both handwriting and watermarks to provide more accurate (and often, surprising) dates for the works Mozart composed. Two standouts were Wolfgang Plath, who analyzed handwriting; and Alan Tyson, who mastered the exacting methodology for interpreting watermarks. The two often obtained converging evidence; Sadie writes, "the very fact that the two methods have on almost every occasion borne each other out strongly implies that each of them is actually more precise than its protagonist could dare claim." 21st century scholarship has made clear that the old government archives and parish records have by no means been fully exhausted for the purpose of finding out new facts about Mozart. Work by Michael Lorenz has established the correct name of the person for whom the Ninth Piano Concerto was written; also the surprising information that Mozart was living in spacious, expensive suburban quarters at a time when conventional scholarship asserted that he had moved to the suburbs to cope with poverty. A web site launched by Dexter Edge and David Black continues the tradition established by Deutsch and Eisen, with a compilation of newly discovered or noticed documents. Mozart lived his life in complex society and culture, where many of the details of ordinary life were very different from the way they are today. Some modern Mozart scholars have attempted to increase our understanding by delving into the available information about Mozart's own life context. Dexter Edge writes, Careful contextual readings of Viennese letters have been few, perhaps because Mozart is such a towering figure that most historians and musicians have tended to see him as the sun around which all else revolved, and they have therefore paid little attention to the mundane contexts in which he lived, composed, and corresponded. Mozart was, of course, a supreme musical genius, ... but he was also a man, living in day-to-day world of traditions, practices, and constraints. ... Thus my readings of his letters and those of his family will often deal with quite mundane contextual matters, such as days of the week, exchange rates, and current events. ... Often enough, we shall find that the implications of such simple matters have been overlooked. In connection with this effort to understand the context of Mozart's life, Edge approvingly cites the work of Halliwell (1998) as well as studies by Michael Lorenz. Revisionism in Mozart biography Alfred Einstein Another trend in modern Mozart biography is to reject certain earlier claims as credulous and romanticized. The older tradition of scholarship is criticized by David J. Buch thus: The composer's deification in the pantheon of German 'masters' following his death, and his subsequent association with burgeoning German national identity, led to hagiography. When the holes in Mozart's biography needed plugging, rumor and imagination filled the gaps. A possible instance of romanticizing is the belief that Mozart wrote his last symphonies not with the goal of performances and income, but as an "appeal to eternity" (Alfred Einstein); a claim that has been argued against by Neal Zaslaw on factual grounds; for detailed discussion see Symphony No. 40 (Mozart) § Premiere. Recent scholarship has also shown an increased reluctance to take historical documents at face value when their author had strong reasons to deviate from the truth. For instance, Constanze Mozart had strong motivation to paint a tragic picture of her husband's final decline and demise, since she was seeking both a pension from the Emperor and income from memorial benefit concerts. Cliff Eisen, inserting footnotes in Hermann Abert's book, expresses sharp skepticism about Constanze's account of the end of Mozart's life, contradicting the more credulous view of Abert; for details see Death of Mozart. The content of Mozart's letters also receives a very different interpretation under the view that they often reflect a desire to placate, and reduce the alarm of, his stern father Leopold; this view is put forth, for instance, by Schroeder (1999). Revisionism is, perhaps, likely to continue. Assessing the whole tradition of Mozart biography, Andrew Steptoe concludes: There is little doubt that successive generations of scholars have been sincere in their views of the composer, each claiming to be more 'objective' than the last, stripping away the veneer of speculation to arrive at 'the real man'. It is sobering to realize that these different opinions about Mozart as a person are all based on a very similar set of data. Notes ^ Solomon 1991. ^ See, for instance, Halliwell 1998. ^ Stafford 1993, p. 19. ^ a b Halliwell 1998 ^ Stafford 1993, p. 25. ^ Eisen, Cliff (1991) New Mozart Documents: A Supplement to O.E. Deutsch's Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ^ Stanley Sadie. "Preface: Mozart scholarship and the musical world over 35 years". In Sadie (1996), pp. xiii-xvi (xiii). ^ Michael Lorenz (2006), "»Mademoiselle Jeunehomme« Zur Lösung eines Mozart-Rätsels", Mozart Experiment Aufklärung, (Essays for the Mozart Exhibition 2006) Da Ponte Institut, Vienna, pp. 423–429. ^ Lorenz, Michael (2010) "Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund", Newsletter of the Mozart Society of America 14:2. ^ Dexter Edge; David Black (28 June 2021). "Mozart: New Documents". Retrieved 9 June 2022. ^ Edge 2001, p. 18. ^ Buch 2004, p. 194. ^ Einstein, Alfred (1962). Mozart, His Character, His Work. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-500732-9. ^ Schroeder 1999. ^ Steptoe, Andrew. "Mozart's personality and creativity". In Sadie (1996), pp. 21-34 (21).. References Buch, David J. (2004). "Die Zauberflöte, masonic opera, and other fairy tales". Acta Musicologica (76): 193–219. Edge, Dexter (2001). Mozart's Viennese copyists (Ph.D. dissertation). Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Halliwell, Ruth (1998). The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context. New York: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816371-8. Contains extensive discussion of the origin of the first three Mozart biographies. Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1996). Wolfgang Amadè Mozart: Essays on His Life and Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198164432. Solomon, Maynard (1991). "The Rochlitz Anecdotes: Issues of Authenticity in Early Mozart Biography". In Eisen, Cliff (ed.). Mozart Studies. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816191-2. Schroeder, David (1999). Mozart in Revolt: Strategies of Resistance, Mischief, and Deception. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300075427. Stafford, William (1993). The Mozart Myths: A Critical Reassessment. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2222-6. Further reading Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Translated by Peter Branscombe; Eric Blom; Jeremy Noble. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0233-1. Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019046-0. vteWolfgang Amadeus MozartBiography Biographies Birthplace Grand tour Name Nationality Residence Scatology Smallpox Italy Berlin Prague Appearance and character Pet starling Death Music Concert arias, songs, canons Dances Horn concertos Masses Operas Piano concertos Works for solo piano Sonatas Symphonies Violin concertos Compositional method Relationship with G minor Editions Köchel catalogue Alte Mozart-Ausgabe Neue Mozart-Ausgabe Family Leopold Mozart (father) Anna Maria Mozart (mother) Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl) (sister) Constanze Mozart (wife) Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle) (first cousin) Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (son) Karl Thomas Mozart (son) Johann Georg Mozart (paternal grandfather) Franz Mozart (paternal great-grandfather) Joseph Lange (brother-in-law) Cäcilia Weber (mother-in-law) Josepha Weber (sister-in-law) Aloysia Weber (sister-in-law) Sophie Weber (sister-in-law) Influences Beethoven Catholic Church Freemasonry Haydn Salieri Related Georg Nissen Mozart in popular culture Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial Mozart effect Mozart Monument, Vienna Category Portals: Biography Classical music	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Shortly after Mozart's death, biographers began to piece together accounts of his life, relying on the testimony of those still living who knew him, as well as surviving correspondence. The creation of Mozart biographies has been an activity of scholars ever since.","title":"Biographies of Mozart"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlichtegroll.jpg"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schlichtegroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schlichtegroll"},{"link_name":"Nannerl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Johann Andreas Schachtner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Schachtner"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Niemetschek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Niemetschek"},{"link_name":"Constanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanze_Mozart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Rochlitz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Veit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Hanns_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Rochlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Rochlitz"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_musikalische_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Maynard Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Solomon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1991-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gothic novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_novel"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford199319-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georg_Nicolaus_Nissen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Nikolaus Nissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Nikolaus_Nissen"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halliwell_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Stafford (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStafford1993"},{"link_name":"Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Novello"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halliwell_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Sophie Haibel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Weber"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford199325-5"}],"text":"Friedrich Schlichtegroll; artist unknownFriedrich Schlichtegroll was a teacher and a scholar who published Mozart's obituary in 1793. The obituary was part of a volume of obituaries referred to as Nekrolog. The two had never met. Most of the information was obtained from Nannerl, Mozart's sister, and Johann Andreas Schachtner, a friend of the family in Mozart's early years. Therefore, what Schlichtegroll knew and wrote about was the period before Vienna.Franz Xaver Niemetschek was a citizen of Prague, a teacher and writer. Niemetschek allegedly met with Mozart and claimed to have been acquainted with Mozart's friends in Prague. After Mozart's death, his widow Constanze sent Carl, the elder son, to live with him from 1792-97. Through these relationships with the family, Niemetschek gathered the information needed to write a biography of Mozart. His main source was Constanze and Mozart's friends in Prague. Therefore, his emphasis was on Mozart's years in Vienna and his many trips to Prague. Based on research by Austrian scholar Walther Brauneis, much doubt has recently been cast on the veracity of Niemetschek's claim that he actually made Mozart's personal acquaintance.Friedrich Rochlitz, portrait by Veit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld, c. 1820Friedrich Rochlitz was the editor of the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (AMZ), a journal published by Breitkopf & Hartel. Motivated by the wish to publicize the company's edition in progress of the composer's works, he published a number of anecdotes about Mozart, many of them vivid and entertaining. However, since the research of Maynard Solomon in 1991,[1] Mozart scholars have considered Rochlitz's stories so contaminated by Rochlitz's own fictional additions that they must be considered completely unreliable.[2] They continue to play a role in forming the popular image of the composer.I. T. F. C. Arnold, an author of Gothic novels, wrote Mozart's Geist, published in Erfurt in 1803. According to William Stafford, the work is \"almost entirely plagiarized from Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and perhaps Rochlitz\";[3] Stafford does not trust any other material that appears in this work, though he notes that some of it was adopted for appearance in later Mozart biographies.Georg Nikolaus Nissen. Painting by Ferdinand Jagemann, 1809Georg Nikolaus Nissen was the second husband of Mozart's wife Constanze. Both he and Constanze had a strong interest in Mozart biography. They were able to pursue this interest following Nissen's retirement from the Danish civil service, when the couple moved to Salzburg (where Mozart had lived for much of his life up to age 25). Much of the Nissen biography included what had been previously written by Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and Rochlitz, but Nissen also had access to a great number of Mozart family letters given him by Nannerl. Nissen died in 1826 having only written a small portion of the work, and it was completed (1828) from his notes by others.[4] Stafford (1993) writes: \"Sometimes Nissen corrects the chunks he borrows, and occasionally he tells the reader that he has done this ... unfortunately, he does not always correct and revise in this way. Assembling his narrative with scissors and paste, he allows contradictions to creep in.\"Vincent and Mary Novello made a pilgrimage to Salzburg in 1829, to visit Mozart's surviving relatives and to provide financial support to Nannerl (whom they mistakenly imagined to be impoverished).[4] They did interviews of Nannerl, Constanze, and Mozart's sister-in-law Sophie Haibel, but never converted this material into a biography. The diaries were discovered and published in 1955.[5]","title":"Early biographers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto Jahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Jahn"},{"link_name":"Hermann Abert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Abert"},{"link_name":"Cliff Eisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Eisen"},{"link_name":"Otto Erich Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marcia Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Volkmar Braunbehrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkmar_Braunbehrens"},{"link_name":"Maynard Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Solomon"}],"text":"A very important Mozart biography was that published in 1856 by Otto Jahn. Jahn brought a new standard of scholarship to the field. It is still active as a scholarly document, circulating in versions revised first by Hermann Abert, then by the contemporary Mozart scholar Cliff Eisen.The Mozart scholar Otto Erich Deutsch produced (English version 1965) a widely cited \"documentary\" biography, in which most of the material is reprinted documentary evidence, tied together by Deutsch's own commentary. A follow-up volume with additional documents was published in 1991 by Eisen.[6]A great number of additional biographies exist, of which notably recent ones include those by Marcia Davenport, Volkmar Braunbehrens, Maynard Solomon, and Ruth Halliwell.","title":"Later biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolfgang Plath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Plath"},{"link_name":"Alan Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tyson"},{"link_name":"Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Michael Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lorenz_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"Ninth Piano Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._9_(Mozart)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dexter Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Edge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdge200118-11"},{"link_name":"Michael Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lorenz_(musicologist)"}],"text":"An important 20th century trend was the use of careful analysis of both handwriting and watermarks to provide more accurate (and often, surprising) dates for the works Mozart composed. Two standouts were Wolfgang Plath, who analyzed handwriting; and Alan Tyson, who mastered the exacting methodology for interpreting watermarks. The two often obtained converging evidence; Sadie writes, \"the very fact that the two methods have on almost every occasion borne each other out strongly implies that each of them is actually more precise than its protagonist could dare claim.\"[7]21st century scholarship has made clear that the old government archives and parish records have by no means been fully exhausted for the purpose of finding out new facts about Mozart. Work by Michael Lorenz has established the correct name of the person for whom the Ninth Piano Concerto was written;[8] also the surprising information that Mozart was living in spacious, expensive suburban quarters at a time when conventional scholarship asserted that he had moved to the suburbs to cope with poverty.[9] A web site launched by Dexter Edge and David Black continues the tradition established by Deutsch and Eisen, with a compilation of newly discovered or noticed documents.[10]Mozart lived his life in complex society and culture, where many of the details of ordinary life were very different from the way they are today. Some modern Mozart scholars have attempted to increase our understanding by delving into the available information about Mozart's own life context. Dexter Edge writes,Careful contextual readings of [Mozart's] Viennese letters have been few, perhaps because Mozart is such a towering figure that most historians and musicians have tended to see him as the sun around which all else revolved, and they have therefore paid little attention to the mundane contexts in which he lived, composed, and corresponded. Mozart was, of course, a supreme musical genius, ... but he was also a man, living in day-to-day world of traditions, practices, and constraints. ... Thus my readings of his letters and those of his family will often deal with quite mundane contextual matters, such as days of the week, exchange rates, and current events. ... Often enough, we shall find that the implications of such simple matters have been overlooked.[11]In connection with this effort to understand the context of Mozart's life, Edge approvingly cites the work of Halliwell (1998) as well as studies by Michael Lorenz.","title":"Adding to the documentary evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Einstein_(1880%E2%80%931952)_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_(1892%E2%80%931950).jpg"},{"link_name":"David J. Buch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Buch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuch2004194-12"},{"link_name":"Alfred Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Einstein"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Neal Zaslaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Zaslaw"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart) § Premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._40_(Mozart)#Premiere"},{"link_name":"Constanze Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanze_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Cliff Eisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Eisen"},{"link_name":"Death of Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999-14"},{"link_name":"Andrew Steptoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Steptoe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Alfred EinsteinAnother trend in modern Mozart biography is to reject certain earlier claims as credulous and romanticized. The older tradition of scholarship is criticized by David J. Buch thus:The composer's deification in the pantheon of German 'masters' following his death, and his subsequent association with burgeoning German national identity, led to hagiography. When the holes in Mozart's biography needed plugging, rumor and imagination filled the gaps.[12]A possible instance of romanticizing is the belief that Mozart wrote his last symphonies not with the goal of performances and income, but as an \"appeal to eternity\" (Alfred Einstein);[13] a claim that has been argued against by Neal Zaslaw on factual grounds; for detailed discussion see Symphony No. 40 (Mozart) § Premiere.Recent scholarship has also shown an increased reluctance to take historical documents at face value when their author had strong reasons to deviate from the truth. For instance, Constanze Mozart had strong motivation to paint a tragic picture of her husband's final decline and demise, since she was seeking both a pension from the Emperor and income from memorial benefit concerts. Cliff Eisen, inserting footnotes in Hermann Abert's book, expresses sharp skepticism about Constanze's account of the end of Mozart's life, contradicting the more credulous view of Abert; for details see Death of Mozart. The content of Mozart's letters also receives a very different interpretation under the view that they often reflect a desire to placate, and reduce the alarm of, his stern father Leopold; this view is put forth, for instance, by Schroeder (1999).[14]Revisionism is, perhaps, likely to continue. Assessing the whole tradition of Mozart biography, Andrew Steptoe concludes:There is little doubt that successive generations of scholars have been sincere in their views of the composer, each claiming to be more 'objective' than the last, stripping away the veneer of speculation to arrive at 'the real man'. It is sobering to realize that these different opinions about Mozart as a person are all based on a very similar set of data.[15]","title":"Revisionism in Mozart biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1991_1-0"},{"link_name":"Solomon 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomon1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford199319_3-0"},{"link_name":"Stafford 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStafford1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Halliwell_1998_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Halliwell_1998_4-1"},{"link_name":"Halliwell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliwell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford199325_5-0"},{"link_name":"Stafford 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStafford1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Eisen, Cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Eisen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Stanley Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"Sadie (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSadie1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Michael Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lorenz_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Lorenz, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lorenz_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"\"Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrund/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Dexter Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Edge"},{"link_name":"\"Mozart: New Documents\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/site/mozartdocuments/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdge200118_11-0"},{"link_name":"Edge 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdge2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuch2004194_12-0"},{"link_name":"Buch 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBuch2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Mozart, His Character, His Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ep4PXMszMv4C&q=%22appeal+to+eternity%22+(Alfred+Einstein);"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-500732-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500732-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1999_14-0"},{"link_name":"Schroeder 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchroeder1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Steptoe, Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Steptoe"},{"link_name":"Sadie (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSadie1996"}],"text":"^ Solomon 1991.\n\n^ See, for instance, Halliwell 1998.\n\n^ Stafford 1993, p. 19.\n\n^ a b Halliwell 1998\n\n^ Stafford 1993, p. 25.\n\n^ Eisen, Cliff (1991) New Mozart Documents: A Supplement to O.E. Deutsch's Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press.\n\n^ Stanley Sadie. \"Preface: Mozart scholarship and the musical world over 35 years\". In Sadie (1996), pp. xiii-xvi (xiii).\n\n^ Michael Lorenz (2006), \"»Mademoiselle Jeunehomme« Zur Lösung eines Mozart-Rätsels\", Mozart Experiment Aufklärung, (Essays for the Mozart Exhibition 2006) Da Ponte Institut, Vienna, pp. 423–429.\n\n^ Lorenz, Michael (2010) \"Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund\", Newsletter of the Mozart Society of America 14:2.\n\n^ Dexter Edge; David Black (28 June 2021). \"Mozart: New Documents\". Retrieved 9 June 2022.\n\n^ Edge 2001, p. 18.\n\n^ Buch 2004, p. 194.\n\n^ Einstein, Alfred (1962). Mozart, His Character, His Work. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-500732-9.\n\n^ Schroeder 1999.\n\n^ Steptoe, Andrew. \"Mozart's personality and creativity\". In Sadie (1996), pp. 21-34 (21)..","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsch, Otto Erich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Mozart: A Documentary Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mozartdocumentar0000deut_i1h0"},{"link_name":"Peter Branscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Branscombe"},{"link_name":"Eric Blom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Blom"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Noble_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8047-0233-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0233-1"},{"link_name":"Solomon, Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Mozart: A Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mozartlife0002solo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-019046-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019046-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Biographies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Birthplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart%27s_birthplace"},{"link_name":"Grand tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_family_grand_tour"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart%27s_name"},{"link_name":"Nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarthaus_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Scatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_scatology"},{"link_name":"Smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_smallpox"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart%27s_Berlin_journey"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_and_Prague"},{"link_name":"Appearance and character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance_and_character_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Pet starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart%27s_starling"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Concert arias, songs, canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concert_arias,_songs_and_canons_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_dance"},{"link_name":"Horn concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_Concertos_(Mozart)"},{"link_name":"Masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_masses_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Piano concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_concertos_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Works for solo piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solo_piano_compositions_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Sonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sonatas_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Violin concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mozart_violin_concertos"},{"link_name":"Compositional method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart%27s_compositional_method"},{"link_name":"Relationship with G minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_G_minor"},{"link_name":"Köchel catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalogue"},{"link_name":"Alte Mozart-Ausgabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alte_Mozart-Ausgabe"},{"link_name":"Neue Mozart-Ausgabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Mozart-Ausgabe"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_family"},{"link_name":"Leopold Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Anna Maria Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Constanze Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanze_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Wolfgang_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Karl Thomas Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Thomas_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Franz Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lange"},{"link_name":"Cäcilia Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A4cilia_Weber"},{"link_name":"Josepha Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josepha_Weber"},{"link_name":"Aloysia Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysia_Weber"},{"link_name":"Sophie Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Weber"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven_and_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_and_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydn_and_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Salieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Salieri"},{"link_name":"Georg Nissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Nikolaus_von_Nissen"},{"link_name":"Mozart in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven%E2%80%93Haydn%E2%80%93Mozart_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Mozart effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_effect"},{"link_name":"Mozart Monument, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_Monument,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"Classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Classical_music"}],"text":"Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Translated by Peter Branscombe; Eric Blom; Jeremy Noble. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0233-1.\nSolomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019046-0.vteWolfgang Amadeus MozartBiography\nBiographies\nBirthplace\nGrand tour\nName\nNationality\nResidence\nScatology\nSmallpox\nItaly\nBerlin\nPrague\nAppearance and character\nPet starling\nDeath\nMusic\nConcert arias, songs, canons\nDances\nHorn concertos\nMasses\nOperas\nPiano concertos\nWorks for solo piano\nSonatas\nSymphonies\nViolin concertos\nCompositional method\nRelationship with G minor\nEditions\nKöchel catalogue\nAlte Mozart-Ausgabe\nNeue Mozart-Ausgabe\n\nFamily\nLeopold Mozart (father)\nAnna Maria Mozart (mother)\nMaria Anna Mozart (Nannerl) (sister)\nConstanze Mozart (wife)\nMaria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle) (first cousin)\nFranz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (son)\nKarl Thomas Mozart (son)\nJohann Georg Mozart (paternal grandfather)\nFranz Mozart (paternal great-grandfather)\nJoseph Lange (brother-in-law)\nCäcilia Weber (mother-in-law)\nJosepha Weber (sister-in-law)\nAloysia Weber (sister-in-law)\nSophie Weber (sister-in-law)\nInfluences\nBeethoven\nCatholic Church\nFreemasonry\nHaydn\nSalieri\nRelated\nGeorg Nissen\nMozart in popular culture\nBeethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial\nMozart effect\nMozart Monument, Vienna\n\n CategoryPortals: Biography Classical music","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Friedrich Schlichtegroll; artist unknown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schlichtegroll.jpg/220px-Schlichtegroll.jpg"},{"image_text":"Friedrich Rochlitz, portrait by Veit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld, c. 1820","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Friedrich_Rochlitz.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Rochlitz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georg Nikolaus Nissen. Painting by Ferdinand Jagemann, 1809","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Georg_Nicolaus_Nissen.jpg/220px-Georg_Nicolaus_Nissen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alfred Einstein","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alfred_Einstein_%281880%E2%80%931952%29_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_%281892%E2%80%931950%29.jpg/220px-Alfred_Einstein_%281880%E2%80%931952%29_1927_%C2%A9_Georg_Fayer_%281892%E2%80%931950%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Dexter Edge; David Black (28 June 2021). \"Mozart: New Documents\". Retrieved 9 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Edge","url_text":"Dexter Edge"},{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/mozartdocuments/","url_text":"\"Mozart: New Documents\""}]},{"reference":"Einstein, Alfred (1962). Mozart, His Character, His Work. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-500732-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep4PXMszMv4C&q=%22appeal+to+eternity%22+(Alfred+Einstein);","url_text":"Mozart, His Character, His Work"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500732-9","url_text":"978-0-19-500732-9"}]},{"reference":"Buch, David J. (2004). \"Die Zauberflöte, masonic opera, and other fairy tales\". Acta Musicologica (76): 193–219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Buch","url_text":"Buch, David J."},{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267333252","url_text":"\"Die Zauberflöte, masonic opera, and other fairy tales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Musicologica","url_text":"Acta Musicologica"}]},{"reference":"Edge, Dexter (2001). Mozart's Viennese copyists (Ph.D. dissertation). Los Angeles: University of Southern California.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Edge","url_text":"Edge, Dexter"}]},{"reference":"Halliwell, Ruth (1998). The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context. New York: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816371-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TUMyCTKlAr0C","url_text":"The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816371-8","url_text":"978-0-19-816371-8"}]},{"reference":"Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1996). Wolfgang Amadè Mozart: Essays on His Life and Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198164432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Sadie, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198164432","url_text":"9780198164432"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Maynard (1991). \"The Rochlitz Anecdotes: Issues of Authenticity in Early Mozart Biography\". In Eisen, Cliff (ed.). Mozart Studies. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816191-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Solomon","url_text":"Solomon, Maynard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Eisen","url_text":"Eisen, Cliff"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y0E_QgAACAAJ","url_text":"Mozart Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816191-2","url_text":"978-0-19-816191-2"}]},{"reference":"Schroeder, David (1999). Mozart in Revolt: Strategies of Resistance, Mischief, and Deception. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300075427.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300075427","url_text":"9780300075427"}]},{"reference":"Stafford, William (1993). The Mozart Myths: A Critical Reassessment. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2222-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0F06FBa3eQC","url_text":"The Mozart Myths: A Critical Reassessment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2222-6","url_text":"0-8047-2222-6"}]},{"reference":"Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Translated by Peter Branscombe; Eric Blom; Jeremy Noble. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0233-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch","url_text":"Deutsch, Otto Erich"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mozartdocumentar0000deut_i1h0","url_text":"Mozart: A Documentary Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Branscombe","url_text":"Peter Branscombe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Blom","url_text":"Eric Blom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Noble_(musicologist)","url_text":"Jeremy Noble"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0233-1","url_text":"978-0-8047-0233-1"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019046-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Solomon","url_text":"Solomon, Maynard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mozartlife0002solo","url_text":"Mozart: A Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019046-0","url_text":"978-0-06-019046-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrund/","external_links_name":"\"Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/mozartdocuments/","external_links_name":"\"Mozart: New Documents\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep4PXMszMv4C&q=%22appeal+to+eternity%22+(Alfred+Einstein);","external_links_name":"Mozart, His Character, His Work"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267333252","external_links_name":"\"Die Zauberflöte, masonic opera, and other fairy tales\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TUMyCTKlAr0C","external_links_name":"The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y0E_QgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Mozart Studies"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0F06FBa3eQC","external_links_name":"The Mozart Myths: A Critical Reassessment"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mozartdocumentar0000deut_i1h0","external_links_name":"Mozart: A Documentary Biography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mozartlife0002solo","external_links_name":"Mozart: A Life"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lodge	Anderson Lodge	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°6′5.5″N 109°25′59.3″W / 44.101528°N 109.433139°W / 44.101528; -109.433139Historic house in Wyoming, United States United States historic placeAnderson LodgeU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district Show map of WyomingShow map of the United StatesLocationGreybull Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Meeteetse, WyomingCoordinates44°6′5.5″N 109°25′59.3″W / 44.101528°N 109.433139°W / 44.101528; -109.433139Built1890ArchitectAbraham Archibald AndersonArchitectural styleRusticNRHP reference No.87001548Added to NRHPSeptember 14, 1987 The Anderson Lodge or Anderson Studio was built in 1890 in the Absaroka Mountains west of Meeteetse, Wyoming, in what was then the Yellowstone Park Timber Land Reserve, soon renamed the Yellowstone Forest Reserve. The two-story rustic log structure became the home of rancher and artist Abraham Archibald Anderson from 1901 to 1905. Anderson played a significant role in the development of the forest reserve as Special Superintendent of Forest Reserves, and the Anderson Lodge was used as an administrative building for the forest. The National Register lists the site as a historic district, including the Anderson Lodge, a one-room log cabin, an outhouse, two log footbridges, a developed spring, and a pole corral. Its significance is related to its wilderness setting, its association with the beginning of a national conservation movement in the United States, and the early history of the United States Forest Service. The lodge location is now managed as part of Shoshone National Forest, in the Washakie Wilderness. References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008. ^ a b "Anderson Lodge". National Register of Historic Places. Wyoming State Preservation Office. October 25, 2008. External links Anderson Lodge at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office vteNational Register of Historic Places in Park County, WyomingNational HistoricLandmarks Fort Yellowstone Heart Mountain Relocation Center Horner site Norris, Madison, and Fishing Bridge Museums Obsidian Cliff Wapiti Ranger Station Historic districts Absaroka Mountain Lodge Anderson Lodge Downtown Cody Historic District Elephant Head Lodge Goff Creek Lodge Grand Loop Road Lamar Buffalo Ranch Mammoth Hot Springs Historic District North Entrance Road Historic District Red Star Lodge and Sawmill Roosevelt Lodge Historic District UXU Ranch Other properties Quintin Blair House Buffalo Bill Boyhood Home Buffalo Bill Dam Buffalo Bill - The Scout statue Colter's Hell Dead Indian Campsite First National Bank of Meeteetse Hayden Arch Bridge Irma Hotel Madison Museum Mummy Cave Norris Museum/Norris Comfort Station Obsidian Cliff Kiosk Pahaska Tepee Pioneer School Ralston Community Clubhouse Stock Center Paul Stock House T E Ranch Headquarters US Post Office–Powell Main US Post Office–Yellowstone Main See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Park County, Wyoming and List of National Historic Landmarks in Wyoming This article about a property in Wyoming on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Absaroka Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absaroka_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Meeteetse, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeteetse,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone Forest Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_Forest_Reserve"},{"link_name":"rustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Abraham Archibald Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Archibald_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSPO-2"},{"link_name":"historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"log cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_cabin"},{"link_name":"outhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse"},{"link_name":"corral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corral"},{"link_name":"United States Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSPO-2"},{"link_name":"Shoshone National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Washakie Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washakie_Wilderness"}],"text":"Historic house in Wyoming, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe Anderson Lodge or Anderson Studio was built in 1890 in the Absaroka Mountains west of Meeteetse, Wyoming, in what was then the Yellowstone Park Timber Land Reserve, soon renamed the Yellowstone Forest Reserve. The two-story rustic log structure became the home of rancher and artist Abraham Archibald Anderson from 1901 to 1905. Anderson played a significant role in the development of the forest reserve as Special Superintendent of Forest Reserves, and the Anderson Lodge was used as an administrative building for the forest.[2]The National Register lists the site as a historic district, including the Anderson Lodge, a one-room log cabin, an outhouse, two log footbridges, a developed spring, and a pole corral. Its significance is related to its wilderness setting, its association with the beginning of a national conservation movement in the United States, and the early history of the United States Forest Service.[2]The lodge location is now managed as part of Shoshone National Forest, in the Washakie Wilderness.","title":"Anderson Lodge"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Anderson Lodge\". National Register of Historic Places. Wyoming State Preservation Office. October 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://wyoshpo.state.wy.us/NationalRegister/Site.aspx?ID=308","url_text":"\"Anderson Lodge\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anderson_Lodge&params=44_6_5.5_N_109_25_59.3_W_type:landmark_region:US-WY","external_links_name":"44°6′5.5″N 109°25′59.3″W / 44.101528°N 109.433139°W / 44.101528; -109.433139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anderson_Lodge&params=44_6_5.5_N_109_25_59.3_W_type:landmark_region:US-WY","external_links_name":"44°6′5.5″N 109°25′59.3″W / 44.101528°N 109.433139°W / 44.101528; -109.433139"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/87001548","external_links_name":"87001548"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://wyoshpo.state.wy.us/NationalRegister/Site.aspx?ID=308","external_links_name":"\"Anderson Lodge\""},{"Link":"http://wyoshpo.state.wy.us/NationalRegister/Site.aspx?ID=308","external_links_name":"Anderson Lodge"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Lodge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Jackson	List of DC Comics characters: J	[]	List of DC Comics characters 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z J.A.K.E. 1 Main article: G.I. Robot § J.A.K.E. 1 J.A.K.E. 2 Main article: G.I. Robot § J.A.K.E. 2 J'onn J'onzz Main article: Martian Manhunter Jack Main article: Metal Men § Members Jack of Clubs Main article: Royal Flush Gang § First Gang: Clubs Jack of Fire Main article: The Pentacle § Membership Jack O'Lantern Main article: Jack O'Lantern (DC Comics) Jack the Ripper Main article: Jack the Ripper fiction § Comics Jack the Ripper is a fictionalized version of a real-life serial killer. The character, created by Brian Augustyn and Mike Mignola, first appeared in Gotham by Gaslight #1 (February 1989). Jacob Packer had been trained in both medicine and law by Thomas Wayne but Martha Wayne rejected him. Packer hired an assassin to kill the two and afterwards personally killed women to silence his own insanity. Jack the Ripper frames Bruce Wayne for his killings in Gotham City. A trial is held in which Packer was a defense attorney, however, Bruce was convicted, sentenced to be hanged and imprisoned in Arkham Asylum but eventually figures out the killer's identity and escapes from prison with Alfred Pennyworth's help. Batman confronted Jack the Ripper throughout Gotham and the two eventually come to the graves of Thomas and Martha before he was killed by Inspector James Gordon. Jack the Ripper in other media Jack the Ripper appears in Batman: Gotham by Gaslight as James Gordon (voiced by Scott Patterson). Additionally, Jacob Packer makes a non-speaking cameo appearance. Jackal Main article: Deathstroke § Origins Jackhammer Main article: Demolition Team § Members Jaclyn Main article: List of Green Lanterns § Teen Lanterns Jade Main article: Jade (DC Comics) Jacob Ashe Main article: Cinder and Ashe § Plot summary Jakeem Thunder Main article: Jakeem Thunder Aubrey James Aubrey James is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Aubrey James was the mayor of Gotham City and a friend of Thomas Wayne. He was later stabbed to death as mentioned in The Madmen of Gotham. Aubrey James in other media Aubrey James appears in Gotham, portrayed by Richard Kind. Java Java is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Java is the Neanderthal servant of Simon Stagg. He was first discovered by fortune hunter Rex Mason and revived by the scientific wizardry of Stagg Enterprises. Java was present the day that Mason discovered the Orb of Ra inside the pyramid of Ahk-Ton in Egypt. The Orb was responsible for transforming Rex Mason into the metamorphae known as Metamorpho the Element Man after Java knocked out Rex Mason in the presence of it. For years, Java lusted after Simon's daughter Sapphire Stagg, but was unable to win her heart because she was in love with Metamorpho. This bred a bitter rivalry between the two; one that persisted for many years. Java even risked his life once to save Sapphire from a melting skyscraper, and was transformed into a petrified fossil for his actions. Stagg's scientific prowess saved his life and returned him to normal. During a time when Metamorpho was believed to be dead, Sapphire relented to Java's persistent advances and married him. Java became the father figure to Sapphire and Rex's mutant son, Joey. Java was not an inherently evil individual, but his moral base had been compromised due to his constant exposure to the unscrupulous Simon Stagg. He was also extremely selfish when it came to his wants and desires. When Rex abducted Joey from Stagg Mansion, Java flew into a rage and was determined to kill him. Even Simon's command over him could not quell Java's emotions. Frustrated by the Neanderthal's rare act of defiance, Simon Stagg shot him in the head, seemingly killing him. Java did not remain dead for long however. The means behind his resurrection are unknown, but he was seen once again several years later attending the funeral of Metamorpho (who at the time was believed to be dead). During the "Brightest Day" storyline, Java was with Simon Stagg at his Canadian estate at the time when Metamorpho persuaded him to help him and the Outsiders get back into the United States. Later that night, Java pays Metamorpho a visit while he was sleeping. For some reason, Java still had the Orb of Ra in his possession. Java uses the orb to knock Metamorpho around until Metamorpho becomes unconscious. Java then takes Metamorpho's body down to Simon Stagg's lab where he plans to merge him with Chemo. It doesn't go well as Java calls in Simon Stagg's servant Freight Train to help stop it. Freight Train manages to use an electrical wire which causes Chemo to vomit out Metamorpho. Simon Stagg later did an unidentified experiment that enabled Java to transform into a Shaggy Man which was defeated by Freight Train. In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Java's history with Simon Stagg and Rex Mason remains the same. Java was present when Simon Stagg had opened a portal to the Dark Multiverse and is trying to close it with Metamorpho who was transmuted to Nth Metal. He is present when Mister Terrific, Plastic Man, Metamorpho, and Phantom Girl return from the Dark Multiverse. Java was revealed to have been operating as the villain Doctor Dread and has formed a counterpart of the Terrifics called the Dreadfuls. They were defeated by the Terrifics. Java in other media Java appears in the Justice League episode "Metamorphosis", voiced by Richard Moll. Java appears in The Flash episode "Fastest Man Alive", portrayed by Michasha Armstrong. This version is a contemporary African-American human and Stagg Enterprises' head of security who is killed by Multiplex. Javelin First appearanceGreen Lantern (vol. 2) #173 (February 1984)Created byLen WeinDave GibbonsAbilitiesUses gimmicked javelins and other gadgetryAliasesUnknown The Javelin is a fictional DC Comics supervillain. The Javelin is a former German Olympic athlete who turned to a life of crime, using his uncanny abilities with a javelin-based weapons arsenal. The Javelin fought Green Lantern and was defeated before agreeing to serve with the Suicide Squad in exchange for the purging of his criminal record. His last Squad mission was a battle with Circe as part of the War of the Gods crossover event. It takes place in issue #58. In the pages of Checkmate, the Javelin is recruited by the Mirror Master in an attempt to frame Amanda Waller. He teams up with several other villains, such as Plastique and the duo Punch and Jewelee. They invade a Myanmar military facility to neutralize what seems to be a superhuman power source. The Javelin is killed by a runaway jeep while trying to protect a distraught, newly widowed Jewelee. Javelin in other media The Javelin makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Justice League Unlimited as a minor member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society. The Javelin makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Scorn of the Star Sapphire!". A character loosely inspired by the Javelin named Malcolm Byrd appears in the Arrow episode "The Demon", portrayed by Yanik Ethier. This version is a French arms dealer associated with the Ninth Circle. Gunter Braun / Javelin appears in The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Flula Borg. He is recruited into the eponymous group for a mission to Corto Maltese, but is fatally wounded by the local military and bequeaths his namesake to teammate Harley Quinn. Jefferson Jackson Further reading Jefferson Jackson at the Grand Comics Database Jefferson Jackson is a supporting character of Ronnie Raymond (a.k.a. Firestorm) who makes his debut in Firestorm (vol. 2) #1 (June 1982). Jackson is a former student of Bradley High School in Manhattan, New York. During his tenure at Bradley High, Jackson became a member of the school's championship basketball team, where he met Ronnie. The two became close friends, and Jackson frequently aided Ronnie during the numerous episodes wherein the latter would find himself embroiled in conflicts with school jerk Cliff Carmichael. Jackson dated a young woman named Stella, and the two frequently double-dated with Ronnie and his girlfriend, Doreen Day. Jefferson Jackson in other media Jefferson "Jax" Jackson appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Franz Drameh. First appearing in the live-action TV series The Flash episode "The Fury of Firestorm", this version was a high school football player who was injured when S.T.A.R. Labs' particle accelerator exploded and was forced to become a mechanic instead. Following Ronnie Raymond's death and due to Martin Stein's F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. matrix destabilizing, the Flash and his allies find and recruit Jax to save Stein and become the new Firestorm as all three were affected by the particle accelerator in a similar manner. Despite initial hesitancy, Jax joins forces with Stein and together they leave Central City to hone their powers. Jax appears in the animated web series Vixen. Jax appears in the live-action TV series Legends of Tomorrow. In the first season, he and Stein are recruited by Rip Hunter to join his Legends to defeat Vandal Savage. Despite Jax refusing and Stein bringing him against his will, the former grows to appreciate being part of a team. In the second and third seasons, Stein inadvertently changes the timeline and gives himself a daughter, who goes on to have a son named Ronnie. In light of this, Jax asks his teammate Ray Palmer for help in developing a formula to separate the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. matrix so the former can use Firestorm's power on his own and allow Stein to be with his family. During the "Crisis on Earth-X" crossover however, Stein is fatally injured while helping the Legends and Earth-1's heroes combat Nazis from Earth-X, but drinks Palmer's formula to save Jax from suffering his fate, sacrificing himself in the process. A distraught Jax leaves the Legends to heal from his grief, though a future version appears in the third-season finale to help them defeat Mallus. Jinny Hex First appearanceBatman Giant #4 (December 2018)Created byBrian Michael Bendis and Nick DerringtonAbilitiesUses guns and inherited some of her grandfather's divine powersAliasesVirginia Hex Virginia "Jinny" Hex is a fictional DC Comics superheroine. She is the granddaughter of Jonah Hex and a member of Young Justice. She first appeared in Batman Giant #4 (December 2018). Jinx Main article: Jinx (DC Comics) Johnny Thunder Main article: Johnny Thunder Joker Main article: Joker (character) M'yrnn J'onzz M'yrnn J'onzz is the father of the twin brothers J'onn J'onzz/Martian Manhunter and Ma'alefa'ak. His first appearance was in Martian Manhunter (vol. 2) #3 (August 2001). M'yrnn J'onzz in other media M'yrnn J'onzz appears in Supergirl, portrayed by Carl Lumbly. This version was captured by the White Martians and coerced into revealing the location of the Staff of Kolar, a psychic weapon believed to be the key to ending a war. After being rescued by Supergirl, Martian Manhunter, and Miss Martian and taken to live in National City on Earth, M'yrnn develops a form of dementia before sacrificing himself to stop Reign from terraforming Earth. In subsequent seasons, M'yrnn appears as a spirit and in flashbacks. Rhea Jones Rhea Jones is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Rhea Jones was the daughter of an Air Force official. After tagging along with her father to a government base in the Arctic, an explosion involving a powerful radioactive electromagnet killed her father and granted her electromagnetic abilities. Rather than stick around and be dissected and experimented on by the army, she ran away and joined the circus. After a few years, Rhea was recruited by Arani Caulder to join her new Doom Patrol. After being recruited by Arani Caulder, aka Celsius, Rhea was now one of three new recruits into the Doom Patrol, along with Scott Fischer and Wayne Hawkins aka Karma. Celsius gave her the codename Lodestone. Her demonstrated abilities allowed her to fly, give herself Earth reinforced superstrength, create limited force fields, and attract or repel metallic objects like bullets. Following the Invasion! storyline, Rhea and Scott were struck by a disease created by the Dominators. Her powers went wild, and then she lapsed into a coma, but ultimately she lived while Scott died. At the start of Grant Morrison's surrealistic run of the Doom Patrol, Rhea was put into a coma that would last until halfway into the series. While in the hospital, she was kidnapped by the butterfly collector known as Red Jack, who claimed to be God, Jack the Ripper, and many others. He sought to make Rhea his bride. The new Doom Patrol followed Jack into his house, which our world is a room in. As he battled the Doom Patrol, Rhea awoke from her coma and stabbed Jack in the back, then immediately became comatose again. Brought back to the Doom Patrol's new mountainside headquarters, Niles Caulder, the Chief, did experiments on Rhea showing that her coma wasn't normal. She was instead going through a form of metamorphosis, and her human form is the chrysalis. Rhea awoke from her coma in issue #36 during "The Orthodoxy/Geomancer War". It was revealed that she was The Pupa, a weapon sought by the aliens Orthodoxy and Geomancers. Rhea's original body shattered, and out emerged a magnetic butterfly, explaining why she was sought out by Red Jack. After awaking, her facial features disappeared and her eyes were now on her chest and back. Her ears had also become two twinkling lights. She no longer wears clothes and seems to think nothing of it. Rhea was actually what some call a Lodestone, a being in tune with the Earth's electromagnetic waves, its nerve system. They are the Earth's expression in flesh. The Ultraquist Geomancers kidnapped Rhea, and Rebis in the process, before she was able to fully bond with the Earth. After ending the conflict between the Orthodoxy and the Geomancers (with help from Rebis and Robotman), Rhea pointed out a bright star in the sky, and left to go visit it. Promising to visit, she has not been seen since. Her only subsequent appearance to date has a brief flashback to her early days with Arani Desai and Valentina Vostok when the two returned during Blackest Night. Rhea Jones in other media Rhea Jones makes a cameo appearance in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Last Patrol!" as part of a poster advertising a carnival's freak show. Rhea Jones / Lodestone appears in the Doom Patrol episode "Doom Patrol Patrol", portrayed by Lesa Wilson as a young woman and an uncredited actress as an old woman. This version was a member of a 1950s incarnation of the Doom Patrol before they were defeated by Mr. Nobody and disbanded. As most of the team were left mentally ill following the battle, Joshua Clay became their caretaker. Tao Jones Tao Jones is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She was among the children that were experimented on by Doctor Love while they were still in their mother's womb where she developed forcefield abilities. She becomes a member of Helix where they fought Infinity, Inc. on occasion. Tao Jones in other media Tao Jones appears in the Stargirl episode "Frenemies – Chapter Eight: Infinity Inc. Part Two", portrayed by Andi Ju. This version is a patient at the Helix Institute for Youth Rehabilitation partnered with Kritter. Jumpa Jumpa is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. On Earth-Two, Jumpa is a Kanga who was Wonder Woman's favorite Kanga and serves as her mode of transportation on Themyscira. In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". During the "Infinity War" storyline, a flashback to Wonder Woman's childhood had Wonder Woman working to train Jumpa while riding through Themyscira. Jumpa threw Diana into the ocean where the Megalodons that protect the ocean nearly attacked her. Hippolyta saved Diana and advised her to train Jumpa better. Jumpa in other media Jumpa appears in the Teen Titans Go! episode "Justice League's Next Top Talent Idol Star: Justice League Edition". Jumpa appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode "#GoneToTheDogs" Pt. 2. Judge The Judge is an alias used by different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Each iteration is usually depicted as a cloaked figure sporting a courtroom robe and a blindfold or sunglasses as well as wielding a mallet-sized gavel while opposing superheroes, such as Batman and the Flash. First version The first version was created by Archie Goodwin and Howard Chaykin, and first appeared in Detective Comics #441 (July 1974). He was a judge in Gotham City who has a scar on his right hand, and father of Melissa Clay who was accidentally blinded due to his corrupt dealings. The Judge blamed Batman for his problems, kidnapping the original Robin as bait for various trap-based weapons in an abandoned summer resort. The Judge was defeated by the Dynamic Duo and turned himself in when his weapons accidentally killed his own daughter. Jacob de Witt The second version, Jacob de Witt, was created by Sam Humphries and Bernard Chang, and first appeared in Nightwing (vol. 4) #35 (February 2018). He was originally a judge from the 17th century that was tied up and drowned which made him into a blind immortal with the ability to see corruption in people's hearts. In the present, the Judge is a serial killer with a beard and white suit who uses a casino chip calling card in Blüdhaven while having several confrontations with Dick Grayson before being defeated by Nightwing and held in a secret prison. Hunter Zolomon Main article: Hunter Zolomon Hunter Zolomon is known as the Judge in the 25th Century Central City while being antagonistic to two versions of the Flash (Barry Allen and Wally West). Judge in other media An original incarnation of the Judge appears in The New Batman Adventures episode "Judgment Day", voiced by Malachi Throne. This version is an alternate personality of Harvey Dent / Two-Face who operates as a violent court-themed vigilante in Gotham City. The Judge uses extreme measures to apprehend the Penguin, Killer Croc, the Riddler, and his other self before being defeated by Batman. An unidentified version of the Judge appears in Batman: Gotham by Gaslight, voiced by William Salyers. References ^ Gotham by Gaslight #1 (February 1989) ^ Trumbore, Dave (November 14, 2017). "'Gotham by Gaslight' Blu-ray Details Confirm Epic Cast, Release Date and Special Features". Collider. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ "The #DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM: Episode 2". DC Comics. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2020. ^ Boucher, Geoff (22 April 2019). "'Gotham' Trailer: Batman Begins As Fox's Prequel Series Ends This Thursday". Deadline Holywood. Retrieved 25 January 2020. ^ a b Metamorpho (vol. 2) #1. DC Comics. ^ JLA #5. DC Comics. ^ The Brave and the Bold #57 (January 1965). DC Comics. ^ Outsiders (vol. 4) #30. DC Comics. ^ Outsiders (vol. 4) #31. DC Comics. ^ Outsiders (vol. 4) #35. DC Comics. ^ Legends of Tomorrow #1. DC Comics. ^ The Terrifics #1. DC Comics. ^ The Terrifics #2. DC Comics. ^ The Terrifics #12-14. DC Comics. ^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. p. 169. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X. ^ Checkmate (vol. 2) #6 ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2015). "Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 27, 2015. ^ Damore, Meagan (July 20, 2016). "CASSIDY'S BLACK CANARY, ATOM & MORE WILL APPEAR IN "VIXEN" SEASON 2". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved July 20, 2016. ^ "Supergirl Radio Season 2.5 - Character Spotlight: M'yrnn J'onzz \|". 14 September 2017. ^ "Supergirl Just Added A Beloved DC Voice Actor". CINEMABLEND. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2020. ^ a b Irvine, Alex (2008), "Doom Patrol", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.), The Vertigo Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, pp. 61–63, ISBN 978-0-7566-4122-1, OCLC 213309015 ^ Doom Patrol (vol. 5) #5 ^ Infinity Inc. #17. DC Comics. ^ Sensational Comics #6. DC Comics. ^ Wonder Woman #770. DC Comics. ^ Detective Comics #441 (July 1974) ^ Nightwing (vol. 4) #35-41 ^ The Flash (vol. 5) Annual #1 (March 2018) ^ The Flash (vol. 5) #44 (June 2018) ^ The Flash (vol. 5) #46-47	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of DC Comics characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_Z"}],"text":"List of DC Comics characters\n\n\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"List of DC Comics characters: J"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J.A.K.E. 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J.A.K.E. 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J'onn J'onzz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jack of Clubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jack of Fire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jack O'Lantern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper"},{"link_name":"Brian Augustyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Augustyn"},{"link_name":"Mike Mignola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mignola"},{"link_name":"Gotham by Gaslight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_by_Gaslight"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Martha Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Wayne"},{"link_name":"assassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chill"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"Arkham Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Alfred Pennyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"James Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(character)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jack the Ripper is a fictionalized version of a real-life serial killer. The character, created by Brian Augustyn and Mike Mignola, first appeared in Gotham by Gaslight #1 (February 1989). Jacob Packer had been trained in both medicine and law by Thomas Wayne but Martha Wayne rejected him. Packer hired an assassin to kill the two and afterwards personally killed women to silence his own insanity. Jack the Ripper frames Bruce Wayne for his killings in Gotham City. A trial is held in which Packer was a defense attorney, however, Bruce was convicted, sentenced to be hanged and imprisoned in Arkham Asylum but eventually figures out the killer's identity and escapes from prison with Alfred Pennyworth's help. Batman confronted Jack the Ripper throughout Gotham and the two eventually come to the graves of Thomas and Martha before he was killed by Inspector James Gordon.[1]","title":"Jack the Ripper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: Gotham by Gaslight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_by_Gaslight"},{"link_name":"Scott Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Patterson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batman:_Gotham_by_Gaslight_Blu-ray_Details-2"}],"sub_title":"Jack the Ripper in other media","text":"Jack the Ripper appears in Batman: Gotham by Gaslight as James Gordon (voiced by Scott Patterson). Additionally, Jacob Packer makes a non-speaking cameo appearance.[2]","title":"Jack the Ripper"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jackal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jackhammer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jaclyn"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jade"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jacob Ashe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jakeem Thunder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Aubrey James is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Aubrey James was the mayor of Gotham City and a friend of Thomas Wayne. He was later stabbed to death as mentioned in The Madmen of Gotham.[3]","title":"Aubrey James"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Richard Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kind"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Aubrey James in other media","text":"Aubrey James appears in Gotham, portrayed by Richard Kind.[4]","title":"Aubrey James"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Neanderthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"Simon Stagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stagg"},{"link_name":"Rex Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorpho"},{"link_name":"Stagg Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagg_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Metamorpho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorpho"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"Sapphire Stagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_Stagg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brightest Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightest_Day"},{"link_name":"Outsiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsiders_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemo_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Shaggy Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaggy_Man_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The New 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_52"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mister Terrific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Terrific_(Michael_Holt)"},{"link_name":"Plastic Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Man"},{"link_name":"Phantom Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Girl"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Java is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Java is the Neanderthal servant of Simon Stagg. He was first discovered by fortune hunter Rex Mason and revived by the scientific wizardry of Stagg Enterprises. Java was present the day that Mason discovered the Orb of Ra inside the pyramid of Ahk-Ton in Egypt. The Orb was responsible for transforming Rex Mason into the metamorphae known as Metamorpho the Element Man after Java knocked out Rex Mason in the presence of it.[5]For years, Java lusted after Simon's daughter Sapphire Stagg, but was unable to win her heart because she was in love with Metamorpho. This bred a bitter rivalry between the two; one that persisted for many years. Java even risked his life once to save Sapphire from a melting skyscraper, and was transformed into a petrified fossil for his actions. Stagg's scientific prowess saved his life and returned him to normal.[5]During a time when Metamorpho was believed to be dead, Sapphire relented to Java's persistent advances and married him. Java became the father figure to Sapphire and Rex's mutant son, Joey. Java was not an inherently evil individual, but his moral base had been compromised due to his constant exposure to the unscrupulous Simon Stagg. He was also extremely selfish when it came to his wants and desires. When Rex abducted Joey from Stagg Mansion, Java flew into a rage and was determined to kill him. Even Simon's command over him could not quell Java's emotions. Frustrated by the Neanderthal's rare act of defiance, Simon Stagg shot him in the head, seemingly killing him.[6]Java did not remain dead for long however. The means behind his resurrection are unknown, but he was seen once again several years later attending the funeral of Metamorpho (who at the time was believed to be dead).[7]During the \"Brightest Day\" storyline, Java was with Simon Stagg at his Canadian estate at the time when Metamorpho persuaded him to help him and the Outsiders get back into the United States. Later that night, Java pays Metamorpho a visit while he was sleeping. For some reason, Java still had the Orb of Ra in his possession. Java uses the orb to knock Metamorpho around until Metamorpho becomes unconscious.[8] Java then takes Metamorpho's body down to Simon Stagg's lab where he plans to merge him with Chemo. It doesn't go well as Java calls in Simon Stagg's servant Freight Train to help stop it. Freight Train manages to use an electrical wire which causes Chemo to vomit out Metamorpho.[9] Simon Stagg later did an unidentified experiment that enabled Java to transform into a Shaggy Man which was defeated by Freight Train.[10]In 2011, \"The New 52\" rebooted the DC universe. Java's history with Simon Stagg and Rex Mason remains the same.[11]Java was present when Simon Stagg had opened a portal to the Dark Multiverse and is trying to close it with Metamorpho who was transmuted to Nth Metal.[12] He is present when Mister Terrific, Plastic Man, Metamorpho, and Phantom Girl return from the Dark Multiverse.[13]Java was revealed to have been operating as the villain Doctor Dread and has formed a counterpart of the Terrifics called the Dreadfuls. They were defeated by the Terrifics.[14]","title":"Java"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Richard Moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Moll"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Multiplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Java in other media","text":"Java appears in the Justice League episode \"Metamorphosis\", voiced by Richard Moll.\nJava appears in The Flash episode \"Fastest Man Alive\", portrayed by Michasha Armstrong. This version is a contemporary African-American human and Stagg Enterprises' head of security who is killed by Multiplex.","title":"Java"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Suicide Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Squad"},{"link_name":"Circe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe_(comics)"},{"link_name":"War of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Gods_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Mirror Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Master"},{"link_name":"Amanda Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Waller"},{"link_name":"Plastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastique_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Punch and Jewelee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_and_Jewelee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Javelin is a fictional DC Comics supervillain.[15]The Javelin is a former German Olympic athlete who turned to a life of crime, using his uncanny abilities with a javelin-based weapons arsenal. The Javelin fought Green Lantern and was defeated before agreeing to serve with the Suicide Squad in exchange for the purging of his criminal record. His last Squad mission was a battle with Circe as part of the War of the Gods crossover event. It takes place in issue #58.In the pages of Checkmate, the Javelin is recruited by the Mirror Master in an attempt to frame Amanda Waller. He teams up with several other villains, such as Plastique and the duo Punch and Jewelee. They invade a Myanmar military facility to neutralize what seems to be a superhuman power source. The Javelin is killed by a runaway jeep while trying to protect a distraught, newly widowed Jewelee.[16]","title":"Javelin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Grodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Grodd"},{"link_name":"Secret Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Batman: The Brave and the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ninth Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Circle"},{"link_name":"The Suicide Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suicide_Squad_(film)"},{"link_name":"Flula Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flula_Borg"},{"link_name":"eponymous group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Squad"},{"link_name":"Corto Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corto_Maltese_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Harley Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Quinn_(DC_Extended_Universe)"}],"sub_title":"Javelin in other media","text":"The Javelin makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Justice League Unlimited as a minor member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society.\nThe Javelin makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"Scorn of the Star Sapphire!\".\nA character loosely inspired by the Javelin named Malcolm Byrd appears in the Arrow episode \"The Demon\", portrayed by Yanik Ethier. This version is a French arms dealer associated with the Ninth Circle.\nGunter Braun / Javelin appears in The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Flula Borg. He is recruited into the eponymous group for a mission to Corto Maltese, but is fatally wounded by the local military and bequeaths his namesake to teammate Harley Quinn.","title":"Javelin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm_(character)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cliff Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinker_(DC_Comics)"}],"text":"Jefferson Jackson is a supporting character of Ronnie Raymond (a.k.a. Firestorm) who makes his debut in Firestorm (vol. 2) #1 (June 1982). Jackson is a former student of Bradley High School in Manhattan, New York. During his tenure at Bradley High, Jackson became a member of the school's championship basketball team, where he met Ronnie. The two became close friends, and Jackson frequently aided Ronnie during the numerous episodes wherein the latter would find himself embroiled in conflicts with school jerk Cliff Carmichael. Jackson dated a young woman named Stella, and the two frequently double-dated with Ronnie and his girlfriend, Doreen Day.","title":"Jefferson Jackson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jefferson \"Jax\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Jackson_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"Franz Drameh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Drameh"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drameh3-17"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"S.T.A.R. Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.T.A.R._Labs"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Raymond_(character)"},{"link_name":"Martin Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Stein"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Allen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Vixen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixen_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Legends of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"Rip Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Legends_of_Tomorrow_characters#Main_characters"},{"link_name":"Vandal Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Savage"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"third seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_(season_3)"},{"link_name":"Ray Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Palmer_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Earth-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Earth-X"},{"link_name":"Earth-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-1_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Earth-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-X_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Mallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallus_(Arrowverse)"}],"sub_title":"Jefferson Jackson in other media","text":"Jefferson \"Jax\" Jackson appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Franz Drameh.[17]First appearing in the live-action TV series The Flash episode \"The Fury of Firestorm\", this version was a high school football player who was injured when S.T.A.R. Labs' particle accelerator exploded and was forced to become a mechanic instead. Following Ronnie Raymond's death and due to Martin Stein's F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. matrix destabilizing, the Flash and his allies find and recruit Jax to save Stein and become the new Firestorm as all three were affected by the particle accelerator in a similar manner. Despite initial hesitancy, Jax joins forces with Stein and together they leave Central City to hone their powers.\nJax appears in the animated web series Vixen.[18]\nJax appears in the live-action TV series Legends of Tomorrow. In the first season, he and Stein are recruited by Rip Hunter to join his Legends to defeat Vandal Savage. Despite Jax refusing and Stein bringing him against his will, the former grows to appreciate being part of a team. In the second and third seasons, Stein inadvertently changes the timeline and gives himself a daughter, who goes on to have a son named Ronnie. In light of this, Jax asks his teammate Ray Palmer for help in developing a formula to separate the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. matrix so the former can use Firestorm's power on his own and allow Stein to be with his family. During the \"Crisis on Earth-X\" crossover however, Stein is fatally injured while helping the Legends and Earth-1's heroes combat Nazis from Earth-X, but drinks Palmer's formula to save Jax from suffering his fate, sacrificing himself in the process. A distraught Jax leaves the Legends to heal from his grief, though a future version appears in the third-season finale to help them defeat Mallus.","title":"Jefferson Jackson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Jonah Hex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Hex"},{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice"}],"text":"Virginia \"Jinny\" Hex is a fictional DC Comics superheroine. She is the granddaughter of Jonah Hex and a member of Young Justice. She first appeared in Batman Giant #4 (December 2018).","title":"Jinny Hex"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jinx"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Johnny Thunder"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Joker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J'onn J'onzz/Martian Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Manhunter"},{"link_name":"Ma'alefa'ak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27alefa%27ak"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"M'yrnn J'onzz is the father of the twin brothers J'onn J'onzz/Martian Manhunter and Ma'alefa'ak. His first appearance was in Martian Manhunter (vol. 2) #3 (August 2001).[19]","title":"M'yrnn J'onzz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Carl Lumbly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lumbly"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Danvers"},{"link_name":"Martian Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%27onn_J%27onzz_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Miss Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Martian_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_(Arrowverse)"}],"sub_title":"M'yrnn J'onzz in other media","text":"M'yrnn J'onzz appears in Supergirl, portrayed by Carl Lumbly.[20] This version was captured by the White Martians and coerced into revealing the location of the Staff of Kolar, a psychic weapon believed to be the key to ending a war. After being rescued by Supergirl, Martian Manhunter, and Miss Martian and taken to live in National City on Earth, M'yrnn develops a form of dementia before sacrificing himself to stop Reign from terraforming Earth. In subsequent seasons, M'yrnn appears as a spirit and in flashbacks.","title":"M'yrnn J'onzz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vert-ency-21"},{"link_name":"Celsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Celsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Invasion!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion!_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"the Dominators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominators_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Grant Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Morrison"},{"link_name":"the Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vert-ency-21"},{"link_name":"Valentina Vostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Vostok"},{"link_name":"Blackest Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackest_Night"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Rhea Jones is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Rhea Jones was the daughter of an Air Force official. After tagging along with her father to a government base in the Arctic, an explosion involving a powerful radioactive electromagnet killed her father and granted her electromagnetic abilities. Rather than stick around and be dissected and experimented on by the army, she ran away and joined the circus. After a few years, Rhea was recruited by Arani Caulder to join her new Doom Patrol.[21]After being recruited by Arani Caulder, aka Celsius, Rhea was now one of three new recruits into the Doom Patrol, along with Scott Fischer and Wayne Hawkins aka Karma. Celsius gave her the codename Lodestone. Her demonstrated abilities allowed her to fly, give herself Earth reinforced superstrength, create limited force fields, and attract or repel metallic objects like bullets.Following the Invasion! storyline, Rhea and Scott were struck by a disease created by the Dominators. Her powers went wild, and then she lapsed into a coma, but ultimately she lived while Scott died.At the start of Grant Morrison's surrealistic run of the Doom Patrol, Rhea was put into a coma that would last until halfway into the series. While in the hospital, she was kidnapped by the butterfly collector known as Red Jack, who claimed to be God, Jack the Ripper, and many others. He sought to make Rhea his bride. The new Doom Patrol followed Jack into his house, which our world is a room in. As he battled the Doom Patrol, Rhea awoke from her coma and stabbed Jack in the back, then immediately became comatose again.Brought back to the Doom Patrol's new mountainside headquarters, Niles Caulder, the Chief, did experiments on Rhea showing that her coma wasn't normal. She was instead going through a form of metamorphosis, and her human form is the chrysalis.Rhea awoke from her coma in issue #36 during \"The Orthodoxy/Geomancer War\". It was revealed that she was The Pupa, a weapon sought by the aliens Orthodoxy and Geomancers. Rhea's original body shattered, and out emerged a magnetic butterfly, explaining why she was sought out by Red Jack. After awaking, her facial features disappeared and her eyes were now on her chest and back. Her ears had also become two twinkling lights. She no longer wears clothes and seems to think nothing of it.Rhea was actually what some call a Lodestone, a being in tune with the Earth's electromagnetic waves, its nerve system. They are the Earth's expression in flesh. The Ultraquist Geomancers kidnapped Rhea, and Rebis in the process, before she was able to fully bond with the Earth.After ending the conflict between the Orthodoxy and the Geomancers (with help from Rebis and Robotman), Rhea pointed out a bright star in the sky, and left to go visit it. Promising to visit, she has not been seen since.[21] Her only subsequent appearance to date has a brief flashback to her early days with Arani Desai and Valentina Vostok when the two returned during Blackest Night.[22]","title":"Rhea Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: The Brave and the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Doom Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_Patrol_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Doom Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Mr. Nobody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Nobody_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Joshua Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Clay"}],"sub_title":"Rhea Jones in other media","text":"Rhea Jones makes a cameo appearance in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"The Last Patrol!\" as part of a poster advertising a carnival's freak show.\nRhea Jones / Lodestone appears in the Doom Patrol episode \"Doom Patrol Patrol\", portrayed by Lesa Wilson as a young woman and an uncredited actress as an old woman. This version was a member of a 1950s incarnation of the Doom Patrol before they were defeated by Mr. Nobody and disbanded. As most of the team were left mentally ill following the battle, Joshua Clay became their caretaker.","title":"Rhea Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Infinity, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Tao Jones is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.She was among the children that were experimented on by Doctor Love while they were still in their mother's womb where she developed forcefield abilities. She becomes a member of Helix where they fought Infinity, Inc. on occasion.[23]","title":"Tao Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stargirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritter_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Tao Jones in other media","text":"Tao Jones appears in the Stargirl episode \"Frenemies – Chapter Eight: Infinity Inc. Part Two\", portrayed by Andi Ju. This version is a patient at the Helix Institute for Youth Rehabilitation partnered with Kritter.","title":"Tao Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth-Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-Two"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(Earth-Two)"},{"link_name":"Themyscira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themyscira_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"DC Rebirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Rebirth"},{"link_name":"The New 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_52"},{"link_name":"Infinity War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_War"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"Megalodons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalodon"},{"link_name":"Hippolyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyta_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Jumpa is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.On Earth-Two, Jumpa is a Kanga who was Wonder Woman's favorite Kanga and serves as her mode of transportation on Themyscira.[24]In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called \"DC Rebirth\" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to \"The New 52\". During the \"Infinity War\" storyline, a flashback to Wonder Woman's childhood had Wonder Woman working to train Jumpa while riding through Themyscira. Jumpa threw Diana into the ocean where the Megalodons that protect the ocean nearly attacked her. Hippolyta saved Diana and advised her to train Jumpa better.[25]","title":"Jumpa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teen Titans Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Titans_Go!"},{"link_name":"DC Super Hero Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Super_Hero_Girls_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Jumpa in other media","text":"Jumpa appears in the Teen Titans Go! episode \"Justice League's Next Top Talent Idol Star: Justice League Edition\".\nJumpa appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode \"#GoneToTheDogs\" Pt. 2.","title":"Jumpa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"blindfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindfold"},{"link_name":"sunglasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglasses"},{"link_name":"gavel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavel"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(DC_Comics)"}],"text":"The Judge is an alias used by different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Each iteration is usually depicted as a cloaked figure sporting a courtroom robe and a blindfold or sunglasses as well as wielding a mallet-sized gavel while opposing superheroes, such as Batman and the Flash.","title":"Judge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archie Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Goodwin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Howard Chaykin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Chaykin"},{"link_name":"Detective Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Comics"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"scar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar"},{"link_name":"summer resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_resort"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"First version","text":"The first version was created by Archie Goodwin and Howard Chaykin, and first appeared in Detective Comics #441 (July 1974). He was a judge in Gotham City who has a scar on his right hand, and father of Melissa Clay who was accidentally blinded due to his corrupt dealings. The Judge blamed Batman for his problems, kidnapping the original Robin as bait for various trap-based weapons in an abandoned summer resort. The Judge was defeated by the Dynamic Duo and turned himself in when his weapons accidentally killed his own daughter.[26]","title":"Judge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Humphries"},{"link_name":"Bernard Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Chang"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"casino chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_token"},{"link_name":"calling card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime)"},{"link_name":"Blüdhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bludhaven"},{"link_name":"Dick Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Jacob de Witt","text":"The second version, Jacob de Witt, was created by Sam Humphries and Bernard Chang, and first appeared in Nightwing (vol. 4) #35 (February 2018). He was originally a judge from the 17th century that was tied up and drowned which made him into a blind immortal with the ability to see corruption in people's hearts. In the present, the Judge is a serial killer with a beard and white suit who uses a casino chip calling card in Blüdhaven while having several confrontations with Dick Grayson before being defeated by Nightwing and held in a secret prison.[27]","title":"Judge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)"},{"link_name":"Wally West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_West"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Hunter Zolomon","text":"Hunter Zolomon is known as the Judge in the 25th Century Central City while being antagonistic to two versions of the Flash (Barry Allen and Wally West).[28][29][30]","title":"Judge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New Batman Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Batman_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Malachi Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachi_Throne"},{"link_name":"alternate personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"Harvey Dent / Two-Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Face"},{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Killer Croc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Croc"},{"link_name":"Riddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddler"},{"link_name":"Batman: Gotham by Gaslight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_by_Gaslight"},{"link_name":"William Salyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Salyers"}],"sub_title":"Judge in other media","text":"An original incarnation of the Judge appears in The New Batman Adventures episode \"Judgment Day\", voiced by Malachi Throne. This version is an alternate personality of Harvey Dent / Two-Face who operates as a violent court-themed vigilante in Gotham City. The Judge uses extreme measures to apprehend the Penguin, Killer Croc, the Riddler, and his other self before being defeated by Batman.\nAn unidentified version of the Judge appears in Batman: Gotham by Gaslight, voiced by William Salyers.","title":"Judge"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Trumbore, Dave (November 14, 2017). \"'Gotham by Gaslight' Blu-ray Details Confirm Epic Cast, Release Date and Special Features\". Collider. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://collider.com/batman-gotham-by-gaslight-bluray-release-date-details","url_text":"\"'Gotham by Gaslight' Blu-ray Details Confirm Epic Cast, Release Date and Special Features\""}]},{"reference":"\"The #DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM: Episode 2\". DC Comics. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dccomics.com/blog/2014/09/29/the-dctv-secrets-of-gotham-episode-2","url_text":"\"The #DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM: Episode 2\""}]},{"reference":"Boucher, Geoff (22 April 2019). \"'Gotham' Trailer: Batman Begins As Fox's Prequel Series Ends This Thursday\". Deadline Holywood. Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/04/gotham-trailer-batman-begins-as-foxs-prequel-series-ends-this-thursday-1202600012/","url_text":"\"'Gotham' Trailer: Batman Begins As Fox's Prequel Series Ends This Thursday\""}]},{"reference":"Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. p. 169. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2015). \"Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2015/02/arrow-flash-spin-off-cw-new-superhero-series-1201382466/","url_text":"\"Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star\""}]},{"reference":"Damore, Meagan (July 20, 2016). \"CASSIDY'S BLACK CANARY, ATOM & MORE WILL APPEAR IN \"VIXEN\" SEASON 2\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved July 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/cassidys-black-canary-atom-more-will-appear-in-vixen-season-2","url_text":"\"CASSIDY'S BLACK CANARY, ATOM & MORE WILL APPEAR IN \"VIXEN\" SEASON 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supergirl Radio Season 2.5 - Character Spotlight: M'yrnn J'onzz \|\". 14 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://supergirlradio.com/episodes/supergirl-radio-season-2-5-character-spotlight-myrnn-jonzz/","url_text":"\"Supergirl Radio Season 2.5 - Character Spotlight: M'yrnn J'onzz \|\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supergirl Just Added A Beloved DC Voice Actor\". CINEMABLEND. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemablend.com/television/1710560/supergirl-just-added-a-beloved-dc-voice-actor","url_text":"\"Supergirl Just Added A Beloved DC Voice Actor\""}]},{"reference":"Irvine, Alex (2008), \"Doom Patrol\", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.), The Vertigo Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, pp. 61–63, ISBN 978-0-7566-4122-1, OCLC 213309015","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_C._Irvine","url_text":"Irvine, Alex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4122-1","url_text":"978-0-7566-4122-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309015","url_text":"213309015"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/search.lasso/?sort=chrono&query=Jefferson+Jackson&type=character","external_links_name":"Jefferson Jackson"},{"Link":"http://collider.com/batman-gotham-by-gaslight-bluray-release-date-details","external_links_name":"\"'Gotham by Gaslight' Blu-ray Details Confirm Epic Cast, Release Date and Special Features\""},{"Link":"https://www.dccomics.com/blog/2014/09/29/the-dctv-secrets-of-gotham-episode-2","external_links_name":"\"The #DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM: Episode 2\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/04/gotham-trailer-batman-begins-as-foxs-prequel-series-ends-this-thursday-1202600012/","external_links_name":"\"'Gotham' Trailer: Batman Begins As Fox's Prequel Series Ends This Thursday\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2015/02/arrow-flash-spin-off-cw-new-superhero-series-1201382466/","external_links_name":"\"Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/cassidys-black-canary-atom-more-will-appear-in-vixen-season-2","external_links_name":"\"CASSIDY'S BLACK CANARY, ATOM & MORE WILL APPEAR IN \"VIXEN\" SEASON 2\""},{"Link":"http://supergirlradio.com/episodes/supergirl-radio-season-2-5-character-spotlight-myrnn-jonzz/","external_links_name":"\"Supergirl Radio Season 2.5 - Character Spotlight: M'yrnn J'onzz \|\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemablend.com/television/1710560/supergirl-just-added-a-beloved-dc-voice-actor","external_links_name":"\"Supergirl Just Added A Beloved DC Voice Actor\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309015","external_links_name":"213309015"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauarch	Navarch	["1 Historical usage","2 Modern Greece","3 See also","4 References"]	Greek word meaning "leader of the ships" This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Navarch" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Navarch (Greek: ναύαρχος, návarchos) is an Anglicisation of a Greek word meaning "leader of the ships", which in some states became the title of an office equivalent to that of a modern admiral. Also this status was very valuable in Ancient Greece. Historical usage Main article: Spartan navarch Not all states gave their naval commanders such a title. Athens, for instance, placed its fleet under the command of generals (strategoi) holding the same title as those who commanded its land forces. Such command structures reflected the fact that, especially early in the Classical period, fleets operated in close conjunction with land forces, and indeed, the title of navarch did not begin to appear until the time of the Peloponnesian War, when fleets began to operate more independently. This separate title was originally used in cities that lacked an established naval tradition, Sparta being the most prominent, but entered broader use later, being adopted by the navies of the Hellenistic period states such as Macedon, Syracuse, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Seleucid Empire, the Achaean League, and Rhodes. At Sparta and many other city-states, the position was held for one year only (a situation that compelled the Spartans to resort to an elaborate legal fiction when they wished to reinstate Lysander for more than one year in command). Admirals of despotic or monarchic states, however, could serve for years at a time. At Sparta, the position, unlike most high-level offices, was available to men from outside the Spartiate class; Lysander, the most famous occupant of the office, was a beneficiary of this rule. The Latinisation nauarchus was used by the Roman navy for its squadron commanders. The Greek-speaking Byzantines sometimes used the term to designate the captains of ships; the terms drungarios or strategos were used to designate their admirals. Modern Greece Rank flag of a návarchos. In the modern Hellenic Navy, návarchos is the highest rank, equivalent to full admiral. All but one of the remaining flag ranks are also derivations of this word: antinávarchos (αντιναύαρχος, 'deputy-admiral') is the equivalent to vice admiral and yponávarchos (υποναύαρχος, 'under-admiral'), equivalent to rear admiral, while archiploíarchos is the equivalent of commodore. The same ranks are also used by the Hellenic Coast Guard. The rank of full admiral is held in active service only by the Chief of the General Staff of National Defence, when he is a naval officer, and customarily given to the Chiefs of the Hellenic Navy General Staff, who normally carry the rank of vice admiral, on retirement. Under the Greek monarchy, the five-star rank of archinávarchos (αρχιναύαρχος), equivalent to grand admiral or admiral of the fleet, was introduced in 1939. It was held ex officio by the reigning monarch, who also held the equivalent ranks in the army and air force. Only kings George II, Paul and Constantine II held the rank. Flag of Greece Greek commissioned officer ranks NATO code: OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 Navy: Simaioforos & Anthypoploiarchos Ypoploiarchos Plotarchis Antiploiarchos Ploiarchos Archiploiarchos Yponavarchos Antinavarchos Navarchos Army: Anthypolochagos & Ypolochagos Ypilarchos & Anthypilarchos (Armoured) Lochagos Ilarchos (Armoured) Tagmatarchis Antisyntagmatarchis Syntagmatarchis Taxiarchos Ypostratigos Antistratigos Stratigos Air Force: Anthyposminagos & Yposminagos Sminagos Episminagos Antisminarchos Sminarchos Taxiarchos Aeroporias Ypopterarchos Antipterarchos Pterarchos See also Polemarch – Senior military title in various ancient Greek city states References Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003) ISBN 0-19-866172-X	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"ναύαρχος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Anglicisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"}],"text":"Navarch (Greek: ναύαρχος, návarchos) is an Anglicisation of a Greek word meaning \"leader of the ships\", which in some states became the title of an office equivalent to that of a modern admiral. Also this status was very valuable in Ancient Greece.","title":"Navarch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"strategoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos"},{"link_name":"Peloponnesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesian_War"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Seleucid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Achaean League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaean_League"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes#Hellenistic_and_Roman_periods"},{"link_name":"Lysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysander"},{"link_name":"Spartiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartiate"},{"link_name":"Latinisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Roman navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_navy"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_navy"},{"link_name":"drungarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drungarios"}],"text":"Not all states gave their naval commanders such a title. Athens, for instance, placed its fleet under the command of generals (strategoi) holding the same title as those who commanded its land forces. Such command structures reflected the fact that, especially early in the Classical period, fleets operated in close conjunction with land forces, and indeed, the title of navarch did not begin to appear until the time of the Peloponnesian War, when fleets began to operate more independently. This separate title was originally used in cities that lacked an established naval tradition, Sparta being the most prominent, but entered broader use later, being adopted by the navies of the Hellenistic period states such as Macedon, Syracuse, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Seleucid Empire, the Achaean League, and Rhodes.At Sparta and many other city-states, the position was held for one year only (a situation that compelled the Spartans to resort to an elaborate legal fiction when they wished to reinstate Lysander for more than one year in command). Admirals of despotic or monarchic states, however, could serve for years at a time. At Sparta, the position, unlike most high-level offices, was available to men from outside the Spartiate class; Lysander, the most famous occupant of the office, was a beneficiary of this rule.The Latinisation nauarchus was used by the Roman navy for its squadron commanders. The Greek-speaking Byzantines sometimes used the term to designate the captains of ships; the terms drungarios or strategos were used to designate their admirals.","title":"Historical usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Navy_Admiral_Flag.svg"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Navy"},{"link_name":"flag ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_officer"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral"},{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral"},{"link_name":"commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"General Staff of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_National_Defense_General_Staff"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Navy General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Navy_General_Staff"},{"link_name":"Greek monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_monarchy"},{"link_name":"five-star rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-star_rank"},{"link_name":"grand admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_admiral"},{"link_name":"admiral of the fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet"},{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Constantine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece"}],"text":"Rank flag of a návarchos.In the modern Hellenic Navy, návarchos is the highest rank, equivalent to full admiral. All but one of the remaining flag ranks are also derivations of this word: antinávarchos (αντιναύαρχος, 'deputy-admiral') is the equivalent to vice admiral and yponávarchos (υποναύαρχος, 'under-admiral'), equivalent to rear admiral, while archiploíarchos is the equivalent of commodore. The same ranks are also used by the Hellenic Coast Guard.The rank of full admiral is held in active service only by the Chief of the General Staff of National Defence, when he is a naval officer, and customarily given to the Chiefs of the Hellenic Navy General Staff, who normally carry the rank of vice admiral, on retirement.Under the Greek monarchy, the five-star rank of archinávarchos (αρχιναύαρχος), equivalent to grand admiral or admiral of the fleet, was introduced in 1939. It was held ex officio by the reigning monarch, who also held the equivalent ranks in the army and air force. Only kings George II, Paul and Constantine II held the rank.","title":"Modern Greece"}]	[{"image_text":"Rank flag of a návarchos.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Navy_Admiral_Flag.svg/150px-Greek_Navy_Admiral_Flag.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flag of Greece","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/28px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Polemarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemarch"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Navarch%22","external_links_name":"\"Navarch\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Navarch%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Navarch%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Navarch%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Navarch%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Navarch%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARTA_rail	MARTA rail	["1 Rail system","2 Operation","3 Stations","4 Rolling stock","5 Historical timeline","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"]	Route map: Rapid transit network in Atlanta, Georgia MARTA railMARTA AnsaldoBreda CQ312 Gold train leaving College Park StationOverviewOwnerMetropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit AuthorityLocaleAtlanta, Fulton and DeKalb Counties, GeorgiaTermini North Springs (Red) Doraville (Gold) Indian Creek (Blue) Edgewood/Candler Park (Green) Airport (Red/Gold) H.E. Holmes (Blue) Bankhead (Green) Stations38 (Five Points, 11 North, 4 Northeast, 7 South, 9 East, 5 West, 1 Proctor Creek)ServiceTypeRapid transitServices Red Line Gold Line Blue Line Green LineDaily ridership92,900 (weekdays, Q1 2024)Ridership31,110,300 (2023)HistoryOpened 1979 (East-West) 1981 (North-South) TechnicalLine length48 mi (77 km)CharacterElevated, underground, at-gradeTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeElectrificationThird rail, 750 V DC Route map Show interactive map Show static map The MARTA rail network, a component of the MARTA transit system in Metro Atlanta, has four service lines: the Red, Gold, Blue, and Green lines. The Red and Gold lines mainly run along the North-Northeast corridor, and the Blue and Green Lines run along the West-East corridor. The two corridors connect at the Five Points station, which is the only station where transfers are possible between all four lines. In 2023, the system had a ridership of 31,110,300, or about 92,900 per weekday as of the first quarter of 2024. Rail system All trains are identified by their destinations, and an automated announcement system announces train destinations, bus and other transit connections, and landmarks that are at or nearby each rail station. Each station also has a secondary designation that provides the cardinal direction (typically north, south, east, or west) and relative distance from the central Five Points station. For instance, Lindbergh Center is the sixth station from Five Points traveling north, and has the secondary designation (N6). Northeast of Lindbergh Center on the Gold Line, stations are designated with NE while continuing the numbering, so Lenox is (NE7). Similarly, Bankhead is on a branch from the main east-west trunk and is designated (P4), a legacy of the original Proctor Creek name for the Green Line. During daytime hours, trains on the Red and Gold lines service the entire north-south trunk line and split north of Lindbergh Center (N6). All MARTA trains are identified with a destination on electronic LCD signs on the front and sides of the train and on each car. After 9pm, the Red Line is short-turned and runs as a shuttle between North Springs (N11) and Lindbergh Center (N6), connecting to the Gold Line at Lindbergh Center. The connection is scheduled, with southbound Red trains arriving at Lindbergh Center just before Gold trains continuing southbound, and in reverse, northbound Gold trains arrive at Lindbergh just before Red trains leave northbound. Blue and Green lines service the east-west trunk line together between Ashby (W3) and Edgewood–Candler Park (E4). At Ashby, Blue Line service continues to H.E. Holmes (W5) while Green Line trains divert to Bankhead Station (P4). Green Line service terminates at Edgewood–Candler Park, while the Blue Line continues east to Indian Creek. After 9pm, Green Line service is short-turned and operates as a shuttle between Bankhead (P4) and Vine City (stop W2). On weekends before 9pm, Green Line service is short-turned at King Memorial (stop E2). Older system maps used orange to denote the North-South line and blue for the East-West line, including the Northeast and Proctor Creek branches. Lines were identified by the direction of travel and/or terminii. MARTA switched to a color-based route naming system in October 2009, so the North-South or North Springs-Airport line became the Red Line, for example. The former Northeast line that served Doraville, known as the "heart of Atlanta's Asian community", was initially named the Yellow Line, which Asian-Americans found derogatory. It was renamed to the Gold Line in 2010 in response to the complaints. Many suburban stations offer designated free daily and paid long term parking in MARTA-operated park and ride lots. These stations also have designated kiss and ride passenger drop off parking spaces closest to the stations' entrances. Operation The MARTA rail system operates between approximately 4:45 a.m. and 1 a.m. Monday through Friday, and 6 a.m. to 1 a.m. Saturdays and Sundays. System headways (August 2023) Period Headway(min.) Weekday Daytime(6 AM – 7 PM) 12 (non-rush) 15 Nights(9 PM+) 20 Weekends 20 Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Atlanta, train headways were reduced to 15 minute intervals between trains during most weekday hours and 20 minutes at other times. In August 2023, MARTA announced that frequencies would increase to every 12 minutes on all rail lines between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. Following the increase, headways would be every 6 minutes along the interlined portion of the network. Historical system headways Period Headway (min.) 1979–2005 2005–2020 Weekday Rush(6–9 AM & 3–7 PM) 8 10 Non-rush 12 Nights(9 PM+) 15 20 Weekends 10/15 20 Originally, MARTA operated trains every eight minutes during the day on weekdays on each route. When two routes operated on the same tracks, the effective headway was cut in half, and the North-South Line operated on a combined four-minute headway between Lindbergh Center and Airport stations on the trunk. On Saturdays, it was every ten minutes (five minutes combined on the North-South Line trunk), and on Sundays it was every 15 minutes (7.5 minutes on the North-South Line trunk). At night, trains operated every 15 minutes. After budget cuts in 2005 affected the rail system, headways were increased by 25–50% to 10 minutes weekdays during rush hour and 12 minutes during midday, and 20 minutes nightly and weekends. For combined service, headways decrease to 5 minutes during rush hour and 6 minutes during midday and 10 minutes on the weekends during the day. All rail lines operate 20 minutes during late night (8:30pm weekdays, 8:50pm weekends) as the Red Line was short-turned and only ran from North Springs to Lindbergh Center; likewise the Green Line was short turned and operated from Bankhead to Vine City. Due to ongoing rail system maintenance, weekend headways were variable and could range from the normal 20 minutes to as much as 24 minutes, with the Green and Red lines occasionally being truncated all weekend. During weekends in the latter case, headways along the shared lines will increase from 10 minutes to 20 minutes. Stations vteRed and Gold lines Legend Red N11 North Springs N10 Sandy Springs N9 Dunwoody I-285 N8 Medical Center N7 Buckhead Gold NE10 Doraville NE9 Chamblee NE8 Brookhaven/Oglethorpe NE7 Lenox SR 400 N6 Lindbergh Center Armour Yard Armour Yards I-85 N5 Arts Center N4 Midtown N3 North Avenue N2 Civic Center N1 Peachtree Center AtlantaStreetcar 0 Five Points BlueGreen S1 Garnett I-20 S2 West End Murphy Crossing S3 Oakland City S4 Lakewood/Fort McPherson S5 East Point S6 College Park South Yard & Shops I-85 RedGold S7 Airport Key Red Line Gold Line Red/Gold Blue/Green Yard tracks All stations are accessible vteBlue and Green lines Legend Blue W5 Hamilton E. Holmes I-20 W4 West Lake Green P4 Bankhead Joseph E. Boone W3 Ashby W2 Vine City W1 GWCC/CNN Center 0 Five Points RedGold E1 Georgia State I-75 / I-85Downtown Connector E2 King Memorial Krog Street/Hulsey Yard E3 Inman Park/Reynoldstown Green E4 Edgewood/Candler Park E5 East Lake E6 Decatur E7 Avondale Avondale Yard E8 Kensington I-285 Blue E9 Indian Creek All stations are accessible Key Blue Line Green Line Blue/Green(weekdays) Blue/Green(all days) Red/Gold Yard tracks † denotes a terminal station Until 1994, the NE codes were designated as N Station Code Lines Jurisdiction Structure Opened Entries/day(2013) Ref. Airport† S7 College Park Elevated June 18, 1988 9,173 Arts Center N5 Atlanta Underground December 18, 1982 6,605 Ashby W3 Atlanta Underground December 22, 1979 1,791 Avondale E7 Decatur At-grade June 30, 1979 4,327 Bankhead† P4 Atlanta Elevated December 12, 1992 1,903 Brookhaven/Oglethorpe NE8 Brookhaven Elevated December 15, 1984 2,357 Buckhead N7 Atlanta At-grade June 8, 1996 2,643 Chamblee NE9 Chamblee Elevated December 19, 1987 3,785 Civic Center N2 Atlanta Underground, elevated December 4, 1981 2,692 College Park S6 College Park Open-cut June 18, 1988 9,026 Decatur E6 Decatur Underground June 30, 1979 3,821 GWCC/CNN Center W1 Atlanta At grade December 22, 1979 2,107 Doraville† NE10 Doraville Elevated December 12, 1992 5,521 Dunwoody N9 Dunwoody Elevated June 8, 1996 3,545 East Lake E5 Atlanta/Decatur At-grade June 30, 1979 1,241 East Point S5 East Point Open-cut August 16, 1986 4,571 Edgewood/Candler Park E4 Atlanta Elevated June 30, 1979 1,143 Five Points* 0 Atlanta Underground December 4, 1981 19,447 At-grade December 22, 1979 Garnett S1 Atlanta Elevated December 4, 1981 1,516 Georgia State E1 Atlanta Elevated June 30, 1979 4,055 H. E. Holmes† W5 Atlanta Elevated December 22, 1979 6,480 Indian Creek† E9 Unincorporated DeKalb County At-grade June 26, 1993 5,612 Inman Park/Reynoldstown E3 Atlanta At-grade June 30, 1979 2,525 Kensington E8 Unincorporated DeKalb County At-grade June 26, 1993 5,950 King Memorial E2 Atlanta Elevated June 30, 1979 1,517 Lakewood/Fort McPherson S4 Atlanta / East Point Embankment December 15, 1984 2,207 Lenox NE7 Atlanta Underground December 15, 1984 3,284 Lindbergh Center N6 Atlanta Open-cut December 15, 1984 8,604 Medical Center N8 Sandy Springs At-grade June 8, 1996 1,629 Midtown N4 Atlanta Underground December 18, 1982 5,664 North Avenue N3 Atlanta Underground December 4, 1981 5,045 North Springs† N11 Sandy Springs Elevated December 16, 2000 6,436 Oakland City S3 Atlanta Embankment December 15, 1984 4,432 Peachtree Center N1 Atlanta Underground September 11, 1982 7,453 Sandy Springs N10 Sandy Springs Underground December 16, 2000 2,322 Vine City W2 Atlanta At-grade December 22, 1979 821 West End S2 Atlanta Elevated September 11, 1982 7,056 West Lake W4 Atlanta At-grade December 22, 1979 1,378 Rolling stock MARTA currently operates a total of 312 married paired rail cars which can operate at speeds of up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h). The trains are powered by an electrified third rail and can be operated in any combination from two to eight rail cars, with six cars being the normal length for the Blue, Red and Gold rail lines, and two cars for the Green line (due to the shorter platform at Bankhead). MARTA rail fleet Type Manufacturer Image Fleet # Years Quantity built Constructed In service Traction motors Notes CQ310 Société Franco-Belge 101–200 1979–1981 98 1976–1980 94 Adtranz/Bombardier MITRAC 1508C 111/112 converted to a work unit. 101 and 102 unpaired with unknown fate. 103/104 scrapped after 2019 derailment. — 501–520 20 0 All single units. Cars retired in 2006 and stored at Avondale Yard until 2023. Currently in the process of disposal in preparation for delivery of CQ400 pilot cars. Units 509 and 510 preserved by the Southeastern Railway Museum and the Trolley Museum of New York, respectively. Some of the cars were dumped into the Atlantic Ocean for use as an artificial reef. CQ311 Hitachi 201–320 1984–1988 120 1982–1985 118 All units received life extension work from Kinki Sharyo. 2 units scrapped after damage from an incident. CQ312 AnsaldoBreda 601–664, 667–702 2001–2005 100 1998–2000 98 Ordered from Breda before creation of AnsaldoBreda. Cars 665/666 purposely numbered 701/702 due to negative connotations with 666. Units 601/602 were retired in 2023 due to mechanical issues and were reefed later that year in December. CQ400 Stadler Rail TBA 2025– 254 on order + 100 options 2020–present 0 TBA Currently on order. Scheduled to enter service in 2025. Will gradually replace all current rail cars. In 2002, Alstom was contracted by MARTA to overhaul 98 CQ310 cars and all 120 CQ311 cars as part of a $246m refurbishment contract. The rehabilitated cars feature upgraded passenger amenities and upgraded propulsion and train control hardware. The first rehabilitated cars began service on March 12, 2006. The rehabilitation was completed on February 23, 2009. In 2011, Alstom was awarded an additional $117 million 5-year contract with MARTA to upgrade its train control and SCADA systems. The new technology is designed to provide MARTA's rail team with more efficient operations, better communication between trains and stations, enhanced monitoring capabilities, quicker response times, and reduced maintenance costs. Included in the project is an upgrade for all 318 rail cars to install an enhanced Fault Identification and Monitoring System (FIMS) and full color driver's display built by Quester Tangent. The new systems passed "mini fleet" testing in 2015. On December 1, 2017, MARTA posted a notice of intent to award a $146 million contract for the "Rail Car Life Extension Program" to Kinki Sharyo International LLC. On January 26, 2018, Kinki Sharyo signed the $146 million rail car refurbishment contract. The work starts with 118 cars, with 94 more options. On March 29, 2019, Stadler Rail was awarded the contract to manufacture up to 354 new CQ400 rail cars for MARTA. These cars, which will enter into service in 2025, will replace the entire fleet of CQ310, CQ311, and CQ312 trains and provide expansion to the rail fleet. Historical timeline This is a list of key dates which led to the formation of the MARTA stations along the established rapid rail lines. June 30, 1979 – MARTA's first line, the East Line, began operating between Avondale and Georgia State. It also marked the start of MARTA's combined bus and rail service. December 22, 1979 – MARTA's second line, the West Line, began operating between Hightower (H.E. Holmes) and Five Points Station. December 4, 1981 - Garnett, Civic Center, North Avenue, and Five Points (north-south platform) stations began service. The North Line was introduced. September 11, 1982 – the Peachtree Center and West End stations, along the North Line began service. December 18, 1982 – the Arts Center and Midtown stations began service. December 15, 1984 – five new stations opened: Lindbergh Center, Lenox, Brookhaven, Oakland City and Lakewood/Fort McPherson. The South Line was introduced. August 16, 1986 – the East Point Station opened, extending the South Line by about two miles. December 19, 1987 - the Chamblee Station began service and served as the temporary end of the Northeast Line. June 18, 1988 – the Airport Station opens, and becomes the southern terminus of the North-South Line. December 12, 1992 – The Bankhead Station/Proctor Creek Line went into service. December 29, 1992 – The Doraville Station opens and becomes the northern terminus of the Northeast Line. June 26, 1993 – MARTA extended East Line services through Kensington to Indian Creek Station – the first time the rail line went beyond the I-285 perimeter. June 8, 1996 – MARTA extended North Line services through Buckhead, Medical Center and Dunwoody Stations. 