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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_Temple_(Hattiesburg,_Mississippi)	Masonic Temple (Hattiesburg, Mississippi)	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 31°19′39.4″N 89°17′30.5″W / 31.327611°N 89.291806°W / 31.327611; -89.291806Historic building in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States Old Masonic HallLocation700 Main Street, Hattiesburg, Mississippi Mississippi LandmarkDesignated2003 The Masonic Temple in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, is a historic building that was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 2003. Originally constructed as a meeting hall for Hattiesburg Lodge 397, the building was sold when the lodge moved to a new location (on Eatonville Road). No Masonic lodges currently meet in the building. References ^ "Mississippi Landmarks" (PDF). Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-09. ^ Hattiesburg Lodge No. 397, history ^ Grand Lodge of Mississippi, lodge locator 31°19′39.4″N 89°17′30.5″W / 31.327611°N 89.291806°W / 31.327611; -89.291806 This article about a building or structure in Mississippi is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hattiesburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdah-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Historic building in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United StatesThe Masonic Temple in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, is a historic building that was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 2003.[1]Originally constructed as a meeting hall for Hattiesburg Lodge 397, the building was sold when the lodge moved to a new location (on Eatonville Road). No Masonic lodges currently meet in the building.[2][3]","title":"Masonic Temple (Hattiesburg, Mississippi)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mississippi Landmarks\" (PDF). Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101009033103/http://mdah.state.ms.us/hpres/MSLandmarks.pdf","url_text":"\"Mississippi Landmarks\""},{"url":"http://mdah.state.ms.us/hpres/MSLandmarks.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Masonic_Temple_(Hattiesburg,_Mississippi)&params=31_19_39.4_N_89_17_30.5_W_type:landmark_region:US_dim:60","external_links_name":"31°19′39.4″N 89°17′30.5″W / 31.327611°N 89.291806°W / 31.327611; -89.291806"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101009033103/http://mdah.state.ms.us/hpres/MSLandmarks.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mississippi Landmarks\""},{"Link":"http://mdah.state.ms.us/hpres/MSLandmarks.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hattiesburg397.moonfruit.com/history/4535162672","external_links_name":"Hattiesburg Lodge No. 397, history"},{"Link":"http://www.msgrandlodge.org/index.php/becoming-a-mason/lodge-locator","external_links_name":"Grand Lodge of Mississippi, lodge locator"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Masonic_Temple_(Hattiesburg,_Mississippi)&params=31_19_39.4_N_89_17_30.5_W_type:landmark_region:US_dim:60","external_links_name":"31°19′39.4″N 89°17′30.5″W / 31.327611°N 89.291806°W / 31.327611; -89.291806"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masonic_Temple_(Hattiesburg,_Mississippi)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Commerce_Subcommittee_on_Aviation_Safety,_Operations,_and_Innovation	United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation	["1 Jurisdiction","2 Members, 118th Congress","3 Historical subcommittee rosters","3.1 117th Congress","3.2 116th Congress","4 References","5 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation is a subcommittee within the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. The Subcommittee was formerly known as the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation, Space and Security, and the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Operations and Safety. Jurisdiction The Subcommittee on Aviation and Space has jurisdiction over technology, engineering, astronautical and aeronautical research and development; national and civil space policy; civil aviation research, development, and demonstration, and aviation safety and protection of consumers. The subcommittee conducts oversight on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the civil aviation and civil space policy functions of the Department of Transportation, Department of Commerce, and National Space Council within the Executive