1999 – MARTA announced a partnership with BellSouth to create the Lindbergh Transit Oriented Development (TOD), a live, work and play community built around a rail station and the largest multi-use development of its kind in the United States at the time. December 16, 2000 – MARTA opened two new rail stations – Sandy Springs and North Springs – on the North Line. October 1, 2009 – MARTA renames its lines based on colors instead of directions. February 2010 – MARTA agrees to rename the Yellow Line as the Gold Line in response to outcry from members of the Doraville Asian community. March 25, 2024 – Atlanta mayor Andre Dickens announces plans for four new infill stations, including one at Murphy Crossing on the Westside of the BeltLine. April 11, 2024 – The locations of the remaining three infill stations are revealed to be at Krog Street/Hulsey Yard, Joseph E. Boone, and Armour Yards. Gallery MARTA rail station sign at Arts Center Southbound train at Civic Center (N2) Station Peachtree Center (N1) Station Decatur (E6) Station MARTA kiss ride sign MARTA rail car interior (CQ311) Northbound train at Lindbergh Center See also KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/MARTA railKML is from Wikidata Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority Notes ^ 3-phase AC induction motors with PWM 2-level IGBT–VVVF inverters. Continuous rating is 150 hp (110 kW). References ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024. ^ "Transit Ridership Report First Quarter 2024" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. ^ "MARTA Maps". Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ^ a b "MARTA Rail Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2009. ^ a b "Interior Rail Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ^ "MARTA Rail Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2000. ^ Hart, Ariel (October 2, 2009). "MARTA lines to be color-coded". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ^ "MARTA launches color-coded rail system". Metro Magazine. October 2, 2009. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ^ Chapman, Dan (February 9, 2010). "MARTA 'yellow line' to Doraville angers some in Asian community". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ Hart, Ariel (February 12, 2010). "MARTA 'yellow' line to be renamed 'gold'". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ "Parking Availability & Fees". Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ a b "How to Ride". Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ a b "COVID-19 Service Modifications". Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. April 24, 2021. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ "MARTA". www.itsmarta.com. Retrieved November 6, 2023. ^ "MARTA - Riding MARTA". www.itsmarta.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2001. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ "MARTA". Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014. ^ "2014 Transportation Fact Book" (PDF). Atlanta Regional Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2015. ^ a b Roughton, Jr., Bert (June 18, 1988). "Rail-to-air link completed with opening of airport station". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. A1. ^ a b c d e f g Beasley, David; Kathey Alexander (February 23, 1992). "After two decades, MARTA's course uncertain". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. A1. ^ a b c d e AP Reporters (December 21, 1979). "Atlanta Rapid rail opens second leg". The Rock Hill Herald. p. 14. ^ a b c d e f g h Hairston, Julie B. (June 30, 2004). "MARTA marks 25 years of trains: Next stop unknown". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. B1. ^ a b Beasley, David (December 6, 1992). "MARTA trains to roll at Bankhead, Doraville". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. E15. ^ a b c d e AJC Editorial Staff (May 16, 1985). "Atlanta's air, rail transportation among nation's best". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. E5. ^ a b c Goldberg, David (June 8, 1996). "Suburban transit – North Line worth risk for MARTA". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. E2. ^ Roughton, Jr., Bert (December 20, 1987). "MARTA officials open Chamblee rail station amid union protests". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. B3. ^ Roughton, Jr., Bert (August 17, 1986). "East Point starts a new era – First MARTA train pulls in as city observes 99th year". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. B1. ^ a b Beasley, David (June 25, 1993). "Transit expansion – MARTA on the move – New stations push rail system beyond the Perimeter". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. D1. ^ a b Shelton, Stacy (December 18, 2000). "MARTA christens 2 new stations – North Fulton riders report few problems". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. B1. ^ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report" (PDF). Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. June 30, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2008. ^ "MARTA donates railcar to Southeastern Railway Museum". November 18, 2022. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022. ^ "MARTA railcar joins Trolley Museum of New York collection". April 29, 2023. ^ "MARTA railcars sunk off Georgia coast to create new reef habitat". December 24, 2023. ^ "its MARTA › More › mnwk7...PDF MINUTES WORK SESSION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ... - Marta". Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2020. ^ "Atlanta HRV" (PDF). AnsaldoBreda. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2007. ^ "Railcars to the Ocean". YouTube. ^ "MARTA Rails Around Atlanta". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. ^ "Hitachi Rail" (PDF). Ansaldobredainc.com. ^ Barrow, Keith (April 2019). "MARTA orders 127 trainsets from Stadler". Railway Age. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ "Atlanta Metro Rail Project". Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ "Press Releases". Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. ^ "MARTA Signs Contract with Alstom Signaling, Inc. to Overhaul Its Aging Train Control and Rail Safety Systems". Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ "Alstom to Deliver High-Tech Rail Safety Upgrades for Atlanta's MARTA". Alstom. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ "Project: Train Monitoring System for MARTA". Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ "Recently Awarded Contracts Marta". Martabid.itsmarta.com. January 26, 2018. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018. ^ "Kinkisharyo International Inks $146M Rail Car Refurbishment Contract with Atlanta's MARTA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 1, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2021. ^ Ltd, DVV Media International. "Stadler to supply up to 354 metro cars to Atlanta". Metro Report. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019. ^ "Stadler Wins First Metro Contract in the US: 127 Trains for Atlanta". Railway News. March 29, 2019. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019. ^ Fingert, Tyler (December 17, 2022). "MARTA gives customers glimpse of future railcars". FOX 5 Atlanta. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ Douglas Sams. Archived 2023-02-15 at the Wayback Machine Atlanta Business Chronicle, June 6, 2008 ^ "Atlanta's 'yellow' train line changed after outcry". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Atlanta: Cox Media Group, Inc. February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2010. ^ Hansen, Zachary (March 25, 2024). "Atlanta mayor announces 4 new MARTA rail stations, including near Beltline". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved April 12, 2024. ^ Bunch, Riley (April 11, 2024). "Mayor Dickens announces locations of new Atlanta MARTA stations". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved April 12, 2024. vte Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA)Red Line Airport College Park East Point Lakewood/Fort McPherson Oakland City West End Garnett Five Points Peachtree Center Civic Center North Avenue Midtown Arts Center Lindbergh Center Buckhead Medical Center Dunwoody Sandy Springs North Springs Gold Line Airport College Park East Point Lakewood/Fort McPherson Oakland City West End Garnett Five Points Peachtree Center Civic Center North Avenue Midtown Arts Center Lindbergh Center Lenox Brookhaven/Oglethorpe Chamblee Doraville Blue Line Hamilton E. Holmes West Lake Ashby Vine City GWCC/CNN Center Five Points Georgia State King Memorial Inman Park/Reynoldstown Edgewood/Candler Park East Lake Decatur Avondale Kensington Indian Creek Green Line Bankhead Ashby Vine City GWCC/CNN Center Five Points Georgia State King Memorial Inman Park/Reynoldstown Edgewood/Candler Park Atlanta Streetcar Centennial Olympic Park Carnegie at Spring Luckie at Cone Peachtree Center Woodruff Park Park Place Hurt Park Auburn at Piedmont Sweet Auburn Market Dobbs Plaza Edgewood at Hilliard King Historic District Other List of MARTA bus routes History List of stations Breeze Card Projects BeltLine Clayton County commuter rail Clifton Corridor	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MARTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Atlanta_Rapid_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"Metro Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Five Points station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points_station"}],"text":"Rapid transit network in Atlanta, GeorgiaThe MARTA rail network, a component of the MARTA transit system in Metro Atlanta, has four service lines: the Red, Gold, Blue, and Green lines. The Red and Gold lines mainly run along the North-Northeast corridor, and the Blue and Green Lines run along the West-East corridor. The two corridors connect at the Five Points station, which is the only station where transfers are possible between all four lines. In 2023, the system had a ridership of 31,110,300, or about 92,900 per weekday as of the first quarter of 2024.","title":"MARTA rail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Points station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points_station"},{"link_name":"Lenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008-map-4"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_Center_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"North Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Springs_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior-Map-5"},{"link_name":"Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"Edgewood–Candler Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewood/Candler_Park_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"H.E. Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.E._Holmes_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"Bankhead Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhead_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"Indian Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Creek_station"},{"link_name":"Vine City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_City_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"King Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Memorial_(MARTA_station)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior-Map-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008-map-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"kiss and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride#Kiss_and_ride"}],"text":"All trains are identified by their destinations, and an automated announcement system announces train destinations, bus and other transit connections, and landmarks that are at or nearby each rail station.Each station also has a secondary designation that provides the cardinal direction (typically north, south, east, or west) and relative distance from the central Five Points station. For instance, Lindbergh Center is the sixth station from Five Points traveling north, and has the secondary designation (N6). Northeast of Lindbergh Center on the Gold Line, stations are designated with NE while continuing the numbering, so Lenox is (NE7). Similarly, Bankhead is on a branch from the main east-west trunk and is designated (P4),[3] a legacy of the original Proctor Creek name for the Green Line.[4]During daytime hours, trains on the Red and Gold lines service the entire north-south trunk line and split north of Lindbergh Center (N6). All MARTA trains are identified with a destination on electronic LCD signs on the front and sides of the train and on each car. After 9pm, the Red Line is short-turned and runs as a shuttle between North Springs (N11) and Lindbergh Center (N6), connecting to the Gold Line at Lindbergh Center.[5] The connection is scheduled, with southbound Red trains arriving at Lindbergh Center just before Gold trains continuing southbound, and in reverse, northbound Gold trains arrive at Lindbergh just before Red trains leave northbound.Blue and Green lines service the east-west trunk line together between Ashby (W3) and Edgewood–Candler Park (E4). At Ashby, Blue Line service continues to H.E. Holmes (W5) while Green Line trains divert to Bankhead Station (P4). Green Line service terminates at Edgewood–Candler Park, while the Blue Line continues east to Indian Creek. After 9pm, Green Line service is short-turned and operates as a shuttle between Bankhead (P4) and Vine City (stop W2). On weekends before 9pm, Green Line service is short-turned at King Memorial (stop E2).[5]Older system maps used orange to denote the North-South line and blue for the East-West line, including the Northeast and Proctor Creek branches.[6] Lines were identified by the direction of travel and/or terminii.[4][7] MARTA switched to a color-based route naming system in October 2009, so the North-South or North Springs-Airport line became the Red Line, for example.[8] The former Northeast line that served Doraville, known as the \"heart of Atlanta's Asian community\", was initially named the Yellow Line, which Asian-Americans found derogatory.[9] It was renamed to the Gold Line in 2010 in response to the complaints.[10]Many suburban stations offer designated free daily and paid long term parking in MARTA-operated park and ride lots.[11] These stations also have designated kiss and ride passenger drop off parking spaces closest to the stations' entrances.","title":"Rail system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowToRide-12"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"headways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COVID-MARTA-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The MARTA rail system operates between approximately 4:45 a.m. and 1 a.m. Monday through Friday, and 6 a.m. to 1 a.m. Saturdays and Sundays.[12]Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Atlanta, train headways were reduced to 15 minute intervals between trains during most weekday hours and 20 minutes at other times.[13] In August 2023, MARTA announced that frequencies would increase to every 12 minutes on all rail lines between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. Following the increase, headways would be every 6 minutes along the interlined portion of the network.[14]Originally, MARTA operated trains every eight minutes during the day on weekdays on each route. When two routes operated on the same tracks, the effective headway was cut in half, and the North-South Line operated on a combined four-minute headway between Lindbergh Center and Airport stations on the trunk. On Saturdays, it was every ten minutes (five minutes combined on the North-South Line trunk), and on Sundays it was every 15 minutes (7.5 minutes on the North-South Line trunk). At night, trains operated every 15 minutes.[15]After budget cuts in 2005 affected the rail system, headways were increased by 25–50% to 10 minutes weekdays during rush hour and 12 minutes during midday, and 20 minutes nightly and weekends. For combined service, headways decrease to 5 minutes during rush hour and 6 minutes during midday and 10 minutes on the weekends during the day. All rail lines operate 20 minutes during late night (8:30pm weekdays, 8:50pm weekends) as the Red Line was short-turned and only ran from North Springs to Lindbergh Center; likewise the Green Line was short turned and operated from Bankhead to Vine City. Due to ongoing rail system maintenance, weekend headways were variable and could range from the normal 20 minutes to as much as 24 minutes, with the Green and Red lines occasionally being truncated all weekend. During weekends in the latter case, headways along the shared lines will increase from 10 minutes to 20 minutes.[16]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MARTA_Red_and_Gold_lines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MARTA_Red_and_Gold_lines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MARTA_Red_and_Gold_lines"},{"link_name":"Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"North Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Springs_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Sandy Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Springs_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Dunwoody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunwoody_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"I-285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_285_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Center_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Buckhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhead_station"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Doraville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doraville_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Chamblee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamblee_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven/Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven/Oglethorpe_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Lenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"SR 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_400"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_Center_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Armour Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour_Yard"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Center_station_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_station_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"North Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Avenue_station_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Civic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Center_station_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Peachtree Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_Center_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Streetcar"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Streetcar"},{"link_name":"Streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Streetcar"},{"link_name":"Five Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points_station"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnett_station"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Oakland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_City_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Lakewood/Fort McPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood/Fort_McPherson_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"East Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Point_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Park_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Gold Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility#Transportation"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MARTA_Blue_and_Green_lines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MARTA_Blue_and_Green_lines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MARTA_Blue_and_Green_lines"},{"link_name":"Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton E. Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_E._Holmes_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"West Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lake_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhead_station"},{"link_name":"Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Vine City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_City_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"GWCC/CNN Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWCC/CNN_Center_station"},{"link_name":"Five Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points_station"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Georgia State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_station"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Downtown Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Connector"},{"link_name":"King Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Memorial_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Inman Park/Reynoldstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inman_Park/Reynoldstown_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Edgewood/Candler Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewood/Candler_Park_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"East Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lake_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Decatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur_station"},{"link_name":"Avondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"link_name":"I-285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_285_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Indian Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Creek_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility#Transportation"},{"link_name":"Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Line_(MARTA)"}],"text":"vteRed and Gold lines\n\n\nLegend\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Red \n\n\n\n\n\nN11\n\nNorth Springs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN10\n\nSandy Springs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN9\n\nDunwoody\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n I-285\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN8\n\nMedical Center\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN7\n\nBuckhead\n\n\n Gold \n\n\n\n\n\nNE10\n\nDoraville\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNE9\n\nChamblee\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNE8\n\nBrookhaven/Oglethorpe\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNE7\n\nLenox\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n SR 400\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN6\n\nLindbergh Center\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArmour Yard\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArmour Yards\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n I-85\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN5\n\nArts Center\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN4\n\nMidtown\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN3\n\nNorth Avenue\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN2\n\nCivic Center\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nN1\n\nPeachtree Center AtlantaStreetcar \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n\nFive Points BlueGreen \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS1\n\nGarnett\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n I-20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS2\n\nWest End\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMurphy Crossing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS3\n\nOakland City\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS4\n\nLakewood/Fort McPherson\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS5\n\nEast Point\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS6\n\nCollege Park\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSouth Yard & Shops\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n I-85\n\n\n RedGold \n\n\n\n\n\nS7\n\nAirport \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRed Line\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGold Line\n\n\nRed/Gold\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBlue/Green\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYard tracks\n\n\n\n All stations are accessible\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nvteBlue and Green lines\n\n\nLegend\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Blue \n\n\n\n\n\nW5\n\nHamilton E. Holmes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n I-20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW4\n\nWest Lake\n\n\n\n\n Green \n\n\n\n\n\nP4\n\nBankhead\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJoseph E. Boone\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW3\n\nAshby\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW2\n\nVine City\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW1\n\nGWCC/CNN Center\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n\nFive Points RedGold \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE1\n\nGeorgia State\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n I-75 / I-85Downtown Connector \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE2\n\nKing Memorial\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKrog Street/Hulsey Yard\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE3\n\nInman Park/Reynoldstown\n\n\n\n\n Green \n\n\n\n\n\nE4\n\nEdgewood/Candler Park\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE5\n\nEast Lake\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE6\n\nDecatur\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE7\n\nAvondale\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAvondale Yard\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE8\n\nKensington\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n I-285\n\n\n Blue \n\n\n\n\n\nE9\n\nIndian Creek\n\n\n\n\n\n All stations are accessible\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBlue Line\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGreen Line\n\n\n Blue/Green(weekdays) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Blue/Green(all days) \n\n\nRed/Gold\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYard tracks† denotes a terminal station\nUntil 1994, the NE codes were designated as N","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_rail"},{"link_name":"rail cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stock"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-06finreport-29"},{"link_name":"Alstom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Alstom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Quester Tangent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quester_Tangent_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retrofit-44"},{"link_name":"Kinki Sharyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinki_Sharyo"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Stadler Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_Rail"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"MARTA currently operates a total of 312 married paired rail cars which can operate at speeds of up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h). The trains are powered by an electrified third rail and can be operated in any combination from two to eight rail cars,[29] with six cars being the normal length for the Blue, Red and Gold rail lines, and two cars for the Green line (due to the shorter platform at Bankhead).In 2002, Alstom was contracted by MARTA to overhaul 98 CQ310 cars and all 120 CQ311 cars as part of a $246m refurbishment contract.[39] The rehabilitated cars feature upgraded passenger amenities and upgraded propulsion and train control hardware. The first rehabilitated cars began service on March 12, 2006. The rehabilitation was completed on February 23, 2009.[40]In 2011, Alstom was awarded an additional $117 million 5-year contract with MARTA to upgrade its train control and SCADA systems.[41] The new technology is designed to provide MARTA's rail team with more efficient operations, better communication between trains and stations, enhanced monitoring capabilities, quicker response times, and reduced maintenance costs.[42] Included in the project is an upgrade for all 318 rail cars to install an enhanced Fault Identification and Monitoring System (FIMS) and full color driver's display built by Quester Tangent.[43] The new systems passed \"mini fleet\" testing in 2015.On December 1, 2017, MARTA posted a notice of intent to award a $146 million contract for the \"Rail Car Life Extension Program\" to Kinki Sharyo International LLC. On January 26, 2018, Kinki Sharyo signed the $146 million rail car refurbishment contract. The work starts with 118 cars, with 94 more options.[44][45]On March 29, 2019, Stadler Rail was awarded the contract to manufacture up to 354 new CQ400 rail cars for MARTA. These cars, which will enter into service in 2025, will replace the entire fleet of CQ310, CQ311, and CQ312 trains and provide expansion to the rail fleet.[46][47][48]","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Avondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale_station_(MARTA)"},{"link_name":"Georgia State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_station"},{"link_name":"H.E. Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_E._Holmes_station"},{"link_name":"Five Points Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points_station"},{"link_name":"Doraville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doraville"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Andre Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Dickens"},{"link_name":"infill stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infill_station"},{"link_name":"BeltLine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeltLine"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"This is a list of key dates which led to the formation of the MARTA stations along the established rapid rail lines.[49]June 30, 1979 – MARTA's first line, the East Line, began operating between Avondale and Georgia State. It also marked the start of MARTA's combined bus and rail service.\nDecember 22, 1979 – MARTA's second line, the West Line, began operating between Hightower (H.E. Holmes) and Five Points Station.\nDecember 4, 1981 - Garnett, Civic Center, North Avenue, and Five Points (north-south platform) stations began service. The North Line was introduced.\nSeptember 11, 1982 – the Peachtree Center and West End stations, along the North Line began service.\nDecember 18, 1982 – the Arts Center and Midtown stations began service.\nDecember 15, 1984 – five new stations opened: Lindbergh Center, Lenox, Brookhaven, Oakland City and Lakewood/Fort McPherson. The South Line was introduced.\nAugust 16, 1986 – the East Point Station opened, extending the South Line by about two miles.\nDecember 19, 1987 - the Chamblee Station began service and served as the temporary end of the Northeast Line.\nJune 18, 1988 – the Airport Station opens, and becomes the southern terminus of the North-South Line.\nDecember 12, 1992 – The Bankhead Station/Proctor Creek Line went into service.\nDecember 29, 1992 – The Doraville Station opens and becomes the northern terminus of the Northeast Line.\nJune 26, 1993 – MARTA extended East Line services through Kensington to Indian Creek Station – the first time the rail line went beyond the I-285 perimeter.\nJune 8, 1996 – MARTA extended North Line services through Buckhead, Medical Center and Dunwoody Stations.\n1999 – MARTA announced a partnership with BellSouth to create the Lindbergh Transit Oriented Development (TOD), a live, work and play community built around a rail station and the largest multi-use development of its kind in the United States at the time.\nDecember 16, 2000 – MARTA opened two new rail stations – Sandy Springs and North Springs – on the North Line.\nOctober 1, 2009 – MARTA renames its lines based on colors instead of directions.\nFebruary 2010 – MARTA agrees to rename the Yellow Line as the Gold Line in response to outcry from members of the Doraville Asian community.[50]\nMarch 25, 2024 – Atlanta mayor Andre Dickens announces plans for four new infill stations, including one at Murphy Crossing on the Westside of the BeltLine.[51]\nApril 11, 2024 – The locations of the remaining three infill stations are revealed to be at Krog Street/Hulsey Yard, Joseph E. Boone, and Armour Yards.[52]","title":"Historical timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marta_station_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Center_station_(MARTA)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airport_train.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MARTA_Peachtree_Center_over_tracks.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decatur_MARTA_Station_platforms.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marta_kiss_ride.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MARTA_Hitachi_CQ311_Interior.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northbound_MARTA_Gold_Rail_Line_Train_Arrives_at_Lindbergh_Center_Transit_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_Center_station"}],"text":"MARTA rail station sign at Arts Center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouthbound train at Civic Center (N2) Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeachtree Center (N1) Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecatur (E6) Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMARTA kiss ride sign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMARTA rail car interior (CQ311)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthbound train at Lindbergh Center","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"induction motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor"},{"link_name":"PWM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation"}],"text":"^ 3-phase AC induction motors with PWM 2-level IGBT–VVVF inverters. Continuous rating is 150 hp (110 kW).","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/MARTA_rail&action=raw"},{"title":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/MARTA_rail&action=edit"},{"title":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"title":"Template:Attached KML/MARTA rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/MARTA_rail"},{"title":"Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Atlanta_Rapid_Transit_Authority"}]	[{"reference":"\"Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023\" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2023-Q4-Ridership-APTA.pdf","url_text":"\"Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association","url_text":"American Public Transportation Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Transit Ridership Report First Quarter 2024\" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2024-Q1-Ridership-APTA.pdf","url_text":"\"Transit Ridership Report First Quarter 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association","url_text":"American Public Transportation Association"}]},{"reference":"\"MARTA Maps\". Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://martaguide.com/rail-station-map/","url_text":"\"MARTA Maps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222071404/https://martaguide.com/rail-station-map/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MARTA Rail Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090319180813/http://www.itsmarta.com/getthere/schedules/RailMap080608.pdf","url_text":"\"MARTA Rail Map\""},{"url":"http://www.itsmarta.com/getthere/schedules/RailMap080608.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interior Rail Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://itsmarta.com/uploadedFiles/Interior-Rail-Map-33-33_2019_v2.pdf","url_text":"\"Interior Rail Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220316115428/https://itsmarta.com/uploadedFiles/Interior-Rail-Map-33-33_2019_v2.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MARTA Rail Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000819021323/http://www.itsmarta.com/riding/railmap.pdf","url_text":"\"MARTA Rail Map\""},{"url":"http://www.itsmarta.com/riding/railmap.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Ariel (October 2, 2009). \"MARTA lines to be color-coded\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senan_Molony	Senan Molony	["1 Books","2 Theories","3 References","4 External links"]	Irish journalist and writer Molony in 2017 Senan Molony is an author as well as the Irish Daily Mail's Political Editor. He was formerly Deputy Political Editor for the Irish Independent. He broke the news of politician Michael Healy-Rae's Celebrities go Wild voting scandal, receiving the award for Scoop of the Year at the National Newspapers of Ireland's Journalism Awards. He also covered the Aengus Ó Snodaigh printer cartridge scandal. Books His first book, Celtic Mists (Phoenix, 1987) is a parody of Irish history. The Phoenix Park Murders: Conspiracy, Betrayal and Retribution (Mercier, 2006) investigates the assassinations of Cavendish and Burke in the park in 1882. He authored The Irish Aboard Titanic (Mercier, 2000, 2012), A Ship Accused (Cedric, 2002); The Titanic and the Mystery Ship (Mercier, 2004); Titanic: Victims and Villains (Tempus, 2008), RMS Lusitania: An Irish Tragedy (Mercier, 2004), and Titanic Scandal: The Trial of the Mount Temple (Amberly, 2010). Theories RMS Titanic alternative theories#Fire in coal bunker References ^ Molony, Senan (10 October 2008). "Humiliation for Gormley over posts". Irish Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved 10 October 2008. ^ "Irish Times biggest winner at national newspaper awards". The Journal. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ McGreevy, Ronan (27 October 2011). "'Irish Times' journalists win top awards". The Irish Times. Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ "Sinn Féin TD urged to 'come clean' over €50,000 use of Dáil printer cartridges". The Journal. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012. Senan Molony's report in today's Irish Daily Mail adds that new rules introduced for 2009 – when Ó Snodaigh remained the most prolific printer, using 54 cartridges – mean TDs have to pay for any cartridges after an annual allowance of €2,000. External links Description of the Phoenix Park Murders by author Senan Molony. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Poland This article about an Irish writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senan-Molony-Titanic-Hotel-Belfast-Opening-22_(36972891490)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Irish Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Healy-Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Healy-Rae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aengus Ó Snodaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aengus_%C3%93_Snodaigh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Molony in 2017Senan Molony is an author as well as the Irish Daily Mail's Political Editor. He was formerly Deputy Political Editor for the Irish Independent.[1] He broke the news of politician Michael Healy-Rae's Celebrities go Wild voting scandal, receiving the award for Scoop of the Year at the National Newspapers of Ireland's Journalism Awards.[2][3] He also covered the Aengus Ó Snodaigh printer cartridge scandal.[4]","title":"Senan Molony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assassinations of Cavendish and Burke in the park in 1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Murders"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"RMS Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Mount Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mount_Temple"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"His first book, Celtic Mists (Phoenix, 1987) is a parody of Irish history. The Phoenix Park Murders: Conspiracy, Betrayal and Retribution (Mercier, 2006) investigates the assassinations of Cavendish and Burke in the park in 1882. He authored The Irish Aboard Titanic (Mercier, 2000, 2012), A Ship Accused (Cedric, 2002); The Titanic and the Mystery Ship (Mercier, 2004); Titanic: Victims and Villains (Tempus, 2008), RMS Lusitania: An Irish Tragedy (Mercier, 2004), and Titanic Scandal: The Trial of the Mount Temple (Amberly, 2010).[citation needed]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RMS Titanic alternative theories#Fire in coal bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic_alternative_theories#Fire_in_coal_bunker"}],"text":"RMS Titanic alternative theories#Fire in coal bunker","title":"Theories"}]	[{"image_text":"Molony in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Senan-Molony-Titanic-Hotel-Belfast-Opening-22_%2836972891490%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Senan-Molony-Titanic-Hotel-Belfast-Opening-22_%2836972891490%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Molony, Senan (10 October 2008). \"Humiliation for Gormley over posts\". Irish Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved 10 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/humiliation-for-gormley-over-posts-1494980.html","url_text":"\"Humiliation for Gormley over posts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Times biggest winner at national newspaper awards\". The Journal. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://businessetc.thejournal.ie/irish-times-biggest-winner-at-national-newspaper-awards-265191-Oct2011/","url_text":"\"Irish Times biggest winner at national newspaper awards\""}]},{"reference":"McGreevy, Ronan (27 October 2011). \"'Irish Times' journalists win top awards\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/1027/breaking49.html","url_text":"\"'Irish Times' journalists win top awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sinn Féin TD urged to 'come clean' over €50,000 use of Dáil printer cartridges\". The Journal. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby%27s_in_Black	Baby's in Black	["1 Composition","2 Recording","3 Live performances","4 Covers","5 Personnel","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	1964 song by the Beatles"Baby's in Black"Sheet music coverSong by the Beatlesfrom the album Beatles for Sale Released4 December 1964 (1964-12-04)Recorded11 August 1964StudioEMI, LondonGenreFolk rockLength2:02LabelEMI, Parlophone, CapitolSongwriter(s)Lennon–McCartneyProducer(s)George Martin "Baby's in Black" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, co-written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. It appears on the United Kingdom album Beatles for Sale and on the United States album Beatles '65, both released in 1964. Composition "Baby's in Black" has a 68 time signature. and a moderate tempo. An AllMusic critic described the song as "a love lament for a grieving girl that was perhaps more morose than any previous Beatles' song." Musicologist Alan W. Pollack notes that the song is relatively complex in format, with a refrain, bridge, and a guitar solo. He describes the song as having "mishmash" of stylistic elements—among them, "bluesy" chords and country music-inspired vocals. Recording "Baby's in Black" was recorded on 11 August 1964, and was the first song recorded for Beatles for Sale. Lennon and McCartney sang their vocal parts simultaneously through the same microphone. This was done at their own insistence in order to achieve a closer feel to the performance. McCartney was subsequently contacted by their music publisher in 1964 inquiring as to which melody line was the main tune (i.e., Paul's higher or John's lower melody). McCartney later said that he told the publisher they were both the main melody. Live performances The Beatles performed "Baby's in Black" live during their appearances from late 1964 until 1966 on their final tour. McCartney said they introduced the song by saying, "'And now for something different.' ... We used to put that in there, and think, 'Well, they won't know quite what to make of this, but it's cool.'" In 1996, a live version of "Baby's in Black" was released as a B-side to "Real Love", the second single from their Anthology project. 20 years later, it was included as a bonus track in 2016 expanded live album Live at the Hollywood Bowl. Covers Canadian rock band Big Sugar recorded a cover of "Baby's in Black" during the sessions of their 1998 album, Heated. Though the cover did not make it onto the album, the cover was featured on the 25th anniversary deluxe edition of the band's 1996 album Hemi-Vision, which was released in 2020. American jazz pianist Brad Mehldau recorded a version in September 2020 at Philharmonie de Paris for his live solo album, Your Mother Should Know: Brad Mehldau Plays The Beatles. Personnel John Lennon – vocal, acoustic rhythm guitar Paul McCartney – vocal, bass guitar George Harrison – lead guitar Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine Personnel per Ian MacDonald Notes ^ a b Unterberger 2007. ^ Sheff 2000, p. 205. ^ a b Miles 1997, p. 175. ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 200. ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 201. ^ Hal Leonard 1993, p. 79. ^ Alan W. Pollack (1992). "Notes on "Baby's In Black"". Retrieved 12 February 2014. ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 47. ^ Miles 1997. ^ Cross 2005, pp. 484–485, 543. ^ "BIG SUGAR TO RELEASE 25th ANNIVERSARY DELUXE EDITION OF HEMI-VISION ON SEPTEMBER 25, 2020". 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ Dave Rybaczewski (2017). """Baby's In Black" by the Beatles"". Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 122–123. References Cross, Craig (2005). The Beatles: Day-by-Day, Song-by-Song, Record-by-Record. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 0-595-34663-4. The Beatles - Complete Scores. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard. 1993. ISBN 0-7935-1832-6. Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7535-0481-2. Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1. Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6. Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4. Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-80352-9. Unterberger, Richie (2007). "Review of "Baby's in Black"". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-03-20. Pollack, Alan W. (31 December 1995). "Notes on "Baby's in Black"". "Notes on" Series. Rybaczewski, Dave (2007). "Beatles Ebooks: "Baby's In Black" by the Beatles". MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Beatles for Sale. Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "Baby's in Black" vteBeatles for SaleSongsSide one "No Reply" "I'm a Loser" "Baby's in Black" "Rock and Roll Music" "I'll Follow the Sun" "Mr. Moonlight" "Kansas City / Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey" Side two "Eight Days a Week" "Words of Love" "Honey Don't" "Every Little Thing" "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" "What You're Doing" "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" Non-album single "I Feel Fine" "She's a Woman" Outtakes "Leave My Kitten Alone" Extended plays Beatles for Sale Beatles for Sale No. 2 4 by the Beatles Corresponding NorthAmerican albums Beatles '65 Beatles VI Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles albums: Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day's Night Beatles for Sale Help! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles (White Album) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be vteThe Beatles singlesDiscographyUK and US1963 "Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why" "From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl" "She Loves You" / "I'll Get You" 1964 "Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That" "I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman" 1965 "Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is" "Help!" / "I'm Down" "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" 1966 "Paperback Writer" / "Rain" "Eleanor Rigby" / "Yellow Submarine" 1967 "Strawberry Fields Forever" / "Penny Lane" "All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man" "Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus" 1968 "Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light" "Hey Jude" / "Revolution" 1969 "Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down" "The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe" "Something" / "Come Together" 1970 "Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" 1978 "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life" 1982 "The Beatles' Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" 1995 "Baby It's You" "Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)" 1996 "Real Love" / "Baby's in Black" 2023 "Now and Then" / "Love Me Do" UK only1962 "My Bonnie" / "The Saints" "Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You" 1963 "I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy" 1964 "Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby" "A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today" 1976 "Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better" "Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout" US only1963 "I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There" 1964 "Please Please Me" / "From Me to You" "My Bonnie" / "The Saints" "Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place" "Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl" "Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You" "Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You" "I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" "And I Love Her" / "If I Fell" "Ain't She Sweet" / "Nobody's Child" "A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better" "Matchbox" / "Slow Down" 1965 "Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" "Yesterday" / "Act Naturally" 1966 "Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On" 1970 "The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue" 1976 "Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter" "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia" Othercountries1963 "All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada) 1964 "Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany, Australia) "Roll Over Beethoven" / "Devil in Her Heart" (Philippines) 1965 "Rock and Roll Music" / "I'm a Loser" (Europe, Australia) 1966 "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia) "Michelle" / "Girl" (Europe) 1968 "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia) "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines) "Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden) 1969 "You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan) 1970 "Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan) 1972 "All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe) 1978 "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2000205-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1997175-3"},{"link_name":"Beatles for Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles_for_Sale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988200-4"},{"link_name":"Beatles '65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles_%2765"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988201-5"}],"text":"1964 song by the Beatles\"Baby's in Black\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, co-written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.[2][3] It appears on the United Kingdom album Beatles for Sale[4] and on the United States album Beatles '65, both released in 1964.[5]","title":"Baby's in Black"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHal_Leonard199379-6"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2007-1"},{"link_name":"Alan W. Pollack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_W._Pollack"},{"link_name":"refrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(music)"},{"link_name":"guitar solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_solo"},{"link_name":"bluesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Baby's in Black\" has a 68 time signature.[6] and a moderate tempo. An AllMusic critic described the song as \"a love lament for a grieving girl that was perhaps more morose than any previous Beatles' song.\"[1] Musicologist Alan W. Pollack notes that the song is relatively complex in format, with a refrain, bridge, and a guitar solo. He describes the song as having \"mishmash\" of stylistic elements—among them, \"bluesy\" chords and country music-inspired vocals.[7]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn198847-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1997-9"}],"text":"\"Baby's in Black\" was recorded on 11 August 1964, and was the first song recorded for Beatles for Sale.[8] Lennon and McCartney sang their vocal parts simultaneously through the same microphone. This was done at their own insistence in order to achieve a closer feel to the performance. McCartney was subsequently contacted by their music publisher in 1964 inquiring as to which melody line was the main tune (i.e., Paul's higher or John's lower melody). McCartney later said that he told the publisher they were both the main melody.[9]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1997175-3"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"Real Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Love_(John_Lennon_song)"},{"link_name":"Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles_Anthology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross2005484%E2%80%93485,_543-10"},{"link_name":"Live at the Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl"}],"text":"The Beatles performed \"Baby's in Black\" live during their appearances from late 1964 until 1966 on their final tour. McCartney said they introduced the song by saying, \"'And now for something different.' ... We used to put that in there, and think, 'Well, they won't know quite what to make of this, but it's cool.'\"[3] In 1996, a live version of \"Baby's in Black\" was released as a B-side to \"Real Love\", the second single from their Anthology project.[10] 20 years later, it was included as a bonus track in 2016 expanded live album Live at the Hollywood Bowl.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sugar_(band)"},{"link_name":"Heated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heated_(Big_Sugar_album)"},{"link_name":"Hemi-Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemi-Vision"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Brad Mehldau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Mehldau"},{"link_name":"Your Mother Should Know: Brad Mehldau Plays The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Mother_Should_Know:_Brad_Mehldau_Plays_The_Beatles"}],"text":"Canadian rock band Big Sugar recorded a cover of \"Baby's in Black\" during the sessions of their 1998 album, Heated. Though the cover did not make it onto the album, the cover was featured on the 25th anniversary deluxe edition of the band's 1996 album Hemi-Vision, which was released in 2020.[11]\nAmerican jazz pianist Brad Mehldau recorded a version in September 2020 at Philharmonie de Paris for his live solo album, Your Mother Should Know: Brad Mehldau Plays The Beatles.","title":"Covers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ian MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005122%E2%80%93123-13"}],"text":"John Lennon – vocal, acoustic rhythm guitar\nPaul McCartney – vocal, bass guitar\nGeorge Harrison – lead guitar\nRingo Starr – drums, tambourine[12]Personnel per Ian MacDonald[13]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2007_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2007_1-1"},{"link_name":"Unterberger 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFUnterberger2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheff2000205_2-0"},{"link_name":"Sheff 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSheff2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997175_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997175_3-1"},{"link_name":"Miles 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988200_4-0"},{"link_name":"Lewisohn 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLewisohn1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988201_5-0"},{"link_name":"Lewisohn 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLewisohn1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHal_Leonard199379_6-0"},{"link_name":"Hal Leonard 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHal_Leonard1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Notes on \"Baby's In Black\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/bib.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn198847_8-0"},{"link_name":"Lewisohn 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLewisohn1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997_9-0"},{"link_name":"Miles 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiles1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross2005484%E2%80%93485,_543_10-0"},{"link_name":"Cross 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCross2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"BIG SUGAR TO RELEASE 25th ANNIVERSARY DELUXE EDITION OF HEMI-VISION ON SEPTEMBER 25, 2020\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.umusic.ca/press-releases/big-sugar-to-release-25th-anniversary-deluxe-edition-of-hemi-vision-on-september-25-2020/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"\"\"Baby's In Black\" by the Beatles\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.beatlesebooks.com/babys-in-black"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005122%E2%80%93123_13-0"},{"link_name":"MacDonald 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacDonald2005"}],"text":"^ a b Unterberger 2007.\n\n^ Sheff 2000, p. 205.\n\n^ a b Miles 1997, p. 175.\n\n^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 200.\n\n^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 201.\n\n^ Hal Leonard 1993, p. 79.\n\n^ Alan W. Pollack (1992). \"Notes on \"Baby's In Black\"\". Retrieved 12 February 2014.\n\n^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 47.\n\n^ Miles 1997.\n\n^ Cross 2005, pp. 484–485, 543.\n\n^ \"BIG SUGAR TO RELEASE 25th ANNIVERSARY DELUXE EDITION OF HEMI-VISION ON SEPTEMBER 25, 2020\". 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2022.\n\n^ Dave Rybaczewski (2017). \"\"\"Baby's In Black\" by the Beatles\"\". Retrieved 16 November 2020.\n\n^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 122–123.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Alan W. Pollack (1992). \"Notes on \"Baby's In Black\"\". Retrieved 12 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/bib.shtml","url_text":"\"Notes on \"Baby's In Black\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"BIG SUGAR TO RELEASE 25th ANNIVERSARY DELUXE EDITION OF HEMI-VISION ON SEPTEMBER 25, 2020\". 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/big-sugar-to-release-25th-anniversary-deluxe-edition-of-hemi-vision-on-september-25-2020/","url_text":"\"BIG SUGAR TO RELEASE 25th ANNIVERSARY DELUXE EDITION OF HEMI-VISION ON SEPTEMBER 25, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Dave Rybaczewski (2017). \"\"\"Baby's In Black\" by the Beatles\"\". Retrieved 16 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beatlesebooks.com/babys-in-black","url_text":"\"\"\"Baby's In Black\" by the Beatles\"\""}]},{"reference":"Cross, Craig (2005). The Beatles: Day-by-Day, Song-by-Song, Record-by-Record. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 0-595-34663-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-34663-4","url_text":"0-595-34663-4"}]},{"reference":"The Beatles - Complete Scores. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard. 1993. ISBN 0-7935-1832-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7935-1832-6","url_text":"0-7935-1832-6"}]},{"reference":"Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7535-0481-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Harry","url_text":"Harry, Bill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0481-2","url_text":"0-7535-0481-2"}]},{"reference":"Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lewisohn","url_text":"Lewisohn, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-57066-1","url_text":"0-517-57066-1"}]},{"reference":"Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Miles","url_text":"Miles, Barry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/paulmccartneyman00mile","url_text":"Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-5249-6","url_text":"0-8050-5249-6"}]},{"reference":"Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/allwearesayingla00lenn","url_text":"All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-25464-4","url_text":"0-312-25464-4"}]},{"reference":"Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-80352-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Spitz","url_text":"Spitz, Bob"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit","url_text":"The Beatles: The Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-80352-9","url_text":"0-316-80352-9"}]},{"reference":"Unterberger, Richie (2007). \"Review of \"Baby's in Black\"\". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Unterberger","url_text":"Unterberger, Richie"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/t462340","url_text":"\"Review of \"Baby's in Black\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Alan W. (31 December 1995). \"Notes on \"Baby's in Black\"\". \"Notes on\" Series.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_W._Pollack","url_text":"Pollack, Alan W."},{"url":"http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/bib.shtml","url_text":"\"Notes on \"Baby's in Black\"\""}]},{"reference":"Rybaczewski, Dave (2007). \"Beatles Ebooks: \"Baby's In Black\" by the Beatles\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beatlesebooks.com/babys-in-black","url_text":"\"Beatles Ebooks: \"Baby's In Black\" by the Beatles\""}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_MacDonald","url_text":"MacDonald, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84413-828-3","url_text":"1-84413-828-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/bib.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Notes on \"Baby's In Black\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/big-sugar-to-release-25th-anniversary-deluxe-edition-of-hemi-vision-on-september-25-2020/","external_links_name":"\"BIG SUGAR TO RELEASE 25th ANNIVERSARY DELUXE EDITION OF HEMI-VISION ON SEPTEMBER 25, 2020\""},{"Link":"http://www.beatlesebooks.com/babys-in-black","external_links_name":"\"\"\"Baby's In Black\" by the Beatles\"\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/paulmccartneyman00mile","external_links_name":"Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/allwearesayingla00lenn","external_links_name":"All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit","external_links_name":"The Beatles: The Biography"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/t462340","external_links_name":"\"Review of \"Baby's in Black\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/bib.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Notes on \"Baby's in Black\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.beatlesebooks.com/babys-in-black","external_links_name":"\"Beatles Ebooks: \"Baby's In Black\" by the Beatles\""},{"Link":"http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/bib.shtml","external_links_name":"Notes on \"Baby's in Black\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/45bffa5b-0990-3829-87ec-c3bdce0b4c84","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%E2%80%93Littlewood_paradox	Ross–Littlewood paradox	["1 Solutions","1.1 Vase contains infinitely many balls","1.2 Vase is empty","1.3 Depends on the conditions","1.4 Problem is underspecified","1.5 Problem is ill-formed","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]	Abstract mathematics problem This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A graph that shows the number of balls in and out of the vase for the first ten iterations of the problem The Ross–Littlewood paradox (also known as the balls and vase problem or the ping pong ball problem) is a hypothetical problem in abstract mathematics and logic designed to illustrate the paradoxical, or at least non-intuitive, nature of infinity. More specifically, like the Thomson's lamp paradox, the Ross–Littlewood paradox tries to illustrate the conceptual difficulties with the notion of a supertask, in which an infinite number of tasks are completed sequentially. The problem was originally described by mathematician John E. Littlewood in his 1953 book Littlewood's Miscellany, and was later expanded upon by Sheldon Ross in his 1988 book A First Course in Probability. The problem starts with an empty vase and an infinite supply of balls. An infinite number of steps are then performed, such that at each step 10 balls are added to the vase and 1 ball removed from it. The question is then posed: How many balls are in the vase when the task is finished? To complete an infinite number of steps, it is assumed that the vase is empty at one minute before noon, and that the following steps are performed: The first step is performed at 30 seconds before noon. The second step is performed at 15 seconds before noon. Each subsequent step is performed in half the time of the previous step, i.e., step n is performed at 2−n minutes before noon. This guarantees that a countably infinite number of steps is performed by noon. Since each subsequent step takes half as much time as the previous step, an infinite number of steps is performed by the time one minute has passed. The question is then: How many balls are in the vase at noon? Solutions Answers to the puzzle fall into several categories. Vase contains infinitely many balls The most intuitive answer seems to be that the vase contains an infinite number of balls by noon, since at every step along the way more balls are being added than removed. By definition, at each step, there will be a greater number of balls than at the previous step. There is no step, in fact, where the number of balls is decreased from the previous step. If the number of balls increases each time, then after infinite steps there will be an infinite number of balls. Vase is empty Suppose that the balls of the infinite supply of balls were numbered, and that at step 1 balls 1 through 10 are inserted into the vase, and ball number 1 is then removed. At step 2, balls 11 through 20 are inserted, and ball 2 is then removed. This means that by noon, every ball labeled n that is inserted into the vase is eventually removed in a subsequent step (namely, at step n). Hence, the vase is empty at noon. This is the solution favored by mathematicians Allis and Koetsier. It is the juxtaposition of this argument that the vase is empty at noon, together with the more intuitive answer that the vase should have infinitely many balls, that has warranted this problem to be named the Ross–Littlewood paradox. Ross's probabilistic version of the problem extended the removal method to the case where whenever a ball is to be withdrawn that ball is uniformly randomly selected from among those present in the vase at that time. He showed in this case that the probability that any particular ball remained in the vase at noon was 0 and therefore, by using Boole's inequality and taking a countable sum over the balls, that the probability the vase would be empty at noon was 1. Depends on the conditions Indeed, the number of balls that one ends up with depends on the order in which the balls are removed from the vase. As stated previously, the balls can be added and removed in such a way that no balls will be left in the vase at noon. However, if ball number 10 were removed from the vase at step 1, ball number 20 at step 2, and so forth, then it is clear that there will be an infinite number of balls left in the vase at noon. In fact, depending on which ball is removed at the various steps, any chosen number of balls can be placed in the vase by noon, as the procedure below demonstrates. This is the solution favored by philosopher logician Tom Tymoczko and mathematician logician Jim Henle. This solution corresponds mathematically to taking the limit inferior of a sequence of sets. The following procedure outlines exactly how to get a chosen n number of balls remaining in the vase. Let n denote the desired final number of balls in the vase (n ≥ 0). Let i denote the number of the operation currently taking place (i ≥ 1). Procedure: for i = 1 to infinity: put balls numbered from (10i - 9) to (10i) into the vase if i ≤ n then remove ball number 2*i if i > n then remove ball number n + i Clearly, the first n odd balls are not removed, while all balls greater than or equal to 2n are. Therefore, exactly n balls remain in the vase. Problem is underspecified Although the state of the balls and the vase is well-defined at every moment in time prior to noon, no conclusion can be made about any moment in time at or after noon. Thus, for all we know, at noon, the vase just magically disappears, or something else happens to it. But we don't know, as the problem statement says nothing about this. Hence, like the previous solution, this solution states that the problem is underspecified, but in a different way than the previous solution. This solution is favored by philosopher of mathematics Paul Benacerraf. Problem is ill-formed The problem is ill-posed. To be precise, according to the problem statement, an infinite number of operations will be performed before noon, and then asks about the state of affairs at noon. But, as in Zeno's paradoxes, if infinitely many operations have to take place (sequentially) before noon, then noon is a point in time that can never be reached. On the other hand, to ask how many balls will be left at noon is to assume that noon will be reached. Hence there is a contradiction implicit in the very statement of the problem, and this contradiction is the assumption that one can somehow 'complete' an infinite number of steps. This is the solution favored by mathematician and philosopher Jean Paul Van Bendegem. See also Supertask Thomson's lamp Zeno's paradoxes Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel References ^ "Imperatives and Logic", Alf Ross, Theoria vol. 7, 1941, pp. 53-71 ^ Sheldon Ross, A First Course in Probability (Eighth edition, Chapter 2, Example 6a, p.46) Further reading "Littlewood's Miscellany" (ed. Béla Bollobás), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. p. 26. (First published as "A Mathematician's Miscellany" (ed. Béla Bollobás, Methuen & Co., 1953) "Tasks, Super-Tasks, and Modern Eleatics", Paul Benacerraf, Journal of Philosophy, LIX, 1962, pp. 765–784 "A First Course in Probability", Sheldon Ross, New York: Macmillan, 1976 "On Some Paradoxes of the Infinite", Victor Allis and Teunis Koetsier, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, v.42 n.2, Jun 1991, pp. 187–194 "Ross' Paradox Is an Impossible Super-Task", Jean Paul Van Bendegem, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, v.45 n.2, Jun 1994, pp. 743–748 "Infinite Pains: The Trouble with Supertasks", Earman, J. and Norton, J.D., in S. Stich (ed.) Paul Benacerraf: The Philosopher and His Critics (New York: Blackwell), 1994 "Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic", Tom Tymoczko and Jim Henle, Freeman Press, 1995 vteMathematical logicGeneral Axiom list Cardinality First-order logic Formal proof Formal semantics Foundations of mathematics Information theory Lemma Logical consequence Model Theorem Theory Type theory Theorems (list) and paradoxes Gödel's completeness and incompleteness theorems Tarski's undefinability Banach–Tarski paradox Cantor's theorem, paradox and diagonal argument Compactness Halting problem Lindström's Löwenheim–Skolem Russell's paradox LogicsTraditional Classical logic Logical truth Tautology Proposition Inference Logical equivalence Consistency Equiconsistency Argument Soundness Validity Syllogism Square of opposition Venn diagram Propositional Boolean algebra Boolean functions Logical connectives Propositional calculus Propositional formula Truth tables Many-valued logic 3 finite ∞ Predicate First-order list Second-order Monadic Higher-order Fixed-point Free Quantifiers Predicate Monadic predicate calculus Set theory Set hereditary Class (Ur-)Element Ordinal number Extensionality Forcing Relation equivalence partition Set operations: intersection union complement Cartesian product power set identities Types of sets Countable Uncountable Empty Inhabited Singleton Finite Infinite Transitive Ultrafilter Recursive Fuzzy Universal Universe constructible Grothendieck Von Neumann Maps and cardinality Function/Map domain codomain image In/Sur/Bi-jection Schröder–Bernstein theorem Isomorphism Gödel numbering Enumeration Large cardinal inaccessible Aleph number Operation binary Set theories Zermelo–Fraenkel axiom of choice continuum hypothesis General Kripke–Platek Morse–Kelley Naive New Foundations Tarski–Grothendieck Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Ackermann Constructive Formal systems (list),language and syntax Alphabet Arity Automata Axiom schema Expression ground Extension by definition conservative Relation Formation rule Grammar Formula atomic closed ground open Free/bound variable Language Metalanguage Logical connective ¬ ∨ ∧ → ↔ = Predicate functional variable propositional variable Proof Quantifier ∃ ! ∀ rank Sentence atomic spectrum Signature String Substitution Symbol function logical/constant non-logical variable Term Theory list Example axiomaticsystems (list) of arithmetic: Peano second-order elementary function primitive recursive Robinson Skolem of the real numbers Tarski's axiomatization of Boolean algebras canonical minimal axioms of geometry: Euclidean: Elements Hilbert's Tarski's non-Euclidean Principia Mathematica Proof theory Formal proof Natural deduction Logical consequence Rule of inference Sequent calculus Theorem Systems axiomatic deductive Hilbert list Complete theory Independence (from ZFC) Proof of impossibility Ordinal analysis Reverse mathematics Self-verifying theories Model theory Interpretation function of models Model equivalence finite saturated spectrum submodel Non-standard model of arithmetic Diagram elementary Categorical theory Model complete theory Satisfiability Semantics of logic Strength Theories of truth semantic Tarski's Kripke's T-schema Transfer principle Truth predicate Truth value Type Ultraproduct Validity Computability theory Church encoding Church–Turing thesis Computably enumerable Computable function Computable set Decision problem decidable undecidable P NP P versus NP problem Kolmogorov complexity Lambda calculus Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory Concrete/Abstract category Category of sets History of logic History of mathematical logic timeline Logicism Mathematical object Philosophy of mathematics Supertask Mathematics portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross-littlewood-graph.png"},{"link_name":"abstract mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_mathematics"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"paradoxical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox"},{"link_name":"non-intuitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)"},{"link_name":"infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity"},{"link_name":"Thomson's lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%27s_lamp"},{"link_name":"supertask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertask"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John E. Littlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood"},{"link_name":"Littlewood's Miscellany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlewood%27s_Miscellany"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Ross"},{"link_name":"countably infinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set"}],"text":"A graph that shows the number of balls in and out of the vase for the first ten iterations of the problemThe Ross–Littlewood paradox (also known as the balls and vase problem or the ping pong ball problem) is a hypothetical problem in abstract mathematics and logic designed to illustrate the paradoxical, or at least non-intuitive, nature of infinity. More specifically, like the Thomson's lamp paradox, the Ross–Littlewood paradox tries to illustrate the conceptual difficulties with the notion of a supertask, in which an infinite number of tasks are completed sequentially.[1] The problem was originally described by mathematician John E. Littlewood in his 1953 book Littlewood's Miscellany, and was later expanded upon by Sheldon Ross in his 1988 book A First Course in Probability.The problem starts with an empty vase and an infinite supply of balls. An infinite number of steps are then performed, such that at each step 10 balls are added to the vase and 1 ball removed from it. The question is then posed: How many balls are in the vase when the task is finished?To complete an infinite number of steps, it is assumed that the vase is empty at one minute before noon, and that the following steps are performed:The first step is performed at 30 seconds before noon.\nThe second step is performed at 15 seconds before noon.\nEach subsequent step is performed in half the time of the previous step, i.e., step n is performed at 2−n minutes before noon.This guarantees that a countably infinite number of steps is performed by noon. Since each subsequent step takes half as much time as the previous step, an infinite number of steps is performed by the time one minute has passed. The question is then: How many balls are in the vase at noon?","title":"Ross–Littlewood paradox"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Answers to the puzzle fall into several categories.","title":"Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vase contains infinitely many balls","text":"The most intuitive answer seems to be that the vase contains an infinite number of balls by noon, since at every step along the way more balls are being added than removed. By definition, at each step, there will be a greater number of balls than at the previous step. There is no step, in fact, where the number of balls is decreased from the previous step. If the number of balls increases each time, then after infinite steps there will be an infinite number of balls.","title":"Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boole's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boole%27s_inequality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Vase is empty","text":"Suppose that the balls of the infinite supply of balls were numbered, and that at step 1 balls 1 through 10 are inserted into the vase, and ball number 1 is then removed. At step 2, balls 11 through 20 are inserted, and ball 2 is then removed. This means that by noon, every ball labeled n that is inserted into the vase is eventually removed in a subsequent step (namely, at step n). Hence, the vase is empty at noon. This is the solution favored by mathematicians Allis and Koetsier. It is the juxtaposition of this argument that the vase is empty at noon, together with the more intuitive answer that the vase should have infinitely many balls, that has warranted this problem to be named the Ross–Littlewood paradox.Ross's probabilistic version of the problem extended the removal method to the case where whenever a ball is to be withdrawn that ball is uniformly randomly selected from among those present in the vase at that time. He showed in this case that the probability that any particular ball remained in the vase at noon was 0 and therefore, by using Boole's inequality and taking a countable sum over the balls, that the probability the vase would be empty at noon was 1.[2]","title":"Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Tymoczko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Tymoczko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jim Henle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Henle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"limit inferior of a sequence of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_superior_and_limit_inferior#Sequences_of_sets"}],"sub_title":"Depends on the conditions","text":"Indeed, the number of balls that one ends up with depends on the order in which the balls are removed from the vase. As stated previously, the balls can be added and removed in such a way that no balls will be left in the vase at noon. However, if ball number 10 were removed from the vase at step 1, ball number 20 at step 2, and so forth, then it is clear that there will be an infinite number of balls left in the vase at noon. In fact, depending on which ball is removed at the various steps, any chosen number of balls can be placed in the vase by noon, as the procedure below demonstrates. This is the solution favored by philosopher logician Tom Tymoczko and mathematician logician Jim Henle. This solution corresponds mathematically to taking the limit inferior of a sequence of sets.The following procedure outlines exactly how to get a chosen n number of balls remaining in the vase.Let n denote the desired final number of balls in the vase (n ≥ 0).\nLet i denote the number of the operation currently taking place (i ≥ 1).Procedure:for i = 1 to infinity:\nput balls numbered from (10i - 9) to (10i) into the vase\nif i ≤ n then remove ball number 2*i\nif i > n then remove ball number n + iClearly, the first n odd balls are not removed, while all balls greater than or equal to 2n are. Therefore, exactly n balls remain in the vase.","title":"Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Benacerraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Benacerraf"}],"sub_title":"Problem is underspecified","text":"Although the state of the balls and the vase is well-defined at every moment in time prior to noon, no conclusion can be made about any moment in time at or after noon. Thus, for all we know, at noon, the vase just magically disappears, or something else happens to it. But we don't know, as the problem statement says nothing about this. Hence, like the previous solution, this solution states that the problem is underspecified, but in a different way than the previous solution. This solution is favored by philosopher of mathematics Paul Benacerraf.","title":"Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zeno's paradoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes"},{"link_name":"Jean Paul Van Bendegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Van_Bendegem"}],"sub_title":"Problem is ill-formed","text":"The problem is ill-posed. To be precise, according to the problem statement, an infinite number of operations will be performed before noon, and then asks about the state of affairs at noon. But, as in Zeno's paradoxes, if infinitely many operations have to take place (sequentially) before noon, then noon is a point in time that can never be reached. On the other hand, to ask how many balls will be left at noon is to assume that noon will be reached. Hence there is a contradiction implicit in the very statement of the problem, and this contradiction is the assumption that one can somehow 'complete' an infinite number of steps. This is the solution favored by mathematician and philosopher Jean Paul Van Bendegem.","title":"Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Béla Bollobás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bollob%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Victor Allis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Allis"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"Mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"Axiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_axioms"},{"link_name":"Cardinality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality"},{"link_name":"First-order logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic"},{"link_name":"Formal 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theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_theory"},{"link_name":"Model complete theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_complete_theory"},{"link_name":"Satisfiability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfiability"},{"link_name":"Semantics of logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_of_logic"},{"link_name":"Strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_(mathematical_logic)"},{"link_name":"Theories of truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_truth"},{"link_name":"semantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_theory_of_truth"},{"link_name":"Tarski's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%27s_theory_of_truth"},{"link_name":"Kripke's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripke%27s_theory_of_truth"},{"link_name":"T-schema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-schema"},{"link_name":"Transfer principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_principle"},{"link_name":"Truth 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problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_problem"},{"link_name":"decidable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidability_(logic)"},{"link_name":"undecidable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecidable_problem"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_(complexity)"},{"link_name":"NP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP_(complexity)"},{"link_name":"P versus NP problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_versus_NP_problem"},{"link_name":"Kolmogorov complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity"},{"link_name":"Lambda calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus"},{"link_name":"Primitive recursive function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_recursive_function"},{"link_name":"Recursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion"},{"link_name":"Recursive set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_set"},{"link_name":"Turing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine"},{"link_name":"Type theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory"},{"link_name":"Abstract logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_logic"},{"link_name":"Algebraic logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_logic"},{"link_name":"Automated theorem proving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving"},{"link_name":"Category theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"Concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_category"},{"link_name":"Abstract category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Category of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_sets"},{"link_name":"History of logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_logic"},{"link_name":"History of mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"Logicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicism"},{"link_name":"Mathematical object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_object"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Supertask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertask"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"link_name":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"}],"text":"\"Littlewood's Miscellany\" (ed. Béla Bollobás), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. p. 26. (First published as \"A Mathematician's Miscellany\" (ed. Béla Bollobás, Methuen & Co., 1953)\n\"Tasks, Super-Tasks, and Modern Eleatics\", Paul Benacerraf, Journal of Philosophy, LIX, 1962, pp. 765–784\n\"A First Course in Probability\", Sheldon Ross, New York: Macmillan, 1976\n\"On Some Paradoxes of the Infinite\", Victor Allis and Teunis Koetsier, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, v.42 n.2, Jun 1991, pp. 187–194\n\"Ross' Paradox Is an Impossible Super-Task\", Jean Paul Van Bendegem, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, v.45 n.2, Jun 1994, pp. 743–748\n\"Infinite Pains: The Trouble with Supertasks\", Earman, J. and Norton, J.D., in S. Stich (ed.) Paul Benacerraf: The Philosopher and His Critics (New York: Blackwell), 1994\n\"Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic\", Tom Tymoczko and Jim Henle, Freeman Press, 1995vteMathematical logicGeneral\nAxiom\nlist\nCardinality\nFirst-order logic\nFormal proof\nFormal semantics\nFoundations of mathematics\nInformation theory\nLemma\nLogical consequence\nModel\nTheorem\nTheory\nType theory\nTheorems (list) and paradoxes\nGödel's completeness and incompleteness theorems\nTarski's undefinability\nBanach–Tarski paradox\nCantor's theorem, paradox and diagonal argument\nCompactness\nHalting problem\nLindström's\nLöwenheim–Skolem\nRussell's paradox\nLogicsTraditional\nClassical logic\nLogical truth\nTautology\nProposition\nInference\nLogical equivalence\nConsistency\nEquiconsistency\nArgument\nSoundness\nValidity\nSyllogism\nSquare of opposition\nVenn diagram\nPropositional\nBoolean algebra\nBoolean functions\nLogical connectives\nPropositional calculus\nPropositional formula\nTruth tables\nMany-valued logic\n3\nfinite\n∞\nPredicate\nFirst-order\nlist\nSecond-order\nMonadic\nHigher-order\nFixed-point\nFree\nQuantifiers\nPredicate\nMonadic predicate calculus\nSet theory\nSet\nhereditary\nClass\n(Ur-)Element\nOrdinal number\nExtensionality\nForcing\nRelation\nequivalence\npartition\nSet operations:\nintersection\nunion\ncomplement\nCartesian product\npower set\nidentities\nTypes of sets\nCountable\nUncountable\nEmpty\nInhabited\nSingleton\nFinite\nInfinite\nTransitive\nUltrafilter\nRecursive\nFuzzy\nUniversal\nUniverse\nconstructible\nGrothendieck\nVon Neumann\nMaps and cardinality\nFunction/Map\ndomain\ncodomain\nimage\nIn/Sur/Bi-jection\nSchröder–Bernstein theorem\nIsomorphism\nGödel numbering\nEnumeration\nLarge cardinal\ninaccessible\nAleph number\nOperation\nbinary\nSet theories\nZermelo–Fraenkel\naxiom of choice\ncontinuum hypothesis\nGeneral\nKripke–Platek\nMorse–Kelley\nNaive\nNew Foundations\nTarski–Grothendieck\nVon Neumann–Bernays–Gödel\nAckermann\nConstructive\nFormal systems (list),language and syntax\nAlphabet\nArity\nAutomata\nAxiom schema\nExpression\nground\nExtension\nby definition\nconservative\nRelation\nFormation rule\nGrammar\nFormula\natomic\nclosed\nground\nopen\nFree/bound variable\nLanguage\nMetalanguage\nLogical connective\n¬\n∨\n∧\n→\n↔\n=\nPredicate\nfunctional\nvariable\npropositional variable\nProof\nQuantifier\n∃\n!\n∀\nrank\nSentence\natomic\nspectrum\nSignature\nString\nSubstitution\nSymbol\nfunction\nlogical/constant\nnon-logical\nvariable\nTerm\nTheory\nlist\nExample axiomaticsystems (list)\nof arithmetic:\nPeano\nsecond-order\nelementary function\nprimitive recursive\nRobinson\nSkolem\nof the real numbers\nTarski's axiomatization\nof Boolean algebras\ncanonical\nminimal axioms\nof geometry:\nEuclidean:\nElements\nHilbert's\nTarski's\nnon-Euclidean\nPrincipia Mathematica\nProof theory\nFormal proof\nNatural deduction\nLogical consequence\nRule of inference\nSequent calculus\nTheorem\nSystems\naxiomatic\ndeductive\nHilbert\nlist\nComplete theory\nIndependence (from ZFC)\nProof of impossibility\nOrdinal analysis\nReverse mathematics\nSelf-verifying theories\nModel theory\nInterpretation\nfunction\nof models\nModel\nequivalence\nfinite\nsaturated\nspectrum\nsubmodel\nNon-standard model\nof arithmetic\nDiagram\nelementary\nCategorical theory\nModel complete theory\nSatisfiability\nSemantics of logic\nStrength\nTheories of truth\nsemantic\nTarski's\nKripke's\nT-schema\nTransfer principle\nTruth predicate\nTruth value\nType\nUltraproduct\nValidity\nComputability theory\nChurch encoding\nChurch–Turing thesis\nComputably enumerable\nComputable function\nComputable set\nDecision problem\ndecidable\nundecidable\nP\nNP\nP versus NP problem\nKolmogorov complexity\nLambda calculus\nPrimitive recursive function\nRecursion\nRecursive set\nTuring machine\nType theory\nRelated\nAbstract logic\nAlgebraic logic\nAutomated theorem proving\nCategory theory\nConcrete/Abstract category\nCategory of sets\nHistory of logic\nHistory of mathematical logic\ntimeline\nLogicism\nMathematical object\nPhilosophy of mathematics\nSupertask\n Mathematics portal","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A graph that shows the number of balls in and out of the vase for the first ten iterations of the problem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ross-littlewood-graph.png/220px-Ross-littlewood-graph.png"}]	[{"title":"Supertask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertask"},{"title":"Thomson's lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%27s_lamp"},{"title":"Zeno's paradoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes"},{"title":"Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_paradox_of_the_Grand_Hotel"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerasophila	White-headed bulbul	["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Footnotes","3 References"]	Species of bird White-headed bulbul Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Infraorder: Passerides Family: Pycnonotidae Genus: Hypsipetes Species: H. thompsoni Binomial name Hypsipetes thompsoni(Bingham, 1900) Synonyms Cerasophila thompsoni Bingham, 1900 Hypsipetes thompsoni Bingham, 1900 The white-headed bulbul (Hypsipetes thompsoni) is a songbird species in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in Myanmar and north-western Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. Taxonomy and systematics The white-headed bulbul was previously placed in the monotypic genus Cerasophila (literally meaning "cherry-lover"). Following recently molecular phylogenetic studies, it is now placed in the genus Hypsipetes. Alternate names for the white-headed bulbul include Bingham's bulbul and brown-vented bulbul. Footnotes ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Hypsipetes thompsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22713253A94367535. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (eds.). "Family Pycnonotidae". IOC World Bird List. Version 10.2. International Ornithological Congress. Retrieved 3 August 2020. ^ Gregory (2000) References Gregory, Steven M. (2000): Nomenclature of the Hypsipetes Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae). Forktail 16: 164–166. PDF fulltext Taxon identifiersCerasophila thompsoni Wikidata: Q27075439 Avibase: A3E5953DCCDC2C03 BirdLife: 22713253 CoL: SJT7 GBIF: 6100818 ITIS: 916248 Observation.org: 76885 Open Tree of Life: 3598305 TSA: 3716 Xeno-canto: Cerasophila-thompsoni Hypsipetes thompsoni Wikidata: Q1303421 Wikispecies: Hypsipetes thompsoni BirdLife: 22713253 BOW: whhbul1 CoL: 6MSS2 eBird: whhbul1 EoL: 920502 GBIF: 5230298 iNaturalist: 14639 IRMNG: 10766475 ITIS: 560562 IUCN: 22713253 NCBI: 2022788 This Pycnonotidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"songbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-2"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_or_tropical_moist_lowland_forest"},{"link_name":"montane forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"threatened species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The white-headed bulbul (Hypsipetes thompsoni) is a songbird species in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae.[1][2]It is found in Myanmar and north-western Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1]","title":"White-headed bulbul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gregory2000-3"},{"link_name":"Hypsipetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsipetes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-2"}],"text":"The white-headed bulbul was previously placed in the monotypic genus Cerasophila (literally meaning \"cherry-lover\").[3] Following recently molecular phylogenetic studies, it is now placed in the genus Hypsipetes. Alternate names for the white-headed bulbul include Bingham's bulbul and brown-vented bulbul.[2]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iucn_status_16_November_2021_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iucn_status_16_November_2021_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iucn_status_16_November_2021_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Hypsipetes thompsoni\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/22713253/94367535"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ioc_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ioc_2-1"},{"link_name":"Gill, F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"\"Family Pycnonotidae\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldbirdnames.org/Family/Pycnonotidae"},{"link_name":"IOC World Bird List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOC_World_Bird_List"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gregory2000_3-0"}],"text":"^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). \"Hypsipetes thompsoni\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22713253A94367535. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.\n\n^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (eds.). \"Family Pycnonotidae\". IOC World Bird List. Version 10.2. International Ornithological Congress. Retrieved 3 August 2020.\n\n^ Gregory (2000)","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Hypsipetes thompsoni\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22713253A94367535. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22713253/94367535","url_text":"\"Hypsipetes thompsoni\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en"}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (eds.). \"Family Pycnonotidae\". IOC World Bird List. Version 10.2. International Ornithological Congress. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, F."},{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/Family/Pycnonotidae","url_text":"\"Family Pycnonotidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOC_World_Bird_List","url_text":"IOC World Bird List"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22713253/94367535","external_links_name":"\"Hypsipetes thompsoni\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713253A94367535.en"},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/Family/Pycnonotidae","external_links_name":"\"Family Pycnonotidae\""},{"Link":"http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/16pdfs/Gregory-Bulbuls.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF fulltext"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=A3E5953DCCDC2C03","external_links_name":"A3E5953DCCDC2C03"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22713253","external_links_name":"22713253"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/SJT7","external_links_name":"SJT7"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6100818","external_links_name":"6100818"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=916248","external_links_name":"916248"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/76885/","external_links_name":"76885"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3598305","external_links_name":"3598305"},{"Link":"http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=3716","external_links_name":"3716"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Cerasophila-thompsoni","external_links_name":"Cerasophila-thompsoni"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22713253","external_links_name":"22713253"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/whhbul1","external_links_name":"whhbul1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6MSS2","external_links_name":"6MSS2"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/whhbul1","external_links_name":"whhbul1"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/920502","external_links_name":"920502"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5230298","external_links_name":"5230298"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/14639","external_links_name":"14639"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10766475","external_links_name":"10766475"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=560562","external_links_name":"560562"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22713253","external_links_name":"22713253"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2022788","external_links_name":"2022788"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White-headed_bulbul&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gregh	Louis Gregh	["1 Life","2 Publishing business","3 Selected compositions","4 References"]	French composer and music publisher Louis Charles Félix François Gregh (16 March 1843 – 21 January 1915) was a French composer and music publisher. Life Gregh was born in Philippeville, now Skikda, Algeria. His family was of Maltese origin. As a composer, he wrote operettas, ballets, numerous popular songs, and over 150 works for piano for two, four, and six hands. He died in Sainte Mesme, Seine-et-Oise, now Yvelines, aged 71. His son Fernand Gregh (1873–1960) was a philosopher, literary critic and poet, member of the Académie française. Publishing business Gregh registered as a music publisher with SACEM in February 1873 after having bought the catalogue of the Parisian publisher Claude Heu. He grew by acquiring, by auction, parts of the dissolved publishers Léon Escudier (1882), Egrot (1884), and Jochem (1899). He was also the French representative of the publishers Litolff and Universal Edition. His business was quite successful, and he only gave up in old age in 1907, when he sold it to Rouart, which in turn was taken over by Salabert in 1953. Selected compositions Stage works Un Lycée de jeunes filles (operetta, 1881) Le Présomptif (opera bouffe, 1884) Le Capitaine Roland (operetta, 1895) Arlette (ballet) Vocal music Le Bon pasteur (L. Capet) (1876) La Cage du pinson (Villemer & Delormel) (1876) Je n'ai rien osé lui dire. Récit-naïveté (words: A. Queyriaux) (1876) La Leçon de charité (Capet & Carel) (1876) Lettre d'une pensionnaire (Villemer & Delormel) (1876) Minuit à Venise. Barcarola (A. Queyriaux) (1876) La Plainte de l'exilé (Villemer & Delormel) (1876) Les Roses mortes (Villemer & Delormel) (1876) Connaissez-vous mon amie? (Villemer & Delormel) (1877) Le Pays du bon vin (Toast à la France) (with choir ad libitum, L. Labarre &. Queyriaux) (1877) En troïka! (G. de Loyat & A. Queyriaux) (1878) L'Étoile de la France (L. Raimon & J. Dorsay) (1878) Fatma. Réponse à la Ballade arabe (Henry Drucker) (1878) L'Immensité (Jules Ruelle; Italian translation: Cesare da Prato) (1880) Piano music Danse slave, Op. 1 En poste. Grand galop di bravura, Op. 2 Chanson béarnaise, Op. 3 Le Chant du Séraphin, Op. 4 (1875) Les Bergers-Watteau, Op. 5 1ère Mazurka de salon, Op. 6 Grand marche solennelle, Op. 7 (1876) Les Joyeux papillons. Capriccio, Op. 8 (1877) Élégie-Étude, Op. 9 Élégie-Pastorale, Op. 10 Les Farfadets. Scherzo galop, Op. 11 Pastorale Louis XV, Op. 12 (1878) Le Retour des moissonneurs, Op. 13 (1878) Perles et Fleurs. 2eme Mazurka brillante du salon, Op. 14 L'Immensité. Suite de valses, Op. 15 Rêverie, Op. 16 Le Chant du souvenir, Op. 17 L'Oiseau moqueur, Op. 18 Les Phalènes, Op. 19 La Mandoline, Op. 20 Au petit trot, Op. 21 Aida grande marche (Verdi), transcription, Op. 22 Bergerette. Pastorale Florian, Op. 23 Grande valse romantique, Op. 24 Les Noces d'or, Op. 25 La Gaditana, Op. 26 Promenade matinale, Op. 27 Matinée de mai. Caprice, Op. 28 Parais à ta fenêtre! Sérénade, Op. 29 Coquetterie. Air de ballet, Op. 30 Valse de Salon No. 4, Op. 35 Je pense à vous. Valse, Op. 42 Répose, Op. 53 Fête printanière, Op. 67 Avant-printemps, Op. 96 Nuits algériennes, Op. 98 Voyages en rêve, Op. 108 Dora. Polka brillante (1877) Études de mécanisme et d'expression (1877) References ^ Deborah Mawer, Historical Interplay in French Music and Culture, 1860–1960 (London: Routledge, 2017). ^ Anik Devriès & François Lesure: Dictionnaire des éditeurs de musique français, vol. 2: De 1820 à 1914 (Geneva: Minkoff, 1988), p. 199. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Czech Republic 2 3 Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Artists MusicBrainz Other RISM SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Louis Charles Félix François Gregh (16 March 1843 – 21 January 1915) was a French composer and music publisher.[1]","title":"Louis Gregh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skikda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skikda"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Oise"},{"link_name":"Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines"},{"link_name":"Fernand Gregh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Gregh"},{"link_name":"Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"}],"text":"Gregh was born in Philippeville, now Skikda, Algeria. His family was of Maltese origin. As a composer, he wrote operettas, ballets, numerous popular songs, and over 150 works for piano for two, four, and six hands. He died in Sainte Mesme, Seine-et-Oise, now Yvelines, aged 71.His son Fernand Gregh (1873–1960) was a philosopher, literary critic and poet, member of the Académie française.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SACEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SACEM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Léon Escudier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Escudier"},{"link_name":"Litolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litolff"},{"link_name":"Universal Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Edition"},{"link_name":"Salabert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salabert"}],"text":"Gregh registered as a music publisher with SACEM in February 1873 after having bought the catalogue of the Parisian publisher Claude Heu.[2] He grew by acquiring, by auction, parts of the dissolved publishers Léon Escudier (1882), Egrot (1884), and Jochem (1899). He was also the French representative of the publishers Litolff and Universal Edition. His business was quite successful, and he only gave up in old age in 1907, when he sold it to Rouart, which in turn was taken over by Salabert in 1953.","title":"Publishing business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ad libitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_libitum"}],"text":"Stage worksUn Lycée de jeunes filles (operetta, 1881)\nLe Présomptif (opera bouffe, 1884)\nLe Capitaine Roland (operetta, 1895)\nArlette (ballet)Vocal musicLe Bon pasteur (L. Capet) (1876)\nLa Cage du pinson (Villemer & Delormel) (1876)\nJe n'ai rien osé lui dire. Récit-naïveté (words: A. Queyriaux) (1876)\nLa Leçon de charité (Capet & Carel) (1876)\nLettre d'une pensionnaire (Villemer & Delormel) (1876)\nMinuit à Venise. Barcarola (A. Queyriaux) (1876)\nLa Plainte de l'exilé (Villemer & Delormel) (1876)\nLes Roses mortes (Villemer & Delormel) (1876)\nConnaissez-vous mon amie? (Villemer & Delormel) (1877)\nLe Pays du bon vin (Toast à la France) (with choir ad libitum, L. Labarre &. Queyriaux) (1877)\nEn troïka! (G. de Loyat & A. Queyriaux) (1878)\nL'Étoile de la France (L. Raimon & J. Dorsay) (1878)\nFatma. Réponse à la Ballade arabe (Henry Drucker) (1878)\nL'Immensité (Jules Ruelle; Italian translation: Cesare da Prato) (1880)Piano musicDanse slave, Op. 1\nEn poste. Grand galop di bravura, Op. 2\nChanson béarnaise, Op. 3\nLe Chant du Séraphin, Op. 4 (1875)\nLes Bergers-Watteau, Op. 5\n1ère Mazurka de salon, Op. 6\nGrand marche solennelle, Op. 7 (1876)\nLes Joyeux papillons. Capriccio, Op. 8 (1877)\nÉlégie-Étude, Op. 9\nÉlégie-Pastorale, Op. 10\nLes Farfadets. Scherzo galop, Op. 11\nPastorale Louis XV, Op. 12 (1878)\nLe Retour des moissonneurs, Op. 13 (1878)\nPerles et Fleurs. 2eme Mazurka brillante du salon, Op. 14\nL'Immensité. Suite de valses, Op. 15\nRêverie, Op. 16\nLe Chant du souvenir, Op. 17\nL'Oiseau moqueur, Op. 18\nLes Phalènes, Op. 19\nLa Mandoline, Op. 20\nAu petit trot, Op. 21\nAida grande marche (Verdi), transcription, Op. 22\nBergerette. Pastorale Florian, Op. 23\nGrande valse romantique, Op. 24\nLes Noces d'or, Op. 25\nLa Gaditana, Op. 26\nPromenade matinale, Op. 27\nMatinée de mai. Caprice, Op. 28\nParais à ta fenêtre! Sérénade, Op. 29\nCoquetterie. Air de ballet, Op. 30\nValse de Salon No. 4, Op. 35\nJe pense à vous. Valse, Op. 42\nRépose, Op. 53\nFête printanière, Op. 67\nAvant-printemps, Op. 96\nNuits algériennes, Op. 98\nVoyages en rêve, Op. 108\nDora. Polka brillante (1877)\nÉtudes de mécanisme et d'expression (1877)","title":"Selected compositions"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081518936","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/71660822","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcMJqdPPtMCHjKHb6qcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX876891","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14839518b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14839518b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120658577","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14010676","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92013852","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014801424&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014801425&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014801426&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p333561155","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810700157505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1356816","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/366359","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c87fd48c-4bc5-493e-b683-106c09e5da93","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30071283","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ks871d","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/126005982","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Congo	Evangelical Lutheran Church in Congo	["1 External links"]	The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Congo (French: Église évangélique luthérienne au Congo; ELCCo) is a Lutheran denomination in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is a member of the Lutheran World Federation, which it joined in 1986. It is also a member of the All Africa Conference of Churches. It was known formerly as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Zaïre. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in Congo"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.lutheranworld.org/content/evangelical-lutheran-church-congo-0","external_links_name":"Lutheran World Federation listing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130124/http://www.lutheranworld.org/content/evangelical-lutheran-church-congo-0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/evangelical-lutheran-church-in-congo-elcco","external_links_name":"World Council of Churches listing"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Congo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyok	Shyok River	["1 Name","2 Valley","3 Tributaries","4 Tourism","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 Footnotes","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°14′N 75°55′E / 35.23°N 75.92°E / 35.23; 75.92River in India and Pakistan Shyok RiverShyok riverCourse of the ShyokEtymology"the river of death"LocationCountryIndia, PakistanTerritoryLadakh (India), Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan)DistrictLeh (India), Ghanche (Pakistan)Physical characteristicsSource • coordinates35°21′N 77°37′E / 35.35°N 77.62°E / 35.35; 77.62 MouthIndus River • coordinates35°14′N 75°55′E / 35.23°N 75.92°E / 35.23; 75.92Discharge • locationYugo gauging station, Pakistan. • average1041 m3/sec • minimum859 m3/sec • maximum1199 m3/sec Basin featuresRiver systemIndus RiverTributaries • rightNubra River Shyok river and valley 35 metre statue of Maitreya Buddha facing down the Shyok River. The Shyok River is a tributary of the Indus River that flows through northern Ladakh and enters Gilgit–Baltistan, in Pakistan, spanning some 550 km (340 mi). The Shyok River originates at the Rimo Glacier. Its alignment is very unusual, originating from the Rimo glacier, it flows in a southeasterly direction and, joining the Pangong range, it takes a northwestern turn, flowing parallel to its previous path. Shyok Valley widens at the confluence with the Nubra River but suddenly turns into a narrow gorge near Yagulung (34°46′N 77°08′E / 34.77°N 77.14°E / 34.77; 77.14), continuing through Bogdang, Turtuk and Tyakshi before crossing into Baltistan. The valley again widens near its Saltoro River junction at Ghursay. The river joins the Indus at Keris, east of the town of Skardu. The Nubra River, originating from the Siachen glacier, also behaves like the Shyok. Before Diskit, the southeasterly flowing river Nubra takes a northwest turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of paleolithic fault lines trending northwest-southeast in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. Name The name Shyok (or Shayog) is derived from Tibetan ཤག་མ (shag) 'gravel' + གཡོག་ (gyog) 'to spread' and therefore means 'gravel spreader', referring to the large quantities of gravel that the river deposits when it floods. The name is sometimes incorrectly glossed as 'river of death'. Valley The Shyok Valley is the valley of the Shyok River. It is near the Nubra Valley. Khardung La on the Ladakh Range lies north of Leh and is the gateway to the Shyok and Nubra valleys. The Siachen Glacier lies partway up the latter valley. Tributaries The Chang Chen Mo River is formed in the vicinity of Pamzal in Changchinmo plains of Ladakh and flows westward. It ends when it empties into the Shyok River. The Galwan River is in the southern part of Aksai Chin, Galwan originates in the area of Samzungling and flowing to the west which joins the Shyok River. The Nubra River is a tributary of the Shyok River, which flows into the Indus River. It flows in the Ladakh region of India. The Saltoro River begins in the skirts of the Saltoro Kangri peak ridge and flows to the southwest. Another branch starts from the western Siachen glaciers and flows to the west to join it at Dumsum village. North of the Ghursay Valley, it meets Mashburm Peak's Hushe River and empties into Shyok River in southwest. Tourism Siachen Base Camp tourist adventure, many monasteries, Pangong Tso etc. are tourism opportunities. Gallery Shyok in Khaplu Valley Kharfaq and Yugu Road marker map See also Saser Muztagh Nubra River Galwan River References Sharad Singh Negi: Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers. Indus Publishing 1991, ISBN 81-85182-61-2 H. N. Kaul: Rediscovery of Ladakh. Indus Publishing 1998, ISBN 81-7387-086-1, p. 30-31 (restricted online version (Google Books)) Footnotes ^ a b Harish Kapadia (1999). Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram. Indus Publishing. p. 230. ISBN 978-81-7387-100-9. Shyok: river of death. (Sheo: death). ^ "Detection of Sediment Trends Using Wavelet Transforms in the Upper Indus River". Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ "Turtuk, the village on the India-Pak border, is where the clichés stop and fantasies begin". Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. ^ Aerial view of river junction ^ Bennett-Jones, Owen; Brown, Lindsay; Mock, John (1 September 2004). Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway. Lonely Planet Regional Guides (6th Revised ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-86442-709-0. Retrieved 26 August 2009. ^ Peter, F. A. (1977). "Glossary of Place Names in Western Tibet". The Tibet Journal. 2 (2): 5–37. JSTOR 43299854. Retrieved 18 November 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shyok River. Shyok River at the Encyclopædia Britannica Shyok River Shyok "Shyok Valley Project - An Experiment In Suof Jammu and Kashmir" vte Union Territory of LadakhCapital: Kargil; LehState symbols Emblem: Emblem of Ladakh Animal: Snow leopard Bird: Black-necked crane HistoryPre-Independent India Maryul Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war Treaty of Tingmosgang Dogra–Tibetan War Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir Post-Independent India 1947–1948 India-Pakistan War 1948 military operations in Ladakh 1971 battle of Turtuk 2010 Ladakh floods 2019 Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh reorganisation Conflicts Demchok conflict India–China conflict India–Pakistan conflict Kashmir conflict Siachen conflict Administration Districts Politics of Ladakh Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh Ladakh Police Ladakh Renewable Energy Development Agency Jammu and Kashmir High Court Lieutenant Governors Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency) GeographyGeneral Four types of Himalayan ranges Geology of the Himalaya Ranges Baltoro Muztagh Ladakh Range Saltoro Mountains Zanskar Range Kailash Range Plateau Depsang Plains More plains Sirijap Teram Shehr Plateau Valleys Leh Rupshu Salt Valley Mushkoh Valley Padum Shyok Suru Valley Nubra Zanskar Aryan valley Glaciers Chumik Glacier Drang-Drung Glacier Machoi Glacier Parkachik Glacier Shafat Glacier Siachen Glacier Lakes Tso Moriri Pangong Tso Rivers Sutlej Beas Ravi Shyok Chenab Drass River Indus Zanskar Tsarap Doda Yapola Suru River Markha Galwan Chip Chap Passes Bilafond La Chang la Fotu La Gyong La Indira Col Karakoram Pass Khardung La Kongka Pass Lachulung La Taglang La Marsimik La Namika La Pensi La Rezang La Rimo Sasser Pass Sia La Shingo La Spanggur Gap Zoji La Mountain peaks Bana Top Chumik Kangri Ghent Kangri Gurung Hill India Saddle K12 Saltoro Kangri Sherpi Kangri Tiger Saddle Humansettlements Meenamarg Burtse Chalunka Chemrey Chushul Daulat Beg Oldi Demchok Diskit Dras Dzingrulma Fukche Hemis Hanle Kargil Khalatse Leh Likir Murgo Nimo Nyoma Padum Panamik Purne Rangdum Sankoo Sasoma Shey Shyok Thiksey Thoise Turtuk Ukdungle Upshi Zangla CultureGeneral Music of Ladakh Languages Ladakhi Purgi Balti Zangskari Changthang Brokskat Festivals Bono-na festival Tourism andwildlifeWildlife Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary Hemis National Park Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary Tourism Khurnak Fort Ladakh Marathon Shanti Stupa, Ladakh Siachen Base Camp Indo-TibetanBuddhist monasteries Alchi Bardan Basgo Chemrey Diskit Hanle Hemis Hundur Korzok Karsha Lamayuru Likir Lingshed Mashro/Matho Monastery Mulbekh Namgyal Tsemo Phugtal Phyang Rangdum Rizong Sani Sankar Saspul Shey Monastery Spituk Stakna Stok Stongdey Takthok Thikse Tserkarmo Tonde Wanla Zangla Zongkul TransportAirports Kargil Airport Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport (Leh) Military AGLs Roads Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road India-China Border Roads Leh–Manali Highway NH1 Leh–Kargil–Srinagar Highway Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road (under construction) Sasoma–Saser La Road Railway Bhanupli–Leh line (Planned) Srinagar–Leh line (Planned) InfrastructureGeneral Indian Astronomical Observatory Damsand hydroelectric project Chutak Dumkhar Salal Education Central Institute of Buddhist Studies Defence Institute of High Altitude Research Druk White Lotus School Eliezer Joldan Memorial College Leh, Ladakh Government Degree College, Kargil Phuktal Monastic School Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh University of Ladakh See alsoBorders Line of Actual Control Line of Control Actual Ground Position Line Other Curious BRO roadsigns vteHydrography of LadakhRivers Drass Indus Nubra Suru Shyok Zanskar Glaciers Drang-drung Glacier Siachen Glacier	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shyok-River.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maitreya_Buddha_-_Nubra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maitreya Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitreya_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Gilgit–Baltistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Rimo Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimo_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Nubra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubra_River"},{"link_name":"34°46′N 77°08′E / 34.77°N 77.14°E / 34.77; 77.14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shyok_River&params=34.77_N_77.14_E_"},{"link_name":"Bogdang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdang"},{"link_name":"Turtuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtuk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tyakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyakshi"},{"link_name":"Baltistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltistan"},{"link_name":"Ghursay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghursay"},{"link_name":"Skardu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BennettJones-5"},{"link_name":"fault lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_line"}],"text":"River in India and PakistanShyok river and valley35 metre statue of Maitreya Buddha facing down the Shyok River.The Shyok River is a tributary of the Indus River that flows through northern Ladakh and enters Gilgit–Baltistan, in Pakistan, spanning some 550 km (340 mi).The Shyok River originates at the Rimo Glacier. Its alignment is very unusual, originating from the Rimo glacier, it flows in a southeasterly direction and, joining the Pangong range, it takes a northwestern turn, flowing parallel to its previous path. Shyok Valley widens at the confluence with the Nubra River but suddenly turns into a narrow gorge near Yagulung (34°46′N 77°08′E / 34.77°N 77.14°E / 34.77; 77.14), continuing through Bogdang, Turtuk[3] and Tyakshi before crossing into Baltistan. The valley again widens near its Saltoro River junction at Ghursay. The river joins the Indus at Keris, east of the town of Skardu.[4][5]The Nubra River, originating from the Siachen glacier, also behaves like the Shyok. Before Diskit, the southeasterly flowing river Nubra takes a northwest turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of paleolithic fault lines trending northwest-southeast in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers.","title":"Shyok River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapadia1999-1"}],"text":"The name Shyok (or Shayog) is derived from Tibetan ཤག་མ (shag) 'gravel' + གཡོག་ (gyog) 'to spread' and therefore means 'gravel spreader', referring to the large quantities of gravel that the river deposits when it floods.[6] The name is sometimes incorrectly glossed as 'river of death'.[1]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nubra Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubra_Valley"},{"link_name":"Khardung La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khardung_La"},{"link_name":"Ladakh Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh_Range"},{"link_name":"Leh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh"},{"link_name":"Shyok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyok"},{"link_name":"Nubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubra_Valley"},{"link_name":"Siachen Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacier"}],"text":"The Shyok Valley is the valley of the Shyok River. It is near the Nubra Valley.