Office of the President. Members, 118th Congress Majority Minority Tammy Duckworth, Illinois, Chair Kyrsten Sinema, Arizona Peter Welch, Vermont Jacky Rosen, Nevada John Hickenlooper, Colorado Raphael Warnock, Georgia Jerry Moran, Kansas, Ranking Member Deb Fischer, Nebraska Roger Wicker, Mississippi Dan Sullivan, Alaska Todd Young, Indiana Ex officio Maria Cantwell, Washington Ted Cruz, Texas Source: Historical subcommittee rosters 117th Congress Majority Minority Kyrsten Sinema, Arizona, Chair Tammy Duckworth, Illinois Jon Tester, Montana Jacky Rosen, Nevada John Hickenlooper, Colorado Raphael Warnock, Georgia Ted Cruz, Texas, Ranking Member John Thune, South Dakota Roy Blunt, Missouri Jerry Moran, Kansas Mike Lee, Utah Shelley Moore Capito, West Virginia Ex officio Maria Cantwell, Washington Roger Wicker, Mississippi 116th Congress Majority Minority Ted Cruz, Texas, Chairman John Thune, South Dakota Roy Blunt, Missouri Jerry Moran, Kansas Cory Gardner, Colorado Marsha Blackburn, Tennessee Shelley Moore Capito, West Virginia Mike Lee, Utah Kyrsten Sinema, Arizona, Ranking Member Brian Schatz, Hawaii Tom Udall, New Mexico Gary Peters, Michigan Tammy Duckworth, Illinois Jon Tester, Montana Jacky Rosen, Nevada Ex officio Roger Wicker, Mississippi Maria Cantwell, Washington Source: References ^ "Aviation and Space - U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation". Archived from the original on 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2019-02-28. ^ Sen. Sinema is an independent, but caucuses with the Democrats. ^ "Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation". ^ "Aviation and Space - U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation". Archived from the original on 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2019-02-28. External links Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation website, Subcommittee page vteCurrent United States Senate Commerce subcommittees Aviation Safety, Operations and Innovation Communications, Media and Broadband Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Data Security Oceans, Fisheries, Climate Change and Manufacturing Space and Science Surface Transportation, Maritime, Freight and Ports Tourism, Trade and Export Promotion vteCurrent United States congressional committeesSenate (list)Standing Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Finance Foreign Relations Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs Other Aging (Special) International Narcotics Control (Caucus) Ethics (Select) Indian Affairs Intelligence (Select) House (list)Standing Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Accountability Rules Science, Space, and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs Ways and Means (Whole) Other Intelligence (Select) Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party (Select) Joint (list) (Conference) Economic Library Printing Taxation Commissionsand CaucusesSenate Art Oversight House China Democracy Partnership Human Rights Security and Cooperation in Europe Related Congressional subcommittees Defunct committees Select or special committees This United States Congress–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation"}],"text":"The Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation is a subcommittee within the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. The Subcommittee was formerly known as the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation, Space and Security, and the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Operations and Safety.","title":"United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"National Space Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Council"},{"link_name":"Executive Office of the President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Subcommittee on Aviation and Space has jurisdiction over technology, engineering, astronautical and aeronautical research and development; national and civil space policy; civil aviation research, development, and demonstration, and aviation safety and protection of consumers. The subcommittee conducts oversight on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the civil aviation and civil space policy functions of the Department of Transportation, Department of Commerce, and National Space Council within the Executive Office of the President.[1]","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Source:[3]","title":"Members, 118th Congress"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical subcommittee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"117th Congress","title":"Historical subcommittee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"116th Congress","text":"Source:[4]","title":"Historical subcommittee rosters"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Aviation and Space - U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2019-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721215838/https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","url_text":"\"Aviation and Space - U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation\""},{"url":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/aviation-safety-operations-and-innovation-subcommittee","url_text":"\"Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aviation and Space - U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2019-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721215838/https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","url_text":"\"Aviation and Space - U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation\""},{"url":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22United+States+Senate+Commerce+Subcommittee+on+Aviation+Safety%2C+Operations%2C+and+Innovation%22","external_links_name":"\"United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22United+States+Senate+Commerce+Subcommittee+on+Aviation+Safety%2C+Operations%2C+and+Innovation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22United+States+Senate+Commerce+Subcommittee+on+Aviation+Safety%2C+Operations%2C+and+Innovation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22United+States+Senate+Commerce+Subcommittee+on+Aviation+Safety%2C+Operations%2C+and+Innovation%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22United+States+Senate+Commerce+Subcommittee+on+Aviation+Safety%2C+Operations%2C+and+Innovation%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22United+States+Senate+Commerce+Subcommittee+on+Aviation+Safety%2C+Operations%2C+and+Innovation%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721215838/https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","external_links_name":"\"Aviation and Space - U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation\""},{"Link":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/aviation-safety-operations-and-innovation-subcommittee","external_links_name":"\"Aviation Safety, Operations, and Innovation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721215838/https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","external_links_name":"\"Aviation and Space - U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation\""},{"Link":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/aviation-and-space","external_links_name":"Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation website, Subcommittee page"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Commerce_Subcommittee_on_Aviation_Safety,_Operations,_and_Innovation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Emanuel_(Beverly_Hills,_California)	Temple Emanuel (Beverly Hills, California)	["1 History","1.1 1938 until 1990s","1.2 Since 1994","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 34°04′18″N 118°23′06″W / 34.0718°N 118.3851°W / 34.0718; -118.3851Reform Judaism synagogue in Beverly Hills, California, US For similarly named synagogues, see Emanu-El. Temple EmanuelThe synagogue building, in 2019ReligionAffiliationReform JudaismEcclesiastical or organisational statusSynagogueStatusActiveLocationLocation300 North Clark Drive, Beverly Hills, CaliforniaCountryUnited StatesLocation in Los Angeles, CaliforniaGeographic coordinates34°04′18″N 118°23′06″W / 34.0718°N 118.3851°W / 34.0718; -118.3851ArchitectureArchitect(s)Sidney EisenshtatTypeSynagogue architectureStyleModernistDate established1938 (as a congregation)Completed1953Websitetebh.org Temple Emanuel is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 300 North Clark Drive, in Beverly Hills, California, in the United States. History 1938 until 1990s The congregation was founded in 1938. The first rabbi, Ernest Trattner, served until 1947, when he left amid dissension among the congregation, culminating in litigation. The current building, completed in 1953, was the first religious building designed by architect Sidney Eisenshtat, who went on to become a noted designer of synagogues and Jewish academic buildings. Built with red brick and concrete, it is considered an important example of Modernist