\nKhardung La on the Ladakh Range lies north of Leh and is the gateway to the Shyok and Nubra valleys. The Siachen Glacier lies partway up the latter valley.","title":"Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chang Chen Mo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Chen_Mo_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Galwan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galwan_River"},{"link_name":"Aksai Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nubra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubra_River"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Saltoro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltoro_River"},{"link_name":"Saltoro Kangri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltoro_Kangri"},{"link_name":"Hushe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushe_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Chang Chen Mo River is formed in the vicinity of Pamzal in Changchinmo plains of Ladakh and flows westward. It ends when it empties into the Shyok River.[citation needed]The Galwan River is in the southern part of Aksai Chin, Galwan originates in the area of Samzungling and flowing to the west which joins the Shyok River.[citation needed]The Nubra River is a tributary of the Shyok River, which flows into the Indus River. It flows in the Ladakh region of India.[citation needed]The Saltoro River begins in the skirts of the Saltoro Kangri peak ridge and flows to the southwest. Another branch starts from the western Siachen glaciers and flows to the west to join it at Dumsum village. North of the Ghursay Valley, it meets Mashburm Peak's Hushe River and empties into Shyok River in southwest.[citation needed]","title":"Tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siachen Base Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Base_Camp_(India)#Tourism"},{"link_name":"many monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Ladakh_Gonpa_Association#Shyok"},{"link_name":"Pangong Tso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Tso"}],"text":"Siachen Base Camp tourist adventure, many monasteries, Pangong Tso etc. are tourism opportunities.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_bridge_over_Shyok_River,_Khaplu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khaplu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaplu_Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiyok_River.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoyok_and_Nubra_Valley_map.jpg"}],"text":"Shyok in Khaplu Valley\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKharfaq and Yugu\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoad marker map","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kapadia1999_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kapadia1999_1-1"},{"link_name":"Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pl5qHu_K45kC&pg=PA230"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7387-100-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-100-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Detection of Sediment Trends Using Wavelet Transforms in the Upper Indus River\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/326330815_Detection_of_Sediment_Trends_Using_Wavelet_Transforms_in_the_Upper_Indus_River"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Turtuk, the village on the India-Pak border, is where the clichés stop and fantasies begin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150515013648/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/turtuk-the-last-village-on-the-india-pak-border-is-where-the-clich-s-stop-and-fantasies-begin/article1-1344873.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/turtuk-the-last-village-on-the-india-pak-border-is-where-the-clich-s-stop-and-fantasies-begin/article1-1344873.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Aerial view of river junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wikimapia.org/3720519/Keris"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BennettJones_5-0"},{"link_name":"Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Bu4yHImhtIYC&pg=PA306"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86442-709-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-709-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Glossary of Place Names in Western Tibet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43299854"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43299854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43299854"}],"text":"^ a b Harish Kapadia (1999). Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram. Indus Publishing. p. 230. ISBN 978-81-7387-100-9. Shyok: river of death. (Sheo: death).\n\n^ \"Detection of Sediment Trends Using Wavelet Transforms in the Upper Indus River\". Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n\n^ \"Turtuk, the village on the India-Pak border, is where the clichés stop and fantasies begin\". Archived from the original on 15 May 2015.\n\n^ Aerial view of river junction\n\n^ Bennett-Jones, Owen; Brown, Lindsay; Mock, John (1 September 2004). Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway. Lonely Planet Regional Guides (6th Revised ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-86442-709-0. Retrieved 26 August 2009.\n\n^ Peter, F. A. (1977). \"Glossary of Place Names in Western Tibet\". The Tibet Journal. 2 (2): 5–37. JSTOR 43299854. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Shyok river and valley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Shyok-River.jpg/220px-Shyok-River.jpg"},{"image_text":"35 metre statue of Maitreya Buddha facing down the Shyok River.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Maitreya_Buddha_-_Nubra.jpg/220px-Maitreya_Buddha_-_Nubra.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Saser Muztagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saser_Muztagh"},{"title":"Nubra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubra_River"},{"title":"Galwan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galwan_River"}]	[{"reference":"Harish Kapadia (1999). Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram. Indus Publishing. p. 230. ISBN 978-81-7387-100-9. Shyok: river of death. (Sheo: death).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pl5qHu_K45kC&pg=PA230","url_text":"Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-100-9","url_text":"978-81-7387-100-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Detection of Sediment Trends Using Wavelet Transforms in the Upper Indus River\". Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326330815_Detection_of_Sediment_Trends_Using_Wavelet_Transforms_in_the_Upper_Indus_River","url_text":"\"Detection of Sediment Trends Using Wavelet Transforms in the Upper Indus River\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turtuk, the village on the India-Pak border, is where the clichés stop and fantasies begin\". Archived from the original on 15 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150515013648/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/turtuk-the-last-village-on-the-india-pak-border-is-where-the-clich-s-stop-and-fantasies-begin/article1-1344873.aspx","url_text":"\"Turtuk, the village on the India-Pak border, is where the clichés stop and fantasies begin\""},{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/turtuk-the-last-village-on-the-india-pak-border-is-where-the-clich-s-stop-and-fantasies-begin/article1-1344873.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bennett-Jones, Owen; Brown, Lindsay; Mock, John (1 September 2004). Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway. Lonely Planet Regional Guides (6th Revised ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-86442-709-0. Retrieved 26 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu4yHImhtIYC&pg=PA306","url_text":"Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-709-0","url_text":"978-0-86442-709-0"}]},{"reference":"Peter, F. A. (1977). \"Glossary of Place Names in Western Tibet\". The Tibet Journal. 2 (2): 5–37. JSTOR 43299854. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299854","url_text":"\"Glossary of Place Names in Western Tibet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299854","url_text":"43299854"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shyok_River&params=35.23_N_75.92_E_type:river","external_links_name":"35°14′N 75°55′E / 35.23°N 75.92°E / 35.23; 75.92"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shyok_River&params=35.35_N_77.62_E_","external_links_name":"35°21′N 77°37′E / 35.35°N 77.62°E / 35.35; 77.62"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shyok_River&params=35.23_N_75.92_E_type:river","external_links_name":"35°14′N 75°55′E / 35.23°N 75.92°E / 35.23; 75.92"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shyok_River&params=34.77_N_77.14_E_","external_links_name":"34°46′N 77°08′E / 34.77°N 77.14°E / 34.77; 77.14"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&dq=shyok&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"restricted online version (Google Books)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pl5qHu_K45kC&pg=PA230","external_links_name":"Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326330815_Detection_of_Sediment_Trends_Using_Wavelet_Transforms_in_the_Upper_Indus_River","external_links_name":"\"Detection of Sediment Trends Using Wavelet Transforms in the Upper Indus River\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150515013648/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/turtuk-the-last-village-on-the-india-pak-border-is-where-the-clich-s-stop-and-fantasies-begin/article1-1344873.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Turtuk, the village on the India-Pak border, is where the clichés stop and fantasies begin\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/turtuk-the-last-village-on-the-india-pak-border-is-where-the-clich-s-stop-and-fantasies-begin/article1-1344873.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/3720519/Keris","external_links_name":"Aerial view of river junction"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu4yHImhtIYC&pg=PA306","external_links_name":"Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299854","external_links_name":"\"Glossary of Place Names in Western Tibet\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299854","external_links_name":"43299854"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/542462/Shyok-River","external_links_name":"Shyok River"},{"Link":"http://www.india9.com/i9show/Shyok-River-22248.htm","external_links_name":"Shyok River"},{"Link":"http://www.thutong.doe.gov.za/ResourceFiles/EDN/webs/10131/ladak_60.htm","external_links_name":"Shyok"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110904195852/http://shyok.org/","external_links_name":"\"Shyok Valley Project - An Experiment In Suof Jammu and Kashmir\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylviane_Diouf	Sylviane Diouf	["1 Early life and education","2 Academic work","3 Books","4 Articles and chapters in edited books","5 Exhibitions","6 Awards","7 References","8 External links"]	Historian and curator of the African diasporaa This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sylviane Anna Diouf is a historian and curator of the African diaspora. She is a visiting scholar at the Center for the Study of Slavery and Justice at Brown University and a member of the Scientific Committee of the International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. Her contribution as a social historian, she stressed, "May be the uncovering of essential stories and topics that were overlooked or negated, but which actually offer new insights into the experience of the African Diaspora. A scholar said my work re-shapes and re-directs our understanding of this history; it shifts our attention, corrects the historical record, and reveals hidden and forgotten voices." Early life and education Diouf was born in France to a Senegalese physicist and a French school principal. She is a descendant of Khaly Amar Fall (1555-1638), the founder (in 1603) of Pir, the Senegalese institute of higher Islamic studies. Historical figures such as Sulayman Bal and Abdel Kader Kane who blocked the slave trade on the Senegal River in the 18th century studied at Pir. Many Islamic reformists and later opponents of colonization were also students there and in 1870 the French burned down the school. But it was rebuilt and still exists. Diouf studied at Université Denis Diderot in Paris and has lived and traveled extensively in Europe, Africa, the Americas and Asia. She lives in New York. Academic work In addition to publishing pioneering scholarly works on African Diasporan themes, Diouf has written black history children's books, curated gallery and online exhibitions, lectured widely on the global black experience, and appeared as an expert in documentary films." Her book Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America (Oxford University Press, 2007) is the first to tell the story, in minute details, of the 110 young Africans from Benin and Nigeria, who were brought in July 1860 to Alabama on the last recorded slave ship to the United States. It received the Wesley Logan Prize of the American Historical Association and the James Sulzby Award of the Alabama Historical Association. It was a finalist for the Hurston/Wright Legacy Award. The discovery, in 2019, of the wreck of the Clotilda in Mobile has brought international attention to this story. Diouf is the author of Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons (New York University Press, 2014). It is the first book to detail the experience of the men, women, and children who fled slavery and found refuge in the woods and swamps of the United States. Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Eric Foner noted that Slavery's Exiles is "an important addition to our understanding of slave society and black resistance". and interviewed Diouf for BookTV. Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (New York University Press, 1998), the first book on the topic, has been praised for its detailed, well-written, and well-researched study of West African Muslims in 20 colonies/countries of the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Through an abundance of primary sources, Diouf explores the lives of individuals and communities focusing on expressions of faith, continued adherence to Islam, material culture, literacy, resistance, revolts, influence on non-Muslim communities and the Muslims' legacy. A 15th-anniversary, expanded, illustrated and updated edition was published in 2013. Diouf gave the keynote address to the United Nations General Assembly on March 25, 2015, during the commemoration of the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. She is the editor of the critically acclaimed Fighting the Slave trade: West African Strategies (Ohio University Press, 2003), the first book to study African resistance to the slave trade. She co-edited Black Power 50 andIn Motion: The African-American Migration Experience (National Geographic, 2005). She has written several books on African history and on slavery for younger readers. She received the 2001 Africana Book Award for Older Readers from the African Studies Association for her book Kings and Queens of West Africa, part of a four-book series (Scholastic, 2000). She authored a book on the lives of children enslaved in the United States, Growing Up in Slavery (Lerner Publishing Group, 2001); and her fiction book Bintou’s Braids (Chronicle Books, 2001) has been published in the US, France, and Brazil. Diouf has appeared on PBS in the documentaries This Far by Faith: African-American Spiritual Journeys, Prince Among Slaves, Cimarronaje en Panama, The Neo African Americans and History Detectives. She has lectured internationally and was the inaugural Director of the Lapidus Center for the Historical Analysis of Transatlantic Slavery at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture of The New York Public Library. Books Black Power 50, 2016, The New Press Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons, 2014, New York University Press Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, 15th anniversary edition, 2013, New York University Press Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America, 2007, Oxford University Press In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience, 2005, National Geographic Society Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies, 2003, Ohio University Press Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, 1998, New York University Press Bintou's Braids, 2001, Chronicle Books. French and Brazilian editions. Growing Up in Slavery, 2001, Lerner Publishing Group Kings and Queens of Africa, 2000, Scholastic Articles and chapters in edited books From the Holds of the Clotilda to African Town, The Unesco Courier, Fall 2019 What Islam Gave the Blues, Renovatio, Spring 2019 Borderland Maroons in Fugitive Slaves and Places of Freedom in North America, D. A. Pargas, ed. University Press of Florida Press, 2018. '‘God Does Not Allow Kings to Enslave Their People’ ”: Islamic Reformists and the Transatlantic Slave Trade”', in A Muslim American Slave: The Life of Omar ibn Said, Ala Alryyes, ed. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2011 African Resistance to the Transatlantic Slave Trade, in 200 Years Later… Commemorating the 200 year anniversary of the abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Berlin: Werstatt Der Kulturen, 2008 Muslims and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, Seasons, Spring–Summer 2005 The West African Paradox, in Muslims' Place in the American Public Square: Hopes, Fears, and Aspirations, Zahid Bukhari, ed. Altamira Press, 2004 African Muslims in Bondage: Realities, Memories, and Legacies, in Monuments of the Black Atlantic: History, Memory and Politics, Maria Diedrich, Joanne M. Braxton, eds. Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 2004 Manding in the Americas, in Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of Ethnicity in the African Diaspora, Paul E. Lovejoy and David Trotman, eds. London: Continuum, 2003 Invisible Muslims: The Sahelians in France, in Muslim Minorities in the West: Visible and Invisible, Yvonne Haddad and Jane Smith, eds. Altamira Press, 2002 American Slaves Who Were Readers and Writers, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, Summer 1999 Sadaqah Among African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, The Journal of Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press, 1999 Senegalese in New York: A Model Minority? Black Renaissance, no. 2, Summer–Fall 1997 Exhibitions Black New Yorkers 1613-2010 Black Power! Power In Print Ready For the Revolution: Education, Arts, and Aesthetics of the Black Power Movement The Black Power Movement: The Legacy Revisiting Nat Turner Africans in India: From Slaves to Generals and Rulers (traveled to 20 countries) The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World Africana Age: African and African Diasporan Transformations in the 20th Century African Americans and American Politics The Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: The Forgotten Story In Motion: The African American Migration Experience Awards 2009 George Sulzby Award of the Alabama Historical Association for Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America (Oxford University Press). 2009 Rosa Parks Award for Social Justice 2008 Wesley-Logan Prize of the American Historical Association for Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America 2008 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award, finalist, Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America 2008 Pen and Brush Lifetime Achievement Award 2006 Dr. Betty Shabbazz Lifetime Achievement Award 2003 Comité des Mamans (France) Winner, Bintou Quatre Choux 2001 African Studies Association, Children Africana Book Award for Older Readers: Kings and Queens of West Africa 1999 Choice, Outstanding Academic Book for Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas 1999 Gustavus Meyers Center for the Study of Human Rights in North America, Outstanding Books Award for Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas. References ^ Callaloo, Fall 2016 ^ sylvianediouf.com ^ Demba Lamine Diouf, Khally Amar Fall, fondateur de l'université de Pire, Centre d'étude des civilisations, 1988 ^ Callaloo, Fall 2016 ^ Last American Slave Ship Is Discovered in Alabama, National Geographic, May 2019 ^ Last Slave Ship Found on Alabama Coast External links Sylviane Diouf's home page University of Washington profile Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"International Coalition of Sites of Conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coalition_of_Sites_of_Conscience"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sylviane Anna Diouf is a historian and curator of the African diaspora. She is a visiting scholar at the Center for the Study of Slavery and Justice at Brown University and a member of the Scientific Committee of the International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. Her contribution as a social historian, she stressed, \"May be the uncovering of essential stories and topics that were overlooked or negated, but which actually offer new insights into the experience of the African Diaspora. A scholar said my work re-shapes and re-directs our understanding of this history; it shifts our attention, corrects the historical record, and reveals hidden and forgotten voices.\"[1]","title":"Sylviane Diouf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Senegalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Khaly Amar Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khaly_Amar_Fall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sulayman Bal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_Bal"},{"link_name":"Abdel Kader Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kader_(almami)"},{"link_name":"Senegal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Université Denis Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Diderot_University"}],"text":"Diouf was born in France to a Senegalese physicist and a French school principal. She is a descendant of Khaly Amar Fall (1555-1638), the founder (in 1603) of Pir, the Senegalese institute of higher Islamic studies.[2] Historical figures such as Sulayman Bal and Abdel Kader Kane who blocked the slave trade on the Senegal River in the 18th century studied at Pir. Many Islamic reformists and later opponents of colonization were also students there and in 1870 the French burned down the school. But it was rebuilt and still exists.[3] Diouf studied at Université Denis Diderot in Paris and has lived and traveled extensively in Europe, Africa, the Americas and Asia. She lives in New York.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wesley Logan Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Logan_Prize"},{"link_name":"Alabama Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"Hurston/Wright Legacy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurston/Wright_Legacy_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eric Foner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_Slavery_and_the_Transatlantic_Slave_Trade"},{"link_name":"African Studies Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Studies_Association"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"Prince Among Slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Among_Slaves_(film)"},{"link_name":"Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture"}],"text":"In addition to publishing pioneering scholarly works on African Diasporan themes, Diouf has written black history children's books, curated gallery and online exhibitions, lectured widely on the global black experience, and appeared as an expert in documentary films.\"[4]Her book Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America (Oxford University Press, 2007) is the first to tell the story, in minute details, of the 110 young Africans from Benin and Nigeria, who were brought in July 1860 to Alabama on the last recorded slave ship to the United States. It received the Wesley Logan Prize of the American Historical Association and the James Sulzby Award of the Alabama Historical Association. It was a finalist for the Hurston/Wright Legacy Award. The discovery, in 2019, of the wreck of the Clotilda in Mobile has brought international attention to this story.[5][6]Diouf is the author of Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons (New York University Press, 2014). It is the first book to detail the experience of the men, women, and children who fled slavery and found refuge in the woods and swamps of the United States. Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Eric Foner noted that Slavery's Exiles is \"an important addition to our understanding of slave society and black resistance\". and interviewed Diouf for BookTV.Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (New York University Press, 1998), the first book on the topic, has been praised for its detailed, well-written, and well-researched study of West African Muslims in 20 colonies/countries of the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.[citation needed] Through an abundance of primary sources, Diouf explores the lives of individuals and communities focusing on expressions of faith, continued adherence to Islam, material culture, literacy, resistance, revolts, influence on non-Muslim communities and the Muslims' legacy. A 15th-anniversary, expanded, illustrated and updated edition was published in 2013.Diouf gave the keynote address to the United Nations General Assembly on March 25, 2015, during the commemoration of the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. She is the editor of the critically acclaimed Fighting the Slave trade: West African Strategies (Ohio University Press, 2003), the first book to study African resistance to the slave trade. She co-edited Black Power 50 andIn Motion: The African-American Migration Experience (National Geographic, 2005).She has written several books on African history and on slavery for younger readers. She received the 2001 Africana Book Award for Older Readers from the African Studies Association for her book Kings and Queens of West Africa, part of a four-book series (Scholastic, 2000). She authored a book on the lives of children enslaved in the United States, Growing Up in Slavery (Lerner Publishing Group, 2001); and her fiction book Bintou’s Braids (Chronicle Books, 2001) has been published in the US, France, and Brazil.Diouf has appeared on PBS in the documentaries This Far by Faith: African-American Spiritual Journeys, Prince Among Slaves, Cimarronaje en Panama, The Neo African Americans and History Detectives. She has lectured internationally and was the inaugural Director of the Lapidus Center for the Historical Analysis of Transatlantic Slavery at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture of The New York Public Library.","title":"Academic work"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Black Power 50, 2016, The New Press\nSlavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons, 2014, New York University Press\nServants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, 15th anniversary edition, 2013, New York University Press\nDreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America, 2007, Oxford University Press\nIn Motion: The African-American Migration Experience, 2005, National Geographic Society\nFighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies, 2003, Ohio University Press\nServants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, 1998, New York University Press\nBintou's Braids, 2001, Chronicle Books. French and Brazilian editions.\nGrowing Up in Slavery, 2001, Lerner Publishing Group\nKings and Queens of Africa, 2000, Scholastic","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From the Holds of the Clotilda to African Town, The Unesco Courier, Fall 2019What Islam Gave the Blues, Renovatio, Spring 2019Borderland Maroons in Fugitive Slaves and Places of Freedom in North America, D. A. Pargas, ed. University Press of Florida Press, 2018.'‘God Does Not Allow Kings to Enslave Their People’ ”: Islamic Reformists and the Transatlantic Slave Trade”', in A Muslim American Slave: The Life of Omar ibn Said, Ala Alryyes, ed. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2011African Resistance to the Transatlantic Slave Trade, in 200 Years Later… Commemorating the 200 year anniversary of the abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Berlin: Werstatt Der Kulturen, 2008Muslims and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, Seasons, Spring–Summer 2005The West African Paradox, in Muslims' Place in the American Public Square: Hopes, Fears, and Aspirations, Zahid Bukhari, ed. Altamira Press, 2004African Muslims in Bondage: Realities, Memories, and Legacies, in Monuments of the Black Atlantic: History, Memory and Politics, Maria Diedrich, Joanne M. Braxton, eds. Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 2004Manding in the Americas, in Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of Ethnicity in the African Diaspora, Paul E. Lovejoy and David Trotman, eds. London: Continuum, 2003Invisible Muslims: The Sahelians in France, in Muslim Minorities in the West: Visible and Invisible, Yvonne Haddad and Jane Smith, eds. Altamira Press, 2002American Slaves Who Were Readers and Writers, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, Summer 1999Sadaqah Among African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, The Journal of Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press, 1999Senegalese in New York: A Model Minority? Black Renaissance, no. 2, Summer–Fall 1997","title":"Articles and chapters in edited books"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Black New Yorkers 1613-2010\nBlack Power!\nPower In Print\nReady For the Revolution: Education, Arts, and Aesthetics of the Black Power Movement\nThe Black Power Movement: The Legacy\nRevisiting Nat Turner\nAfricans in India: From Slaves to Generals and Rulers (traveled to 20 countries)\nThe African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World\nAfricana Age: African and African Diasporan Transformations in the 20th Century\nAfrican Americans and American Politics\nThe Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: The Forgotten Story\nIn Motion: The African American Migration Experience","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2009 George Sulzby Award of the Alabama Historical Association for Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America (Oxford University Press).\n2009 Rosa Parks Award for Social Justice\n2008 Wesley-Logan Prize of the American Historical Association for Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America\n2008 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award, finalist, Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America\n2008 Pen and Brush Lifetime Achievement Award\n2006 Dr. Betty Shabbazz Lifetime Achievement Award\n2003 Comité des Mamans (France) Winner, Bintou Quatre Choux\n2001 African Studies Association, Children Africana Book Award for Older Readers: Kings and Queens of West Africa\n1999 Choice, Outstanding Academic Book for Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas\n1999 Gustavus Meyers Center for the Study of Human Rights in North America, Outstanding Books Award for Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas.","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://therealnews.com/stories/last-slave-ship-found-on-alabama-coast-validates-descendants-stories","external_links_name":"Last Slave Ship Found on Alabama Coast"},{"Link":"http://www.sylvianediouf.com/","external_links_name":"Sylviane Diouf's home page"},{"Link":"http://www.blackpast.org/contributor/diouf-sylviane-anna","external_links_name":"University of Washington profile"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081682154","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95649081","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdx7JgRMgPjRDyXqCR3Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4051797","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135715862","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135715862","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/139055371","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301475105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14673560","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98042742","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01075676","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20100930002&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61541383","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2022C0935","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p216457521","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13393121?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/05957626X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cultural_heritage	Digital heritage	["1 Cultural and natural heritage","2 Educational impact","3 Technologies used","4 Virtual heritage","5 Digital heritage stewardship","6 Digital heritage studies","7 See also","8 References"]	Use of digital information for cultural and historical research Digital heritage is the use of digital media in the service of understanding and preserving cultural or natural heritage. The Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage of UNESCO defines digital heritage as embracing "cultural, educational, scientific and administrative resources, as well as technical, legal, medical and other kinds of information created digitally, or converted into digital form from existing analogue resources". The digitization of both cultural heritage and Natural heritage serves to enable the permanent access of current and future generations to culturally important objects ranging from literature and paintings to flora, fauna, or habitats. It is also used in the preservation and access of objects with enduring or significant historical, scientific, or cultural value including buildings, archeological sites, and natural phenomena. The main idea is the transformation of a material object into a virtual copy. It should not be confused with digital humanities, which uses digitizing technology to specifically help with research. There have been several debates concerning the efficiency of the process of digitizing heritage. Some of the drawbacks refer to the deterioration and technological obsolescence due to the lack of funding for archival materials and underdeveloped policies that would regulate such a process. Another main social debate has taken place around the restricted accessibility due to the digital divide that exists around the world. Nevertheless, new technologies enable easy, instant and cross boarder access to the digitized work. Many of these technologies include spatial and surveying technology to gain aerial or 3D images. Digital heritage is also used to monitor cultural heritage sites over years to help with preservation, maintenance, and sustainable tourism. It aims to observe any changes, diseases, or deterioration that may occur on objects. Cultural and natural heritage Digital Heritage that is not born-digital can be divided into two separate groups—digital cultural heritage and digital natural heritage. Digital cultural heritage is the maintenance or preservation of cultural objects through digitization. These are objects, in some cases entire cities, that are considered of cultural importance. These objects are sometimes able to be digitized or physically represented in minute detail. Digital cultural heritage also includes intangible heritage. These are things such as "oral traditions, customs, value systems, skills, traditional dances, diets, performances" and other unique features of a culture. Intangible heritage is particularly vulnerable to destruction due to urbanization. A digital elevation model (DEM) of the Malaspina Glacier. A DEM is often used as a part of geographic information systems. There are several projects and programs which concentrate on digital cultural heritage. One such project is Mapping Gothic France, which aims to document and preserve cathedrals across France using images, VR tours, laser scans, and panoramas. This allows for scientific and historical study and preservation of the cathedrals and also provides detailed access to the sites for anyone in the world. The aim of projects like these is to help with the preservation and restoration of cultural objects. After the fire at Notre-Dame de Paris in 2019, digital scans are a major component in the ongoing restoration. Digital natural heritage pertains to objects of natural heritage that are considered of cultural, scientific, or aesthetic importance. Digital heritage in this instance is used not only to grant access to these objects, but to monitor any changes over time, such as with plant or animal habitats. Geographic information systems are a form of technology that is used primarily in the study of natural heritage. Western Australia has one such digital heritage project where they have created a digital repository of native plants important to both the region and the Aboriginal people. This is in order to protect and preserve the important biological heritage of Western Australia. Educational impact The digitization of these heritage objects has impacts around the world and across many disciplines. The increase of digital items means that people, especially the youth, are able to learn about new objects and cultures online through various media. They provide viewers with a more in-depth experience with an item or place, instead of just an image. The media is also able to be curated to age- or educational-level appropriateness, making learning easier. Some of the technology used in education, especially in museums, includes mobile apps, virtual reality, social media, and video games. Cultural heritage institutions are using this technology to try to expand access, increase appreciation for these items, and to gain new viewpoints on their collections. Digital heritage also helps scientists, archeologists, or other historians and specialists collect data on these objects, providing more information on the objects and the past. Digital Heritage is still currently being studied and improved by several sectors invested in cultural and intellectual preservation. It is particularly of interest to museums, governments, and academic institutions. Research by these groups are creating new concepts, methodologies, and techniques for the implementation of digital heritage to protect this type of cultural and natural heritage. As new technologies are created, museums and other heritage institutions are provided with more ways of disseminating their information and engaging with the public. A lack of resources within certain groups may still hinder everyone from accessing digital heritage. Technologies used A 3D model of London, captured by aerial imagery in 2019 The digitization of cultural heritage is attained through several means. Some of the main technology used is spatial and surveying technology. Space archaeological technology - Observations from space satellites are non-intrusive and can be integrated with other technologies on the ground. It is used to photograph vast areas of earth and help with research. Remnants of ancient civilizations or other human objects are also able to be spotted via satellite imaging. Unmanned aerial vehicles - UAV, such as drones, are commonly used in digitization of cultural heritage objects. The Great Wall of China is one such site that has been digitized and analyzed through unmanned aerial vehicle investigation. The resulting images, 3-D scans, maps, and other data are used to evaluate and maintain the Great Wall. Laser Scanning - Laser scanning is used to scan an area and recreate spatially accurate depictions, such as a 3D model. Virtual and Augmented Reality - VR is used primarily for education but does have uses for reconstruction and research. It is used to provide users with an immersive experience, as though they are actually at the site. Geographic Information systems - GIS are used primarily to study objects and sites over time. It is also important in studying the socioeconomic status of the past. 3D Modeling - 3D modeling has become more widely used due to an increase in technology that works specifically with heritage sites. It is often used in tandem with GIS to reconstruct objects for restoration, documentation, preservation, and educational purposes. Data is collected using satellite or other aerial imaging and ground-based imaging. There is some concern about the accuracy and authenticity of these types of digital reconstructions and their effects on the sites themselves. A major barrier to digital heritage is the amount of resources it takes to undertake such projects, such as money, time, and technology. Money and the lack of qualified personnel are two that are considered the most obstructive. This is especially an issue in less developed areas or within underfunded groups such as minorities. Virtual heritage Main article: Virtual heritage A particular branch of digital heritage, known as "virtual heritage", is formed by the use of information technology with the aim of recreating the experience of existing cultural heritage, as in (approximations of) virtual reality. It is hard to differentiate this branch from the core contribution of digital heritage which is storing the heritage data digitally. Parsinejad et al. developed two techniques for Digital Twinning of the architectural assets and representation of the physical assets virtually in the museum context. Two techniques are hand recording and digital recording and both have challenges in adoption and implementation of Digital Twin as a revolutionary concept. Digital heritage stewardship Digital heritage stewardship is a form of digital curation which is modeled after collaborative curation. Digital heritage stewardship means stepping away from typical curatorial practices (e.g. discovering, arranging, and sharing information, material, and/or content) in favor of practices which allow its stakeholders the opportunity to contribute historical, political, and social context and culture. The collaborative practice encourages the creation, engagement, and maintenance of relationships with the relative communities from which certain information, material, and/or content originates. A notable use of digital heritage stewardship is for the preservation of Indigenous heritage. The Plateau Peoples' Web Portal is an online archive developed and collaborated on by representatives from six different tribes — the Colville, Coeur d'Alene, Spokane, Umatilla, Yakama, and Warm Springs — along with the team for Washington State University Libraries' Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections to curate Plateau peoples' cultural materials. Digital heritage studies Digital heritage studies examines how people use the Internet to engage with elements of the past and attribute social and cultural meanings to them in the present. They also look into how concepts of history can change depending on the groups of people that engage with the objects or historical concepts. Digital heritage studies have also led to investigations on heritage as experiences. See also Archaeogaming Digital archaeology Digital humanities References ^ Yehuda Kalay; Thomas Kvan; Janice Affleck, eds. (2007). New Heritage: New Media and Cultural Heritage. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-97770-2. ^ a b Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl ^ Fiona Cameron; Sarah Kenderdine, eds. (2007). Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03353-4. ^ "Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage". UNESCO. October 15, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2015. ^ a b c d e Wang, Xinyuan; Lasaponara, Rosa; Luo, Lei; Chen, Fulong; Wan, Hong; Yang, Ruixia; Zhen, Jing (2020), Guo, Huadong; Goodchild, Michael F.; Annoni, Alessandro (eds.), "Digital Heritage", Manual of Digital Earth, Singapore: Springer, pp. 565–591, doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_17, ISBN 978-981-329-915-3, S2CID 242714151 ^ a b Münster, S. (2019). "Digital Heritage as a Scholarly Field—Topics, Researchers, and Perspectives from a Bibliometric Point of View". Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage. 12 (3): 22:1–22:27. doi:10.1145/3310012. S2CID 201140968. ^ UNESCO. "Concept of Digital Heritage". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2019-08-09. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ a b c d e Economou, M. (2015). "Heritage in the Digital Age". In Logan, W. S.; Nic Craith, M.; Kockel, U. (eds.). A companion to heritage studies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 212–228. ISBN 978-1-118-48661-0. OCLC 904400133. ^ Media Center for Art History. "Mapping Gothic \| Art Atlas". mcid.mcah.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2021-10-17. ^ Richards, W. "Notre-Dame's recovery is about stewardship, say architects and historians - AIA". www.aia.org. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2021-10-17. ^ Ryan, J. C. (2014). "Natural Heritage Conservation and Eco-Digital Poiesis: A Western Australian Example". Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy. 153 (153): 88–97. doi:10.1177/1329878X1415300111. S2CID 147259093. ^ a b Nikonova, A. A.; Biryukova, M. "The Role of Digital Technologies in the Preservation of Cultural Heritage". Muzeológia a Kultúrne Dedičstvo. 5 (1): 169–173. ^ a b Liu, J.; Tseng, M.; Huang, T (2005-09-01). "Building Digital Heritage with Teamwork Empowerment". Information Technology and Libraries. 24 (3): 130–140. doi:10.6017/ital.v24i3.3374. ISSN 2163-5226. ^ a b King, L.; Stark, J. F.; Cooke, P. (2016-01-02). "Experiencing the Digital World: The Cultural Value of Digital Engagement with Heritage". Heritage & Society. 9 (1): 76–101. doi:10.1080/2159032X.2016.1246156. ISSN 2159-032X. S2CID 107243735. ^ Agapiou, A. (2020-05-04). "Archaeology from space: Using Earth Observation data to unearth our past". Research Outreach. Archived from the original on 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ Guarnieri, A.; Vettore, A.; El-Hakim, S.; Gonzo, L. (2004). "Digital photogrammetry and laser scanning in cultural heritage survey". The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 35. ^ Martindale, J. "Research Guides: Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): What is GIS?". researchguides.library.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ a b Champion, E.; Rahaman, H. (2019). "3D Digital Heritage Models as Sustainable Scholarly Resources". Sustainability. 11 (8): 2425. doi:10.3390/su11082425. hdl:20.500.11937/75370. ^ Parsinejad, H.; Choi, I.; Yari, M. (2021). "Production of Iranian Architectural Assets for Representation in Museums: Theme of Museum-Based Digital Twin". Body, Space and Technology. 20 (1): 61–74. doi:10.16995/bst.364. ^ a b Sayers, Jentery (2018-05-01). Sayers, Jentery (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Media Studies and Digital Humanities. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315730479. hdl:10495/11228. ISBN 978-1-315-73047-9. ^ Bonacchi, Chiara; Krzyzanska, Marta (2019-12-02). "Digital heritage research re-theorised: ontologies and epistemologies in a world of big data". International Journal of Heritage Studies. 25 (12): 1235–1247. doi:10.1080/13527258.2019.1578989. hdl:1893/28734. S2CID 150582495. ^ Bonacchi, Chiara; Altaweel, Mark; Krzyzanska, Marta (June 2018). "The heritage of Brexit: Roles of the past in the construction of political identities through social media". Journal of Social Archaeology. 18 (2): 174–192. doi:10.1177/1469605318759713. hdl:20.500.11820/f1c0e472-9bb9-407b-8bc2-92271c4caca4. S2CID 149006204. ^ Marwick, Ben; Smith, Prema (January 2021). "World Heritage sites on Wikipedia: Cultural heritage activism in a context of constrained agency". Big Data & Society. 8 (1): 205395172110173. doi:10.1177/20539517211017304. S2CID 235699834. Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media"},{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"natural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_heritage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repository.jmls.edu-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"Natural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_heritage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"digital humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"digital divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Digital heritage is the use of digital media in the service of understanding and preserving cultural or natural heritage.[1][2][3]The Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage of UNESCO defines digital heritage as embracing \"cultural, educational, scientific and administrative resources, as well as technical, legal, medical and other kinds of information created digitally, or converted into digital form from existing analogue resources\".[4]The digitization of both cultural heritage and Natural heritage serves to enable the permanent access of current and future generations to culturally important objects ranging from literature and paintings to flora, fauna, or habitats. It is also used in the preservation and access of objects with enduring or significant historical, scientific, or cultural value including buildings, archeological sites, and natural phenomena.[5] The main idea is the transformation of a material object into a virtual copy. It should not be confused with digital humanities, which uses digitizing technology to specifically help with research.[6] There have been several debates concerning the efficiency of the process of digitizing heritage. Some of the drawbacks refer to the deterioration and technological obsolescence due to the lack of funding for archival materials and underdeveloped policies that would regulate such a process. Another main social debate has taken place around the restricted accessibility due to the digital divide that exists around the world. Nevertheless, new technologies enable easy, instant and cross boarder access to the digitized work. Many of these technologies include spatial and surveying technology to gain aerial or 3D images.Digital heritage is also used to monitor cultural heritage sites over years to help with preservation, maintenance, and sustainable tourism. It aims to observe any changes, diseases, or deterioration that may occur on objects.[5]","title":"Digital heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaspina-panorama-meters.jpg"},{"link_name":"digital elevation model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model"},{"link_name":"Malaspina Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaspina_Glacier"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"natural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_heritage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Digital Heritage that is not born-digital can be divided into two separate groups—digital cultural heritage and digital natural heritage.[7]Digital cultural heritage is the maintenance or preservation of cultural objects through digitization. These are objects, in some cases entire cities, that are considered of cultural importance. These objects are sometimes able to be digitized or physically represented in minute detail. Digital cultural heritage also includes intangible heritage. These are things such as \"oral traditions, customs, value systems, skills, traditional dances, diets, performances\" and other unique features of a culture.[8] Intangible heritage is particularly vulnerable to destruction due to urbanization.A digital elevation model (DEM) of the Malaspina Glacier. A DEM is often used as a part of geographic information systems.There are several projects and programs which concentrate on digital cultural heritage. One such project is Mapping Gothic France, which aims to document and preserve cathedrals across France using images, VR tours, laser scans, and panoramas.[9] This allows for scientific and historical study and preservation of the cathedrals and also provides detailed access to the sites for anyone in the world. The aim of projects like these is to help with the preservation and restoration of cultural objects. After the fire at Notre-Dame de Paris in 2019, digital scans are a major component in the ongoing restoration.[10]Digital natural heritage pertains to objects of natural heritage that are considered of cultural, scientific, or aesthetic importance. Digital heritage in this instance is used not only to grant access to these objects, but to monitor any changes over time, such as with plant or animal habitats.[5] Geographic information systems are a form of technology that is used primarily in the study of natural heritage.[8] Western Australia has one such digital heritage project where they have created a digital repository of native plants important to both the region and the Aboriginal people. This is in order to protect and preserve the important biological heritage of Western Australia.[11]","title":"Cultural and natural heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"}],"text":"The digitization of these heritage objects has impacts around the world and across many disciplines. The increase of digital items means that people, especially the youth, are able to learn about new objects and cultures online through various media. They provide viewers with a more in-depth experience with an item or place, instead of just an image.[12] The media is also able to be curated to age- or educational-level appropriateness, making learning easier. Some of the technology used in education, especially in museums, includes mobile apps, virtual reality, social media, and video games. Cultural heritage institutions are using this technology to try to expand access, increase appreciation for these items, and to gain new viewpoints on their collections.[8] Digital heritage also helps scientists, archeologists, or other historians and specialists collect data on these objects, providing more information on the objects and the past.Digital Heritage is still currently being studied and improved by several sectors invested in cultural and intellectual preservation. It is particularly of interest to museums, governments, and academic institutions. Research by these groups are creating new concepts, methodologies, and techniques for the implementation of digital heritage to protect this type of cultural and natural heritage.[13] As new technologies are created, museums and other heritage institutions are provided with more ways of disseminating their information and engaging with the public. A lack of resources within certain groups may still hinder everyone from accessing digital heritage.[14]","title":"Educational impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_City_of_London_3D_model.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Laser Scanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_scanning"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Geographic Information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"3D Modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_modeling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"}],"text":"A 3D model of London, captured by aerial imagery in 2019The digitization of cultural heritage is attained through several means. Some of the main technology used is spatial and surveying technology.Space archaeological technology - Observations from space satellites are non-intrusive and can be integrated with other technologies on the ground. It is used to photograph vast areas of earth and help with research. Remnants of ancient civilizations or other human objects are also able to be spotted via satellite imaging.[15]\nUnmanned aerial vehicles - UAV, such as drones, are commonly used in digitization of cultural heritage objects. The Great Wall of China is one such site that has been digitized and analyzed through unmanned aerial vehicle investigation. The resulting images, 3-D scans, maps, and other data are used to evaluate and maintain the Great Wall.[5]\nLaser Scanning - Laser scanning is used to scan an area and recreate spatially accurate depictions, such as a 3D model.[16]\nVirtual and Augmented Reality - VR is used primarily for education but does have uses for reconstruction and research. It is used to provide users with an immersive experience, as though they are actually at the site.[8]\nGeographic Information systems - GIS are used primarily to study objects and sites over time. It is also important in studying the socioeconomic status of the past.[17]\n3D Modeling - 3D modeling has become more widely used due to an increase in technology that works specifically with heritage sites. It is often used in tandem with GIS to reconstruct objects for restoration, documentation, preservation, and educational purposes.[8] Data is collected using satellite or other aerial imaging and ground-based imaging.[5] There is some concern about the accuracy and authenticity of these types of digital reconstructions and their effects on the sites themselves.[12][18]A major barrier to digital heritage is the amount of resources it takes to undertake such projects, such as money, time, and technology. Money and the lack of qualified personnel are two that are considered the most obstructive.[6][18] This is especially an issue in less developed areas or within underfunded groups such as minorities.[13]","title":"Technologies used"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repository.jmls.edu-2"},{"link_name":"Parsinejad et al.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.16995/bst.364"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BST-19"}],"text":"A particular branch of digital heritage, known as \"virtual heritage\", is formed by the use of information technology with the aim of recreating the experience of existing cultural heritage, as in (approximations of) virtual reality.[2] It is hard to differentiate this branch from the core contribution of digital heritage which is storing the heritage data digitally. Parsinejad et al. developed two techniques for Digital Twinning of the architectural assets and representation of the physical assets virtually in the museum context. Two techniques are hand recording and digital recording and both have challenges in adoption and implementation of Digital Twin as a revolutionary concept.[19]","title":"Virtual heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colville_people"},{"link_name":"Coeur d'Alene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_people"},{"link_name":"Spokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_people"},{"link_name":"Umatilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla_people"},{"link_name":"Yakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakama"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_Warm_Springs"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"}],"text":"Digital heritage stewardship is a form of digital curation which is modeled after collaborative curation. Digital heritage stewardship means stepping away from typical curatorial practices (e.g. discovering, arranging, and sharing information, material, and/or content) in favor of practices which allow its stakeholders the opportunity to contribute historical, political, and social context and culture. The collaborative practice encourages the creation, engagement, and maintenance of relationships with the relative communities from which certain information, material, and/or content originates.[20]A notable use of digital heritage stewardship is for the preservation of Indigenous heritage. The Plateau Peoples' Web Portal is an online archive developed and collaborated on by representatives from six different tribes — the Colville, Coeur d'Alene, Spokane, Umatilla, Yakama, and Warm Springs — along with the team for Washington State University Libraries' Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections to curate Plateau peoples' cultural materials.[20]","title":"Digital heritage stewardship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"}],"text":"Digital heritage studies examines how people use the Internet to engage with elements of the past and attribute social and cultural meanings to them in the present.[21][22][23] They also look into how concepts of history can change depending on the groups of people that engage with the objects or historical concepts. Digital heritage studies have also led to investigations on heritage as experiences.[14]","title":"Digital heritage studies"}]	[{"image_text":"A digital elevation model (DEM) of the Malaspina Glacier. A DEM is often used as a part of geographic information systems.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Malaspina-panorama-meters.jpg/220px-Malaspina-panorama-meters.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 3D model of London, captured by aerial imagery in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2019_City_of_London_3D_model.jpg/220px-2019_City_of_London_3D_model.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Archaeogaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeogaming"},{"title":"Digital archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_archaeology"},{"title":"Digital humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities"}]	[{"reference":"Yehuda Kalay; Thomas Kvan; Janice Affleck, eds. (2007). New Heritage: New Media and Cultural Heritage. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-97770-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97770-2","url_text":"978-1-135-97770-2"}]},{"reference":"Fiona Cameron; Sarah Kenderdine, eds. (2007). Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03353-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Kenderdine","url_text":"Sarah Kenderdine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03353-4","url_text":"978-0-262-03353-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage\". UNESCO. October 15, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17721&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html","url_text":"\"Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Xinyuan; Lasaponara, Rosa; Luo, Lei; Chen, Fulong; Wan, Hong; Yang, Ruixia; Zhen, Jing (2020), Guo, Huadong; Goodchild, Michael F.; Annoni, Alessandro (eds.), \"Digital Heritage\", Manual of Digital Earth, Singapore: Springer, pp. 565–591, doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_17, ISBN 978-981-329-915-3, S2CID 242714151","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-32-9915-3_17","url_text":"10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-915-3","url_text":"978-981-329-915-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242714151","url_text":"242714151"}]},{"reference":"Münster, S. (2019). \"Digital Heritage as a Scholarly Field—Topics, Researchers, and Perspectives from a Bibliometric Point of View\". Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage. 12 (3): 22:1–22:27. doi:10.1145/3310012. S2CID 201140968.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3310012","url_text":"\"Digital Heritage as a Scholarly Field—Topics, Researchers, and Perspectives from a Bibliometric Point of View\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3310012","url_text":"10.1145/3310012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201140968","url_text":"201140968"}]},{"reference":"UNESCO. \"Concept of Digital Heritage\". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2019-08-09. 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OCLC 904400133.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312204395","url_text":"A companion to heritage studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-48661-0","url_text":"978-1-118-48661-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904400133","url_text":"904400133"}]},{"reference":"Media Center for Art History. \"Mapping Gothic \| Art Atlas\". mcid.mcah.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. 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Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy. 153 (153): 88–97. doi:10.1177/1329878X1415300111. S2CID 147259093.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279039218","url_text":"\"Natural Heritage Conservation and Eco-Digital Poiesis: A Western Australian Example\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1329878X1415300111","url_text":"10.1177/1329878X1415300111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147259093","url_text":"147259093"}]},{"reference":"Nikonova, A. A.; Biryukova, M. \"The Role of Digital Technologies in the Preservation of Cultural Heritage\". Muzeológia a Kultúrne Dedičstvo. 5 (1): 169–173.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317757322","url_text":"\"The Role of Digital Technologies in the Preservation of Cultural Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"Liu, J.; Tseng, M.; Huang, T (2005-09-01). \"Building Digital Heritage with Teamwork Empowerment\". Information Technology and Libraries. 24 (3): 130–140. doi:10.6017/ital.v24i3.3374. ISSN 2163-5226.","urls":[{"url":"https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/ital/article/view/3374","url_text":"\"Building Digital Heritage with Teamwork Empowerment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.6017%2Fital.v24i3.3374","url_text":"10.6017/ital.v24i3.3374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2163-5226","url_text":"2163-5226"}]},{"reference":"King, L.; Stark, J. F.; Cooke, P. (2016-01-02). \"Experiencing the Digital World: The Cultural Value of Digital Engagement with Heritage\". Heritage & Society. 9 (1): 76–101. doi:10.1080/2159032X.2016.1246156. ISSN 2159-032X. S2CID 107243735.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2159032X.2016.1246156","url_text":"\"Experiencing the Digital World: The Cultural Value of Digital Engagement with Heritage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2159032X.2016.1246156","url_text":"10.1080/2159032X.2016.1246156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2159-032X","url_text":"2159-032X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:107243735","url_text":"107243735"}]},{"reference":"Agapiou, A. (2020-05-04). \"Archaeology from space: Using Earth Observation data to unearth our past\". Research Outreach. Archived from the original on 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2021-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchoutreach.org/articles/archaeology-space-using-earth-observation-data-unearth-past/","url_text":"\"Archaeology from space: Using Earth Observation data to unearth our past\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200710055755/https://researchoutreach.org/articles/archaeology-space-using-earth-observation-data-unearth-past/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Guarnieri, A.; Vettore, A.; El-Hakim, S.; Gonzo, L. (2004). \"Digital photogrammetry and laser scanning in cultural heritage survey\". The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2943023","url_text":"\"Digital photogrammetry and laser scanning in cultural heritage survey\""}]},{"reference":"Martindale, J. \"Research Guides: Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): What is GIS?\". researchguides.library.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2021-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/c.php?g=178144&p=1169699","url_text":"\"Research Guides: Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): What is GIS?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227115336/http://researchguides.library.wisc.edu:80/c.php?g=178144&p=1169699","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Champion, E.; Rahaman, H. (2019). \"3D Digital Heritage Models as Sustainable Scholarly Resources\". Sustainability. 11 (8): 2425. doi:10.3390/su11082425. hdl:20.500.11937/75370.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332640054","url_text":"\"3D Digital Heritage Models as Sustainable Scholarly Resources\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11082425","url_text":"10.3390/su11082425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937%2F75370","url_text":"20.500.11937/75370"}]},{"reference":"Parsinejad, H.; Choi, I.; Yari, M. (2021). \"Production of Iranian Architectural Assets for Representation in Museums: Theme of Museum-Based Digital Twin\". Body, Space and Technology. 20 (1): 61–74. doi:10.16995/bst.364.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.16995%2Fbst.364","url_text":"\"Production of Iranian Architectural Assets for Representation in Museums: Theme of Museum-Based Digital Twin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.16995%2Fbst.364","url_text":"10.16995/bst.364"}]},{"reference":"Sayers, Jentery (2018-05-01). Sayers, Jentery (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Media Studies and Digital Humanities. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315730479. hdl:10495/11228. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Keys_discography	The Black Keys discography	["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Collaboration albums","1.3 Bootleg albums","1.4 Live albums","1.5 Video albums","2 Extended plays","3 Singles","4 Other charted songs","5 Other appearances","6 Music videos","7 Notes","8 References"]	The Black Keys discographyStudio albums12Live albums2Music videos24EPs2Singles36 American rock band The Black Keys have released 12 studio albums, two EPs, a live album, 21 singles, and 22 music videos. Albums Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications US AUS BEL CAN FRA IRE NLD NZ SWI UK The Big Come Up Released: May 14, 2002 Label: Alive Formats: CD, LP, DL — — — — — — — — — — US: 139,000 Thickfreakness Released: April 8, 2003 Label: Fat Possum Formats: CD, LP, DL — 90 — — — — — — — 182 US: 187,000 Rubber Factory Released: September 7, 2004 Label: Fat Possum Formats: CD, LP, DL 131 18 — — 123 — — — — 62 US: 224,000 Magic Potion Released: September 12, 2006 Label: Nonesuch Formats: CD, LP, DL 95 27 99 — 109 — — — — 79 US: 116,000 BPI: Silver Attack & Release Released: April 1, 2008 Label: Nonesuch Formats: CD, LP, DL 14 12 42 — 105 78 65 — — 34 US: Gold CAN: Gold UK: Gold Brothers Released: May 18, 2010 Label: Nonesuch Formats: CD, LP, DL 3 8 20 4 44 46 39 10 48 29 US: 847,000 WW: 1,500,000 US: 2× Platinum CAN: 3× Platinum UK: Gold El Camino Released: December 6, 2011 Label: Nonesuch Formats: CD, LP, DL 2 3 3 3 21 6 10 2 18 6 US: 1,400,000 US: 2× Platinum AUS: 2× Platinum CAN: 4× Platinum DEN: Gold FRA: Platinum IRE: Platinum NZ: 2× Platinum UK: Platinum Turn Blue Released: May 12, 2014 Label: Nonesuch Formats: CD, LP, DL 1 1 4 1 4 3 5 2 4 2 US: 457,000 US: Gold CAN: Platinum UK: Gold Let's Rock Released: June 28, 2019 Label: Easy Eye Sound Formats: CD, LP, DL 4 4 6 4 8 10 3 5 3 3 Delta Kream Released: May 14, 2021 Label: Easy Eye Sound Formats: CD, LP, DL 6 8 2 12 6 23 2 5 3 5 Dropout Boogie Released: May 13, 2022 Label: Easy Eye Sound Formats: CD, LP, DL 8 35 9 8 11 33 7 6 6 5 Ohio Players Released: April 5, 2024 Label: Easy Eye Sound Formats: CD, LP, DL 26 68 13 35 15 43 10 18 2 13 "—" denotes a release that did not chart. Collaboration albums Title Album details Peak chart positions US Blakroc Release: November 27, 2009 Label: V2 Formats: CD, LP, DI 110 Bootleg albums Title Album details Live in Austin, TX Released: May 5, 2006 Label: Jumper Productions Format: Bootleg Live albums Title Album details Live at Beachland Tavern March 31, 2002 Released: November 18, 2022 Label: Nonesuch Records & Easy Eye Sound Formats: LP Video albums Title Album details Live Released: October 4, 2005 Label: Fat Possum Format: DVD Thickfreakness in Austin Released: May 5, 2006 Label: Jumper Productions Format: DVD Austin City Limits Music Festival 2005 Released: June 20, 2006 Label: Image Entertainment Format: DVD Live at the Crystal Ballroom Released: November 18, 2008 Label: Nonesuch Format: DVD Extended plays Title EP details Peak chart positions US USInd. The Moan Released: January 19, 2004 Label: Alive Formats: CD, LP, DI — — Chulahoma: The Songs of Junior Kimbrough Released: May 2, 2006 Label: Fat Possum Formats: CD, LP, DI 199 23 The Live EP Released: 2007 Label: Mojo Formats: DI — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Singles Single Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US USRock AUS BEL CAN FRA IRL NLD NZ UK "The Moan" 2002 — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "Leavin' Trunk" / "She Said, She Said" 2003 — — — — — — — — — — The Big Come Up "Set You Free" — — — — — — — — — — Thickfreakness "Hard Row" — — — — — — — — — 86 "Have Love Will Travel" — — — — — — — — — 77 "10 A.M. Automatic" 2004 — — 86 — — — — — — 66 Rubber Factory "'Till I Get My Way" / "Girl Is on My Mind" — — — — — — — — — 62 "Your Touch" 2006 — — — — — — — — — — Magic Potion "You're the One" — — — — — — — — — — "Just Got to Be" — — — — — — — — — — "Strange Times" 2008 — — — — — — — — — — Attack & Release "I Got Mine" — — — — — — — — — — US: Gold "Same Old Thing" — — — — — — — — — — "Tighten Up" 2010 87 1 — — 57 — — — — — US: Platinum CAN: Gold UK: Silver Brothers "Ohio" 2011 — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "Howlin' for You" — 5 — — 50 — — — — — US: Platinum CAN: Gold UK: Silver Brothers "Next Girl" — — — — — — — — — — US: Gold "Lonely Boy" 64 1 2 13 33 33 40 80 7 80 US: 2× Platinum AUS: 3× Platinum CAN: 4× Platinum UK: Platinum El Camino "Gold on the Ceiling" 2012 94 2 34 — 51 — 45 — — 57 US: 2× Platinum AUS: Gold CAN: Gold UK: Silver "Little Black Submarines" — 6 — — 54 — — 77 — — US: Platinum CAN: Gold "Fever" 2014 77 12 65 — 29 84 — — — 57 US: Gold Turn Blue "Turn Blue" — 19 — — 92 97 — — — — "Bullet in the Brain" — — — — — — — — — — "Gotta Get Away" — 22 — — 93 — — — — — "Weight of Love" 2015 — 24 — — — 84 — — — — "Meet Me in the City" — — — — — — — — — — Chulahoma: The Songs of Junior Kimbrough "Lo/Hi" 2019 — 5 — — 86 — — — — — 'Let's Rock' "Eagle Birds" — 25 — — — — — — — — "Go" — 10 — — — — — — — — "Shine a Little Light" — 25 — — — — — — — — "Crawling Kingsnake" 2021 — 31 — — — — — — — — Delta Kream "Going Down South" — — — — — — — — — — "Poor Boy a Long Way from Home" — — — — — — — — — — "Wild Child" 2022 — 18 — — — — — — — — Dropout Boogie "It Ain't Over" — — — — — — — — — — "Beautiful People (Stay High)" 2024 — 33 — — — — — — — — Ohio Players "I Forgot to Be Your Lover" — — — — — — — — — — "This Is Nowhere" — — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes a release that did not chart. Other charted songs Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album USRock BEL CANRock MEXAir. NZHot POL UK UKIndie "Thickfreakness" 2003 — — — — — — — — Thickfreakness "Everlasting Light" 2010 — — — — — — — — US: Gold Brothers "Never Gonna Give You Up" — — — — — — 114 14 "Dead and Gone" 2011 — — — 35 — 32 — — El Camino "Run Right Back" — — — 37 — — — — "The Baddest Man Alive"(with RZA) 2012 — — — — — — — — The Man with the Iron Fists "Walk Across the Water" 2019 30 — — — 37 — — — 'Let's Rock' "Tell Me Lies" 47 — — — — — — — "Keep My Name Outta Your Mouth" 2021 — — — — — — — — Brothers "For the Love of Money" 2022 — — — — 35 — — — Dropout Boogie "On the Game" 2024 — — 23 — — — — — Ohio Players "—" denotes a release that did not chart. Other appearances Year Song Artist Album Contribution 2006 "If You Ever Slip" The Black Keys The Hottest State (soundtrack) performer 2007 "The Wicked Messenger" I'm Not There (soundtrack) Bob Dylan cover "Can't Find My Mind" He Put the Bomp! In the Bomp The Cramps cover "Stay All Night (Chulahoma Session)" Waxploitation Presents: Causes 1 Junior Kimbrough cover 2009 "Her Eyes Are a Blue Million Miles" Covered, A Revolution in Sound Captain Beefheart cover 2010 "Chop and Change" The Twilight Saga: Eclipse: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack writer and performer 2011 "Dearest" Rave On Buddy Holly Buddy Holly cover 2012 "Wonderland" Kesha Warrior instruments "The Baddest Man Alive" The Black Keys feat. RZA The Man with the Iron Fists OST 2014 "Get Ur Freak On/Keep Me" Missy Elliott & The Black Keys Neighbors (soundtrack) 2017 "Run that Race" Dan Auerbach Cars 3 soundtrack performer Music videos Year Song Director 2003 "Set You Free" Jeromy Ceseña 2004 "10 A.M. Automatic" David Cross 2005 "Your Touch" Peter Zavadil 2006 "Meet Me in the City" 2007 "Just Got to Be" Peter Zavadil 2008 "Strange Times" Lance Bangs 2010 "Tighten Up" (Frank version) Chris Marrs Piliero "Tighten Up" "Next Girl" 2011 "Howlin' for You" "Lonely Boy" Jesse Dylan 2012 "Gold on the Ceiling" Reid Long "Gold on the Ceiling" (film) Harmony Korine "Little Black Submarines" Danny Clinch "The Baddest Man Alive" (featuring RZA) Chris Marrs Piliero 2014 "Fever" Theo Wenner "Weight of Love" 2019 "Go" Bryan Schlam 2021 "Crawling Kingsnake" Tim Hardiman "Going Down South" Ryan Nadzam "Stay All Night" "Poor Boy a Long Way From Home" 2022 "Wild Child" Bryan Schlam 2024 "Beautiful People (Stay High)" Chris Saunders "On the Game" Robert Schober Notes ^ Thickfreakness did not enter the US Billboard 200, but peaked at number 15 on the Vinyl Albums Chart. ^ "The Moan" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 40 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "Your Touch" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 99 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "Just Got to Be" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 79 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "Strange Times" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 57 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "I Got Mine" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 30 on the Heritage Rock chart. ^ "I Got Mine" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 82 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "Tighten Up" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 17 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Tighten Up" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 43 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "Ohio" did not enter the Rock Songs chart, but peaked at number 25 on the Rock Digital Songs chart. ^ "Howlin' for You" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 16 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as a 25-song extension to the Hot 100. ^ "Gold on the Ceiling" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 2 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Little Black Submarines" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. ^ "Little Black Submarines" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 12 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Fever" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 4 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Fever" did not enter the Netherlands' Single Top 100 but peaked on the Netherlands' Single Tip Chart at number 19. ^ "Turn Blue" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. ^ "Bullet in the Brain" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 33 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Gotta Get Away" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 97 on the US Airplay Top 100 chart. ^ "Gotta Get Away" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 5 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Meet Me in the City" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number two on the Hot Singles Sales chart. ^ "Meet Me in the City" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 33 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "Lo/Hi" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as a 25-song extension to the Hot 100. ^ "Lo/Hi" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 2 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Lo/Hi" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 23 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart. ^ "Eagle Birds" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but charted as an "extra tip" on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Go" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 14 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Shine a Little Light" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but charted as an "extra tip" on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Shine a Little Light" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 36 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart. ^ "Crawling Kingsnake" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 17 on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Crawling Kingsnake" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 29 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart. ^ "Going Down South" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but charted as an "extra tip" on the Ultratip chart. ^ "Going Down South" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 89 on the UK Singles Sales Chart. ^ "Poor Boy a Long Way from Home" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 17 on the Adult Alternative Airplay chart. ^ "Poor Boy a Long Way from Home" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 39 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart. ^ "Wild Child" did not enter the US Billboard Hot 100 but peaked on the US Digital Songs chart at number 36. ^ "Wild Child" did not enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100, but peaked at number 46 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart. ^ "Wild Child" did not enter the Netherlands' Single Top 100 but peaked on the Netherlands' Airplay Chart at number 27. ^ "Wild Child" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 26 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart. ^ "Wild Child" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 87 on the UK Singles Sales Chart. ^ "It Ain't Over" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 37 on the Rock & Alternative Airplay chart. ^ "Beautiful People (Stay High)" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 30 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. ^ "Beautiful People (Stay High)" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 83 on the UK Singles Sales Chart. ^ "This Is Nowhere" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 34 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. ^ "Thickfreakness" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 20 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "The Baddest Man Alive" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 16 on the UK Physical Singles Chart. ^ "Keep My Name Outta Your Mouth" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 33 on the Adult Alternative Airplay chart. ^ "Keep My Name Outta Your Mouth" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but charted as an "extra tip" on the Ultratip chart. ^ "On the Game" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 25 on the Rock & Alternative Airplay chart. 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Retrieved 2011-02-12. ^ a b c d e f "Gold Platinum Database: The Black Keys". Music Canada. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2011-12-16. ^ Mapes, Jillian (October 11, 2011). "The Black Keys Announce More Album Details, First Single". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2021. ^ Kara, Scott (December 1, 2011). "The Black Keys get back into the groove". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved April 16, 2021. ^ Farber, Jim (May 19, 2014). "Michael Jackson's 'Xscape' and The Black Keys' 'Turn Blue' vie for Billboard's No. 1 album". Daily News. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2024. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ "Search for black keys - IFPI". IFPI Denmark. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "ANNEE 2013 - CERTIFICATIONS AU 05/11/2013" (PDF) (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 22 May 2014. ^ "The Irish Charts - 2012 Certification Awards - Platinum". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved May 22, 2014. ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart \| the Official New Zealand Music Chart". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2017-03-02. ^ Christman, Ed (January 9, 2015). "Music in 2014: Taylor Takes the Year, Republic Records on Top, Streaming to the Rescue". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2021. ^ "Canadian album certifications – The Black Keys – Turn Blue". Music Canada. ^ Helman, Peter (March 10, 2022). "The Black Keys Announce New Album Dropout Boogie, Share Video for New Song: Watch". Stereogum. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ^ @theblackkeys (November 7, 2022). "Live at Beachland Tavern" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "The Black Keys– Chart History: The Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ a b "The Black Keys Chart History: Hot Rock & Alternative Songs". Billboard. Retrieved January 23, 2024. ^ "The Black Keys – Chart History: Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "The Moan Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023. ^ "Your Touch Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023. ^ "Just Got to Be Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023. ^ "Official Physical Singles Chart Top 100 - 30 March 2008 - 05 April 2008". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 16, 2020. ^ "The Black Keys – Chart History: Heritage Rock". Billboard. Retrieved April 27, 2021. ^ "I Got Mine Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023. ^ "Official Physical Singles Chart Top 100 - 23 May 2010 - 29 May 2010". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 16, 2020. ^ "The Black Keys – Chart History: Rock Digital Songs". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ a b c d "The Black Keys Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved March 18, 2019. ^ a b "Top 50 Singles Chart - Australian Record Industry Association". Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2010-07-13. ^ "Canadian digital certifications – The Black Keys – Gold on the Ceiling". Music Canada. ^ "Canadian digital download certifications – The Black Keys – Little Black Submarines". Music Canada. ^ "Netherlands Single Tip Chart - May 10, 2014". Mega Charts. May 10, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2018. ^ "Gotta Get Away by The Black Keys". ACharts. Retrieved August 6, 2021. ^ ""All Night Long" SpecialRelease - Record Store Day". Record Store Day. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "The Black Keys – Chart History: Hot Singles Sales". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "Official Physical Singles Chart Top 100 - 19 April 2015 - 25 April 2015". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "Lo/Hi - Single by The Black Keys". Apple Music. 7 March 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. March 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "TOMORROW: Listen to the world premiere of 'Eagle Birds' on @ZaneLowe @Beats1 at 9a PDT / 11a CDT / 4p GMT 🦅". Retrieved April 25, 2019 – via Twitter. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. July 8, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. April 26, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "The Black Keys Cover Blues Legend R.L. Burnside's 'Going Down South'". Rolling Stone. May 3, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ "Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 28, 2022. ^ "The Black Keys share "Poor Boy A Long Way From Home" video". Next Mosh. August 12, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2022. ^ a b "The Black Keys – Chart History: Triple A Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved August 2, 2021. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021. ^ "The Black Keys - Digital Song Sales". billboard.com. Retrieved August 2, 2022. ^ "The Black Keys: Hot Canadian Digital Songs". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2022. ^ "Netherlands Airplay Top 50 - March 26, 2022". Mega Charts. March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ "Wild Child Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023. ^ Ng, Scott (April 28, 2022). "The Black Keys release latest single 'It Ain't Over' from upcoming album Dropout Boogie". NME. Retrieved May 20, 2022. ^ a b "The Black Keys – Chart History: Rock & Alternative Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved September 12, 2022. ^ Lindert, Hattie (January 12, 2024). "The Black Keys Announce Album, Share New Song 'Beautiful People (Stay High)'". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 12, 2024. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. January 22, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024. ^ "Beautiful People Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 19, 2024. ^ "Watch: The Black Keys Share "I Forgot To Be Your Lover" from 'Ohio Players'". Nonesuch. 2024-01-12. Retrieved 2024-04-09. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024. ^ "The Black Keys Chart History: Canada Rock". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ "The Black Keys Chart History: Mexico Ingles Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved June 1, 2021. ^ "Walk Across Water": "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019. "Poor Boy a Long Way from Home": "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021. "For the Love of Money": "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ "Lista przebojów - aktualne notowania, playlista trójki - polskieradio.pl - Notowanie nr - 1586 - Lista Przebojów Trójki". Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ "Thickfreakness Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023. ^ "The Baddest Man Alive Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023. ^ "Music Video News: IN PRODUCTION: The Black Keys – Harmony Korine, dir". Video Static. 2012-01-05. Archived from the original on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2012-01-16. vteThe Black Keys Dan Auerbach Patrick Carney Studio albums The Big Come Up Thickfreakness Rubber Factory Magic Potion Attack & Release Brothers El Camino Turn Blue Let's Rock Delta Kream Dropout Boogie Ohio Players EPs and mini-LPs The Six Parts Seven/The Black Keys EP Chulahoma: The Songs of Junior Kimbrough Collaborative albums Blakroc Singles "The Moan" "Leavin' Trunk" "She Said, She Said" "Set You Free" "Hard Row" "Have Love Will Travel" "10 A.M. Automatic" "'Till I Get My Way" "Girl Is on My Mind" "Your Touch" "You're the One" "Just Got to Be" "Strange Times" "I Got Mine" "Same Old Thing" "Tighten Up" "Howlin' for You" "Ohio" "Lonely Boy" "Gold on the Ceiling" "Little Black Submarines" "Fever" "Turn Blue" "Bullet in the Brain" "Gotta Get Away" "Weight of Love" "Lo/Hi" "I Forgot to Be Your Lover" Other releases Live in Austin, TX Live at the Crystal Ballroom Related Discography Drummer Keep It Hid Audio Eagle Records El Camino Tour Danger Mouse The Arcs	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"The Black Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Keys"},{"link_name":"studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"EPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"live 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videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US-Vinyl-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-rock-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEL-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Rock 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Singles Sales Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Sales_Chart"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-91"},{"link_name":"Adult Alternative Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Alternative_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-htriple-a-90"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US-DL-94"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"Canadian Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-digital-96"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"Rock & Alternative Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%26_Alternative_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rockair-105"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-111"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-114"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-120"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-122"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-123"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-htriple-a-90"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-124"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEL-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-125"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rockair-105"}],"text":"^ Thickfreakness did not enter the US Billboard 200, but peaked at number 15 on the Vinyl Albums Chart.[12]\n\n^ \"The Moan\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 40 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[32]\n\n^ \"Your Touch\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 99 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[33]\n\n^ \"Just Got to Be\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 79 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[34]\n\n^ \"Strange Times\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 57 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[35]\n\n^ \"I Got Mine\" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 30 on the Heritage Rock chart.[36]\n\n^ \"I Got Mine\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 82 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[37]\n\n^ \"Tighten Up\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 17 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Tighten Up\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 43 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[38]\n\n^ \"Ohio\" did not enter the Rock Songs chart, but peaked at number 25 on the Rock Digital Songs chart.[39]\n\n^ \"Howlin' for You\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 16 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as a 25-song extension to the Hot 100.[40]\n\n^ \"Gold on the Ceiling\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 2 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Little Black Submarines\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[40]\n\n^ \"Little Black Submarines\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 12 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Fever\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 4 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Fever\" did not enter the Netherlands' Single Top 100 but peaked on the Netherlands' Single Tip Chart at number 19.[44]\n\n^ \"Turn Blue\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[40]\n\n^ \"Bullet in the Brain\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 33 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Gotta Get Away\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 97 on the US Airplay Top 100 chart.[45]\n\n^ \"Gotta Get Away\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 5 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Meet Me in the City\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number two on the Hot Singles Sales chart.[47]\n\n^ \"Meet Me in the City\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 33 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[48]\n\n^ \"Lo/Hi\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as a 25-song extension to the Hot 100.[40]\n\n^ \"Lo/Hi\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 2 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Lo/Hi\" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 23 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart.[50]\n\n^ \"Eagle Birds\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but charted as an \"extra tip\" on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Go\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 14 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Shine a Little Light\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but charted as an \"extra tip\" on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Shine a Little Light\" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 36 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart.[52]\n\n^ \"Crawling Kingsnake\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 17 on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Crawling Kingsnake\" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 29 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart.[53]\n\n^ \"Going Down South\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but charted as an \"extra tip\" on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"Going Down South\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 89 on the UK Singles Sales Chart.[55]\n\n^ \"Poor Boy a Long Way from Home\" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 17 on the Adult Alternative Airplay chart.[57]\n\n^ \"Poor Boy a Long Way from Home\" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 39 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart.[58]\n\n^ \"Wild Child\" did not enter the US Billboard Hot 100 but peaked on the US Digital Songs chart at number 36.[59]\n\n^ \"Wild Child\" did not enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100, but peaked at number 46 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart.[60]\n\n^ \"Wild Child\" did not enter the Netherlands' Single Top 100 but peaked on the Netherlands' Airplay Chart at number 27.[61]\n\n^ \"Wild Child\" did not enter the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 26 on the New Zealand Hot Singles Chart.[62]\n\n^ \"Wild Child\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 87 on the UK Singles Sales Chart.[63]\n\n^ \"It Ain't Over\" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 37 on the Rock & Alternative Airplay chart.[65]\n\n^ \"Beautiful People (Stay High)\" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 30 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.[67]\n\n^ \"Beautiful People (Stay High)\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 83 on the UK Singles Sales Chart.[68]\n\n^ \"This Is Nowhere\" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 34 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.[70]\n\n^ \"Thickfreakness\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 20 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[75]\n\n^ \"The Baddest Man Alive\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 16 on the UK Physical Singles Chart.[76]\n\n^ \"Keep My Name Outta Your Mouth\" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 33 on the Adult Alternative Airplay chart.[57]\n\n^ \"Keep My Name Outta Your Mouth\" did not enter the Flanders Ultratop 50, but charted as an \"extra tip\" on the Ultratip chart.[3]\n\n^ \"On the Game\" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, but peaked at number 25 on the Rock & Alternative Airplay chart.[65]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/tlp/","url_text":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Billboard 200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Independent Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved 2012-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/independent-albums","url_text":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Independent Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved 2012-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/hot-100","url_text":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Alternative Songs\". Billboard. 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Retrieved March 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5778","url_text":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Canada Rock\". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/car/","url_text":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Canada Rock\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Mexico Ingles Airplay\". Billboard. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/min/","url_text":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Mexico Ingles Airplay\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4668","url_text":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=50698","url_text":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5334","url_text":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Lista przebojów - aktualne notowania, playlista trójki - polskieradio.pl - Notowanie nr - 1586 - Lista Przebojów Trójki\". Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018024213/http://lp3.polskieradio.pl/notowania/?numer=1586","url_text":"\"Lista przebojów - aktualne notowania, playlista trójki - polskieradio.pl - Notowanie nr - 1586 - Lista Przebojów Trójki\""},{"url":"http://lp3.polskieradio.pl/notowania/?numer=1586","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thickfreakness Official Charts\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/black-keys-thickfreakness/","url_text":"\"Thickfreakness Official Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Baddest Man Alive Official Charts\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/black-keys-rza-the-baddest-man-alive/","url_text":"\"The Baddest Man Alive Official Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Video News: IN PRODUCTION: The Black Keys – Harmony Korine, dir\". Video Static. 2012-01-05. Archived from the original on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2012-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114180413/http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2012/01/in-production-the-black-keys-harmony-korine-dir-.html","url_text":"\"Music Video News: IN PRODUCTION: The Black Keys – Harmony Korine, dir\""},{"url":"http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2012/01/in-production-the-black-keys-harmony-korine-dir-.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/tlp/","external_links_name":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Billboard 200\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/independent-albums","external_links_name":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Independent Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/hot-100","external_links_name":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/alternative-songs","external_links_name":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Alternative Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/rock-songs","external_links_name":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Rock Songs\""},{"Link":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=The+Black+Keys","external_links_name":"\"Discography The Black Keys\""},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20041019140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20041020-0000/ISSUE756.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 23 August 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/ISSUE756.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140416230200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20140417-0902/Issue1258.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 7 April 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/Issue1258.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=The+Black+Keys","external_links_name":"\"Discography The Black Keys\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-keys/chart-history/cna/","external_links_name":"\"The Black Keys Chart History: Canadian Albums\""},{"Link":"http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html","external_links_name":"\"CANOE - JAM! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundrathur_taluk	Kundrathur taluk	["1 References"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kundrathur taluk" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kundrathur taluk is a taluk of Kanchipuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Kundrathur. It is formed by bifurcating Pallavaram taluk in erstwhile Kanchipuram district. References vteKanchipuram districtDistrict headquarters Kanchipuram Region Tondaimandalam State Tamil Nadu Country India Taluks Sriperumbudur taluk Kundrathur taluk Walajabad taluk Kanchipuram taluk Uthiramerur taluk Blocks St. Thomas Mount Kattangulathur Thirupporur Tirukalukundram Lathur Chithamur Madurantakam Acharapakkam Kunnattur Sriperumbudur Walajabad Kanchipuram Uttiramerur Municipal corporations Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation Municipalities Kunrathur Mangadu Town panchayats Sriperumbudur Uthiramerur Walajabad History Pallavas Medieval Cholas Later Cholas Later Pandyas Delhi Sultanate Madurai Sultanate Vijayanagar Empire Carnatic Kingdom Company Raj British Raj Places of interest Arignar Anna Zoological Park Ashtabujakaram Cholamandal Artists' Village Dakshinchitra Descent of the Ganges Ekambareswarar Temple Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple Kalyana Varadharaja Perumal Temple Kanchi Kamakshi Amman Temple Mangadu Kamakshi Amman Temple Kundrathur Murugan Temple Madras Atomic Power Station Madras Crocodile Bank Trust Neervalur Pancha Rathas Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Mamallapuram Shore Temple Subrahmanya Temple Thirukadalmallai Thirukazhukundram Tirusoolanathar Temple Tiruththanka Tiruvekkaa Tiruvelukkai Varadharaja Perumal Temple Varaha Cave Temple Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Religious and monastic institutions Kanchi matha Roman Catholic Diocese of Chingleput Universities B. S. Abdur Rahman University Sathyabama University Chennai Mathematical Institute Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya SRM Institute of Science and Technology Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Kancheepuram Cities and towns Villages People This Kanchipuram district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluk"},{"link_name":"Kanchipuram district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchipuram_district"},{"link_name":"Indian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kundrathur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundrathur"},{"link_name":"Pallavaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavaram_taluk"}],"text":"Kundrathur taluk is a taluk of Kanchipuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Kundrathur. It is formed by bifurcating Pallavaram taluk in erstwhile Kanchipuram district.","title":"Kundrathur taluk"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kundrathur+taluk%22","external_links_name":"\"Kundrathur taluk\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kundrathur+taluk%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kundrathur+taluk%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kundrathur+taluk%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kundrathur+taluk%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kundrathur+taluk%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kundrathur_taluk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_andromache	Catocala andromache	["1 Subspecies","2 References","3 External links"]	Species of moth Catocala andromache Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Superfamily: Noctuoidea Family: Erebidae Genus: Catocala Species: C. andromache Binomial name Catocala andromacheH. Edwards, 1885 Synonyms Ephesia andromache Catocala wellsi Johnson, 1983 Catocala andromache, the Andromache underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Henry Edwards in 1885. It is found in the United States from southern California to Arizona. Subspecies Catocala andromache benjamini has been elevated to species level and is now known as Catocala benjamini. The wingspan is 50 to 55 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July depending on the location. There is probably one generation per year. The larvae feed on Quercus dumosa, Quercus turbinella and Quercus wislizeni. Subspecies Catocala andromache wellsi, recorded from Central California, is now considered a synonym. References ^ Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. "Catocala andromache Edwards 1885". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catocala andromache. Wikispecies has information related to Catocala andromache. Species info Taxon identifiersCatocala andromache Wikidata: Q5053635 Wikispecies: Catocala andromache BOLD: 73214 BugGuide: 136292 CoL: 69FJX EoL: 546606 GBIF: 1797215 iNaturalist: 216251 IRMNG: 10313047 ITIS: 938070 LepIndex: 277235 MONA: 8836 NatureServe: 2.109924 NCBI: 1734855 Open Tree of Life: 3203346 This Catocalini article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Erebidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebidae"},{"link_name":"first described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Henry Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edwards_(entomologist)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Catocala benjamini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_benjamini"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"Quercus dumosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_dumosa"},{"link_name":"Quercus turbinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_turbinella"},{"link_name":"Quercus wislizeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_wislizeni"}],"text":"Catocala andromache, the Andromache underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Henry Edwards in 1885. It is found in the United States from southern California to Arizona.[1]Subspecies Catocala andromache benjamini has been elevated to species level and is now known as Catocala benjamini.The wingspan is 50 to 55 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July depending on the location. There is probably one generation per year.The larvae feed on Quercus dumosa, Quercus turbinella and Quercus wislizeni.","title":"Catocala andromache"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Catocala andromache wellsi, recorded from Central California, is now considered a synonym.","title":"Subspecies"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. \"Catocala andromache Edwards 1885\". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Lights_Are_Low_(Kenny_Burrell_album)	When Lights Are Low (Kenny Burrell album)	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]	1979 studio album by Kenny BurrellWhen Lights Are LowStudio album by Kenny BurrellReleased1979RecordedSeptember 1978StudioCoast Recorders, San Francisco, CAGenreJazzLength39:50LabelConcord JazzCJ-83ProducerFrank DorritieKenny Burrell chronology Handcrafted(1978) When Lights Are Low(1979) Kenny Burrell Live at the Village Vanguard(1980) When Lights Are Low is an album by American guitarist Kenny Burrell recorded in 1978 and released on the Concord Jazz label. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings Allmusic awarded the album 2½ stars with Scott Yanow stating "This session is so relaxed and tasteful as to be rather dull. Guitarist Kenny Burrell seems so intent on every note being appropriate that the results are overly safe and predictable". Track listing All compositions by Kenny Burrell except where noted "When Lights Are Low" (Benny Carter, Spencer Williams) – 4:51 "Body and Soul" (Johnny Green, Edward Heyman, Frank Eyton, Robert Sour) – 6:25 "Li'l Darlin'" (Neal Hefti) – 5:28 "Blue Muse" – 5:15 "Ain't Misbehavin'" (Fats Waller, Harry Brooks, Andy Razaf) – 4:58 "It Shouldn't Happen to a Dream" (Duke Ellington, Don George, Johnny Hodges) – 6:25 "Blues for Basie" – 6:28 Personnel Kenny Burrell – guitar Larry Gales – bass Carl Burnett – drums References ^ Jazzdisco: Kenny Burrell Catalog. Retrieved January 3, 2019 ^ a b Yanow, Scott. Kenny Burrell: When Lights Are Low – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved January 3, 2019. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0. vteKenny BurrellYears given are for the recording(s), not first release.Leaderorco-leader All Night Long (1956) Introducing Kenny Burrell (1956) Kenny Burrell (Blue Note album, 1956) Swingin' (1956–59) All Day Long (Prestige All-Stars, 1957) Earthy (1957) John Jenkins with Kenny Burrell (with John Jenkins, 1957) K. B. Blues (1957) Kenny Burrell (aka Blue Moods, Prestige, 1957) 2 Guitars (with Jimmy Raney, 1957) Blue Lights (1958) Kenny Burrell & John Coltrane (1958) Weaver of Dreams (1960–61) Bluesin' Around (1961–62) Bluesy Burrell (with Coleman Hawkins, 1962) Crash (with Brother Jack McDuff, 1963) Freedom (1963–64) Midnight Blue (1963) Guitar Forms (with Gil Evans, 1964–65) Soul Call (1964) Travelin' Light (and Shirley Scott, 1964) A Generation Ago Today (1966–67) Have Yourself a Soulful Little Christmas (1966) The Tender Gender (1966) Blues – The Common Ground (1967–68) Ode to 52nd Street (1967) Night Song (1968–69) Asphalt Canyon Suite (1969) God Bless the Child (1971) 'Round Midnight (1972) Both Feet on the Ground (1973) Sky Street (1974) Stormy Monday (1974) Up the Street, 'Round the Corner, Down the Block (1974) Ellington Is Forever (1975) Ellington Is Forever Volume Two (1975) Tin Tin Deo (1977) Handcrafted (1978) When Lights Are Low (1978) Moon and Sand (1979) Heritage (1980) Listen to the Dawn (1980) Groovin' High (1981) Togethering (1985) Sunup to Sundown (1991) Lotus Blossom (1995) Live albums A Night at the Vanguard (1959) On View at the Five Spot Cafe (with Art Blakey, 1959) Prime: Live at the Downtown Room (1976) Kenny Burrell Live at the Village Vanguard (1978) Kenny Burrell in New York (1978) A la Carte (1983) Ellington a la Carte (1983) One Night with Blue Note (1985) Generation (1986) Pieces of Blue and the Blues (1986) Guiding Spirit (1989) Then Along Came Kenny (1993) WithJohnnyHodges Blue Rabbit (and Wild Bill Davis, 1963) Sandy's Gone (1963) Mess of Blues (and Wild Bill Davis, 1964) Blue Notes (1966) Stride Right (and Earl Hines, 1966) WithMiltJackson Bags & Flutes (1957) Bean Bags (with Coleman Hawkins, 1958) Soul Meeting (with Ray Charles, 1958) Vibrations (1960–61) Much in Common (with Ray Brown, 1964) WithJimmySmith House Party (1957–58) Softly as a Summer Breeze (1958) Six Views of the Blues (1958) The Sermon (1958) Home Cookin' (1958–59) Back at the Chicken Shack (1960) Midnight Special (1960) Any Number Can Win (1963) Blue Bash! (co-led, 1963) The Cat (1964) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1964) Christmas '64 (1964) Monster (1965) Organ Grinder Swing (1965) Got My Mojo Workin' (1965) Hoochie Coochie Man (1966) WithStanleyTurrentine Jubilee Shout!!! (1962) Hustlin' (1964) Joyride (1965) Always Something There (1968) The Look of Love (1968) The Sugar Man (1971) Withothers Just Wailin' (Herbie Mann, Charlie Rouse and Mal Waldron, 1957) Little Big Horn (Nat Adderley, 1963) Funky (Gene Ammons, 1957) Jammin' in Hi Fi with Gene Ammons (1957) Bad! Bossa Nova (Gene Ammons, 1962) My Kinda Swing (Ernestine Anderson, 1960) Chet (Chet Baker, 1958–59) Baby Breeze (Chet Baker, 1964) West Side Story Bossa Nova (Bill Barron, 1963) Tony Bennett at Carnegie Hall (Tony Bennett, 1962) Dear Ella (Dee Dee Bridgewater, 1997) Please Please Please (James Brown and The Famous Flames, 1959) Try Me! (James Brown and The Famous Flames, 1959) Motor City Scene (Donald Byrd, 1960) A New Perspective (Donald Byrd, 1963) Up with Donald Byrd (Donald Byrd, 1964) 'Round Midnight (Betty Carter, 1962–63) Whims of Chambers (Paul Chambers, 1956) Bass on Top (Paul Chambers, 1957) Sonny Clark Quintets (Sonny Clark, 1958) Blossom Dearie Sings Comden and Green (Blossom Dearie, 1959) My Gentleman Friend (Blossomn Dearie, 1959) 'Round About Midnight at the Cafe Bohemia (Kenny Dorham, 1956) Quintessence (Bill Evans, 1976) The Individualism of Gil Evans (1964) Ph.D. (Art Farmer, 1989) Beyond the Blue Bird (Tommy Flanagan, 1990) The Cats (Tommy Flanagan, John Coltrane and Idrees Sulieman, 1957) No 'Count (Frank Foster, 1956) Yeah!!! (Aretha Franklin, 1965) Soul '69 (Aretha Franklin, 1968) Red Garland Revisited! (Red Garland, 1957) So Long Blues (Red Garland, 1979) Stepping Out (Red Garland, 1979) Reflections (Stan Getz, 1963) Getz Au Go Go (Stan Getz, 1964) What the World Needs Now: Stan Getz Plays Burt Bacharach and Hal David (Stan Getz, 1968) Take It from Me (Terry Gibbs, 1964) Dee Gee Days: The Savoy Sessions (Dizzy Gillespie, 1951) Cleopatra Feelin' Jazzy (Paul Gonsalves, 1963) Soul (Coleman Hawkins, 1958) The Hawk Relaxes (Coleman Hawkins, 1961) Cool Sax from Hollywood to Broadway (Eddie Harris, 1964) I Just Dropped by to Say Hello (Johnny Hartman, 1963) On the Trail (Jimmy Heath, 1964) Lady Sings the Blues (Billie Holiday, 1956) Loads of Love (Shirley Horn, 1962) Stormy Weather (Lena Horne, 1956–57) Bossa Nova Plus (Willis Jackson, 1962) The Message (Illinois Jacquet, 1963) Desert Winds (Illinois Jacquet, 1964) French Cookin' (Budd Johnson, 1963) Broadway Express (J.J. Johnson, 1965) Hollar! (Etta Jones, 1960–62) Love Shout (Etta Jones, 1962–63) Etta Jones Sings (Etta Jones, 1965) Porgy and Bess (Hank Jones, 1958) Here's Love (Hank Jones, 1963) Ain't Misbehavin' (Hank Jones, 1978) The Birth of a Band! (Quincy Jones, 1959) Quincy Plays for Pussycats (Quincy Jones, 1959–65) Detroit – New York Junction (Thad Jones, 1956) After Hours (Thad Jones, 1957) Piano (Wynton Kelly, 1958) Comin' in the Back Door (Wynton Kelly, 1963) It's All Right! (Wynton Kelly, 1964) Live at the Apollo (B.B. King, 1991) The Blue Yusef Lateef (1968) Laws' Cause (Hubert Laws, 1966–68) Melba Liston and Her 'Bones (1958) I'm Shooting High (Gildo Mahones, 1963) The Great Gildo (Gildo Mahones, 1963) Steppin' Out ("Brother" Jack McDuff, 1961–66) Screamin' ("Brother" Jack McDuff, 1962) Somethin' Slick! ("Brother" Jack McDuff, 1963) The Jazz Version of "How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying" (Gary McFarland, 1961) Soft Samba (Gary McFarland, 1964) The In Sound (Gary McFarland, 1965) The Big Band (Jimmy McGriff, 1966) A Little Juicy (Billy Mitchell, 1963) Fusion! Wes Montgomery with Strings (1963) Sweet Harmony (Maria Muldaur, 1976) Bossa Nova Carnival (Dave Pike, 1962) Interplay for 2 Trumpets and 2 Tenors (The Prestige All-Stars, 1957) Soul Samba (Ike Quebec, 1962) Midnight Oil (Jerome Richardson, 1958) Down to Earth (Freddie Roach, 1962) Mo' Greens Please (Freddie Roach, 1963) Alfie (Sonny Rollins, 1966) Bossa Nova Bacchanal (Charlie Rouse, 1962–65) Stable Mates (A.K. Salim, 1957) Once a Thief and Other Themes (Lalo Schifrin, 1965) Sylvia Is! (Sylvia Syms, 1965) Out of the Storm (Ed Thigpen, 1966) Soul Sauce (Cal Tjader, 1964) Warm Wave (Cal Jjader, 1964) What a Diff'rence a Day Makes! (Dinah Washington, 1959) Trombone Four-in-Hand (Dicky Wells, 1959) North, South, East....Wess (Frank Wess, 1956) Uhuru Afrika (Randy Weston, 1960) Soul Surfin' (Kai Winding, 1963) Rainy Day (Kai Winding, 1964–65) More Brass (Kai Winding, 1966) Baby, Baby, Baby (Jimmy Witherspoon, 1963) Blue Spoon (Jimmy Witherspoon, 1964) Suddenly the Blues (Leo Wright, 1962) Soul Talk (Leo Wright, 1963)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenny Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Burrell"},{"link_name":"Concord Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1979 studio album by Kenny BurrellWhen Lights Are Low is an album by American guitarist Kenny Burrell recorded in 1978 and released on the Concord Jazz label.[1]","title":"When Lights Are Low (Kenny Burrell album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"}],"text":"Allmusic awarded the album 2½ stars with Scott Yanow stating \"This session is so relaxed and tasteful as to be rather dull. 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The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Morton, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03401-0","url_text":"978-0-141-03401-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jazzdisco.org/kenny-burrell/catalog/#concord-jazz-cj-83","external_links_name":"Jazzdisco: Kenny Burrell Catalog"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000187688","external_links_name":"Kenny Burrell: When Lights Are Low – Review"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA	Methylcrotonyl-CoA	["1 Leucine metabolism","2 See also","3 References"]	Not to be confused with MG-CoA. Methylcrotonyl-CoA Names IUPAC name 3′-O-Phosphonoadenosine 5′-ethyl}amino)-3-oxopropyl]amino}-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphate] Preferred IUPAC name O1-{methyl} O3-ethyl}amino)-3-oxopropyl]amino}-4-oxobutyl] dihydrogen diphosphate Identifiers CAS Number 6712-03-4 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image MeSH Methylcrotonyl-CoA PubChem CID 439869 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID801343051 InChI InChI=1S/C26H42N7O17P3S/c1-14(2)9-17(35)54-8-7-28-16(34)5-6-29-24(38)21(37)26(3,4)11-47-53(44,45)50-52(42,43)46-10-15-20(49-51(39,40)41)19(36)25(48-15)33-13-32-18-22(27)30-12-31-23(18)33/h9,12-13,15,19-21,25,36-37H,5-8,10-11H2,1-4H3,(H,28,34)(H,29,38)(H,42,43)(H,44,45)(H2,27,30,31)(H2,39,40,41)/t15-,19-,20-,21?,25-/m1/s1Key: BXIPALATIYNHJN-TVCSPYKZSA-N SMILES CC(=CC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC1(((O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)O)C Properties Chemical formula C26H42N7O17P3S Molar mass 849.636 g/mol Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA (β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA or MC-CoA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. It is found in mitochondria, where it is formed from isovaleryl-coenzyme A by isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase. It then reacts with CO2 to yield 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Leucine metabolism Leucine metabolism in humans L-Leucine Branched-chain aminoacid aminotransferase α-Ketoglutarate Glutamate Glutamate Alanine Pyruvate Muscle: α-Ketoisocaproate (α-KIC) Liver: α-Ketoisocaproate (α-KIC) Branched-chain α-ketoaciddehydrogenase (mitochondria) KIC-dioxygenase(cytosol) Isovaleryl-CoA β-Hydroxyβ-methylbutyrate(HMB) Excretedin urine(10–40%) HMB-CoA β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA(HMG-CoA) β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA(MC-CoA) β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA(MG-CoA) CO2 CO2 O2 CO2 H2O CO2 H2O (liver)HMG-CoAlyase Enoyl-CoA hydratase Isovaleryl-CoAdehydrogenase MC-CoAcarboxylase MG-CoAhydratase HMG-CoAreductase HMG-CoA synthase β-Hydroxybutyratedehydrogenase Mevalonatepathway Thiolase Unknownenzyme β-Hydroxybutyrate Acetoacetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetate Mevalonate Cholesterol Human metabolic pathway for HMB and isovaleryl-CoA relative to L-leucine. Of the two major pathways, L-leucine is mostly metabolized into isovaleryl-CoA, while only about 5% is metabolized into HMB. See also Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase References ^ a b c Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J (February 2013). "International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 10 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. PMC 3568064. PMID 23374455. ^ Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, et al. (April 2011). "HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action". Amino Acids. 40 (4): 1015–1025. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. PMID 20607321. S2CID 11120110. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000). ^ a b c Kohlmeier M (May 2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385–388. ISBN 978-0-12-387784-0. Retrieved 6 June 2016. Energy fuel: Eventually, most Leu is broken down, providing about 6.0kcal/g. About 60% of ingested Leu is oxidized within a few hours ... Ketogenesis: A significant proportion (40% of an ingested dose) is converted into acetyl-CoA and thereby contributes to the synthesis of ketones, steroids, fatty acids, and other compoundsFigure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine ^ Grünert SC, Stucki M, Morscher RJ, Suormala T, Bürer C, Burda P, et al. (May 2012). "3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency: clinical, biochemical, enzymatic and molecular studies in 88 individuals". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 7 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-7-31. PMC 3495011. PMID 22642865. ^ a b Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH (April 2011). "HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action". Amino Acids. 40 (4): 1015–1025. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. PMID 20607321. S2CID 11120110. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000). vteAmino acid metabolism metabolic intermediatesK→acetyl-CoAlysine→ Saccharopine Allysine α-Aminoadipic acid 2-Oxoadipic acid Glutaryl-CoA Glutaconyl-CoA Crotonyl-CoA β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA leucine→ β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA Isovaleryl-CoA α-Ketoisocaproic acid β-Ketoisocaproic acid β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA β-Leucine β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA tryptophan→alanine→ N′-Formylkynurenine Kynurenine Anthranilic acid 3-Hydroxykynurenine 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde 2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde 2-Aminomuconic acid Glutaryl-CoA GG→pyruvate→ citrateglycine→serine→ 3-Phosphoglyceric acid glycine→creatine: Glycocyamine Phosphocreatine Creatinine G→glutamate→α-ketoglutaratehistidine→ Urocanic acid Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid Formiminoglutamic acid Glutamate-1-semialdehyde proline→ 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid arginine→ Agmatine Ornithine Citrulline Cadaverine Putrescine other cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: γ-Glutamylcysteine G→propionyl-CoA→succinyl-CoAvaline→ α-Ketoisovaleric acid Isobutyryl-CoA Methacrylyl-CoA 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid 2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid isoleucine→ 2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA Tiglyl-CoA 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA methionine→ generation of homocysteine: S-Adenosyl methionine S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine Homocysteine conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine α-Ketobutyric acid + Cysteine threonine→ α-Ketobutyric acid propionyl-CoA→ Methylmalonyl-CoA G→fumaratephenylalanine→tyrosine→ 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid Homogentisic acid 4-Maleylacetoacetic acid G→oxaloacetate see urea cycle OtherCysteine metabolism Cysteine sulfinic acid This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MG-CoA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG-CoA"},{"link_name":"intermediate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_intermediate"},{"link_name":"leucine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISSN_position_stand_2013-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMB_athletic_performance-related_effects_2011_review-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leucine_metabolism-3"},{"link_name":"isovaleryl-coenzyme A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl-coenzyme_A"},{"link_name":"isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl_coenzyme_A_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with MG-CoA.Chemical compound3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA (β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA or MC-CoA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine.[1][2][3]It is found in mitochondria, where it is formed from isovaleryl-coenzyme A by isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase. It then reacts with CO2 to yield 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. [4]","title":"Methylcrotonyl-CoA"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leucine metabolism"}]	[]	[{"title":"Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase"}]	[{"reference":"Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J (February 2013). \"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)\". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 10 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. PMC 3568064. 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HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). 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Energy fuel: Eventually, most Leu is broken down, providing about 6.0kcal/g. About 60% of ingested Leu is oxidized within a few hours ... Ketogenesis: A significant proportion (40% of an ingested dose) is converted into acetyl-CoA and thereby contributes to the synthesis of ketones, steroids, fatty acids, and other compounds","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387","url_text":"\"Leucine\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-387784-0","url_text":"978-0-12-387784-0"}]},{"reference":"Grünert SC, Stucki M, Morscher RJ, Suormala T, Bürer C, Burda P, et al. (May 2012). \"3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency: clinical, biochemical, enzymatic and molecular studies in 88 individuals\". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 7 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-7-31. PMC 3495011. 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Amino Acids. 40 (4): 1015–1025. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. PMID 20607321. S2CID 11120110. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_lucina	Hemileuca lucina	["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Food resources","5 Parental care","5.1 Oviposition","6 Social behavior","6.1 Caterpillar sociality","7 Life cycle","7.1 Eggs","7.2 Larvae","7.3 Pupa","7.4 Adult","8 Enemies","8.1 Predators","8.2 Parasites","9 Defense mechanisms","10 Mating","11 References"]	Species of moth New England buck moth Adult Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Saturniidae Genus: Hemileuca Species: H. lucina Binomial name Hemileuca lucinaH. Edwards, 1887 Synonyms Hemileuca obsoleta Reiff, 1910 Hemileuca lutea Reiff, 1910 Hemileuca lucina, the New England buck moth, is a species of moth in the family Saturniidae. This moth species is only found in the New England region of the United States. Larvae in early stages mainly feed on broadleaf meadowsweet (Spiraea latifolia) whereas larvae in later stages show variation in food sources such as blackberry and black cherry leaves. Larvae have a black body with orange/black spines on their back that are used to deter predators. Pupation occurs during the summer and adult moths come out around September. Adult females are usually bigger than males. Both males and females have dark colored bodies and wide white bands on their wings that are similarly observed in their sister species, Hemileuca maia. The flight season for adult Hemileuca lucina is in September and it lasts around two weeks. Females secrete a pheromone to attract the males and once they pair up, they copulate for about one to two hours. Hemileuca lucina is univoltine, meaning that it has one brood per year. Females lay eggs on the twig of their host plants that look like a tightly packed ring. H. lucina larvae are subject to prey by wasps, stinkbugs, and certain types of spiders. There is a tachinid fly and ichneumonid wasp that are parasitoids of caterpillars as well. Taxonomy The New England buck moth is one of the many species in genus Hemileuca and family Saturniidae. The genus Hemileuca was first named by Francis Walker in 1855. The family Saturniidae, which usually refers to giant silkworm moth or royal moth, was created by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1837. The New England buck moth's binomial name, Hemileuca lucina, was given by Henry Edwards in 1887. At first, this species was widely confused with Hemileuca maia (Drury, 1773) as the species' caterpillars and adult forms were nearly indistinguishable. However, subtle but noticeable differences shown in wing translucence and band width allowed separation of the species. There are 33 known species of the genus Hemileuca. Of these 33 species, distinct species groups are formed based on larval characteristics, adult phenotype and relative food resources. Below are the list of specific species in the maia group of genus Hemileuca. Hemileuca lucina (H. Edwards, 1887) Hemileuca maia (Drury, 1773) Hemileuca nevadensis (Stretch, 1872) Hemileuca slosseri (Peigler & Stone, 1989) All of the maia group species reside on the east of Mississippi River and also exhibit similar appearances, making them sister species. Description Side view Adult females are generally larger than adult males. Males and females also have different abdominal tufts. The width of the female forewing bands range from 30 to 34 mm whereas the male forewing bands range from 23 to 28 mm. Among the species, each adult moth tends to have a different wingspan, wing translucence and band width. In general, smaller and more translucent-winged moths are observed in central Maine and larger and darker moths are observed in southern Massachusetts. This hints that moth phenotype varies and possibly depends on a variety of factors including location, temperature, etc. Both Hemileuca lucina larvae and adult are often mistaken for that of Hemileuca maia and Hemileuca nevadensis. The early stages of Hemileuca maia larvae appear very similar to Hemileuca lucina larvae and the larvae in later stages are almost identical. Compared to Hemileuca maia larvae, Hemileuca lucina larvae are in general smaller and exhibit a sharply defined white stripe above the feet that is either faintly present or absent in H. maia larvae. For adult moths, H. maia is darker than H. lucina and also has narrower white forewing bands with circular spots. In contrast, H. nevadensis adults have wider white forewing bands that are more convex than H. lucina adults. In terms of translucence, H. nevadensis are generally more opaque. Distribution and habitat As given by the name, the New England buck moth can be found in the New England states, specifically Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts. It is reported to live in wet meadows in the New England region. The species is very local and few have been found in other regions in the world. Because of this, population density is often subject to large fluctuations due to changes in the local environment. Distribution of this species is not fully understood yet due to the species' restricted habitat range compared to its host plants' range. Food resources Early findings of larval host plants state that H. lucina caterpillars feed on broadleaf spirea and oaks but recent findings suggest that they mainly feed on meadowsweet (Spiraea latifolia). The relative age of the shrub that the caterpillars consume also influences caterpillar growth as larvae (third instar) both showed preference to new leaves and exhibited increased growth after the consumption of new leaves as compared to mature leaves. Larvae in the early instars primarily feed on meadow-sweet but larvae in later instars were also seen consuming blackberry (Rubus species), cinquefoil (Potentilla species) and black cherry. Adult female moths are known to not feed on anything, but the general pattern of adult feeding needs more exploration. Parental care Oviposition Oviposition refers to a process in which animals lay eggs. Hemileuca lucina females lay eggs in batches three months after the larval developmental period, which is usually around September. Females tend to make one or very few decisions on where to deposit the eggs. This is different from other species that oviposit eggs singularly as it is known that they make hundreds of decisions on where to oviposit the eggs, when to oviposit the eggs, etc. The flight time of Hemileuca lucina is about two weeks during September and they lay eggs once a year (univoltine). Hemileuca lucina females expand their wings, which is often seen as a signal for hormone production. The hormone is used to attract males and once males are with females, they copulate for about one to two hours. The host plant in which females oviposit eggs is called Spiraea latifolia and they usually lay one or two batches of eggs on the stem of the host plant. Females use their abdomen and shift it left and right around the twig and start laying eggs in a half-circle. At first, these half-circles of eggs are nearly empty, lacking any form. Females then re-crawl up the twig to fill in the gaps, which makes the batch of eggs look like a long ring. These eggs overwinter and hatch around May. Local weather conditions are one of the known factors that can change the hatching period. It was also observed that females preferred the periphery of the twig for their oviposition location as sunlight was more abundant compared to the inner side. Shady regions were avoided for most of the females but the reason is not fully understood. Social behavior Caterpillar sociality Larval response to predators or other harmful factors are mainly defense or escape. Defense takes on multiple forms, as larvae thrash, bite and regurgitate when near predators. Such defensive behavior is mostly seen in larvae of the first three instars. Aggregation behavior can be explained by the early instar larvae's tendency to group together to defend themselves against predators. Once larvae enter the fourth instar however, they show escape behaviors as most larvae are in solitary phase. Escape behavior also takes on multiple forms as larvae drops from the host plant to the ground or cringe and curl tightly on the plant. As a result of escaping, late instar larvae tended to disperse rather than aggregate. Life cycle Eggs An average of 146 eggs are laid per batch. Each egg weighs around 1.63 mg and ranges from 1.13 to 1.89 mg. The specific time in which the eggs are laid does not seem to determine larval fitness. Similarly, the range of egg weight seems insignificant as there is no known information on whether or not quality/health of larvae depends on egg weight. However, female age seems to control egg weight, as the weights declined as females aged. The eggs hatch in May. Larvae Larvae Generation for Hemileuca lucina larvae starts around May and lasts until July. Larvae are black and have spines on their back that are black and orange. These spines can cause pain through dermatitis when handled improperly. During the first four instars, larvae show gregarious behaviors as they move in clumps. Group size tends to decrease over time due to various factors including weather, predators, parasitoids, food availability, etc. During the fourth and fifth instars, most larvae show solitary behavior. During the sixth instar, larvae are completely solitary and display yellow stripes on their back. Pupa During this stage, larvae move away from the host plant and burrow into the ground for pupation. The pupa resides in the soil for the entire summer until September. Adult Adult New England buck moths usually emerge in the morning, faster than its sister species, Hemileuca maia. Flight season is about two weeks long for adult moths. Flight usually occurs in September but, depending on weather conditions, it often occurs in October. Males are known to fly in the late morning and mating occurs around 10:00 am – 1:00 pm. After copulating for about two hours, females find host plants for oviposition. Enemies Predators Few predators of Hemileuca lucina larvae have been reported, including wasps, stinkbugs and orb-weaving spiders. Specifically, vespid wasps (Polistes dominula and Polistes fuscatus) have shown to prey upon H. lucina caterpillars that are masticated and given to wasp larvae as nutritional sources. It was observed that wasps attack one member of the group rather than attacking multiple larvae at the same time but the specific method of wasp predation requires further investigation. Moreover, H. lucina larvae's spines are known to be ineffective against some social wasps (P. dominulus and P. fuscatus) as they are able to bite off the spines before masticating the larvae. Stinkbugs such as Podisus maculiventris are also reported predators of gregarious caterpillars like H. lucina, but their interaction with the caterpillars are rarely observed due to low numbers of stinkbugs in the spring. It has been observed that adult moths are attracted to three species of araneid spiders and their webs. The specific cause behind the moth's attraction to these webs is not known but pheromone mimicry seems to be the widely used strategy in these spiders. Parasites There are few notable parasites of Hemileuca lucina caterpillars including tachinid fly (Compsilura concinnata) and ichneumonid wasp (Ichneumonidae - Hyposoter fugitivus), both of which are not H. lucina specific parasites. Of these two, C. concinnata is responsible for mortality of H. lucina caterpillars as 30% mortality was found in Massachusetts. Even though C. concinnata is a major cause of H. lucina caterpillar mortality, its predation is not specific to H. lucina caterpillars as 36% mortality on Hemileuca maia was found in southern Massachusetts. It was observed that C. concinnata attacks each H. lucina caterpillar aggregation and ultimately lays live larvae in the host. The specific mechanism in which the tachinid fly lays the larvae needs further investigation. It was also found that the tachinid fly's attack triggers H. lucina caterpillars to separate from the aggregation by dropping off the host plant or inducing solitary status. In both cases, the tachinid fly then had an advantage to prey on the separated larvae that fails to rejoin the aggregation. Similarly, ichneumonid wasps do not only parasitize on H. lucina as there are reported incidents of H. maia getting parasitized. Defense mechanisms Defense mechanisms refer to ways in which an organism protects itself from dangers caused by enemies. Various lepidopteran larvae are known to have urticating spines or stinging hairs that contain venoms. Not all chemical components of the venom have been identified but it is currently known that histamine or histamine-like substances are parts of the venom. These urticating spines and hairs that serve as protectors for these larvae could have evolutionarily developed as those free of such spines and hairs were easily preyed on. Even if the spines do not contain venoms, they still serve to protect larvae as physical barriers from small invertebrate predators. Painful stings and swellings are noted results that are inflicted by Hemileuca lucina's spines. Other than the spines or hairs, aposematic larvae often use regurgitation as an alternative deterrent method. Acquisition of multiple defense mechanisms are especially beneficial as it not only maximizes protection but it also allows matching a certain type of defense to specific predators/parasites. Mating Males will fly during the late morning, with mating occurring during the late morning and into the early afternoon. H. lucina females use a pheromone to attract males. Once male and female adults meet, copulation occurs. The mated pairs remain copulated for about 2 hours. After separation, females look for an oviposition site and lay eggs in their most preferable spot. It has been found that H. lucina males do not have the ability to discern pheromones secreted by H. lucina and H. nevadensis, often resulting in interspecific mating. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M (1987). "Patterns of Oviposition in Hemileuca lucina (Saturniidae)" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 44: 131–140. Retrieved 29 September 2017. ^ a b c Bowers, M (2003). "Aposematic Caterpillars: Life-Style of the Warningly Colored and Unpalatable" (PDF): 331–371. Retrieved 1 October 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tuskes, Paul; Tuttles, James; Collins, Michael (1996). The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada. Comstock Pub Associates. ISBN 9780801431302. ^ a b Boettner, George; Elkinton, Joseph; Boettner, Cynthia (2000). "Effects of a Biological Control Introduction on Three Nontarget Native Species of Saturniid Moths". Conservation Biology. 14 (6): 1798–1806. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99193.x. JSTOR 2641531. PMID 35701905. S2CID 1275319. ^ a b c d Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M (1990). "Parasitism of New England buck-moth caterpillars (Hemileuca lucina: Saturniidae) by tachinid flies". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 44: 199–200. Retrieved 1 October 2017. ^ "Hemileuca". www.itis.gov. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved October 1, 2017. ^ a b Reiff, William (1910). "Notes on Hemileuca lucina Hy. Edw". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 17: 29–32. doi:10.1155/1910/21596. ^ a b Covell, Charles (1984). A Field Guide to the Moths of Eastern North America. Virginia Museum of Natural History. ISBN 1884549217. ^ Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M (1990). "Variation in Food Quality and Temperature Constrain Foraging of Gregarious Caterpillars". Ecological Society of America. 71 (3): 1031–1039. JSTOR 1937371. ^ Cornell, Jennifer; Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M (1987). "Developmental Change in Aggregation, Defense and Escape Behavior of Buckmoth". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 20: 383–388. doi:10.1007/bf00302980. JSTOR 4600036. S2CID 44510654. ^ a b Wagner, David (1997). Caterpillars of eastern forest. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. p. 113. ^ Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M. "Body temperature, Behavior, and growth of early-spring caterpillars (Hemileuca lucina Saturniidae)" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 44: 143–155. ^ Kawamoto, Fumihiko; Kumada, Nobuo (1984). "Biology and venoms of Lepidoptera". Handbook of Natural Toxins. 2: 291–330. ^ Bellows, T; Owens, J; Huddleston, E (1982). "Predation of range caterpillar, Hemileuca oliviae (Lepidoptera: Satumiidae) at various stages of development, different species of rodents in New Mexico during 1980". Environ. Entomol. 11: 1211–1215. doi:10.1093/ee/11.6.1211. ^ Peigler, Richard; Williams, Benjamin (1984). "Two Interesting Artificial Hybrid Crosses In the Genera Hemileuca and Anisota (Saturniidae)" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 38 (1): 51–56. Taxon identifiersHemileuca lucina Wikidata: Q2163122 BAMONA: Hemileuca-lucina BioLib: 647823 BugGuide: 32363 CoL: 3KPN7 EoL: 851881 EPPO: HMLCLU GBIF: 1865295 iNaturalist: 143580 IRMNG: 10635086 ITIS: 936202 LepIndex: 65638 MONA: 7732 NatureServe: 2.120628 NCBI: 2052323 Open Tree of Life: 3099555	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturniidae"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"broadleaf meadowsweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadleaf_meadowsweet"},{"link_name":"blackberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry"},{"link_name":"black cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowers-2"},{"link_name":"Pupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_maia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"},{"link_name":"pheromone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone"},{"link_name":"univoltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univoltine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"},{"link_name":"tachinid fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachinid_fly"},{"link_name":"ichneumonid wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichneumonidae"},{"link_name":"parasitoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoids"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stamp_para-5"}],"text":"Hemileuca lucina, the New England buck moth, is a species of moth in the family Saturniidae. This moth species is only found in the New England region of the United States. Larvae in early stages mainly feed on broadleaf meadowsweet (Spiraea latifolia) whereas larvae in later stages show variation in food sources such as blackberry and black cherry leaves.[1] Larvae have a black body with orange/black spines on their back that are used to deter predators.[2] Pupation occurs during the summer and adult moths come out around September.[3]Adult females are usually bigger than males. Both males and females have dark colored bodies and wide white bands on their wings that are similarly observed in their sister species, Hemileuca maia.[3]The flight season for adult Hemileuca lucina is in September and it lasts around two weeks. Females secrete a pheromone to attract the males and once they pair up, they copulate for about one to two hours. Hemileuca lucina is univoltine, meaning that it has one brood per year. Females lay eggs on the twig of their host plants that look like a tightly packed ring.[3]H. lucina larvae are subject to prey by wasps, stinkbugs, and certain types of spiders. There is a tachinid fly and ichneumonid wasp that are parasitoids of caterpillars as well.[4][5]","title":"Hemileuca lucina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemileuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca"},{"link_name":"Saturniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturniidae"},{"link_name":"Francis Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Walker_(entomologist)"},{"link_name":"Saturniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturniidae"},{"link_name":"giant silkworm moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheraea_polyphemus"},{"link_name":"Jean Baptiste Boisduval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Boisduval"},{"link_name":"Henry Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edwards_(entomologist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_maia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiff-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_maia"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca nevadensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_nevadensis"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"}],"text":"The New England buck moth is one of the many species in genus Hemileuca and family Saturniidae. The genus Hemileuca was first named by Francis Walker in 1855. The family Saturniidae, which usually refers to giant silkworm moth or royal moth, was created by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1837. The New England buck moth's binomial name, Hemileuca lucina, was given by Henry Edwards in 1887.[6] At first, this species was widely confused with Hemileuca maia (Drury, 1773) as the species' caterpillars and adult forms were nearly indistinguishable.[7] However, subtle but noticeable differences shown in wing translucence and band width allowed separation of the species.[3]There are 33 known species of the genus Hemileuca. Of these 33 species, distinct species groups are formed based on larval characteristics, adult phenotype and relative food resources.Below are the list of specific species in the maia group of genus Hemileuca.Hemileuca lucina (H. Edwards, 1887)\nHemileuca maia (Drury, 1773)\nHemileuca nevadensis (Stretch, 1872)\nHemileuca slosseri (Peigler & Stone, 1989)All of the maia group species reside on the east of Mississippi River and also exhibit similar appearances, making them sister species.[3]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemileuca_lucina_adult_side.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_maia"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca nevadensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_nevadensis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiff-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"}],"text":"Side viewAdult females are generally larger than adult males. Males and females also have different abdominal tufts. The width of the female forewing bands range from 30 to 34 mm whereas the male forewing bands range from 23 to 28 mm. Among the species, each adult moth tends to have a different wingspan, wing translucence and band width. In general, smaller and more translucent-winged moths are observed in central Maine and larger and darker moths are observed in southern Massachusetts. This hints that moth phenotype varies and possibly depends on a variety of factors including location, temperature, etc.[3]Both Hemileuca lucina larvae and adult are often mistaken for that of Hemileuca maia and Hemileuca nevadensis. The early stages of Hemileuca maia larvae appear very similar to Hemileuca lucina larvae and the larvae in later stages are almost identical. Compared to Hemileuca maia larvae, Hemileuca lucina larvae are in general smaller and exhibit a sharply defined white stripe above the feet that is either faintly present or absent in H. maia larvae.[7] For adult moths, H. maia is darker than H. lucina and also has narrower white forewing bands with circular spots. In contrast, H. nevadensis adults have wider white forewing bands that are more convex than H. lucina adults. In terms of translucence, H. nevadensis are generally more opaque.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"}],"text":"As given by the name, the New England buck moth can be found in the New England states, specifically Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts.[8] It is reported to live in wet meadows in the New England region.[8] The species is very local and few have been found in other regions in the world. Because of this, population density is often subject to large fluctuations due to changes in the local environment. Distribution of this species is not fully understood yet due to the species' restricted habitat range compared to its host plants' range.[3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spirea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiraea"},{"link_name":"Spiraea latifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiraea_latifolia"},{"link_name":"instar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rubus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus"},{"link_name":"Potentilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentilla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"}],"text":"Early findings of larval host plants state that H. lucina caterpillars feed on broadleaf spirea and oaks but recent findings suggest that they mainly feed on meadowsweet (Spiraea latifolia). The relative age of the shrub that the caterpillars consume also influences caterpillar growth as larvae (third instar) both showed preference to new leaves and exhibited increased growth after the consumption of new leaves as compared to mature leaves.[9] Larvae in the early instars primarily feed on meadow-sweet but larvae in later instars were also seen consuming blackberry (Rubus species), cinquefoil (Potentilla species) and black cherry.[1]Adult female moths are known to not feed on anything, but the general pattern of adult feeding needs more exploration.[1]","title":"Food resources"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Parental care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oviposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparity"},{"link_name":"univoltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univoltine"},{"link_name":"Spiraea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiraea"},{"link_name":"latifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiraea_latifolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"},{"link_name":"oviposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviposition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"}],"sub_title":"Oviposition","text":"Oviposition refers to a process in which animals lay eggs. Hemileuca lucina females lay eggs in batches three months after the larval developmental period, which is usually around September. Females tend to make one or very few decisions on where to deposit the eggs. This is different from other species that oviposit eggs singularly as it is known that they make hundreds of decisions on where to oviposit the eggs, when to oviposit the eggs, etc. The flight time of Hemileuca lucina is about two weeks during September and they lay eggs once a year (univoltine). Hemileuca lucina females expand their wings, which is often seen as a signal for hormone production. The hormone is used to attract males and once males are with females, they copulate for about one to two hours. The host plant in which females oviposit eggs is called Spiraea latifolia and they usually lay one or two batches of eggs on the stem of the host plant.[1]Females use their abdomen and shift it left and right around the twig and start laying eggs in a half-circle. At first, these half-circles of eggs are nearly empty, lacking any form. Females then re-crawl up the twig to fill in the gaps, which makes the batch of eggs look like a long ring. These eggs overwinter and hatch around May. Local weather conditions are one of the known factors that can change the hatching period.[1] It was also observed that females preferred the periphery of the twig for their oviposition location as sunlight was more abundant compared to the inner side. Shady regions were avoided for most of the females but the reason is not fully understood.[1]","title":"Parental care"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Social behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Caterpillar sociality","text":"Larval response to predators or other harmful factors are mainly defense or escape. Defense takes on multiple forms, as larvae thrash, bite and regurgitate when near predators. Such defensive behavior is mostly seen in larvae of the first three instars. Aggregation behavior can be explained by the early instar larvae's tendency to group together to defend themselves against predators. Once larvae enter the fourth instar however, they show escape behaviors as most larvae are in solitary phase. Escape behavior also takes on multiple forms as larvae drops from the host plant to the ground or cringe and curl tightly on the plant. As a result of escaping, late instar larvae tended to disperse rather than aggregate.[10]","title":"Social behavior"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"}],"sub_title":"Eggs","text":"An average of 146 eggs are laid per batch. Each egg weighs around 1.63 mg and ranges from 1.13 to 1.89 mg. The specific time in which the eggs are laid does not seem to determine larval fitness. Similarly, the range of egg weight seems insignificant as there is no known information on whether or not quality/health of larvae depends on egg weight. However, female age seems to control egg weight, as the weights declined as females aged. The eggs hatch in May.[1]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemileuca_lucina_larvae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner-11"},{"link_name":"dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis"},{"link_name":"parasitoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"}],"sub_title":"Larvae","text":"LarvaeGeneration for Hemileuca lucina larvae starts around May and lasts until July.[11] Larvae are black and have spines on their back that are black and orange. These spines can cause pain through dermatitis when handled improperly. During the first four instars, larvae show gregarious behaviors as they move in clumps. Group size tends to decrease over time due to various factors including weather, predators, parasitoids, food availability, etc. During the fourth and fifth instars, most larvae show solitary behavior. During the sixth instar, larvae are completely solitary and display yellow stripes on their back.[1]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"}],"sub_title":"Pupa","text":"During this stage, larvae move away from the host plant and burrow into the ground for pupation. The pupa resides in the soil for the entire summer until September.[1]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemileuca maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_maia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"},{"link_name":"oviposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviposition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"}],"sub_title":"Adult","text":"Adult New England buck moths usually emerge in the morning, faster than its sister species, Hemileuca maia.[3] Flight season is about two weeks long for adult moths. Flight usually occurs in September but, depending on weather conditions, it often occurs in October. Males are known to fly in the late morning and mating occurs around 10:00 am – 1:00 pm. After copulating for about two hours, females find host plants for oviposition.[1]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Enemies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polistes dominula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polistes_dominula"},{"link_name":"Polistes fuscatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polistes_fuscatus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowers-2"},{"link_name":"Podisus maculiventris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podisus_maculiventris"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"}],"sub_title":"Predators","text":"Few predators of Hemileuca lucina larvae have been reported, including wasps, stinkbugs and orb-weaving spiders. Specifically, vespid wasps (Polistes dominula and Polistes fuscatus) have shown to prey upon H. lucina caterpillars that are masticated and given to wasp larvae as nutritional sources. It was observed that wasps attack one member of the group rather than attacking multiple larvae at the same time but the specific method of wasp predation requires further investigation. Moreover, H. lucina larvae's spines are known to be ineffective against some social wasps (P. dominulus and P. fuscatus) as they are able to bite off the spines before masticating the larvae.[2] Stinkbugs such as Podisus maculiventris are also reported predators of gregarious caterpillars like H. lucina, but their interaction with the caterpillars are rarely observed due to low numbers of stinkbugs in the spring.[12] It has been observed that adult moths are attracted to three species of araneid spiders and their webs. The specific cause behind the moth's attraction to these webs is not known but pheromone mimicry seems to be the widely used strategy in these spiders.[3]","title":"Enemies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Compsilura concinnata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compsilura_concinnata"},{"link_name":"Ichneumonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichneumonidae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stamp_para-5"},{"link_name":"Hemileuca maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileuca_maia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stamp_para-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stamp_para-5"}],"sub_title":"Parasites","text":"There are few notable parasites of Hemileuca lucina caterpillars including tachinid fly (Compsilura concinnata) and ichneumonid wasp (Ichneumonidae - Hyposoter fugitivus), both of which are not H. lucina specific parasites. Of these two, C. concinnata is responsible for mortality of H. lucina caterpillars as 30% mortality was found in Massachusetts.[5] Even though C. concinnata is a major cause of H. lucina caterpillar mortality, its predation is not specific to H. lucina caterpillars as 36% mortality on Hemileuca maia was found in southern Massachusetts.[4] It was observed that C. concinnata attacks each H. lucina caterpillar aggregation and ultimately lays live larvae in the host. The specific mechanism in which the tachinid fly lays the larvae needs further investigation. It was also found that the tachinid fly's attack triggers H. lucina caterpillars to separate from the aggregation by dropping off the host plant or inducing solitary status. In both cases, the tachinid fly then had an advantage to prey on the separated larvae that fails to rejoin the aggregation.[5] Similarly, ichneumonid wasps do not only parasitize on H. lucina as there are reported incidents of H. maia getting parasitized.[5]","title":"Enemies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lepidopteran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidopteran"},{"link_name":"urticating spines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticating_hair"},{"link_name":"venoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venoms"},{"link_name":"venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom"},{"link_name":"histamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"invertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner-11"},{"link_name":"aposematic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aposematic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowers-2"}],"text":"Defense mechanisms refer to ways in which an organism protects itself from dangers caused by enemies. Various lepidopteran larvae are known to have urticating spines or stinging hairs that contain venoms. Not all chemical components of the venom have been identified but it is currently known that histamine or histamine-like substances are parts of the venom.[13] These urticating spines and hairs that serve as protectors for these larvae could have evolutionarily developed as those free of such spines and hairs were easily preyed on.[14] Even if the spines do not contain venoms, they still serve to protect larvae as physical barriers from small invertebrate predators. Painful stings and swellings are noted results that are inflicted by Hemileuca lucina's spines.[11] Other than the spines or hairs, aposematic larvae often use regurgitation as an alternative deterrent method. Acquisition of multiple defense mechanisms are especially beneficial as it not only maximizes protection but it also allows matching a certain type of defense to specific predators/parasites.[2]","title":"Defense mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pheromone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone"},{"link_name":"copulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"oviposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviposition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oviposition-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuskes-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peigler-15"}],"text":"Males will fly during the late morning, with mating occurring during the late morning and into the early afternoon. H. lucina females use a pheromone to attract males. Once male and female adults meet, copulation occurs. The mated pairs remain copulated for about 2 hours. After separation, females look for an oviposition site and lay eggs in their most preferable spot.[1][3] It has been found that H. lucina males do not have the ability to discern pheromones secreted by H. lucina and H. nevadensis, often resulting in interspecific mating.[15]","title":"Mating"}]	[{"image_text":"Side view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hemileuca_lucina_adult_side.jpg/160px-Hemileuca_lucina_adult_side.jpg"},{"image_text":"Larvae","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hemileuca_lucina_larvae.jpg/220px-Hemileuca_lucina_larvae.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M (1987). \"Patterns of Oviposition in Hemileuca lucina (Saturniidae)\" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 44: 131–140. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1980s/1987/1987-41(1)131-Bowers.pdf","url_text":"\"Patterns of Oviposition in Hemileuca lucina (Saturniidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Bowers, M (2003). \"Aposematic Caterpillars: Life-Style of the Warningly Colored and Unpalatable\" (PDF): 331–371. Retrieved 1 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Bowers1993-Cat-Chapter.pdf","url_text":"\"Aposematic Caterpillars: Life-Style of the Warningly Colored and Unpalatable\""}]},{"reference":"Tuskes, Paul; Tuttles, James; Collins, Michael (1996). The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada. Comstock Pub Associates. ISBN 9780801431302.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wildsilkmothsofn00tusk","url_text":"The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801431302","url_text":"9780801431302"}]},{"reference":"Boettner, George; Elkinton, Joseph; Boettner, Cynthia (2000). \"Effects of a Biological Control Introduction on Three Nontarget Native Species of Saturniid Moths\". Conservation Biology. 14 (6): 1798–1806. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99193.x. JSTOR 2641531. PMID 35701905. S2CID 1275319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2000.99193.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99193.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2641531","url_text":"2641531"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35701905","url_text":"35701905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1275319","url_text":"1275319"}]},{"reference":"Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M (1990). \"Parasitism of New England buck-moth caterpillars (Hemileuca lucina: Saturniidae) by tachinid flies\". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 44: 199–200. Retrieved 1 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19911152123","url_text":"\"Parasitism of New England buck-moth caterpillars (Hemileuca lucina: Saturniidae) by tachinid flies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hemileuca\". www.itis.gov. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved October 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=936004#null","url_text":"\"Hemileuca\""}]},{"reference":"Reiff, William (1910). \"Notes on Hemileuca lucina Hy. Edw\". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 17: 29–32. doi:10.1155/1910/21596.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1910%2F21596","url_text":"\"Notes on Hemileuca lucina Hy. Edw\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1910%2F21596","url_text":"10.1155/1910/21596"}]},{"reference":"Covell, Charles (1984). A Field Guide to the Moths of Eastern North America. Virginia Museum of Natural History. ISBN 1884549217.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884549217","url_text":"1884549217"}]},{"reference":"Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M (1990). \"Variation in Food Quality and Temperature Constrain Foraging of Gregarious Caterpillars\". Ecological Society of America. 71 (3): 1031–1039. JSTOR 1937371.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1937371","url_text":"1937371"}]},{"reference":"Cornell, Jennifer; Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M (1987). \"Developmental Change in Aggregation, Defense and Escape Behavior of Buckmoth\". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 20: 383–388. doi:10.1007/bf00302980. JSTOR 4600036. S2CID 44510654.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00302980","url_text":"10.1007/bf00302980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4600036","url_text":"4600036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44510654","url_text":"44510654"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, David (1997). Caterpillars of eastern forest. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. p. 113.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LmTGypsMrzkC&dq=hemileuca+lucina+painful+stings&pg=PA21","url_text":"Caterpillars of eastern forest"}]},{"reference":"Stamp, Nancy; Bowers, M. \"Body temperature, Behavior, and growth of early-spring caterpillars (Hemileuca lucina Saturniidae)\" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 44: 143–155.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1990s/1990/1990-44(3)143-Stamp.pdf","url_text":"\"Body temperature, Behavior, and growth of early-spring caterpillars (Hemileuca lucina Saturniidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Kawamoto, Fumihiko; Kumada, Nobuo (1984). \"Biology and venoms of Lepidoptera\". Handbook of Natural Toxins. 2: 291–330.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bellows, T; Owens, J; Huddleston, E (1982). \"Predation of range caterpillar, Hemileuca oliviae (Lepidoptera: Satumiidae) at various stages of development, different species of rodents in New Mexico during 1980\". Environ. Entomol. 11: 1211–1215. doi:10.1093/ee/11.6.1211.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fee%2F11.6.1211","url_text":"10.1093/ee/11.6.1211"}]},{"reference":"Peigler, Richard; Williams, Benjamin (1984). \"Two Interesting Artificial Hybrid Crosses In the Genera Hemileuca and Anisota (Saturniidae)\" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 38 (1): 51–56.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1980s/1984/1984-38(1)51-Peigler.pdf","url_text":"\"Two Interesting Artificial Hybrid Crosses In the Genera Hemileuca and Anisota (Saturniidae)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1980s/1987/1987-41(1)131-Bowers.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Patterns of Oviposition in Hemileuca lucina (Saturniidae)\""},{"Link":"http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Bowers1993-Cat-Chapter.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Aposematic Caterpillars: Life-Style of the Warningly Colored and Unpalatable\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wildsilkmothsofn00tusk","external_links_name":"The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2000.99193.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99193.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2641531","external_links_name":"2641531"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35701905","external_links_name":"35701905"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1275319","external_links_name":"1275319"},{"Link":"https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19911152123","external_links_name":"\"Parasitism of New England buck-moth caterpillars (Hemileuca lucina: Saturniidae) by tachinid flies\""},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=936004#null","external_links_name":"\"Hemileuca\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1910%2F21596","external_links_name":"\"Notes on Hemileuca lucina Hy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Christina_von_Aichelberg	Dorothea Christina von Aichelberg	["1 Life","2 Issue","3 References","4 Footnotes"]	Dorothea Christina von AichelbergDorothea Christina von Aichelberg, detail from a family portraitBorn(1674-01-23)23 January 1674PlönDied22 June 1762(1762-06-22) (aged 88)ReinfeldBuried30 June 1762Ducal crypt in Plön CastleNoble familyvon AichelbergSpouse(s)Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-NorburgFatherJohn Francis von AichelbergMotherAnna Sophia von Trautenburg gennant Beyern Dorothea Christina von Aichelberg (alternative spellings: Dorothee, Dorothy, Chritine, Christiane, von Echelberg, von Aichelburg; 23 January 1674 in Plön – 22 June 1762 in Reinfeld) was the spouse of Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg as Frau von Karlstein. Later, as a widow and mother of Frederick Charles, she stood for many years at the center of a succession dispute. Life Dorothea Christina was the daughter of Johann Franz von Aichelberg (1629-1692), Hofmeister and bailiff in Norburg, and his wife, Anna Sophia von Trautenburg gennant Beyer (1637-1694). Her father belonged to a Roman Catholic Carinthian family whose nobility had been confirmed as of the early 16th century. In the Habsburgs' Hereditary Lands the Aichelbergs' would receive elevation to the baronial title in 1655 and to the comital title in 1787. As a young woman Dorothea was court lady of Duchess Elizabeth Charlotte. After the death of Duke Augustus and the accession of his son, Joachim Frederick in 1699, she followed the duchess to her dower house at Østerholm on Als. Here, she developed a relationship with Joachim Frederick's younger brother, Christian Charles, who at the time served as a colonel in the army of Brandenburg-Prussia. When his father died, he had only inherited the manors of Sebygaard and Gottesgabe on Ærø island, which his uncle Bernhard had held earlier. He estimated that probably every nobleman in this country is wealthier than me. He held that, under these circumstances, Dorothea Christina would appear to be an appropriate spouse. However, both the court in Norburg and his relatives opposed a morganatic marriage. In this situation, Dorothea Christina received an invitation to the court in Dillenburg. Christian Charles followed her and they rendez-voused in Frankfurt-am-Main. They were married by Superintendent Johann Jacob Müller at Curti Castle in Groß-Umstadt. Their witnesses were the host, high bailiff Carl Wilhelm von Curti, and his wife Anna Helena Schenk zu Schweinsberg. Dorothea Christina with the family of her son Frederick Charles in the Garden of Traventhal House, painting by Johann Heinrich Tischbein (1759), from left to right: Princess Louise Albertine, Duke Frederick Charles, Princess Friederike Sophie, Duchess Christine Armgard, Dorothea Christina, an African servant, Princess Charlotte Amalie Wilhelmine The wedding was initially kept secret, however Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel told his sister Charlotte Amalie, the Queen of Denmark, about it, and she told the ducal family. Duke Joachim Frederick challenged the status of the marriage, insisting that it be declared morganatic. However, despite the fact that Dorothea Christina was able to prove her pure noble descent by generations back Joachim Frederick forced his brother to accept a settlement. The settlement was prepared by the court, signed by both brothers in Norburg on 24 November 1702 and confirmed by the Danish king on 5 December 1702. In the settlement, Christian Charles renounced any share of the Schleswig-Holstein inheritance on behalf of himself, his wife, and any children they might have. This meant that the family's territory, which was very small already, would not be further fragmented. If, however, the descendants of Joachim Frederick were to die out in the male line, then Christian Charles's descendants would be reinstated as heirs. Meanwhile, Christian Charles and his family would take the family name von Karlstein. A loophole in the settlement was that it did not specify what would happen if the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön ducal branch were to die out. Under the terms of the will of Duke Augustus, Plön would then fall to Joachim Frederick and Norburg would fall to Christian Charles. This might have appeared highly unlikely in 1702, but it nevertheless happened only four years later: Duke John Adolph of Plön and his son Adolph Augustus both died in 1704, leaving Plön in the hands of Adolph Augustus's two-year-old son Leopold Augustus. Leopold Augustus then died in 1706, leaving Plön to Joachim Frederick. Christian Charles and Dorothea Christina initially had two daughters: Charlotte (b. 1703; died young) and Augusta (13 September 1704 – 1749). Christian Charles died of smallpox on 23 May 1706. On 4 August 1706, their son Frederick Charles was born posthumously. After her husband's death, Dorothea Christina lived another 56 years as a widow. She spent the next several years suing for her son's right to inherit Plön. She was assisted by her legal representative Count Frederick von Reventlow, Hansen von Ehrencron and C.G. von John, who had been appointed guardians of her son by the King. Her claim was supported by the opinions of the law school of the University of Kiel and foreign lawyers, such as Johann Peter von Ludewig and Christian Thomasius. Their view was the marriage had not been morganatic originally and that the 1702 agreement had not made it morganatic either. Nevertheless, Joachim Frederick refused to acknowledge his nephew's eligibility to inherit. He was still hoping to have a son himself. However, his two marriages only brought him daughters and he died in 1772, deeply in debt and without a male heir. King Frederick IV of Denmark finally recognized Frederick Charles as a true and born Duke of Schleswig and Holstein and raised Christina Dorothea to princely rank in two letters patent, dated 18 and 19 December 1722. However, this recognition was only valid for the Schleswig parts of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön which stood under Danish suzerainty. Frederick Charles's cousin John Ernest from the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Rethwisch line still claimed the Holstein parts of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, which stood under imperial suzerainty. Consequently, Frederick Charles could only take up the government of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön after John Ernest died on 24 May 1729. In 1731, he was finally recognized by the Aulic council. For Dorothea Christina, this meant that her marriage was finally recognized as "proper and legitimate". Her widow seat in Plön Dorothea lived the rest of her life at her dower house in Reinfeld and the Widow's Palace in Plön. She died at a very advanced age on 22 June 1762 in Reinfeld, of a chest disease. She was buried on 30 June 1752 in the ducal crypt at Plön Castle. She left money to the orphanage in Plön, which she had founded in 1746; to pauper's relief in Reinfeld; and to the preacher's widow fund in Reinfeld. The Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and of Anhalt-Bernburg are among her descendants. Issue The couple had the following children: Charlotte Amalie Ernestine (1703 – died as a child) Wilhelmina Augusta (1704–1749), married in 1731 with Count Conrad Detlev von Reventlow (1704-1749), the eldest son of Count Christian Detlev von Reventlow Frederick Charles (1706–1761) References Christoph Gensch von Breitenau: Gründlicher Bericht von der Fürstlich-Holstein-Plönischen Streitigen Successions-Sache, Copenhagen, 1725, Online at the Bavaria State Library Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck: Dorothea Christina von Aichelberg. Historische Darstellung aus der Schleswig-Holsteinischen Geschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, in: Schleswig-Holsteinische Blätter, vol. 3, 1837, p. 406–443, Online; Genealogical tables after p. 451 Siegfried Fitte: Unebenbürtige Fürstenehen in früheren Jahrhunderten, in: Die Grenzboten, vol. 65, 1906, p. 632–644, esp. p. 636, Online Footnotes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. et B. (1994). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome VII, Oldenbourg. France: Laballery. pp. 85, 110, 151–153. ISBN 2-901138-07-1. ^ a b c Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. et B. (1989). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome V. France: Laballery. pp. 450–451. ISBN 2-901138-05-5. ^ Schmidt, p. 413 ^ Entry for Dorothea Christiane at uni-erlange.de Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Reinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinfeld,_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christian_Charles_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n-Norburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Charles,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"}],"text":"Dorothea Christina von Aichelberg (alternative spellings: Dorothee, Dorothy, Chritine, Christiane, von Echelberg, von Aichelburg; 23 January 1674 in Plön – 22 June 1762 in Reinfeld) was the spouse of Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg as Frau von Karlstein. Later, as a widow and mother of Frederick Charles, she stood for many years at the center of a succession dispute.[1]","title":"Dorothea Christina von Aichelberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aichelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichelburg"},{"link_name":"Hofmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmeister_(office)"},{"link_name":"bailiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiff"},{"link_name":"Trautenburg gennant Beyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trautenberg_(Adelsgeschlecht)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty1-2"},{"link_name":"Carinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty1-2"},{"link_name":"Hereditary 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Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Amalie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"morganatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic_marriage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n-Norburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"John Adolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Frederick Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Charles,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posthumous"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"Reventlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reventlow"},{"link_name":"Christian Thomasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Thomasius"},{"link_name":"Frederick IV of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"Aulic council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulic_council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ploen,_Witwenpalais-2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Reinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinfeld,_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Widow's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow%27s_Palace,_Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Plön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Plön Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B6n_Castle"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg"}],"text":"Dorothea Christina was the daughter of Johann Franz von Aichelberg (1629-1692), Hofmeister and bailiff in Norburg, and his wife, Anna Sophia von Trautenburg gennant Beyer (1637-1694).[2] Her father belonged to a Roman Catholic Carinthian family whose nobility had been confirmed as of the early 16th century.[2] In the Habsburgs' Hereditary Lands the Aichelbergs' would receive elevation to the baronial title in 1655 and to the comital title in 1787.[2]As a young woman Dorothea was court lady of Duchess Elizabeth Charlotte. After the death of Duke Augustus and the accession of his son, Joachim Frederick in 1699, she followed the duchess to her dower house at Østerholm on Als. Here, she developed a relationship with Joachim Frederick's younger brother, Christian Charles, who at the time served as a colonel in the army of Brandenburg-Prussia. When his father died, he had only inherited the manors of Sebygaard and Gottesgabe on Ærø island, which his uncle Bernhard had held earlier.[1] He estimated that probably every nobleman in this country is wealthier than me.[3] He held that, under these circumstances, Dorothea Christina would appear to be an appropriate spouse. However, both the court in Norburg and his relatives opposed a morganatic marriage.[1]In this situation, Dorothea Christina received an invitation to the court in Dillenburg. Christian Charles followed her and they rendez-voused in Frankfurt-am-Main. They were married by Superintendent Johann Jacob Müller at Curti Castle in Groß-Umstadt.[1] Their witnesses were the host, high bailiff Carl Wilhelm von Curti, and his wife Anna Helena Schenk zu Schweinsberg.Dorothea Christina with the family of her son Frederick Charles in the Garden of Traventhal House, painting by Johann Heinrich Tischbein (1759), from left to right: Princess Louise Albertine, Duke Frederick Charles, Princess Friederike Sophie, Duchess Christine Armgard, Dorothea Christina, an African servant, Princess Charlotte Amalie WilhelmineThe wedding was initially kept secret, however Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel told his sister Charlotte Amalie, the Queen of Denmark, about it, and she told the ducal family. Duke Joachim Frederick challenged the status of the marriage, insisting that it be declared morganatic.[1] However, despite the fact that Dorothea Christina was able to prove her pure noble descent by generations back Joachim Frederick forced his brother to accept a settlement. The settlement was prepared by the court, signed by both brothers in Norburg on 24 November 1702 and confirmed by the Danish king on 5 December 1702.[1] In the settlement, Christian Charles renounced any share of the Schleswig-Holstein inheritance on behalf of himself, his wife, and any children they might have.[1] This meant that the family's territory, which was very small already, would not be further fragmented. If, however, the descendants of Joachim Frederick were to die out in the male line, then Christian Charles's descendants would be reinstated as heirs.[1] Meanwhile, Christian Charles and his family would take the family name von Karlstein.A loophole in the settlement was that it did not specify what would happen if the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön ducal branch were to die out. Under the terms of the will of Duke Augustus, Plön would then fall to Joachim Frederick and Norburg would fall to Christian Charles.[1] This might have appeared highly unlikely in 1702, but it nevertheless happened only four years later: Duke John Adolph of Plön and his son Adolph Augustus both died in 1704, leaving Plön in the hands of Adolph Augustus's two-year-old son Leopold Augustus. Leopold Augustus then died in 1706, leaving Plön to Joachim Frederick.Christian Charles and Dorothea Christina initially had two daughters: Charlotte (b. 1703; died young) and Augusta (13 September 1704 – 1749). Christian Charles died of smallpox on 23 May 1706. On 4 August 1706, their son Frederick Charles was born posthumously.[1] After her husband's death, Dorothea Christina lived another 56 years as a widow. She spent the next several years suing for her son's right to inherit Plön. She was assisted by her legal representative Count Frederick von Reventlow, Hansen von Ehrencron and C.G. von John, who had been appointed guardians of her son by the King. Her claim was supported by the opinions of the law school of the University of Kiel and foreign lawyers, such as Johann Peter von Ludewig and Christian Thomasius. Their view was the marriage had not been morganatic originally and that the 1702 agreement had not made it morganatic either. Nevertheless, Joachim Frederick refused to acknowledge his nephew's eligibility to inherit. He was still hoping to have a son himself. However, his two marriages only brought him daughters and he died in 1772, deeply in debt and without a male heir.King Frederick IV of Denmark finally recognized Frederick Charles as a true and born Duke of Schleswig and Holstein and raised Christina Dorothea to princely rank in two letters patent, dated 18 and 19 December 1722.[1] However, this recognition was only valid for the Schleswig parts of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön which stood under Danish suzerainty. Frederick Charles's cousin John Ernest from the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Rethwisch line still claimed the Holstein parts of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, which stood under imperial suzerainty. Consequently, Frederick Charles could only take up the government of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön after John Ernest died on 24 May 1729.[1] In 1731, he was finally recognized by the Aulic council. For Dorothea Christina, this meant that her marriage was finally recognized as \"proper and legitimate\".Her widow seat in PlönDorothea lived the rest of her life at her dower house in Reinfeld and the Widow's Palace in Plön. She died at a very advanced age on 22 June 1762 in Reinfeld, of a chest disease. She was buried on 30 June 1752 in the ducal crypt at Plön Castle. She left money to the orphanage in Plön, which she had founded in 1746; to pauper's relief in Reinfeld; and to the preacher's widow fund in Reinfeld.The Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and of Anhalt-Bernburg are among her descendants.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Reventlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reventlow"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Count"},{"link_name":"Christian Detlev von Reventlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Detlev_Reventlow"},{"link_name":"Frederick Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Charles,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n"}],"text":"The couple had the following children:[4]Charlotte Amalie Ernestine (1703 – died as a child)\nWilhelmina Augusta (1704–1749), married in 1731 with Count Conrad Detlev von Reventlow (1704-1749), the eldest son of Count Christian Detlev von Reventlow\nFrederick Charles (1706–1761)","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty_1-11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-901138-07-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-901138-07-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty1_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-huberty1_2-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-901138-05-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-901138-05-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Entry for Dorothea Christiane at uni-erlange.de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121211103739/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG=germ/F=Dorothea@Christiane/N=v.Aichelburg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472999#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/304269004"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1036446689"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1036446689.html?language=en"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. et B. (1994). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome VII, Oldenbourg. France: Laballery. pp. 85, 110, 151–153. ISBN 2-901138-07-1.\n\n^ a b c Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. et B. (1989). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome V. France: Laballery. pp. 450–451. ISBN 2-901138-05-5.\n\n^ Schmidt, p. 413\n\n^ Entry for Dorothea Christiane at uni-erlange.deAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Dorothea Christina with the family of her son Frederick Charles in the Garden of Traventhal House, painting by Johann Heinrich Tischbein (1759), from left to right: Princess Louise Albertine, Duke Frederick Charles, Princess Friederike Sophie, Duchess Christine Armgard, Dorothea Christina, an African servant, Princess Charlotte Amalie Wilhelmine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/FriedrichKarlFamilie.jpg/350px-FriedrichKarlFamilie.jpg"},{"image_text":"Her widow seat in Plön","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ploen%2C_Witwenpalais-2.JPG/220px-Ploen%2C_Witwenpalais-2.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. et B. (1994). 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ISBN 2-901138-05-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-901138-05-5","url_text":"2-901138-05-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10349589-7","external_links_name":"Online at the Bavaria State Library"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LaoSAAAAYAAJ&PA406","external_links_name":"Online"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vOMjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA636","external_links_name":"Online"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121211103739/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG=germ/F=Dorothea@Christiane/N=v.Aichelburg","external_links_name":"Entry for Dorothea Christiane at uni-erlange.de"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/304269004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1036446689","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1036446689.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Herwig	Hans Herwig	["1 Filmography","1.1 Producer","1.2 Director","2 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hans Herwig" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hans Herwig (10 April 1909 Vienna – 5 October 1967 Germany) was an Austrian film producer and director. Filmography Producer 1950 : Mystery in Shanghai, by Roger Blanc 1952 : Les Surprises d'une nuit de noces, by Jean Vallée 1953 : L'Étrange Amazone, by Jean Vallée 1955 : Passion de femmes Director 1955 : Passion de femmes 1961 : La Fille du torrent External links Hans Herwig on the Internet Movie Database Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data This article about an Austrian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a film producer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"text":"Hans Herwig (10 April 1909 Vienna – 5 October 1967 Germany) was an Austrian film producer and director.","title":"Hans Herwig"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_in_film"},{"link_name":"Mystery in Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_in_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Roger Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Blanc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_in_film"},{"link_name":"Les Surprises d'une nuit de noces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Surprises_d%27une_nuit_de_noces&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean Vallée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vall%C3%A9e_(director)"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_in_film"},{"link_name":"L'Étrange Amazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89trange_Amazone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_in_film"},{"link_name":"Passion de femmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion_de_femmes&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Producer","text":"1950 : Mystery in Shanghai, by Roger Blanc\n1952 : Les Surprises d'une nuit de noces, by Jean Vallée\n1953 : L'Étrange Amazone, by Jean Vallée\n1955 : Passion de femmes","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_in_film"},{"link_name":"Passion de femmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion_de_femmes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_in_film"},{"link_name":"La Fille du torrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fille_du_torrent"}],"sub_title":"Director","text":"1955 : Passion de femmes\n1961 : La Fille du torrent","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hans+Herwig%22","external_links_name":"\"Hans Herwig\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hans+Herwig%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hans+Herwig%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hans+Herwig%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hans+Herwig%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hans+Herwig%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.idmb.com/name/nm0381206","external_links_name":"Hans Herwig"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000008818238","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/217771","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14106040k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14106040k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Herwig&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Herwig&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Liquid_Crystal_Society	British Liquid Crystal Society	["1 References","2 External links"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "British Liquid Crystal Society" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The British Liquid Crystal Society (BLCS) is a charitable trust established to promote education and research on liquid crystals in the United Kingdom. It promotes dissemination of knowledge, education and research into and the study of all facets of the formation, evolution, and science of liquid crystals; their physical, chemical and other properties and functions in all products made therefrom. The Society also holds conferences to discuss the findings of such research. References ^ a b "BLCS constitution" (PDF). www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2009. External links British Liquid Crystal Society website "The British Liquid Crystal Society, registered charity no. 328163". Charity Commission for England and Wales. This article about a charitable organisation in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a scientific organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charitable trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trust"},{"link_name":"liquid crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystals"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lc-1"}],"text":"The British Liquid Crystal Society (BLCS) is a charitable trust established to promote education and research on liquid crystals in the United Kingdom.[1] It promotes dissemination of knowledge, education and research into and the study of all facets of the formation, evolution, and science of liquid crystals; their physical, chemical and other properties and functions in all products made therefrom. The Society also holds conferences to discuss the findings of such research.[1]","title":"British Liquid Crystal Society"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"BLCS constitution\" (PDF). www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516022402/http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/blcs/constitution_revised2004.pdf","url_text":"\"BLCS constitution\""},{"url":"http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/blcs/constitution_revised2004.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The British Liquid Crystal Society, registered charity no. 328163\". Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=328163&subId=0","url_text":"\"The British Liquid Crystal Society, registered charity no. 328163\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22British+Liquid+Crystal+Society%22","external_links_name":"\"British Liquid Crystal Society\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22British+Liquid+Crystal+Society%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22British+Liquid+Crystal+Society%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22British+Liquid+Crystal+Society%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22British+Liquid+Crystal+Society%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22British+Liquid+Crystal+Society%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516022402/http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/blcs/constitution_revised2004.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BLCS constitution\""},{"Link":"http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/blcs/constitution_revised2004.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.blcs.org.uk/","external_links_name":"British Liquid Crystal Society website"},{"Link":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=328163&subId=0","external_links_name":"\"The British Liquid Crystal Society, registered charity no. 328163\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Liquid_Crystal_Society&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Liquid_Crystal_Society&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Film_Festival	Milan Film Festival	["1 Profile","2 Best Film winners","3 References","4 External links"]	Annual film festival held in Milan, Italy Milano Film FestivalLocationMilan, ItalyFounded1996DirectorsVincenzo RossiniAlessandro BerettaGabriele SalvatoresLanguageInternationalWebsitewww.milanofilmfestival.it Milan Film Festival (MFF, Italian: Milano Film Festival) is an annual independent film festival held since 1996 in Milan, Italy. It was founded as a competition of only local short films, but grew to have a feature film competition program along with numerous other sections and events. Profile The festival was launched in 1996 as an independent festival of short meter movies. It became international in 1998 when it introduced a competition program. In 1999, MFF began to show feature films, and in the following year they started to compete for the Best Film Award. In 2007, the attendance exceeded 93,000. By 2017, the number of entries for the short meter competition exceeded 2,000. As of 2018, competitions were: Best Short, Best Feature, the Outsiders, Ultra Reality, . The festival takes place in 7 locations around the city, it is supported by Milano City Council and sponsored by Lavazza brand. The industry section is a 3-days long program which includes open talks on storytelling, filmmaking, advertising, as well as masterclasses and workshops by prominent guests of MFF. Other sections are MyScreen, dedicated to cinema in the post-Internet world, Immigration Day, Other Natures (environmental documentaries), Incontri Italiani (Italian Meetings), Milano Film Festivalino targeted on the younger audience, etc. The list of events include screenings of diploma works made by students of Civica Scuola di Cinema Luchino Visconti. Since 2011, the festival has been directed by Alessandro Beretta. In 2018, Gabriele Salvatores was invited to be a co-director along with Beretta. Among the selectors, there are critics Boris Sollazzo and Antonello Catacchio. In 2021, the festival was relocated to Porta Venezia district. That year, a special competition ‘senza frontiere’ (‘without borders’) was launched, bringing together short and feature-length works by different directors, including both young and female directors. Best Film winners 2000: The Irish Barbecue, directed by Pete Parwich (Germany/Ireland) 2001: Fotograf, directed by Kazim Öz (Turkey) 2002: Children of Love, directed by Geoffrey Enthoven (Belgium), and Song of the Sork, directed by Jonathan Foo and Nguyen Phan Quang Binh 2003: Nothing Is Certain, It's All In The Imagination...According To Fellini, directed by Susan Gluth 2004: In the Battlefields, directed by Danielle Arbid (France/Belgium/Lebanon), and Here, directed by Zrinko Ogresta 2005: Kept and Dreamless, directed by Martín De Salvo and Vera Fogwill (Argentina/Spain/Netherlands) 2006: Marilena from P7, directed by Cristian Nemescu (Romania) 2007: Reprise, directed by Joachim Trier (Norway) 2008: Still Orangutans, directed by Gustavo Spolidoro (Brazil) 2009: Left Handed, directed by Laurence Thrush (Japan) 2010: On the Other Side of Life, directed by Stefanie Brockhaus and Andy Wolff (Germany) 2011: Italy: Love It, or Leave It, directed by Luca Ragazzi and Gustav Hofer (Italy/Germany) 2012: China Heavyweight, directed by Yung Chang (Canada/China) 2013: You and the Night, directed by Yann Gonzalez (France) References ^ "Milano Film Festival". FIlm Documentarie. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ "2005 Film Festival Listings: M to O". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. August 29, 2004. Retrieved July 7, 2014. ^ "Milano Film Festival: Past". Milano Film Festival. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014. ^ "Milano Film Festival, tributo a Terry Gilliam". Il Giorno. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ Cozzi, Emilio (2017-01-23). "Alessandro Beretta: Intervista all'ex versatore di vino diventato direttore artistico del festival di cinema (e birrette?) di Milano". Zero. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ a b c Zampa, Alice (2018-09-26). "Gabriele Salvatores e il Milano film festival. Riavviciniamo le persone al cinema, l'arte di tutte le arti". Life Gate. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ a b Rapone, Alba (2019-10-08). "24° Edizione del Milano Film Festival". Le Strade. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ "Milano Film Festival". Cinecittà. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ "Civica Scuola di Cinema Luchino Visconti (at) Milano Film Festival". Fondazione Milano. 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ Spaventa, Simona (2021-10-11). "Milano Film Festival, il quartiere del cinema supera l'esame a pieni voti". La Repubblica. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ^ Spaventa, Simona (2021-10-08). "Milano Film Festival, ritorno alla realtà: tre giorni in sala per la festa del cinema indipendente". la Repubblica. Retrieved 2024-05-07. External links Official website This article about a European film festival is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"short films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"}],"text":"Milan Film Festival (MFF, Italian: Milano Film Festival) is an annual independent film festival held since 1996 in Milan, Italy. It was founded as a competition of only local short films, but grew to have a feature film competition program along with numerous other sections and events.","title":"Milan Film Festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lestrade-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lestrade-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-6"},{"link_name":"Porta Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Venezia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republ-11"}],"text":"The festival was launched in 1996 as an independent festival of short meter movies. It became international in 1998 when it introduced a competition program.[1][2] In 1999, MFF began to show feature films, and in the following year they started to compete for the Best Film Award.[3] In 2007, the attendance exceeded 93,000.[4]By 2017, the number of entries for the short meter competition exceeded 2,000.[5] As of 2018, competitions were: Best Short, Best Feature, the Outsiders, Ultra Reality, .[6] The festival takes place in 7 locations around the city, it is supported by Milano City Council and sponsored by Lavazza brand.[6]The industry section is a 3-days long program which includes open talks on storytelling, filmmaking, advertising, as well as masterclasses and workshops by prominent guests of MFF.[7] Other sections are MyScreen, dedicated to cinema in the post-Internet world, Immigration Day, Other Natures (environmental documentaries), Incontri Italiani (Italian Meetings), Milano Film Festivalino targeted on the younger audience, etc.[7][8]The list of events include screenings of diploma works made by students of Civica Scuola di Cinema Luchino Visconti.[9]Since 2011, the festival has been directed by Alessandro Beretta. In 2018, Gabriele Salvatores was invited to be a co-director along with Beretta. Among the selectors, there are critics Boris Sollazzo and Antonello Catacchio.[6]In 2021, the festival was relocated to Porta Venezia district.[10] That year, a special competition ‘senza frontiere’ (‘without borders’) was launched, bringing together short and feature-length works by different directors, including both young and female directors.[11]","title":"Profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fotograf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotograf_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kazim Öz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazim_%C3%96z"},{"link_name":"Children of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Enthoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Enthoven"},{"link_name":"Song of the Sork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_of_the_Sork&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Susan Gluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Gluth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"In the Battlefields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Battlefields"},{"link_name":"Danielle Arbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Arbid"},{"link_name":"Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Zrinko Ogresta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrinko_Ogresta"},{"link_name":"Kept and Dreamless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kept_and_Dreamless"},{"link_name":"Martín De Salvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_De_Salvo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vera Fogwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Fogwill"},{"link_name":"Marilena from P7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilena_from_P7"},{"link_name":"Cristian Nemescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Nemescu"},{"link_name":"Reprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_(film)"},{"link_name":"Joachim Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Trier"},{"link_name":"Still Orangutans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_Orangutans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Spolidoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Spolidoro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Left Handed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_Handed_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laurence Thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Thrush&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"On the Other Side of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Other_Side_of_Life&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Brockhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefanie_Brockhaus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andy Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italy: Love It, or Leave It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy:_Love_It,_or_Leave_It&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luca Ragazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Ragazzi"},{"link_name":"Gustav Hofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Hofer"},{"link_name":"China Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Yung Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yung_Chang"},{"link_name":"You and the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_and_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Yann Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Gonzalez"}],"text":"2000: The Irish Barbecue, directed by Pete Parwich (Germany/Ireland)\n2001: Fotograf, directed by Kazim Öz (Turkey)\n2002: Children of Love, directed by Geoffrey Enthoven (Belgium), and Song of the Sork, directed by Jonathan Foo and Nguyen Phan Quang Binh\n2003: Nothing Is Certain, It's All In The Imagination...According To Fellini, directed by Susan Gluth\n2004: In the Battlefields, directed by Danielle Arbid (France/Belgium/Lebanon), and Here, directed by Zrinko Ogresta\n2005: Kept and Dreamless, directed by Martín De Salvo and Vera Fogwill (Argentina/Spain/Netherlands)\n2006: Marilena from P7, directed by Cristian Nemescu (Romania)\n2007: Reprise, directed by Joachim Trier (Norway)\n2008: Still Orangutans, directed by Gustavo Spolidoro (Brazil)\n2009: Left Handed, directed by Laurence Thrush (Japan)\n2010: On the Other Side of Life, directed by Stefanie Brockhaus and Andy Wolff (Germany)\n2011: Italy: Love It, or Leave It, directed by Luca Ragazzi and Gustav Hofer (Italy/Germany)\n2012: China Heavyweight, directed by Yung Chang (Canada/China)\n2013: You and the Night, directed by Yann Gonzalez (France)","title":"Best Film winners"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Milano Film Festival\". FIlm Documentarie. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_festival/259_0_1","url_text":"\"Milano Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Film Festival Listings: M to O\". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. August 29, 2004. Retrieved July 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2004/film/features/2005-film-festival-listings-m-to-o-1117909654/","url_text":"\"2005 Film Festival Listings: M to O\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation","url_text":"Penske Media Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Milano Film Festival: Past\". Milano Film Festival. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. 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Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://zero.eu/en/persone/intervista-alessandro-beretta-milano-film-festival/","url_text":"\"Alessandro Beretta: Intervista all'ex versatore di vino diventato direttore artistico del festival di cinema (e birrette?) di Milano\""}]},{"reference":"Zampa, Alice (2018-09-26). \"Gabriele Salvatores e il Milano film festival. Riavviciniamo le persone al cinema, l'arte di tutte le arti\". Life Gate. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lifegate.it/gabriele-salvatores-intervista-mff-2018","url_text":"\"Gabriele Salvatores e il Milano film festival. Riavviciniamo le persone al cinema, l'arte di tutte le arti\""}]},{"reference":"Rapone, Alba (2019-10-08). \"24° Edizione del Milano Film Festival\". Le Strade. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://le-strade.com/24-edizione-del-milano-film-festival/","url_text":"\"24° Edizione del Milano Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milano Film Festival\". Cinecittà. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmitalia.org/it/festival/27070/","url_text":"\"Milano Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civica Scuola di Cinema Luchino Visconti (at) Milano Film Festival\". Fondazione Milano. 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://fondazionemilano.eu/news/civica-scuola-di-cinema-luchino-visconti-at-milano-film-festival-1","url_text":"\"Civica Scuola di Cinema Luchino Visconti (at) Milano Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Spaventa, Simona (2021-10-11). \"Milano Film Festival, il quartiere del cinema supera l'esame a pieni voti\". La Repubblica. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/10/11/news/milano_film_festival_rassegna_bilancio-321709346/","url_text":"\"Milano Film Festival, il quartiere del cinema supera l'esame a pieni voti\""}]},{"reference":"Spaventa, Simona (2021-10-08). \"Milano Film Festival, ritorno alla realtà: tre giorni in sala per la festa del cinema indipendente\". la Repubblica. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/10/08/news/milano_film_festival_guida_ai_film-321232963/","url_text":"\"Milano Film Festival, ritorno alla realtà: tre giorni in sala per la festa del cinema indipendente\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.milanofilmfestival.it/","external_links_name":"www.milanofilmfestival.it"},{"Link":"http://film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_festival/259_0_1","external_links_name":"\"Milano Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2004/film/features/2005-film-festival-listings-m-to-o-1117909654/","external_links_name":"\"2005 Film Festival Listings: M to O\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140420034236/http://www.milanofilmfestival.it/past_eng.php","external_links_name":"\"Milano Film Festival: Past\""},{"Link":"http://www.milanofilmfestival.it/past_eng.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ilgiorno.it/milano/2008/09/12/117882-milano_film_festival_tributo_terry_gilliam.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Milano Film Festival, tributo a Terry Gilliam\""},{"Link":"https://zero.eu/en/persone/intervista-alessandro-beretta-milano-film-festival/","external_links_name":"\"Alessandro Beretta: Intervista all'ex versatore di vino diventato direttore artistico del festival di cinema (e birrette?) di Milano\""},{"Link":"https://www.lifegate.it/gabriele-salvatores-intervista-mff-2018","external_links_name":"\"Gabriele Salvatores e il Milano film festival. Riavviciniamo le persone al cinema, l'arte di tutte le arti\""},{"Link":"https://le-strade.com/24-edizione-del-milano-film-festival/","external_links_name":"\"24° Edizione del Milano Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://filmitalia.org/it/festival/27070/","external_links_name":"\"Milano Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://fondazionemilano.eu/news/civica-scuola-di-cinema-luchino-visconti-at-milano-film-festival-1","external_links_name":"\"Civica Scuola di Cinema Luchino Visconti (at) Milano Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/10/11/news/milano_film_festival_rassegna_bilancio-321709346/","external_links_name":"\"Milano Film Festival, il quartiere del cinema supera l'esame a pieni voti\""},{"Link":"https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/10/08/news/milano_film_festival_guida_ai_film-321232963/","external_links_name":"\"Milano Film Festival, ritorno alla realtà: tre giorni in sala per la festa del cinema indipendente\""},{"Link":"http://www.milanofilmfestival.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Film_Festival&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Harvest_at_%C3%89ragny	Hay Harvest at Éragny	["1 See also","2 External links"]	Painting by Camille Pissarro Hay Harvest at ÉragnyFenaison à ÉragnyArtistCamille Pissarro Year1901Dimensions53.9 cm (21.2 in) × 64.7 cm (25.5 in) Hay Harvest at Éragny (French: Fenaison à Éragny) is a 1901 painting by French Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro depicting the hay harvest in the French commune of Éragny-sur-Epte. It is currently in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada, in Ottawa. See also List of paintings by Camille Pissarro External links https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/hay-harvest-at-eragny Media related to Fenaison à Éragny by Camille Pissarro at Wikimedia Commons vteCamille PissarroPaintings List of paintings La Petite Fabrique (c. 1862–1865) The Banks of the Oise near Pontoise (1873) A Cowherd at Valhermeil, Auvers-sur-Oise (1874) Ploughed Fields (1874) Côte des Bœufs at L'Hermitage (1877) The Harvest, Pontoise (La Récolte, Pontoise, 1881) The House of the Deaf Woman and the Belfry at Eragny (1886) Shepherdess Bringing in Sheep (1886) Pont Boieldieu in Rouen, Rainy Weather (Le Pont Boieldieu à Rouen, temps mouillé, 1896) Morning, An Overcast Day, Rouen (1896) Steamboats in the Port of Rouen (1896) Rue Saint-Honoré, dans l'après-midi. Effet de pluie (1897) Boulevard Montmartre, Mardi Gras (1897) Le Boulevard de Montmartre, Matinée de Printemps (1897) The Large Walnut Tree, Autumn Morning, Éragny (1897) The Garden of the Tuileries on a Winter Afternoon (1899) Hay Harvest at Éragny (1901) Family Lucien Pissarro (son) Georges Henri Manzana Pissarro (son) Félix Pissarro (son) Paul-Émile Pissarro (son) Orovida Camille Pissarro (granddaughter) Claude Bonin-Pissarro (grandson) Hugues Claude Pissarro (grandson) Lélia Pissarro (great-granddaughter) Frédéric Bonin-Pissarro (great-grandson) Related Pays des Impressionnistes This article about a twentieth-century painting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"French commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_France"},{"link_name":"Éragny-sur-Epte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ragny-sur-Epte"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"}],"text":"Hay Harvest at Éragny (French: Fenaison à Éragny) is a 1901 painting by French Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro depicting the hay harvest in the French commune of Éragny-sur-Epte.It is currently in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada, in Ottawa.","title":"Hay Harvest at Éragny"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of paintings by Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Camille_Pissarro"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/hay-harvest-at-eragny","external_links_name":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/hay-harvest-at-eragny"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hay_Harvest_at_%C3%89ragny&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Belong_Together_(Robert_%26_Johnny_song)	We Belong Together (Robert & Johnny song)	["1 Cover versions","2 In popular culture","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "We Belong Together" Robert & Johnny song – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1958 single by Robert & Johnny"We Belong Together"Single by Robert & JohnnyB-side"Walking in the Rain"ReleasedFebruary 1958GenreRhythm and bluesLength2:42LabelOld TownSongwriter(s)Robert Carr, Johnny Mitchell, Hy WeissRobert & Johnny singles chronology "Broken Hearted Man" (1957) "We Belong Together" (1958) "Marry Me" (1958) "We Belong Together" is a 1958 American rhythm and blues hit written and recorded by Robert & Johnny, with a co-writing credit to Hy Weiss. It reached #12 on the R&B charts and #32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Cover versions The song was later recorded by several others. The Fleetwoods released a version on their 1959 album, Mr. Blue. A rendition by Ritchie Valens was released in 1959 on the Del-Fi record label and can be found on several of his albums. It is also featured in a scene from the 1987 hit film about Valens, La Bamba in which the song was sung by Los Lobos. The Belmonts released a remake on the Laurie label, Laurie 3080, in 1961, after they had split with Dion. It was not a hit, but was later reissued on a collector's label because of its musical value. In 1961, Jimmy Mullins, known as Jimmy Velvit, recorded it in the Dallas, Texas area. It was issued in January, 1962 on M-G-M's Cub Records label (K9105). It attracted a lot of attention and air-play and became the #1 song on the Dallas radio station, KLIF, for a period of six weeks. A different singer, Jimmy Tennant, using the name Jimmy Velvet, had a #75 hit with the song on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964. Tennant had initially recorded and released the song on his own Velvet label (co-owned with Ray Curran) in April, 1963 (Velvet 201-63), using the same name Mullins was using, Jimmy Velvit. That same issue was briefly re-issued in August, 1963 on the Cortland label's Witch Records subsidiary (#115) in an effort to take the Velvet Records release to a national level. Tennant used another song from the session, "I'm Gonna Try" as the flip side of both releases, the same song the earlier Jimmy Velvit (Jimmy Mullins) had used on his 1962 Cub version. That song had been written by Mullins. The hit release (as by Jimmy Velvet) on ABC-Paramount 10488 used "History Of Love" (recorded at the same April session) as the flip side, which was first issued by November, 1963. Peaches & Herb included the song on their album, Let's Fall In Love. In popular culture The song was also used in the 1983 John Carpenter movie Christine based on the novel by Stephen King. The song was used in the 1985 film After Hours directed by Martin Scorsese. In the 1997 film Selena, Abraham (Selena's father) sang this song to her as a little girl. In 2023, the Ritchie Valens version was featured in the series finale of Riverdale, "Goodbye, Riverdale", where it was featured in the final scene which showed Betty Cooper reunite with her friends in the afterlife. References ^ Jimmy Velvit's Office Website Retrieved September 26, 2011 ^ The Official Website for Jimmy Velvet Retrieved September 26, 2011 ^ Abc-paramount Records, Inc., Appellant, v. Topps Record Distributing Co., Inc. Retrieved March 20, 2012. ^ [https://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/673/After-Hours After Hours Soundtrack (1985) \| List of Songs vteRitchie ValensStudio albums Ritchie Valens Ritchie Live albums In Concert at Pacoima Jr. High Compilation albums Ritchie Valens Memorial Album Ritchie Valens...His Greatest Hits Volume 2 History of Ritchie Valens The Best of Ritchie Valens Songs "Come On, Let's Go" "Donna" "Bony Moronie" "La Bamba" "Bluebirds over the Mountain" "We Belong Together" Related Del-Fi Records Chicano rock Bob Keane Surf Ballroom (site of final performance) The Day the Music Died (1959 plane crash) La Bamba (film) vteDion and the Belmonts Angelo D'Aleo Fred Milano Carlo Mastrangelo Dion DiMucci Songs "I Wonder Why" "No One Knows" "A Teenager in Love" "Where or When" "That's My Desire" "When You Wish Upon a Star" "In the Still of the Night" Related The Belmonts Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_single"},{"link_name":"Robert & Johnny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_%26_Johnny"},{"link_name":"Hy Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_Weiss"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"}],"text":"1958 single by Robert & Johnny\"We Belong Together\" is a 1958 American rhythm and blues hit written and recorded by Robert & Johnny, with a co-writing credit to Hy Weiss. It reached #12 on the R&B charts and #32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.","title":"We Belong Together (Robert & Johnny song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recorded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"The Fleetwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fleetwoods"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Valens"},{"link_name":"Del-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del-Fi_Records"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"La Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bamba_(film)"},{"link_name":"Los Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Lobos"},{"link_name":"The Belmonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belmonts"},{"link_name":"Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_DiMucci"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Velvit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Velvit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"KLIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLIF_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Velvet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peaches & Herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches_%26_Herb"}],"text":"The song was later recorded by several others. The Fleetwoods released a version on their 1959 album, Mr. Blue.A rendition by Ritchie Valens was released in 1959 on the Del-Fi record label and can be found on several of his albums. It is also featured in a scene from the 1987 hit film about Valens, La Bamba in which the song was sung by Los Lobos.The Belmonts released a remake on the Laurie label, Laurie 3080, in 1961, after they had split with Dion. It was not a hit, but was later reissued on a collector's label because of its musical value.In 1961, Jimmy Mullins, known as Jimmy Velvit,[1] recorded it in the Dallas, Texas area. It was issued in January, 1962 on M-G-M's Cub Records label (K9105). It attracted a lot of attention and air-play and became the #1 song on the Dallas radio station, KLIF, for a period of six weeks.A different singer, Jimmy Tennant, using the name Jimmy Velvet, had a #75 hit with the song on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964.[2] Tennant had initially recorded and released the song on his own Velvet label (co-owned with Ray Curran) in April, 1963 (Velvet 201-63), using the same name Mullins was using, Jimmy Velvit. That same issue was briefly re-issued in August, 1963 on the Cortland label's Witch Records subsidiary (#115) in an effort to take the Velvet Records release to a national level. Tennant used another song from the session, \"I'm Gonna Try\" as the flip side of both releases, the same song the earlier Jimmy Velvit (Jimmy Mullins) had used on his 1962 Cub version. That song had been written by Mullins. The hit release (as by Jimmy Velvet) on ABC-Paramount 10488 used \"History Of Love\" (recorded at the same April session) as the flip side, which was first issued by November, 1963.[3]Peaches & Herb included the song on their album, Let's Fall In Love.","title":"Cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Christine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Valens"},{"link_name":"Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Goodbye, Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale_(season_7)"},{"link_name":"Betty Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Cooper"}],"text":"The song was also used in the 1983 John Carpenter movie Christine based on the novel by Stephen King.The song was used in the 1985 film After Hours directed by Martin Scorsese.[4]In the 1997 film Selena, Abraham (Selena's father) sang this song to her as a little girl.In 2023, the Ritchie Valens version was featured in the series finale of Riverdale, \"Goodbye, Riverdale\", where it was featured in the final scene which showed Betty Cooper reunite with her friends in the afterlife.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22We+Belong+Together%22+Robert+%26+Johnny+song","external_links_name":"\"We Belong Together\" Robert & Johnny song"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22We+Belong+Together%22+Robert+%26+Johnny+song+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22We+Belong+Together%22+Robert+%26+Johnny+song&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22We+Belong+Together%22+Robert+%26+Johnny+song+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22We+Belong+Together%22+Robert+%26+Johnny+song","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22We+Belong+Together%22+Robert+%26+Johnny+song&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://jimmyvelvit.com/pictures1.html","external_links_name":"Jimmy Velvit's Office Website"},{"Link":"http://jimmyvelvet.net/","external_links_name":"The Official Website for Jimmy Velvet"},{"Link":"http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/374/455/458612/","external_links_name":"Abc-paramount Records, Inc., Appellant, v. Topps Record Distributing Co., Inc."},{"Link":"https://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/673/After-Hours","external_links_name":"https://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/673/After-Hours"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/da11c31b-ab42-3f4a-868c-1e44eac94319","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabad_division	Moradabad division	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 28°50′24″N 78°45′36″E / 28.8400°N 78.7600°E / 28.8400; 78.7600Administrative division of Uttar Pradesh, India This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Moradabad division" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Different districts of Moradabad division Sambhal Rampur Bijnor Amroha Moradabad Moradabad division is one of the 18 administrative geographical units (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Moradabad city is the administrative headquarters of this division. It forms a part of the Rohilkhand region. Currently (As of 2005), the division consists of 5 districts:- Moradabad Bijnor Rampur Amroha Sambhal The Amroha district of this division is on top in providing better education to children and Sambhal district is turned out to be worst, according to the intellectual test held on 10 November 2022. References ^ Kunj, Shrishti (16 December 2022). "The district of Moradabad division of UP lags behind in providing better education to children, Amroha better". livehindustan.com. Retrieved 16 December 2022. vteDivisions and Districts of Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAgra division Agra Firozabad Mainpuri Mathura Aligarh division Aligarh Etah Hathras Kasganj Ayodhya division Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Ayodhya Barabanki Sultanpur Azamgarh division Azamgarh Ballia Mau Bareilly division Bareilly Budaun Pilibhit Shahjahanpur Basti division Basti Sant Kabir Nagar Siddharthnagar Chitrakoot division Banda Chitrakoot Hamirpur Mahoba Devipatan division Bahraich Balrampur Gonda Shravasti Gorakhpur division Deoria Gorakhpur Kushinagar Maharajganj Jhansi division Jalaun Jhansi Lalitpur Kanpur division Auraiya Etawah Farrukhabad Kannauj Kanpur Nagar Kanpur Dehat Lucknow division Hardoi Lakhimpur Kheri Lucknow Raebareli Sitapur Unnao Meerut division Bagpat Bulandshahr Gautam Buddh Nagar Ghaziabad Hapur Meerut Mirzapur division Mirzapur Sant Ravidas Nagar Sonbhadra Moradabad division Amroha Bijnor Moradabad Rampur Sambhal Prayagraj division Fatehpur Kaushambi Pratapgarh Prayagraj Saharanpur division Muzaffarnagar Saharanpur Shamli Varanasi division Chandauli Ghazipur Jaunpur Varanasi vte State of Uttar PradeshCapital: LucknowTopics History Geography Government Economy Culture Architecture Tourism Demographics Education Administration Government Legislative Assembly Legislative Council Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Emblem Regions Awadh (Central Uttar Pradesh) Purvanchal (Eastern Uttar Pradesh) Western Uttar Pradesh Divisions Agra Aligarh Ayodhya Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Prayagraj Saharanpur Varanasi Districts Agra Aligarh Ayodhya Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bhadohi Bijnor Budaun Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Nagar Kasganj Kaushambi Kushinagar Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Prayagraj Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sambhal Sant Kabir Nagar Shahjahanpur Shamli Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Major cities Agra Aligarh Ayodhya Bareilly Ghaziabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Mathura Meerut Moradabad Noida Prayagraj Saharanpur Vrindavan Varanasi Villages Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran, Pindra Ahirani, Pindra Aily Aitha Ajaipur Akhari Akorha Amaut Amawar Amilo, Varanasi Araji Line Babhanpura Baghirua Baliakheri Bhelupura Chadpur Dabethuwa Deorai Eshipur Harora Aht. Harora Must. Jafarabad Janakpatti Jayapur Kathiraon Khanzadipur Kuri, Varanasi Lamhi Mehdiganj Phoolpur Raghunathpur Rajesultanpur Saifai Tisaura Vyaspur India portal vteMoradabad division topicsGeneral Rohilkhand Districts Amroha Sambhal Bijnor Moradabad Rampur Rivers, dams, lakes Ganges Ramganga Languages, people Hindustani Standard Hindi Urdu Western Hindi Transport NH 24 NH 87 NH 93 Moradabad Airport Lok Sabha constituencies Bijnor Amroha Moradabad Sambhal Rampur Nagina See also Cities and towns in Amroha district Cities and towns in Bijnor district Cities and towns in Moradabad district Cities and towns in Sambhal district Cities and towns in Rampur district Villages in Amroha district Villages in Bijnor district Villages in Moradabad district Villages in Sambhal district People from Amroha People from Bijnor People from Moradabad People from Rampur Other Divisions Agra Aligarh Ayodhya Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Prayagraj Saharanpur Varanasi 28°50′24″N 78°45′36″E / 28.8400°N 78.7600°E / 28.8400; 78.7600 This article about a location in Uttar Pradesh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moradabad_division.png"},{"link_name":"Sambhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambhal_district"},{"link_name":"Rampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur_district"},{"link_name":"Bijnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijnor_district"},{"link_name":"Amroha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amroha_district"},{"link_name":"Moradabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabad_district"},{"link_name":"administrative geographical units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Moradabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabad"},{"link_name":"Rohilkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohilkhand"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moradabad_division&action=edit"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Moradabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabad_district"},{"link_name":"Bijnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijnor_district"},{"link_name":"Rampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur_district"},{"link_name":"Amroha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amroha_district"},{"link_name":"Sambhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambhal_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Administrative division of Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDifferent districts of Moradabad division Sambhal Rampur Bijnor Amroha MoradabadMoradabad division is one of the 18 administrative geographical units (i.e. division) of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Moradabad city is the administrative headquarters of this division. It forms a part of the Rohilkhand region. Currently (As of 2005[update]), the division consists of 5 districts:-Moradabad\nBijnor\nRampur\nAmroha\nSambhalThe Amroha district of this division is on top in providing better education to children and Sambhal district is turned out to be worst, according to the intellectual test held on 10 November 2022.[1]","title":"Moradabad division"}]	[{"image_text":"Different districts of Moradabad division Sambhal Rampur Bijnor Amroha Moradabad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moradabad_division.png/300px-Moradabad_division.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kunj, Shrishti (16 December 2022). \"The district of Moradabad division of UP lags behind in providing better education to children, Amroha better\". livehindustan.com. Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-moradabad-division-sambhal-district-lags-behind-in-providing-better-education-to-children-amroha-better-7496707.html","url_text":"\"The district of Moradabad division of UP lags behind in providing better education to children, Amroha better\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moradabad_division&params=28.8400_N_78.7600_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN","external_links_name":"28°50′24″N 78°45′36″E / 28.8400°N 78.7600°E / 28.8400; 78.7600"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Moradabad+division%22","external_links_name":"\"Moradabad division\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Moradabad+division%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Moradabad+division%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Moradabad+division%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Moradabad+division%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Moradabad+division%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moradabad_division&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-moradabad-division-sambhal-district-lags-behind-in-providing-better-education-to-children-amroha-better-7496707.html","external_links_name":"\"The district of Moradabad division of UP lags behind in providing better education to children, Amroha better\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moradabad_division&params=28.8400_N_78.7600_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN","external_links_name":"28°50′24″N 78°45′36″E / 28.8400°N 78.7600°E / 28.8400; 78.7600"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moradabad_division&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opat%C3%B3wiec	Opatówiec	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 52°37′N 19°57′E / 52.617°N 19.950°E / 52.617; 19.950Village in Masovian Voivodeship, PolandOpatówiecVillageOpatówiecCoordinates: 52°37′N 19°57′E / 52.617°N 19.950°E / 52.617; 19.950Country PolandVoivodeshipMasovianCountyPłockGminaStaroźreby Opatówiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Staroźreby, within Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Staroźreby, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Płock, and 84 km (52 mi) north-west of Warsaw. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina StaroźrebySeat Staroźreby Other villages Aleksandrowo Begno Bromierz Bromierzyk Brudzyno Bylino Dąbrusk Dłużniewo Duże Falęcin Góra Goszczyno Karwowo-Podgórne Kierz Krzywanice Krzywanice-Trojany Marychnów Mieczyno Mikołajewo Mrówczewo Nowa Góra Nowa Wieś Nowe Staroźreby Nowe Żochowo Nowy Bromierz Nowy Bromierzyk Opatówiec Ostrzykówek Piączyn Płonna Przeciszewo Przeciszewo-Kolonia Przedbórz Przedpełce Rogowo Rostkowo Rostkowo-Orszymowice Sarzyn Sędek Słomkowo Smardzewo Staroźreby-Hektary Stoplin Strzeszewo Szulbory Teodorowo Worowice-Wyroby Zdziar Mały Zdziar Wielki Zdziar-Las Żochowo Stare Authority control databases VIAF This Płock County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɔpaˈtuvjɛt͡s]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Staroźreby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Staro%C5%BAreby"},{"link_name":"Płock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock_County"},{"link_name":"Masovian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Staroźreby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%BAreby"},{"link_name":"Płock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"}],"text":"Village in Masovian Voivodeship, PolandOpatówiec [ɔpaˈtuvjɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Staroźreby, within Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.[1] It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Staroźreby, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Płock, and 84 km (52 mi) north-west of Warsaw.","title":"Opatówiec"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Opat%C3%B3wiec&params=52_37_N_19_57_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"52°37′N 19°57′E / 52.617°N 19.950°E / 52.617; 19.950"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Opat%C3%B3wiec&params=52_37_N_19_57_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"52°37′N 19°57′E / 52.617°N 19.950°E / 52.617; 19.950"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159642672","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opat%C3%B3wiec&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_British_League_season	1969 British League season	["1 Summary","2 Final table","3 Top Ten Riders (League Averages)","4 British League Knockout Cup","4.1 Final","5 Riders' Championship","6 Final leading averages","7 London Cup","8 Midland Cup","8.1 Final","9 Riders & final averages","10 See also","11 References"]	British speedway season 1969 British League seasonLeagueBritish LeagueNo. of competitors19ChampionsPoole PiratesKnockout CupWimbledon DonsIndividualBarry BriggsLondon CupWimbledon DonsMidland CupCoventry BeesHighest averageIvan MaugerDivision/s belowBritish League (Div 2) ← 1968 1970 → The 1969 British League season was the 35th season of the top tier of speedway in the United Kingdom and the fifth season known as the British League. Summary The 19 competitors were the same as the previous season. Poole Pirates won their first title. The Pirates were extremely consistent and despite their riders not coming in the top 18 league averages they won the league by a clear 6 points. Pete Smith was their top rider with an average of 9.34 but aided by four other riders (Geoff Mudge (9.05), Odd Fossengen (7.73), Bruce Cribb (7.31) and Gordon Guasco (7.26)) they were able to claim the title. Wimbledon Dons had a much better season than the last, finishing third and managed to retain their British League Knockout Cup crown. Belle Vue Aces finished runner-up, mainly due to the performances of their outstanding World champion rider Ivan Mauger; the New Zealander finished with an average of 11.67 and would also seal his second world title before the end of the season. Final table Pos Team PL W D L Pts 1 Poole Pirates 36 26 1 9 53 2 Belle Vue Aces 36 23 1 12 47 3 Wimbledon Dons 36 22 2 12 46 4 Halifax Dukes 36 22 2 12 46 5 Leicester Lions 36 21 2 13 44 6 Sheffield Tigers 36 19 1 16 39 7 Cradley Heath Heathens 36 18 2 16 38 8 Glasgow Tigers 36 17 3 16 37 9 King's Lynn Stars 36 18 0 18 36 10 Swindon Robins 36 18 0 18 36 11 Coatbridge Monarchs 36 17 1 18 35 12 Exeter Falcons 36 16 0 20 32 13 Newcastle Diamonds 36 15 2 19 32 14 Coventry Bees 36 14 3 19 31 15 Oxford Cheetahs 36 15 1 20 31 16 Wolverhampton Wolves 36 13 1 22 27 17 Newport Wasps 36 13 1 22 27 18 West Ham Hammers 36 11 3 22 25 19 Hackney Hawks 36 10 2 24 22 M = Matches; W = Wins; D = Draws; L = Losses; Pts = Total Points Top Ten Riders (League Averages) Rider Nat Team C.M.A. 1 Ivan Mauger Belle Vue 11.45 2 Barry Briggs Swindon 11.09 3 Eric Boocock Halifax 10.88 4 Nigel Boocock Coventry 10.77 5 Ray Wilson Leicester 10.48 6 Norman Hunter Wolverhampton 10.44 7 Trevor Hedge Wimbledon 10.17 8 Ole Olsen Newcastle 10.08 9 Jim McMillan Glasgow 9.97 10 Martin Ashby Exeter 9.96 British League Knockout Cup The 1969 British League Knockout Cup was the 31st edition of the Knockout Cup for tier one teams. Wimbledon were the winners. First round Date Team one Score Team two 10/05 Coatbridge 53-25 Hackney 06/05 Leicester 54-24 Newport 06/05 West Ham 39-39 Kings Lynn 31/05 Kings Lynn 39-39 West Ham 17/06 West Ham 36-42 Kings Lynn Second round Date Team one Score Team two 10/07 Sheffield 52-26 Kings Lynn 17/06 West Ham 36-42 Oxford 14/06 Canterbury 51-26 Crayford 14/06 Coventry 46-32 Oxford 14/06 Cradley Heath 41-37 Glasgow 11/06 Poole 43-35 Coatbridge 09/06 Exeter 36-42 Wimbledon 09/06 Newcastle 36-42 Belle Vue 07/06 Halifax 43-35 Wolverhampton Quarter-finals Date Team one Score Team two 02/08 Belle Vue 38-40 Sheffield 31/07 Wimbledon 49-29 Poole 21/07 Cradley Heath 41-37 Swindon 05/07 Halifax 47-31 Coventry Semi-finals Date Team one Score Team two 27/09 Cradley Heath 36-42 Wimbledon 21/08 Sheffield 43.5-34.5 Halifax Final First leg 8 October 1969 Sheffield TigersArnie Haley 11Jim Airey 9Billy Bales 9John Dews 5Dave Baugh 3Bengt Larsson 2Reg Wilson 140 - 38Wimbledon DonsTrevor Hedge 12Cyril Maidment 10Reg Luckhurst 8Ronnie Moore 4Jim Tebby 3Bob Dugard 1Gary Everett 0 Owlerton Stadium Second leg 9 October 1969 Wimbledon DonsTrevor Hedge 12Ronnie Moore 12Reg Luckhurst 9Jim Tebby 7Cyril Maidment 6Bob Dugard 6Gary Everett 456 - 22Sheffield TigersArnie Haley 9Jim Airey 9Bengt Larsson 3Billy Bales 1John Dews 0Dave Baugh 0Reg Wilson 0 Wimbledon Stadium Wimbledon Dons were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 94-62. Riders' Championship Barry Briggs won the British League Riders' Championship for the fifth consecutive year, held at Hyde Road on 18 October. Pos. Rider Heat Scores Total 1 Barry Briggs 3 3 3 3 2 14 2 Ivan Mauger 3 3 3 ef 3 12 3 Jim Airey 1 2 3 3 3 12 4 Martin Ashby 1 3 2 3 2 11 5 Eric Boocock 3 2 1 2 2 10 6 Roy Trigg 2 2 2 2 1 9 7 Ray Wilson 0 3 3 2 f 8 8 Trevor Hedge 2 1 2 2 1 8 9 Sándor Lévai 3 0 1 1 2 7 10 Tony Clarke 2 2 0 1 1 6 11 Ole Olsen ex ef ef 3 3 6 12 Terry Betts 0 0 1 1 3 5 13 Reidar Eide 1 1 2 1 0 5 14 Jim McMillan 2 1 0 0 0 3 15 Colin Gooddy 1 0 1 0 r 2 16 Pete Smith 0 1 0 0 1 2 17 James Bond 0 0 ef=engine failure, f=fell, exc=excluded Final leading averages Rider Nat Team C.M.A. 1 Ivan Mauger Belle Vue 11.67 2 Barry Briggs Swindon 11.12 3 Eric Boocock Halifax 11.08 4 Nigel Boocock Coventry 10.78 5 Ray Wilson Leicester 10.56 6 Ole Olsen Newcastle 10.39 7 Norman Hunter Wolverhampton 10.35 8 Trevor Hedge Wimbledon 10.33 9 Sören Sjösten Belle Vue 10.09 10 Reidar Eide Coatbridge 10.01 11 Jim McMillan Glasgow 10.01 12 Martin Ashby Exeter 9.97 13 Jim Airey Sheffield 9.90 14 Ronnie Moore Wimbledon 9.74 15 Charlie Monk Glasgow 9.56 16 Reg Luckhurst Wimbledon 9.39 17 Dave Younghusband Halifax 9.38 18 Terry Betts King's Lynn 9.35 19 Pete Smith Poole 9.34 20 Roy Trigg Cradley Heath 9.27 London Cup Wimbledon retained the London Cup. Pos Team P W D L F A Pts 1 Wimbledon Dons 4 4 0 0 190 121 8 2 West Ham Hammers 4 1 0 3 154 157 2 3 Hackney Hawks 4 1 0 3 122 188 2 Results Team Score Team Hackney 40–37 West Ham Hackney 30–47 Wimbledon West Ham 48–30 Hackney West Ham 35–43 Wimbledon Wimbledon 44–34 West Ham Wimbledon 56–22 Hackney Midland Cup Coventry won the Midland Cup, which consisted of six teams. First round Team one Team two Score Leicester Wolverhampton 43–35, 38–40 Oxford Cradley 39–39, 32–45 Semi final round Team one Team two Score Cradley Coventry 37–41, 31–47 Leicester Swindon 44.5–33.5, 40–38 Final First leg 7 October 1969 Leicester John Boulger 10 Ray Wilson 7 Graham Plant 7 John Hart 5 Norman Storer 5Malcolm Brown 5 Dene Davies 140–38CoventryNigel Boocock 15 Rick France 12Col Cottrell 6 Roger Hill 5 Les Owen 0 Tony Lomas 0Antonin Kasper r/r Leicester Stadium Second leg 11 October 1969 CoventryRick France 12 Ken McKinlay (guest) 10Col Cottrell 9Tony Lomas 9Les Owen 3 Roger Hill 1 Antonin Kasper r/r44–34LeicesterRay Wilson 10 Malcolm Brown 10 John Boulger 6 Graham Plant 3 John Hart 3 Dene Davies 2Norman Storer 0 Brandon StadiumAttendance: 14,000 Coventry won on aggregate 82–74 Riders & final averages Belle Vue Ivan Mauger 11.67 Sören Sjösten 10.09 Tommy Roper 8.58 Chris Pusey 6.41 Steve Waplington 5.92 Dave Hemus 4.60 Norman Nevitt 4.33 Bill Powell 4.30 Ken Eyre 4.14 Eric Broadbelt 3.84 Ken Moss 3.56 Bill Moulin 3.24 Coatbridge Reidar Eide 10.01 Bert Harkins 7.94 George Hunter 7.14 Wayne Briggs 6.39 Brian Collins 5.93 Doug Templeton 5.17 Alec Hughson 4.24 Alistair Brady 3.82 Coventry Nigel Boocock 10.78 Antonín Kasper Sr. 7.55 Col Cottrell 7.36 Roger Hill 6.81 Rick France 6.67 Tom Ridley 5.54 Les Owen 5.41 John Harrhy 4.83 Tony Lomas 4.74 Dave Callington 3.28 Cradley Heath Roy Trigg 9.27 Bernt Persson 9.11 Bob Andrews 7.93 Chris Bass 5.29 Graham Coombes 4.90 Mike Gardner 4.31 Ken Wakefield 4.15 Chris Hawkins 1.29 Exeter Martin Ashby 9.97 Jan Holub I 8.12 Jimmy Squibb 7.31 Alan Cowland 5.22 Mike Cake 5.15 Chris Blewett 4.95 Tim Bungay 4.75 Ross Gilbertson 4.55 Phil Woodcock 4.27 Glasgow Jimmy McMillan 10.01 Charlie Monk 9.56 Oyvind Berg 8.09 Russ Dent 5.61 Willie Templeton 5.01 Alf Wells 4.25 Mike Hiftle 3.41 Bobby Beaton 2.91 Hackney Colin Pratt 7.35 Garry Middleton 7.05 Jack Biggs 6.33 Jimmy Gooch 6.17 Les McGillivray 5.45 Laurie Etheridge 5.10 Brian Leonard 5.03 Des Lukehurst 4.88 Tommy Sweetman 4.50 Graeme Smith 3.10 Halifax Eric Boocock 11.08 Dave Younghusband 9.38 Greg Kentwell 7.67 Alan Jay 7.16 Dennis Gavros 6.23 Les Sharpe 5.33 Terry Lee 4.00 Bob Jameson 3.76 King's Lynn Terry Betts 9.35 Malcolm Simmons 8.14 Howard Cole (Kid Bodie) 7.72 Clive Featherby 6.44 Allan Brown 4.95 Alan Bellham 4.89 Peter Bradshaw 4.19 Leicester Ray Wilson 10.56 John Boulger 8.76 John Hart 6.47 Norman Storer 6.44 Graham Plant 6.21 Malcolm Brown 5.16 DeWayne Keeter 4.88 Newcastle Ole Olsen 10.39 Dave Gifford 7.34 Gary Peterson 4.80 Mike Watkin 4.63 Alan Knapkin 4.00 Dave Schofield 3.47 Murray Burt 3.23 Newport Sandor Levai 8.34 Norman Strachan 6.29 Chris Julian 6.06 Alby Golden 5.95 Bob Hughes 5.92 Jon Erskine 5.83 Cyril Francis 4.67 Terry Shearer 3.74 Einar Egedius 2.73 Oxford Eddie Reeves 8.08 Colin Gooddy 8.03 Leo McAuliffe 7.24 Pete Jarman 7.00 Rick Timmo 6.65 George Major 5.27 Conny Samuelsson 4.17 Mick Bell 4.00 David Crane 4.00 John Bishop 3.61 Poole Pete Smith 9.34 Geoff Mudge 9.05 Odd Fossengen 7.73 Bruce Cribb 7.31 Gordon Guasco 7.26 Frank Shuter 5.55 Ted Laessing 4.50 Sheffield Jim Airey 9.90 Arnold Haley 8.62 Bengt Larsson 8.43 Bob Paulson 6.00 Brian Maxted 5.85 John Dews 5.59 Billy Bales 5.42 Dave Baugh 3.80 Reg Wilson 0.50 Swindon Barry Briggs 11.12 Bob Kilby 7.78 Mike Keen 6.71 Mike Broadbank 6.13 Clive Hitch 5.43 Pete Munday 4.87 Barry Duke 4.76 Mac Woolford 2.04 West Ham Sverre Harrfeldt 9.78 Tony Clarke 8.49 Olle Nygren 7.91 Ken McKinlay 7.69 Stan Stevens 5.30 John Langfield 5.03 Barry Crowson 4.07 Martyn Piddock 3.63 Bent Nörregaard 3.62 George Barclay 2.20 Brian Leonard 1.87 Wimbledon Trevor Hedge 10.33 Ronnie Moore 9.74 Reg Luckhurst 9.39 Cyril Maidment 6.56 Bob Dugard 6.34 Jim Tebby 6.10 Gary Everett 5.57 Peter Murray 3.30 Wolverhampton Norman Hunter 10.35 James Bond 7.38 Peter Vandenberg 7.27 Geoff Ambrose 6.11 Mick Handley 5.98 Tommy Sweetman 5.70 Bengt Andersson 5.22 Peter Jackson 3.76 Cyril Francis 3.26 See also List of United Kingdom Speedway League Champions Knockout Cup (speedway) References ^ "Historic league tables". Speedway Archive. ^ Rogers, Martin (1978). The Illustrated History of Speedway. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. pp. 129–133. ISBN 0-904584-45-3. ^ Oakes, Peter (1981). 1981 Speedway Yearbook. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. p. 100. ISBN 0-86215-017-5. ^ "HISTORY ARCHIVE". British Speedway. Retrieved 30 June 2021. ^ "1969 British League Knockout Cup". Speedway archive. ^ a b "Season 1969" (PDF). British Speedway. Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ "Speedway". Birmingham Daily Post. 20 October 1969. Retrieved 1 June 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Wimbledon 1969" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 30 September 2023. ^ "Big crowd at Speedway final". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 13 October 1969. Retrieved 21 October 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. vteSpeedway in the United KingdomCurrent leagues SGB Premiership SGB Championship National Development League List of champions Former leagues Elite League Premier League National League (1932–1964) Provincial League (1960–1964) British League British League Division Two/National League Conference League National League Division Two National League Division Three English Dirt Track League/Northern League Southern League (1929–1931) Southern League (1952–1953) Provincial League (1936–1937) Southern Area League Current team competitions Knockout Cup League Pairs champions League Fours champions Former team competitions London Cup Midland Cup Craven and Young Shields Premiership Shield Current individual competitions British Speedway Championship League Riders' champions British U-21 British U-19 Scottish Open Former individual competitions London Riders' Midland Riders' Northern Riders' Southern Riders' Olympique Internationale See also Speedway British Speedway Promoters' Association Speedway Control Bureau vteUnited Kingdom Speedway SeasonsTier One LeagueTop division 1929 1929 1930 1930 1931 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Tier Two LeagueSecond division 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Tier Three LeagueThird division 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Champions League champions Cup winners vteBritish League seasons 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Speedway Elite League Domestic cups: British League Knockout Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1969 British League season was the 35th season of the top tier of speedway in the United Kingdom and the fifth season known as the British League.[1]","title":"1969 British League season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Poole Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Pirates"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pete Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Smith_(speedway_rider,_born_1942)"},{"link_name":"Geoff Mudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Mudge"},{"link_name":"Odd Fossengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Fossengen"},{"link_name":"Bruce Cribb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Cribb"},{"link_name":"Gordon Guasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Guasco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Dons"},{"link_name":"British League Knockout Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_League_Knockout_Cup"},{"link_name":"Belle Vue Aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Vue_Aces"},{"link_name":"Ivan Mauger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Mauger"}],"text":"The 19 competitors were the same as the previous season.[2]Poole Pirates won their first title.[3] The Pirates were extremely consistent and despite their riders not coming in the top 18 league averages they won the league by a clear 6 points. Pete Smith was their top rider with an average of 9.34 but aided by four other riders (Geoff Mudge (9.05), Odd Fossengen (7.73), Bruce Cribb (7.31) and Gordon Guasco (7.26)) they were able to claim the title.[4] Wimbledon Dons had a much better season than the last, finishing third and managed to retain their British League Knockout Cup crown. Belle Vue Aces finished runner-up, mainly due to the performances of their outstanding World champion rider Ivan Mauger; the New Zealander finished with an average of 11.67 and would also seal his second world title before the end of the season.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"M = Matches; W = Wins; D = Draws; L = Losses; Pts = Total Points","title":"Final table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top Ten Riders (League Averages)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knockout Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_Cup_(speedway)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The 1969 British League Knockout Cup was the 31st edition of the Knockout Cup for tier one teams. Wimbledon were the winners.[5]First roundSecond roundQuarter-finalsSemi-finals","title":"British League Knockout Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Dons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S69-6"},{"link_name":"Owlerton Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owlerton_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Dons"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S69-6"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"First leg8 October 1969\nSheffield TigersArnie Haley 11Jim Airey 9Billy Bales 9John Dews 5Dave Baugh 3Bengt Larsson 2Reg Wilson 140 - 38Wimbledon DonsTrevor Hedge 12Cyril Maidment 10Reg Luckhurst 8Ronnie Moore 4Jim Tebby 3Bob Dugard 1Gary Everett 0\n\n[6]\n\nOwlerton StadiumSecond leg9 October 1969\nWimbledon DonsTrevor Hedge 12Ronnie Moore 12Reg Luckhurst 9Jim Tebby 7Cyril Maidment 6Bob Dugard 6Gary Everett 456 - 22Sheffield TigersArnie Haley 9Jim Airey 9Bengt Larsson 3Billy Bales 1John Dews 0Dave Baugh 0Reg Wilson 0\n\n[6]\n\nWimbledon StadiumWimbledon Dons were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 94-62.","title":"British League Knockout Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Briggs"},{"link_name":"British League Riders' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_League_Riders%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hyde Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Road_(speedway)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Barry Briggs won the British League Riders' Championship for the fifth consecutive year, held at Hyde Road on 18 October.[7]ef=engine failure, f=fell, exc=excluded","title":"Riders' Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final leading averages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Wimbledon retained the London Cup.[8]Results","title":"London Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Cup_(speedway)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Coventry won the Midland Cup, which consisted of six teams.[9]First roundSemi final round","title":"Midland Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Brandon Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"First leg7 October 1969\nLeicester John Boulger 10 Ray Wilson 7 Graham Plant 7 John Hart 5 Norman Storer 5Malcolm Brown 5 Dene Davies 140–38CoventryNigel Boocock 15 Rick France 12Col Cottrell 6 Roger Hill 5 Les Owen 0 Tony Lomas 0Antonin Kasper r/r\n\n\n\nLeicester StadiumSecond leg11 October 1969\nCoventryRick France 12 Ken McKinlay (guest) 10Col Cottrell 9Tony Lomas 9Les Owen 3 Roger Hill 1 Antonin Kasper r/r44–34LeicesterRay Wilson 10 Malcolm Brown 10 John Boulger 6 Graham Plant 3 John Hart 3 Dene Davies 2Norman Storer 0\n\n\n\nBrandon StadiumAttendance: 14,000Coventry won on aggregate 82–74","title":"Midland Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ivan Mauger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Mauger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Sören Sjösten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ren_Sj%C3%B6sten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tommy Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Roper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chris Pusey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pusey_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Waplington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Waplington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dave Hemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hemus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Norman Nevitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Nevitt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bill Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Powell_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ken Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Eyre_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Eric Broadbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Broadbelt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ken Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Moss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Bill Moulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Moulin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Reidar Eide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reidar_Eide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bert Harkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Harkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"George Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hunter_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wayne Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Briggs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Brian Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Collins_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Doug Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Templeton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alec Hughson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alec_Hughson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alistair Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alistair_Brady&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Nigel Boocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Boocock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Antonín Kasper Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Kasper_Sr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Col Cottrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_Cottrell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Roger Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hill_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Rick France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tom Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Ridley_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Les Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Owen_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"John Harrhy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrhy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tony Lomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dave Callington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Callington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Roy Trigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Trigg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Bernt Persson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Persson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bob Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Andrews_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chris Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Bass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Graham Coombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graham_Coombes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Gardner_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ken Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Wakefield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chris Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hawkins_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Martin Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ashby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jan Holub I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Holub_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Squibb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alan Cowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cowland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Chris Blewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Blewett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tim Bungay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Bungay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ross Gilbertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Gilbertson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Phil Woodcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phil_Woodcock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jimmy McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McMillan_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Charlie Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Monk_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Oyvind Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyvind_Berg_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Russ Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Dent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Willie Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Templeton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Alf Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alf_Wells&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Hiftle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Hiftle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bobby Beaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Beaton_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Colin Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Pratt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Garry Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Middleton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Jack Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Biggs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Gooch_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Les McGillivray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_McGillivray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Laurie Etheridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Etheridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Brian Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Leonard_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Des Lukehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Lukehurst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tommy Sweetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Sweetman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Graeme Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Smith_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Eric Boocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Boocock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dave Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Younghusband"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Greg Kentwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kentwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alan Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Dennis Gavros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Gavros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Les Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Sharpe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Terry Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_Lee_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bob Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Jameson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Terry Betts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Betts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Simmons_(speedway_racer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Howard Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Cole_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Clive Featherby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Featherby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Allan Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan_Brown_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alan Bellham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Bellham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Peter Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bradshaw_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ray Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Wilson_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"John Boulger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boulger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"John Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hart_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Norman Storer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Storer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Graham Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Brown_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"DeWayne Keeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWayne_Keeter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Ole Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Olsen_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Dave Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gifford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Gary Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Peterson_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Watkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Watkin_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alan Knapkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Knapkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dave Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Schofield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Murray Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Burt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Sandor Levai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandor_Levai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Norman Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Strachan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chris Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Julian_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alby Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alby_Golden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Bob Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Hughes_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jon Erskine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Erskine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Cyril Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Francis_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Terry Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_Shearer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Einar Egedius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einar_Egedius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Eddie Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Reeves_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Colin Gooddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Gooddy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Leo McAuliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_McAuliffe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Pete Jarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Jarman_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Rick Timmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Timmo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"George Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Major_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Conny Samuelsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny_Samuelsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mick Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Bell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"David Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Crane_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"John Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bishop_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Pete Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Smith_(speedway_rider,_born_1942)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Geoff Mudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Mudge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Odd Fossengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Fossengen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Bruce Cribb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Cribb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Gordon Guasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Guasco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Frank Shuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Shuter_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Ted Laessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Laessing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Jim Airey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Airey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Arnold Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Haley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Bengt Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Larsson_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bob Paulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Paulson_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Brian Maxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Maxted&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"John Dews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Billy Bales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dave Baugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Baugh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Reg Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Barry Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Briggs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bob Kilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kilby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Keen_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Broadbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Broadbank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Clive Hitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clive_Hitch_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Pete Munday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_Munday&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Barry Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_Duke_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mac Woolford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mac_Woolford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sverre Harrfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverre_Harrfeldt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tony Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Clarke_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Olle Nygren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olle_Nygren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ken McKinlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McKinlay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Stan Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Stevens_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"John Langfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Langfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Barry Crowson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_Crowson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Martyn Piddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martyn_Piddock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Bent Nörregaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bent_N%C3%B6rregaard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"George Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barclay_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Brian Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Leonard_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Trevor Hedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Hedge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Moore_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Reg Luckhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Luckhurst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Cyril Maidment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Maidment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bob Dugard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dugard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jim Tebby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tebby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gary Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Everett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Peter Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Murray_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Norman Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hunter_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_(speedway_rider)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Peter Vandenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vandenberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Geoff Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Ambrose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mick Handley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Handley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tommy Sweetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Sweetman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Bengt Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengt_Andersson_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jackson_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Cyril Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Francis_(speedway_rider)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Belle VueIvan Mauger 11.67\n\n Sören Sjösten 10.09\n\n Tommy Roper 8.58\n\n Chris Pusey 6.41\n\n Steve Waplington 5.92\n\n Dave Hemus 4.60\n\n Norman Nevitt 4.33\n\n Bill Powell 4.30\n\n Ken Eyre 4.14\n\n Eric Broadbelt 3.84\n\n Ken Moss 3.56\n\n Bill Moulin 3.24CoatbridgeReidar Eide 10.01\n\n Bert Harkins 7.94\n\n George Hunter 7.14\n\n Wayne Briggs 6.39\n\n Brian Collins 5.93\n\n Doug Templeton 5.17\n\n Alec Hughson 4.24\n\n Alistair Brady 3.82CoventryNigel Boocock 10.78\n\n Antonín Kasper Sr. 7.55\n\n Col Cottrell 7.36\n\n Roger Hill 6.81\n\n Rick France 6.67\n\n Tom Ridley 5.54\n\n Les Owen 5.41\n\n John Harrhy 4.83\n\n Tony Lomas 4.74\n\n Dave Callington 3.28Cradley HeathRoy Trigg 9.27\n\n Bernt Persson 9.11\n\n Bob Andrews 7.93\n\n Chris Bass 5.29\n\n Graham Coombes 4.90\n\n Mike Gardner 4.31\n\n Ken Wakefield 4.15\n\n Chris Hawkins 1.29ExeterMartin Ashby 9.97\n\n Jan Holub I 8.12\n\n Jimmy Squibb 7.31\n\n Alan Cowland 5.22\n\n Mike Cake 5.15\n\n Chris Blewett 4.95\n\n Tim Bungay 4.75\n\n Ross Gilbertson 4.55\n\n Phil Woodcock 4.27GlasgowJimmy McMillan 10.01\n\n Charlie Monk 9.56\n\n Oyvind Berg 8.09\n\n Russ Dent 5.61\n\n Willie Templeton 5.01\n\n Alf Wells 4.25\n\n Mike Hiftle 3.41\n\n Bobby Beaton 2.91HackneyColin Pratt 7.35\n\n Garry Middleton 7.05\n\n Jack Biggs 6.33\n\n Jimmy Gooch 6.17\n\n Les McGillivray 5.45\n\n Laurie Etheridge 5.10\n\n Brian Leonard 5.03\n\n Des Lukehurst 4.88\n\n Tommy Sweetman 4.50\n\n Graeme Smith 3.10HalifaxEric Boocock 11.08\n\n Dave Younghusband 9.38\n\n Greg Kentwell 7.67\n\n Alan Jay 7.16\n\n Dennis Gavros 6.23\n\n Les Sharpe 5.33\n\n Terry Lee 4.00\n\n Bob Jameson 3.76King's LynnTerry Betts 9.35\n\n Malcolm Simmons 8.14\n\n Howard Cole (Kid Bodie) 7.72\n\n Clive Featherby 6.44\n\n Allan Brown 4.95\n\n Alan Bellham 4.89\n\n Peter Bradshaw 4.19LeicesterRay Wilson 10.56\n\n John Boulger 8.76\n\n John Hart 6.47\n\n Norman Storer 6.44\n\n Graham Plant 6.21\n\n Malcolm Brown 5.16\n\n DeWayne Keeter 4.88NewcastleOle Olsen 10.39\n\n Dave Gifford 7.34\n\n Gary Peterson 4.80\n\n Mike Watkin 4.63\n\n Alan Knapkin 4.00\n\n Dave Schofield 3.47\n\n Murray Burt 3.23NewportSandor Levai 8.34\n\n Norman Strachan 6.29\n\n Chris Julian 6.06\n\n Alby Golden 5.95\n\n Bob Hughes 5.92\n\n Jon Erskine 5.83\n\n Cyril Francis 4.67\n\n Terry Shearer 3.74\n\n Einar Egedius 2.73OxfordEddie Reeves 8.08\n\n Colin Gooddy 8.03\n\n Leo McAuliffe 7.24\n\n Pete Jarman 7.00\n\n Rick Timmo 6.65\n\n George Major 5.27\n\n Conny Samuelsson 4.17\n\n Mick Bell 4.00\n\n David Crane 4.00\n\n John Bishop 3.61PoolePete Smith 9.34\n\n Geoff Mudge 9.05\n\n Odd Fossengen 7.73\n\n Bruce Cribb 7.31\n\n Gordon Guasco 7.26\n\n Frank Shuter 5.55\n\n Ted Laessing 4.50SheffieldJim Airey 9.90\n\n Arnold Haley 8.62\n\n Bengt Larsson 8.43\n\n Bob Paulson 6.00\n\n Brian Maxted 5.85\n\n John Dews 5.59\n\n Billy Bales 5.42\n\n Dave Baugh 3.80\n\n Reg Wilson 0.50SwindonBarry Briggs 11.12\n\n Bob Kilby 7.78\n\n Mike Keen 6.71\n\n Mike Broadbank 6.13\n\n Clive Hitch 5.43\n\n Pete Munday 4.87\n\n Barry Duke 4.76\n\n Mac Woolford 2.04West HamSverre Harrfeldt 9.78\n\n Tony Clarke 8.49\n\n Olle Nygren 7.91\n\n Ken McKinlay 7.69\n\n Stan Stevens 5.30\n\n John Langfield 5.03\n\n Barry Crowson 4.07\n\n Martyn Piddock 3.63\n\n Bent Nörregaard 3.62\n\n George Barclay 2.20\n\n Brian Leonard 1.87WimbledonTrevor Hedge 10.33\n\n Ronnie Moore 9.74\n\n Reg Luckhurst 9.39\n\n Cyril Maidment 6.56\n\n Bob Dugard 6.34\n\n Jim Tebby 6.10\n\n Gary Everett 5.57\n\n Peter Murray 3.30WolverhamptonNorman Hunter 10.35\n\n James Bond 7.38\n\n Peter Vandenberg 7.27\n\n Geoff Ambrose 6.11\n\n Mick Handley 5.98\n\n Tommy Sweetman 5.70\n\n Bengt Andersson 5.22\n\n Peter Jackson 3.76\n\n Cyril Francis 3.26","title":"Riders & final averages"}]	[{"image_text":"Speedway Elite League","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Speedway_logo.svg/35px-Speedway_logo.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of United Kingdom Speedway League Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Speedway_League_Champions"},{"title":"Knockout Cup (speedway)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_Cup_(speedway)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Historic league tables\". Speedway Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/p/compet.html","url_text":"\"Historic league tables\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Martin (1978). The Illustrated History of Speedway. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. pp. 129–133. ISBN 0-904584-45-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904584-45-3","url_text":"0-904584-45-3"}]},{"reference":"Oakes, Peter (1981). 1981 Speedway Yearbook. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. p. 100. ISBN 0-86215-017-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86215-017-5","url_text":"0-86215-017-5"}]},{"reference":"\"HISTORY ARCHIVE\". British Speedway. Retrieved 30 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/historyarchive","url_text":"\"HISTORY ARCHIVE\""}]},{"reference":"\"1969 British League Knockout Cup\". Speedway archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/2014/04/british-league-ko-cup-1969.html","url_text":"\"1969 British League Knockout Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Season 1969\" (PDF). British Speedway. Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/result-archive/heatdetails/season1969.pdf","url_text":"\"Season 1969\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speedway\". Birmingham Daily Post. 20 October 1969. Retrieved 1 June 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002135/19691020/346/0019","url_text":"\"Speedway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Wimbledon 1969\" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 30 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/wimbledon1969.pdf","url_text":"\"Wimbledon 1969\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big crowd at Speedway final\". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 13 October 1969. Retrieved 21 October 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000769/19691013/564/0037","url_text":"\"Big crowd at Speedway final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/p/compet.html","external_links_name":"\"Historic league tables\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/historyarchive","external_links_name":"\"HISTORY ARCHIVE\""},{"Link":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/2014/04/british-league-ko-cup-1969.html","external_links_name":"\"1969 British League Knockout Cup\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/result-archive/heatdetails/season1969.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Season 1969\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002135/19691020/346/0019","external_links_name":"\"Speedway\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/wimbledon1969.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wimbledon 1969\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000769/19691013/564/0037","external_links_name":"\"Big crowd at Speedway final\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvs_Nuur_Basin	Uvs Lake Basin	["1 Geography","2 Archaeology","3 Population","4 Flora and fauna","5 Conservation instruments","5.1 Biosphere Reserve","5.2 World Heritage Site","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°10′N 93°50′E / 50.167°N 93.833°E / 50.167; 93.833Endorheic basin in Tuva, Russia and Mongolia Place in Tuva, Russia and MongoliaUvs Lake BasinUvs Lake BasinShow map of MongoliaUvs Lake BasinShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 50°10′N 93°50′E / 50.167°N 93.833°E / 50.167; 93.833CountriesRussia and MongoliaStatesTuva (Russia)ProvincesUvs, Zavkhan and Khövsgöl in MongoliaDistrictsMongun-Tayginsky, Ovyursky, Tes-Khemsky and Erzinsky in TuvaArea • Total70,000 km2 (30,000 sq mi) • Protected10,688 km2 (4,127 sq mi)Ubsunorskaya Kotlovina (Russia)Area2,843 km2 (1,098 sq mi)DesignationBiosphere ReserveDesignated1997Uvs Nuur Basin (Mongolia)Area7,717 km2 (2,980 sq mi)DesignationBiosphere ReserveDesignated1997 UNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationRussia and MongoliaCriteriaNatural: (ix)(x)Reference769revInscription2003 (27th Session)Area8,980.635 km2 (3,467.443 sq mi)Buffer zone1,707.90 km2 (659.42 sq mi) Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameLake Uvs and its surrounding wetlandsDesignated2004CountryMongoliaArea5,850 km2 (2,260 sq mi) Uvs Lake Basin (also Uvs Nuur Basin or Ubs Nuur Basin; Mongolian: Увс нуурын хотгор, romanized: Uws nuuriin hotgor) is an endorheic basin located on the territorial border of Mongolia and Tuva, a republic of the Russian Federation. The basin is part of the Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin and is named after Uvs Lake (Uvs Nuur, Ubsu Nur), a large saline lake situated in the western part of its drainage basin, and is one of the last remnants of the mammoth steppes. Uvs Lake is a shallow lake with an area of 3,350 km2 (1,290 sq mi). Its entire basin, which includes several smaller lakes, is 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi). Uvs Lake Basin may also refer to Ubsunur Hollow (Russian: Убсунурская котловина, Ubsunorskaya Kotlovina), which is the western part of the drainage basin, or to over 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) of protected areas covering the lake and its surroundings. The hollow forms the northern part of the Great Lakes Depression, which has a surface of over 100,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi). The hollow, and most of the drainage basin, are situated in the Khövsgöl, Zavkhan and Uvs Provinces of north-western Mongolia, and the Mongun-Tayginsky, Ovyursky, Tes-Khemsky and Erzinsky Districts of southern Tuva. The basin is part of a combination of raised lands and hollows located throughout the Tannu-Ola and Altai mountainous regions. Here, the world's most northern desert meets the Northern Hemisphere's most southern tundra zone. An area of 10,560 km2 (4,080 sq mi), around three quarters of which lies in Mongolia, was designated Biosphere Reserve in 1997, and a partly overlapping zone of around the same size was designated UNESCO World Heritage in 2003. The Mongolian part of the lake and its immediate surroundings were further adopted as Ramsar wetland in 2004. Ubsunur Hollow covers the western part of the Uvs Nuur drainage basin Geography Great Lakes Depression (satellite, with names of lakes) The Tannu-Ola mountains form the northern border of Ubsunur Hollow. Tere-Khol' Lake , the only freshwater lake of the basin, lies, like Uvs Lake, on the Russian-Mongolian border. The more eastern part of the Uvs Lake drainage basin extends, in the north, to the Sengilen ridge of the Sayan Mountains, and in the east, to the basin of Sangiin Dalai Lake. The southern part of the hollow is bordered by the basin of Khyargas Lake, with the Khan Khökhii mountains separating both basins of the Great Lakes Depression. More to the east, the Bulnai mountain range forms the southern border of Uvs Lake's drainage basin. West of the Uvs Lake Basin lies the endorheic basin of Üüreg Lake, bordered by the Altai Mountains. The Tsagan-Shibetu ridge separates, in part, the Uvs and Üüreg lake basins. The south-western tip of the Uvs Lake Basin covers most of the Türgen Uul range, and includes the north-eastern slopes of Harhiraa mountain Archaeology Por-Bazhyn, shortly before the 2007–2008 excavations According to Greenpeace, Ubsunur Hollow counts 40,000 archaeological sites from nomadic Scythians, Turks, Huns and other tribes. A number of its archaeological artefacts remain unstudied. In Central Asia, it has the highest concentration of burial mounds, constituting around half of its archaeological sites, and many of which are older than the Egyptian pyramids. Thousands of rock carvings and stone sculptures remain from medieval settlements and Buddhist temples. Archaeological searches carried out in 2007–2008 on the Por-Bazhyn ruins, which are situated on an islet in the Russian part of Tere-Khol' Lake, suggested that the enclosure was built around the middle of the second half of the 8th century, under the Uyghur Khaganate. Population Yurts The population density is low in the Ubsunur Hollow. It is populated almost exclusively by the nomadic Tuvan people and cattle breeders living in yurts. The lack of industry and the reliance of the inhabitants on traditional ways of life, such as nomadic pasturing, have had little impact on the landscape and have allowed the ecosystem to remain relatively free from the negative effects that human presence can impose. Both the Russian and the Mongolian parts of the hollow are home to nomadic Tuvan cattle herders, who live in yurts and make up virtually all of the population. Flora and fauna Mongolian steppe Snow leopard The Hollow, located on the border between Mongolia and Russia, lies at the intersection of complex ecosystems. Its area is 10,688 km2 (4,127 sq mi). The terrain includes glaciers, desert, alpine tundra, sub alpine meadows, and a vast mountain taiga areas. There are also forested steppes, treeless steppes, semi-arid deserts, and ever shifting sand dunes. It is a diversified natural habitat, producing an interaction of Euro-Siberian and Central Asian-Mongolian plant and animal life. Due to its location on the cusp of the Siberian and Central Asian-Mongolian terrains, the flora and fauna of the hollow exhibit a high biodiversity for mid-latitudes. Animal species that inhabit both mountains and tundra, such as the Siberian roe deer and Altai snowcock, flourish here. The endangered snow leopard is also present, as well as taiga dwellers such as the Caspian red deer, lynx and wolverine. Steppe dwellers include the Mongolian lark, demoiselle crane and long-tailed Siberian squirrel. Desert inhabitants include the bustard and midday gerbil. The bird species alone number some 359. Since the hollow is a protected area, many ancient species extinct in other regions have found refuge here. Conservation instruments Uvs Nuur Hollow (satellite) In 1993 Russia protected the Tuvan parts of Ubsunur Hollow as the Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina State Nature Biosphere Reserve. In 1995 Greenpeace Russia prepared its proposal to nominate Ubsunur Hollow, in conjunction with Mongolia, as World Heritage Site, describing it as "one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia". Conservation instruments for the Uvs Lake Basin Biosphere Reserve World Heritage Otherinstruments Designation Components Designation Components Tuva, Russia Ubsunorskaya Kotlovina (1997): Core area: 558 km2 (215 sq mi) Buffer zone: 2,285 km2 (882 sq mi) unit 1 unit 2 unit 3 unit 4 unit 5 Uvs Nuur Basin (No. 769rev, 2003): Core area: 8,981 km2 (3,468 sq mi) Buffer zone: 1,708 km2 (659 sq mi) Mongun Taiga Ubsu-Nur Oroku-Shinaa Aryskannyg Jamaalyg Tsugeer els Ular Tsagan shuvuut Turgen Uvs Lake Altan els Tes River State Nature Biosphere Reserve Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina (No. 667010, 1993) Mongolia Uvs Nuur Basin (1997): Core area: 3,661 km2 (1,414 sq mi) Buffer zone: 4,056 km2 (1,566 sq mi) Uvs Nuur unit Turgen Uul unit Altan Els unit Tsaagan Shovod unit Ramsar Wetland Lake Uvs and its surrounding wetlands (No. 1379, 2004): Area: 5,850 km2 (2,260 sq mi) Biosphere Reserve Ubsunur Hollow Biosphere Reserve is a fragile mountain hollow or depression located on the territorial border of Mongolia and the Republic of Tuva in the Russian Federation among the mountains — Tannu-Ola Mountains, and the Altay Mountains region — part of a combination of raised lands and depressions. Here the world's most northern desert meets the world's most southern tundra zone. Ubsunur Hollow Reserve (Tuva) was awarded international Biosphere Reserve status in 1998, as a step toward protecting Southern Siberia's wilderness which contain Russia's largest intact tracts of Siberian Pine and Siberian Fir-dominated ecosystems. World Heritage Site Ubsunur Hollow was nominated for inclusion in Russia's second World Heritage Site (the first being the Virgin Komi Forests) in 1995 as "one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia where up to 40,000 unexcavated burial mounds and other archaeological sites can be found from historically famous nomadic tribes such as the Scythians, the Turks and the Huns." The nomination was submitted in conjunction with the Tuva Republic and Mongolia and included 75,000 square kilometres of forest and steppe and associated cultural and natural heritage. Other sites included in this first Russian listing proposal were: The Virgin Komi Forests in the Russian Far East (40,000 km2). The Volcanoes of Kamchatka (40,000 km2) including unique forests, salmon streams and volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula). The sources of the Ob River in the Altai Mountains (65,000 km2 of mountain ecosystem) of Siberia. Vodlozero National Park (including Lake Vygozero) (10,000 km2), Europe's largest intact wetland and old-growth boreal forest (taiga) ecosystem. The Uvs Lake Basin World Heritage Site, designated as 769rev in 2003, includes: Mongun Taiga, Russia (50°12′N 90°12′E / 50.200°N 90.200°E / 50.200; 90.200), west of the Uvs Lake drainage basin. Ubsu-Nur, Russia (50°37′N 93°8′E / 50.617°N 93.133°E / 50.617; 93.133), area at the north-eastern tip of Uvs Lake. Oroku-Shinaa, Russia (50°37′N 94°0′E / 50.617°N 94.000°E / 50.617; 94.000), northern part of the zone around the Tes River, adjacent to part 12 on the Mongolian side. Aryskannyg, Russia (50°40′N 94°44′E / 50.667°N 94.733°E / 50.667; 94.733), east of the previous zone, partly in the Tannu-Ola mountains Jamaalyg, Russia (50°15′N 94°45′E / 50.250°N 94.750°E / 50.250; 94.750), west of Erzin Tsugeer els, Russia (50°5′N 95°15′E / 50.083°N 95.250°E / 50.083; 95.250), northern part of Tere-Khol' Lake , and environs Ular, Russia (50°32′N 5°38′E / 50.533°N 5.633°E / 50.533; 5.633), situated in the western part of the Sengilen ridge Tsagan shuvuut , Mongolia (50°19′N 91°9′E / 50.317°N 91.150°E / 50.317; 91.150), part of the Tsagan-Shibetu ridge Turgen , Mongolia (49°46′N 91°22′E / 49.767°N 91.367°E / 49.767; 91.367), mountain range south of Üüreg Lake, near Türgen, Uvs. Uvs Lake, Mongolia (50°20′N 92°53′E / 50.333°N 92.883°E / 50.333; 92.883), bulk of the Uvs Lake zone Altan els, Mongolia (49°50′N 5°0′E / 49.833°N 5.000°E / 49.833; 5.000), sand dune region south of Tere-Khol' Lake, including the Mongolian part of that lake Tes River, Mongolia (50°28′N 93°45′E / 50.467°N 93.750°E / 50.467; 93.750), zone between the delta at Uvs Lake and the Russian border See also Nomad Tuvans References ^ "Uvs Nuur Basin in Mongolia". Nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-02-07. ^ Ubsunur Hollow at www.discover-tuva.com ^ a b c d "Russia's First World Heritage Site". Centre for Ecological Sciences of the Indian Institute of Science. Retrieved 2018-07-09. ^ a b c d e f "Uvs Nuur Basin". Greenpeace. Retrieved 2018-07-09. ^ Härke, Heinrich (2010). "Letter from Siberia: Fortress of Solitude". Archaeology. Vol. 63, no. 6. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 2018-07-09. ^ "The Uvs Nuur Basin: Russian-Mongolian Cooperation for Conservation of World Heritage". UNESCO. 3 February 2006. Retrieved 2018-07-09. ^ "Uvs Nuur Basin, Russian Federation (Tuva) & Mongolia". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-02-05. ^ a b "The Uvs Nuur Basin". www.nhpfund.org. Retrieved 2018-07-09. ^ "Southern Siberia Hotspot in the Taiga". Tiaga News. 1998. Archived from the original on 2000-08-16. Retrieved 2008-02-05. External links Ubsu-Nur Accepted into World Network of Biosphere Reserves Uvs Nuur Basin UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture Russian Federation Legislative Survey: June 1990-December 1993 Surveying the Lop Nor Uvs Nuur Basin at Natural Heritage Protection Fund website vteNature reserves of Russia (class Ia 'Zapovedniks')Northwest Kandalaksha Kerzhinski Kivach Kostomuksha Lapland Nizhnesvirsky Pasvik Pinega Polistovsky Rdeysky Central Belogorye Bryansk Forest Central Forest Central Tsernozemsky Darwin Galichya Gora Kaluzhskiye Zaseki Khopyor Kologrivsky Nurgush Oka Prioksko-Terrasny Voronezh Voronina Southern Astrakhan Bogdinsko-Baskunchakski Chyornye Zemli Rostov North Caucasus Caucasus Dagestan Erzi North Ossetia Teberda Kabardino-Balkarski Volga Basegi Bashkirski Mordovski Orenburg Privolzhskaya Lesostep Prisursky Shaytan-Tau Shulgan-Tash Vishera Vosshko-Kamisky Zhiguili Urals Denezhkin Kamen East Ural Ilmen Little Sosva Nenets Pechoro-Ilych South Ural Upper Taz Visim Siberia Altai Azas Baikalsky Barguzin Baykal-Lena Central Siberia Dauriya Dzherginsky Great Arctic Gyda Katun Khakasski Kuznetsk Alatau Putorana Sayano-Shushenski Sokhondo Stolby Taymyr Tigirekskiy Tunguska Ubsunur Hollow Vitim Yugansky Far East Bastak Bolon Bolshekhekhtsirsky Botcha Bureya Dalnevostochny Morskoy Dzhugdzursky Kedrovaya Pad Khanka Khingan Komandor Komsomolsk Koryak Kronotsky Kurils Lazovsky Lena Delta Magadan Nora Olyokma Poronaysky Sikhote-Alin Ussurisky Wrangel Island Zeya vteWorld Heritage Sites in Russia by federal districtCentral Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Far Eastern Central Sikhote-Alin Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria1 Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Wrangel Island North Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent Naryn-Kala Northwestern Curonian Spit2 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Peterhof Palace Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc3 Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin1 Southern Western Caucasus Volga Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin Astronomical Observatory of Kazan University 1 Shared with Mongolia 2 Shared with Lithuania 3 Shared with nine other countries vteWorld Heritage Sites in Mongolia Great Burghan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape With Russia: Uvs Lake Basin Uvs Lake Tes River Flag of Mongolia Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"endorheic basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Tuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Internal_Drainage_Basin"},{"link_name":"Uvs Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvs_Lake"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"mammoth steppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_steppe#Last_remnants"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Depression"},{"link_name":"Khövsgöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province"},{"link_name":"Zavkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavkhan_Province"},{"link_name":"Uvs Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvs_Province"},{"link_name":"Mongun-Tayginsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongun-Tayginsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ovyursky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovyursky_District"},{"link_name":"Tes-Khemsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tes-Khemsky_District"},{"link_name":"Erzinsky Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzinsky_District"},{"link_name":"Tannu-Ola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannu-Ola_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Altai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Ramsar wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_wetland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uvs_Nuur_drainage_basin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uvs_Nuur_drainage_basin.jpg"}],"text":"Endorheic basin in Tuva, Russia and MongoliaPlace in Tuva, Russia and MongoliaUvs Lake Basin (also Uvs Nuur Basin or Ubs Nuur Basin; Mongolian: Увс нуурын хотгор, romanized: Uws nuuriin hotgor) is an endorheic basin located on the territorial border of Mongolia and Tuva, a republic of the Russian Federation. The basin is part of the Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin and is named after Uvs Lake (Uvs Nuur, Ubsu Nur), a large saline lake situated in the western part of its drainage basin, and is one of the last remnants of the mammoth steppes. Uvs Lake is a shallow lake with an area of 3,350 km2 (1,290 sq mi). Its entire basin, which includes several smaller lakes, is 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi).[1]Uvs Lake Basin may also refer to Ubsunur Hollow (Russian: Убсунурская котловина, Ubsunorskaya Kotlovina), which is the western part of the drainage basin, or to over 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) of protected areas covering the lake and its surroundings. The hollow forms the northern part of the Great Lakes Depression, which has a surface of over 100,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi). The hollow, and most of the drainage basin, are situated in the Khövsgöl, Zavkhan and Uvs Provinces of north-western Mongolia, and the Mongun-Tayginsky, Ovyursky, Tes-Khemsky and Erzinsky Districts of southern Tuva.The basin is part of a combination of raised lands and hollows located throughout the Tannu-Ola and Altai mountainous regions. Here, the world's most northern desert meets the Northern Hemisphere's most southern tundra zone. An area of 10,560 km2 (4,080 sq mi), around three quarters of which lies in Mongolia, was designated Biosphere Reserve in 1997, and a partly overlapping zone of around the same size was designated UNESCO World Heritage in 2003. The Mongolian part of the lake and its immediate surroundings were further adopted as Ramsar wetland in 2004.Ubsunur Hollow covers the western part of the Uvs Nuur drainage basin","title":"Uvs Lake Basin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotlina_velk%C3%BDch_jezer_Mongolsko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Depression"},{"link_name":"Tannu-Ola mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannu-Ola_mountains"},{"link_name":"Tere-Khol' Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tere-Khol_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozero_Tere-Khol%E2%80%99"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"},{"link_name":"Sayan Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sangiin Dalai Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiin_Dalai_Lake"},{"link_name":"Khyargas Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyargas_Lake"},{"link_name":"Khan Khökhii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Kh%C3%B6khii"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Depression"},{"link_name":"Bulnai mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulnai_mountain_range&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulnayn_Nuruu"},{"link_name":"Üüreg Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%BCreg_Lake"},{"link_name":"Altai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Tsagan-Shibetu ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsagan-Shibetu_ridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrebet_Tsagan-Shibetu"},{"link_name":"Türgen Uul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrgen_Uul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgen_Uul"},{"link_name":"Harhiraa mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harhiraa_Uul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harhiraa_Uul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Great Lakes Depression (satellite, with names of lakes)The Tannu-Ola mountains form the northern border of Ubsunur Hollow. Tere-Khol' Lake [sv], the only freshwater lake of the basin, lies, like Uvs Lake, on the Russian-Mongolian border. The more eastern part of the Uvs Lake drainage basin extends, in the north, to the Sengilen ridge of the Sayan Mountains, and in the east, to the basin of Sangiin Dalai Lake. The southern part of the hollow is bordered by the basin of Khyargas Lake, with the Khan Khökhii mountains separating both basins of the Great Lakes Depression. More to the east, the Bulnai mountain range [sv] forms the southern border of Uvs Lake's drainage basin. West of the Uvs Lake Basin lies the endorheic basin of Üüreg Lake, bordered by the Altai Mountains. The Tsagan-Shibetu ridge [sv] separates, in part, the Uvs and Üüreg lake basins. The south-western tip of the Uvs Lake Basin covers most of the Türgen Uul [sv] range, and includes the north-eastern slopes of Harhiraa mountain [sv] [2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Por-Bazhyn_aerial_view_2007_before_excavation.JPG"},{"link_name":"Por-Bazhyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por-Bazhyn"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"archaeological sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"burial mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Buddhist temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_temple"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ces-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenpeace-4"},{"link_name":"Por-Bazhyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por-Bazhyn"},{"link_name":"Uyghur Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archaeology-5"}],"text":"Por-Bazhyn, shortly before the 2007–2008 excavationsAccording to Greenpeace, Ubsunur Hollow counts 40,000 archaeological sites from nomadic Scythians, Turks, Huns and other tribes. A number of its archaeological artefacts remain unstudied. In Central Asia, it has the highest concentration of burial mounds, constituting around half of its archaeological sites, and many of which are older than the Egyptian pyramids. Thousands of rock carvings and stone sculptures remain from medieval settlements and Buddhist temples.[3][4]Archaeological searches carried out in 2007–2008 on the Por-Bazhyn ruins, which are situated on an islet in the Russian part of Tere-Khol' Lake, suggested that the enclosure was built around the middle of the second half of the 8th century, under the Uyghur Khaganate.[5]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mongolia_Ger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt"},{"link_name":"Tuvan people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_people"},{"link_name":"yurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt"},{"link_name":"nomadic pasturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_pasturing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenpeace-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooperation-6"},{"link_name":"nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"Tuvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_people"},{"link_name":"yurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt"}],"text":"YurtsThe population density is low in the Ubsunur Hollow. It is populated almost exclusively by the nomadic Tuvan people and cattle breeders living in yurts. The lack of industry and the reliance of the inhabitants on traditional ways of life, such as nomadic pasturing, have had little impact on the landscape and have allowed the ecosystem to remain relatively free from the negative effects that human presence can impose.[4] Both the Russian[6]\nand the Mongolian parts of the hollow are home to nomadic Tuvan cattle herders, who live in yurts and make up virtually all of the population.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mongolian_steppe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mongolian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian-Manchurian_grassland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncia_uncia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Snow leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unep-wcmc-7"},{"link_name":"terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain"},{"link_name":"glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"alpine tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_tundra"},{"link_name":"alpine meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_meadow"},{"link_name":"taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"steppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppes"},{"link_name":"semi-arid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid"},{"link_name":"deserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"sand dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dunes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenpeace-4"},{"link_name":"Siberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Central Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"Siberian roe deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer"},{"link_name":"Altai snowcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_snowcock"},{"link_name":"snow leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard"},{"link_name":"Caspian red deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_red_deer"},{"link_name":"lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx"},{"link_name":"wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine"},{"link_name":"Mongolian lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_lark"},{"link_name":"demoiselle crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoiselle_crane"},{"link_name":"squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"bustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustard"},{"link_name":"midday gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midday_jird"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenpeace-4"}],"text":"Mongolian steppeSnow leopardThe Hollow, located on the border between Mongolia and Russia, lies at the intersection of complex ecosystems. Its area is 10,688 km2 (4,127 sq mi).[7] The terrain includes glaciers, desert, alpine tundra, sub alpine meadows, and a vast mountain taiga areas. There are also forested steppes, treeless steppes, semi-arid deserts, and ever shifting sand dunes. It is a diversified natural habitat, producing an interaction of Euro-Siberian and Central Asian-Mongolian plant and animal life.[4]Due to its location on the cusp of the Siberian and Central Asian-Mongolian terrains, the flora and fauna of the hollow exhibit a high biodiversity for mid-latitudes. Animal species that inhabit both mountains and tundra, such as the Siberian roe deer and Altai snowcock, flourish here. The endangered snow leopard is also present, as well as taiga dwellers such as the Caspian red deer, lynx and wolverine. Steppe dwellers include the Mongolian lark, demoiselle crane and long-tailed Siberian squirrel. Desert inhabitants include the bustard and midday gerbil. The bird species alone number some 359. Since the hollow is a protected area, many ancient species extinct in other regions have found refuge here.[4]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uvs-Nuur_Hollow,_Mongolia,_Russia,_Landsat-7_CROP.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenpeace-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHP-8"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"watersheds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ces-3"}],"text":"Uvs Nuur Hollow (satellite)In 1993 Russia protected the Tuvan parts of Ubsunur Hollow as the Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina State Nature Biosphere Reserve.[4][8] In 1995 Greenpeace Russia prepared its proposal to nominate Ubsunur Hollow, in conjunction with Mongolia, as World Heritage Site, describing it as \"one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia\".[3]","title":"Conservation instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"hollow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley#Hollows"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Tuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Tannu-Ola Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannu-Ola_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Altay Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_Mountains"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Siberian Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Pine"},{"link_name":"Siberian Fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Fir"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Biosphere Reserve","text":"Ubsunur Hollow Biosphere Reserve is a fragile mountain hollow or depression located on the territorial border of Mongolia and the Republic of Tuva in the Russian Federation among the mountains — Tannu-Ola Mountains, and the Altay Mountains region — part of a combination of raised lands and depressions. Here the world's most northern desert meets the world's most southern tundra zone.Ubsunur Hollow Reserve (Tuva) was awarded international Biosphere Reserve status in 1998, as a step toward protecting Southern Siberia's wilderness which contain Russia's largest intact tracts of Siberian Pine and Siberian Fir-dominated ecosystems.[9]","title":"Conservation instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Virgin Komi Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Komi_Forests"},{"link_name":"watersheds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"burial mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan"},{"link_name":"archaeological sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"nomadic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_tribe"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ces-3"},{"link_name":"Virgin Komi Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Komi_Forests"},{"link_name":"Volcanoes of Kamchatka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Ob River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_River"},{"link_name":"Altai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Vodlozero National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodlozero_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Vygozero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Vygozero"},{"link_name":"taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ces-3"},{"link_name":"Mongun Taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongun_Taiga"},{"link_name":"50°12′N 90°12′E / 50.200°N 90.200°E / 50.200; 90.200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_12_N_90_12_E_"},{"link_name":"Ubsu-Nur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur"},{"link_name":"50°37′N 93°8′E / 50.617°N 93.133°E / 50.617; 93.133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_37_N_93_8_E_"},{"link_name":"Oroku-Shinaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oroku-Shinaa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"50°37′N 94°0′E / 50.617°N 94.000°E / 50.617; 94.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_37_N_94_0_E_"},{"link_name":"Tes River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tes_River"},{"link_name":"Aryskannyg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryskannyg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"50°40′N 94°44′E / 50.667°N 94.733°E / 50.667; 94.733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_40_N_94_44_E_"},{"link_name":"Jamaalyg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaalyg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"50°15′N 94°45′E / 50.250°N 94.750°E / 50.250; 94.750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_15_N_94_45_E_"},{"link_name":"Erzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzin,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Tsugeer els","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsugeer_els&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"50°5′N 95°15′E / 50.083°N 95.250°E / 50.083; 95.250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_5_N_95_15_E_"},{"link_name":"Tere-Khol' Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tere-Khol%27_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozero_Tere-Khol%E2%80%99"},{"link_name":"Ular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular,_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"50°32′N 5°38′E / 50.533°N 5.633°E / 50.533; 5.633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_32_N_5_38_E_"},{"link_name":"Tsagan shuvuut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsagaan_Shuvuut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsagaan_Shuvuut_Uul"},{"link_name":"50°19′N 91°9′E / 50.317°N 91.150°E / 50.317; 91.150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_19_N_91_9_E_"},{"link_name":"Tsagan-Shibetu ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsagan-Shibetu_ridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrebet_Tsagan-Shibetu"},{"link_name":"Turgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrgen_Uul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgen_Uul"},{"link_name":"49°46′N 91°22′E / 49.767°N 91.367°E / 49.767; 91.367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=49_46_N_91_22_E_"},{"link_name":"Üüreg Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%BCreg_Lake"},{"link_name":"Türgen, Uvs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgen,_Uvs"},{"link_name":"Uvs Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvs_Lake"},{"link_name":"50°20′N 92°53′E / 50.333°N 92.883°E / 50.333; 92.883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_20_N_92_53_E_"},{"link_name":"Altan els","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altan_els&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"49°50′N 5°0′E / 49.833°N 5.000°E / 49.833; 5.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=49_50_N_5_0_E_"},{"link_name":"Tes River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tes_River"},{"link_name":"50°28′N 93°45′E / 50.467°N 93.750°E / 50.467; 93.750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_28_N_93_45_E_"}],"sub_title":"World Heritage Site","text":"Ubsunur Hollow was nominated for inclusion in Russia's second World Heritage Site (the first being the Virgin Komi Forests) in 1995 as \"one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia where up to 40,000 unexcavated burial mounds and other archaeological sites can be found from historically famous nomadic tribes such as the Scythians, the Turks and the Huns.\"[3] The nomination was submitted in conjunction with the Tuva Republic and Mongolia and included 75,000 square kilometres of forest and steppe and associated cultural and natural heritage. Other sites included in this first Russian listing proposal were:The Virgin Komi Forests in the Russian Far East (40,000 km2).\nThe Volcanoes of Kamchatka (40,000 km2) including unique forests, salmon streams and volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula).\nThe sources of the Ob River in the Altai Mountains (65,000 km2 of mountain ecosystem) of Siberia.\nVodlozero National Park (including Lake Vygozero) (10,000 km2), Europe's largest intact wetland and old-growth boreal forest (taiga) ecosystem.[3]The Uvs Lake Basin World Heritage Site, designated as 769rev in 2003, includes:Mongun Taiga, Russia (50°12′N 90°12′E / 50.200°N 90.200°E / 50.200; 90.200), west of the Uvs Lake drainage basin.\nUbsu-Nur, Russia (50°37′N 93°8′E / 50.617°N 93.133°E / 50.617; 93.133), area at the north-eastern tip of Uvs Lake.\nOroku-Shinaa, Russia (50°37′N 94°0′E / 50.617°N 94.000°E / 50.617; 94.000), northern part of the zone around the Tes River, adjacent to part 12 on the Mongolian side.\nAryskannyg, Russia (50°40′N 94°44′E / 50.667°N 94.733°E / 50.667; 94.733), east of the previous zone, partly in the Tannu-Ola mountains\nJamaalyg, Russia (50°15′N 94°45′E / 50.250°N 94.750°E / 50.250; 94.750), west of Erzin\nTsugeer els, Russia (50°5′N 95°15′E / 50.083°N 95.250°E / 50.083; 95.250), northern part of Tere-Khol' Lake [sv], and environs\nUlar, Russia (50°32′N 5°38′E / 50.533°N 5.633°E / 50.533; 5.633), situated in the western part of the Sengilen ridge\nTsagan shuvuut [sv], Mongolia (50°19′N 91°9′E / 50.317°N 91.150°E / 50.317; 91.150), part of the Tsagan-Shibetu ridge [sv]\nTurgen [sv], Mongolia (49°46′N 91°22′E / 49.767°N 91.367°E / 49.767; 91.367), mountain range south of Üüreg Lake, near Türgen, Uvs.\nUvs Lake, Mongolia (50°20′N 92°53′E / 50.333°N 92.883°E / 50.333; 92.883), bulk of the Uvs Lake zone\nAltan els, Mongolia (49°50′N 5°0′E / 49.833°N 5.000°E / 49.833; 5.000), sand dune region south of Tere-Khol' Lake, including the Mongolian part of that lake\nTes River, Mongolia (50°28′N 93°45′E / 50.467°N 93.750°E / 50.467; 93.750), zone between the delta at Uvs Lake and the Russian border","title":"Conservation instruments"}]	[{"image_text":"Great Lakes Depression (satellite, with names of lakes)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kotlina_velk%C3%BDch_jezer_Mongolsko.jpg/280px-Kotlina_velk%C3%BDch_jezer_Mongolsko.jpg"},{"image_text":"Por-Bazhyn, shortly before the 2007–2008 excavations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Por-Bazhyn_aerial_view_2007_before_excavation.JPG/220px-Por-Bazhyn_aerial_view_2007_before_excavation.JPG"},{"image_text":"Yurts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mongolia_Ger.jpg/220px-Mongolia_Ger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mongolian steppe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mongolian_steppe.jpg/220px-Mongolian_steppe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Snow leopard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Uncia_uncia.jpg/170px-Uncia_uncia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Uvs Nuur Hollow (satellite)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Uvs-Nuur_Hollow%2C_Mongolia%2C_Russia%2C_Landsat-7_CROP.jpg/220px-Uvs-Nuur_Hollow%2C_Mongolia%2C_Russia%2C_Landsat-7_CROP.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Mongolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Nomad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"title":"Tuvans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvans"}]	[{"reference":"\"Uvs Nuur Basin in Mongolia\". Nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924154814/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17796","url_text":"\"Uvs Nuur Basin in Mongolia\""},{"url":"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17796","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia's First World Heritage Site\". Centre for Ecological Sciences of the Indian Institute of Science. Retrieved 2018-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/doc-russia-wh.html","url_text":"\"Russia's First World Heritage Site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science","url_text":"Indian Institute of Science"}]},{"reference":"\"Uvs Nuur Basin\". Greenpeace. Retrieved 2018-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/en/campaigns/world-natural-heritage/the-ubsunur-hollow","url_text":"\"Uvs Nuur Basin\""}]},{"reference":"Härke, Heinrich (2010). \"Letter from Siberia: Fortress of Solitude\". Archaeology. Vol. 63, no. 6. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 2018-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.archaeology.org/1011/etc/letter.html","url_text":"\"Letter from Siberia: Fortress of Solitude\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)","url_text":"Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America","url_text":"Archaeological Institute of America"}]},{"reference":"\"The Uvs Nuur Basin: Russian-Mongolian Cooperation for Conservation of World Heritage\". UNESCO. 3 February 2006. Retrieved 2018-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/single-view/news/the_uvs_nuur_basin_russian_mongolian_cooperation_for_conser/","url_text":"\"The Uvs Nuur Basin: Russian-Mongolian Cooperation for Conservation of World Heritage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"\"Uvs Nuur Basin, Russian Federation (Tuva) & Mongolia\". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070418/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/uvs_nuur.htm","url_text":"\"Uvs Nuur Basin, Russian Federation (Tuva) & Mongolia\""},{"url":"http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/uvs_nuur.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Uvs Nuur Basin\". www.nhpfund.org. Retrieved 2018-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhpfund.org/nominations/uvs-nuur.html","url_text":"\"The Uvs Nuur Basin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Siberia Hotspot in the Taiga\". Tiaga News. 1998. Archived from the original on 2000-08-16. Retrieved 2008-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000816065033/http://forests.org/archive/europe/sthnsib.htm","url_text":"\"Southern Siberia Hotspot in the Taiga\""},{"url":"http://forests.org/archive/europe/sthnsib.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_10_N_93_50_E_type:landmark_dim:500000","external_links_name":"50°10′N 93°50′E / 50.167°N 93.833°E / 50.167; 93.833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_10_N_93_50_E_type:landmark_dim:500000","external_links_name":"50°10′N 93°50′E / 50.167°N 93.833°E / 50.167; 93.833"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/769rev","external_links_name":"769rev"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_12_N_90_12_E_","external_links_name":"50°12′N 90°12′E / 50.200°N 90.200°E / 50.200; 90.200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvs_Lake_Basin&params=50_37_N_93_8_E_","external_links_name":"50°37′N 93°8′E / 50.617°N 93.133°E / 50.617; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eauze_Cathedral	Eauze Cathedral	["1 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°51′39″N 0°6′3″E / 43.86083°N 0.10083°E / 43.86083; 0.10083Cathedral in Eauze, France Éauze CathedralCathédrale Saint-Luperc d'EauzeEauze CathedralReligionAffiliationRoman Catholic ChurchProvinceDiocese of EauzeRegionGersRiteRomanEcclesiastical or organizational statusCathedralStatusActiveLocationLocationEauze, FranceGeographic coordinates43°51′39″N 0°6′3″E / 43.86083°N 0.10083°E / 43.86083; 0.10083ArchitectureTypechurchStyleGothic Eauze Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Luperc d'Eauze) is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Eauze, France. The former cathedral is a national monument. It was the ecclesiastical seat of the former Diocese of Eauze, which was merged into the Bishopric of Auch, probably in the 9th century. Eauze Cathedral is dedicated to Saint Luperculus, who is said to have been a bishop here in the 3rd century before being martyred. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eauze Cathedral. Location of the cathedral Authority control databases: Geographic Mérimée This article about a Roman Catholic church building in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_architecture"},{"link_name":"Eauze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eauze"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedra"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Eauze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Eauze"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Auch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Auch"},{"link_name":"Saint Luperculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Luperculus"}],"text":"Cathedral in Eauze, FranceEauze Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Luperc d'Eauze) is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Eauze, France. The former cathedral is a national monument. It was the ecclesiastical seat of the former Diocese of Eauze, which was merged into the Bishopric of Auch, probably in the 9th century. Eauze Cathedral is dedicated to Saint Luperculus, who is said to have been a bishop here in the 3rd century before being martyred.","title":"Eauze Cathedral"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eauze_Cathedral&params=43_51_39_N_0_6_3_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"43°51′39″N 0°6′3″E / 43.86083°N 0.10083°E / 43.86083; 0.10083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eauze_Cathedral&params=43_51_39_N_0_6_3_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"43°51′39″N 0°6′3″E / 43.86083°N 0.10083°E / 43.86083; 0.10083"},{"Link":"http://www.scholares.net/index.php?Gazetteer-Eauze","external_links_name":"Location of the cathedral"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00094791","external_links_name":"Mérimée"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eauze_Cathedral&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burke_Miller	William Burke Miller	["1 Early life","2 Journalism career","3 Radio career","4 Later years","5 References"]	American journalist William Burke "Skeets" Miller (April 14, 1904 – December 29, 1983) was a newspaper and radio reporter. Early life According to census documents, William Burke Miller was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was the son of Charles J. (an assistant manager at a furniture store) and Julia Miller. They also had another child, a daughter named Mary. Little is known about Miller's childhood, although several sources have noted he had originally dreamed of being a professional singer. Journalism career Miller was a cub reporter for The Courier-Journal in Louisville, making $25 a week ("Two Men," 33), and his newspaper sent him to cover the story of Floyd Collins, a 37-year-old man who had been trapped in a cave, his leg pinned by a 26-pound rock. As the story unfolded, Miller was able to report from the scene and make contact with Collins: Miller was very slight – 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) and 117 pounds (53 kg) – enabling him to squeeze into a part of the cave where he could talk to Collins, pray with him, and bring him food, as rescuers engaged in an effort to free him. Each day, Miller filed his stories, in the first person; wire services picked up the story and soon a national audience was waiting and hoping for Collins to be set free. The rescue proved more difficult than originally expected, and by the time Collins was reached fifteen days later, he was found dead. Miller's reporting earned him a Pulitzer Prize on May 4, 1926; his newspaper also gave him a $1000 prize. He left the profession, moved to Winter Haven, Florida, and went into retail, working for an ice cream manufacturer ("Prize Reporter," 9). He was offered a job at the New York Morning World, and moved to New York, along with his sister. His new employer did not like his writing, and Miller decided to leave journalism and enter broadcasting. Radio career Miller was hired by the National Broadcasting Company sometime in 1927, as the assistant chief press agent, working in the publicity department at the network. By 1930, he had been promoted, as NBC created a new department, special events programming; his job was to supervise all current events broadcasts, and also help with special news programs. This meant coordinating all on-location remotes—such as when NBC attempted a broadcast from a submarine in New London, Connecticut, in late 1930. Miller supervised the team that set up the special microphones and made sure the announcer would be in position to describe this unique event. Throughout the 1930s, whenever an unusual event required staff to be on location, it was often Miller who made sure things went smoothly. By the early 1940s, he was also supervising public service broadcasts. Due to Miller's creative on-the-spot coverage (including the first live transmission from a parachute jump) Robert Ripley designated him "the bravest man in radio." On September 26, 1938, Miller married radio and stage actress Alice Reinheart, but their marriage ended in divorce. In the late 1940s, Miller remarried, to children's show host and producer Madge Tucker. Later years When television came along, Miller was among the many NBC personnel who began to work in both the radio and the television operations. He had already done some work with NBC's experimental TV station, where by some accounts, he arranged the first televised sports broadcast, a college baseball game between Columbia and Princeton. By 1947, he had officially joined NBC-TV, as one of the network's program editors. Miller continued to cover news and special programming for NBC TV and Radio. In 1954, he returned to the Mammoth Cave National Park area with a group of 32 people (journalists, scientists, and explorers) who were eager to study the famous Crystal Cave that Collins had originally discovered in 1917. They entered it, and spent an entire week exploring; Miller told an Associated Press reporter the Crystal Cave, with its "flower-like formations of gypsum" was like an "orchid paradise" and despite its role in the tragedy of Collins' death, it was still a place of amazing natural beauty. After Miller retired from NBC, where his final position was as night editor for the network. He and his wife moved to South Wallingford, Vermont. Miller still did some freelance writing for the local newspaper. He died in Sebastian, Florida, in December 1983, after a period of failing health; he was 79. References ^ "The Man Who Did His Best to Save Floyd Collins". Cleveland Plain Dealer. November 22, 1979. p. 27. ^ "Tells How Cave Imprisoned Him". Cleveland Plain Dealer. February 5, 1925. pp. 1–2. ^ "Ex-Reporter Back to Help Explore Floyd Collins Cave". Omaha World-Herald. February 3, 1954. p. 11. ^ "Collins Release Seems Near". Omaha World-Herald. February 4, 1925. p. 1. ^ a b "Reporter Who Prayed With Floyd Collins Gets Prize". The Boston Globe. May 9, 1926. pp. B3. ^ "Floyd Collins Cave Death Is Recalled". San Diego Union. October 30, 1958. p. 1. ^ "Pulitzer 1925 Awards Made to Vivid Types". The New York Times. May 9, 1926. pp. XX14. ^ Winchell, Walter (May 11, 1936). "Broadway". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. 11. ^ a b "Kentucky Cave Hero Is Promoted by NBC". Omaha World-Herald. March 23, 1930. p. 23. ^ "Broadcast from Depths of Sea Today at 1:30". Springfield Republican. December 7, 1930. p. 48. ^ "Radio Called Ally in Press War". The Dallas Morning News. March 11, 1944. Section 2, p. 1. ^ "Late News and Personal Notes" (PDF). Broadcasting. October 1, 1938. p. A-7. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ a b "William Miller, 79; Journalist Who Won Pulitzer in 1926". The Boston Globe. January 12, 1984. n.p. ^ "Advertising News and Notes". The New York Times. May 21, 1947. p. 36. ^ "Cave Yields Orchid Room". Omaha World-Herald. February 16, 1954. p. 3. ^ "TV-Radio Highlights". Portland Oregonian. July 30, 1959. pp. 6M.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter"}],"text":"William Burke \"Skeets\" Miller (April 14, 1904 – December 29, 1983) was a newspaper and radio reporter.","title":"William Burke Miller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"According to census documents, William Burke Miller was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was the son of Charles J. (an assistant manager at a furniture store) and Julia Miller. They also had another child, a daughter named Mary. Little is known about Miller's childhood, although several sources have noted he had originally dreamed of being a professional singer.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Courier-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal"},{"link_name":"Floyd Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Collins"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Winter Haven, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Haven,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"New York Morning World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Morning_World"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"}],"text":"Miller was a cub reporter for The Courier-Journal in Louisville, making $25 a week (\"Two Men,\" 33), and his newspaper sent him to cover the story of Floyd Collins, a 37-year-old man who had been trapped in a cave, his leg pinned by a 26-pound rock.[2] As the story unfolded, Miller was able to report from the scene and make contact with Collins: Miller was very slight – 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) and 117 pounds (53 kg) – enabling him to squeeze into a part of the cave where he could talk to Collins, pray with him, and bring him food, as rescuers engaged in an effort to free him.[3][4][5] Each day, Miller filed his stories, in the first person; wire services picked up the story and soon a national audience was waiting and hoping for Collins to be set free. The rescue proved more difficult than originally expected, and by the time Collins was reached fifteen days later, he was found dead.[6]Miller's reporting earned him a Pulitzer Prize on May 4, 1926; his newspaper also gave him a $1000 prize.[7] He left the profession, moved to Winter Haven, Florida, and went into retail, working for an ice cream manufacturer (\"Prize Reporter,\" 9).[5] He was offered a job at the New York Morning World, and moved to New York, along with his sister. His new employer did not like his writing,[8] and Miller decided to leave journalism and enter broadcasting.","title":"Journalism career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Robert Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ripley"},{"link_name":"Alice Reinheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Reinheart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Miller was hired by the National Broadcasting Company sometime in 1927, as the assistant chief press agent, working in the publicity department at the network.[9] By 1930, he had been promoted, as NBC created a new department, special events programming; his job was to supervise all current events broadcasts, and also help with special news programs.[9] This meant coordinating all on-location remotes—such as when NBC attempted a broadcast from a submarine in New London, Connecticut, in late 1930. Miller supervised the team that set up the special microphones and made sure the announcer would be in position to describe this unique event.[10] Throughout the 1930s, whenever an unusual event required staff to be on location, it was often Miller who made sure things went smoothly. By the early 1940s, he was also supervising public service broadcasts.[11] Due to Miller's creative on-the-spot coverage (including the first live transmission from a parachute jump) Robert Ripley designated him \"the bravest man in radio.\"On September 26, 1938, Miller married radio and stage actress Alice Reinheart,[12] but their marriage ended in divorce. In the late 1940s, Miller remarried, to children's show host and producer Madge Tucker.","title":"Radio career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sebastian, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"}],"text":"When television came along, Miller was among the many NBC personnel who began to work in both the radio and the television operations. He had already done some work with NBC's experimental TV station, where by some accounts, he arranged the first televised sports broadcast, a college baseball game between Columbia and Princeton.[13] By 1947, he had officially joined NBC-TV, as one of the network's program editors.[14] Miller continued to cover news and special programming for NBC TV and Radio.In 1954, he returned to the Mammoth Cave National Park area with a group of 32 people (journalists, scientists, and explorers) who were eager to study the famous Crystal Cave that Collins had originally discovered in 1917. They entered it, and spent an entire week exploring; Miller told an Associated Press reporter the Crystal Cave, with its \"flower-like formations of gypsum\" was like an \"orchid paradise\" and despite its role in the tragedy of Collins' death, it was still a place of amazing natural beauty.[15] After Miller retired from NBC, where his final position was as night editor for the network.[16]He and his wife moved to South Wallingford, Vermont. Miller still did some freelance writing for the local newspaper. He died in Sebastian, Florida, in December 1983, after a period of failing health; he was 79.[13]","title":"Later years"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Man Who Did His Best to Save Floyd Collins\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. November 22, 1979. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"Cleveland Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"\"Tells How Cave Imprisoned Him\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. 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October 30, 1958. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"San Diego Union"}]},{"reference":"\"Pulitzer 1925 Awards Made to Vivid Types\". The New York Times. May 9, 1926. pp. XX14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Winchell, Walter (May 11, 1936). \"Broadway\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch","url_text":"Richmond Times-Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"Kentucky Cave Hero Is Promoted by NBC\". Omaha World-Herald. March 23, 1930. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald","url_text":"Omaha World-Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast from Depths of Sea Today at 1:30\". Springfield Republican. December 7, 1930. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republican_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)","url_text":"Springfield Republican"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Called Ally in Press War\". The Dallas Morning News. March 11, 1944. Section 2, p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"\"Late News and Personal Notes\" (PDF). Broadcasting. October 1, 1938. p. A-7. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/38-OCR/1938-10-01-BC-OCR-Page-0057.pdf","url_text":"\"Late News and Personal Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Miller, 79; Journalist Who Won Pulitzer in 1926\". The Boston Globe. January 12, 1984. n.p.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising News and Notes\". The New York Times. May 21, 1947. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Cave Yields Orchid Room\". Omaha World-Herald. February 16, 1954. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald","url_text":"Omaha World-Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"TV-Radio Highlights\". Portland Oregonian. July 30, 1959. pp. 6M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"Portland Oregonian"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/38-OCR/1938-10-01-BC-OCR-Page-0057.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Late News and Personal Notes\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_(Disco_Heat)	Dance (Disco Heat)	["1 Chart performance","2 References","3 External links"]	1978 single by Sylvester"Dance (Disco Heat)"Single by Sylvesterfrom the album Step II B-side"Was It Something That I Said"ReleasedAugust 1978RecordedMarch 1978GenreDisco, hi-NRGLength5:46LabelFantasySongwriter(s)Eric Robinson Victor Orsborn Producer(s)Sylvester Harvey Fuqua Sylvester singles chronology "Over and Over" (1977) "Dance (Disco Heat)" (1978) "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" (1978) "Dance (Disco Heat)" is a song by American singer Sylvester. The song appears on his 1978 album Step II and features backing vocals by Two Tons O' Fun. Chart performance The song was Sylvester's first Top 40 hit in the United States, where it peaked at #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the fall of 1978, it also reached #29 on the UK Singles Chart. A 12" single was released in 1978, with "Dance (Disco Heat)" as the A-side and "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" as the B-side, and these two extended dance mixes proved to be very popular in the dance clubs at the time. The two songs held down the top spot on the Billboard Dance/Disco chart for six weeks in August and September of that year and helped to establish Sylvester's career as a noted disco and dance music performer, both in the U.S. and abroad. References ^ Gamson, Joshua (2005). The Fabulous Sylvester. Picador, Henry Holt and Company, New York. p. 144. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 619. ^ Official Charts Company info OfficialCharts.com. Retrieved 16 July 2009. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco 1974-2003, (Record Research Inc.), page 252. External links "Dance (Disco Heat)" / "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" 12" single info Discogs.com. vteSylvesterStudio albums Sylvester Step II Stars All I Need Call Me Live albums Living Proof Singles "Southern Man" "Dance (Disco Heat)" "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" "I (Who Have Nothing)" "You Are My Friend" "Fever" "Do Ya Wanna Funk" Don't Stop "Band of Gold" "Menergy" "Living for the City" "Someone like You" Related articles Discography The Cockettes The Weather Girls Patrick Cowley Jeanie Tracy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_James"},{"link_name":"Step II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_II"},{"link_name":"Two Tons O' Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Girls"}],"text":"\"Dance (Disco Heat)\" is a song by American singer Sylvester. The song appears on his 1978 album Step II and features backing vocals by Two Tons O' Fun.","title":"Dance (Disco Heat)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"12\" single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%22_single"},{"link_name":"You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Make_Me_Feel_(Mighty_Real)"},{"link_name":"Dance/Disco chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Play"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The song was Sylvester's first Top 40 hit in the United States, where it peaked at #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the fall of 1978,[2] it also reached #29 on the UK Singles Chart.[3] \nA 12\" single was released in 1978, with \"Dance (Disco Heat)\" as the A-side and \"You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)\" as the B-side, and these two extended dance mixes proved to be very popular in the dance clubs at the time. The two songs held down the top spot on the Billboard Dance/Disco chart for six weeks in August and September of that year [4] and helped to establish Sylvester's career as a noted disco and dance music performer, both in the U.S. and abroad.","title":"Chart performance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gamson, Joshua (2005). The Fabulous Sylvester. Picador, Henry Holt and Company, New York. p. 144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Gamson","url_text":"Gamson, Joshua"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/I%20%28Who%20Have%20Nothing%29","external_links_name":"Official Charts Company info"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/release/99073","external_links_name":"\"Dance (Disco Heat)\" / \"You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)\" 12\" single info"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%C3%A9	Bowé	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 8°06′N 8°50′W / 8.100°N 8.833°W / 8.100; -8.833Sub-prefecture and town in Nzérékoré Region, GuineaBowéSub-prefecture and townBowéLocation in GuineaCoordinates: 8°6′N 8°50′W / 8.100°N 8.833°W / 8.100; -8.833Country GuineaRegionNzérékoré RegionPrefectureYomou PrefectureTime zoneUTC+0 (GMT) Bowé is a town and sub-prefecture in the Yomou Prefecture in the Nzérékoré Region of south-eastern Guinea. References ^ "Subprefectures of Guinea". Statoids. Retrieved April 20, 2009. vte Yomou PrefectureCapital: YomouSub-prefectures Yomou-Centre Banié Bheeta Bignamou Bowé Diéké Péla 8°06′N 8°50′W / 8.100°N 8.833°W / 8.100; -8.833 This Guinea location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"sub-prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Yomou Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomou_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Nzérékoré Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C3%A9r%C3%A9kor%C3%A9_Region"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sub-prefecture and town in Nzérékoré Region, GuineaBowé is a town and sub-prefecture in the Yomou Prefecture in the Nzérékoré Region of south-eastern Guinea.[1]","title":"Bowé"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Subprefectures of Guinea\". Statoids. Retrieved April 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statoids.com/ygn.html","url_text":"\"Subprefectures of Guinea\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bow%C3%A9&params=8_06_N_8_50_W_region:GN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"8°06′N 8°50′W / 8.100°N 8.833°W / 8.100; -8.833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bow%C3%A9&params=8_6_N_8_50_W_region:GN_type:city","external_links_name":"8°6′N 8°50′W / 8.100°N 8.833°W / 8.100; -8.833"},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/ygn.html","external_links_name":"\"Subprefectures of Guinea\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bow%C3%A9&params=8_06_N_8_50_W_region:GN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"8°06′N 8°50′W / 8.100°N 8.833°W / 8.100; -8.833"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bow%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu	Chengyu	["1 Origins, construction, and interpretation","2 Chinese examples","3 Japanese examples","4 Korean examples","5 Vietnamese examples","6 See also","7 Dictionaries of Mandarin Chinese Idioms","8 References","9 External links"]	Chinese idioms Not to be confused with Cheng Yu. For other uses, see Chengyu (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chengyu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chinese characters for chengyu Chengyu (traditional Chinese: 成語; simplified Chinese: 成语; pinyin: chéngyǔ; trans. "set phrase") are a type of traditional Chinese idiomatic expressions, most of which consist of four Chinese characters. Chengyu were widely used in Literary Chinese and are still common in written vernacular Chinese writing and in the spoken language today. According to the most stringent definition, there are about 5,000 chengyu in the Chinese language, though some dictionaries list over 20,000. Chengyu are considered the collected wisdom of the Chinese culture, and contain the experiences, moral concepts, and admonishments from previous generations of Chinese speakers. Chengyu still play an important role in Chinese conversation and education. Chinese idioms are one of four types of formulaic expressions (熟语; 熟語; shúyǔ), which also include collocations (惯用语; 慣用語; guànyòngyǔ), two-part allegorical sayings called xiehouyu, and proverbs (谚语; 諺語; yànyǔ). While not the only idioms in Chinese, they are often referred to as Chinese idioms or four-character idioms. Origins, construction, and interpretation Chengyu are mostly derived from ancient literature, including the pre-Qin classics, poetry from all periods of Chinese history, and late imperial vernacular novels and short stories. A small number were constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries from Western source materials. Among the early classical literature, the lyrical imagery from the Classic of Poetry, and the detailed stories recorded in the Zuo Zhuan and the Records of the Grand Historian serve as particularly rich source materials for chengyu. Since the Shijing poems consist of four-character lines, some chengyu are direct quotes from the Classic of Poetry. For example, 萬夀無疆 'ten-thousand year lifespan without bound', a traditional expression to wish someone a long life that often appears on bowls and tableware, quotes the poem "Tian Bao" (天保, poem #166) in the Lesser Court Hymns section of the Classic of Poetry. More commonly, however, chengyu are created by succinctly paraphrasing or summarizing the original text, usually by selecting the most salient characters from the passage in question and inserting any necessary classical grammatical particles. As such, chengyu are fossilized expressions that use the vocabulary and follow the syntactic rules of Literary Chinese. Consequently, they convey information more compactly than normal vernacular speech or writing. They may contain subject and predicate and act as an independent clause (or even twin two-character independent clauses in parallel), or they may play the role of any part of speech in a sentence, acting syntactically as an adjective, adverb, verb, or noun phrase. In both speech and writing, they serve to succinctly convey a complex or multifaceted situation, scene, or concept, and used fittingly and elegantly, they also mark a speaker or writer's erudition. The meaning of a chengyu usually surpasses the sum of the meanings carried by the four characters, as chengyu are generally meant to convey the message or moral of the myth, story or historical event from which they were derived. Thus, even after translation into modern words and syntax, chengyu in isolation are often unintelligible without additional explanation. Since they often contain a classical allusion, known as a diǎngù (典故), elementary and secondary school students in greater China learn chengyu as part of the classical curriculum in order to study the context from which the chengyu was born. Often the four characters reflect the moral behind the story rather than the story itself. For example, the phrase "破釜沉舟" (pò fǔ chén zhōuⓘ, lit: "break the pots and sink the ships") is based on a historical account where the general Xiang Yu ordered his troops to destroy all cooking utensils and boats after crossing a river into the enemy's territory. He won the battle because of this "no-retreat" strategy. Thus, the idiom is used as a verb phrase with the meaning "to make an all-out effort to achieve success by the deliberate removal of recourse or backup." Similar phrases are known in the West, such as "Burning one's boats", "burning one's bridges", "Point of no return" or "Crossing the Rubicon". Another example is 瓜田李下 (guātián lǐxiàⓘ 'melon field, beneath the plums', whose meaning relates to the appearance of misconduct or impropriety. It is derived from an excerpt of a Han-era poem (樂府詩《君子行》, Yuèfǔ Shī "Jūnzǐ Xíng"). The poem includes the lines 'don't adjust your shoes in a melon field, and don't tidy your hat under the plum trees' (瓜田不納履，李下不整冠, guā tián bù nà lǚ, lǐ xià bù zhěng guānⓘ), admonishing the reader to avoid situations where, however innocent, he might be suspected of doing wrong. The idiom is impossible to understand without the background knowledge of the origin of the phrase. Some idioms have had their literal meanings overtake their original ones. For example, 'wind from an empty cave' (空穴來風, kōng xué lái fēng), despite now being used to describe rumors without source, originally referred to rumors with actual, solid sources or reasons. Likewise, 'bare-faced facing the emperor' (素面朝天 is now used to describe beauty that does not require make-up, e.g., when entering court, while its original meaning was "to be confident in one's true look". However, not all chengyu have stories to draw morals from. An example is 言而無信 'speaking, yet without trust', referring to one who cannot be trusted despite what he says, an essentially deceitful person. It is generally acknowledged as a chengyu as it comes from the Analects. The idiom is succinct in its original meaning and would likely be intelligible to anyone learned in formal written Chinese, though yán (言) is no longer commonly used as a verb. There are a few chengyu that are not four characters in length. An example is the seven-character 醉翁之意不在酒 'The Old Drunkard's attention is not directed towards his wine'. This is a direct quote from Ouyang Xiu's essay An Account of Old Drunkard's Pavilion (醉翁亭記), in which the author, as the Old Drunkard, expresses his true intention of enjoying the scenery of the mountains and rivers as he drinks. As an idiom, it expresses the situation where one does something with an ulterior though benign motive in mind. Some chengyu have English equivalents. For example, 言不由衷 'speak not from the bosom' and 'to speak with one's tongue in one's cheek' share idiomatic meanings. The Chinese not having conducted maritime explorations of the North Atlantic during imperial times, the expression 冰山一角 'one corner of an ice mountain' is a rare example of a chengyu that emerged in the early 20th century after contact with the West as a translation of the expression "tip of the iceberg," thus sharing both their literal and idiomatic meanings. Another expression 火中取栗 'extracting chestnuts from the fire', originating from a La Fontaine fable, means "to be duped into taking risks for someone else," used in much the same way as the expression "cat's paw" in English is another example of an "international" chengyu. Though they are recent in origin, they are constructed using the vocabulary and syntax of Literary Chinese and fits within the four-character scheme, making them chengyu. Chinese idioms can also serve as a guide through Chinese culture. Chengyu teach about motifs that were previously common in Chinese literature and culture. For example, idioms with nature motifs – e.g., mountains, water, and the Moon – are numerous. Works considered masterpieces of Chinese literature – such as the Four Great Classical Novels – serve as the source for many idioms, which in turn condense and retell the story. All Chinese people know idioms, though the total number known by any one individual will depend on their background. Idioms are such an important part of Chinese popular culture that there is a game called 成語接龍 'connect the chengyu' that involves someone calling out an idiom, with someone else then being supposed to think of another idiom to link up with the first one, so that the last character of the first idiom is the same as the first character of the second idiom, and so forth. Chinese examples The following three examples show that the meaning of the idiom can be totally different by only changing one character. 一(yí) 日(rì) 千(qiān) 秋(qiū) : "One day, a thousand autumns." Meaning: implies rapid changes; one day equals a thousand years 一(yí) 日(rì) 千(qiān) 里(lǐ) : "One day, a thousand miles." Meaning: implies rapid progress; traveling a thousand miles in a day 一(yí) 日(rì) 三(sān) 秋(qiū) : "One day, three autumns." Meaning: greatly missing someone; one day feels as long as three years Examples in Chinese Chengyu Gloss Meaning Etymology 一箭雙鵰(yí jiàn shuāng diāo) kill two eagles with one arrow Kill two birds with one stone See History of the Northern Dynasties 破釜沉舟(pò fǔ chén zhōu) break the cauldrons and sink the boats burn bridges, i.e. commit oneself irrevocably See Battle of Julu 指鹿為馬(zhǐ lù wéi mǎ) call a deer a horse deliberately misrepresent See Zhao Gao 樂不思蜀(lè bù sī shǔ) so happy as to forget Shu indulge in pleasures See Liu Shan 朝三暮四(zhāo sān mù sì) to say three in the morning and four in the evening always changing (new meaning), a change without any substantive difference (original meaning) See Zhuangzi 井底之蛙(jǐng dǐ zhī wā) a frog in the bottom of the well a person with limited outlook See Zhuangzi 磨杵成針(mó chǔ chéng zhēn) grind an iron bar down to a fine needle to persevere in a difficult task See Li Bai 守株待兔(shǒu zhū dài tù) guard a tree-stump to wait for rabbits wait idly for a reward See Han Feizi 亡羊補牢(wáng yáng bǔ láo) to mend the pen after sheep are lost close the stable door after the horse has bolted, i.e. try too late to prevent harm See Warring States Records 三人成虎(sān rén chéng hǔ) Three men make a tiger repeated rumor becomes a fact See Warring States Records 完璧歸趙(wán bì guī zhào) return the jade to Zhao to return something intact to its rightful owner See Mr. He's jade 塞翁失馬(sài wēng shī mǎ) old man from the frontier lost his horse a blessing in disguise See Huainanzi 刻舟求劍(kè zhōu qiú jiàn) carve the boat in search of the sword approach without considering the reality of a situation See Lüshi Chunqiu 火中取栗(huǒ zhōng qǔ lì) take chestnuts out of the fire Someone acting in another's interest (cat's-paw) Derived from The Monkey and the Cat 負荊請罪(fù jīng qǐng zuì) carrying a bramble and ask for punishment offer a humble apology See Lian Po 紙上談兵(zhǐ shàng tán bīng) talk about military tactics on paper theoretical discussion useless in practice See Zhao Kuo 畫蛇添足(huà shé tiān zú) to add feet when drawing a snake to improve something unnecessarily See Warring States Records 畫龍點睛(huà lóng diǎn jīng) to add eyes when painting a dragon doing something so well that it becomes powerful. See Zhang Sengyou 對牛彈琴(duì niú tán qín) playing the guqin to a cow to communicate well, you need to understand your audience See Mouzi Lihuolun 狼吞虎嚥(láng tūn hǔ yàn) swallow like tiger and devour like wolf eating food quickly and in a messy manner 衣錦還鄉(yì jǐn huán xiāng) to wear embroided clothing and return to one’s hometown return to humble origins after making it big 易如反掌(yì rú fǎn zhǎng) as easy as turning over one's hand for something to be very easy See Mencius Four Gentlemen Four Treasures of the Study Three Friends of Winter Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Seek truth from facts When two tigers fight Mirror Flower, Water Moon Japanese examples Main article: Yojijukugo Yojijukugo is the similar format in Japanese. The term yojijukugo (四字熟語, four character idiom) is autological. Many of these idioms were adopted from their Chinese counterparts and have the same or similar meaning as in Chinese. The term koji seigo (故事成語, historical idiom) refers to an idiom that comes from a specific text as the source. As such, the overwhelming majority of koji seigo comes from accounts of history written in classical Chinese. Although a great many of the Japanese four-character idioms are derived from the Chinese, many others are purely Japanese in origin. Some examples: 花鳥風月 ka, chō, fū, getsu ("Flower, Bird, Wind, Moon"; beauties of nature) 一期一会 ichigo ichie (once-in-a-lifetime experience) 傍目八目 okamehachimoku (a bystander's vantage point) 手前味噌 temaemiso (singing one's own praises; tooting one's own horn) 二股膏薬 futamatagōyaku (double-dealer; time-server) 風林火山 fū, rin, ka, zan ("wind, woods, fire, mountain"; military proverb coming from Sun Tzu's "Art of War"; see also Fūrinkazan) Korean examples Main article: Sajaseong-eo The Korean equivalent are Sajaseong-eo (사자성어; Hanja: 四字成語). They have similar categorization to Japanese ones, such as Gosaseong-eo (고사성어; Hanja: 故事成語) for historical idioms. Vietnamese examples Four word idioms or any idiom in Vietnamese are known as thành ngữ (chữ Hán: 成語, literally "set phrase/speech"). A large amount of idioms originating from Classical Chinese have been borrowed into the language, but there exists native counterparts to the Classical Chinese idioms. There are also many idioms that are Vietnamese in origin. Vietnamese idioms can be classified into Sino-Vietnamese idioms (Vietnamese: thành ngữ Hán Việt, chữ Hán Nôm: 成語漢越) and native Vietnamese idioms (Vietnamese: thành ngữ thuần Việt, chữ Hán Nôm: 成語純越) that were once written in chữ Nôm, are now written in the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet. Sino-Vietnamese Idioms Classical Chinese (Hán văn, 漢文) Vietnamese alphabet (chữ Quốc Ngữ, 𡨸國語) Meaning 否極泰來 Bĩ cực thái lai The darkest hour is just before the dawn "The worst situation comes before a good one." 相親相愛 Tương thân tương ái To be altruistic and charitable to each other, especially in times of crisis or disaster 盡善盡美 Tận thiện tận mỹ Very good or beautiful 溫故知新 Ôn cố tri tân One should be able to derive new understanding while revising what one has learned. 全心全意 Toàn tâm toàn ý With all of one's heart; completely dedicated Native Vietnamese Idioms Chữ Hán Nôm (𡨸漢喃) Vietnamese alphabet (chữ Quốc Ngữ, 𡨸國語) Meaning 𫗒𠰳𫡽𠰳 Ăn miếng trả miếng Tit for tat; literally, "eat a piece, pay back a piece" 𢢂𨐮𢢂𧃵 Ghét cay ghét đắng To have an extreme and utter hatred, literally, "Hate spiciness, hate bitterness" 幔𡗶𥴜𡐙 Màn trời chiếu đất A situation where many people become homeless, especially after a disaster; literally, "to use the sky as a curtain and the land as a mat" 厭𣵰羅鐄 Im lặng là vàng Peace and quiet have great value; literally, "Peace and quiet is golden" 𨕭𤠅𠖈㹥 Lên voi xuống chó To have ups and downs in one's life, to go from riches to rags; literally, "Going up on a elephant, going down on a dog" See also Idiom Chinese characters Xiehouyu, typically longer Chinese proverbs Homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese Proverbs commonly said to be Chinese Mulberry fields (idiom) Dictionaries of Mandarin Chinese Idioms Herbert Allen Giles (1873). A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect. SHANGHAI: A.H. de Carvalho. pp. 65. Retrieved 10 February 2012.(Harvard University)(Digitized Jul 22, 2005) Herbert Allen Giles (1873). A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect. SHANGHAI: A.H. De Carvalho. pp. 65. Retrieved 10 February 2012.(Harvard University)(Digitized Mar 4, 2009) Jiao, Liwei; Kubler, Cornelius C.; Zhang, Weiguo (2013). 500 Common Chinese Idioms: An Annotated Frequency Dictionary (Kindle ed.). Oxon, UK: Routledge. Pan, Weigui (2000). A Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms. Beijing: Sinolingua. References ^ "Useful Chinese Chengyu for Daily Conversation". maayot. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 30 Aug 2020. ^ "Chinese Idioms or Chéngyǔ About Animals -". 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2018-09-01. ^ Lo, Wing Huen (2003). Best Chinese Idioms (in English and Chinese). Vol. Three. Translated by Sun, Li Jie. Peace Book. ISBN 962-238-338-6. ^ The Four Great Classical Novels are actually written in Early Vernacular Chinese, although they were intended for an educated audience and contain long passages in classical poetry and many classical allusions. ^ "Structure of Korean Idioms". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-10. ^ Structure of four character idioms". External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Chinese proverbs. Look up Category:Mandarin idioms or Category:Mandarin proverbs in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Theme Idioms - 相關成語／相关成语 at Thinking Chinese. Search for Chinese idioms at Chinese Notes vteChinese languageSinitic languagesMajor groupsMandarinNortheastern Changchun Harbin Shenyang Taz Beijing Beijing Taiwan Jilu Tianjin Jinan Jiaoliao Dalian Qingdao Weihai Central Plains Dongping Gangou Guanzhong Xi'an Luoyang Xuzhou Dungan Lanyin Xinjiang Southwestern Sichuanese Chengdu–Chongqing Minjiang Leshan Renshou–Fushun Zigong Kunming Nanping Wuhan Gui–Liu Wuming Huai Nanjing Nantong WuTaihu Shanghai Suzhou Wuxi Changzhou Hangzhou (?) 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Chengyu were widely used in Literary Chinese and are still common in written vernacular Chinese writing and in the spoken language today. According to the most stringent definition, there are about 5,000 chengyu in the Chinese language, though some dictionaries list over 20,000. Chengyu are considered the collected wisdom of the Chinese culture, and contain the experiences, moral concepts, and admonishments from previous generations of Chinese speakers. Chengyu still play an important role in Chinese conversation and education.[1][2] Chinese idioms are one of four types of formulaic expressions (熟语; 熟語; shúyǔ), which also include collocations (惯用语; 慣用語; guànyòngyǔ), two-part allegorical sayings called xiehouyu, and proverbs (谚语; 諺語; yànyǔ).While not the only idioms in Chinese, they are often referred to as Chinese idioms or four-character idioms.","title":"Chengyu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts"},{"link_name":"Classic of Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry"},{"link_name":"Zuo Zhuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan"},{"link_name":"Records of the Grand Historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian"},{"link_name":"Literary Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Chinese"},{"link_name":"典故","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B8%E6%95%85"},{"link_name":"破釜沉舟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E9%87%9C%E6%B2%89%E8%88%9F"},{"link_name":"pò fǔ chén zhōu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Chinese-po4_fu3_chen2_zhou1.ogg/Chinese-po4_fu3_chen2_zhou1.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese-po4_fu3_chen2_zhou1.ogg"},{"link_name":"Xiang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Yu"},{"link_name":"cooking utensils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_utensil"},{"link_name":"Point of no return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_no_return"},{"link_name":"Crossing the Rubicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon"},{"link_name":"瓜田李下","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E7%94%B0%E6%9D%8E%E4%B8%8B"},{"link_name":"guātián lǐxià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Chinese-gua1_tian2_li3_xia4.ogg/Chinese-gua1_tian2_li3_xia4.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese-gua1_tian2_li3_xia4.ogg"},{"link_name":"Han-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-era"},{"link_name":"樂府","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E5%BA%9C"},{"link_name":"詩","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A9%A9"},{"link_name":"君子","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90"},{"link_name":"行","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C"},{"link_name":"瓜田","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E7%94%B0"},{"link_name":"不","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D"},{"link_name":"納","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D"},{"link_name":"履","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%A5"},{"link_name":"李","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E"},{"link_name":"下","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B"},{"link_name":"不","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D"},{"link_name":"整","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%95%B4"},{"link_name":"冠","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%A0"},{"link_name":"guā tián bù nà lǚ, lǐ xià bù zhěng guān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Chinese-gua1_tian2_bu2_na4_li3.ogg/Chinese-gua1_tian2_bu2_na4_li3.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese-gua1_tian2_bu2_na4_li3.ogg"},{"link_name":"言而無信","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%80%8C%E7%84%A1%E4%BF%A1"},{"link_name":"Analects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects"},{"link_name":"醉翁之意不在酒","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%86%89%E7%BF%81%E4%B9%8B%E6%84%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%A8%E9%85%92"},{"link_name":"Ouyang Xiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu"},{"link_name":"醉翁亭記","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%86%89%E7%BF%81%E4%BA%AD%E8%A8%98"},{"link_name":"言不由衷","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%8D%E7%94%B1%E8%A1%B7#Chinese"},{"link_name":"冰山一角","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%A7%92"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"火中取栗","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%97"},{"link_name":"La Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Four Great Classical Novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Classical_Novels"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"成語接龍","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E8%AA%9E%E6%8E%A5%E9%BE%8D#Chinese"}],"text":"Chengyu are mostly derived from ancient literature, including the pre-Qin classics, poetry from all periods of Chinese history, and late imperial vernacular novels and short stories. A small number were constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries from Western source materials. Among the early classical literature, the lyrical imagery from the Classic of Poetry, and the detailed stories recorded in the Zuo Zhuan and the Records of the Grand Historian serve as particularly rich source materials for chengyu. Since the Shijing poems consist of four-character lines, some chengyu are direct quotes from the Classic of Poetry. For example, 萬夀無疆 'ten-thousand year lifespan without bound', a traditional expression to wish someone a long life that often appears on bowls and tableware, quotes the poem \"Tian Bao\" (天保, poem #166) in the Lesser Court Hymns section of the Classic of Poetry. More commonly, however, chengyu are created by succinctly paraphrasing or summarizing the original text, usually by selecting the most salient characters from the passage in question and inserting any necessary classical grammatical particles.As such, chengyu are fossilized expressions that use the vocabulary and follow the syntactic rules of Literary Chinese. Consequently, they convey information more compactly than normal vernacular speech or writing. They may contain subject and predicate and act as an independent clause (or even twin two-character independent clauses in parallel), or they may play the role of any part of speech in a sentence, acting syntactically as an adjective, adverb, verb, or noun phrase. In both speech and writing, they serve to succinctly convey a complex or multifaceted situation, scene, or concept, and used fittingly and elegantly, they also mark a speaker or writer's erudition.The meaning of a chengyu usually surpasses the sum of the meanings carried by the four characters, as chengyu are generally meant to convey the message or moral of the myth, story or historical event from which they were derived. Thus, even after translation into modern words and syntax, chengyu in isolation are often unintelligible without additional explanation. Since they often contain a classical allusion, known as a diǎngù (典故), elementary and secondary school students in greater China learn chengyu as part of the classical curriculum in order to study the context from which the chengyu was born.Often the four characters reflect the moral behind the story rather than the story itself. For example, the phrase \"破釜沉舟\" (pò fǔ chén zhōuⓘ, lit: \"break the pots and sink the ships\") is based on a historical account where the general Xiang Yu ordered his troops to destroy all cooking utensils and boats after crossing a river into the enemy's territory. He won the battle because of this \"no-retreat\" strategy. Thus, the idiom is used as a verb phrase with the meaning \"to make an all-out effort to achieve success by the deliberate removal of recourse or backup.\" Similar phrases are known in the West, such as \"Burning one's boats\", \"burning one's bridges\", \"Point of no return\" or \"Crossing the Rubicon\".Another example is 瓜田李下 (guātián lǐxiàⓘ 'melon field, beneath the plums', whose meaning relates to the appearance of misconduct or impropriety. It is derived from an excerpt of a Han-era poem (樂府詩《君子行》, Yuèfǔ Shī \"Jūnzǐ Xíng\"). The poem includes the lines 'don't adjust your shoes in a melon field, and don't tidy your hat under the plum trees' (瓜田不納履，李下不整冠, guā tián bù nà lǚ, lǐ xià bù zhěng guānⓘ), admonishing the reader to avoid situations where, however innocent, he might be suspected of doing wrong. The idiom is impossible to understand without the background knowledge of the origin of the phrase.Some idioms have had their literal meanings overtake their original ones. For example, 'wind from an empty cave' (空穴來風, kōng xué lái fēng), despite now being used to describe rumors without source, originally referred to rumors with actual, solid sources or reasons. Likewise, 'bare-faced facing the emperor' (素面朝天 is now used to describe beauty that does not require make-up, e.g., when entering court, while its original meaning was \"to be confident in one's true look\".However, not all chengyu have stories to draw morals from. An example is 言而無信 'speaking, yet without trust', referring to one who cannot be trusted despite what he says, an essentially deceitful person. It is generally acknowledged as a chengyu as it comes from the Analects. The idiom is succinct in its original meaning and would likely be intelligible to anyone learned in formal written Chinese, though yán (言) is no longer commonly used as a verb.There are a few chengyu that are not four characters in length. An example is the seven-character 醉翁之意不在酒 'The Old Drunkard's attention is not directed towards his wine'. This is a direct quote from Ouyang Xiu's essay An Account of Old Drunkard's Pavilion (醉翁亭記), in which the author, as the Old Drunkard, expresses his true intention of enjoying the scenery of the mountains and rivers as he drinks. As an idiom, it expresses the situation where one does something with an ulterior though benign motive in mind.Some chengyu have English equivalents. For example, 言不由衷 'speak not from the bosom' and 'to speak with one's tongue in one's cheek' share idiomatic meanings. The Chinese not having conducted maritime explorations of the North Atlantic during imperial times, the expression 冰山一角 'one corner of an ice mountain' is a rare example of a chengyu that emerged in the early 20th century after contact with the West as a translation of the expression \"tip of the iceberg,\" thus sharing both their literal and idiomatic meanings.[3] Another expression 火中取栗 'extracting chestnuts from the fire', originating from a La Fontaine fable, means \"to be duped into taking risks for someone else,\" used in much the same way as the expression \"cat's paw\" in English is another example of an \"international\" chengyu. Though they are recent in origin, they are constructed using the vocabulary and syntax of Literary Chinese and fits within the four-character scheme, making them chengyu.Chinese idioms can also serve as a guide through Chinese culture. Chengyu teach about motifs that were previously common in Chinese literature and culture. For example, idioms with nature motifs – e.g., mountains, water, and the Moon – are numerous. Works considered masterpieces of Chinese literature – such as the Four Great Classical Novels[4] – serve as the source for many idioms, which in turn condense and retell the story.All Chinese people know idioms, though the total number known by any one individual will depend on their background. Idioms are such an important part of Chinese popular culture that there is a game called 成語接龍 'connect the chengyu' that involves someone calling out an idiom, with someone else then being supposed to think of another idiom to link up with the first one, so that the last character of the first idiom is the same as the first character of the second idiom, and so forth.","title":"Origins, construction, and interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four Gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Gentlemen"},{"link_name":"Four Treasures of the Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study"},{"link_name":"Three Friends of Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Friends_of_Winter"},{"link_name":"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Seek truth from facts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts"},{"link_name":"When two tigers fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_two_tigers_fight"},{"link_name":"Mirror Flower, Water Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Flower,_Water_Moon"}],"text":"The following three examples show that the meaning of the idiom can be totally different by only changing one character.一(yí) 日(rì) 千(qiān) 秋(qiū) : \"One day, a thousand autumns.\"\nMeaning: implies rapid changes; one day equals a thousand years\n一(yí) 日(rì) 千(qiān) 里(lǐ) : \"One day, a thousand miles.\"\nMeaning: implies rapid progress; traveling a thousand miles in a day\n一(yí) 日(rì) 三(sān) 秋(qiū) : \"One day, three autumns.\"\nMeaning: greatly missing someone; one day feels as long as three yearsFour Gentlemen\nFour Treasures of the Study\nThree Friends of Winter\nCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon\nSeek truth from facts\nWhen two tigers fight\nMirror Flower, Water Moon","title":"Chinese examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"yojijukugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yojijukugo"},{"link_name":"四","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B"},{"link_name":"字","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97"},{"link_name":"熟語","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E8%AA%9E"},{"link_name":"autological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autological"},{"link_name":"故事","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B"},{"link_name":"成語","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E8%AA%9E"},{"link_name":"花","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1"},{"link_name":"鳥","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5"},{"link_name":"風","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8"},{"link_name":"月","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88"},{"link_name":"一","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80"},{"link_name":"期","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9F"},{"link_name":"一","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80"},{"link_name":"会","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9A"},{"link_name":"ichigo ichie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichigo_ichie"},{"link_name":"傍","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%82%8D"},{"link_name":"目","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE"},{"link_name":"八","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB"},{"link_name":"目","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE"},{"link_name":"手","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B"},{"link_name":"前","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D"},{"link_name":"味","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%91%B3"},{"link_name":"噌","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%99%8C"},{"link_name":"二","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C"},{"link_name":"股","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%82%A1"},{"link_name":"膏","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%86%8F"},{"link_name":"薬","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%96%AC"},{"link_name":"風","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8"},{"link_name":"林","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97"},{"link_name":"火","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB"},{"link_name":"山","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1"},{"link_name":"Sun Tzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu"},{"link_name":"Art of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War"},{"link_name":"Fūrinkazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%ABrinkazan"}],"text":"Yojijukugo is the similar format in Japanese. The term yojijukugo (四字熟語, four character idiom) is autological. Many of these idioms were adopted from their Chinese counterparts and have the same or similar meaning as in Chinese. The term koji seigo (故事成語, historical idiom) refers to an idiom that comes from a specific text as the source. As such, the overwhelming majority of koji seigo comes from accounts of history written in classical Chinese. Although a great many of the Japanese four-character idioms are derived from the Chinese, many others are purely Japanese in origin. Some examples:花鳥風月 ka, chō, fū, getsu (\"Flower, Bird, Wind, Moon\"; beauties of nature)\n一期一会 ichigo ichie (once-in-a-lifetime experience)\n傍目八目 okamehachimoku (a bystander's vantage point)\n手前味噌 temaemiso (singing one's own praises; tooting one's own horn)\n二股膏薬 futamatagōyaku (double-dealer; time-server)\n風林火山 fū, rin, ka, zan (\"wind, woods, fire, mountain\"; military proverb coming from Sun Tzu's \"Art of War\"; see also Fūrinkazan)","title":"Japanese examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sajaseong-eo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajaseong-eo"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Korean equivalent are Sajaseong-eo (사자성어; Hanja: 四字成語).[5] They have similar categorization to Japanese ones, such as Gosaseong-eo (고사성어; Hanja: 故事成語) for historical idioms.[6]","title":"Korean examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chữ Hán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet"},{"link_name":"chữ Hán Nôm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1n-N%C3%B4m"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet"},{"link_name":"chữ Hán Nôm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1n-N%C3%B4m"},{"link_name":"chữ Nôm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%AAn_voi_xu%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%B3.png"}],"text":"Four word idioms or any idiom in Vietnamese are known as thành ngữ (chữ Hán: 成語, literally \"set phrase/speech\"). A large amount of idioms originating from Classical Chinese have been borrowed into the language, but there exists native counterparts to the Classical Chinese idioms. There are also many idioms that are Vietnamese in origin. Vietnamese idioms can be classified into Sino-Vietnamese idioms (Vietnamese: thành ngữ Hán Việt, chữ Hán Nôm: 成語漢越) and native Vietnamese idioms (Vietnamese: thành ngữ thuần Việt, chữ Hán Nôm: 成語純越) that were once written in chữ Nôm, are now written in the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.","title":"Vietnamese examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog"},{"link_name":"65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog/page/n143"},{"link_name":"A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog"},{"link_name":"65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog/page/n143"}],"text":"Herbert Allen Giles (1873). A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect. SHANGHAI: A.H. de Carvalho. pp. 65. Retrieved 10 February 2012.(Harvard University)(Digitized Jul 22, 2005)\nHerbert Allen Giles (1873). A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect. SHANGHAI: A.H. De Carvalho. pp. 65. Retrieved 10 February 2012.(Harvard University)(Digitized Mar 4, 2009)\nJiao, Liwei; Kubler, Cornelius C.; Zhang, Weiguo (2013). 500 Common Chinese Idioms: An Annotated Frequency Dictionary (Kindle ed.). Oxon, UK: Routledge.\nPan, Weigui (2000). A Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms. Beijing: Sinolingua.","title":"Dictionaries of Mandarin Chinese Idioms"}]	[{"image_text":"Chinese characters for chengyu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chengyu.svg/250px-Chengyu.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Idiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom"},{"title":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"title":"Xiehouyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiehouyu"},{"title":"Homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophonic_puns_in_Mandarin_Chinese"},{"title":"Proverbs commonly said to be Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverbs_commonly_said_to_be_Chinese"},{"title":"Mulberry fields (idiom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_fields_(idiom)"}]	[{"reference":"Herbert Allen Giles (1873). A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect. SHANGHAI: A.H. de Carvalho. pp. 65. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog","url_text":"A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog/page/n143","url_text":"65"}]},{"reference":"Herbert Allen Giles (1873). A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect. SHANGHAI: A.H. De Carvalho. pp. 65. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog","url_text":"A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog/page/n143","url_text":"65"}]},{"reference":"Jiao, Liwei; Kubler, Cornelius C.; Zhang, Weiguo (2013). 500 Common Chinese Idioms: An Annotated Frequency Dictionary (Kindle ed.). Oxon, UK: Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pan, Weigui (2000). A Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms. Beijing: Sinolingua.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Useful Chinese Chengyu for Daily Conversation\". maayot. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 30 Aug 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maayot.com/blog/useful-chinese-chengyu-in-daily-conversation/","url_text":"\"Useful Chinese Chengyu for Daily Conversation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Idioms or Chéngyǔ About Animals -\". 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2018-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digmandarin.com/chinese-idioms-chengyu-animals.html","url_text":"\"Chinese Idioms or Chéngyǔ About Animals -\""}]},{"reference":"Lo, Wing Huen (2003). Best Chinese Idioms (in English and Chinese). Vol. Three. Translated by Sun, Li Jie. Peace Book. ISBN 962-238-338-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789622383388","url_text":"Best Chinese Idioms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-238-338-6","url_text":"962-238-338-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Structure of Korean Idioms\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222925/http://www.ilovekorean.net/korean-language/idioms.html#","url_text":"\"Structure of Korean Idioms\""},{"url":"http://www.ilovekorean.net/korean-language/idioms.html#","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengyu&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chengyu%22","external_links_name":"\"Chengyu\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chengyu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chengyu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chengyu%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chengyu%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chengyu%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog","external_links_name":"A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog/page/n143","external_links_name":"65"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog","external_links_name":"A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/adictionarycoll00gilegoog/page/n143","external_links_name":"65"},{"Link":"https://www.maayot.com/blog/useful-chinese-chengyu-in-daily-conversation/","external_links_name":"\"Useful Chinese Chengyu for Daily Conversation\""},{"Link":"https://www.digmandarin.com/chinese-idioms-chengyu-animals.html","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Idioms or Chéngyǔ About Animals -\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789622383388","external_links_name":"Best Chinese Idioms"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222925/http://www.ilovekorean.net/korean-language/idioms.html#","external_links_name":"\"Structure of Korean Idioms\""},{"Link":"http://www.ilovekorean.net/korean-language/idioms.html#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223309/http://www.ilovekorean.net/attachments/article/247/Four%20Character%20Idioms%20(05042014).pdf","external_links_name":"Structure of four character idioms"},{"Link":"http://thinkingchinese.com/index.php?page_id=50","external_links_name":"Theme Idioms - 相關成語／相关成语"},{"Link":"http://thinkingchinese.com/index.php","external_links_name":"Thinking Chinese"},{"Link":"https://chinesenotes.com/idioms.html","external_links_name":"Search for Chinese idioms"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_(surname)	Sailor (surname)	["1 See also"]	Sailor is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ryan Sailor (born 1998), American soccer player Walter Ronnie Sailor Jr. (born 1975), American former State Representative and convicted money launderer Wendell Sailor (born 1974), Australian rugby footballer See also All pages with titles containing Sailor vteSurnames associated with the occupations of sailor, seaman, mariner, etc.Germanic Seaman Seamans Seamon Seeman Seemann Zeeman Matros Sailor Sjöman Romance Marin Marinello Marienescu Marinescu Marinesko Marinheiro Marino Slavic Marakou Marinović Marinovich Marinković Matros Matroskin Matrosov Mornar Other Denizci, Gemici Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Sailor. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryan Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sailor"},{"link_name":"Walter Ronnie Sailor Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ronnie_Sailor_Jr."},{"link_name":"Wendell Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Sailor"}],"text":"Ryan Sailor (born 1998), American soccer player\nWalter Ronnie Sailor Jr. (born 1975), American former State Representative and convicted money launderer\n\nWendell Sailor (born 1974), Australian rugby footballer","title":"Sailor (surname)"}]	[]	[{"title":"All pages with titles containing Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Sailor%22"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sailor-surname"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sailor-surname"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sailor-surname"},{"title":"sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor"},{"title":"seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaman_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaman_(name)"},{"title":"Seamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamans"},{"title":"Seamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamon"},{"title":"Seeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeman"},{"title":"Seemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seemann_(surname)"},{"title":"Zeeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeman_(surname)"},{"title":"Matros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matros_(surname)"},{"title":"Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Sjöman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_sailor_surviving_in_a_large_empty_box_of_J._Morison%27s_pill_Wellcome_V0011128.jpg"},{"title":"Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_(name)"},{"title":"Marinello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinello"},{"title":"Marienescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienescu"},{"title":"Marinescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinescu"},{"title":"Marinesko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinesko"},{"title":"Marinheiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinheiro"},{"title":"Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino_(name)"},{"title":"Marakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakou"},{"title":"Marinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Marinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinovich"},{"title":"Marinković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinkovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Matros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matros_(surname)"},{"title":"Matroskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroskin"},{"title":"Matrosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrosov_(surname)"},{"title":"Mornar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornar"},{"title":"Denizci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizci"},{"title":"Gemici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemici_(surname)"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Sailor_(surname)&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Sailor_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovitskaya_Tower	List of Moscow Kremlin towers	["1 Borovitskaya","2 Vodovzvodnaya","3 Blagoveschenskaya","4 Taynitskaya","5 First Unnamed","6 Second Unnamed","7 Petrovskaya","8 Beklemishevskaya","9 Konstantino-Eleninskaya","10 Nabatnaya","11 Tsarskaya","12 Spasskaya","13 Senatskaya","14 Nikolskaya","15 Corner Arsenalnaya","16 Middle Arsenalnaya","17 Troitskaya","18 Komendantskaya","19 Oruzheynaya","20 Kutafya","21 References","22 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Moscow Kremlin towers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kremlin towers in the 19th century The following is a list of towers of the Moscow Kremlin. The Kremlin Wall is a defensive wall that surrounds the Moscow Kremlin, recognizable by the characteristic notches and its towers. The original walls were likely a simple wooden fence with guard towers built in 1156. The Kremlin is flanked by 19 towers with a 20th, the Kutafya Tower, not part of its walls. Borovitskaya Borovitskaya Tower The Borovitskaya Tower (Russian: Боровицкая башня, romanized: Borovitskaya bashnya) is a corner tower with a through-passage on the west side of the Kremlin. It is named after Borovitsky Hill, one of the seven hills Moscow is standing on. The tower was constructed in 1490 on the spot of an old Kremlin gate by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari (Petr Fryazin, from fryaz or fryag as Italians were called at that time) by order of Vasili III of Russia. In 1658 by orders of tzar Aleksey I of Russia the tower was renamed to Predtechenskaya (from the Russian word предтеча, the forerunner) after the Church of John the Forerunner, which was later destroyed during the construction of the Kremlin Armoury (Oruzheynaya Palata). The new name, however, never became popular. In 1812, the tower was damaged by an explosion staged by the retreating French army. In 1817-19, the tower was restored by architect Osip Bove. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the tower. Following the closure of the Spassky Gate in Red Square to all traffic at the end of the 1990s, the Borovitsky Gate became the main vehicle passageway. Together with the star, its height is 54.05 metres (177.3 ft). Geographical coordinates: 55°44′56″N 37°36′45″E / 55.748909°N 37.612520°E / 55.748909; 37.612520 (Borovitskaya Tower). Vodovzvodnaya Vodovzvodnaya Tower The Vodovzvodnaya Tower (Russian: Водовзводная башня, romanized: Vodovzvodnaya bashnya) is a corner tower on the southwestern side of Kremlin, overlooking the Moskva River. It was built in 1488 by an Italian architect Antonio Gilardi (also known as Anton Fryazin). Initially, the tower was called the Sviblova Tower (Свиблова башня) after the Sviblov boyar family, who had lived in a house adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin's side. The tower was renamed to Vodovzvodnaya in 1633 after the installation of a water-supplying machine inside the tower ("vodovzvodnaya" may be translated as "water-lifting"). In 1805, the Vodovzvodnaya Tower was dismantled due to its dilapidation and built once again. In 1812, the retreating French army blew it up. The tower was restored in 1817-1819 by architect Osip Bove. Its height is 61.85 metres (202.9 ft). Geographical coordinates: 55°44′53″N 37°36′49″E / 55.748106°N 37.613647°E / 55.748106; 37.613647 (Vodovzvodnaya Tower). Blagoveschenskaya The Blagoveschenskaya Tower (Russian: Благовещенская башня, romanized: Blagoveshchenskaya bashnya), known in English as the Annunciation Tower, was erected in 1487-1488. At its foundation are slabs of white limestone that have survived since the time of the white stone Kremlin of the 14th century. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the tower was used as a prison. The name of the tower comes from the miracle-working Icon of the Annunciation, which was once kept here, and is also associated with the Cathedral of the Annunciation added to the tower in the early 18th century and demolished in 1932. In the 17th century, the Portomoyniye Gates were built nearby so that palace laundresses could go to the Portomoiny raft on the Moscow River to rinse porty, or underclothes. These gates were bricked up in 1813. The height of the tower is 30.7 metres (101 ft) (32.45 metres (106.5 ft) together with the weather vane that replaced the original cross in 1932). Geographical coordinates: 55°44′55″N 37°36′55″E / 55.748722°N 37.615192°E / 55.748722; 37.615192 (Blagoveschenskaya Tower). Taynitskaya The Taynitskaya Tower (Russian: Тайницкая башня, romanized: Taynitskaya bashnya; it was also called Водяная башня (Vodyanaya bashnya), or the Water Tower) is a middle tower on the south side of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1485 by Antonio Gilardi on the spot of the gates to Dmitry Donskoy's whitestone Kremlin. The Taynitskaya Tower had a secret well and a tunnel leading to the Moscow River (hence, the name "Taynitskaya", or "secret"). In 1770, the tower was dismantled due to the construction of the Kremlin Palace by Vasili Bazhenov. It was rebuilt in the 1770s. In 1930-1933, the Soviets bricked up the gateway and filled up the well. The Taynitskaya Tower is 38.4 metres (126 ft) in height. Geographical coordinates: 55°44′58″N 37°37′04″E / 55.749374°N 37.617863°E / 55.749374; 37.617863 (Taynitskaya Tower). First Unnamed The First Unnamed Tower (Russian: Первая Безымянная башня, romanized: Pervaya Bezymyannaya bashnya) was built next to the Taynitskaya Tower in the 1480s. It performed strictly defensive functions. In 1547, the tower was destroyed by fire after the gunpowder stored there exploded, and was rebuilt in the 17th century. In 1770, the tower was taken apart to clear the site for the Kremlin Palace. After the construction of the palace ended, the tower was rebuilt in 1783, closer to the Taynitskaya Tower. In 1812, the tower was blown up by Napoleon’s retreating troops, but it was soon restored to its original form by architect Osip Beauvais. Its height is 34.15 metres (112.0 ft). Geographical coordinates: 55°44′58″N 37°37′08″E / 55.749495°N 37.618968°E / 55.749495; 37.618968 (First Unnamed Tower). Second Unnamed The Second Unnamed Tower (Russian: Вторая Безымянная башня, romanized: Vtoraya Bezymyannaya bashnya) was built in the middle of the 15th century. It had purely defensive functions. In 1680, a quadrangular structure and a tall pyramidal tent roof with a watchtower were added to the top of the tower. It is crowned with an eight-sided hipped cupola with a weather vane. Geographical coordinates: 55°44′59″N 37°37′13″E / 55.749615°N 37.620363°E / 55.749615; 37.620363 (Second Unnamed Tower). Petrovskaya The Petrovskaya Tower (Russian: Петровская башня, romanized: Petrovskaya bashnya) is named after the Church of Metropolitan Peter, which was part of the mission of the Ugreshi Monastery located near the tower in the Kremlin. The Petrovskaya Tower was destroyed by cannon fire during the Polish invasion in 1612 and then restored. In 1771, it was pulled down to construct the Kremlin Palace, but was rebuilt in 1783. In 1812, the tower was blown up by Napoleon’s retreating troops. In 1818, it was rebuilt by the architect Osip Bove. The Petrovskaya Tower was used as a service building by the Kremlin's gardeners. Its height is 27.15 metres (89.1 ft). Geographical coordinates: 55°44′59″N 37°37′19″E / 55.749700°N 37.622015°E / 55.749700; 37.622015 (Petrovskaya Tower). Beklemishevskaya Main article: Beklemishevskaya Tower The Beklemishevskaya Tower (Russian: Беклемишевская башня, romanized: Beklemishevskaya bashnya, also known as Москворецкая башня (Moskvoretskaya bashnya), or Moskvoretskaya Tower) is a corner tower on the southeastern side of the Moscow Kremlin on the Moscow River. The tower was built in 1487-1488 by an Italian architect Marco Ruffo (known as Mark Fryazin in Russia). It was named after a boyar Ivan Bersen-Beklemishev, whose house had been adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin side. The Beklemishevskaya Tower was constructed for protecting the ford and the crossing over the Moscow River. There was the so-called "listening" vault underneath the tower, which was used for preventing the enemy from tunneling his way to the Kremlin. The Beklemishevskaya Tower is 46.2 metres (152 ft) in height. During the October Revolution of 1917, the top of the tower was damaged by a shell. It was restored a year later by an architect I.V. Rylsky. Geographical coordinates: 55°44′59″N 37°37′24″E / 55.749742°N 37.623239°E / 55.749742; 37.623239 (Beklemishevskaya Tower). Konstantino-Eleninskaya Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower The Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower (Russian: Константино-Еленинская башня, romanized: Konstantino-Eleninskaya bashnya) is a tower on the eastern wall of the Kremlin, overlooking the so-called Basil Descent (Васильевский спуск), which begins at the Red Square and ends at the Moscow River. The tower was built in 1490 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari on the spot of gates to the whitestone Kremlin. It was named after the Church of Constantine and Helene in the Kremlin (second half of the 17th century), which would be demolished by the Soviets in 1928. The Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower had its own gates and a lift bridge, protected by guards at all times. In the late 18th century - early 19th century the gates were bricked up and the bridge was dismantled. The tower's height is 36.8 metres (121 ft). Geographical coordinates: 55°45′04″N 37°37′20″E / 55.751179°N 37.622359°E / 55.751179; 37.622359 (Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower). Nabatnaya The Nabatnaya Tower (Russian: Набатная башня) is a tower in the southeastern section of the Kremlin wall, built in 1495. It is 38 metres (125 ft) in height. Traditionally, there has always been a bell on top of the Nabatnaya Tower, used for notifying citizens of fires and other misfortunes in the Kremlin or on the Red Square (hence, the name Nabatnaya, which derives from the old Russian word набат - nabat, meaning "alarm" or "tocsin"). In 1680, a bellmaker Feodor Dmitriev cast the so-called Nabatny bell (alarm bell) weighing 150 poods (2.45 metric tons) and installed it on the tower. The bell subsequently broke and was re-cast by Ivan Motorin on 30 July 1714. The sound from this bell served as a signal for the spontaneous uprising of the Muscovites during the plague outbreak in 1771, which would later be called the Plague Riot (Чумной бунт). By the order of Catherine the Great, the tongue of the bell was removed after this incident. The tongueless bell remained on top of the tower for 30 more years. In the early 19th century, it was removed and transferred to the Arsenal. In 1821, the bell was moved to the Armoury, where it remains to this day in the vestibule. Geographical coordinates: 55°45′07″N 37°37′19″E / 55.751843°N 37.621908°E / 55.751843; 37.621908 (Nabatnaya Tower). Tsarskaya The Tsarskaya Tower (Russian: Царская башня, translated as "Tsar's tower") is the youngest and smallest tower of all, built in 1680. It is not a tower per se, it is rather a stone terem, a tent-shaped chamber placed directly on top of the wall. Previously, there was a small wooden turret, from which, according to legend, tsar Ivan IV liked to observe what was happening on the Red Square. Hence the name, the Tsar's Tower. The white stone bands around the posts, tall corner pyramids with gilt flags and tent roof topped with an elegant gilt weather vane make the tower look like some structure from a fairy tale. Geographical coordinates: 55°45′08″N 37°37′18″E / 55.752284°N 37.621608°E / 55.752284; 37.621608 (Tsarskaya Tower). Spasskaya Clock of the Spasskaya Tower Main article: Spasskaya Tower The Spasskaya Tower was built in 1491 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. Initially, it was named the Frolovskaya Tower after the Church of Frol and Lavr in the Kremlin, which is no longer there. The tower's modern name comes from the icon of 'Spas Nerukotvorny' (Russian: Спас Нерукотворный) translated as 'The Saviour Not Made by Hands', which was placed above the gates on the inside wall in 1658 and removed in 1917. The tower is also named for the wall-painted icon of 'Spas Smolensky' (Russian: Спас Смоленский) translated as 'Smolensky Saviour', which was created in the 16th century on the outside wall of tower, plastered over in 1937, but reopened and restored in 2010. The Spasskaya Tower was the first tower of the many Moscow Kremlin Towers to be crowned with the hipped roof in 1624–1625 by architects Bazhen Ogurtsov and Christopher Galloway (a Scottish architect and clock maker). According to a number of historical accounts, the clock on the Spasskaya Tower appeared between 1491 and 1585. It is usually referred to as the Kremlin chimes (Кремлёвские куранты) and designates official Moscow Time. The clock face has a diameter of 6 metres (20 ft). The gate of Spasskaya Tower was used to greet foreign dignitaries, and was used during formal ceremonies or processions held on Red Square. Senatskaya The Senatskaya Tower (Russian: Сенатская башня) was built in 1491 by an architect Pietro Antonio Solari and was purely defensive in nature: it guarded the Kremlin on the Red Square side. For a long time it remained nameless. It was only in 1787, after architect Matvei Kazakov constructed the Kremlin Senate on the Kremlin’s territory, that it was given its present name. The dome of the Senate can be seen from Red Square. Inside the central part of the tower there are three tiers of vaulted chambers. In 1860, the flat tower was topped with a stone tent roof crowned, in turn, with a gilt weather vane. The tower contains a through-passage that allows VIPs to travel from the kremlin to Red Square. Its height is 34.3 metres (113 ft). Geographical coordinates: 55°45′12″N 37°37′10″E / 55.753449°N 37.619548°E / 55.753449; 37.619548 (Senatskaya Tower). Nikolskaya The Nikolskaya Tower (Russian: Никольская башня) is a tower with a through-passage on the eastern wall of the Moscow Kremlin, which overlooks the Red Square not far from the State Historical Museum. The Nikolskaya Tower was built in 1491 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. It was named after Nikolaevsky (Nikolsky) Greek Monastery, which is no longer there. In 1806, the tower was rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style by an architect Luigi Rusca. In 1812, the top of the tower was blown up by the retreating French army. It was restored in 1816 by an architect Osip Bove. The Nikolskaya Tower was once again severely damaged by the artillery fire in October 1917 and was later restored by an architect Nikolai Markovnikov. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the tower. Its current height with the star is 70.4 metres (231 ft). The original icon of Saint Nicholas of Mozhaysk, placed above the entrance on Red Square had been plastered over by Soviet authorities and was uncovered and restored in 2010 - similar to what took place on the Spasskaya Tower. Geographical coordinates:55°45′16″N 37°37′04″E / 55.754421°N 37.617713°E / 55.754421; 37.617713 (Nikolskaya Tower.) Corner Arsenalnaya The Corner Arsenalnaya Tower (Russian: Арсенальная Угловая башня, i.e. "Corner Arsenal tower") is a tower of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1492 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The construction of this tower completed the Kremlin's line of defence from the side of the Red Square. It was called the Sobakin Tower until the early 18th century (named so after a boyar Sobakin, whose house had been adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin side). The Corner Arsenalnaya Tower received its current name after the construction of the Arsenal. The tower still has a secret well. In 1707, due to a threat of Swedish invasion, the gun slots of the Corner Arsenalnaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavy cannons. In 1812, the tower was damaged by an explosion, set up by the retreating French army. It was restored in 1816-1819 by architect Osip Bove. The tower's current height is over 60 metres (200 ft). Geographical coordinates: 55°45′18″N 37°36′59″E / 55.755110°N 37.616469°E / 55.755110; 37.616469 (Corner Arsenalnaya Tower). Middle Arsenalnaya The Middle Arsenalnaya Tower (Russian: Средняя Арсенальная башня, i.e. "Middle Arsenal tower") is a Kremlin tower, built in 1495. It is located on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall and overlooks the Alexander Garden. It is situated on the spot of a corner tower dating from the reign of Dmitry Donskoi. It was given its present name, the Middle Arsenal Tower, after the Arsenal was completed in the mid-18th century. Originally, it was called the Faceted Tower because of the shape of its façade. In 1680, an open lookout with a small pyramid-shaped top was added to the tower. In 1821, when the Alexander Garden was laid out, an ancient-style grotto was built at the foot of the tower, designed by Osip Bove. Geographical coordinates: 55°45′13″N 37°36′56″E / 55.753667°N 37.615525°E / 55.753667; 37.615525 (Middle Arsenalnaya Tower). Troitskaya Main article: Troitskaya Tower The Troitskaya Tower was built in 1495–1499 by an Italian architect Aloisio da Milano (known in Russia as Aleviz Fryazin Milanets). The tower has borne several names, including Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya, and Karetnaya. It received its current name in 1658 from the Troitskaya Coaching Inn (Троицкое подворье) in the Kremlin. The two-story basement of the tower housed a prison in the 16th–17th centuries. There is the Troitsky Bridge, which is protected by the Kutafia Tower and leads to the gates of the Troitskaya Tower. There was also a clock on top of the tower between 1585 and 1812. In 1707, due to a threat of Swedish invasion, the gun slots of the Troitskaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavy cannons. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the Troitskaya Tower. Prior to Soviet rule the tower had an icon of the Holy Trinity atop its outward face. Because this tower was the formal entrance for huge Communist Party Congresses the icon was totally removed rather than just plastered over as were those on the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya Towers. Komendantskaya The Komendantskaya Tower (Russian: Комендантская башня) was completed in 1495. It used to be called Kolymazhnaya after the Kremlin’s coach yard, where carriages and coaches had been kept. It was given its present name, the Commandant’s Tower, in the 19th century when the commandant of Moscow took up residence in the Kremlin’s Poteshny – or Amusement – Palace. Like all Kremlin towers, it was supplemented with a tent roof and watchtower in 1676-1686. The height of the tower on the side of the Alexander Garden is 41.25 metres (135.3 ft). Geographical coordinates: 55°45′02″N 37°36′49″E / 55.750575°N 37.613518°E / 55.750575; 37.613518 (Komendantskaya Tower). Oruzheynaya Oruzheynaya Tower The Oruzheynaya Tower (Russian: Оружейная башня, translated as Armory Tower) was built in 1495. It was given its present name in the 19th century after the construction of the Armory. Before then, it was known as the Konyushennaya Tower, a reference to the royal stables that stood behind it. Geographical coordinates: 55°44′58″N 37°36′46″E / 55.749428°N 37.612714°E / 55.749428; 37.612714 (Oruzheynaya Tower). Kutafya The Kutafya Tower (Russian: Кутафья башня formerly Predmostnaya tower) is an outlying barbican tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Built in 1516 under the leadership of the Milanese architect Aloisio da Milano, in order to protect one end of the Neglinnaya River bridge that comes out of the West side of the Kremlin wall under the Troitskaya Tower. Initially, the Kutafya was surrounded by a moat and was the only access to the city through its lift bridge, nowadays the moat around the bridge has transformed into Alexander Garden. Kutafya is one of the lower height Kremlin towers which had two combat tiers and no spire, with the open-top upper landing equipped with arrowslits and machicolations, which made it a formidable obstacle to the besieging of the Kremlin fortress. Marking today the main public entrance to the Kremlin, the Kutafya tower was modified several times through the centuries: in the 16th and 17th centuries, a system of dikes was built to raise the water level of the Neglinnaya river and create a moat that surrounded the tower from all sides, making its drawbridge the only entry point from the city; In 1668 a causeway leading through the tower to the Troitskaya Bridge was built; a delicate ornamental crown in the Muscovite baroque style was built in 1685; the divider between the two tiers was destroyed in 1780; in 1867, a through-passage to the Manezhnaya Street was built as well as the arched apertures on the sides and a guard house on the south side; the guard house was dismantled during the restoration works of carried out in 1974-77. The Kutafya Tower is currently 13.5 m high; it used to be 18 m but the lower part of the tower was "submerged" by successive constructions that heightened the street-level ground. Geographical coordinates: 55°45′09″N 37°36′46″E / 55.752514°N 37.612649°E / 55.752514; 37.612649 (Kutafya Tower). References ^ Zubacheva, K. (2019-12-30). "6 facts about Spasskaya - the Kremlin's main tower". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 2020-01-29. ^ Shvidkovsky, Dmitrii (2007). Russian Architecture and the West. London: Yale University Press. pp. 151–156. ISBN 978-0-300-10912-2. ^ "Bigger Bens". go.galegroup.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu. Spectator. p. 14. Retrieved 7 November 2017. ^ Chistykova-Yaroslavova, N.B. (11 November 2010). Как Мы возвращали Икону Николы Можайского и символы священной династии в Кремль (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. ^ ПРЕДСТОЯТЕЛЬ РУССКОЙ ЦЕРКВИ ОСВЯТИЛ ОТРЕСТАВРИРОВАННУЮ НАДВРАТНУЮ ИКОНУ НИКОЛЫ МОЖАЙСКОГО НА НИКОЛЬСКОЙ БАШНЕ МОСКОВСКОГО КРЕМЛЯ . Православие (Orthodox Christianity) (in Russian). 4 November 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscow Kremlin Towers. kremlin.ru vteKremlin and Red SquareKremlin Walland Towers Borovitskaya Vodovzvodnaya Blagoveshenskaya Tainitskaya Pervaya Bezymyannaya Vtoraya Bezymyannaya Petrovskaya Beklemishevskaya Konstantino-Eleninskaya Nabatnaya Tsarskaya Spasskaya Senatskaya Nikolskaya Uglovaya Arsenalnaya Srednyaya Arsenalnaya Troitskaya Kutafya Komendantskaya Oruzheynaya Administrativebuildings Kremlin Senate Kremlin Arsenal Amusement Palace State Kremlin Palace Grand Kremlin Palace Terem Palace The Armory Palace of Facets Tsarina's Golden Chamber State Historical Museum Churches Cathedral of the Assumption Cathedral of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Archangel Ivan the Great Bell Tower Church of the Deposition of the Robe Nativity Church Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles Verkhospassky Cathedral and the Terem Churches Saint Basil's Cathedral Kazan Cathedral Squaresand gardens Red Square Ivanovskaya Square Cathedral Square Taynitsky Garden Grand Kremlin Public Garden Alexander Garden Manezhnaya Square Monuments Kremlin Wall Necropolis Monument to Minin and Pozharsky Monument to Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Lobnoye Mesto Tsar Cannon Tsar Bell Alexander Garden Obelisk Red Porch Iberian Gate and Chapel Lenin's Mausoleum Former Ascension Convent Chudov Monastery Armorial Gate Robespierre Monument Kremlin Presidium (Building 14)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kremlintowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"}],"text":"Kremlin towers in the 19th centuryThe following is a list of towers of the Moscow Kremlin. The Kremlin Wall is a defensive wall that surrounds the Moscow Kremlin, recognizable by the characteristic notches and its towers. The original walls were likely a simple wooden fence with guard towers built in 1156. The Kremlin is flanked by 19 towers with a 20th, the Kutafya Tower, not part of its walls.","title":"List of Moscow Kremlin towers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Borovitsky Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovitsky_Hill"},{"link_name":"seven hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Pietro Antonio Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Solari"},{"link_name":"Vasili III of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"tzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzar"},{"link_name":"Aleksey I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"John the Forerunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Armoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury"},{"link_name":"retreating French army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Osip Bove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bov%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviets"},{"link_name":"red star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_stars"},{"link_name":"55°44′56″N 37°36′45″E / 55.748909°N 37.612520°E / 55.748909; 37.612520 (Borovitskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.748909_N_37.61252_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Borovitskaya+Tower"}],"text":"Borovitskaya TowerThe Borovitskaya Tower (Russian: Боровицкая башня, romanized: Borovitskaya bashnya) is a corner tower with a through-passage on the west side of the Kremlin. It is named after Borovitsky Hill, one of the seven hills Moscow is standing on. The tower was constructed in 1490 on the spot of an old Kremlin gate by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari (Petr Fryazin, from fryaz or fryag as Italians were called at that time) by order of Vasili III of Russia. In 1658 by orders of tzar Aleksey I of Russia the tower was renamed to Predtechenskaya (from the Russian word предтеча, the forerunner) after the Church of John the Forerunner, which was later destroyed during the construction of the Kremlin Armoury (Oruzheynaya Palata). The new name, however, never became popular. In 1812, the tower was damaged by an explosion staged by the retreating French army. In 1817-19, the tower was restored by architect Osip Bove. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the tower. Following the closure of the Spassky Gate in Red Square to all traffic at the end of the 1990s, the Borovitsky Gate became the main vehicle passageway. Together with the star, its height is 54.05 metres (177.3 ft).Geographical coordinates: 55°44′56″N 37°36′45″E / 55.748909°N 37.612520°E / 55.748909; 37.612520 (Borovitskaya Tower).","title":"Borovitskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Moskva River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_River"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gilardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gilardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"boyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Osip Bove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Bove"},{"link_name":"55°44′53″N 37°36′49″E / 55.748106°N 37.613647°E / 55.748106; 37.613647 (Vodovzvodnaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.748106_N_37.613647_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Vodovzvodnaya+Tower"}],"text":"Vodovzvodnaya TowerThe Vodovzvodnaya Tower (Russian: Водовзводная башня, romanized: Vodovzvodnaya bashnya) is a corner tower on the southwestern side of Kremlin, overlooking the Moskva River. It was built in 1488 by an Italian architect Antonio Gilardi (also known as Anton Fryazin). Initially, the tower was called the Sviblova Tower (Свиблова башня) after the Sviblov boyar family, who had lived in a house adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin's side. The tower was renamed to Vodovzvodnaya in 1633 after the installation of a water-supplying machine inside the tower (\"vodovzvodnaya\" may be translated as \"water-lifting\"). In 1805, the Vodovzvodnaya Tower was dismantled due to its dilapidation and built once again. In 1812, the retreating French army blew it up. The tower was restored in 1817-1819 by architect Osip Bove. Its height is 61.85 metres (202.9 ft).Geographical coordinates: 55°44′53″N 37°36′49″E / 55.748106°N 37.613647°E / 55.748106; 37.613647 (Vodovzvodnaya Tower).","title":"Vodovzvodnaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Ivan the Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle"},{"link_name":"Icon of the Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icon_of_the_Annunciation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Annunciation,_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_River"},{"link_name":"weather vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_vane"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross"},{"link_name":"55°44′55″N 37°36′55″E / 55.748722°N 37.615192°E / 55.748722; 37.615192 (Blagoveschenskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.748722_N_37.615192_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Blagoveschenskaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Blagoveschenskaya Tower (Russian: Благовещенская башня, romanized: Blagoveshchenskaya bashnya), known in English as the Annunciation Tower, was erected in 1487-1488. At its foundation are slabs of white limestone that have survived since the time of the white stone Kremlin of the 14th century. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the tower was used as a prison. The name of the tower comes from the miracle-working Icon of the Annunciation, which was once kept here, and is also associated with the Cathedral of the Annunciation added to the tower in the early 18th century and demolished in 1932. In the 17th century, the Portomoyniye Gates were built nearby so that palace laundresses could go to the Portomoiny raft on the Moscow River to rinse porty, or underclothes. These gates were bricked up in 1813.The height of the tower is 30.7 metres (101 ft) (32.45 metres (106.5 ft) together with the weather vane that replaced the original cross in 1932).Geographical coordinates: 55°44′55″N 37°36′55″E / 55.748722°N 37.615192°E / 55.748722; 37.615192 (Blagoveschenskaya Tower).","title":"Blagoveschenskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gilardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gilardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Donskoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy"},{"link_name":"well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well"},{"link_name":"tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace"},{"link_name":"Vasili Bazhenov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_Bazhenov"},{"link_name":"Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviets"},{"link_name":"55°44′58″N 37°37′04″E / 55.749374°N 37.617863°E / 55.749374; 37.617863 (Taynitskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.749374_N_37.617863_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Taynitskaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Taynitskaya Tower (Russian: Тайницкая башня, romanized: Taynitskaya bashnya; it was also called Водяная башня (Vodyanaya bashnya), or the Water Tower) is a middle tower on the south side of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1485 by Antonio Gilardi on the spot of the gates to Dmitry Donskoy's whitestone Kremlin. The Taynitskaya Tower had a secret well and a tunnel leading to the Moscow River (hence, the name \"Taynitskaya\", or \"secret\"). In 1770, the tower was dismantled due to the construction of the Kremlin Palace by Vasili Bazhenov. It was rebuilt in the 1770s. In 1930-1933, the Soviets bricked up the gateway and filled up the well. The Taynitskaya Tower is 38.4 metres (126 ft) in height.Geographical coordinates: 55°44′58″N 37°37′04″E / 55.749374°N 37.617863°E / 55.749374; 37.617863 (Taynitskaya Tower).","title":"Taynitskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace"},{"link_name":"Napoleon’s retreating troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Osip Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Beauvais"},{"link_name":"55°44′58″N 37°37′08″E / 55.749495°N 37.618968°E / 55.749495; 37.618968 (First Unnamed Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.749495_N_37.618968_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=First+Unnamed+Tower"}],"text":"The First Unnamed Tower (Russian: Первая Безымянная башня, romanized: Pervaya Bezymyannaya bashnya) was built next to the Taynitskaya Tower in the 1480s. It performed strictly defensive functions. In 1547, the tower was destroyed by fire after the gunpowder stored there exploded, and was rebuilt in the 17th century. In 1770, the tower was taken apart to clear the site for the Kremlin Palace. After the construction of the palace ended, the tower was rebuilt in 1783, closer to the Taynitskaya Tower. In 1812, the tower was blown up by Napoleon’s retreating troops, but it was soon restored to its original form by architect Osip Beauvais. Its height is 34.15 metres (112.0 ft).Geographical coordinates: 55°44′58″N 37°37′08″E / 55.749495°N 37.618968°E / 55.749495; 37.618968 (First Unnamed Tower).","title":"First Unnamed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"quadrangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrangle_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchtower"},{"link_name":"cupola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"weather vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_vane"},{"link_name":"55°44′59″N 37°37′13″E / 55.749615°N 37.620363°E / 55.749615; 37.620363 (Second Unnamed Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.749615_N_37.620363_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Second+Unnamed+Tower"}],"text":"The Second Unnamed Tower (Russian: Вторая Безымянная башня, romanized: Vtoraya Bezymyannaya bashnya) was built in the middle of the 15th century. It had purely defensive functions. In 1680, a quadrangular structure and a tall pyramidal tent roof with a watchtower were added to the top of the tower. It is crowned with an eight-sided hipped cupola with a weather vane.Geographical coordinates: 55°44′59″N 37°37′13″E / 55.749615°N 37.620363°E / 55.749615; 37.620363 (Second Unnamed Tower).","title":"Second Unnamed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Ugreshi Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugreshi_Monastery"},{"link_name":"cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace"},{"link_name":"Napoleon’s retreating troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Osip Bove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Bove"},{"link_name":"gardeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardener"},{"link_name":"55°44′59″N 37°37′19″E / 55.749700°N 37.622015°E / 55.749700; 37.622015 (Petrovskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.7497_N_37.622015_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Petrovskaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Petrovskaya Tower (Russian: Петровская башня, romanized: Petrovskaya bashnya) is named after the Church of Metropolitan Peter, which was part of the mission of the Ugreshi Monastery located near the tower in the Kremlin. The Petrovskaya Tower was destroyed by cannon fire during the Polish invasion in 1612 and then restored. In 1771, it was pulled down to construct the Kremlin Palace, but was rebuilt in 1783. In 1812, the tower was blown up by Napoleon’s retreating troops. In 1818, it was rebuilt by the architect Osip Bove. The Petrovskaya Tower was used as a service building by the Kremlin's gardeners. Its height is 27.15 metres (89.1 ft).Geographical coordinates: 55°44′59″N 37°37′19″E / 55.749700°N 37.622015°E / 55.749700; 37.622015 (Petrovskaya Tower).","title":"Petrovskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Marco Ruffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ruffo"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Bersen-Beklemishev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bersen-Beklemishev"},{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(river)"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"55°44′59″N 37°37′24″E / 55.749742°N 37.623239°E / 55.749742; 37.623239 (Beklemishevskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.749742_N_37.623239_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Beklemishevskaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Beklemishevskaya Tower (Russian: Беклемишевская башня, romanized: Beklemishevskaya bashnya, also known as Москворецкая башня (Moskvoretskaya bashnya), or Moskvoretskaya Tower) is a corner tower on the southeastern side of the Moscow Kremlin on the Moscow River. The tower was built in 1487-1488 by an Italian architect Marco Ruffo (known as Mark Fryazin in Russia). It was named after a boyar Ivan Bersen-Beklemishev, whose house had been adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin side. The Beklemishevskaya Tower was constructed for protecting the ford and the crossing over the Moscow River. There was the so-called \"listening\" vault underneath the tower, which was used for preventing the enemy from tunneling his way to the Kremlin. The Beklemishevskaya Tower is 46.2 metres (152 ft) in height. During the October Revolution of 1917, the top of the tower was damaged by a shell. It was restored a year later by an architect I.V. Rylsky.Geographical coordinates: 55°44′59″N 37°37′24″E / 55.749742°N 37.623239°E / 55.749742; 37.623239 (Beklemishevskaya Tower).","title":"Beklemishevskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_15.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Basil Descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil_Descent&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Pietro Antonio Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Solari"},{"link_name":"Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviets"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"55°45′04″N 37°37′20″E / 55.751179°N 37.622359°E / 55.751179; 37.622359 (Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.751179_N_37.622359_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Konstantino-Eleninskaya+Tower"}],"text":"Konstantino-Eleninskaya TowerThe Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower (Russian: Константино-Еленинская башня, romanized: Konstantino-Eleninskaya bashnya) is a tower on the eastern wall of the Kremlin, overlooking the so-called Basil Descent (Васильевский спуск), which begins at the Red Square and ends at the Moscow River. The tower was built in 1490 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari on the spot of gates to the whitestone Kremlin. It was named after the Church of Constantine and Helene in the Kremlin (second half of the 17th century), which would be demolished by the Soviets in 1928. The Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower had its own gates and a lift bridge, protected by guards at all times. In the late 18th century - early 19th century the gates were bricked up and the bridge was dismantled. The tower's height is 36.8 metres (121 ft).Geographical coordinates: 55°45′04″N 37°37′20″E / 55.751179°N 37.622359°E / 55.751179; 37.622359 (Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower).","title":"Konstantino-Eleninskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Kremlin wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_wall"},{"link_name":"bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Feodor Dmitriev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feodor_Dmitriev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"poods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pood"},{"link_name":"metric tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"Ivan Motorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Motorin"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"Plague Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_Riot"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_(Kremlin)"},{"link_name":"Armoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury"},{"link_name":"vestibule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_(Architecture)"},{"link_name":"55°45′07″N 37°37′19″E / 55.751843°N 37.621908°E / 55.751843; 37.621908 (Nabatnaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.751843_N_37.621908_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Nabatnaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Nabatnaya Tower (Russian: Набатная башня) is a tower in the southeastern section of the Kremlin wall, built in 1495. It is 38 metres (125 ft) in height. Traditionally, there has always been a bell on top of the Nabatnaya Tower, used for notifying citizens of fires and other misfortunes in the Kremlin or on the Red Square (hence, the name Nabatnaya, which derives from the old Russian word набат - nabat, meaning \"alarm\" or \"tocsin\"). In 1680, a bellmaker Feodor Dmitriev cast the so-called Nabatny bell (alarm bell) weighing 150 poods (2.45 metric tons) and installed it on the tower. The bell subsequently broke and was re-cast by Ivan Motorin on 30 July 1714. The sound from this bell served as a signal for the spontaneous uprising of the Muscovites during the plague outbreak in 1771, which would later be called the Plague Riot (Чумной бунт). By the order of Catherine the Great, the tongue of the bell was removed after this incident. The tongueless bell remained on top of the tower for 30 more years. In the early 19th century, it was removed and transferred to the Arsenal. In 1821, the bell was moved to the Armoury, where it remains to this day in the vestibule.Geographical coordinates: 55°45′07″N 37°37′19″E / 55.751843°N 37.621908°E / 55.751843; 37.621908 (Nabatnaya Tower).","title":"Nabatnaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"terem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terem_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Ivan IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible"},{"link_name":"gilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilding"},{"link_name":"weather vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_vane"},{"link_name":"fairy tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"55°45′08″N 37°37′18″E / 55.752284°N 37.621608°E / 55.752284; 37.621608 (Tsarskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.752284_N_37.621608_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Tsarskaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Tsarskaya Tower (Russian: Царская башня, translated as \"Tsar's tower\") is the youngest and smallest tower of all, built in 1680. It is not a tower per se, it is rather a stone terem, a tent-shaped chamber placed directly on top of the wall. Previously, there was a small wooden turret, from which, according to legend, tsar Ivan IV liked to observe what was happening on the Red Square. Hence the name, the Tsar's Tower. The white stone bands around the posts, tall corner pyramids with gilt flags and tent roof topped with an elegant gilt weather vane make the tower look like some structure from a fairy tale.Geographical coordinates: 55°45′08″N 37°37′18″E / 55.752284°N 37.621608°E / 55.752284; 37.621608 (Tsarskaya Tower).","title":"Tsarskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Pietro Antonio Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Solari"},{"link_name":"Frol and Lavr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus_and_Laurus"},{"link_name":"Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Not Made by Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheiropoieta"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"hipped roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_roof"},{"link_name":"Christopher Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock"},{"link_name":"Kremlin chimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Clock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bigger_Bens-3"}],"text":"Clock of the Spasskaya TowerThe Spasskaya Tower was built in 1491 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. Initially, it was named the Frolovskaya Tower after the Church of Frol and Lavr in the Kremlin, which is no longer there.[1] The tower's modern name comes from the icon of 'Spas Nerukotvorny' (Russian: Спас Нерукотворный) translated as 'The Saviour Not Made by Hands', which was placed above the gates on the inside wall in 1658 and removed in 1917. The tower is also named for the wall-painted icon of 'Spas Smolensky' (Russian: Спас Смоленский) translated as 'Smolensky Saviour', which was created in the 16th century on the outside wall of tower, plastered over in 1937, but reopened and restored in 2010.The Spasskaya Tower was the first tower of the many Moscow Kremlin Towers to be crowned with the hipped roof in 1624–1625 by architects Bazhen Ogurtsov and Christopher Galloway (a Scottish architect and clock maker).[2] According to a number of historical accounts, the clock on the Spasskaya Tower appeared between 1491 and 1585. It is usually referred to as the Kremlin chimes (Кремлёвские куранты) and designates official Moscow Time. The clock face has a diameter of 6 metres (20 ft).[3] The gate of Spasskaya Tower was used to greet foreign dignitaries, and was used during formal ceremonies or processions held on Red Square.","title":"Spasskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Pietro Antonio Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Solari"},{"link_name":"Matvei Kazakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matvei_Kazakov"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Senate"},{"link_name":"roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof"},{"link_name":"gilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilding"},{"link_name":"weather vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_vane"},{"link_name":"55°45′12″N 37°37′10″E / 55.753449°N 37.619548°E / 55.753449; 37.619548 (Senatskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.753449_N_37.619548_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Senatskaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Senatskaya Tower (Russian: Сенатская башня) was built in 1491 by an architect Pietro Antonio Solari and was purely defensive in nature: it guarded the Kremlin on the Red Square side. For a long time it remained nameless. It was only in 1787, after architect Matvei Kazakov constructed the Kremlin Senate on the Kremlin’s territory, that it was given its present name. The dome of the Senate can be seen from Red Square. Inside the central part of the tower there are three tiers of vaulted chambers. In 1860, the flat tower was topped with a stone tent roof crowned, in turn, with a gilt weather vane. The tower contains a through-passage that allows VIPs to travel from the kremlin to Red Square. Its height is 34.3 metres (113 ft).Geographical coordinates: 55°45′12″N 37°37′10″E / 55.753449°N 37.619548°E / 55.753449; 37.619548 (Senatskaya Tower).","title":"Senatskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower"},{"link_name":"State Historical Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Historical_Museum"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Pietro Antonio Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Solari"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revival"},{"link_name":"Luigi Rusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Rusca"},{"link_name":"retreating French army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Osip Bove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Bove"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Markovnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Markovnikov"},{"link_name":"Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviets"},{"link_name":"red star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_stars"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas of Mozhaysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_of_Mozhaysk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"55°45′16″N 37°37′04″E / 55.754421°N 37.617713°E / 55.754421; 37.617713 (Nikolskaya Tower.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.754421_N_37.617713_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Nikolskaya+Tower."}],"text":"The Nikolskaya Tower (Russian: Никольская башня) is a tower with a through-passage on the eastern wall of the Moscow Kremlin, which overlooks the Red Square not far from the State Historical Museum.The Nikolskaya Tower was built in 1491 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. It was named after Nikolaevsky (Nikolsky) Greek Monastery, which is no longer there. In 1806, the tower was rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style by an architect Luigi Rusca. In 1812, the top of the tower was blown up by the retreating French army. It was restored in 1816 by an architect Osip Bove. The Nikolskaya Tower was once again severely damaged by the artillery fire in October 1917 and was later restored by an architect Nikolai Markovnikov. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the tower. Its current height with the star is 70.4 metres (231 ft). The original icon of Saint Nicholas of Mozhaysk, placed above the entrance on Red Square had been plastered over by Soviet authorities and was uncovered and restored in 2010 - similar to what took place on the Spasskaya Tower.[4][5]Geographical coordinates:55°45′16″N 37°37′04″E / 55.754421°N 37.617713°E / 55.754421; 37.617713 (Nikolskaya Tower.)","title":"Nikolskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Pietro Antonio Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Solari"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_(Kremlin)"},{"link_name":"well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion"},{"link_name":"retreating French army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Osip Bove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Bove"},{"link_name":"55°45′18″N 37°36′59″E / 55.755110°N 37.616469°E / 55.755110; 37.616469 (Corner Arsenalnaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.75511_N_37.616469_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Corner+Arsenalnaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Corner Arsenalnaya Tower (Russian: Арсенальная Угловая башня, i.e. \"Corner Arsenal tower\") is a tower of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1492 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The construction of this tower completed the Kremlin's line of defence from the side of the Red Square. It was called the Sobakin Tower until the early 18th century (named so after a boyar Sobakin, whose house had been adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin side). The Corner Arsenalnaya Tower received its current name after the construction of the Arsenal. The tower still has a secret well. In 1707, due to a threat of Swedish invasion, the gun slots of the Corner Arsenalnaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavy cannons. In 1812, the tower was damaged by an explosion, set up by the retreating French army. It was restored in 1816-1819 by architect Osip Bove.The tower's current height is over 60 metres (200 ft).Geographical coordinates: 55°45′18″N 37°36′59″E / 55.755110°N 37.616469°E / 55.755110; 37.616469 (Corner Arsenalnaya Tower).","title":"Corner Arsenalnaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Alexander Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Garden_(park)"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Donskoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoi"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal"},{"link_name":"façade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade"},{"link_name":"pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid"},{"link_name":"grotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotto"},{"link_name":"Osip Bove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Bove"},{"link_name":"55°45′13″N 37°36′56″E / 55.753667°N 37.615525°E / 55.753667; 37.615525 (Middle Arsenalnaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.753667_N_37.615525_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Middle+Arsenalnaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Middle Arsenalnaya Tower (Russian: Средняя Арсенальная башня, i.e. \"Middle Arsenal tower\") is a Kremlin tower, built in 1495. It is located on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall and overlooks the Alexander Garden. It is situated on the spot of a corner tower dating from the reign of Dmitry Donskoi. It was given its present name, the Middle Arsenal Tower, after the Arsenal was completed in the mid-18th century. Originally, it was called the Faceted Tower because of the shape of its façade. In 1680, an open lookout with a small pyramid-shaped top was added to the tower. In 1821, when the Alexander Garden was laid out, an ancient-style grotto was built at the foot of the tower, designed by Osip Bove.Geographical coordinates: 55°45′13″N 37°36′56″E / 55.753667°N 37.615525°E / 55.753667; 37.615525 (Middle Arsenalnaya Tower).","title":"Middle Arsenalnaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Aloisio da Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloisio_da_Milano"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Aleviz Fryazin Milanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloisio_da_Milano"},{"link_name":"Coaching Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inn"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviets"},{"link_name":"red star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_stars"}],"text":"The Troitskaya Tower was built in 1495–1499 by an Italian architect Aloisio da Milano (known in Russia as Aleviz Fryazin Milanets). The tower has borne several names, including Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya, and Karetnaya. It received its current name in 1658 from the Troitskaya Coaching Inn (Троицкое подворье) in the Kremlin. The two-story basement of the tower housed a prison in the 16th–17th centuries. There is the Troitsky Bridge, which is protected by the Kutafia Tower and leads to the gates of the Troitskaya Tower. There was also a clock on top of the tower between 1585 and 1812. In 1707, due to a threat of Swedish invasion, the gun slots of the Troitskaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavy cannons. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the Troitskaya Tower. Prior to Soviet rule the tower had an icon of the Holy Trinity atop its outward face. Because this tower was the formal entrance for huge Communist Party Congresses the icon was totally removed rather than just plastered over as were those on the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya Towers.","title":"Troitskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage"},{"link_name":"Commandant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandant"},{"link_name":"roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof"},{"link_name":"watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchtower"},{"link_name":"Alexander Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Garden"},{"link_name":"55°45′02″N 37°36′49″E / 55.750575°N 37.613518°E / 55.750575; 37.613518 (Komendantskaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.750575_N_37.613518_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Komendantskaya+Tower"}],"text":"The Komendantskaya Tower (Russian: Комендантская башня) was completed in 1495. It used to be called Kolymazhnaya after the Kremlin’s coach yard, where carriages and coaches had been kept. It was given its present name, the Commandant’s Tower, in the 19th century when the commandant of Moscow took up residence in the Kremlin’s Poteshny – or Amusement – Palace. Like all Kremlin towers, it was supplemented with a tent roof and watchtower in 1676-1686. The height of the tower on the side of the Alexander Garden is 41.25 metres (135.3 ft).Geographical coordinates: 55°45′02″N 37°36′49″E / 55.750575°N 37.613518°E / 55.750575; 37.613518 (Komendantskaya Tower).","title":"Komendantskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury"},{"link_name":"stables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable"},{"link_name":"55°44′58″N 37°36′46″E / 55.749428°N 37.612714°E / 55.749428; 37.612714 (Oruzheynaya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.749428_N_37.612714_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Oruzheynaya+Tower"}],"text":"Oruzheynaya TowerThe Oruzheynaya Tower (Russian: Оружейная башня, translated as Armory Tower) was built in 1495. It was given its present name in the 19th century after the construction of the Armory. Before then, it was known as the Konyushennaya Tower, a reference to the royal stables that stood behind it.Geographical coordinates: 55°44′58″N 37°36′46″E / 55.749428°N 37.612714°E / 55.749428; 37.612714 (Oruzheynaya Tower).","title":"Oruzheynaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"barbican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican"},{"link_name":"Aloisio da Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloisio_da_Milano"},{"link_name":"Neglinnaya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglinnaya_River"},{"link_name":"moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat"},{"link_name":"Alexander Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Garden"},{"link_name":"tiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey"},{"link_name":"arrowslits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowslit"},{"link_name":"machicolations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machicolation"},{"link_name":"dikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"drawbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbridge"},{"link_name":"Muscovite baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite_baroque"},{"link_name":"55°45′09″N 37°36′46″E / 55.752514°N 37.612649°E / 55.752514; 37.612649 (Kutafya Tower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.752514_N_37.612649_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Kutafya+Tower"}],"text":"The Kutafya Tower (Russian: Кутафья башня formerly Predmostnaya tower) is an outlying barbican tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Built in 1516 under the leadership of the Milanese architect Aloisio da Milano, in order to protect one end of the Neglinnaya River bridge that comes out of the West side of the Kremlin wall under the Troitskaya Tower. Initially, the Kutafya was surrounded by a moat and was the only access to the city through its lift bridge, nowadays the moat around the bridge has transformed into Alexander Garden. Kutafya is one of the lower height Kremlin towers which had two combat tiers and no spire, with the open-top upper landing equipped with arrowslits and machicolations, which made it a formidable obstacle to the besieging of the Kremlin fortress.Marking today the main public entrance to the Kremlin, the Kutafya tower was modified several times through the centuries:in the 16th and 17th centuries, a system of dikes was built to raise the water level of the Neglinnaya river and create a moat that surrounded the tower from all sides, making its drawbridge the only entry point from the city;\nIn 1668 a causeway leading through the tower to the Troitskaya Bridge was built;\na delicate ornamental crown in the Muscovite baroque style was built in 1685;\nthe divider between the two tiers was destroyed in 1780;\nin 1867, a through-passage to the Manezhnaya Street was built as well as the arched apertures on the sides and a guard house on the south side;\nthe guard house was dismantled during the restoration works of carried out in 1974-77.The Kutafya Tower is currently 13.5 m high; it used to be 18 m but the lower part of the tower was \"submerged\" by successive constructions that heightened the street-level ground.Geographical coordinates: 55°45′09″N 37°36′46″E / 55.752514°N 37.612649°E / 55.752514; 37.612649 (Kutafya Tower).","title":"Kutafya"}]	[{"image_text":"Kremlin towers in the 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kremlintowers.jpg/300px-Kremlintowers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Borovitskaya Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_02.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vodovzvodnaya Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_05.jpg/200px-Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_15.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_15.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clock of the Spasskaya Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_13.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_13.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oruzheynaya Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_06.jpg/200px-Moscow_05-2012_Kremlin_06.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Zubacheva, K. (2019-12-30). \"6 facts about Spasskaya - the Kremlin's main tower\". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 2020-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/history/331471-spasskaya-tower-kremlin","url_text":"\"6 facts about Spasskaya - the Kremlin's main tower\""}]},{"reference":"Shvidkovsky, Dmitrii (2007). Russian Architecture and the West. London: Yale University Press. pp. 151–156. ISBN 978-0-300-10912-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LQy9TJ2yOQEC&pg=PA339","url_text":"Russian Architecture and the West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10912-2","url_text":"978-0-300-10912-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Bigger Bens\". go.galegroup.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu. Spectator. p. 14. Retrieved 7 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7cA432367783&v=2.1&u=asuniv&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w&authCount=1","url_text":"\"Bigger Bens\""}]},{"reference":"Chistykova-Yaroslavova, N.B. (11 November 2010). Как Мы возвращали Икону Николы Можайского и символы священной династии в Кремль [How We returned the Icon of St. Nicholas of Mozhaisky and symbols of the sacred dynasty to the Kremlin] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000550/http://yaroslavova.ru/main.mhtml?Part=15&PubID=503","url_text":"Как Мы возвращали Икону Николы Можайского и символы священной династии в Кремль"},{"url":"http://yaroslavova.ru/main.mhtml?Part=15&PubID=503","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ПРЕДСТОЯТЕЛЬ РУССКОЙ ЦЕРКВИ ОСВЯТИЛ ОТРЕСТАВРИРОВАННУЮ НАДВРАТНУЮ ИКОНУ НИКОЛЫ МОЖАЙСКОГО НА НИКОЛЬСКОЙ БАШНЕ МОСКОВСКОГО КРЕМЛЯ [The Primate of the Russian Church Consecrated the Restored Gate Icon of St. Nikolas of Mozhaisky on the Nikolskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin]. Православие (Orthodox Christianity) (in Russian). 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravoslavie.ru/news/42559.htm","url_text":"ПРЕДСТОЯТЕЛЬ РУССКОЙ ЦЕРКВИ ОСВЯТИЛ ОТРЕСТАВРИРОВАННУЮ НАДВРАТНУЮ ИКОНУ НИКОЛЫ МОЖАЙСКОГО НА НИКОЛЬСКОЙ БАШНЕ МОСКОВСКОГО КРЕМЛЯ"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Moscow+Kremlin+towers%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Moscow Kremlin towers\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Moscow+Kremlin+towers%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Moscow+Kremlin+towers%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Moscow+Kremlin+towers%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Moscow+Kremlin+towers%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Moscow+Kremlin+towers%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Moscow_Kremlin_towers&params=55.748909_N_37.61252_E_region:RU_type:landmark&title=Borovitskaya+Tower","external_links_name":"55°44′56″N 37°36′45″E / 55.748909°N 37.612520°E / 55.748909; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Woty	William Woty	["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]	William Woty (1731?–1791) was an English law clerk and hack writer, known for light verse. Life Among his poems is an elegy on his schoolmaster, who lived near Alton, Hampshire. He came to London as a clerk or writer to a solicitor. He began speaking in debating societies and contributing short poems to newspapers. He subsisted for some years as a Grub Street writer. About 1767 he became companion and legal adviser to Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, who supported Woty by a charge on his estate in Leicestershire. He died at Loughborough on 15 March 1791, aged about sixty. Works Someone published in 1758, without his consent, in a borrowed name, a small piece of his composition called The Spouting-club. He himself issued in 1760, under the pseudonym of ‘J. Copywell of Lincoln's Inn,’ a volume entitled The Shrubs of Parnassus consisting of the "poetical essays" he had contributed to newspapers. Woty's other works included: ‘Campanologia: a Poem in praise of Ringing’ , 1761. ‘Muses' Advice addressed to the Poets of the Age,’ 1761. ‘The Blossoms of Helicon,’ 1763. It contained, with a hymn to good nature by Dr. James Solas Dodd, a description by Woty of White Conduit House. These lines, which made their first appearance in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1760, were quoted at length in George Walter Thornbury's Old and New London;; and in Warwick William Wroth and Arthur Edgar Wroth's The London Pleasure Gardens of the Eighteenth Century (1896). ‘The Poetical Calendar,’ a supplement to Robert Dodsley's collection, 1763; twelve volumes, one for each month in that year. They were edited by Woty and Francis Fawkes. ‘Church Langton:’ a poem, n.d. , in praise of the charitable projects of the Rev. William Hanbury. ‘The Female Advocate:’ a poem, 1770, 2nd edit. 1771. ‘Poetical Works,’ 1770, 2 vols.; dedicated to Earl Ferrers. ‘The Stage,’ n.d. . ‘Particular Providence:’ a poetical essay, 1774. ‘The Estate Orators: a Town Eclogue’ , 1774; a satire on the London auctioneers. ‘Poems on several Occasions,’ 1780; this contained reprints of several of his works. ‘Fugitive and Original Poems,’ 1786, contains ‘The Country Gentleman: a Drama.’ ‘Poetical Amusements,’ 1789, dedicated to Robert Shirley, 6th Earl Ferrers. It contained a Latin version of Thomas Gray's Elegy; ‘Sunday Schools: a Poetical Dialogue between a Nobleman and his Chaplain;’ and ‘The Ambitious Widow: a Comic Entertainment.’ References "Woty, William" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. External links William Woty at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA) Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Woty, William". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Netherlands People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"William Woty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alton, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Grub Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grub_Street"},{"link_name":"Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Shirley,_5th_Earl_Ferrers"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Loughborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough"}],"text":"Among his poems is an elegy on his schoolmaster, who lived near Alton, Hampshire. He came to London as a clerk or writer to a solicitor. He began speaking in debating societies and contributing short poems to newspapers. He subsisted for some years as a Grub Street writer.About 1767 he became companion and legal adviser to Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, who supported Woty by a charge on his estate in Leicestershire. He died at Loughborough on 15 March 1791, aged about sixty.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Solas Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Solas_Dodd"},{"link_name":"White Conduit House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Conduit_House"},{"link_name":"Gentleman's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"George Walter Thornbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walter_Thornbury"},{"link_name":"Warwick William Wroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_William_Wroth"},{"link_name":"Robert Dodsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dodsley"},{"link_name":"Francis Fawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fawkes"},{"link_name":"William Hanbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Hanbury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Shirley, 6th Earl Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shirley,_6th_Earl_Ferrers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gray"}],"text":"Someone published in 1758, without his consent, in a borrowed name, a small piece of his composition called The Spouting-club. He himself issued in 1760, under the pseudonym of ‘J. Copywell of Lincoln's Inn,’ a volume entitled The Shrubs of Parnassus consisting of the \"poetical essays\" he had contributed to newspapers.Woty's other works included:‘Campanologia: a Poem in praise of Ringing’ [anon.], 1761.\n‘Muses' Advice addressed to the Poets of the Age,’ 1761.\n‘The Blossoms of Helicon,’ 1763. It contained, with a hymn to good nature by Dr. James Solas Dodd, a description by Woty of White Conduit House. These lines, which made their first appearance in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1760, were quoted at length in George Walter Thornbury's Old and New London;; and in Warwick William Wroth and Arthur Edgar Wroth's The London Pleasure Gardens of the Eighteenth Century (1896).\n‘The Poetical Calendar,’ a supplement to Robert Dodsley's collection, 1763; twelve volumes, one for each month in that year. They were edited by Woty and Francis Fawkes.\n‘Church Langton:’ a poem, n.d. [1768?], in praise of the charitable projects of the Rev. William Hanbury.\n‘The Female Advocate:’ a poem, 1770, 2nd edit. 1771.\n‘Poetical Works,’ 1770, 2 vols.; dedicated to Earl Ferrers.\n‘The Stage,’ n.d. [1770?].\n‘Particular Providence:’ a poetical essay, 1774.\n‘The Estate Orators: a Town Eclogue’ [anon.], 1774; a satire on the London auctioneers.\n‘Poems on several Occasions,’ 1780; this contained reprints of several of his works.\n‘Fugitive and Original Poems,’ 1786, contains ‘The Country Gentleman: a Drama.’\n‘Poetical Amusements,’ 1789, dedicated to Robert Shirley, 6th Earl Ferrers. It contained a Latin version of Thomas Gray's Elegy; ‘Sunday Schools: a Poetical Dialogue between a Nobleman and his Chaplain;’ and ‘The Ambitious Widow: a Comic Entertainment.’","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Woty, William\" . Dictionary of National Biography. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_og_N%C3%A5	Her og Nå	["1 References"]	Norwegian weekly magazine Her og Nå (English: Here and Now) is a Norwegian weekly magazine that was released in 2001. The magazine is based in Oslo. It is the main competitor to the market leader Se og Hør. The readers are relatively well distributed between sex and age groups. It contains news about celebrities and royals, as well as a TV-guide. Her og Nå is part of Egmont/Orkla AS and is published by Hjemmet Mortensen on a weekly basis. The editor is Rino Rådahl. The circulation of Her og Nå was 193,000 in 2003. The magazine had a circulation of 176,600 copies in 2006 and 177,422 copies in 2007. References ^ a b Eva Harrie (2009). The Nordic Media Market (PDF). Göteborg: Nordicom. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ "World Magazine Trends. Norway" (PDF). FIPP. Retrieved 23 May 2015. ^ "Top ten titles by circulation/issue 2006". Nordicom. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2015. Authority control databases VIAF This European entertainment magazine or journal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This Norwegian magazine or academic journal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Se og Hør","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se_og_H%C3%B8r"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_Group"},{"link_name":"Orkla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkla_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evah-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nord-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evah-1"}],"text":"Her og Nå (English: Here and Now) is a Norwegian weekly magazine that was released in 2001. The magazine is based in Oslo. It is the main competitor to the market leader Se og Hør. The readers are relatively well distributed between sex and age groups.[citation needed] It contains news about celebrities and royals, as well as a TV-guide.Her og Nå is part of Egmont/Orkla AS and is published by Hjemmet Mortensen on a weekly basis.[1] The editor is Rino Rådahl.The circulation of Her og Nå was 193,000 in 2003.[2] The magazine had a circulation of 176,600 copies in 2006[3] and 177,422 copies in 2007.[1]","title":"Her og Nå"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Eva Harrie (2009). The Nordic Media Market (PDF). Göteborg: Nordicom. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/7684/nmt09_001-194.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"The Nordic Media Market"}]},{"reference":"\"World Magazine Trends. Norway\" (PDF). FIPP. Retrieved 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.fipp.com/ContentPages/998500250.pdf","url_text":"\"World Magazine Trends. Norway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top ten titles by circulation/issue 2006\". Nordicom. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308072710/http://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/medieforskning-statistik/1131_2030_Cons_mags_top10_2006.xls","url_text":"\"Top ten titles by circulation/issue 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/medieforskning-statistik/1131_2030_Cons_mags_top10_2006.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/7684/nmt09_001-194.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"The Nordic Media Market"},{"Link":"http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.fipp.com/ContentPages/998500250.pdf","external_links_name":"\"World Magazine Trends. Norway\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308072710/http://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/medieforskning-statistik/1131_2030_Cons_mags_top10_2006.xls","external_links_name":"\"Top ten titles by circulation/issue 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/medieforskning-statistik/1131_2030_Cons_mags_top10_2006.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7021149108486768780002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Her_og_N%C3%A5&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Her_og_N%C3%A5&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimanual_of_the_Urban_Guerrilla	Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla	["1 Usage","2 Historical context","3 Guerrilla tactics","3.1 Aggressive and mobile","3.2 Preliminary assaults and raids","4 References","5 External links"]	Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla AuthorCarlos MarighellaOriginal titleMinimanual do Guerrilheiro UrbanoSubjectrevolutionPublication dateJune 1969ISBN1-894925-02-5 The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla (Brazilian Portuguese: Minimanual do Guerrilheiro Urbano) is a book written by Brazilian Marxist–Leninist revolutionary Carlos Marighella in 1969. It is one of Marighella's most publicized works, serving as guidance to communist revolutionary movements that want to use guerrilla tactics. In this work, Marighella detailed urban guerrilla tactics to be employed in the struggles against authoritarian regimes. The text has been banned in several countries, but remains largely in print and on bookshelves in several others, including the United States. "It is necessary for every urban guerrilla to keep in mind always that he can only maintain his existence if he is disposed to kill the police and those dedicated to repression, and if he is determined to expropriate the wealth of the big capitalists, the latifundists and the imperialists." Usage The minimanual was written deliberately to be a concise reference text for would-be revolutionaries and guerrilla fighters. It describes methods and strategies for bringing about a successful revolution, evoking other earlier Marxist–Leninist revolutions, such as the Cuban and Chinese revolutions. Published five years after the 1964 rise of the Brazilian dictatorship and just one year after the worldwide 1968 student rebellions, and at a time where hopes for international revolution among far-left militants and intellectuals were at their peak. The minimanual became an important tool and reference point for Marxist–Leninist guerrillas, and was also studied extensively by national liberation movements and organizations such as the Sandinistas of Nicaragua. During the 1980s, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sought to better understand and combat terrorist movements and anti-government armed militancy more effectively. In order to achieve this, the CIA produced English and Spanish translations that were distributed among intelligence services worldwide. These translations also served as teaching materials at the CIA-run School of the Americas in Panama. Historical context Carlos Marighella wrote the Minimanual of the Urban Guerilla with the intention of popularizing guerrilla tactics. His goal was "not only for people to read this manual here and now, but to spready its content far and wide." According to Marighella, an urban guerrilla is "a person who fights against a military dictatorship with weapons, using unconventional methods." There was an explicit desire to instigate an armed revolutionary struggle against Brazil's military dictatorship, characterizing the book as a practical action manual. For Marighella, the fundamental characteristic of an urban guerrilla was participation in the armed struggle and the expropriation of lands belonging to major capitalists and landowners. Guerrilla tactics Aggressive and mobile For Marighella, the key characteristics of effective guerrilla tactics were an aggressive nature, hit-and-run attack actions, and the ultimate objective of developing the guerrilla force itself. The goal was to demoralize and wear down the police and military forces embodied by Brazil's Department of Political and Social Order (DOPS) under the military dictatorship. Marighella argued that a defensive posture would lead to the guerrillas' destruction, as they were "inferior to the enemy in firepower," making "defensive action" tantamount to death. However, Marighella highlighted some advantages guerrillas possessed: knowledge of the terrain, ability to formulate surprise attacks, and greater mobility and speed. This mobility paradoxically made the weaker urban guerrilla force the attacker, as Marighella stated "the urban guerrilla, although weaker, is undoubtedly the attacker." Preliminary assaults and raids As part of the urban guerrilla "learning process," Marighella advocated preliminary assaults and raids on targets like armored cars, planes, boats and especially banks. These hit-and-run raids would serve as training grounds while also furthering the guerrillas' aims. References ^ "Carlos Marighella - der gute Terrorist". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). Retrieved June 29, 2020. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla (in English) "A Manual for the Urban Terrorist". Time Magazine. November 2, 1970. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. (in English) Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla on marxists.org (in Portuguese) Mini-Manual do Guerrilheiro Urbano on marxists.org (in French) Manuel du guérillero urbain This article about a military-related book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Marxist–Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary"},{"link_name":"Carlos Marighella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Marighella"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla (Brazilian Portuguese: Minimanual do Guerrilheiro Urbano) is a book written by Brazilian Marxist–Leninist revolutionary Carlos Marighella in 1969.[1] It is one of Marighella's most publicized works, serving as guidance to communist revolutionary movements that want to use guerrilla tactics. In this work, Marighella detailed urban guerrilla tactics to be employed in the struggles against authoritarian regimes. The text has been banned in several countries, but remains largely in print and on bookshelves in several others, including the United States.\"It is necessary for every urban guerrilla to keep in mind always that he can only maintain his existence if he is disposed to kill the police and those dedicated to repression, and if he is determined to expropriate the wealth of the big capitalists, the latifundists and the imperialists.\"","title":"Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marxist–Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Brazilian dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_military_government"},{"link_name":"student rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_of_1968"},{"link_name":"far-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-left_politics"},{"link_name":"national liberation movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberation_movements"},{"link_name":"Sandinistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinistas"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"School of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Institute_for_Security_Cooperation"}],"text":"The minimanual was written deliberately to be a concise reference text for would-be revolutionaries and guerrilla fighters. It describes methods and strategies for bringing about a successful revolution, evoking other earlier Marxist–Leninist revolutions, such as the Cuban and Chinese revolutions.Published five years after the 1964 rise of the Brazilian dictatorship and just one year after the worldwide 1968 student rebellions, and at a time where hopes for international revolution among far-left militants and intellectuals were at their peak. The minimanual became an important tool and reference point for Marxist–Leninist guerrillas, and was also studied extensively by national liberation movements and organizations such as the Sandinistas of Nicaragua.During the 1980s, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sought to better understand and combat terrorist movements and anti-government armed militancy more effectively. In order to achieve this, the CIA produced English and Spanish translations that were distributed among intelligence services worldwide. These translations also served as teaching materials at the CIA-run School of the Americas in Panama.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Carlos Marighella wrote the Minimanual of the Urban Guerilla with the intention of popularizing guerrilla tactics. His goal was \"not only for people to read this manual here and now, but to spready its content far and wide.\" According to Marighella, an urban guerrilla is \"a person who fights against a military dictatorship with weapons, using unconventional methods.\" There was an explicit desire to instigate an armed revolutionary struggle against Brazil's military dictatorship, characterizing the book as a practical action manual. For Marighella, the fundamental characteristic of an urban guerrilla was participation in the armed struggle and the expropriation of lands belonging to major capitalists and landowners.","title":"Historical context"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Guerrilla tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil's Department of Political and Social Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Political_and_Social_Order"}],"sub_title":"Aggressive and mobile","text":"For Marighella, the key characteristics of effective guerrilla tactics were an aggressive nature, hit-and-run attack actions, and the ultimate objective of developing the guerrilla force itself. The goal was to demoralize and wear down the police and military forces embodied by Brazil's Department of Political and Social Order (DOPS) under the military dictatorship. Marighella argued that a defensive posture would lead to the guerrillas' destruction, as they were \"inferior to the enemy in firepower,\" making \"defensive action\" tantamount to death.However, Marighella highlighted some advantages guerrillas possessed: knowledge of the terrain, ability to formulate surprise attacks, and greater mobility and speed. This mobility paradoxically made the weaker urban guerrilla force the attacker, as Marighella stated \"the urban guerrilla, although weaker, is undoubtedly the attacker.\"","title":"Guerrilla tactics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Preliminary assaults and raids","text":"As part of the urban guerrilla \"learning process,\" Marighella advocated preliminary assaults and raids on targets like armored cars, planes, boats and especially banks. These hit-and-run raids would serve as training grounds while also furthering the guerrillas' aims.","title":"Guerrilla tactics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Carlos Marighella - der gute Terrorist\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji%E2%80%93Servetto	Saunier Duval–Prodir	["1 History","2 Major wins","2.1 2004","2.2 2005","2.3 2006","2.4 2007","2.5 2008","2.6 2009","2.7 2010","2.8 2011","3 National champions","4 Supplementary statistics","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Spanish cycling team "Footon-Servetto" redirects here. Not to be confused with Servetto Footon. Geox-TMCTeam informationUCI codeGEORegisteredSpainFounded2004 (2004)Disbanded2011Discipline(s)RoadStatusUCI Professional ContinentalBicyclesFujiKey personnelGeneral managerMauro GianettiTeam name history2004–200720082008200920102011Saunier Duval–ProdirSaunier Duval–ScottScott–American BeefFuji–ServettoFooton–Servetto–FujiGeox-TMC Geox-TMC was a Spanish-based road bicycle racing team, registered for 2011 as a UCI Professional Continental team. Established as Saunier Duval–Prodir in 2004, the team has had success in one-day races such as Clásica de San Sebastián. The team's final title sponsors were Geox, an Italian shoe company, and TMC, a multinational company that develops electric transformers with cast resin windings. History After team cyclist Riccardo Riccò was arrested by police following a positive test for doping after the 4th stage of the 2008 Tour de France, the team left the 2008 Tour de France before the 12th stage of the race began. Both Riccò and Leonardo Piepoli were fired from the team, but the team was still denied a place in the 2008 Vuelta a España and other UCI ProTour races. The team's sponsors withdrew their support, but new sponsors were found to retain the team's participation at the top level of the sport. The team continued through the 2009 and 2010 season sponsored by Fuji–Servetto and then later as Footon–Servetto–Fuji. For 2011 the team secured new sponsors Geox and TMC. They entered the 2011 season as a pro continental team after failing to secure a World Tour Licence. They received a wild card invite to the Vuelta a España which they won with Juan José Cobo, although this result has been reversed by the UCI due to violation of anti-doping rules. On October 20 it was announced that Geox were withdrawing their sponsorship. It was later announced by the UCI that riders were free to move to other teams. On December 7, it was announced that management had failed to find a new sponsor, and would now turn their focus to helping riders find new teams, indicating that the team would not continue. The team in 2007 Major wins 2004 Stage 1 Tour of Qatar, Francisco Ventoso Overall Vuelta a Andalucía, Juan Carlos Domínguez Stage 3, Juan Carlos Domínguez Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme, Joaquim Rodríguez Stage 3 Vuelta a Aragón, Constantino Zaballa Stage 4 Tour de Romandie, Fabian Jeker Stage 5 Vuelta a Asturias, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero Stages 1 & 2 Euskal Bizikleta, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero Wachovia USPRO Championships, Francisco Ventoso Overall Volta a Catalunya, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero Stages 2, 3 & 4, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero Clásica San Sebastián, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero Subida a Urkiola, Leonardo Piepoli Stage 9 Vuelta a España, Leonardo Piepoli Stage 19 Vuelta a España, Constantino Zaballa 2005 Stage 4 Volta a Catalunya, Leonardo Piepoli Stage 5 Volta a Catalunya, Íñigo Cuesta Stage 6 Tour de Suisse, Chris Horner Italy Time Trial Championships, Marco Pinotti Spain Road Race Championships, Juan Manuel Gárate Overall Vuelta a Burgos, Juan Carlos Domínguez Stage 4, Juan Carlos Domínguez Clásica de San Sebastián, Constantino Zaballa Subida a Urkiola, Joaquim Rodríguez Mountains classification in the Vuelta a España, Joaquim Rodríguez 2006 Stage 5 Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali, Riccardo Riccò Overall Vuelta al Pais Vasco, José Ángel Gómez Marchante Stage 6, José Ángel Gómez Marchante Overall Volta a Catalunya, David Cañada Stages 13 & 17 Giro d'Italia, Leonardo Piepoli Overall Euskal Bizikleta, Koldo Gil Stages 1 & 4b, Koldo Gil Stage 4a, Francisco Ventoso Stage 6 Tour de Suisse, Koldo Gil Poland Time Trial Championship, Piotr Mazur Stage 3 Vuelta a España, Francisco Ventoso Stage 14 Vuelta a España, David Millar Japan Cup, Riccardo Riccò 2007 Stage 4 Tour de San Luis, Riccardo Riccò Prologue Paris–Nice, David Millar Stages 3 & 4 Tirreno–Adriatico, Riccardo Riccò Stages 2, 3 & 5 Vuelta a Castilla y León, Francisco Ventoso Stage 5 Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali, Riccardo Riccò Overall Vuelta al País Vasco, Juan José Cobo Stages 1 & 5, Juan José Cobo Subida al Naranco, Koldo Gil Overall Vuelta a Asturias, Koldo Gil Stage 3, Alberto Fernández de la Puebla Stage 10 Giro d'Italia, Leonardo Piepoli Stage 15 Giro d'Italia, Riccardo Riccò Stage 17 Giro d'Italia, Gilberto Simoni Stage 19 Giro d'Italia, Iban Mayo Mountains classification Giro d'Italia, Leonardo Piepoli GP Llodio, David de la Fuente Stage 1 Euskal Bizikleta, Alberto Fernández de la Puebla Latvia Time Trial Championships, Raivis Belohvoščiks United Kingdom Road Race Championships, David Millar United Kingdom Time Trial Championships, David Millar Subida a Urkiola, José Ángel Gómez Marchante Stage 5 Eneco Tour, Luciano Pagliarini Stage 9 Vuelta a España, Leonardo Piepoli Stage 4 Tour of Missouri, Luciano Pagliarini Stage 1 Vuelta a Chihuahua, Javier Mejías Japan Cup, Manuele Mori 2008 Stage 5 Vuelta a Andalucía, Denis Flahaut Stage 6 Tour of California, Luciano Pagliarini Stages 2 & 8 Giro d'Italia, Riccardo Riccò Overall Euskal Bizikleta, Eros Capecchi Stage 3, Eros Capecchi Latvia Time Trial Championships, Raivis Belohvoščiks Stage 10 Tour de France, Juan José Cobo Stage 5 Vuelta a Burgos, Juan José Cobo Stage 9 Volta a Portugal, Juan José Cobo Stage 7 Eneco Tour, Raivis Belohvoščiks Stage 2 Deutschland Tour, David de la Fuente Stages 4 & 5 Vuelta Mexico, José Alberto Benítez Stage 4 Vuelta a Chihuahua, Iker Camaño Young rider classification in the Giro d'Italia, Riccardo Riccò Tour de France: Stage 6: Riccardo Riccò Stage 9: Riccardo Riccò Stage 10: Leonardo Piepoli Tested Positive For MIRCERA – Stripped of stage wins 2009 Stage 4 Vuelta a Castilla y León, Juan José Cobo GP Miguel Induráin, David de la Fuente Stage 1 Tour de Romandie, Ricardo Serrano 2010 Stage 2 Tour de San Luis, Rafael Valls Stage 3 Tour Down Under, Manuel Cardoso Overall Circuit de Lorraine, Fabio Felline Stages 2 & 3, Fabio Felline 2011 Clásica de Almería, Matteo Pelucchi Stage 3 Giro del Trentino, Fabio Duarte Stage 2a Brixia Tour, Fabio Felline National champions 2005 Time Trial Championships, Marco Pinotti Road Race Championships, Juan Manuel Gárate 2006 Time Trial Championship, Piotr Mazur 2007 Time Trial Championships, Raivis Belohvoščiks Road Race Championships, David Millar Time Trial Championships, David Millar 2008 Time Trial Championships, Raivis Belohvoščiks Supplementary statistics Grand Tours by highest finishing position Race 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Giro d'Italia 16 5 3 4 2 38 22 7 Tour de France – 23 40 19 – – 52 – Vuelta a España 27 29 5 34 – 10 74 4 Monument races by highest finishing position Race 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Milan–San Remo 9 10 54 18 27 36 – 68 Tour of Flanders – 30 – 11 66 57 – – Paris–Roubaix – 42 76 54 64 – – – Liège–Bastogne–Liège 36 25 22 8 15 – – – Giro di Lombardia 11 60 28 2 25 9 – 22 See also List of teams and cyclists in the 2008 Tour de France 2008 Tour de France Tour de France References ^ "Spanish cycling team Saunier Duval sack Ricco". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-07-18. ^ "Scott–American Beef excluded from Spain's Vuelta". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-08-07. ^ Lynch, Robin (2008-07-23). "Saunier Duval to withdraw from cycling sponsorship". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2008-07-23. ^ "Scott Bicycles Discontinues Sponsorship". scottusa.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-08-28. ^ "Geox pulls sponsorship from cycling". cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-22. ^ "Geox riders free to leave". cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-22. ^ "Geox gives up hope of new sponsor". Archived from the original on 2012-01-07. Retrieved 2011-12-08. ^ "Historique du Tour de France". Archived from the original on 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2009-08-01. ^ Both Ricco and Piepoli subsequently tested positive for EPO Cera External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geox-TMC. Official website vteUCI WorldTeams2024 WorldTeams Alpecin–Deceuninck Arkéa–B&B Hotels Astana Qazaqstan Team Bora–Hansgrohe Cofidis Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale EF Education–EasyPost Groupama–FDJ Ineos Grenadiers Intermarché–Wanty Lidl–Trek Movistar Team Soudal–Quick-Step Team Bahrain Victorious Team dsm–firmenich PostNL Team Jayco–AlUla Visma–Lease a Bike UAE Team Emirates Former teams(WorldTeams or ProTeams) CCC Pro Team Crédit Agricole Cycle Collstrop De Nardi Total Direct Énergie Euskaltel–Euskadi Fassa Bortolo Gerolsteiner HTC–Highroad IAM Cycling Israel–Premier Tech Team Katusha–Alpecin Liquigas Lotto–Soudal Team Milram ONCE Phonak Saunier Duval–Prodir Team Qhubeka NextHash Team RadioShack Tinkoff U.S. Postal Service Vacansoleil–DCM Teams by year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 UCI tours (2024) UCI World Tour 2024 UCI ProSeries 2024 UCI Africa Tour 2024 UCI America Tour 2024 UCI Asia Tour 2024 UCI Europe Tour 2024 UCI Oceania Tour 2024 vteGiro d'Italia team classification winnersTeam classification 1909–10: Atala–Dunlop 1911: Bianchi 1912: Atala–Dunlop 1913: Maino 1914–19: Stucchi–Dunlop 1920–21: Bianchi 1922–23: Legnano–Pirelli 1924: unknown 1925–29: Legnano–Pirelli 1930: Bianchi 1931–33: Legnano–Hutchinson 1934: Gloria 1935: Fréjus 1936: Legnano–Wolsit 1937: Fréjus 1938: Gloria–Ambrosiana 1939: Fréjus 1940: Gloria 1946: Legnano–Pirelli 1947: Welter 1948–49: Wilier Triestina 1950: Fréjus–Superga 1951: Taurea 1952: Bianchi–Pirelli 1953: Ganna–Ursus 1954: Girardengo 1955–56: Atala 1957: Legnano 1958: Carpano 1959: Atala–Pirelli–Lygi 1960: Ignis 1961–62: Faema 1963: Carpano 1964: Saint-Raphaël–Gitane–Dunlop 1965: Salvarani 1966: Molteni 1967: Kas–Kaskol 1968–70: Faema 1971–73: Molteni 1974: Kas–Kaskol 1975–76: Brooklyn 1977: Flandria–Velda–Latina Assicurazioni 1978: Bianchi–Faema 1979: Scic–Bottecchia 1980–82: Bianchi–Piaggio 1983: Zor–Gemeaz Cusin 1984: Renault 1985: Alpilatte–Olmo–Cierre 1986: Supermercati Brianzoli 1987: Panasonic–Isostar 1988: Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 1989: Fagor–MBK 1990: ONCE 1991: Carrera Jeans–Tassoni 1992: GB–MG Maglificio 1993: Lampre–Polti 1994: Carrera Jeans–Tassoni 1995: Gewiss–Ballan 1996: Carrera Jeans–Tassoni 1997: Kelme–Costa Blanca 1998: Mapei–Bricobi 1999: Vitalicio Seguros 2000: Mapei–Quick-Step 2001: Alessio 2002: Alessio 2003: Lampre 2004: Saeco 2005: Liquigas–Bianchi 2006: Phonak 2007: Saunier Duval–Prodir 2008: CSF Group–Navigare 2009: Astana 2010: Liquigas–Doimo 2011: Astana 2012: Lampre–ISD 2013: Team Sky 2014: Ag2r–La Mondiale 2015–16: Astana 2017: Movistar Team 2018: Team Sky 2019: Movistar Team 2020–21: Ineos Grenadiers 2022–23: Team Bahrain Victorious 2024: Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale Team points classification(1993–2017) 1993: Ariostea 1994: Team Polti–Vaporetto 1995: Gewiss–Ballan 1996: Panaria–Vinavil 1997: Saeco–Estro 1998–99: Team Polti 2000–01: Fassa Bortolo 2002: Alessio 2003: Fassa Bortolo 2004: Alessio–Bianchi 2005: Davitamon–Lotto 2006: Phonak 2007: Lampre–Fondital 2008: Liquigas 2009: Team Columbia–High Road 2010: Liquigas–Doimo 2011: Lampre–ISD 2012: Garmin–Barracuda 2013: Movistar Team 2014: Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 2015: Astana 2016: Etixx–Quick-Step 2017: Quick-Step Floors vteVuelta a España team classification winnersTeam classification 1935–1936: Belgium 1941: Spain 1942: F.C. Barcelona 1945: Deporte Ciclista Manresano 1946–1956: Spain 1957: Pirenaico 1958: Belgium 1959: Faema–Guerra 1960: Groene Leeuw–Sinalco–SAS 1961: Faema 1962–1963: Saint-Raphaël–Helyett–Hutchinson 1964: Kas–Kaskol 1965: Mercier–BP–Hutchinson 1966–1968: Kas–Kaskol 1969: Bic 1970–1971: Werner 1972: Kas–Kaskol 1973: La Casera–Peña Bahamontes 1974–1976: Kas–Kaskol 1977: Teka 1978–1979: Kas–Campagnolo 1980: Splendor 1981: Zor–Helios–Novostil 1982: Kelme–Merckx 1983: Zor–Gemeaz Cusin 1984: Teka 1985–1986: Zor–Gemeaz Cusin 1987: Postobón–Manzana–Ryalcao 1988: BH 1989: Kelme 1990–1991: ONCE 1992–1993: Amaya Seguros 1994: Banesto 1995: ONCE 1996: Team Polti 1997: Kelme–Costa Blanca 1998–1999: Banesto 2000: Kelme–Costa Blanca 2001: iBanesto.com 2002: Kelme–Costa Blanca 2003: iBanesto.com 2004–2005: Comunidad Valenciana–Kelme 2006: Discovery Channel 2007–2008: Caisse d'Epargne 2009: Xacobeo–Galicia 2010: Team Katusha 2011: Geox–TMC 2012: Movistar Team 2013: Euskaltel–Euskadi 2014: Team Katusha 2015: Movistar Team 2016: BMC Racing Team 2017: Astana 2018–2020: Movistar Team 2021: Team Bahrain Victorious 2022: UAE Team Emirates 2023: Team Jumbo–Visma	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Servetto Footon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servetto_Footon"},{"link_name":"road bicycle racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"UCI Professional Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Professional_Continental"},{"link_name":"Clásica de San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1sica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Geox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geox"}],"text":"\"Footon-Servetto\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Servetto Footon.Geox-TMC was a Spanish-based road bicycle racing team, registered for 2011 as a UCI Professional Continental team. Established as Saunier Duval–Prodir in 2004, the team has had success in one-day races such as Clásica de San Sebastián.The team's final title sponsors were Geox, an Italian shoe company, and TMC, a multinational company that develops electric transformers with cast resin windings.","title":"Saunier Duval–Prodir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riccardo Riccò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Ricc%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"2008 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Piepoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Piepoli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2008 Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UCI ProTour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_ProTour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Juan José Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Cobo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saunier_Duval-Prodir_2007.jpg"}],"text":"After team cyclist Riccardo Riccò was arrested by police following a positive test for doping after the 4th stage of the 2008 Tour de France, the team left the 2008 Tour de France before the 12th stage of the race began. Both Riccò and Leonardo Piepoli were fired from the team,[1] but the team was still denied a place in the 2008 Vuelta a España[2] and other UCI ProTour races. The team's sponsors withdrew their support,[3][4] but new sponsors were found to retain the team's participation at the top level of the sport. The team continued through the 2009 and 2010 season sponsored by Fuji–Servetto and then later as Footon–Servetto–Fuji.For 2011 the team secured new sponsors Geox and TMC. They entered the 2011 season as a pro continental team after failing to secure a World Tour Licence. They received a wild card invite to the Vuelta a España which they won with Juan José Cobo, although this result has been reversed by the UCI due to violation of anti-doping rules. On October 20 it was announced that Geox were withdrawing their sponsorship.[5] It was later announced by the UCI that riders were free to move to other teams.[6] On December 7, it was announced that management had failed to find a new sponsor, and would now turn their focus to helping riders find new teams, indicating that the team would not continue.[7]The team in 2007","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saunier_Duval%E2%80%93Prodir&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Tour of Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Qatar"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ventoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ventoso"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Andalucía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Andaluc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Domínguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Dom%C3%ADnguez"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos 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Piepoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Piepoli"},{"link_name":"Tour of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Luciano Pagliarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pagliarini"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_Chihuahua_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Javier Mejías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Mej%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Japan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Cup_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"Manuele Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuele_Mori"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saunier_Duval%E2%80%93Prodir&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Andalucía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Andaluc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Denis Flahaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Flahaut"},{"link_name":"Tour of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_California"},{"link_name":"Luciano Pagliarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pagliarini"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Riccò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Ricc%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Euskal Bizikleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Bizikleta"},{"link_name":"Eros Capecchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros_Capecchi"},{"link_name":"Eros Capecchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros_Capecchi"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Raivis Belohvoščiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raivis_Belohvo%C5%A1%C4%8Diks"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Juan José Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Cobo"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Juan José Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Cobo"},{"link_name":"Volta a Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_a_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Juan José Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Cobo"},{"link_name":"Eneco Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Eneco_Tour"},{"link_name":"Raivis Belohvoščiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raivis_Belohvo%C5%A1%C4%8Diks"},{"link_name":"Deutschland Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland_Tour"},{"link_name":"David de la Fuente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_de_la_Fuente"},{"link_name":"Vuelta Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_Mexico"},{"link_name":"José Alberto Benítez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_Ben%C3%ADtez"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_Chihuahua_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Iker Camaño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iker_Cama%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Young rider classification in the Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_rider_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Riccò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Ricc%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"MIRCERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRCERA"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saunier_Duval%E2%80%93Prodir&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Castilla y León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Juan José Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Cobo"},{"link_name":"GP Miguel Induráin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Miguel_Indur%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"David de la Fuente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_de_la_Fuente"},{"link_name":"Tour de Romandie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Tour_de_Romandie"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Serrano_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saunier_Duval%E2%80%93Prodir&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Tour de San Luis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_San_Luis"},{"link_name":"Rafael Valls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Valls"},{"link_name":"Tour Down Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Down_Under"},{"link_name":"Manuel Cardoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Cardoso_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Circuit de Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Fabio Felline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Felline"},{"link_name":"Fabio Felline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Felline"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saunier_Duval%E2%80%93Prodir&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Clásica de Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1sica_de_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Matteo Pelucchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Pelucchi"},{"link_name":"Giro del Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Fabio Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Duarte"},{"link_name":"Brixia Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixia_Tour"},{"link_name":"Fabio Felline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Felline"}],"text":"2004[edit]\nStage 1 Tour of Qatar, Francisco Ventoso\nOverall Vuelta a Andalucía, Juan Carlos Domínguez\nStage 3, Juan Carlos Domínguez\nOverall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme, Joaquim Rodríguez\nStage 3 Vuelta a Aragón, Constantino Zaballa\nStage 4 Tour de Romandie, Fabian Jeker\nStage 5 Vuelta a Asturias, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero\nStages 1 & 2 Euskal Bizikleta, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero\nWachovia USPRO Championships, Francisco Ventoso\nOverall Volta a Catalunya, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero\nStages 2, 3 & 4, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero\nClásica San Sebastián, Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero\nSubida a Urkiola, Leonardo Piepoli\nStage 9 Vuelta a España, Leonardo Piepoli\nStage 19 Vuelta a España, Constantino Zaballa\n2005[edit]\nStage 4 Volta a Catalunya, Leonardo Piepoli\nStage 5 Volta a Catalunya, Íñigo Cuesta\nStage 6 Tour de Suisse, Chris Horner\n Italy Time Trial Championships, Marco Pinotti\n Spain Road Race Championships, Juan Manuel Gárate\nOverall Vuelta a Burgos, Juan Carlos Domínguez\nStage 4, Juan Carlos Domínguez\nClásica de San Sebastián, Constantino Zaballa\nSubida a Urkiola, Joaquim Rodríguez\n Mountains classification in the Vuelta a España, Joaquim Rodríguez\n2006[edit]\nStage 5 Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali, Riccardo Riccò\nOverall Vuelta al Pais Vasco, José Ángel Gómez Marchante\nStage 6, José Ángel Gómez Marchante\nOverall Volta a Catalunya, David Cañada\nStages 13 & 17 Giro d'Italia, Leonardo Piepoli\nOverall Euskal Bizikleta, Koldo Gil\nStages 1 & 4b, Koldo Gil\nStage 4a, Francisco Ventoso\nStage 6 Tour de Suisse, Koldo Gil\n Poland Time Trial Championship, Piotr Mazur\nStage 3 Vuelta a España, Francisco Ventoso\nStage 14 Vuelta a España, David Millar\nJapan Cup, Riccardo Riccò\n2007[edit]\nStage 4 Tour de San Luis, Riccardo Riccò\nPrologue Paris–Nice, David Millar\nStages 3 & 4 Tirreno–Adriatico, Riccardo Riccò\nStages 2, 3 & 5 Vuelta a Castilla y León, Francisco Ventoso\nStage 5 Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali, Riccardo Riccò\nOverall Vuelta al País Vasco, Juan José Cobo\nStages 1 & 5, Juan José Cobo\nSubida al Naranco, Koldo Gil\nOverall Vuelta a Asturias, Koldo Gil\nStage 3, Alberto Fernández de la Puebla\nStage 10 Giro d'Italia, Leonardo Piepoli\nStage 15 Giro d'Italia, Riccardo Riccò\nStage 17 Giro d'Italia, Gilberto Simoni\nStage 19 Giro d'Italia, Iban Mayo\n Mountains classification Giro d'Italia, Leonardo Piepoli\nGP Llodio, David de la Fuente\nStage 1 Euskal Bizikleta, Alberto Fernández de la Puebla\n Latvia Time Trial Championships, Raivis Belohvoščiks\n United Kingdom Road Race Championships, David Millar\n United Kingdom Time Trial Championships, David Millar\nSubida a Urkiola, José Ángel Gómez Marchante\nStage 5 Eneco Tour, Luciano Pagliarini\nStage 9 Vuelta a España, Leonardo Piepoli\nStage 4 Tour of Missouri, Luciano Pagliarini\nStage 1 Vuelta a Chihuahua, Javier Mejías\nJapan Cup, Manuele Mori\n2008[edit]\nStage 5 Vuelta a Andalucía, Denis Flahaut\nStage 6 Tour of California, Luciano Pagliarini\nStages 2 & 8 Giro d'Italia, Riccardo Riccò\nOverall Euskal Bizikleta, Eros Capecchi\nStage 3, Eros Capecchi\n Latvia Time Trial Championships, Raivis Belohvoščiks\nStage 10 Tour de France, Juan José Cobo\nStage 5 Vuelta a Burgos, Juan José Cobo\nStage 9 Volta a Portugal, Juan José Cobo\nStage 7 Eneco Tour, Raivis Belohvoščiks\nStage 2 Deutschland Tour, David de la Fuente\nStages 4 & 5 Vuelta Mexico, José Alberto Benítez\nStage 4 Vuelta a Chihuahua, Iker Camaño\nYoung rider classification in the Giro d'Italia, Riccardo Riccò\nTour de France:[8][9]\nStage 6: Riccardo Riccò\nStage 9: Riccardo Riccò\nStage 10: Leonardo Piepoli\nTested Positive For MIRCERA – Stripped of stage wins \n\n2009[edit]\nStage 4 Vuelta a Castilla y León, Juan José Cobo\nGP Miguel Induráin, David de la Fuente\nStage 1 Tour de Romandie, Ricardo Serrano\n2010[edit]\nStage 2 Tour de San Luis, Rafael Valls\nStage 3 Tour Down Under, Manuel Cardoso\nOverall Circuit de Lorraine, Fabio Felline\nStages 2 & 3, Fabio Felline\n2011[edit]\nClásica de Almería, Matteo Pelucchi\nStage 3 Giro del Trentino, Fabio Duarte\nStage 2a Brixia Tour, Fabio Felline","title":"Major wins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotEspa%C3%B1a.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotPolonia.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotLetonia.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotReinoUnido.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotReinoUnido.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotLetonia.PNG"}],"text":"2005\n Time Trial Championships, Marco Pinotti\n Road Race Championships, Juan Manuel Gárate\n2006\n Time Trial Championship, Piotr Mazur\n2007\n Time Trial Championships, Raivis Belohvoščiks\n Road Race Championships, David Millar\n Time Trial Championships, David Millar\n2008\n Time Trial Championships, Raivis Belohvoščiks","title":"National champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Supplementary statistics"}]	[{"image_text":"The team in 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Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080802215832/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gwjeGTpqX7OWckmA5Cw9uGxwBjcw","url_text":"\"Spanish cycling team Saunier Duval sack Ricco\""},{"url":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gwjeGTpqX7OWckmA5Cw9uGxwBjcw","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scott–American Beef excluded from Spain's Vuelta\". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/07/sports/EU-CYC-Spanish-Vuelta-Scott-American-Beef.php","url_text":"\"Scott–American Beef excluded from Spain's Vuelta\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924020209/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/07/sports/EU-CYC-Spanish-Vuelta-Scott-American-Beef.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, Robin (2008-07-23). \"Saunier Duval to withdraw from cycling sponsorship\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2008-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jul/23/tourdefrance.cycling3","url_text":"\"Saunier Duval to withdraw from cycling sponsorship\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916172913/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jul/23/tourdefrance.cycling3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Bicycles Discontinues Sponsorship\". scottusa.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://scottusa.com/news/bike/1503","url_text":"\"Scott Bicycles Discontinues Sponsorship\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211084559/http://scottusa.com/news/bike/1503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Geox pulls sponsorship from cycling\". cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/geox-pulls-sponsorship-from-cycling","url_text":"\"Geox pulls sponsorship from cycling\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111022202500/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/geox-pulls-sponsorship-from-cycling","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Geox riders free to leave\". cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/geox-riders-free-to-leave-says-uci","url_text":"\"Geox riders free to leave\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111022202104/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/geox-riders-free-to-leave-says-uci","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Geox gives up hope of new sponsor\". Archived from the original on 2012-01-07. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_The_Legacy_of_Goku_(series)	Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku	["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","2.1 The Legacy of Goku","2.2 The Legacy of Goku II","2.3 Buu's Fury","3 Characters","4 Reception","4.1 The Legacy of Goku","4.2 The Legacy of Goku II","4.3 Buu's Fury","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Video game seriesDragon Ball Z: The Legacy of GokuCover art for the first Legacy of Goku game for the Game Boy AdvanceGenre(s)Action role-playingDeveloper(s)Webfoot TechnologiesPublisher(s)NA: InfogramesEU: Infogrames EuropeJP: Banpresto (LoG II only)Creator(s) Dana Dominiak (LoG) Murray Kraft (LoG II) Debra Osborn (Buu's Fury) Artist(s)Mandi Paugh (characters)Writer(s) Israel Smith (LoG) Gerry Swanson (LoG II and Buu's Fury) Composer(s)Ariel Gross (LoG)Yannis Brown (LoG II and Buu's Fury)Platform(s)Game Boy AdvanceFirst releaseDragon Ball Z: The Legacy of GokuMay 14, 2002Latest releaseDragon Ball Z: Buu's FurySeptember 14, 2004Spin-offsDragon Ball Z: Taiketsu Dragon Ball GT: Transformation Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku is a series of video games for the Game Boy Advance, based on the anime series Dragon Ball Z. All three games are action role-playing games. The first game, Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku, was developed by Webfoot Technologies and released in 2002. The game was followed by two sequels: Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II, released in 2003, and Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury, released in 2004. In 2016, Webfoot Technologies claimed to be starting development of another sequel. Gameplay A gameplay screenshot from Buu's Fury. To the top left, a status bar containing the player's remaining HP (red gauge), remaining energy (green gauge) experience points (blue gauge), and transformation gauge (a yellow tension triangle) can be seen. The player's currently selected energy attack can also be seen at the far left of the status bar. To the lower left, a time limit can be seen that details how long a fusion has until it ends. The games are action-adventure RPGs. The player controls a Dragon Ball character and experiences various portions of the franchise. Combat is the main focus of the game. The player can press the 'A' button to use physical strikes, while the 'B' button allows the player to unleash a variety of energy-based attacks. Energy attacks drain an energy gauge - though it gradually recharges when not in use. Energy attacks can be cycled through with the 'L' button, and more energy attacks are learned as the player progresses through the game. Legacy of Goku II and Buu's Fury featured transformations that made the player character temporarily stronger, using their own 'rage mode' mechanic. By defeating enemies, the player receives experience points, which allow the player character to level up and grow stronger. Legacy of Goku II and Buu's Fury also feature consumable items that would restore the player character's health or energy, as well as equipment that increases the player character's stats. Legacy of Goku II and Buu's Fury also allow the player to use a device called a scouter, which is used to look up the stats of the various characters and enemies in the games, as well as basic information about them. Plot The Legacy of Goku The game covers the story of Dragon Ball Z up until the destruction of the planet Namek, where Goku is the only playable character. Goku travels through different stages, including several locations of the earth and planet Namek, and gains experience not only by defeating enemies, but also by completing simple missions. In the final stage, Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan in order to defeat Frieza, this being the first introduction to character transformations in the series, which will later be very common in the following games. It is also one of the first GBA games to feature full-motion video, predating the Game Boy Advance Video. The Legacy of Goku II Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II was released in North America by Infogrames under the Atari brand name on 17 June 2003. The plot of the game picks up where The Legacy of Goku left off, and continues until the end of the Cell Games Saga, when Gohan defeats the evil android Cell (between episodes 118 and 194). The game introduced several new concepts to the series. The first was transformations, which allowed characters to become temporarily stronger, at the cost of slowly draining their energy bar. It also introduced the scouter, which allowed players to look up the stats of other characters in the game, as well as basic information about them. The game also introduced charged melee attacks, which allowed characters to unleash a powerful physical strike after a short charging period. The game also allowed characters to further supplement their stats with capsules that were scattered around the game world. Despite being titled "The Legacy of Goku", this game featured the most limited play as Goku, with players starting play as Gohan and gradually unlocking Piccolo, Vegeta, Trunks, and finally, Goku, as playable characters. Once the story is completed, players can no longer play as Goku, but will be able to continue playing as the others to unlock a final playable character, Mister Satan/Hercule, in order to unlock an alternate ending to the game. The game's music is based on Bruce Faulconer's score for the FUNimation English dub of Dragon Ball Z. Due to the game's success, a second version was released titled Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II International, exclusive to Japan on 23 July 2004. In this version, all characters were given new profile images and their names were reverted to their original Japanese ones. However, Mister Satan still retains his English name "Hercule" on the front of his parade float. Buu's Fury Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury is the third and final game in the series. It was released on 14 September 2004 in North America. The game focuses on the final parts of the Dragon Ball Z series (season 7), namely the battles with Majin Buu; the first chapter takes place during episode 195 to episode 199, whilst the rest of the game takes place during episode 200 (after a seven-year flash-forward) and the following episodes. The game added several new additions to the series. First, the game added equipment, which could be equipped to characters to alter their stats and provide various other benefits. The game also allowed players to allocate their own stat points, of which three were given per level. Also added was the ability to block by holding the 'R' button, and also to energy block by holding the 'B' button while blocking. Using the energy block slowly drains the user's energy gauge. Both techniques greatly decrease the amount of damage that is received from attacks. The game also added various other features, such as fusions and the ability to transform into a Super Saiyan 3. Although many features were added, the ability to use charge attacks by holding and releasing the 'A' button was eliminated. Players are able to play as Goku, Gohan, Goten, Vegeta and Kid Trunks in the game, with players able to unlock fusions with Gotenks and Gogeta. Like The Legacy of Goku II, the game's music is also based on Bruce Faulconer's score for the FUNimation English dub of Dragon Ball Z. The dialogues used in the English edition of the game are very similar, and sometimes identical, to the ones used in the English dubbed animated series (similar to The Legacy of Goku II). Characters The Legacy of Goku games feature a variety of characters from the Dragon Ball universe for the player to play as. In the first game, only Goku was playable. However, in subsequent games in the series, multiple characters were playable, including: Gohan, Goten, Trunks (kid and future), Piccolo, Vegeta, and Hercule. In Buu's Fury, a Fusion concept was implemented that allows certain characters to combine with each other, boosting their stats and changing their appearance. The three available fusion characters in the game are: Gotenks, Gogeta, and a one-time playable Vegito. All three games feature non-canon characters and events from filler arcs, The History of Trunks, Broly - Second Coming and Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn. Reception The Legacy of Goku The Legacy of GokuAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic53/100Review scoresPublicationScoreElectronic Gaming Monthly5.83/10Game Informer7.5/10GameProGameSpot5.4/10GameSpyGameZone6.7/10IGN5.8/10Nintendo Power2.7/5X-Play The Legacy of Goku received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In the United States, the game sold 630,000 copies and earned $16 million by August 2006. During the period between May 2002 and August 2006, it was the 42nd highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, in that country. The Legacy of Goku II The Legacy of Goku IIAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic75/100Review scoresPublicationScoreElectronic Gaming Monthly5.5/10Game Informer7.5/10GameProGameSpot7.6/10GameZone7.5/10IGN8/10NGC Magazine59%Nintendo Power3.5/5Nintendo World Report8/10X-Play The Legacy of Goku II received "generally favorable reviews" according to Metacritic. Buu's Fury Buu's FuryAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic62/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGame Informer4.5/10GameProGameSpot6.3/10GameZone7/10IGN6.5/10Nintendo Power3.6/5PALGN6.5/10 Buu's Fury received "mixed" reviews according to Metacritic. See also Video games portalAnime and manga portal List of Japanese role-playing game franchises References ^ https://www.facebook.com/WebfootGames/?fref=ts ^ a b "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku for Game Boy Advance Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ EGM staff (June 2002). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 155. p. 122. ^ Kato, Matthew (May 2002). "Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku". Game Informer. No. 109. p. 88. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ Fennec Fox (May 14, 2002). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku Review for Game Boy Advance on GamePro.com". GamePro. Archived from the original on January 13, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Provo, Frank (May 17, 2002). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku Review". GameSpot. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ Bui-Quang, Phuong-Mai (July 5, 2002). "GameSpy: Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku". GameSpy. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Bedigian, Louis (June 3, 2002). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku Review - Game Boy Advance". GameZone. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Harris, Craig (May 10, 2002). "Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku". IGN. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku". Nintendo Power. Vol. 156. May 2002. p. 142. ^ Concepcion, Miguel (July 12, 2002). "'Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku' (GBA) Review". X-Play. Archived from the original on August 6, 2002. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Keiser, Joe (August 2, 2006). "The Century's Top 50 Handheld Games". Next Generation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. ^ a b "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II for Game Boy Advance Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ EGM staff (July 2003). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 168. p. 123. ^ Kato, Matthew (July 2003). "Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku II". Game Informer. No. 123. p. 122. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ Fennec Fox (June 17, 2003). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II Review for Game Boy Advance on GamePro.com". GamePro. Archived from the original on January 23, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Provo, Frank (June 17, 2003). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II Review". GameSpot. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ Bedigian, Louis (June 26, 2003). "Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku II - GBA - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Harris, Craig (June 17, 2003). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II". IGN. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II". NGC Magazine. November 2003. ^ "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II". Nintendo Power. Vol. 170. July–August 2003. p. 146. ^ Metts, Jonathan (July 12, 2003). "Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Kane, Brad (August 7, 2003). "'Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II' (GBA) Review". X-Play. Archived from the original on December 11, 2003. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ a b "Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury for Game Boy Advance Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ Juba, Joe (October 2004). "Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury". Game Informer. No. 138. p. 147. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ Test Monkey (November 2004). "Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury Review for Game Boy Advance on GamePro.com". GamePro. p. 130. Archived from the original on February 3, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Tracy, Tim (September 23, 2004). "Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury Review". GameSpot. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ David, Mike (September 26, 2004). "Dragon Ball Z: BUU's Fury - GBA - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2014. ^ Harris, Craig (September 21, 2004). "Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury". IGN. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ "Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury". Nintendo Power. Vol. 185. November 2004. p. 132. ^ Marrow, Mark (October 17, 2004). "Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury Review". PALGN. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2014. External links Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku at MobyGames Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II at MobyGames Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury at MobyGames vteDragon Ball video gamesButōden series Super Butōden Super Butōden 2 Super Butōden 3 Shin Butōden Ultimate Butōden Extreme Butōden Idainaru Densetsu series Idainaru Son Goku Densetsu Idainaru Dragon Ball Densetsu Budokai series Budokai Budokai 2 Budokai 3 Shin Budokai Budokai Tenkaichi series Sparking! Zero Origins series Origins Origins 2 Raging Blast series Raging Blast Raging Blast 2 Ultimate Tenkaichi Xenoverse series Xenoverse Xenoverse 2 Other series The Legacy of Goku Supersonic Warriors Standalone games Buyū Retsuden Ultimate Battle 22 Hyper Dimension Final Bout Legendary Super Warriors Taiketsu Advanced Adventure Sagas Transformation Super Dragon Ball Z Harukanaru Densetsu Burst Limit Infinite World Attack of the Saiyans Revenge of King Piccolo Evolution Online Heroes For Kinect Battle of Z Dokkan Battle Fusions FighterZ Legends Kakarot Crossover games Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden Famicom Jump II: Saikyō no Shichinin Jump Super Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Ultimate Stars J-Stars Victory VS Jump Force Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z"},{"link_name":"action role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku is a series of video games for the Game Boy Advance, based on the anime series Dragon Ball Z. All three games are action role-playing games. The first game, Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku, was developed by Webfoot Technologies and released in 2002. The game was followed by two sequels: Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II, released in 2003, and Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury, released in 2004. In 2016, Webfoot Technologies claimed to be starting development of another sequel.[1]","title":"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buusfuryscreencap.jpg"},{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"RPGs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"}],"text":"A gameplay screenshot from Buu's Fury. To the top left, a status bar containing the player's remaining HP (red gauge), remaining energy (green gauge) experience points (blue gauge), and transformation gauge (a yellow tension triangle) can be seen. The player's currently selected energy attack can also be seen at the far left of the status bar. To the lower left, a time limit can be seen that details how long a fusion has until it ends.The games are action-adventure RPGs. The player controls a Dragon Ball character and experiences various portions of the franchise. Combat is the main focus of the game. The player can press the 'A' button to use physical strikes, while the 'B' button allows the player to unleash a variety of energy-based attacks. Energy attacks drain an energy gauge - though it gradually recharges when not in use. Energy attacks can be cycled through with the 'L' button, and more energy attacks are learned as the player progresses through the game. Legacy of Goku II and Buu's Fury featured transformations that made the player character temporarily stronger, using their own 'rage mode' mechanic. By defeating enemies, the player receives experience points, which allow the player character to level up and grow stronger. Legacy of Goku II and Buu's Fury also feature consumable items that would restore the player character's health or energy, as well as equipment that increases the player character's stats. Legacy of Goku II and Buu's Fury also allow the player to use a device called a scouter, which is used to look up the stats of the various characters and enemies in the games, as well as basic information about them.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goku"},{"link_name":"Frieza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieza"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video"}],"sub_title":"The Legacy of Goku","text":"The game covers the story of Dragon Ball Z up until the destruction of the planet Namek, where Goku is the only playable character. Goku travels through different stages, including several locations of the earth and planet Namek, and gains experience not only by defeating enemies, but also by completing simple missions. In the final stage, Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan in order to defeat Frieza, this being the first introduction to character transformations in the series, which will later be very common in the following games. It is also one of the first GBA games to feature full-motion video, predating the Game Boy Advance Video.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohan"},{"link_name":"Piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"Vegeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegeta"},{"link_name":"Trunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunks_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Faulconer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Faulconer"}],"sub_title":"The Legacy of Goku II","text":"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II was released in North America by Infogrames under the Atari brand name on 17 June 2003. The plot of the game picks up where The Legacy of Goku left off, and continues until the end of the Cell Games Saga, when Gohan defeats the evil android Cell (between episodes 118 and 194).The game introduced several new concepts to the series. The first was transformations, which allowed characters to become temporarily stronger, at the cost of slowly draining their energy bar. It also introduced the scouter, which allowed players to look up the stats of other characters in the game, as well as basic information about them. The game also introduced charged melee attacks, which allowed characters to unleash a powerful physical strike after a short charging period. The game also allowed characters to further supplement their stats with capsules that were scattered around the game world.Despite being titled \"The Legacy of Goku\", this game featured the most limited play as Goku, with players starting play as Gohan and gradually unlocking Piccolo, Vegeta, Trunks, and finally, Goku, as playable characters. Once the story is completed, players can no longer play as Goku, but will be able to continue playing as the others to unlock a final playable character, Mister Satan/Hercule, in order to unlock an alternate ending to the game. The game's music is based on Bruce Faulconer's score for the FUNimation English dub of Dragon Ball Z.Due to the game's success, a second version was released titled Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II International, exclusive to Japan on 23 July 2004. In this version, all characters were given new profile images and their names were reverted to their original Japanese ones. However, Mister Satan still retains his English name \"Hercule\" on the front of his parade float.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"season 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_(season_7)"},{"link_name":"Majin Buu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majin_Buu"}],"sub_title":"Buu's Fury","text":"Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury is the third and final game in the series. It was released on 14 September 2004 in North America. The game focuses on the final parts of the Dragon Ball Z series (season 7), namely the battles with Majin Buu; the first chapter takes place during episode 195 to episode 199, whilst the rest of the game takes place during episode 200 (after a seven-year flash-forward) and the following episodes.The game added several new additions to the series. First, the game added equipment, which could be equipped to characters to alter their stats and provide various other benefits. The game also allowed players to allocate their own stat points, of which three were given per level. Also added was the ability to block by holding the 'R' button, and also to energy block by holding the 'B' button while blocking. Using the energy block slowly drains the user's energy gauge. Both techniques greatly decrease the amount of damage that is received from attacks.The game also added various other features, such as fusions and the ability to transform into a Super Saiyan 3. Although many features were added, the ability to use charge attacks by holding and releasing the 'A' button was eliminated. Players are able to play as Goku, Gohan, Goten, Vegeta and Kid Trunks in the game, with players able to unlock fusions with Gotenks and Gogeta. Like The Legacy of Goku II, the game's music is also based on Bruce Faulconer's score for the FUNimation English dub of Dragon Ball Z.The dialogues used in the English edition of the game are very similar, and sometimes identical, to the ones used in the English dubbed animated series (similar to The Legacy of Goku II).","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Legacy of Goku games feature a variety of characters from the Dragon Ball universe for the player to play as. In the first game, only Goku was playable. However, in subsequent games in the series, multiple characters were playable, including: Gohan, Goten, Trunks (kid and future), Piccolo, Vegeta, and Hercule. In Buu's Fury, a Fusion concept was implemented that allows certain characters to combine with each other, boosting their stats and changing their appearance. The three available fusion characters in the game are: Gotenks, Gogeta, and a one-time playable Vegito. All three games feature non-canon characters and events from filler arcs, The History of Trunks, Broly - Second Coming and Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCGBA1-2"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"X-Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCGBA1-2"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nextgensales-12"}],"sub_title":"The Legacy of Goku","text":"The Legacy of GokuAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic53/100[2]Review scoresPublicationScoreElectronic Gaming Monthly5.83/10[3]Game Informer7.5/10[4]GamePro[5]GameSpot5.4/10[6]GameSpy[7]GameZone6.7/10[8]IGN5.8/10[9]Nintendo Power2.7/5[10]X-Play[11]The Legacy of Goku received \"mixed\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[2] In the United States, the game sold 630,000 copies and earned $16 million by August 2006. During the period between May 2002 and August 2006, it was the 42nd highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, in that country.[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCGBA2-13"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"NGC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"X-Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCGBA2-13"}],"sub_title":"The Legacy of Goku II","text":"The Legacy of Goku IIAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic75/100[13]Review scoresPublicationScoreElectronic Gaming Monthly5.5/10[14]Game Informer7.5/10[15]GamePro[16]GameSpot7.6/10[17]GameZone7.5/10[18]IGN8/10[19]NGC Magazine59%[20]Nintendo Power3.5/5[21]Nintendo World Report8/10[22]X-Play[23]The Legacy of Goku II received \"generally favorable reviews\" according to Metacritic.[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCGBA3-24"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCGBA3-24"}],"sub_title":"Buu's Fury","text":"Buu's FuryAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic62/100[24]Review scoresPublicationScoreGame Informer4.5/10[25]GamePro[26]GameSpot6.3/10[27]GameZone7/10[28]IGN6.5/10[29]Nintendo Power3.6/5[30]PALGN6.5/10[31]Buu's Fury received \"mixed\" reviews according to Metacritic.[24]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"A gameplay screenshot from Buu's Fury. To the top left, a status bar containing the player's remaining HP (red gauge), remaining energy (green gauge) experience points (blue gauge), and transformation gauge (a yellow tension triangle) can be seen. The player's currently selected energy attack can also be seen at the far left of the status bar. To the lower left, a time limit can be seen that details how long a fusion has until it ends.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Buusfuryscreencap.jpg/200px-Buusfuryscreencap.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg"},{"title":"Anime and manga portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga"},{"title":"List of Japanese role-playing game franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_role-playing_game_franchises"}]	[{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku for Game Boy Advance Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/dragon-ball-z-the-legacy-of-goku/critic-reviews/?platform=game-boy-advance","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku for Game Boy Advance Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"EGM staff (June 2002). \"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 155. p. 122.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Matthew (May 2002). \"Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku\". Game Informer. No. 109. p. 88. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090727114336/http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200205/R03.0731.1505.16190.htm","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200205/R03.0731.1505.16190.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fennec Fox (May 14, 2002). \"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku Review for Game Boy Advance on GamePro.com\". GamePro. Archived from the original on January 13, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050113193735/http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gameboy_advance/games/reviews/23471.shtml","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku Review for Game Boy Advance on GamePro.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gameboy_advance/games/reviews/23471.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Provo, Frank (May 17, 2002). \"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/dragon-ball-z-the-legacy-of-goku-review/1900-2866050/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Bui-Quang, Phuong-Mai (July 5, 2002). \"GameSpy: Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. 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Retrieved June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/10/dragon-ball-z-legacy-of-goku","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku\". Nintendo Power. Vol. 156. May 2002. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power","url_text":"Nintendo Power"}]},{"reference":"Concepcion, Miguel (July 12, 2002). \"'Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku' (GBA) Review\". X-Play. Archived from the original on August 6, 2002. Retrieved June 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020806200118/http://www.techtv.com/extendedplay/reviews/story/0,24330,3388910,00.html","url_text":"\"'Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku' (GBA) Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play","url_text":"X-Play"},{"url":"http://www.techtv.com/extendedplay/reviews/story/0,24330,3388910,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keiser, Joe (August 2, 2006). \"The Century's Top 50 Handheld Games\". Next Generation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010052300/http://www.next-gen.biz/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3557&Itemid=2&pop=1&page=0","url_text":"\"The Century's Top 50 Handheld Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"http://www.next-gen.biz/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3557&Itemid=2&pop=1&page=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II for Game Boy Advance Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/dragon-ball-z-the-legacy-of-goku-ii/critic-reviews/?platform=game-boy-advance","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II for Game Boy Advance Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"EGM staff (July 2003). \"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 168. p. 123.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kato, Matthew (July 2003). \"Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku II\". Game Informer. No. 123. p. 122. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090727114413/http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200307/R03.0807.1753.38530.htm","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Legacy of Goku II\""},{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200307/R03.0807.1753.38530.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fennec Fox (June 17, 2003). \"Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II Review for Game Boy Advance on GamePro.com\". GamePro. Archived from the original on January 23, 2005. 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Retrieved June 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050203004826/http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gameboy_advance/games/reviews/38298.shtml","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury Review for Game Boy Advance on GamePro.com\""},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gameboy_advance/games/reviews/38298.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tracy, Tim (September 23, 2004). \"Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/dragon-ball-z-buus-fury-review/1900-6108333/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury Review\""}]},{"reference":"David, Mike (September 26, 2004). \"Dragon Ball Z: BUU's Fury - GBA - Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamezone.com/reviews/dragon_ball_z_buu_s_fury_gba_review","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: BUU's Fury - GBA - Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090321175048/http://gameboy.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r23877_GBA.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Craig (September 21, 2004). \"Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury\". IGN. Retrieved June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/09/22/dragon-ball-z-buus-fury","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury\". Nintendo Power. Vol. 185. November 2004. p. 132.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marrow, Mark (October 17, 2004). \"Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury Review\". PALGN. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Kannon_Zen_Center	Maria Kannon Zen Center	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 32°46′47″N 96°43′11″W / 32.779601°N 96.719742°W / 32.779601; -96.719742Maria Kannon Zen CenterRuben Habito, guiding teacherReligionAffiliationSanbo KyodanLocationLocationWhite Rock UMC 1450 Old Gate Lane Room 202 Dallas, TX 75218CountryUnited StatesArchitectureCompleted1991Websitehttp://www.mkzc.org/ Maria Kannon Zen Center (MKZC) is a non-profit practice center in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Zen Buddhism, located in Dallas, Texas and founded in 1991 by the guiding teacher Ruben Habito (a Dharma heir of Yamada Koun). MKZC derives its name by combining the names of the Virgin Mary of Christianity and Kannon (Guanyin) bodhisattva of Buddhism. It is actually the name of a figurine revered in Japan during Christian persecution there. Many of the MKZC members are individuals who consider themselves Christian, with Habito himself being a practicing Catholic and former Jesuit priest. MKZC is listed with the American Zen Teachers Association. See also Buddhism in the United States Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States Notes ^ Post; xiii ^ Habito ^ Ford; 184 References Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?: A Guide to the People and Stories of Zen. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-509-8. Post, Stephen Garrard (2002). Altruism and Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, & Religion in Dialogue. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514358-2. OCLC 45582537. Habito, Ruben (1994). "Maria Kannon Zen: Explorations in Buddhist-Christian Practice". Buddhist-Christian Studies. 14. University of Hawai'i Press: 145–156. doi:10.2307/1389831. JSTOR 1389831. External links Maria Kannon Zen Center Fort Worth Zendo vteTopics in Buddhism Outline Glossary Index Foundations Four Noble Truths Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Eight Great Events Great Renunciation Physical characteristics Life of Buddha in art Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yaśodharā (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya Disciples Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Key concepts Avidyā (Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mental factors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā (Craving) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva realm Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Mahayana Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deity yoga Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā (Vipassana movement) Shikantaza Zazen Koan Ganana Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Mindful Yoga Satipatthana Nekkhamma Nianfo Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Sādhu Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five precepts Eight precepts Bodhisattva vow Pratimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of awakening Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhunī Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagārika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Western tulku Kappiya Donchee Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Achar Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Nagasena Aśvaghoṣa Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Kumārajīva Buddhaghosa Buddhapālita Dignāga Bodhidharma Zhiyi Emperor Wen of Sui Songtsen Gampo Xuanzang Shandao Padmasambhāva Saraha Atiśa Naropa Karmapa Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Shamarpa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Ajahn Mun B. R. Ambedkar Ajahn Chah Thích Nhất Hạnh Texts Early Buddhist Texts Tripiṭaka Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon Dhammapada Sutra Vinaya Madhyamakālaṃkāra Abhidharmadīpa Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Buryatia Kalmykia Tuva (ru) Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Africa Central Asia Middle East Iran Western countries Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Mexico United Kingdom United States Venezuela History Timeline Ashoka Kanishka Buddhist councils History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution Greco-Buddhism Menander I Buddhism and the Roman world Buddhism in the West Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persecution of Buddhists Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal Buddhist crisis Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Buddhist modernism Vipassana movement 969 Movement Women in Buddhism Philosophy Abhidharma Atomism Buddhology Creator Buddhism and democracy Economics Eight Consciousnesses Engaged Buddhism Eschatology Ethics Evolution Humanism Logic Reality Secular Buddhism Socialism The unanswered questions Culture Architecture Temple Vihāra Kyaung Wat Ordination hall Stupa Pagoda Burmese pagoda Candi Dzong architecture List of Buddhist architecture in China Japanese Buddhist architecture Korean Buddhist temples Thai temple art and architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Art Greco-Buddhist Bodhi Tree Budai Buddha in art Calendar Cuisine Funeral Holidays Vesak Uposatha Māgha Pūjā Asalha Puja Vassa Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Kasaya Mahabodhi Temple Mantra Om mani padme hum Mudra Music Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath Kushinagar Poetry Prayer beads Hama Yumi Prayer wheel Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Temple of the Tooth Vegetarianism Miscellaneous Abhijñā Amitābha Brahmā Dharma talk Hinayana Kalpa Koliya Lineage Māra Ṛddhi Siddhi Sacred languages Pāḷi Sanskrit Comparison Baháʼí Faith Christianity Influences Comparison East Asian religions Gnosticism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Psychology Science Theosophy Violence Western philosophy Lists Bodhisattvas Buddhas Buddhists Suttas Sutras Temples Festivals Category Religion portal 32°46′47″N 96°43′11″W / 32.779601°N 96.719742°W / 32.779601; -96.719742 This Zen-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"Sanbo Kyodan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan"},{"link_name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ruben Habito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Habito"},{"link_name":"Dharma heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_heir"},{"link_name":"Yamada Koun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamada_Koun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-1"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Kannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannon"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Zen Teachers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Zen_Teachers_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080907090615/http://americanzenteachers.org/list.html"}],"text":"Maria Kannon Zen Center (MKZC) is a non-profit practice center in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Zen Buddhism, located in Dallas, Texas and founded in 1991 by the guiding teacher Ruben Habito (a Dharma heir of Yamada Koun).[1] MKZC derives its name by combining the names of the Virgin Mary of Christianity and Kannon (Guanyin) bodhisattva of Buddhism. It is actually the name of a figurine revered in Japan during Christian persecution there.[2] Many of the MKZC members are individuals who consider themselves Christian, with Habito himself being a practicing Catholic and former Jesuit priest.[3] MKZC is listed with the American Zen Teachers Association.[1]","title":"Maria Kannon Zen Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-post_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Post; xiii\n\n^ Habito\n\n^ Ford; 184","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Buddhism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Zen_Buddhism_in_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?: A Guide to the People and Stories of Zen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futureshock	Future Shock	["1 Major themes","1.1 Future shock","1.2 Development of society and production","1.3 Fear of the future","1.4 Features of post-industrial society","2 Significance and reception","3 See also","4 References"]	Book by Alvin Toffler "Futureshock" redirects here. Not to be confused with Chrononauts: Futureshock.For other uses, see Future Shock (disambiguation). Future Shock AuthorAlvin TofflerLanguageEnglishSubjectSocial SciencesPublisherRandom HousePublication date1970Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)ISBN0-394-42586-3 (original hardcover)Followed byThe Third Wave Future Shock is a 1970 book by American futurist Alvin Toffler, written together with his spouse Adelaide Farrell, in which the authors define the term "future shock" as a certain psychological state of individuals and entire societies. The shortest definition for the term in the book is a personal perception of "too much change in too short a period of time". The book, which became an international bestseller, has sold over 6 million copies and has been widely translated. The book grew out of an article "The Future as a Way of Life" in Horizon magazine, Summer 1965 issue. Major themes Future shock Alvin Toffler argued that society is undergoing an enormous structural change, a revolution from an industrial society to a "super-industrial society". This change overwhelms people. He argues that the accelerated rate of technological and social change leaves people disconnected and suffering from "shattering stress and disorientation"—future shocked. Toffler stated that the majority of social problems are symptoms of future shock. In his discussion of the components of such shock he popularized the term "information overload." This analysis of the phenomenon of information overload is continued in later publications, especially The Third Wave and Powershift. In the introduction to an essay titled "Future Shock" in his book, Conscientious Objections, Neil Postman wrote: Sometime about the middle of 1963, my colleague Charles Weingartner and I delivered in tandem an address to the National Council of Teachers of English. In that address we used the phrase "future shock" as a way of describing the social paralysis induced by rapid technological change. To my knowledge, Weingartner and I were the first people ever to use it in a public forum. Of course, neither Weingartner nor I had the brains to write a book called Future Shock, and all due credit goes to Alvin Toffler for having recognized a good phrase when one came along. (p. 162) Development of society and production Alvin Toffler distinguished three stages in development of society and production: agrarian, industrial and post-industrial. Each of these waves develops its own "super-ideology” in order to explain reality. This ideology affects all the spheres which make up a civilization phase: technology, social patterns, information patterns, and power patterns. The first stage began in the period of the Neolithic Era with the advent of agriculture, thereby passing from barbarity to a civilization. A large number of people acted as prosumers (eating their grown food, hunting animals, building their own houses, making clothes,....). People traded by exchanging their own goods for commodities of others. The second stage began in England with the Industrial Revolution with the invention of the machine tool and the steam engine. People worked in factories to make money they could spend on goods they needed (it means they produced for exchange, not for use). Countries also created new social systems. The third stage began in the second half of the 20th century in the West when people invented automatic production, robotics and the computer. The services sector attained great value. Toffler proposed one criterion for distinguishing between industrial society and post-industrial society: the share of the population occupied in agriculture versus the share of city labor occupied in the services sector. In a post-industrial society, the share of the people occupied in agriculture does not exceed 15%, and the share of city laborers occupied in the services sector exceeds 50%. Thus, the share of the people occupied with brainwork greatly exceeds the share of the people occupied with physical work in post-industrial society. The third wave led to the Information Era (now). Homes are the dominant institutions. Most people carry on their own production and consumption in their homes or electronic cottages, they produce more of their own products and services and markets become less important for them. People consider each other to be equally free as vendors of prosumer-generated commodities. Fear of the future Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the United States Alvin Toffler's main thought centers on the idea that modern humans feel shock from rapid changes. For example, Toffler's daughter went to shop in New York City and she couldn't find a shop in its previous location. Thus New York has become a city without a history. The overall production of goods and services doubles each 50 years in developed countries. Society experiences an increasing number of changes with an increasing rapidity, while people are losing the familiarity that old institutions (religion, family, national identity, profession) once provided. The so-called "brain drain" – the emigration of European scientists to the United States – is both an indicator of the changes in society and also one of their causes. Features of post-industrial society This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (October 2020) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A generic, disposable lighter Many goods have become disposable as the cost of manual repair or cleaning has become greater than the cost of making new goods due to mass production. Examples of disposable goods include ballpoint pens, lighters, plastic bottles, and paper towels. The design of goods becomes outdated quickly. (And so, for example, a second generation of computers appears before the end of the expected period of usability of the first generation). It is possible to rent almost everything (from a ladder to a wedding dress), thus eliminating the need for ownership. Whole branches of industry die off and new branches of industry arise. This affects unskilled workers who are compelled to change their residence to find new jobs. The constant change in the market also poses a problem for advertisers who must deal with moving targets. People of post-industrial society change their profession and their workplace often. People have to change professions because professions quickly become outdated. People of post-industrial society thus have many careers in a lifetime. The knowledge of an engineer becomes outdated in ten years. People look more and more for temporary jobs. To follow transient jobs, people have become nomads. For example, immigrants from Algeria, Turkey and other countries go to Europe to find work. Transient people are forced to change residence, phone number, school, friends, car license, and contact with family often. As a result, relationships tend to be superficial with a large number of people, instead of being intimate or close relationships that are more stable. Evidence for this is tourist travel and holiday romances. The driver's license, received at age 16, has become the teenager's admission to the world of adults, because it symbolizes the ability to move independently. Death of Permanence. The post industrial society will be marked by a transient culture where everything ranging from goods to human relationships will be temporary. Significance and reception The book sold over 6 million copies within five years and has been widely translated (it had translations into twenty foreign languages as of 2003). It has been described as "an international bestseller within weeks of publication". A documentary film based on the book was released in 1972 with Orson Welles as on-screen narrator. See also Accelerating change – Perceived increase in the rate of technological change throughout history Adhocracy – Organization without a fixed structure Culture shock – Experience one may have when moving to a cultural environment which is different from one's own Demography Electric Dreams (BBC TV series) – BBC television documentary seriesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Paradigm shift – Fundamental change in ideas and practices within a scientific discipline Post-industrial society – Society whose service sector provides more economic value than manufacturing Psychosocial Crisis Social alienation – Disconnection in social relationships Technological singularity – Hypothetical point in time when technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible References ^ "Alvin Toffler: still shocking after all these years - Interview". New Scientist. 19 March 1994. ^ Schneider, Keith (2019-02-12). "Heidi Toffler, Unsung Force Behind Futurist Books, Dies at 89". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-08. ^ "Future Shock at 40: What the Tofflers Got Right (and Wrong)". Fast Company. 15 October 2010. ^ Toffler, Alvin, "The Future as a Way of Life", Horizon magazine, Summer 1965, Vol VII, Num 3 ^ "For the love of reading: Horizon Magazine hardcover issues 1959 - 1977 table of contents". September 8, 2013. ^ Eisenhart, Mary, "Alvin And Heidi Toffler: Surfing The Third Wave: On Life And Work In The Information Age", MicroTimes #118, January 3, 1994 ^ "Alvin Toffler: still shocking after all these years: New Scientist meets the controversial futurologist" Archived 2009-02-10 at the Wayback Machine, New Scientist, 19 March 1994, pp. 22–25. "What led you to write Future Shock? – While covering Congress, it occurred to us that big technological and social changes were occurring in the United States, but that the political system seemed totally blind to their existence. Between 1955 and 1960, the birth control pill was introduced, television became universalized, commercial jet travel came into being and a whole raft of other technological events occurred. Having spent several years watching the political process, we came away feeling that 99 per cent of what politicians do is keep systems running that were laid in place by previous generations of politicians. Our ideas came together in 1965 in an article called 'The future as a way of life', which argued that change was going to accelerate and that the speed of change could induce disorientation in lots of people. We coined the phrase 'future shock' as an analogy to the concept of culture shock. With future shock you stay in one place but your own culture changes so rapidly that it has the same disorienting effect as going to another culture" ^ W. Warren Wagar (1991). The Next Three Futures: Paradigms of Things to Come. Greenwood Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-313-26528-0. ^ Corneliu Vadim Tudor (2003). Romania's One Way Ticket to the Future. Greater Romania Foundation Publishing House. p. 55. ISBN 978-973-86070-4-0. ^ Morgen Witzel (15 May 2005). Encyclopedia of History of American Management. A&C Black. p. 501. ISBN 978-1-84371-131-5. ^ "Future Shock: Orson Welles Narrates a 1972 Film About the Perils of Technological Change \| Open Culture". Retrieved 2021-02-05.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrononauts: Futureshock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrononauts:_Futureshock"},{"link_name":"Future Shock (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Shock_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurist"},{"link_name":"Alvin Toffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Toffler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"Horizon magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(U.S._magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Futureshock\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Chrononauts: Futureshock.For other uses, see Future Shock (disambiguation).Future Shock is a 1970 book by American futurist Alvin Toffler,[1] written together with his spouse Adelaide Farrell,[2][3] in which the authors define the term \"future shock\" as a certain psychological state of individuals and entire societies. The shortest definition for the term in the book is a personal perception of \"too much change in too short a period of time\". The book, which became an international bestseller, has sold over 6 million copies and has been widely translated.The book grew out of an article \"The Future as a Way of Life\" in Horizon magazine, Summer 1965 issue.[4][5][6][7]","title":"Future Shock"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrial society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_society"},{"link_name":"super-industrial society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-industrial_society"},{"link_name":"information overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_overload"},{"link_name":"The Third Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Wave_(Toffler_book)"},{"link_name":"Powershift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powershift:_Knowledge,_Wealth_and_Violence_at_the_Edge_of_the_21st_Century"},{"link_name":"Neil Postman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Postman"},{"link_name":"National Council of Teachers of English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English"},{"link_name":"Alvin Toffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Toffler"}],"sub_title":"Future shock","text":"Alvin Toffler argued that society is undergoing an enormous structural change, a revolution from an industrial society to a \"super-industrial society\". This change overwhelms people. He argues that the accelerated rate of technological and social change leaves people disconnected and suffering from \"shattering stress and disorientation\"—future shocked. Toffler stated that the majority of social problems are symptoms of future shock. In his discussion of the components of such shock he popularized the term \"information overload.\"This analysis of the phenomenon of information overload is continued in later publications, especially The Third Wave and Powershift.In the introduction to an essay titled \"Future Shock\" in his book, Conscientious Objections, Neil Postman wrote:Sometime about the middle of 1963, my colleague Charles Weingartner and I delivered in tandem an address to the National Council of Teachers of English. In that address we used the phrase \"future shock\" as a way of describing the social paralysis induced by rapid technological change. To my knowledge, Weingartner and I were the first people ever to use it in a public forum. Of course, neither Weingartner nor I had the brains to write a book called Future Shock, and all due credit goes to Alvin Toffler for having recognized a good phrase when one came along. (p. 162)","title":"Major themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alvin Toffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Toffler"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"barbarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian"},{"link_name":"civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization"},{"link_name":"prosumers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosumers"},{"link_name":"machine tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool"},{"link_name":"steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"services sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_sector"},{"link_name":"industrial society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_society"},{"link_name":"post-industrial society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"The third wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Wave_(Toffler_book)"},{"link_name":"Information Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Era"}],"sub_title":"Development of society and production","text":"Alvin Toffler distinguished three stages in development of society and production: agrarian, industrial and post-industrial.Each of these waves develops its own \"super-ideology” in order to explain reality. This ideology affects all the spheres which make up a civilization phase: technology, social patterns, information patterns, and power patterns.The first stage began in the period of the Neolithic Era with the advent of agriculture, thereby passing from barbarity to a civilization. A large number of people acted as prosumers (eating their grown food, hunting animals, building their own houses, making clothes,....). People traded by exchanging their own goods for commodities of others. The second stage began in England with the Industrial Revolution with the invention of the machine tool and the steam engine. People worked in factories to make money they could spend on goods they needed (it means they produced for exchange, not for use). Countries also created new social systems. The third stage began in the second half of the 20th century in the West when people invented automatic production, robotics and the computer. The services sector attained great value.Toffler proposed one criterion for distinguishing between industrial society and post-industrial society: the share of the population occupied in agriculture versus the share of city labor occupied in the services sector. In a post-industrial society, the share of the people occupied in agriculture does not exceed 15%, and the share of city laborers occupied in the services sector exceeds 50%. Thus, the share of the people occupied with brainwork greatly exceeds the share of the people occupied with physical work in post-industrial society.The third wave led to the Information Era (now). Homes are the dominant institutions. Most people carry on their own production and consumption in their homes or electronic cottages, they produce more of their own products and services and markets become less important for them. People consider each other to be equally free as vendors of prosumer-generated commodities.","title":"Major themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChryslerBuildingMidtownManhattanNewYorkCity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"national identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity"},{"link_name":"profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession"},{"link_name":"brain drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drain"},{"link_name":"emigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration"}],"sub_title":"Fear of the future","text":"Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the United StatesAlvin Toffler's main thought centers on the idea that modern humans feel shock from rapid changes. For example, Toffler's daughter went to shop in New York City and she couldn't find a shop in its previous location. Thus New York has become a city without a history. The overall production of goods and services doubles each 50 years in developed countries. Society experiences an increasing number of changes with an increasing rapidity, while people are losing the familiarity that old institutions (religion, family, national identity, profession) once provided. The so-called \"brain drain\" – the emigration of European scientists to the United States – is both an indicator of the changes in society and also one of their causes.","title":"Major themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_Yen_lighter.JPG"},{"link_name":"disposable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"ballpoint pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen"},{"link_name":"lighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter"},{"link_name":"plastic bottles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bottle"},{"link_name":"paper towels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_towels"},{"link_name":"expected period of usability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_life"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(economics)"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)"},{"link_name":"careers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"nomads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"driver's license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license"},{"link_name":"teenager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenager"}],"sub_title":"Features of post-industrial society","text":"A generic, disposable lighterMany goods have become disposable as the cost of manual repair or cleaning has become greater than the cost of making new goods due to mass production. Examples of disposable goods include ballpoint pens, lighters, plastic bottles, and paper towels.\nThe design of goods becomes outdated quickly. (And so, for example, a second generation of computers appears before the end of the expected period of usability of the first generation). It is possible to rent almost everything (from a ladder to a wedding dress), thus eliminating the need for ownership.\nWhole branches of industry die off and new branches of industry arise. This affects unskilled workers who are compelled to change their residence to find new jobs. The constant change in the market also poses a problem for advertisers who must deal with moving targets.\nPeople of post-industrial society change their profession and their workplace often. People have to change professions because professions quickly become outdated. People of post-industrial society thus have many careers in a lifetime. The knowledge of an engineer becomes outdated in ten years. People look more and more for temporary jobs.\nTo follow transient jobs, people have become nomads. For example, immigrants from Algeria, Turkey and other countries go to Europe to find work. Transient people are forced to change residence, phone number, school, friends, car license, and contact with family often. As a result, relationships tend to be superficial with a large number of people, instead of being intimate or close relationships that are more stable. Evidence for this is tourist travel and holiday romances.\nThe driver's license, received at age 16, has become the teenager's admission to the world of adults, because it symbolizes the ability to move independently.\nDeath of Permanence. The post industrial society will be marked by a transient culture where everything ranging from goods to human relationships will be temporary.","title":"Major themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagar1991-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tudor2003-9"},{"link_name":"bestseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestseller"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witzel2005-10"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Shock_(film)"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The book sold over 6 million copies within five years[8] and has been widely translated (it had translations into twenty foreign languages as of 2003).[9] It has been described as \"an international bestseller within weeks of publication\".[10]A documentary film based on the book was released in 1972 with Orson Welles as on-screen narrator.[11]","title":"Significance and reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ChryslerBuildingMidtownManhattanNewYorkCity.jpg/220px-ChryslerBuildingMidtownManhattanNewYorkCity.jpg"},{"image_text":"A generic, disposable lighter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/100_Yen_lighter.JPG/220px-100_Yen_lighter.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Accelerating change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_change"},{"title":"Adhocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracy"},{"title":"Culture shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_shock"},{"title":"Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_Transition"},{"title":"Electric Dreams (BBC TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Dreams_(BBC_TV_series)"},{"title":"Paradigm shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_shift"},{"title":"Post-industrial society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society"},{"title":"Psychosocial Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosocial"},{"title":"Social alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_alienation"},{"title":"Technological singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity"}]	[{"reference":"\"Alvin Toffler: still shocking after all these years - Interview\". New Scientist. 19 March 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119173-500-alvin-toffler-still-shocking-after-all-these-years/","url_text":"\"Alvin Toffler: still shocking after all these years - Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Keith (2019-02-12). \"Heidi Toffler, Unsung Force Behind Futurist Books, Dies at 89\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/obituaries/heidi-toffler-dead.html","url_text":"\"Heidi Toffler, Unsung Force Behind Futurist Books, Dies at 89\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Future Shock at 40: What the Tofflers Got Right (and Wrong)\". Fast Company. 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/1695307/future-shock-40-what-tofflers-got-right-and-wrong","url_text":"\"Future Shock at 40: What the Tofflers Got Right (and Wrong)\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the love of reading: Horizon Magazine hardcover issues 1959 - 1977 table of contents\". September 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://notearama.blogspot.com/2013/09/horizon-magazine-hardcover-issues-1959.html","url_text":"\"For the love of reading: Horizon Magazine hardcover issues 1959 - 1977 table of contents\""}]},{"reference":"W. Warren Wagar (1991). The Next Three Futures: Paradigms of Things to Come. Greenwood Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-313-26528-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JBcmAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Next Three Futures: Paradigms of Things to Come"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26528-0","url_text":"978-0-313-26528-0"}]},{"reference":"Corneliu Vadim Tudor (2003). Romania's One Way Ticket to the Future. Greater Romania Foundation Publishing House. p. 55. ISBN 978-973-86070-4-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7OGgAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Romania's One Way Ticket to the Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-86070-4-0","url_text":"978-973-86070-4-0"}]},{"reference":"Morgen Witzel (15 May 2005). Encyclopedia of History of American Management. A&C Black. p. 501. ISBN 978-1-84371-131-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sOyPumbw0poC&pg=PA501","url_text":"Encyclopedia of History of American Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84371-131-5","url_text":"978-1-84371-131-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Future Shock: Orson Welles Narrates a 1972 Film About the Perils of Technological Change \| Open Culture\". Retrieved 2021-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openculture.com/2014/12/future-shock.html","url_text":"\"Future Shock: Orson Welles Narrates a 1972 Film About the Perils of Technological Change \| Open Culture\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Future_Shock&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this section"},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119173-500-alvin-toffler-still-shocking-after-all-these-years/","external_links_name":"\"Alvin Toffler: still shocking after all these years - Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/obituaries/heidi-toffler-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Heidi Toffler, Unsung Force Behind Futurist Books, Dies at 89\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.fastcompany.com/1695307/future-shock-40-what-tofflers-got-right-and-wrong","external_links_name":"\"Future Shock at 40: What the Tofflers Got Right (and Wrong)\""},{"Link":"http://notearama.blogspot.com/2013/09/horizon-magazine-hardcover-issues-1959.html","external_links_name":"\"For the love of reading: Horizon Magazine hardcover issues 1959 - 1977 table of contents\""},{"Link":"http://www.yoyow.com/marye/tofflers94.html","external_links_name":"\"Alvin And Heidi Toffler: Surfing The Third Wave: On Life And Work In The Information Age\""},{"Link":"http://www.sociosite.net/topics/texts/toffler.php","external_links_name":"\"Alvin Toffler: still shocking after all these years: New Scientist meets the controversial futurologist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090210084237/http://www.sociosite.net/topics/texts/toffler.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JBcmAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Next Three Futures: Paradigms of Things to Come"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7OGgAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Romania's One Way Ticket to the Future"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sOyPumbw0poC&pg=PA501","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of History of American Management"},{"Link":"https://www.openculture.com/2014/12/future-shock.html","external_links_name":"\"Future Shock: Orson Welles Narrates a 1972 Film About the Perils of Technological Change \| Open Culture\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksubayevo	Aksubayevo	["1 Administrative and municipal status","2 Transportation","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources"]	Coordinates: 54°51′N 50°49′E / 54.850°N 50.817°E / 54.850; 50.817Urban-type settlement in Tatarstan, RussiaAksubayevo АксубаевоUrban-type settlementOther transcription(s) • TatarАксубайLocation of Aksubayevo AksubayevoLocation of AksubayevoShow map of RussiaAksubayevoAksubayevo (Tatarstan)Show map of TatarstanCoordinates: 54°51′N 50°49′E / 54.850°N 50.817°E / 54.850; 50.817CountryRussiaFederal subjectTatarstanAdministrative districtAksubayevsky DistrictFounded1771Urban-type settlement status since1973Elevation50 m (160 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total10,008 • Estimate (2018)9,863 (−1.4%)Administrative status • Capital ofAksubayevsky DistrictMunicipal status • Municipal districtAksubayevsky Municipal District • Urban settlementAksubayevo Urban Settlement • Capital ofAksubayevsky Municipal District, Aksubayevo Urban SettlementTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )Postal code(s)423060, 423089OKTMO ID92604151051 Aksubayevo population2010 Census10,0082002 Census9,5191989 Census7,6011979 Census6,172 Aksubayevo (Russian: Аксуба́ево; Tatar: Аксубай) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Aksubayevsky District in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the banks of the Malaya Sulcha River, 150 kilometers (93 mi) southeast of the republic's capital of Kazan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 10,008. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Aksubayevo serves as the administrative center of Aksubayevsky District, of which it is a part. As a municipal division, Aksubayevo is incorporated within Aksubayevsky Municipal District as Aksubayevo Urban Settlement. Transportation The distance to the nearest railway station (in Nurlat) is 58 kilometers (36 mi). References Notes ^ a b c d e Order #01-02/9 ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ a b c d e Law #12-ZRT ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России (XLS). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года (in Russian). 1979 – via Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. Sources Министерство юстиции Республики Татарстан. Приказ №01-02/9 от 4 февраля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан», в ред. Приказа №01-02/160 от 11 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Приказ Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан от 04.02.2014 №01-02/9 "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан"». Опубликован: Официальный сайт правовой информации Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан (http://pravo.tatarstan.ru), 27 февраля 2014 г. (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan. Order #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Order #01-02/160 of March 11, 2015 On Amending the Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan". ). Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан. Закон №12-ЗРТ от 31 января 2005 г. «Об установлении границ территорий и статусе муниципального образования "Аксубаевский муниципальный район" и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №77-ЗРТ от 24 июля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Татарстан "Об установлении границ территорий и статусе муниципального образования "Аксубаевский муниципальный район" и муниципальных образований в его составе"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Республика Татарстан", №№18–19, 1 февраля 2005 г. (State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. Law #12-ZRT of January 31, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and the Status of the Municipal Formation of "Aksubayevsky Municipal District" and of the Municipal Formations It Comprises, as amended by the Law #77-ZRT of July 24, 2014 On Amending the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and the Status of the Municipal Formation of "Aksubayevsky Municipal District" and of the Municipal Formations It Comprises". Effective as of the day of the official publication.). vteAdministrative divisions of TatarstanCapital: Kazan • Rural localitiesDistricts Agryzsky Aksubayevsky Aktanyshsky Alexeyevsky Alkeyevsky Almetyevsky Apastovsky Arsky Atninsky Aznakayevsky Baltasinsky Bavlinsky Bugulminsky Buinsky Cheremshansky Chistopolsky Drozhzhanovsky Kamsko-Ustyinsky Kaybitsky Kukmorsky Laishevsky Leninogorsky Mamadyshsky Mendeleyevsky Menzelinsky Muslyumovsky Nizhnekamsky Novosheshminsky Nurlatsky Pestrechinsky Rybno-Slobodsky Sabinsky Sarmanovsky Spassky Tetyushsky Tukayevsky Tyulyachinsky Verkhneuslonsky Vysokogorsky Yelabuzhsky Yutazinsky Zainsky Zelenodolsky Cities and towns Agryz Almetyevsk Arsk Aznakayevo Bavly Bolgar Bugulma Buinsk Chistopol Kazan Laishevo Leninogorsk Mamadysh Mendeleyevsk Menzelinsk Naberezhnye Chelny Nizhnekamsk Nurlat Tetyushi Yelabuga Zainsk Zelenodolsk Urban-type settlements Aksubayevo Aktyubinsky Alexeyevskoye Apastovo Baltasi Bogatye Saby Dzhalil Kamskiye Polyany Kamskoye Ustye Karabash Kukmor Kuybyshevsky Zaton Nizhniye Vyazovye Nizhnyaya Maktama Rybnaya Sloboda Tenishevo Urussu Vasilyevo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"urban locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Aksubayevsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksubayevsky_District"},{"link_name":"Republic of Tatarstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Malaya Sulcha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaya_Sulcha_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-2"}],"text":"Urban-type settlement in Tatarstan, RussiaAksubayevo (Russian: Аксуба́ево; Tatar: Аксубай) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Aksubayevsky District in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the banks of the Malaya Sulcha River, 150 kilometers (93 mi) southeast of the republic's capital of Kazan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 10,008.[2]","title":"Aksubayevo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Aksubayevsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksubayevsky_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTatarstan_admlist-1"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTatarstanAksubayevskyD_mun-4"}],"text":"Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Aksubayevo serves as the administrative center of Aksubayevsky District, of which it is a part.[1] As a municipal division, Aksubayevo is incorporated within Aksubayevsky Municipal District as Aksubayevo Urban Settlement.[4]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nurlat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurlat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The distance to the nearest railway station (in Nurlat) is 58 kilometers (36 mi).[citation needed]","title":"Transportation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России [All Union Population Census of 1979. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of Russia] (XLS). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года [All-Union Population Census of 1979] (in Russian). 1979 – via Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.xls","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aksubayevo&params=54_51_N_50_49_E_type:city(10008)_region:RU","external_links_name":"54°51′N 50°49′E / 54.850°N 50.817°E / 54.850; 50.817"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aksubayevo&params=54_51_N_50_49_E_type:city(10008)_region:RU","external_links_name":"54°51′N 50°49′E / 54.850°N 50.817°E / 54.850; 50.817"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_Augustus_Barnett_%26_Son_Ltd	Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd	["1 Facts","2 Judgment","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]	Re Augustus Barnett & Son LtdCourtHigh CourtCitations BCLC 170The Times, December 7, 1985Case opinionsHoffmann JKeywordsFraudulent trading Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd BCLC 170 is a UK insolvency law case on the standard of fault required to show that directors have been guilty of fraudulent trading. Facts vteFraudulent trading casesRe Sarflax Ltd Ch 592R v Grantham QB 675Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd BCLC 170Re a Company (No 001418 of 1988) BCC 526Morphitis v Bernasconi EWCA Civ 289Jetivia SA v Bilta (UK) Limited (in liquidation) UKSC 23See United Kingdom insolvency law Augustus Barnett & Sons Ltd (Barnett) was a subsidiary of Rumasa SA and the main retail UK retail store for wine and sherry export. Barnett had a deficiency of assets, and its auditors would not certify accounts on a going concern basis, unless Rumasa confirmed it would keep supporting the company. Rumasa did, saying with a 'letter of comfort' on June 1, 1982 that it would provide additional working capital. It had given £4m in subsidies by 1981. Rumasa was nationalised by the Spanish government on February 23, 1983. Barnett's asset deficiency was now £4.5m. Auditors and lawyers advised that the directors of Barnett were at risk of personal liability for fraudulent trading (now s.213 Insolvency Act 1986; then s.332 Companies Act 1948) unless more money could pay off the debts. On September 2, 1983, Barnett went into voluntary liquidation. The liquidators applied for a declaration that Rumasa was a knowing party to fraudulent trading. Rumasa opposed and argued there was no reasonable cause of action, because it was never alleged that Barnett directors were dishonest or had any intention to defraud. Judgment Hoffmann J agreed with Rumasa's strike out application. The Companies Act 1948, s.332 said that in winding up if it appeared that, ...any business of the company has been carried on with intent to defraud creditors the court may, if it thinks proper to do so, declare that any persons who were knowingly parties to the carrying on of the business in manner aforesaid shall be personally responsible, without any limitation of liability, for all or any of the debts or other liabilities of the company as the court may direct. Hoffmann J held that because this section required a finding of someone carrying on a company "with intent to defraud", it was only when that requirement was fulfilled that knowing parties could be similarly liable. The state of mind of the outsider was irrelevant. There could be an action in the tort of deceit, but not s.332. Because there was no allegation of fraud on Barnett directors, the parent could be no accessory. In an obiter dictum, Hoffmann J also looked at one of the liquidator's arguments. This was that the Rumasa's letter of comfort, for financial support over the years, should make the parent liable for Barnett's debts. He said the state of law was inadequate on this subject, and it was a question of considerable public importance; but these interlocutory proceedings were not a good opportunity for a wider investigation. In any case the language of s.332 was plain. See also R v. Grantham QB 675 Notes ^ Also intermittently, s.630 of the Companies Act 1985. References Case Comment, ‘Liability for fraudulent trading requires proof of fraudulent intent’ Journal of Business Law 11, commenting that "while the parent-subsidiary relationship does not, as such, give rise to liability, cases may occur in which the parent, by its statements and conduct, is precluded from denying that it undertook such liability."	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK insolvency law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_insolvency_law"},{"link_name":"fraudulent trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudulent_trading"}],"text":"Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd [1986] BCLC 170 is a UK insolvency law case on the standard of fault required to show that directors have been guilty of fraudulent trading.","title":"Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clist_fraudulent_trading"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_fraudulent_trading"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_fraudulent_trading"},{"link_name":"Re Sarflax Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_Sarflax_Ltd"},{"link_name":"R v Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Re a Company (No 001418 of 1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_a_Company_(No_001418_of_1988)"},{"link_name":"Morphitis v Bernasconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphitis_v_Bernasconi"},{"link_name":"[2003] EWCA Civ 289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2003/289.html"},{"link_name":"Jetivia SA v Bilta (UK) Limited (in liquidation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetivia_SA_v_Bilta_(UK)_Limited_(in_liquidation)"},{"link_name":"[2015] UKSC 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2015/23.html"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom insolvency law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_insolvency_law"},{"link_name":"Rumasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumasa"},{"link_name":"letter of comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_comfort_(contract_law)"},{"link_name":"working capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_capital"},{"link_name":"fraudulent trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudulent_trading"},{"link_name":"Insolvency Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency_Act_1986"},{"link_name":"Companies Act 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_1948"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"voluntary liquidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_liquidation"}],"text":"vteFraudulent trading casesRe Sarflax Ltd [1979] Ch 592R v Grantham [1984] QB 675Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd [1986] BCLC 170Re a Company (No 001418 of 1988) [1990] BCC 526Morphitis v Bernasconi [2003] EWCA Civ 289Jetivia SA v Bilta (UK) Limited (in liquidation) [2015] UKSC 23See United Kingdom insolvency lawAugustus Barnett & Sons Ltd (Barnett) was a subsidiary of Rumasa SA and the main retail UK retail store for wine and sherry export. Barnett had a deficiency of assets, and its auditors would not certify accounts on a going concern basis, unless Rumasa confirmed it would keep supporting the company. Rumasa did, saying with a 'letter of comfort' on June 1, 1982 that it would provide additional working capital. It had given £4m in subsidies by 1981.Rumasa was nationalised by the Spanish government on February 23, 1983. Barnett's asset deficiency was now £4.5m. Auditors and lawyers advised that the directors of Barnett were at risk of personal liability for fraudulent trading (now s.213 Insolvency Act 1986; then s.332 Companies Act 1948[1]) unless more money could pay off the debts. On September 2, 1983, Barnett went into voluntary liquidation. The liquidators applied for a declaration that Rumasa was a knowing party to fraudulent trading. Rumasa opposed and argued there was no reasonable cause of action, because it was never alleged that Barnett directors were dishonest or had any intention to defraud.","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoffmann J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Hoffmann,_Baron_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"tort of deceit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_of_deceit"},{"link_name":"obiter dictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiter_dictum"}],"text":"Hoffmann J agreed with Rumasa's strike out application. The Companies Act 1948, s.332 said that in winding up if it appeared that,...any business of the company has been carried on with intent to defraud creditors the court may, if it thinks proper to do so, declare that any persons who were knowingly parties to the carrying on of the business in manner aforesaid shall be personally responsible, without any limitation of liability, for all or any of the debts or other liabilities of the company as the court may direct.Hoffmann J held that because this section required a finding of someone carrying on a company \"with intent to defraud\", it was only when that requirement was fulfilled that knowing parties could be similarly liable. The state of mind of the outsider was irrelevant. There could be an action in the tort of deceit, but not s.332. Because there was no allegation of fraud on Barnett directors, the parent could be no accessory.In an obiter dictum, Hoffmann J also looked at one of the liquidator's arguments. This was that the Rumasa's letter of comfort, for financial support over the years, should make the parent liable for Barnett's debts. He said the state of law was inadequate on this subject, and it was a question of considerable public importance; but these interlocutory proceedings were not a good opportunity for a wider investigation. In any case the language of s.332 was plain.","title":"Judgment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Companies Act 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_1985"}],"text":"^ Also intermittently, s.630 of the Companies Act 1985.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"R v. Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v._Grantham"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2003/289.html","external_links_name":"[2003] EWCA Civ 289"},{"Link":"https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2015/23.html","external_links_name":"[2015] UKSC 23"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-178	German submarine U-178	["1 Design","2 First patrol","3 Second patrol","4 Third patrol","5 Fate","6 Summary of raiding history","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]	German World War II submarine History Nazi Germany NameU-178 Ordered28 May 1940 BuilderDeSchiMAG AG Weser, Bremen Yard number1018 Laid down24 December 1940 Launched25 October 1941 Commissioned14 February 1942 FateScuttled, 25 August 1944 General characteristics Class and typeType IXD2 submarine Displacement 1,610 t (1,580 long tons) surfaced 1,799 t (1,771 long tons) submerged Length 87.58 m (287 ft 4 in) o/a 68.50 m (224 ft 9 in) pressure hull Beam 7.50 m (24 ft 7 in) o/a 4.40 m (14 ft 5 in) pressure hull Height10.20 m (33 ft 6 in) Draught5.35 m (17 ft 7 in) Installed power 9,000 PS (6,620 kW; 8,880 bhp) (diesels) 1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric) Propulsion 2 shafts 2 × diesel engines 2 × electric motors Speed 20.8 knots (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph) surfaced 6.9 knots (12.8 km/h; 7.9 mph) submerged Range 12,750 nmi (23,610 km; 14,670 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced 57 nmi (106 km; 66 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged Test depth230 m (750 ft) Complement55 to 64 Armament 6 × torpedo tubes (four bow, two stern) 24 × 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedoes 1 × 10.5 cm (4.1 in) L/45 deck gun with 150 rounds 1 × 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 AA gun 2 × 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns Service record Part of: 4th U-boat Flotilla 14 February - 31 August 1942 10th U-boat Flotilla 1 September - 31 October 1942 12th U-boat Flotilla 1 November 1942 - 1 August 1944 Identification codes: M 36 887Commanders: Kapt.z.S. Hans Ibbeken 14 February 1942 - 21 February 1943 K.Kapt. Wilhelm Dommes 22 February - 25 November 1943 Kptlt. Wilhelm Spahr 25 November 1943 - 25 August 1944 Operations: 3 patrols: 1st patrol: a. 8 September 1942 - 10 January 1943 b. 7–9 March 1943 2nd patrol: a. 28 March - 27 August 1943 b. 9–11 October 1943 c. 23–25 October 1943 d. 6–8 November 1943 e. 23–4 November 1943 3rd patrol: 27 November 1943 - 25 May 1944 Victories: 13 merchant ships sunk (87,030 GRT) 1 merchant ship damaged (6,348 GRT) German submarine U-178 was a Type IXD2 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II. Ordered on 28 May 1940, the U-boat was laid down on 24 December 1940 at the AG Weser yard in Bremen as yard number 1018. She was launched on 25 October 1941 and commissioned on 14 February 1942, under the command of Fregattenkapitän Hans Ibekken. Design German Type IXD2 submarines were considerably larger than the original Type IXs. U-178 had a displacement of 1,610 tonnes (1,580 long tons) when at the surface and 1,799 tonnes (1,771 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 87.58 m (287 ft 4 in), a pressure hull length of 68.50 m (224 ft 9 in), a beam of 7.50 m (24 ft 7 in), a height of 10.20 m (33 ft 6 in), and a draught of 5.35 m (17 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines plus two MWM RS34.5S six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines for cruising, producing a total of 9,000 metric horsepower (6,620 kW; 8,880 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.85 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 200 metres (660 ft). The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 20.8 knots (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 6.9 knots (12.8 km/h; 7.9 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 121 nautical miles (224 km; 139 mi) at 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 12,750 nautical miles (23,610 km; 14,670 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-178 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 24 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 150 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 with 2575 rounds as well as two 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns with 8100 rounds. The boat had a complement of fifty-five. First patrol U-178 sailed from Kiel on 8 September 1942 into the Atlantic, passing north of Scotland and then turned south. She made her first kill on 10 October, putting three torpedoes into the unescorted passenger ship Duchess of Atholl, a Canadian Pacific Steamship Co. liner chartered as a troop transport, about 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) ENE of Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The vessel sank slowly and only five crew members were lost. The master, 267 crew members, 25 gunners and all 534 passengers were later rescued by a British vessel. U-178 then sailed around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean south and east of South Africa, sinking the British troopship Mendoza on 1 November, killing the master, 19 crew members, three gunners and three passengers, while 127 of the crew, three gunners and 250 passengers were later picked up by a South African patrol ship and an American merchantman. U-178 struck twice on 4 November, sinking both the British merchantman Trekieve and the Norwegian cargo ship Hai Hing, off Mozambique. The British merchant ship Louise Moller was sunk about 240 nmi (440 km; 280 mi) ExS of Durban on 13 November; two days later the U-boat attacked the British merchant ship Adviser. Seeing the crew abandon the apparently sinking ship, U-178 left the area after hearing depth charges being dropped in the distance. However, Adviser was taken in tow to Durban, where she was repaired and returned to service. U-178's last victory was on 27 November, sinking the American Liberty ship SS Jeremiah Wadsworth around 270 nmi (500 km; 310 mi) S of Cape Agulhas. U-178 then shaped her course north through the Atlantic, arriving at Bordeaux in France on 10 January 1943 after 125 days at sea. Second patrol Under a new commander, Korvettenkapitän Wilhelm Dommes, U-178 sailed from Bordeaux on 28 March 1943, and repeated the success of her previous patrol, this time in the waters of the Mozambique Channel. Her first victory came on 1 June in a hit-and-run attack on Convoy CD-20. U-178 fired two torpedoes, one of which struck the Dutch cargo ship Salabangka, which later sank. On 4 July she attacked the Norwegian steamer Breiviken, a straggler from Convoy DN-50. The ship sank within three minutes; U-178 spent some time picking up the crew from the sea and putting them onto rafts. The survivors of Breiviken later found two drifting lifeboats from their own ship, and on 7 July reached the coast. U-178 sailed off in pursuit of another victim, sinking the Greek merchant ship Michael Livanos later that day. On 11 July her sister ship Mary Livanos was also sunk by U-178. In the early hours of 14 July, the American Liberty ship Robert Bacon was torpedoed about 35 miles off the Mozambique Light. The crew of 44 and 27 Armed Guards (the ship was armed with two 3-inch and eight 20 mm guns), abandoned ship before U-178 finished her off with two more torpedoes. The U-boat surfaced and questioned the survivors in one of the boats, giving them directions to land and wishing them good luck before leaving. U-178 made her last kill of the patrol on 17 July, sinking the British cargo ship City of Canton northeast of Beira after a pursuit lasting eighteen hours. She then shaped a course across the Indian Ocean to Penang, arriving there on 27 August after 153 days at sea. Third patrol K.Kapt. Dommes remained at Penang, commanding the U-Boat base there, located in the former British seaplane headquarters. U-178 sailed from Penang on 25 November 1943 with Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Spahr in command. She made only one kill, sinking the American Liberty ship SS José Navarro 175 nmi (324 km; 201 mi) SW of Cochin, India (now known as Kochi). She then sailed around Africa, back through the Atlantic, arriving in Bordeaux on 25 May 1944 after a voyage of 181 days (her longest). Fate U-178 was scuttled on 25 August 1944 at Bordeaux, as she was not deemed seaworthy enough to escape the Allied advance. The U-boat was broken up in 1947. Summary of raiding history Date Ship Nationality Tonnage(GRT) Fate 10 October 1942 Duchess of Atholl United Kingdom 20,119 Sunk 1 November 1942 Mendoza United Kingdom 8,233 Sunk 4 November 1942 Hai Hing Norway 2,561 Sunk 4 November 1942 Trekieve United Kingdom 5,244 Sunk 13 November 1942 Louise Moller United Kingdom 3,764 Sunk 15 November 1942 SS Adviser United Kingdom 6,348 Damaged 27 November 1942 Jeremiah Wadsworth United States 7,176 Sunk 1 June 1943 Salabangka Netherlands 6,586 Sunk 4 July 1943 Breiviken Norway 2,669 Sunk 4 July 1943 Michael Livanos Greece 4,774 Sunk 11 July 1943 Mary Livanos Greece 4,771 Sunk 14 July 1943 Robert Bacon United States 7,197 Sunk 17 July 1943 City of Canton United Kingdom 6,692 Sunk 27 December 1943 José Navarro United States 7,244 Sunk References ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXD2 boat U-178". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 8 November 2009. ^ a b c d Gröner 1991, pp. 74–75. ^ "German Interest in sending U-Boats to the Far East". www.uboataces.com. Retrieved 8 November 2009. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-178". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 24 January 2013. Bibliography Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6. Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 . Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2. Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4. External links Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXD2 boat U-178". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014. Hofmann, Markus. "U 178". Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de (in German). Retrieved 7 December 2014. vteGerman Type IXD submarineType IXD1 U-180 U-195 Type IXD2 U-177 U-178 U-179 U-181 U-182 U-196 U-197 U-198 U-199 U-200 U-847 U-848 U-849 U-850 U-851 U-852 U-859 U-860 U-861 U-862 U-863 U-864 U-871 U-872 U-873 U-874 U-875 U-876 IXD/42 U-883 U-884 Preceded by: Type IXC Followed by: Type X List of U-boats of Germany vteGerman Type IX submarinesType IXA U-37 U-38 U-39 U-40 U-41 U-42 U-43 U-44 Type IXB U-64 U-65 U-103 U-104 U-105 U-106 U-107 U-108 U-109 U-110 U-111 U-122 U-123 U-124 Type IXC U-66 U-67 U-68 U-125 U-126 U-127 U-128 U-129 U-130 U-131 U-153 U-154 U-155 U-156 U-157 U-158 U-159 U-160 U-161 U-162 U-163 U-164 U-165 U-166 U-171 U-172 U-173 U-174 U-175 U-176 U-501 U-502 U-503 U-504 U-505 U-506 U-507 U-508 U-509 U-510 U-511 U-512 U-513 U-514 U-515 U-516 U-517 U-518 U-519 U-520 U-521 U-522 U-523 U-524 Type IXC/40 U-167 U-168 U-169 U-170 U-183 U-184 U-185 U-186 U-187 U-188 U-189 U-190 U-191 U-192 U-193 U-194 U-525 U-526 U-527 U-528 U-529 U-530 U-531 U-532 U-533 U-534 U-535 U-536 U-537 U-538 U-539 U-540 U-541 U-542 U-543 U-544 U-545 U-546 U-547 U-548 U-549 U-550 U-801 U-802 U-803 U-804 U-805 U-806 U-841 U-842 U-843 U-844 U-845 U-846 U-853 U-854 U-855 U-856 U-857 U-858 U-865 U-866 U-867 U-868 U-869 U-870 U-877 U-878 U-879 U-880 U-881 U-889 U-1221 U-1222 U-1223 U-1224 U-1225 U-1226 U-1227 U-1228 U-1229 U-1230 U-1231 U-1232 U-1233 U-1234 U-1235 Type IXD U-177 U-178 U-179 U-180 U-181 U-182 U-195 U-196 U-197 U-198 U-199 U-200 U-847 U-848 U-849 U-850 U-851 U-852 U-859 U-860 U-861 U-862 U-863 U-864 U-871 U-872 U-873 U-874 U-875 U-876 U-883 U-884 Preceded by: Type VII Followed by: Type X List of U-boats of Germany vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in August 1944Shipwrecks 2 Aug: USS Fiske 3 Aug: HMS Quorn 4 Aug: Tannenfels, Matsu 5 Aug: Mefküre, U-671 6 Aug: Empire City, Sachsenwald, Thétis, U-471, U-736, U-952, U-969, V 215 Oliva 7 Aug: Amsterdam, Empire Day, Nagara 8 Aug: Conte Verde, HMCS Regina, Tama Maru No. 6, V 404 Falke 9 Aug: Spichern 10 Aug: U-608 11 Aug: V 623 Jupiter, U-385, U-967 12 Aug: T-114, T-118, U-198, U-981, V 410 Germania 13 Aug: USS Flier, U-270, V 1101 Preußsen 14 Aug: V 605 Arthur Duncker, Gueydon, U-618 15 Aug: U-741 16 Aug: Trémintin 17 Aug: TA35 18 Aug: La Galissonnière, Natori, Strasbourg, Taiyō, Teia Maru, U-107, U-129, U-621, V 406 Hans Loh 19 Aug: Commandant Teste, Hayasui, Tamatsu Maru, U-123, U-466, V-6112 Friese 20 Aug: Richard Montgomery, U-9, U-413, U-984, U-1229. V 409 August Bösch 21 Aug: HMCS Alberni, HMS Kite, HMS Orchis, U-230, V 402 Dr. Adolf Spilker, Z23 22 Aug: HMS Bickerton, HMS Loyalty, Matsuwa, Tsushima Maru, U-344, V 401 Jan Mayen, V 405 J. Hinrich Wilhelms, V 413 Ferdinand Niedermeyer 23 Aug: Asakaze, U-180 24 Aug: USS Harder, NMS Mihail Kogălniceanu, U-354, U-445, Z37 25 Aug: Sperrbrecher 136, U-18, U-24, U-178, U-667, UIT-21, Yūnagi, Z24 26 Aug: Samidare, U-188, V 404 Baden, V 411 Saarland 27 Aug: HMS Britomart, Clemenceau, HMS Hussar 28 Aug: John Barry, V 407 Dorum 30 Aug: De Grasse, M553 31 Aug: Shirataka Unknown date: Condorcet, Kulmerland, Marechal Petain, U-925 Other incidents 4 Aug: Maycrest 15 Aug: LST-404 16 Aug: USS S-38 18 Aug: U-1054 20 Aug: Daronia 22 Aug: HMS Nabob 27 Aug: USS Pollack 31 Aug: U-1000 1943 1944 1945 July 1944 September 1944	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type IXD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"AG Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Weser"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Fregattenkapitän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregattenkapit%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"German submarine U-178 was a Type IXD2 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II.Ordered on 28 May 1940, the U-boat was laid down on 24 December 1940 at the AG Weser yard in Bremen as yard number 1018. She was launched on 25 October 1941 and commissioned on 14 February 1942, under the command of Fregattenkapitän Hans Ibekken.[1]","title":"German submarine U-178"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Type IXD2 submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine#Type_IXD"},{"link_name":"Type IXs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199174%E2%80%9375-2"},{"link_name":"pressure hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_hull"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draught_(ship)"},{"link_name":"MAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE"},{"link_name":"supercharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharged"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"MWM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MWM_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Siemens-Schuckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert"},{"link_name":"double-acting electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%E2%80%93generator"},{"link_name":"propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199174%E2%80%9375-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199174%E2%80%9375-2"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.5_cm_SK_C/32_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.7_cm_SK_C/30"},{"link_name":"2 cm (0.79 in) C/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_cm_FlaK_30"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199174%E2%80%9375-2"}],"text":"German Type IXD2 submarines were considerably larger than the original Type IXs. U-178 had a displacement of 1,610 tonnes (1,580 long tons) when at the surface and 1,799 tonnes (1,771 long tons) while submerged.[2] The U-boat had a total length of 87.58 m (287 ft 4 in), a pressure hull length of 68.50 m (224 ft 9 in), a beam of 7.50 m (24 ft 7 in), a height of 10.20 m (33 ft 6 in), and a draught of 5.35 m (17 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines plus two MWM RS34.5S six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines for cruising, producing a total of 9,000 metric horsepower (6,620 kW; 8,880 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.85 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 200 metres (660 ft).[2]The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 20.8 knots (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 6.9 knots (12.8 km/h; 7.9 mph).[2] When submerged, the boat could operate for 121 nautical miles (224 km; 139 mi) at 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 12,750 nautical miles (23,610 km; 14,670 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-178 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 24 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 150 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 with 2575 rounds as well as two 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns with 8100 rounds. The boat had a complement of fifty-five.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Steamship Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Steamship_Company"},{"link_name":"troop transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopship"},{"link_name":"Ascension Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"Cape Agulhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Agulhas"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BETASOM"}],"text":"U-178 sailed from Kiel on 8 September 1942 into the Atlantic, passing north of Scotland and then turned south. She made her first kill on 10 October, putting three torpedoes into the unescorted passenger ship Duchess of Atholl, a Canadian Pacific Steamship Co. liner chartered as a troop transport, about 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) ENE of Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The vessel sank slowly and only five crew members were lost. The master, 267 crew members, 25 gunners and all 534 passengers were later rescued by a British vessel.U-178 then sailed around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean south and east of South Africa, sinking the British troopship Mendoza on 1 November, killing the master, 19 crew members, three gunners and three passengers, while 127 of the crew, three gunners and 250 passengers were later picked up by a South African patrol ship and an American merchantman.U-178 struck twice on 4 November, sinking both the British merchantman Trekieve and the Norwegian cargo ship Hai Hing, off Mozambique.The British merchant ship Louise Moller was sunk about 240 nmi (440 km; 280 mi) ExS of Durban on 13 November; two days later the U-boat attacked the British merchant ship Adviser. Seeing the crew abandon the apparently sinking ship, U-178 left the area after hearing depth charges being dropped in the distance. However, Adviser was taken in tow to Durban, where she was repaired and returned to service.U-178's last victory was on 27 November, sinking the American Liberty ship SS Jeremiah Wadsworth around 270 nmi (500 km; 310 mi) S of Cape Agulhas.U-178 then shaped her course north through the Atlantic, arriving at Bordeaux in France on 10 January 1943 after 125 days at sea.","title":"First patrol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korvettenkapitän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korvettenkapit%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Dommes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Dommes"},{"link_name":"Mozambique Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_Channel"},{"link_name":"hit-and-run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics"},{"link_name":"Convoy CD-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_convoys"},{"link_name":"Convoy DN-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_convoys"},{"link_name":"Liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"Armed Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Armed_Guard"},{"link_name":"Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"}],"text":"Under a new commander, Korvettenkapitän Wilhelm Dommes, U-178 sailed from Bordeaux on 28 March 1943, and repeated the success of her previous patrol, this time in the waters of the Mozambique Channel.Her first victory came on 1 June in a hit-and-run attack on Convoy CD-20. U-178 fired two torpedoes, one of which struck the Dutch cargo ship Salabangka, which later sank.On 4 July she attacked the Norwegian steamer Breiviken, a straggler from Convoy DN-50. The ship sank within three minutes; U-178 spent some time picking up the crew from the sea and putting them onto rafts. The survivors of Breiviken later found two drifting lifeboats from their own ship, and on 7 July reached the coast. U-178 sailed off in pursuit of another victim, sinking the Greek merchant ship Michael Livanos later that day. On 11 July her sister ship Mary Livanos was also sunk by U-178.In the early hours of 14 July, the American Liberty ship Robert Bacon was torpedoed about 35 miles off the Mozambique Light. The crew of 44 and 27 Armed Guards (the ship was armed with two 3-inch and eight 20 mm guns), abandoned ship before U-178 finished her off with two more torpedoes. The U-boat surfaced and questioned the survivors in one of the boats, giving them directions to land and wishing them good luck before leaving.U-178 made her last kill of the patrol on 17 July, sinking the British cargo ship City of Canton northeast of Beira after a pursuit lasting eighteen hours. She then shaped a course across the Indian Ocean to Penang, arriving there on 27 August after 153 days at sea.","title":"Second patrol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U-Boat base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kapitänleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapit%C3%A4nleutnant"},{"link_name":"Cochin, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi,_India"}],"text":"K.Kapt. Dommes remained at Penang, commanding the U-Boat base there, located in the former British seaplane headquarters.[3] U-178 sailed from Penang on 25 November 1943 with Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Spahr in command. She made only one kill, sinking the American Liberty ship SS José Navarro 175 nmi (324 km; 201 mi) SW of Cochin, India (now known as Kochi). She then sailed around Africa, back through the Atlantic, arriving in Bordeaux on 25 May 1944 after a voyage of 181 days (her longest).","title":"Third patrol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broken up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"}],"text":"U-178 was scuttled on 25 August 1944 at Bordeaux, as she was not deemed seaworthy enough to escape the Allied advance. The U-boat was broken up in 1947.","title":"Fate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary of raiding history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-186-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-186-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8132-0514-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0514-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-593-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4"}],"text":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.\nBusch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.\nGröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"The Type IXD2 boat U-178\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 8 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/u178.htm","url_text":"\"The Type IXD2 boat U-178\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Interest in sending U-Boats to the Far East\". www.uboataces.com. Retrieved 8 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uboataces.com/articles-fareast-boats2.shtml","url_text":"\"German Interest in sending U-Boats to the Far East\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"Ships hit by U-178\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 24 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u178.html","url_text":"\"Ships hit by U-178\""}]},{"reference":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-186-6","url_text":"1-55750-186-6"}]},{"reference":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0514-2","url_text":"3-8132-0514-2"}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4","url_text":"0-85177-593-4"}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"The Type IXD2 boat U-178\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/u178.htm","url_text":"\"The Type IXD2 boat U-178\""}]},{"reference":"Hofmann, Markus. \"U 178\". Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de (in German). Retrieved 7 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0178.html","url_text":"\"U 178\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://uboat.net/boats/u178.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Type IXD2 boat U-178\""},{"Link":"http://www.uboataces.com/articles-fareast-boats2.shtml","external_links_name":"\"German Interest in sending U-Boats to the Far East\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u178.html","external_links_name":"\"Ships hit by U-178\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/boats/u178.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Type IXD2 boat U-178\""},{"Link":"http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0178.html","external_links_name":"\"U 178\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown_(experimental_musician)	Chris Brown (composer)	["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]	American classical composer This article is about the American composer and pianist. For the British composer, born 1943, see Christopher Brown (British composer). Not to be confused with singer Chris Brown. Chris Brown (born 1953) is an American composer, pianist and electronic musician, who creates music for acoustic instruments with interactive electronics, for computer networks, and for improvising ensembles. He was active early in his career as an inventor and builder of electroacoustic instruments; he has also performed widely as an improviser and pianist with groups as "Room" and the "Glenn Spearman Double Trio." In 1986 he co-founded the pioneering computer network music ensemble "The Hub". He is also known for his recorded performances of music by Henry Cowell, Luc Ferrari, and John Zorn. He has received commissions from the Berkeley Symphony, the Rova Saxophone Quartet, the Abel-Steinberg-Winant Trio, the Gerbode Foundation, the Phonos Foundation and the Creative Work Fund. His recent music includes the poly-rhythm installation "Talking Drum", the "Inventions" series for computers and interactive performers, and the radio performance "Transmissions" series, with composer Guillermo Galindo. His 1992 electroacoustic work "Lava", for brass, percussion, and electronics is produced by Tzadik Records. He teaches Composition and Electronic Music at Mills College in Oakland, where he is co-director of the Center for Contemporary Music (CCM). Discography 1980 "Earwig" with instrument builder Tom Nunn, cassette released by Essential Recordings, 16mm film by Eric Marin. 1985 Wayne Horvitz: Dinner at Eight (Dossier) 1989 "Snakecharmer" Live Electroacoustic Music by Chris Brown, Artifact Recordings, CD. 1989 "Room", Sound Aspects, CD. 1989 "The Hub: Computer Network Music" Artifact Recordings, CD. 1991 "The Virtuoso in the Computer Age -- I: CDCM Computer Music Series, vol. 10", piano performance, Centaur Records, CD 1992 Room: "Hall of Mirrors", Music and Arts. CD. 1993 Glenn Spearman Double Trio: "Mystery Project", piano and electronics performance, Black Saint, CD. 1994 "Music from the CCM at Mills College: CDCM Computer Music Series, vol. 17", Centaur Records, CD. 1994 Glenn Spearman Double Trio: "Smokehouse", piano performance, Black Saint, CD. 1994 The Hub: "Wreckin' Ball", Computer Network Music, Artifact Recordings, CD. 1995 "Conductions #11" by Butch Morris, original instruments performance, New World, CD. 1995 "In C" by Terry Riley The 25th Anniversary Performance, keyboard performance, New Albion Records, CD. 1995 "Lava" by Chris Brown, for brass, percussion and live electronics, Tzadik, CD. 1996 "Duets", by Chris Brown, with Tom Nunn, William Winant, Ikue Mori, and Tom Djll, Artifact Recordings, CD. 1996 Larry Ochs "The Secret Magritte", piano performance in ensemble including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Marilyn Crispell, Barry Guy, Lisle Ellis, and William Winant, Black Saint, CD. 1996 Glenn Spearman The Fields, Black Saint 1997 Rova's 1995 Live Recording of John Coltrane's "Ascension", piano performance in large ensemble including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Black Saint, CD. 1998 "Cellule 75", piano performance with William Winant, percussion of Luc Ferrari's composition, Tzadik CD. 1998 "Non Stop Flight", electronic performance with The Hub on this live recording by the Deep Listening Band, Music & Arts, CD. 1999 "New Music: Piano Compositions by Henry Cowell", piano performances by Chris Brown, New Albion Records, CD. 1999 "Waves", composition and performance with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi on "between/waves", Sparkling Beatnik, CD. 1999 Glenn Spearman's Blues for Falasha, piano performance with the Glenn Spearman Double Trio, Tzadik, CD. 2000 Xu Feng, electronics performance with a sextet of John Zorn’s game piece, Tzadik, CD. 2001 "fuzzybunny", live electronic improvisations with the trio by the same name which also includes Tim Perkis and Scot Gresham-Lancaster, Sonore, CD. 2001 "Oasis", opening track of a live computer music performance titled "knottyspine", on a compilation of music by composers from Mills College, including Fred Frith, Pauline Oliveros, Maggi Payne, John Bischoff, and Alvin Curran, CD. 2001 "Talking Drum", binaural recordings of live electronic installations, and location recordings of traditional music and environmental soundscapes, Sonore, CD. 2002 "Branches", recordings of "Invention#7", and "Alternating Currents", on Ecstatic Peace, LP. 2002 "Transmission Temescal", binaural recording of installation of 20 boomboxes and clock radios on the decks of the Artship, the Artship Recordings, disc 47. 2002 "Water", live electronics with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi, on "Visions: Performances form the EMIT series compilation CD. 2003 "Headlands - Natto Quartet", extended piano improvisations with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi; Shoko Hikage, koto; and Tim Perkis, electronics, on 482 Music, CD. Electric Ascension by Rova::Orchestrova, the Rova Saxophone Quartet augmented by a group of electronic musicians (Atavistic, 2005) 2005 "Rogue Wave", by Chris Brown electronic and acoustic compositions "Rogue Wave", "Transmission Tenderloin", "Retroscan", "Flies", "Cloudsteams/Bellwethers" and "Alternating Currents" . With Eddie Def, William Winant, Julie Steinberg et al. 2007 "Cutter Heads", Piano and Electronics; with Fred Frith, acoustic and electric guitar, Intakt Records, CD. 2016 "Six Primes", Piano, New World Records, CD. References Chris Brown YBCA profile Chris Brown Intakt Records short biography External links Official Website Golden, Barbara. “Conversation with Chris Brown.” eContact! 12.2 — Interviews (2) (April 2010). Montréal: CEC. Once Upon a Time in CA. A podcast, curated by Chris Brown for Ràdio Web MACBA documenting the experimental music on the West Coast in the 1980s. Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF 2 WorldCat 2 National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States 2 Czech Republic Australia Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Brown (British composer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Brown_(British_composer)"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"electronic musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_musician"},{"link_name":"Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Room_(music_group)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glenn Spearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Spearman"},{"link_name":"Henry Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Luc Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"John Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zorn"},{"link_name":"Rova Saxophone Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rova_Saxophone_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Abel-Steinberg-Winant Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel-Steinberg-Winant_Trio"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Galindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Galindo"},{"link_name":"Tzadik Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik_Records"},{"link_name":"Mills College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College"}],"text":"This article is about the American composer and pianist. For the British composer, born 1943, see Christopher Brown (British composer).Not to be confused with singer Chris Brown.Chris Brown (born 1953) is an American composer, pianist and electronic musician, who creates music for acoustic instruments with interactive electronics, for computer networks, and for improvising ensembles. He was active early in his career as an inventor and builder of electroacoustic instruments; he has also performed widely as an improviser and pianist with groups as \"Room\" and the \"Glenn Spearman Double Trio.\" In 1986 he co-founded the pioneering computer network music ensemble \"The Hub\". He is also known for his recorded performances of music by Henry Cowell, Luc Ferrari, and John Zorn. He has received commissions from the Berkeley Symphony, the Rova Saxophone Quartet, the Abel-Steinberg-Winant Trio, the Gerbode Foundation, the Phonos Foundation and the Creative Work Fund. His recent music includes the poly-rhythm installation \"Talking Drum\", the \"Inventions\" series for computers and interactive performers, and the radio performance \"Transmissions\" series, with composer Guillermo Galindo.His 1992 electroacoustic work \"Lava\", for brass, percussion, and electronics is produced by Tzadik Records. He teaches Composition and Electronic Music at Mills College in Oakland, where he is co-director of the Center for Contemporary Music (CCM).","title":"Chris Brown (composer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Marin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wayne Horvitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Horvitz"},{"link_name":"Dinner at Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner_at_Eight_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hub_(band)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Spearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Spearman"},{"link_name":"Mystery Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Project"},{"link_name":"Black Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saint/Soul_Note"},{"link_name":"Mills College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College"},{"link_name":"Glenn Spearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Spearman"},{"link_name":"Smokehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokehouse_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hub_(band)"},{"link_name":"Terry Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Riley"},{"link_name":"New Albion Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Albion_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tzadik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik_Records"},{"link_name":"William Winant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Winant"},{"link_name":"Artifact Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artifact_Recordings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fields_(album)"},{"link_name":"Rova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rova_Saxophone_Quartet"},{"link_name":"John Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"The Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hub_(band)"},{"link_name":"Deep Listening Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Listening_Band"},{"link_name":"Philip Gelb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Gelb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blues for Falasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_for_Falasha"},{"link_name":"Xu Feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Feng_(album)"},{"link_name":"John Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zorn"},{"link_name":"game piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_piece_(music)"},{"link_name":"fuzzybunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzzybunny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tim Perkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Perkis"},{"link_name":"Scot Gresham-Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scot_Gresham-Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Sonore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonore"},{"link_name":"Fred Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Frith"},{"link_name":"Pauline Oliveros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Oliveros"},{"link_name":"Maggi Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggi_Payne"},{"link_name":"John Bischoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bischoff_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Alvin Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Curran"},{"link_name":"Sonore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonore"},{"link_name":"Philip Gelb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Gelb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip Gelb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Gelb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shoko Hikage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoko_Hikage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tim Perkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Perkis"},{"link_name":"Electric Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Ascension"},{"link_name":"Rova Saxophone Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rova_Saxophone_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Fred Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Frith"}],"text":"1980 \"Earwig\" with instrument builder Tom Nunn, cassette released by Essential Recordings, 16mm film by Eric Marin.\n1985 Wayne Horvitz: Dinner at Eight (Dossier)\n1989 \"Snakecharmer\" Live Electroacoustic Music by Chris Brown, Artifact Recordings, CD.\n1989 \"Room\", Sound Aspects, CD.\n1989 \"The Hub: Computer Network Music\" Artifact Recordings, CD.\n1991 \"The Virtuoso in the Computer Age -- I: CDCM Computer Music Series, vol. 10\", piano performance, Centaur Records, CD\n1992 Room: \"Hall of Mirrors\", Music and Arts. CD.\n1993 Glenn Spearman Double Trio: \"Mystery Project\", piano and electronics performance, Black Saint, CD.\n1994 \"Music from the CCM at Mills College: CDCM Computer Music Series, vol. 17\", Centaur Records, CD.\n1994 Glenn Spearman Double Trio: \"Smokehouse\", piano performance, Black Saint, CD.\n1994 The Hub: \"Wreckin' Ball\", Computer Network Music, Artifact Recordings, CD.\n1995 \"Conductions #11\" by Butch Morris, original instruments performance, New World, CD.\n1995 \"In C\" by Terry Riley The 25th Anniversary Performance, keyboard performance, New Albion Records, CD.\n1995 \"Lava\" by Chris Brown, for brass, percussion and live electronics, Tzadik, CD.\n1996 \"Duets\", by Chris Brown, with Tom Nunn, William Winant, Ikue Mori, and Tom Djll, Artifact Recordings, CD.\n1996 Larry Ochs \"The Secret Magritte\", piano performance in ensemble including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Marilyn Crispell, Barry Guy, Lisle Ellis, and William Winant, Black Saint, CD.\n1996 Glenn Spearman The Fields, Black Saint\n1997 Rova's 1995 Live Recording of John Coltrane's \"Ascension\", piano performance in large ensemble including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Black Saint, CD.\n1998 \"Cellule 75\", piano performance with William Winant, percussion of Luc Ferrari's composition, Tzadik CD.\n1998 \"Non Stop Flight\", electronic performance with The Hub on this live recording by the Deep Listening Band, Music & Arts, CD.\n1999 \"New Music: Piano Compositions by Henry Cowell\", piano performances by Chris Brown, New Albion Records, CD.\n1999 \"Waves\", composition and performance with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi on \"between/waves\", Sparkling Beatnik, CD.\n1999 Glenn Spearman's Blues for Falasha, piano performance with the Glenn Spearman Double Trio, Tzadik, CD.\n2000 Xu Feng, electronics performance with a sextet of John Zorn’s game piece, Tzadik, CD.\n2001 \"fuzzybunny\", live electronic improvisations with the trio by the same name which also includes Tim Perkis and Scot Gresham-Lancaster, Sonore, CD.\n2001 \"Oasis\", opening track of a live computer music performance titled \"knottyspine\", on a compilation of music by composers from Mills College, including Fred Frith, Pauline Oliveros, Maggi Payne, John Bischoff, and Alvin Curran, CD.\n2001 \"Talking Drum\", binaural recordings of live electronic installations, and location recordings of traditional music and environmental soundscapes, Sonore, CD.\n2002 \"Branches\", recordings of \"Invention#7\", and \"Alternating Currents\", on Ecstatic Peace, LP.\n2002 \"Transmission Temescal\", binaural recording of installation of 20 boomboxes and clock radios on the decks of the Artship, the Artship Recordings, disc 47.\n2002 \"Water\", live electronics with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi, on \"Visions: Performances form the EMIT series compilation CD.\n2003 \"Headlands - Natto Quartet\", extended piano improvisations with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi; Shoko Hikage, koto; and Tim Perkis, electronics, on 482 Music, CD.\nElectric Ascension by Rova::Orchestrova, the Rova Saxophone Quartet augmented by a group of electronic musicians (Atavistic, 2005)\n2005 \"Rogue Wave\", by Chris Brown electronic and acoustic compositions \"Rogue Wave\", \"Transmission Tenderloin\", \"Retroscan\", \"Flies\", \"Cloudsteams/Bellwethers\" and \"Alternating Currents\" . With Eddie Def, William Winant, Julie Steinberg et al.\n2007 \"Cutter Heads\", Piano and Electronics; with Fred Frith, acoustic and electric guitar, Intakt Records, CD.\n2016 \"Six Primes\", Piano, New World Records, CD.","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090918193120/http://www.ybca.org/tickets/production/view.aspx?id=9915","external_links_name":"Chris Brown"},{"Link":"http://www.intaktrec.ch/124-a.htm","external_links_name":"Chris Brown"},{"Link":"http://www.cbmuse.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"http://cec.concordia.ca/econtact/12_2/interviews_golden.html","external_links_name":"eContact! 12.2 — Interviews (2)"},{"Link":"http://rwm.macba.cat/en/curatorial?id_capsula=798","external_links_name":"Once Upon a Time in CA."},{"Link":"http://rwm.macba.cat/","external_links_name":"Ràdio Web MACBA"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115988582","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000038223550X","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14982048","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/263911670","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrGGPdkRppgTK7QY3PcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjrHHG63KjG73r8ymbfkj3","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4580480","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14159533f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14159533f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134337727","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007318302705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92041585","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85138048","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0091933&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35099132","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000003640612","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/548bae0a-223e-4825-a79f-951e1f737a84","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/826165","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobiles	Snowmobile	["1 History","1.1 Early designs","1.2 Development of modern designs","1.3 Post-war developments","2 Design","3 Performance","4 Brands","4.1 Polaris","4.2 Ski-Doo","4.3 Alpina","4.4 Taiga Electric","5 Sport","6 Variants","7 Accidents and safety","8 Legislation","9 Environmental impact","9.1 Air","9.2 Noise","10 Economic impact","11 Social impact","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"]	Land vehicle designed for travel on snow A snowmobile tour at Yellowstone National Park First person view of a snowmobile driven through Yellowstone National Park. A snowmobile, also known as a snowmachine, motor sled, motor sledge, skimobile, or snow scooter, is a motorized vehicle designed for winter travel and recreation on snow. Their engines normally drive a continuous track at the rear. Skis at the front provide directional control. The earliest snowmobiles were powered by readily available industrial four-stroke, air-cooled engines. These would quickly be replaced by lighter and more powerful two-stroke gasoline internal combustion engines and since the mid-2000s four-stroke engines had re-entered the market. The challenges of cross-country transportation in the winter led to the invention of an all-terrain vehicle specifically designed for travel across deep snow where other vehicles foundered. As of 2003, the snowmobile market has been shared between the four large North American makers (Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP), Arctic Cat, Yamaha, and Polaris) and some specialized makers like the Quebec-based AD Boivin, manufacturer of the Snow Hawk and the European Alpina snowmobile. The second half of the 20th century saw the rise of recreational snowmobiling, whose riders are called snowmobilers, sledders, or slednecks. Recreational riding is known as snowcross/racing, trail riding, freestyle, boondocking, ditchbanging and grass drags. In the summertime snowmobilers can drag race on grass, asphalt strips, or even across water (as in snowmobile skipping). Snowmobiles are sometimes modified to compete in long-distance off-road races. History Motor sled powered by a Coandă ducted fan Early designs Harry Kalenze, inventor of the Vehicle Propeller Nicholas II Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse track A patent (554.482) for the Sled-Propeller design, without a model, was submitted on Sept. 5, 1895 by inventors William J. Culman and William B. Follis of Brule, Wisconsin. The American Motor Sleigh was a short-lived novelty vehicle produced in Boston in 1905. Designed for travel on snow, it consisted of a sleigh body mounted on a framework that held an engine, a drive-shaft system, and runners. Although considered an interesting novelty, sales were low and production ceased in 1906. An Aerosledge, a propeller-driven and running on skis, was built in 1909–1910 by Russian inventor Igor Sikorsky of helicopter fame. Aerosanis were used by the Soviet Red Army during the Winter War and World War II. There is some dispute over whether Aerosanis count as snowmobiles because they were not propelled by tracks. Adolphe Kégresse designed an original caterpillar tracks system, called the Kégresse track, while working for Tsar Nicholas II of Russia between 1906 and 1916. These used a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments and could be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a half-track, suitable for use over soft ground, including snow. Conventional front wheels and steering were used but the wheel could be fitted with skis as seen in the upper right image. He applied it to several cars in the Royal garage including Rolls-Royce cars and Packard trucks. Although this was not a snowmobile, it is an ancestor of the modern concept. In 1911 a 24-year-old, Harold J. Kalenze (pronounced Collins), patented the Vehicle Propeller in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. In 1914, O. M. Erickson and Art Olsen of the P.N. Bushnell company in Aberdeen, South Dakota, built an open two-seater "motor-bob" out of an Indian motorcycle modified with a cowl-cover, side-by-side seating, and a set of sled-runners fore and aft. While it did not have the tracks of a true snowmobile, its appearance was otherwise similar to the modern version and is one of the earliest examples of a personal motorized snow-vehicle. In 1915 Ray H. Muscott of Waters, Michigan, received the Canadian patent for his motor sleigh, or "traineau automobile", and on June 27, 1916, he received the first United States patent for a snow-vehicle using the now recognized format of rear track(s) and front skis. Many individuals later modified Ford Model Ts with the undercarriage replaced by tracks and skis following this design. They were popular for rural mail delivery for a time. The common name for these conversion of cars and small trucks was Snowflyers. Development of modern designs 1921 Ford Model T snowmobile Snowmobile running on the Mississippi River near Hastings, Minnesota, 1910 Airplane-engine-powered skimobile taxi in Red Lake, Canada, 1937 Carl Eliason of Sayner developed the prototype of the modern snowmobile in the 1920s when he mounted a two-cylinder motorcycle engine on a long sled, steered it with skis under the front, and propelled it with single, endless track. Eliason made 40 snowmobiles, patented in 1927. Upon receiving an order for 200 from Finland, he sold his patent to the FWD Company of Clintonville. They made 300 for military use, then transferred the patent to a Canadian subsidiary. In 1917, Virgil D. White set up to create a patent for his conversion kit that changed the Ford Model T into a "snowmobile". He also copyrighted the term "snowmobile". At the time, the conversion kit was expensive, costing about $395. Virgil White applied his patent in 1918 and created his own snowmobile. In 1922, his conversion kit was on the markets and available only through Ford dealerships. The relatively dry snow conditions of the United States Midwest suited the converted Ford Model Ts and other like vehicles, but they were not suitable for humid snow areas such as southern Quebec and New England. This led Joseph-Armand Bombardier from the small town of Valcourt, Quebec, to invent a different caterpillar track system suitable for all kinds of snow conditions. Bombardier had already made some "metal" tracked vehicles since 1928, but his new revolutionary track traction system (a toothed wheel covered in rubber, and a rubber-and-cotton track that wraps around the back wheels) was his first major invention. He started production of the B-7, an enclosed, seven-passenger snowmobile, in 1937, and introduced the B-12, a twelve-passenger model, in 1942. The B-7 had a V-8 flathead engine from Ford Motor Company. The B-12 had a flathead in line six-cylinder engine from Chrysler industrial, and 2,817 units were produced until 1951. It was used in many applications, such as ambulances, Canada Post vehicles, winter "school buses", forestry machines, and even army vehicles in World War II. Bombardier had always dreamed of a smaller version, more like the size of a motor scooter. Post-war developments Early Bombardier snowmobile In 1951 Fritz Riemerschmid devised what he called a snow scooter. The machine had a track mounted beneath a snowboard like base, on top of which were an enclosed engine with motorcycle like seat and fuel tank. the vehicle was steered via a steering wheel and cables linked to two small skis on outriggers either side of the vehicle. In the mid-1950s, a United States firm built a "snowmobile the arctic area of Alaska that had the drive train reversed of today's snowmobiles with two front wheels—the larger one behind the smaller one—with tires driving an endless loop track". Little is known about this "snowmobile" meant to haul cargo and trade goods to isolated settlements. An odd version of snowmobile is the Swedish Larven, made by the Lenko Company of Östersund, from the 1960s until the end of the 1980s. It was a very small and basic design, with just an engine in the rear and a track. The driver sat on it and steered using skis on his feet. Design Most modern snowmobiles are powered by either a four- or two-stroke internal combustion engine, with the exception of the Taiga TS2. Historically, snowmobiles have always used two-stroke engines because of their reduced complexity, weight and cost, compared to a similarly powered four-stroke. However, four-stroke powered snowmobiles have been gaining popularity steadily in the last fifteen or so years, with manufacturer Yamaha producing four-stroke snowmobiles only. The Whistler Blackcomb ski resort is testing Taiga's electric snowmobiles with lower noise, and similar vehicles exist. Early snowmobiles used simple rubber tracks, but modern snowmobiles' tracks are usually made of a Kevlar composite construction. Older snowmobiles could generally accommodate two people; however, most snowmobiles manufactured since the 1990s have been designed to only accommodate one person. Snowmobiles built with the ability to accommodate two people are referred to as "2-up" snowmobiles or "touring" models and make up an extremely small share of the market. Most snowmobiles do not have any enclosures, except for a windshield. Performance The first snowmobiles made do with as little as 5 horsepower (3.7 kW) engines, but engine sizes and efficiency have improved drastically. In the early 1990s, the biggest engines available (typically 600cc-800cc displacement range) produced around 115 hp (86 kW). As of 2022, several snowmobiles are available with engines sizes up to 1,200 cc, producing 150+ hp, as well as several models with up to 1,000 cc engines producing closer to 210 hp (160 kW). Recently, some models are turbo-charged, resulting in dramatic increase of engine horsepower. Snowmobiles are capable of moving across steep hillsides without sliding down-slope if the rider transfers their weight towards the uphill side, a process called side-hilling. Higher-powered modern snowmobiles can achieve speeds over 150 mph (240 km/h). Drag racing snowmobiles can reach speeds over 200 mph (320 km/h). Mountain sleds permit access in remote areas with deep snow, which was nearly impossible a few decades ago. This is mainly due to alterations, enhancements, and additions of original trail model designs such as weight, weight distribution, track length, paddle depth, and power. Technology and design advances in mountain snowmobiles have improved since 2003 with Ski-Doo's introduction of the "REV" framework platform. Most two-stroke mountain snowmobiles have a top engine size of 800 cc, producing around 150 hp (110 kW), although some 1,000 cc factory machines have been produced. These may not be as popular as many 800 cc models outperform them because of weight and an increase of unneeded power. Cornices and other kinds of jumps are sought after for aerial maneuvers. Riders often search for non-tracked, virgin terrain and are known to "trailblaze" or "boondock" deep into remote territory where there is absolutely no visible path to follow. However, this type of trailblazing is dangerous as contact with buried rocks, logs, and frozen ground can cause extensive damage and injuries. Riders look for large open fields of fresh snow where they can carve. Some riders use extensively modified snowmobiles, customized with aftermarket accessories like handle-bar risers, handguards, custom/lightweight hoods, windshields, and seats, running board supports, studs, and numerous other modifications that increase power and maneuverability. Many of these customizations can now be purchased straight off the showroom floor on stock models. Trail snowmobiles improved in the past 15 years as well (many of them borrowed from endeavors to produce winning mountain sleds). Heavy "muscle sleds" can produce speeds in excess of 100 mph (160 km/h) due to powerful engines (up to 1,200 cc stock, and custom engines exceeding 1,200 cc), short tracks, and good traction on groomed trails. Sno-cross oriented snowmobiles often have an engine size cap of 440 or 600 cc, but lighter machines with redesigned stances, formats, and weight control have produced extremely fast and quickly accelerating race sleds. Brands A snowmobile used by emergency services in ski areas in Vercors, French Alps. It carries emergency equipment and tows a stretcher. Snow mobile race in 1979, Dutch newsreel Arctic snowmobile with heated cabin A family with snowmobiles at the forest of Ruka in Kuusamo, Finland This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Data is 17 years old. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2020) According to the research center RISE, approximately 135,000 snowmobiles will be sold worldwide yearly. Snowmobiles are widely used in arctic territories for travel. However, the tiny Arctic population means a correspondingly small market. Most snowmobiles are sold for recreational purposes in places where snow cover is stable during winter. The number of snowmobiles in Europe and other parts of the world is low. Snowmobiles designed to perform various work tasks have been available for many years with dual tracks from such manufacturers as Aktiv (Sweden), who made the Grizzly, Ockelbo (Sweden), who made the 8000, and Bombardier who made the Alpine and later the Alpine II. Currently, there are two manufacturers of dual-track snowmobiles; Russia's Buran and the Italian Alpina snowmobiles (under the name Sherpa and Superclass). Polaris Edgar and Allen Hetteen and David Johnson of Roseau, Minnesota, invented what we now know as the modern snowmobile in 1955–1956, but the early machines were heavy (1,000 lb or 450 kg) and slow (20 mph or 32 km/h). Their company, Hetteen Hoist & Derrick Co., became Polaris Industries which introduced their first commercial model, the Polaris Sno Traveler in 1957. Ski-Doo In 1960, Joseph-Armand Bombardier introduced his own snowmobile using an open-cockpit one- or two-person form, similar to the 1957 Polaris Sno Traveler, and started selling it under the brand name Ski-Doo through his company Bombardier Inc. (now manufactured by Bombardier Recreational Products). Competitors copied and improved his design; in the 1970s there were over a hundred snowmobile manufacturers. From 1970 to 1973, two million machines were sold, peaking at 500,000 sold in 1971. Many of the snowmobile companies were small and the biggest manufacturers were often attempts by motorcycle makers and outboard motor makers to branch off in a new market. Most of these companies went bankrupt or were acquired by larger companies during the 1973 oil crisis and succeeding recessions. Sales rebounded to 260,000 in 1997 but gradually decreased afterward, influenced by warmer winters and the use during all four seasons of small one- or two-person ATVs. Alpina Alpina Sherpa, a dual track snowmobile Alpina Snowmobiles are manufactured in Vicenza, Italy, by Alpina s.r.l., a manufacturer of various on-snow implements that had been building dual-track snowmobiles since 1995. Alpina manufactures one basic dual-track snowmobile design. In 2002 the Sherpa was introduced and is the model name for the four-stroke machine. Prior to introducing the Sherpa, Alpina offered a two-stroke series designated the Superclass. The four-stroke Sherpa is currently the top machine in production. A new version of the Superclass has been released in 2017, with a lot of innovations and a new four-stroke engine. The Sherpa and Superclass series shared the same basic dual-track platform, twin 20 in × 156 in (510 mm × 3,960 mm) tracks with dual skis up front. Power for the Sherpa is supplied by a 1.6L in-line four-cylinder gasoline automotive engine. The new Superclass power is provided by a 1.2L 3-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine. The Sherpa and Superclass are designed as working snowmobiles for carrying supplies, pulling cargo sleds, pulling trail grooming implements, carrying several passengers, and negotiating deep snow. Engine and transmission combination are designed to deliver optimum power to pull or carry large loads while top-end speeds are kept below 52 mph (84 km/h), depending on the model. The large footprint of the dual tracks and dual skis allows the Sherpa and Superclass to "float" on top of deep snow and not sink in and get stuck. Taiga Electric Taiga Motors in Montreal created the first commercially produced electric snowmobile. The Taiga TS2 can go from zero to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 3 seconds, with 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of instant torque. At 470 lb (210 kg), the Taiga TS2 is one of the lightest in the industry. It maintains a range of 100 km (62 mi) even down past −30 °C (−22 °F). Direct drive, no transmission. Integrated GPS for easy course mapping & accurate range estimation. DC quick charge (20 min) option. Different options are available for utility, touring, crossover and mountain machines. Sport Snowmobile race The International 500 is a large racing event held annually in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan. It is a 500-mile (800 km) race on a track, with the current purse being in excess of $40,000. It has been running since February 1969. Drag racing is common with snowmobiles year-round, with summer and fall often with grass or closed-course (asphalt or concrete) drag strips. The largest event is Hay Days in North Branch, Minnesota, on the first weekend following Labor Day. The World Championship Watercross or snowmobile skipping races are held in Grantsburg, Wisconsin, in July. The snowmobiles are raced on a marked course, similar to motocross courses, without the ramps and on water. The Snocross racing series are snowmobile races on a motocross-like course. The races are held during the winter season in Northern United States and Canada. One of the largest in New York is the Northeast SnoX Challenge in early January in Malone, New York, and run by Rock Maple Racing and sponsored by the Malone Chamber of Commerce. Snowmobiles are used for ice racing. The racing is held on an "Ice Oval" track. The World Championship Snowmobile Derby is held each winter in Eagle River, Wisconsin. Alaska's "Iron Dog" is the longest snowmachine race in the world. It is 2,031 miles (3,269 km) long and runs from Big Lake to Nome to Fairbanks. The name refers to dog mushing, long popular in Alaska. Vintage Snowmobile Racing is the racing of vintage snowmobiles and has grown in popularity as a sporting event on the Canadian prairie and in America. The World Championship Hill Climb competition is held in Jackson, Wyoming, at the Snow King Mountain resort each year in March. 2019 was the 43rd year of the four-day event and drew around 10,000 in attendance. Variants A snow bike takes a typical dirt bike and replaces the rear wheel with a single tread system similar to a snowmobile and the front wheel with a large ski. It is much smaller and nimbler than a snowmobile, and it has a tighter turning radius, which lets the rider go where many snowmobiles cannot. The first prototype of motorcycles with a rear tread date to the 1920s, with subsequent failed attempts to bring them to market. Many motorcycles made after the 1990s can be fitted with kits that transform them into snow bikes. In 2017, Winter X Games XXI introduced the first snow bike event in the form of a SnowBikeCross race. The following year they introduced a Best Trick event. Accidents and safety As a result of their inherent maneuverability, acceleration, and high-speed abilities, skill and physical strength are both required to operate a snowmobile. Snowmobile injuries and fatalities are high compared to those caused by on road motor vehicle traffic. Losing control of a snowmobile could easily cause extensive damage, injury, or death. One such cause of snowmobile accidents is loss of control from a loose grip. If the rider falls off, the loss of control can easily result in the snowmobile colliding with a nearby object, such as a rock or tree. Most snowmobiles are fitted with a cord connected to a kill switch, which would stop the snowmobile if the rider falls off; however, not all riders use this device every time they operate a snowmobile. Swerving off of the path may result in rolling the snowmobile or crashing into an obstacle. In unfamiliar areas, riders may crash into suspended barbed wire or haywire fences at high speeds. Each year a number of serious or fatal accidents are caused by these factors. Each year, riders are killed by hitting other snowmobiles, automobiles, pedestrians, rocks, trees, or fences, or falling through thin ice. On average, 10 people a year have died in such crashes in Minnesota alone, with alcohol a contributing factor in many cases. In Saskatchewan, 16 out of 21 deaths in snowmobile collisions between 1996 and 2000 were caused by the effects of alcohol. Wrestler Lindsey Durlacher died in 2011 following surgery for a broken sternum he sustained in a snowmobile accident. Fatal collisions with trains can also occur when a snowmobile operator engages in the illegal practice of "rail riding", riding between railroad track rails over snow-covered sleepers. Inability to hear the sound of an oncoming train over the engine noise of a snowmobile makes this activity extremely dangerous. Collision with large animals such as moose and deer, which may venture onto a snowmobile trail, is another major cause of snowmobile accidents. Most often such encounters occur at night or in low-visibility conditions when the animal could not be seen in time to prevent a collision. Also even when successful, a sudden maneuver to miss hitting the animal could still result in the operator losing control of the snowmobile. A large number of snowmobile deaths in Alaska are caused by drowning. Because of the cold weather in many parts of Alaska, the rivers and lakes are generally frozen over during certain times of the year in winter. People who ride early or late in the season run the risk of falling through weak ice, and heavy winter clothing can make it extremely difficult to escape the cold water. While a snowmobile is heavy, it also distributes its weight at a larger area than a standing person, so a driver who has stopped his vehicle out on the ice of a frozen lake can go through the ice just by stepping off the snowmobile. The next leading cause of injury and death is avalanches, which can result from the practice of highmarking, or driving a snowmobile as far up a hill as it can go. During the 2018–2019 season, 7 snowmobilers in the United States were killed. Avalanche safety education is critical for those accessing the backcountry. Risks can be reduced through education, proper training, appropriate gear, attention to published avalanche warnings and avoiding drinking alcohol. In some areas of Western U.S., organizations provide avalanche training, some of which is free. It is recommended that snowmobile riders wear a helmet and a snowmobile suit. Legislation Depending on jurisdiction, there may be penalties for driving outside permitted areas, without an approved helmet, without a driver's license, with an unregistered snowmobile, or while under the influence of alcohol or other substances. There may also be regulations regarding noise and wildlife. In some jurisdictions, a driver's license is required to operate a snowmobile. A specific snowmobile driver's license is required in, for example, Norway and Sweden. In Finland, a snowmobile driver's license is not required if the driver already has another type of appropriate driver's license (for example car or tractor). Environmental impact The environmental impact of snowmobiles has been the subject of much debate. Governments have been reacting slowly to noise and air pollution, partly because of lobbying from manufacturers and snowmobilers. For instance, in 1999, the Canadian government adopted the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, but the set of rules governing pollution emissions for off-road vehicles was only released in January 2005. In another example of regulation, only four-stroke snowmobiles are allowed in Yellowstone National Park since a bylaw was recently passed to minimize CO2 emissions and noise. In Yellowstone, snowmobiles account for 80% of total hydrocarbon emissions and 50% of carbon monoxide emissions in the winter. This is just less than 2% and 1% respectively of the overall annual pollution within the park. Snowmobiles are only allowed to be ridden on the unplowed roads used in the summer, and riding off the roads is prohibited. This accounts for less than 1% (0.002%) of the park area. In 2005 the US Forest Service published a Travel Management Rule for off-highway vehicles, strengthening the implementation of Executive Orders issued in the 1970s. However, these rules were not applied to snowmobiles. In 2015, following a decision in a lawsuit brought by Winter Wildlands Alliance against the Forest Service, the rules were extended to snowmobiles, referred to as an over-snow vehicle (OSV). National Forests with sufficient snow for winter recreation are now required to designate where OSVs are allowed to travel and where they are prohibited. In doing so, the Forest Service must minimize 1) damage to soil, watershed, vegetation, and other forest resources; 2) harassment of wildlife and significant disruption of wildlife habitats; and 3) conflicts between motor vehicle use and existing or proposed recreational uses of National Forest System lands or neighboring Federal lands. Air Student-constructed SAE clean snowmobile at Imagine RIT 2017 Most snowmobiles are still powered by two-stroke engines, although Alpina and Yamaha have been using four-strokes since 2002 and 2003, respectively. However, in the last decade several manufacturers have been successful in designing less polluting motors, and putting most of them in production. Yamaha and Arctic-Cat were the first to mass-produce four-stroke models, which are significantly less polluting than the early two-stroke machines. Alpina offers only four-stroke EFI engines equipped with a catalytic converter and dual oxygen-probe. Bombardier's E-Tec two-stroke motors emit 85% less pollutants than previous carbureted two-strokes. Polaris has developed a fuel-injection technology called "Cleanfire Injection" on their two-strokes. The industry is also working on a direct-injected "clean two strokes" that is better in terms of NOX emissions. Independent researchers, undergraduates and graduate students participate in contests to lessen the impact of emissions from snowmobiles. The Clean Snow Mobile Challenge is held yearly at Michigan Technological University regrouping the entries from universities from across United States and Canada. Some of the participants in recent years have been the École polytechnique de Montréal with a Quasiturbine engine and students from École de technologie supérieure of the UQAM with a less polluting two-stroke engine using E85 and direct injection. Noise Maximum noise restrictions have been enacted by law for both production of snowmobiles and aftermarket components. For instance, in Quebec (Canada) noise levels must be 78 decibels or less at 20 meters from a snowmobile path. As of 2009, snowmobiles produce 90% less noise than in the 1960s but there are still numerous complaints. Efforts to reduce noise focus on suppressing mechanical noise of the suspension components and tracks. Arctic Cat in 2005 introduced "Silent Track technology" on touring models such as the T660 Turbo, Bearcat, and some M-Series sleds. Ski-Doo has since then also used comparative "silent track technology" on some models. The use of aftermarket exhaust systems ("cans" or "silencers") is controversial. These replace the stock muffler with a less restrictive system that is usually claimed to increase power output of the engine. However, these aftermarket exhausts are often much louder than those from the factory, with only some being slightly quieter than a completely open, unbaffled system. Most, if not all, local snowmobile clubs (that maintain and groom trail systems) do not recommend them because of noise. Local and state authorities have set up checkpoints on high-traffic trails, checking for excessively loud systems and issuing citations. Typically these systems are installed on two-stroke powered machines (giving the distinctive "braap" sound); however, in recent years aftermarket companies have released silencers for four-stroke models as well. Economic impact Snowmobiles are used by reindeer herders According to the International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association, snowmobilers in Canada and the United States spend over $28 billion on snowmobiling each year. This includes expenditures on equipment, clothing, accessories, snowmobiling vacations (lodging, fuel, and food), maintenance and others. Often this is the only source of income for some smaller towns, such as Bralorne, British Columbia, that rely solely on tourism during the summer and winter months. Once a booming gold mining town, Bralorne is now a very small town with a population of 60, and it is relatively inaccessible by car in the winter. The economy relies on visits from snowmobilers, who contribute to the economy by spending money on gas, food, and hotels. Social impact Snowmobiling near Martin Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada for a winter picnic in February Since the invention of snowmobiles, isolated communities of northern North America have always had a demand for them. However, the early snowmobiles designs were not economical or functional enough for the harsh environment of northern North America. Joseph-Armand Bombardier started producing the Ski-Doo in 1959 at the request of a priest. The priest had asked Bombardier to make an economical and reliable means of winter travel. The Ski-Doo greatly changed life in northern North America's isolated communities, where Ski-Doo replaced sled dogs by the end of the 1960s. The Ski-Doo also greatly improved communication between isolated communities. In northern North America, historically, isolated communities depended on dog sledding and snowshoeing as their primary method of transportation for hunting during the winter months. The Ski-Doo allowed trappers to travel greater distances faster, allowing them to expand their hunting grounds. Prospectors, mining companies, foresters, backcountry cabin owners, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Canadian Army also found snowmobiles very effective because they were the most economical method of transportation of small loads. Joseph-Armand Bombardier's tests of Ski-Dog proved that snowmobiling was fun, and snowmobiling became a new form of outdoor recreation. People who once sat dormant throughout winter were now given the opportunity in more outdoor activities. See also Hyanide – Combination of a dirt bike and a snowmobile with four-wheel drive Hydrocopter – Amphibious propeller-driven catamaran List of Canadian inventions and discoveries Non-road engine – Internal combustion engine classification Snow coach – Vehicle specialized for snowy or icy conditions ZIL-2906 – all-terrain-vehiclePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallbackPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces Notes ^ Smowest Magazines (2002). "Snowmachine". Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2009. ^ "Snow Hawk". AD Boivin. 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-09-05. ^ a b c "Industry Highs and Lows". Musée J-Armand Bombardier. 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-04-23. ^ a b "Snowmobiling Facts". International Snowmobile Manufacturers Associations. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-04-23. ^ Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office United States. Page 778. January 1, 1896; U.S. Patent Office. ^ "Scientific American Volume 92 Number 04 (January 1905)". archive.org. 28 January 1905. Retrieved 2017-03-10. ^ "The American Motor Sleigh & The American Motor Sleigh Co". www.american-automobiles.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2017-03-10. ^ "The Propeller-Driven Sleigh". SelfSite. 26 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 2008-09-10. ^ Valeri Potapov Translated by: James F. Gebhardt (1998). "Soviet Combat Snowmobiles". The Russian Battlefield. Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-09-10. ^ "Enjoying A Snowmobile At Full". Journal-a-day. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-01. Not only are snowmobiles popular in the United States and Canada, USSR has their very own version of the snowmobile, which can be seen in the Aerosani. Aerosani, when interpreted, intends "aero sleigh." The Russians usage this propeller-powered snowmobile for delivering the mail, patrolling the metes, as well as for recreational intents. ^ "Soviet Aerosani RF 8 (for 3D Studio Max)". Vanishing Point. Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-03-01. An aerosani (Russian: aerosani, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-powered snowmobile, running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation. Aerosanis were used by the Soviet Red Army during the Winter War and the Second World War. ^ Archived 2009-05-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ Office, Government of Canada, Industry Canada, Office of the Deputy Minister, Canadian Intellectual Property. "Canadian Patent Database / Base de données sur les brevets canadiens". www.ic.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Aberdeen American News 1914-02-04 ^ U.S. patent 1,188,981 ^ "Snowflyers Replace Dogs in Frozen North" Popular Mechanics, December 1934 ^ "Lame hunter invents swift motorized sled". Popular Science: 62. December 1928. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ Eliason, Carl J.; et al. "U.S. Patent #1650334". Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ "NHSNOCAR.COM – Classic Model T and Model A Snow Car Parts". NH Snocar. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. ^ Thorpe, John (28 January 1953). "Continental Report". Motor Cycling. 89 (2296). London: Temple Press Ltd: 407, 424. ^ "Snow-Cycle". Popular Mechanics. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Company. March 1951. p. 95. Retrieved 12 September 2017. ^ "American Snowmobile Ends Need for Dogs in Arctic." Popular Mechanics, March 1954, p. 114 ^ "Larsen Klubben". Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-10-08. ^ Lalonde, Megan. "Electric snowmobiles to be used in Whistler next winter". whistlerquestion.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ "snowXpark". Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017. ^ Lindeberg, Rafaela (2023-05-20). "Sweden's Green Push Now Includes Electrifying Snowmobiles". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2023-05-22. ^ "Polaris Company history". Archived from the original on July 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-11. ^ Alpina s.r.l. Archived 2007-05-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ "TRAILGROOM.COM...The Best in Trail Grooming Machinery". www.trailgroom.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ Lindeman, Tracy. "These Canadians Are Building the First Commercial Electric Snowmobile". Motherboard. Vice Media. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ Alba, Michael. "World's First Electric Snowmobile Designed in Onshape". Engineering.com. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ Lambert, Fred (3 March 2018). "Tesla-inspired Taiga electric snowmobile does 0–60 mph in 3 seconds". electrek.com. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ Nelson, Tyler. "Meet the all-electric Taiga TS2: The Future of Snowmobiling?". American Snowmobiler. Kalmbach Publishing. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ Haro, Alexander. "A Canadian Company Just Built the World's First Electric Snowmobile". theinertia.com. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ Lindeman, Tracy (17 Oct 2017). "Former McGill students seek success building electric snowmobiles". Montreal Gazette. PostMedia. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ "Who commercialized the world's first electric snowmobile?". McGill Dobson Centre for Entrepreneurship. Montreal: McGill University. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ Stone, Emily (29 Mar 2018). "Electric snowmobile manufacturer Taiga Motors plans to electrify the sledding scene". Revelstoke Mountaineer. Revelstoke Mountaineer Magazine. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ "Welcome". snowdevils.org. Retrieved 2019-09-28. ^ Rose, Brent (November 29, 2017). "What Are Snow Bikes and How Are They So Awesome?". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved December 2, 2019. ^ Hortemo GS, Brattebø G, Hellesnes S (April 1990). "". Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. (in Norwegian). 110 (10): 1196–8. PMID 2333642. ^ Landen MG, Middaugh J, Dannenberg AL (1999). "Injuries associated with snowmobiles, Alaska, 1993–1994". Public Health Rep. 114 (1): 48–52. doi:10.1093/phr/114.1.48. PMC 1308343. PMID 9925171. ^ Beirness DJ (2001). "Alcohol involvement in snowmobile operator fatalities in Canada" (PDF). Can J Public Health. 92 (5): 359–60. doi:10.1007/BF03404979. PMC 6979823. PMID 11702489. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. ^ Stewart RL, Black GB (April 2004). "Snowmobile trauma: 10 years' experience at Manitoba's tertiary trauma centre" (PDF). Can J Surg. 47 (2): 90–4. PMC 3211931. PMID 15132460. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-20. We identified 480 injuries in 294 patients, and 81 (27.6%) of these patients died. Collisions accounted for 72% of the injury mechanisms. Of the injuries sustained, 31% occurred on roads. Excessive speed was a risk factor in 54% of patients, suboptimal lighting in 86% and a blood alcohol level greater than 0.08 in 70%. ^ "USA Wrestling – Features, Events, Results – Team USA". themat.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ "Avalanches kill more snowmobilers than skiers". Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014. ^ Page, CE; Atkins, D; Shockley, LW; Yaron, M (1999). "Avalanche deaths in the United States: a 45-year analysis". Wilderness Environ Med. 10 (3): 146–51. doi:10.1580/1080-6032(1999)0102.3.co;2. PMID 10560307. ^ "CAIC". avalanche.state.co.us. Retrieved 2019-05-03. ^ "Vehicle and Engine Regulations". Environment Canada. 21 July 2006. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013. ^ "Cleaner, Quieter Snowmobiles Approved For Use In Yellowstone National Park This Winter" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2009. Retrieved 2014-03-03. ^ 36 CFR Parts 212, 251, 261, and 295. Travel Management; Designated Routes and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use; Final Rule. ^ Powder Struggle: Federal Judge orders snomobile regulations, John Miller & Todd Dvorak, Associated Press, 1 April 2013 ^ Use By Over-Snow Vehicles (Travel Management Rule). ^ "Clean Snowmobile Challenge". Keweenaw research Center. Archived from the original on 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2007-05-01. ^ Erwan Chapelier, Christian De Figueiredo and Pascal Prado. "Moteur Quasiturbine" (in French). École polytechnique de Montréal. Archived from the original on 2006-11-13. Retrieved 2007-04-29. ^ "Motoneige écologique". Club étudiant scientifique (in French). École de technologie supérieure de l'université du Québec. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-01. ^ a b "Les ravages de la motoneige". Émission Découverte (in French). Société Radio-Canada. Archived from the original on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2007-05-01. ^ "Étouffons ce bruit agressant" (in French). Comité de protection de l'environnement de Québec. Archived from the original on 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2007-04-30. ^ "ISMA (International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association) – Welcome". 6 March 2003. Archived from the original on 8 February 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ "All About Bralorne". Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012. ^ "Getting to Bralorne". Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012. ^ "Business in Bralorne". Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012. ^ Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). "Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 484–516. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285. ^ Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). "Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 484–516. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285. ^ a b Jozic, Jennifer. "Transportation in the North". Northern Research Portal. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012. ^ Percy, E. C. (May 1972). "The Snowmobile: Friend or Foe?". The Journal of Trauma. 12 (5): 444–6. doi:10.1097/00005373-197205000-00023. PMID 5061609. ^ a b Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). "Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 485. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285. ^ a b Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). "Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 489. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285. ^ Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). "Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 494. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285. References Descarries, Eric. "Autoneiges Bombardier: Des patenteux perpétuent la tradition". in La Presse. Monday, March 13, 2006. MacDonald, Larry. The Bombardier story: planes, trains, and snowmobiles. Toronto: J. Wiley, 2001. CBC Digital Archives – Bombardier: The Snowmobile Legacy Carl Eliason's snowmobile story and his Patent External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Snowmobiles. How Stuff Works – Snowmobiles Environmental Impact Studies The International Association of Snowmobile Manufacturers Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"motorized vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"continuous track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track"},{"link_name":"Skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski"},{"link_name":"four-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"air-cooled engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-cooled_engine"},{"link_name":"two-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"internal combustion engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"four-stroke engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowmobile&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Recreational Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Recreational_Products"},{"link_name":"Arctic Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Cat"},{"link_name":"Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_Industries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boivin-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mus%C3%A9e-stat-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISMA-stat-4"},{"link_name":"drag race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racing"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"snowmobile skipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobile_skipping"},{"link_name":"off-road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road"}],"text":"A snowmobile tour at Yellowstone National ParkFirst person view of a snowmobile driven through Yellowstone National Park.A snowmobile, also known as a snowmachine, motor sled, motor sledge, skimobile, or snow scooter, is a motorized vehicle designed for winter travel and recreation on snow.Their engines normally drive a continuous track at the rear. Skis at the front provide directional control. The earliest snowmobiles were powered by readily available industrial four-stroke, air-cooled engines. These would quickly be replaced by lighter and more powerful two-stroke gasoline internal combustion engines and since the mid-2000s four-stroke engines had re-entered the market.The challenges of cross-country transportation in the winter led to the invention of an all-terrain vehicle specifically designed for travel across deep snow where other vehicles foundered.[1]As of 2003[update], the snowmobile market has been shared between the four large North American makers (Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP), Arctic Cat, Yamaha, and Polaris) and some specialized makers like the Quebec-based AD Boivin, manufacturer of the Snow Hawk[2] and the European Alpina snowmobile.[3][4]The second half of the 20th century saw the rise of recreational snowmobiling, whose riders are called snowmobilers, sledders, or slednecks. Recreational riding is known as snowcross/racing, trail riding, freestyle, boondocking, ditchbanging and grass drags. In the summertime snowmobilers can drag race on grass, asphalt strips, or even across water (as in snowmobile skipping). Snowmobiles are sometimes modified to compete in long-distance off-road races.","title":"Snowmobile"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coanda_snow_sleigh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coandă ducted fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coand%C4%83-1910"}],"text":"Motor sled powered by a Coandă ducted fan","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harold_J_Kalenze.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kegresse_tsar17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brule, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brule,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Motor Sleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Motor_Sleigh"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Igor Sikorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Kégresse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_K%C3%A9gresse"},{"link_name":"caterpillar tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_track"},{"link_name":"Kégresse track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9gresse_track"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-track"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited"},{"link_name":"Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Indian motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_(motorcycle)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waters,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ford Model Ts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Early designs","text":"Harry Kalenze, inventor of the Vehicle PropellerNicholas II Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse trackA patent (554.482) for the Sled-Propeller design, without a model, was submitted on Sept. 5, 1895 by inventors William J. Culman and William B. Follis of Brule, Wisconsin.[5]The American Motor Sleigh was a short-lived novelty vehicle produced in Boston in 1905. Designed for travel on snow, it consisted of a sleigh body mounted on a framework that held an engine, a drive-shaft system, and runners.[6] Although considered an interesting novelty, sales were low and production ceased in 1906.[7]An Aerosledge, a propeller-driven and running on skis, was built in 1909–1910 by Russian inventor Igor Sikorsky of helicopter fame.[8] Aerosanis were used by the Soviet Red Army during the Winter War and World War II.[9] There is some dispute over whether Aerosanis count as snowmobiles because they were not propelled by tracks.[10][11][12]Adolphe Kégresse designed an original caterpillar tracks system, called the Kégresse track, while working for Tsar Nicholas II of Russia between 1906 and 1916. These used a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments and could be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a half-track, suitable for use over soft ground, including snow. Conventional front wheels and steering were used but the wheel could be fitted with skis as seen in the upper right image. He applied it to several cars in the Royal garage including Rolls-Royce cars and Packard trucks. Although this was not a snowmobile, it is an ancestor of the modern concept.In 1911 a 24-year-old, Harold J. Kalenze (pronounced Collins), patented the Vehicle Propeller in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.[13]In 1914, O. M. Erickson and Art Olsen of the P.N. Bushnell company in Aberdeen, South Dakota, built an open two-seater \"motor-bob\" out of an Indian motorcycle modified with a cowl-cover, side-by-side seating, and a set of sled-runners fore and aft. While it did not have the tracks of a true snowmobile, its appearance was otherwise similar to the modern version and is one of the earliest examples of a personal motorized snow-vehicle.[14]In 1915 Ray H. Muscott of Waters, Michigan, received the Canadian patent for his motor sleigh, or \"traineau automobile\", and on June 27, 1916, he received the first United States patent for a snow-vehicle using the now recognized format of rear track(s) and front skis.[15] Many individuals later modified Ford Model Ts with the undercarriage replaced by tracks and skis following this design. They were popular for rural mail delivery for a time. The common name for these conversion of cars and small trucks was Snowflyers.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1921_Ford_Model_T_Snowmobile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Hastings, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings,_Minnesota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowmobile_Taxi_-_John_Miller_1937_Red_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayner,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"FWD Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Wheel_Drive"},{"link_name":"Clintonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clintonville,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"United States Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Midwest"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Armand Bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Armand_Bombardier"},{"link_name":"Valcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valcourt_(city)"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"caterpillar track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_track"},{"link_name":"flathead engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_engine"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler"},{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"motor scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_scooter"}],"sub_title":"Development of modern designs","text":"1921 Ford Model T snowmobileSnowmobile running on the Mississippi River near Hastings, Minnesota, 1910Airplane-engine-powered skimobile taxi in Red Lake, Canada, 1937Carl Eliason of Sayner developed the prototype of the modern snowmobile in the 1920s when he mounted a two-cylinder motorcycle engine on a long sled, steered it with skis under the front, and propelled it with single, endless track.[17] Eliason made 40 snowmobiles, patented in 1927.[18] Upon receiving an order for 200 from Finland, he sold his patent to the FWD Company of Clintonville. They made 300 for military use, then transferred the patent to a Canadian subsidiary.In 1917, Virgil D. White set up to create a patent for his conversion kit that changed the Ford Model T into a \"snowmobile\". He also copyrighted the term \"snowmobile\". At the time, the conversion kit was expensive, costing about $395. Virgil White applied his patent in 1918 and created his own snowmobile. In 1922, his conversion kit was on the markets and available only through Ford dealerships.[19]The relatively dry snow conditions of the United States Midwest suited the converted Ford Model Ts and other like vehicles, but they were not suitable for humid snow areas such as southern Quebec and New England. This led Joseph-Armand Bombardier from the small town of Valcourt, Quebec, to invent a different caterpillar track system suitable for all kinds of snow conditions. Bombardier had already made some \"metal\" tracked vehicles since 1928, but his new revolutionary track traction system (a toothed wheel covered in rubber, and a rubber-and-cotton track that wraps around the back wheels) was his first major invention. He started production of the B-7, an enclosed, seven-passenger snowmobile, in 1937, and introduced the B-12, a twelve-passenger model, in 1942. The B-7 had a V-8 flathead engine from Ford Motor Company. The B-12 had a flathead in line six-cylinder engine from Chrysler industrial, and 2,817 units were produced until 1951. It was used in many applications, such as ambulances, Canada Post vehicles, winter \"school buses\", forestry machines, and even army vehicles in World War II. Bombardier had always dreamed of a smaller version, more like the size of a motor scooter.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1951B12a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Recreational_Products"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"arctic area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Larven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larven"},{"link_name":"Lenko Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenko_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Östersund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersund"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larven-23"}],"sub_title":"Post-war developments","text":"Early Bombardier snowmobileIn 1951 Fritz Riemerschmid devised what he called a snow scooter. The machine had a track mounted beneath a snowboard like base, on top of which were an enclosed engine with motorcycle like seat and fuel tank. the vehicle was steered via a steering wheel and cables linked to two small skis on outriggers either side of the vehicle.[20][21]In the mid-1950s, a United States firm built a \"snowmobile the arctic area of Alaska that had the drive train reversed of today's snowmobiles with two front wheels—the larger one behind the smaller one—with tires driving an endless loop track\". Little is known about this \"snowmobile\" meant to haul cargo and trade goods to isolated settlements.[22]An odd version of snowmobile is the Swedish Larven, made by the Lenko Company of Östersund, from the 1960s until the end of the 1980s. It was a very small and basic design, with just an engine in the rear and a track. The driver sat on it and steered using skis on his feet.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internal combustion engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"Whistler Blackcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler_Blackcomb"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kevlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"windshield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windshield"}],"text":"Most modern snowmobiles are powered by either a four- or two-stroke internal combustion engine, with the exception of the Taiga TS2. Historically, snowmobiles have always used two-stroke engines because of their reduced complexity, weight and cost, compared to a similarly powered four-stroke. However, four-stroke powered snowmobiles have been gaining popularity steadily in the last fifteen or so years, with manufacturer Yamaha producing four-stroke snowmobiles only. The Whistler Blackcomb ski resort is testing Taiga's electric snowmobiles with lower noise,[24] and similar vehicles exist.[25]Early snowmobiles used simple rubber tracks, but modern snowmobiles' tracks are usually made of a Kevlar composite construction.Older snowmobiles could generally accommodate two people; however, most snowmobiles manufactured since the 1990s have been designed to only accommodate one person. Snowmobiles built with the ability to accommodate two people are referred to as \"2-up\" snowmobiles or \"touring\" models and make up an extremely small share of the market.Most snowmobiles do not have any enclosures, except for a windshield.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turbo-charged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_charged"},{"link_name":"carve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carve_turn"},{"link_name":"aftermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermarket_(automotive)"},{"link_name":"studs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobile_stud"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"The first snowmobiles made do with as little as 5 horsepower (3.7 kW) engines, but engine sizes and efficiency have improved drastically. In the early 1990s, the biggest engines available (typically 600cc-800cc displacement range) produced around 115 hp (86 kW). As of 2022, several snowmobiles are available with engines sizes up to 1,200 cc, producing 150+ hp, as well as several models with up to 1,000 cc engines producing closer to 210 hp (160 kW). Recently, some models are turbo-charged, resulting in dramatic increase of engine horsepower. Snowmobiles are capable of moving across steep hillsides without sliding down-slope if the rider transfers their weight towards the uphill side, a process called side-hilling.Higher-powered modern snowmobiles can achieve speeds over 150 mph (240 km/h). Drag racing snowmobiles can reach speeds over 200 mph (320 km/h).Mountain sleds permit access in remote areas with deep snow, which was nearly impossible a few decades ago. This is mainly due to alterations, enhancements, and additions of original trail model designs such as weight, weight distribution, track length, paddle depth, and power. Technology and design advances in mountain snowmobiles have improved since 2003 with Ski-Doo's introduction of the \"REV\" framework platform. Most two-stroke mountain snowmobiles have a top engine size of 800 cc, producing around 150 hp (110 kW), although some 1,000 cc factory machines have been produced. These may not be as popular as many 800 cc models outperform them because of weight and an increase of unneeded power.Cornices and other kinds of jumps are sought after for aerial maneuvers. Riders often search for non-tracked, virgin terrain and are known to \"trailblaze\" or \"boondock\" deep into remote territory where there is absolutely no visible path to follow. However, this type of trailblazing is dangerous as contact with buried rocks, logs, and frozen ground can cause extensive damage and injuries. Riders look for large open fields of fresh snow where they can carve. Some riders use extensively modified snowmobiles, customized with aftermarket accessories like handle-bar risers, handguards, custom/lightweight hoods, windshields, and seats, running board supports, studs, and numerous other modifications that increase power and maneuverability. Many of these customizations can now be purchased straight off the showroom floor on stock models.Trail snowmobiles improved in the past 15 years[when?] as well (many of them borrowed from endeavors to produce winning mountain sleds). Heavy \"muscle sleds\" can produce speeds in excess of 100 mph (160 km/h) due to powerful engines (up to 1,200 cc stock, and custom engines exceeding 1,200 cc), short tracks, and good traction on groomed trails. Sno-cross oriented snowmobiles often have an engine size cap of 440 or 600 cc, but lighter machines with redesigned stances, formats, and weight control have produced extremely fast and quickly accelerating race sleds.","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motoneige_img_5583.jpg"},{"link_name":"emergency services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_services"},{"link_name":"Vercors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vercors_Plateau"},{"link_name":"stretcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretcher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TTM-1901-40_snowmobile_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_(front_view).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowmobiling_(6817922334).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ruka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukatunturi"},{"link_name":"Kuusamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusamo"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"the Grizzly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiv_Grizzly"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A snowmobile used by emergency services in ski areas in Vercors, French Alps. It carries emergency equipment and tows a stretcher.Snow mobile race in 1979, Dutch newsreelArctic snowmobile with heated cabinA family with snowmobiles at the forest of Ruka in Kuusamo, FinlandAccording to the research center RISE, approximately 135,000 snowmobiles will be sold worldwide yearly.[26]Snowmobiles are widely used in arctic territories for travel. However, the tiny Arctic population means a correspondingly small market. Most snowmobiles are sold for recreational purposes in places where snow cover is stable during winter. The number of snowmobiles in Europe and other parts of the world is low.Snowmobiles designed to perform various work tasks have been available for many years with dual tracks from such manufacturers as Aktiv (Sweden), who made the Grizzly, Ockelbo (Sweden), who made the 8000, and Bombardier who made the Alpine and later the Alpine II. Currently, there are two manufacturers of dual-track snowmobiles; Russia's Buran[citation needed] and the Italian Alpina snowmobiles (under the name Sherpa and Superclass).","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseau,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Polaris Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_Industries"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Polaris","text":"Edgar and Allen Hetteen and David Johnson of Roseau, Minnesota, invented what we now know as the modern snowmobile in 1955–1956, but the early machines were heavy (1,000 lb or 450 kg) and slow (20 mph or 32 km/h). Their company, Hetteen Hoist & Derrick Co., became Polaris Industries[27] which introduced their first commercial model, the Polaris Sno Traveler in 1957.","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph-Armand Bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Armand_Bombardier"},{"link_name":"Ski-Doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski-Doo"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Inc."},{"link_name":"Bombardier Recreational Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Recreational_Products"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mus%C3%A9e-stat-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mus%C3%A9e-stat-3"},{"link_name":"motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"outboard motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outboard_motor"},{"link_name":"bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"ATVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle"}],"sub_title":"Ski-Doo","text":"In 1960, Joseph-Armand Bombardier introduced his own snowmobile using an open-cockpit one- or two-person form, similar to the 1957 Polaris Sno Traveler, and started selling it under the brand name Ski-Doo through his company Bombardier Inc. (now manufactured by Bombardier Recreational Products). Competitors copied and improved his design; in the 1970s there were over a hundred snowmobile manufacturers.[3] From 1970 to 1973, two million machines were sold, peaking at 500,000 sold in 1971.[3] Many of the snowmobile companies were small and the biggest manufacturers were often attempts by motorcycle makers and outboard motor makers to branch off in a new market. Most of these companies went bankrupt or were acquired by larger companies during the 1973 oil crisis and succeeding recessions. Sales rebounded to 260,000 in 1997 but gradually decreased afterward, influenced by warmer winters and the use during all four seasons of small one- or two-person ATVs.","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dual-track_snowmobile.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicenza"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Alpina","text":"Alpina Sherpa, a dual track snowmobileAlpina Snowmobiles are manufactured in Vicenza, Italy, by Alpina s.r.l., a manufacturer of various on-snow implements that had been building dual-track snowmobiles since 1995.[28][29]Alpina manufactures one basic dual-track snowmobile design. In 2002 the Sherpa was introduced and is the model name for the four-stroke machine. Prior to introducing the Sherpa, Alpina offered a two-stroke series designated the Superclass. The four-stroke Sherpa is currently the top machine in production. A new version of the Superclass has been released in 2017, with a lot of innovations and a new four-stroke engine. The Sherpa and Superclass series shared the same basic dual-track platform, twin 20 in × 156 in (510 mm × 3,960 mm) tracks with dual skis up front. Power for the Sherpa is supplied by a 1.6L in-line four-cylinder gasoline automotive engine. The new Superclass power is provided by a 1.2L 3-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine. The Sherpa and Superclass are designed as working snowmobiles for carrying supplies, pulling cargo sleds, pulling trail grooming implements, carrying several passengers, and negotiating deep snow. Engine and transmission combination are designed to deliver optimum power to pull or carry large loads while top-end speeds are kept below 52 mph (84 km/h), depending on the model. The large footprint of the dual tracks and dual skis allows the Sherpa and Superclass to \"float\" on top of deep snow and not sink in and get stuck.","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiga Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga_Motors"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Taiga Electric","text":"Taiga Motors in Montreal created the first commercially produced electric snowmobile.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] The Taiga TS2 can go from zero to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 3 seconds, with 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of instant torque. At 470 lb (210 kg),[37] the Taiga TS2 is one of the lightest in the industry. It maintains a range of 100 km (62 mi) even down past −30 °C (−22 °F). Direct drive, no transmission. Integrated GPS for easy course mapping & accurate range estimation. DC quick charge (20 min) option. Different options are available for utility, touring, crossover and mountain machines.","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zwei_Schneemobile.jpg"},{"link_name":"International 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_500"},{"link_name":"Sault Sainte Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Sainte_Marie,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"North Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Branch,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Watercross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercross"},{"link_name":"snowmobile skipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobile_skipping"},{"link_name":"Grantsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantsburg,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"motocross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malone_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"ice racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_racing"},{"link_name":"Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_track_racing"},{"link_name":"World Championship Snowmobile Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Snowmobile_Derby"},{"link_name":"Eagle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_River,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Iron Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Dog"},{"link_name":"Big Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lake,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Nome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"mushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushing"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Snow King Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_King_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Snowmobile raceThe International 500 is a large racing event held annually in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan. It is a 500-mile (800 km) race on a track, with the current purse being in excess of $40,000. It has been running since February 1969.\nDrag racing is common with snowmobiles year-round, with summer and fall often with grass or closed-course (asphalt or concrete) drag strips. The largest event is Hay Days in North Branch, Minnesota, on the first weekend following Labor Day.\nThe World Championship Watercross or snowmobile skipping races are held in Grantsburg, Wisconsin, in July. The snowmobiles are raced on a marked course, similar to motocross courses, without the ramps and on water.\nThe Snocross racing series are snowmobile races on a motocross-like course. The races are held during the winter season in Northern United States and Canada. One of the largest in New York is the Northeast SnoX Challenge in early January in Malone, New York, and run by Rock Maple Racing and sponsored by the Malone Chamber of Commerce.\nSnowmobiles are used for ice racing. The racing is held on an \"Ice Oval\" track. The World Championship Snowmobile Derby is held each winter in Eagle River, Wisconsin.\nAlaska's \"Iron Dog\" is the longest snowmachine race in the world. It is 2,031 miles (3,269 km) long and runs from Big Lake to Nome to Fairbanks. The name refers to dog mushing, long popular in Alaska.\nVintage Snowmobile Racing is the racing of vintage snowmobiles and has grown in popularity as a sporting event on the Canadian prairie and in America.\nThe World Championship Hill Climb competition is held in Jackson, Wyoming, at the Snow King Mountain resort each year in March. 2019 was the 43rd year of the four-day event and drew around 10,000 in attendance.[38]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winter X Games XXI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_X_Games_XXI"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"A snow bike takes a typical dirt bike and replaces the rear wheel with a single tread system similar to a snowmobile and the front wheel with a large ski. It is much smaller and nimbler than a snowmobile, and it has a tighter turning radius, which lets the rider go where many snowmobiles cannot. The first prototype of motorcycles with a rear tread date to the 1920s, with subsequent failed attempts to bring them to market. Many motorcycles made after the 1990s can be fitted with kits that transform them into snow bikes.In 2017, Winter X Games XXI introduced the first snow bike event in the form of a SnowBikeCross race. The following year they introduced a Best Trick event.[39]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Durlacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Durlacher"},{"link_name":"sternum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternum"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"sleepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"avalanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanches"},{"link_name":"highmarking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highmarking"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"snowmobile suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobile_suit"}],"text":"As a result of their inherent maneuverability, acceleration, and high-speed abilities, skill and physical strength are both required to operate a snowmobile.Snowmobile injuries and fatalities are high compared to those caused by on road motor vehicle traffic.[40][41] Losing control of a snowmobile could easily cause extensive damage, injury, or death. One such cause of snowmobile accidents is loss of control from a loose grip. If the rider falls off, the loss of control can easily result in the snowmobile colliding with a nearby object, such as a rock or tree. Most snowmobiles are fitted with a cord connected to a kill switch, which would stop the snowmobile if the rider falls off; however, not all riders use this device every time they operate a snowmobile.Swerving off of the path may result in rolling the snowmobile or crashing into an obstacle. In unfamiliar areas, riders may crash into suspended barbed wire or haywire fences at high speeds. Each year a number of serious or fatal accidents are caused by these factors.Each year, riders are killed by hitting other snowmobiles, automobiles, pedestrians, rocks, trees, or fences, or falling through thin ice. On average, 10 people a year have died in such crashes in Minnesota alone, with alcohol a contributing factor in many cases.[citation needed] In Saskatchewan, 16 out of 21 deaths in snowmobile collisions between 1996 and 2000 were caused by the effects of alcohol.[42][43] Wrestler Lindsey Durlacher died in 2011 following surgery for a broken sternum he sustained in a snowmobile accident.[44]Fatal collisions with trains can also occur when a snowmobile operator engages in the illegal practice of \"rail riding\", riding between railroad track rails over snow-covered sleepers. Inability to hear the sound of an oncoming train over the engine noise of a snowmobile makes this activity extremely dangerous. Collision with large animals such as moose and deer, which may venture onto a snowmobile trail, is another major cause of snowmobile accidents. Most often such encounters occur at night or in low-visibility conditions when the animal could not be seen in time to prevent a collision. Also even when successful, a sudden maneuver to miss hitting the animal could still result in the operator losing control of the snowmobile.A large number of snowmobile deaths in Alaska are caused by drowning. Because of the cold weather in many parts of Alaska, the rivers and lakes are generally frozen over during certain times of the year in winter. People who ride early or late in the season run the risk of falling through weak ice, and heavy winter clothing can make it extremely difficult to escape the cold water. While a snowmobile is heavy, it also distributes its weight at a larger area than a standing person, so a driver who has stopped his vehicle out on the ice of a frozen lake can go through the ice just by stepping off the snowmobile.[citation needed]The next leading cause of injury and death is avalanches, which can result from the practice of highmarking, or driving a snowmobile as far up a hill as it can go.[45][46][47] During the 2018–2019 season, 7 snowmobilers in the United States were killed. Avalanche safety education is critical for those accessing the backcountry.Risks can be reduced through education, proper training, appropriate gear, attention to published avalanche warnings and avoiding drinking alcohol. In some areas of Western U.S., organizations provide avalanche training, some of which is free. It is recommended that snowmobile riders wear a helmet and a snowmobile suit.","title":"Accidents and safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"driver's license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license"}],"text":"Depending on jurisdiction, there may be penalties for driving outside permitted areas, without an approved helmet, without a driver's license, with an unregistered snowmobile, or while under the influence of alcohol or other substances. There may also be regulations regarding noise and wildlife.In some jurisdictions, a driver's license is required to operate a snowmobile. A specific snowmobile driver's license is required in, for example, Norway and Sweden. In Finland, a snowmobile driver's license is not required if the driver already has another type of appropriate driver's license (for example car or tractor).","title":"Legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Protection_Act,_1999"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone"},{"link_name":"US Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Executive Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The environmental impact of snowmobiles has been the subject of much debate. Governments have been reacting slowly to noise and air pollution, partly because of lobbying from manufacturers and snowmobilers.[citation needed] For instance, in 1999, the Canadian government adopted the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, but the set of rules governing pollution emissions for off-road vehicles was only released in January 2005.[48] In another example of regulation, only four-stroke snowmobiles are allowed in Yellowstone National Park since a bylaw was recently passed to minimize CO2 emissions and noise.[49] In Yellowstone, snowmobiles account for 80% of total hydrocarbon emissions and 50% of carbon monoxide emissions in the winter. This is just less than 2% and 1% respectively of the overall annual pollution within the park. Snowmobiles are only allowed to be ridden on the unplowed roads used in the summer, and riding off the roads is prohibited. This accounts for less than 1% (0.002%) of the park area.In 2005 the US Forest Service published a Travel Management Rule[50] for off-highway vehicles, strengthening the implementation of Executive Orders issued in the 1970s. However, these rules were not applied to snowmobiles. In 2015, following a decision in a lawsuit brought by Winter Wildlands Alliance against the Forest Service, the rules were extended to snowmobiles, referred to as an over-snow vehicle (OSV).[51] National Forests with sufficient snow for winter recreation are now required to designate where OSVs are allowed to travel and where they are prohibited.[52] In doing so, the Forest Service must minimize 1) damage to soil, watershed, vegetation, and other forest resources; 2) harassment of wildlife and significant disruption of wildlife habitats; and 3) conflicts between motor vehicle use and existing or proposed recreational uses of National Forest System lands or neighboring Federal lands.","title":"Environmental impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ImagineRIT2017SAECleanSnowmobile.jpg"},{"link_name":"RIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"two-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke"},{"link_name":"Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"four-strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke"},{"link_name":"catalytic converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter"},{"link_name":"carbureted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbureted"},{"link_name":"fuel-injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel-injection"},{"link_name":"NOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOx"},{"link_name":"Michigan Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"École polytechnique de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Quasiturbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiturbine"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UM-54"},{"link_name":"École de technologie supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_technologie_sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"UQAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"E85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E85"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETS-55"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Student-constructed SAE clean snowmobile at Imagine RIT 2017Most snowmobiles are still powered by two-stroke engines, although Alpina and Yamaha have been using four-strokes since 2002 and 2003, respectively. However, in the last decade several manufacturers have been successful in designing less polluting motors, and putting most of them in production. Yamaha and Arctic-Cat were the first to mass-produce four-stroke models, which are significantly less polluting than the early two-stroke machines. Alpina offers only four-stroke EFI engines equipped with a catalytic converter and dual oxygen-probe. Bombardier's E-Tec two-stroke motors emit 85% less pollutants than previous carbureted two-strokes. Polaris has developed a fuel-injection technology called \"Cleanfire Injection\" on their two-strokes. The industry is also working on a direct-injected \"clean two strokes\" that is better in terms of NOX emissions.Independent researchers, undergraduates and graduate students participate in contests to lessen the impact of emissions from snowmobiles. The Clean Snow Mobile Challenge is held yearly at Michigan Technological University regrouping the entries from universities from across United States and Canada.[53] Some of the participants in recent years have been the École polytechnique de Montréal with a Quasiturbine engine[54] and students from École de technologie supérieure of the UQAM with a less polluting two-stroke engine using E85 and direct injection.[55]","title":"Environmental impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"decibels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SRC2-56"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISMA-stat-4"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SRC2-56"}],"sub_title":"Noise","text":"Maximum noise restrictions have been enacted by law for both production of snowmobiles and aftermarket components. For instance, in Quebec (Canada) noise levels must be 78 decibels or less at 20 meters from a snowmobile path.[56] As of 2009, snowmobiles produce 90% less noise than in the 1960s[4] but there are still numerous complaints.[57] Efforts to reduce noise focus on suppressing mechanical noise of the suspension components and tracks.[56] Arctic Cat in 2005 introduced \"Silent Track technology\" on touring models such as the T660 Turbo, Bearcat, and some M-Series sleds. Ski-Doo has since then also used comparative \"silent track technology\" on some models.The use of aftermarket exhaust systems (\"cans\" or \"silencers\") is controversial. These replace the stock muffler with a less restrictive system that is usually claimed to increase power output of the engine. However, these aftermarket exhausts are often much louder than those from the factory, with only some being slightly quieter than a completely open, unbaffled system. Most, if not all, local snowmobile clubs (that maintain and groom trail systems) do not recommend them because of noise. Local and state authorities have set up checkpoints on high-traffic trails, checking for excessively loud systems and issuing citations. Typically these systems are installed on two-stroke powered machines (giving the distinctive \"braap\" sound); however, in recent years aftermarket companies have released silencers for four-stroke models as well.","title":"Environmental impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reindeerhurding.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bralorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bralorne,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Snowmobiles are used by reindeer herdersAccording to the International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association, snowmobilers in Canada and the United States spend over $28 billion on snowmobiling each year. This includes expenditures on equipment, clothing, accessories, snowmobiling vacations (lodging, fuel, and food), maintenance and others. Often this is the only source of income for some smaller towns, such as Bralorne, British Columbia, that rely solely on tourism during the summer and winter months.[58] Once a booming gold mining town, Bralorne is now a very small town with a population of 60,[59] and it is relatively inaccessible by car in the winter.[60] The economy relies on visits from snowmobilers, who contribute to the economy by spending money on gas, food, and hotels.[61]","title":"Economic impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_Picnicking,_Martin_Lake,_NWT.JPG"},{"link_name":"Martin Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Lake_(Northwest_Territories)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reich-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jozic-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reich_1999_485-66"},{"link_name":"dog sledding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_sledding"},{"link_name":"snowshoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoeing"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reich_1999_485-66"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jozic-64"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reich_1999_489-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reich_1999_489-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reich_1999_494-68"}],"text":"Snowmobiling near Martin Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada for a winter picnic in FebruarySince the invention of snowmobiles, isolated communities of northern North America have always had a demand for them. However, the early snowmobiles designs were not economical or functional enough for the harsh environment of northern North America. Joseph-Armand Bombardier started producing the Ski-Doo in 1959 at the request of a priest.[62] The priest had asked Bombardier to make an economical and reliable means of winter travel.[63] The Ski-Doo greatly changed life in northern North America's isolated communities, where Ski-Doo replaced sled dogs by the end of the 1960s.[64][65] The Ski-Doo also greatly improved communication between isolated communities.[66]In northern North America, historically, isolated communities depended on dog sledding and snowshoeing as their primary method of transportation for hunting during the winter months. The Ski-Doo allowed trappers to travel greater distances faster, allowing them to expand their hunting grounds.[66] Prospectors, mining companies, foresters, backcountry cabin owners, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Canadian Army also found snowmobiles very effective because they were the most economical method of transportation of small loads.[64][67]Joseph-Armand Bombardier's tests of Ski-Dog proved that snowmobiling was fun, and snowmobiling became a new form of outdoor recreation.[67] People who once sat dormant throughout winter were now given the opportunity in more outdoor activities.[68]","title":"Social impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Snowmachine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060830113422/http://babel.uoregon.edu/slang/pub_search.lasso?&RecordIDNumber=13066&Process=detail01"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//babel.uoregon.edu/slang/pub_search.lasso?&RecordIDNumber=13066&Process=detail01"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Boivin_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Snow Hawk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080827231828/http://www.snow-hawk.com/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.snow-hawk.com"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mus%C3%A9e-stat_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mus%C3%A9e-stat_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mus%C3%A9e-stat_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"Industry Highs and Lows\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070127200248/http://www.fjab.qc.ca/en/content/motoneige/hautetbasdelindustrie.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fjab.qc.ca/en/content/motoneige/hautetbasdelindustrie.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ISMA-stat_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ISMA-stat_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Snowmobiling Facts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070701002116/http://www.snowmobile.org/facts_snfcts.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.snowmobile.org/facts_snfcts.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Scientific American Volume 92 Number 04 (January 1905)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/scientific-american-1905-01-28/scientific-american-v92-n04-1905-01-28#page/n31/mode/2up/search/sleigh"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The American Motor Sleigh & The American 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canadiens\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/150493/summary.html?type=number_search&tabs1Index=tabs1_1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171110224905/http://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/150493/summary.html?type=number_search&tabs1Index=tabs1_1"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 1,188,981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US1188981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Snowflyers Replace Dogs in Frozen North\" Popular Mechanics, December 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Retrieved 2008-09-10.\n\n^ Valeri Potapov Translated by: James F. Gebhardt (1998). \"Soviet Combat Snowmobiles\". The Russian Battlefield. Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-09-10.\n\n^ \"Enjoying A Snowmobile At Full\". Journal-a-day. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-01. Not only are snowmobiles popular in the United States and Canada, USSR has their very own version of the snowmobile, which can be seen in the Aerosani. Aerosani, when interpreted, intends \"aero sleigh.\" The Russians usage this propeller-powered snowmobile for delivering the mail, patrolling the metes, as well as for recreational intents.\n\n^ \"Soviet Aerosani RF 8 (for 3D Studio Max)\". Vanishing Point. Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-03-01. 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Archived from the original on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2007-05-01.\n\n^ \"Étouffons ce bruit agressant\" (in French). Comité de protection de l'environnement de Québec. Archived from the original on 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2007-04-30.\n\n^ \"ISMA (International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association) – Welcome\". 6 March 2003. Archived from the original on 8 February 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2018.\n\n^ \"All About Bralorne\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.\n\n^ \"Getting to Bralorne\". Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.\n\n^ \"Business in Bralorne\". Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.\n\n^ Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). \"Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America\". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 484–516. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285.\n\n^ Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). \"Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America\". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 484–516. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285.\n\n^ a b Jozic, Jennifer. \"Transportation in the North\". Northern Research Portal. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.\n\n^ Percy, E. C. (May 1972). \"The Snowmobile: Friend or Foe?\". The Journal of Trauma. 12 (5): 444–6. doi:10.1097/00005373-197205000-00023. PMID 5061609.\n\n^ a b Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). \"Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America\". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 485. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285.\n\n^ a b Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). \"Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America\". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 489. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285.\n\n^ Reich, Leonard S. (July 1999). \"Ski-Dogs, Pol-Cats, and the Mechanization of Winter: The Development of Recreational Snowmobiling in North America\". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 494. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0152. JSTOR 25147357. S2CID 109816285.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"A snowmobile tour at Yellowstone National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg/300px-SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg"},{"image_text":"First person view of a snowmobile driven through Yellowstone National Park."},{"image_text":"Motor sled powered by a Coandă ducted fan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coanda_snow_sleigh.jpg/220px-Coanda_snow_sleigh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harry Kalenze, inventor of the Vehicle Propeller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Harold_J_Kalenze.jpg/170px-Harold_J_Kalenze.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nicholas II Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse track","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kegresse_tsar17.jpg/220px-Kegresse_tsar17.jpg"},{"image_text":"1921 Ford Model T snowmobile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1921_Ford_Model_T_Snowmobile.jpg/220px-1921_Ford_Model_T_Snowmobile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Snowmobile running on the Mississippi River near Hastings, Minnesota, 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg/220px-Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg"},{"image_text":"Airplane-engine-powered skimobile taxi in Red Lake, Canada, 1937","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Snowmobile_Taxi_-_John_Miller_1937_Red_Lake.jpg/170px-Snowmobile_Taxi_-_John_Miller_1937_Red_Lake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early Bombardier snowmobile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1951B12a.jpg/220px-1951B12a.jpg"},{"image_text":"A snowmobile used by emergency services in ski areas in Vercors, French Alps. It carries emergency equipment and tows a stretcher.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Motoneige_img_5583.jpg/220px-Motoneige_img_5583.jpg"},{"image_text":"Snow mobile race in 1979, Dutch newsreel"},{"image_text":"Arctic snowmobile with heated cabin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/TTM-1901-40_snowmobile_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_%28front_view%29.jpg/220px-TTM-1901-40_snowmobile_during_the_%22Armiya_2020%22_exhibition_%28front_view%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A family with snowmobiles at the forest of Ruka in Kuusamo, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Snowmobiling_%286817922334%29.jpg/220px-Snowmobiling_%286817922334%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alpina Sherpa, a dual track snowmobile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dual-track_snowmobile.jpg/220px-Dual-track_snowmobile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Snowmobile race","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zwei_Schneemobile.jpg/220px-Zwei_Schneemobile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Student-constructed SAE clean snowmobile at Imagine RIT 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/ImagineRIT2017SAECleanSnowmobile.jpg/220px-ImagineRIT2017SAECleanSnowmobile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Snowmobiles are used by reindeer herders","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Reindeerhurding.jpg/220px-Reindeerhurding.jpg"},{"image_text":"Snowmobiling near Martin Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada for a winter picnic in February","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Winter_Picnicking%2C_Martin_Lake%2C_NWT.JPG/220px-Winter_Picnicking%2C_Martin_Lake%2C_NWT.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Hyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyanide"},{"title":"Hydrocopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocopter"},{"title":"List of Canadian inventions and discoveries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions_and_discoveries"},{"title":"Non-road engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-road_engine"},{"title":"Snow coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_coach"},{"title":"ZIL-2906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIL-2906"}]	[{"reference":"Smowest Magazines (2002). \"Snowmachine\". Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060830113422/http://babel.uoregon.edu/slang/pub_search.lasso?&RecordIDNumber=13066&Process=detail01","url_text":"\"Snowmachine\""},{"url":"http://babel.uoregon.edu/slang/pub_search.lasso?&RecordIDNumber=13066&Process=detail01","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Snow Hawk\". AD Boivin. 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080827231828/http://www.snow-hawk.com/","url_text":"\"Snow Hawk\""},{"url":"http://www.snow-hawk.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Industry Highs and Lows\". Musée J-Armand Bombardier. 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070127200248/http://www.fjab.qc.ca/en/content/motoneige/hautetbasdelindustrie.htm","url_text":"\"Industry Highs and Lows\""},{"url":"http://www.fjab.qc.ca/en/content/motoneige/hautetbasdelindustrie.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Snowmobiling Facts\". International Snowmobile Manufacturers Associations. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070701002116/http://www.snowmobile.org/facts_snfcts.asp","url_text":"\"Snowmobiling Facts\""},{"url":"http://www.snowmobile.org/facts_snfcts.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scientific American Volume 92 Number 04 (January 1905)\". archive.org. 28 January 1905. Retrieved 2017-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/scientific-american-1905-01-28/scientific-american-v92-n04-1905-01-28#page/n31/mode/2up/search/sleigh","url_text":"\"Scientific American Volume 92 Number 04 (January 1905)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The American Motor Sleigh & The American Motor Sleigh Co\". www.american-automobiles.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2017-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.american-automobiles.com/American-Motor-Sleigh.html","url_text":"\"The American Motor Sleigh & The American Motor Sleigh Co\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044335/http://www.american-automobiles.com/American-Motor-Sleigh.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Propeller-Driven Sleigh\". SelfSite. 26 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 2008-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/propsleigh/propsleigh.htm","url_text":"\"The Propeller-Driven Sleigh\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710222219/http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/propsleigh/propsleigh.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Valeri Potapov Translated by: James F. Gebhardt (1998). \"Soviet Combat Snowmobiles\". The Russian Battlefield. Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.battlefield.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=216&Itemid=123&lang=en","url_text":"\"Soviet Combat Snowmobiles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090126023643/http://www.battlefield.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=216&Itemid=123&lang=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Enjoying A Snowmobile At Full\". Journal-a-day. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-01. Not only are snowmobiles popular in the United States and Canada, USSR has their very own version of the snowmobile, which can be seen in the Aerosani. Aerosani, when interpreted, intends \"aero sleigh.\" The Russians usage this propeller-powered snowmobile for delivering the mail, patrolling the metes, as well as for recreational intents.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090107134525/http://www.journal-a-day.com/Automotive/359658-enjoying-a-snowmobile-at-full.html","url_text":"\"Enjoying A Snowmobile At Full\""},{"url":"http://www.journal-a-day.com/Automotive/359658-enjoying-a-snowmobile-at-full.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Soviet Aerosani RF 8 (for 3D Studio Max)\". Vanishing Point. Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-03-01. An aerosani (Russian: aerosani, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-powered snowmobile, running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation. Aerosanis were used by the Soviet Red Army during the Winter War and the Second World War.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanishingpoint.biz/productdetail.asp?productID=790","url_text":"\"Soviet Aerosani RF 8 (for 3D Studio Max)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090107135340/http://www.vanishingpoint.biz/productdetail.asp?productID=790","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Office, Government of Canada, Industry Canada, Office of the Deputy Minister, Canadian Intellectual Property. \"Canadian Patent Database / Base de données sur les brevets canadiens\". www.ic.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/150493/summary.html?type=number_search&tabs1Index=tabs1_1","url_text":"\"Canadian Patent Database / Base de données sur les brevets canadiens\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224905/http://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/150493/summary.html?type=number_search&tabs1Index=tabs1_1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lame hunter invents swift motorized sled\". Popular Science: 62. December 1928. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dicDAAAAMBAJ&q=lame%20hunter%20invents%20swift%20motorized%20sled&pg=PA62","url_text":"\"Lame hunter invents swift motorized sled\""}]},{"reference":"Eliason, Carl J.; et al. \"U.S. Patent #1650334\". Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1650334","url_text":"\"U.S. Patent #1650334\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHSNOCAR.COM – Classic Model T and Model A Snow Car Parts\". NH Snocar. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141206033526/https://www.nhsnocar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=62","url_text":"\"NHSNOCAR.COM – Classic Model T and Model A Snow Car Parts\""},{"url":"http://www.nhsnocar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=62","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thorpe, John (28 January 1953). \"Continental Report\". Motor Cycling. 89 (2296). London: Temple Press Ltd: 407, 424.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Snow-Cycle\". Popular Mechanics. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Company. March 1951. p. 95. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/PopularMechanics1951/Popular_Mechanics_03_1951#page/n95/mode/2up/search/Snow-Cycle","url_text":"\"Snow-Cycle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Larsen Klubben\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.larvenklubben.se/","url_text":"\"Larsen Klubben\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194654/http://larvenklubben.se/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lalonde, Megan. \"Electric snowmobiles to be used in Whistler next winter\". whistlerquestion.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whistlerquestion.com/news/local-news/electric-snowmobiles-to-be-used-in-whistler-next-winter-1.14860855","url_text":"\"Electric snowmobiles to be used in Whistler next winter\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703165732/http://www.whistlerquestion.com/news/local-news/electric-snowmobiles-to-be-used-in-whistler-next-winter-1.14860855","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"snowXpark\". Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snowxpark.ch/esnowmobile","url_text":"\"snowXpark\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045329/http://www.snowxpark.ch/esnowmobile","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lindeberg, Rafaela (2023-05-20). \"Sweden's Green Push Now Includes Electrifying Snowmobiles\". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-20/sweden-s-green-push-now-includes-electrifying-snowmobiles","url_text":"\"Sweden's Green Push Now Includes Electrifying Snowmobiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"\"Polaris Company history\". Archived from the original on July 18, 2007. 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