synagogue architecture. Inside, the Belle Chapel presents a permanent memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. The sculpture inside the chapel was designed by Dr Eric May and donated by Nicolai Joffe. Isaiah Zeldin served as one of its rabbis from 1958 until he left to found Stephen S. Wise Temple in Bel Air in 1964. Rabbi Zeldin was preceded by Bernard Harrison; after Rabbi Harrison's death, a chapel was dedicated in his honor. Edward Krawll was cantor for many years. Meanwhile, comedian Groucho Marx was a congregant. By 1993, the synagogue had a US$2 million debt. One of the proposed solutions was to merge with the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a large Reform synagogue located at Western and Vermont Avenues in Koreatown. However, Temple Emanuel's congregation narrowly voted to reject the merger, deciding that it would change the traditional culture of the synagogue too much. Finances were stabilized by donations, and a capital campaign eventually yielded approximately $10 million. The building underwent a substantial renovation in 2011, under the supervision of Rios Clementi Hale Studios. Since 1994 From 1994–2015, Laura Geller had served as senior rabbi. This made her the first female rabbi to lead a major metropolitan congregation. Rabbi Jonathan Aaron has served as senior rabbi since 2015. The clergy team who work alongside Rabbi Aaron are Rabbi Sarah Bassin (Associate Rabbi), Rabbi Adam Lutz (Assistant Rabbi/Director of Education), and Cantor Lizzie Weiss. In 2019, the school and community building, located across the street, was sold to a developer; and, in 2021, they were demolished to make way for a residential apartment project. References ^ a b "Home page". Temple Emanuel. ^ a b c Chazanov, Mathis (December 9, 1993). "Temple Emanuel Congregation Rejects Merger: Religion: Despite support by acting rabbi and board, members voted against joining Wilshire Boulevard Temple. Decision leaves a $2-million debt and squelches hopes of easy solution to finding a new rabbi". The Los Angeles Times. ^ Rosen, Oded (1983). The Encyclopedia of Jewish institutions: United States & Canada. Mosadot Publications. p. 18 – via Google Books. ^ Wanamaker, Marc (2006). Beverly Hills:: 1930–2005. Arcadia Publishing – via Google Books. ^ "About". Temple Emanuel. 2013. ^ Westwood Temple v. Emanuel Center, 98 Cal.App.2d 755, 221 P.2d 146 (1950). Copy of opinion available here at Google Scholar. ^ "California rabbi resigns to take job with movies". Tampa Times. Florida. September 2, 1926. ^ Gruber, Samuel D. (April 1, 2005). "Sidney Eisenshtat, 90, Leading Synagogue Architect". Forward. ^ a b "Temple Emanuel". Los Angeles Conservancy. Retrieved October 6, 2014. ^ a b Szonzyi, David M. (1985). The Holocaust: An Annotated Bibliography and Resource Guide. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 278–279 – via Google Books. ^ "Isaiah Zeldin, 1st Dean". Hebrew Union College. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2010. ^ "Los Angeles". Jewish Virtual Library. ^ "Beverly Hills' Rabbi Bernard Harrison Dies". The Los Angeles Times. November 9, 1957. p. B5. ^ "Dedication of Rabbi Harrison Chapel Held". The Los Angeles Times. October 17, 1960. p. B3. ^ "no title". The Los Angeles Times. May 7, 2000. p. 90. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help) ^ Chandler, Charlotte (2012). "Hello, I Must Be Going: Groucho and His Friends". New York: Simon and Schuster – via Google Books. ^ Chazanov, Mathis (September 2, 1993). "Wilshire Blvd., Emanuel Temples to Merge". Los Angeles Times. ^ Torok, Ryan (November 6, 2013). "Bruce Corwin can't stop giving". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. ^ Rus, Mayer (December 4, 2011). "Back to Shul". Los Angeles Times Magazine. pp. 46–53. ^ "Laura Geller". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved December 16, 2011. ^ "Rabbi Laura Geller, Rabbi Jonathan Aaron, and Rabbi Jill Zimmerman". Temple Emanuel. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2011. External links Official website vteBeverly Hills, CaliforniaEducationPrimary and secondary schools Beverly Hills Unified School District Beverly Hills High School Other education Beverly Hills Public Library GovernmentCity government Beverly Hills City Hall Beverly Hills Civic Center Beverly Hills Police Department List of mayors OtherHotels The Beverly Hills Hotel The Beverly Hilton Beverly Wilshire Hotel The Peninsula Beverly Hills Waldorf-Astoria Beverly Hills Other landmarks Beverly Gardens Park Beverly Hills Oil Field Beverly Hills Main Post Office Rodeo Drive Spadena House (Beverly Hills Witch’s House) Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden Paley Center for Media Saban Theatre Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts Notable restaurants The Cheesecake Factory The Cheese Store of Beverly Hills The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Lawry's The Prime Rib Matsuhisa Mr. Chow Nate 'n Al of Beverly Hills Polo Lounge Spago Sprinkles Cupcakes Sugarfish Urth Caffé Media The Beverly Hills Courier The Beverly Hillbillies Beverly Hills by Weezer Beverly Hills Cop film series video game Beverly Hills 90210 Clueless Down and Out in Beverly Hills Pretty Woman The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Defunct Beverly Hills Speedway Pickfair Urasawa Category Commons vte Synagogues in the United States By stateAlabama Beth-El (Anniston) Knesseth Israel (Birmingham) Beth-El (Birmingham) Emanu-El (Birmingham) B'nai Sholom (Huntsville) Sha’arai Shomayim (Mobile) Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem (Montgomery) Beth Or (Montgomery) Arizona Beth Israel (Scottsdale) Emanuel (Tempe) Kol Ami (Tucson) Arkansas Shalom (Fayetteville) CaliforniaLos Angeles Stephen Wise Temple (Bel Air) Beth Jacob (Beverly Hills) Emanuel (Beverly Hills) Valley Beth Shalom (Encino) Beth Israel (Highland Park and Eagle Rock) Temple Israel (Hollywood) Beth Am (Los Angeles) IKAR (Los Angeles) Wilshire Boulevard (Los Angeles) Beth Chayim Chadashim (Mid City) Ahavat Shalom (Northridge) Kehillat Israel (Pacific Palisades) Ner Tamid (Rancho Palos Verdes) Jewish Temple and Center (Pasadena) Pacific Jewish Center (Venice) Sephardic Temple Tifereth Israel (Westwood) Sinai Temple (Westwood) San Franciscoand Bay Area Beth Israel (Berkeley) Beyt Tikkun (Berkeley) Peninsula Temple Sholom (Burlingame) B'nai Israel (Daly City) Beth Am (Los Altos Hills) Kehilla Community Synagogue (Oakland) Temple Sinai (Oakland) Am Tikvah (San Francisco) Beth Sholom (San Francisco) Emanu-El (San Francisco) The Kitchen (San Francisco) Sherith Israel (San Francisco) Rodef Sholom (San Rafael) Kol Shofar (Tiburon) Beth Israel (Fresno) Chabad (Poway) B'nai Israel (Sacramento) Beth Israel (San Diego) Temple Israel (Stockton) Colorado Beth HaMedrosh Hagodol-Beth Joseph (Denver) Temple Emanuel (Denver) Temple Sinai (Denver) Temple Emanuel (Pueblo) Temple Aaron (Trinidad) Connecticut B'nai Israel (Bridgeport) Beth Shalom Rodfe Zedek (Chester) Knesseth Israel (Ellington) Ahavath Achim (Fairfield) Mishkan Israel (Hamden) Beth Israel (Hartford West) Tephereth Israel (New Britian) Beth Israel (New Haven) Agudath Sholom (Stamford) Israel (Westport) B'nai Jacob (Woodbridge) Hebrew Congregation of Woodmont District of Columbia Adas Israel Bet Mishpachah DC Minyan Kesher Israeln Machar Ohev Sholom Rosh Pina Sixth & I Washington Hebrew Florida Ahavath Chesed (Jacksonville) Bet Shira (Miami) Edmond J. Safra (Miami) Beth Sholom (Miami Beach) Cuban Hebrew (Miami Beach) Emanu-El (Palm Beach) New (Palm Beach) Beth-El (Pensacola) Georgia Beth Jacob (Atlanta) Shearith Israel (Atlanta) Temple (Atlanta) B'nai Israel (Augusta) Beth Israel (Macon) B'nai Torah (Sandy Springs) Mickve Israel (Savannah) Hawaii Aloha Jewish Chapel (Pearl Harbor) Emanu-El (Honolulu) Idaho Ahavath Beth Israel (Boise) Illinois Moses Montefiore (Bloomington) Anshe Emet (Chicago) Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel (Chicago) Beth Shalom (Chicago) Emanuel (Chicago) KAM Isaiah Israel (Chicago) Loop (Chicago) Makom Solel Lakeside (Chicago) Mishkan (Chicago) North Shore Israel (Chicago) North Suburban Beth El (Chicago) Sholom (Chicago) Sinai (Chicago) Tzedek (Chicago) Jewish Community Center (Mattoon) Anshai Emeth (Peoria) Indiana Achduth Vesholom (Fort Wayne) Indianapolis Hebrew (Indianapolis) Iowa B'nai Israel (Council Bluffs) Beit Shalom (Davenport) United Orthodox (Sioux City) Kansas Beth Israel Abraham Voliner (Kansas City) B'nai Jehudah (Overland Park) Kentucky Adath Israel Brith Sholom (Louisville) Anshei Sfard (Louisville) Keneseth Israel (Louisville) Adath Israel (Owensboro) Israel (Paducah) Louisiana B'nai Israel (Alexandria) Gemiluth Chassodim (Alexandria) Anshe Sfard (New Orleans) Beth Israel (New Orleans) Sinai (New Orleans) Touro (New Orleans) B'Nai Zion (Shreveport) Maine Beth Israel (Bangor) Etz Chaim (Portland) Shaarey Tphiloh (Portland) Maryland Naval Academy (Annapolis) B'nai Israel (Baltimore) Hebrew (Baltimore) Beth Am (Baltimore) Shearith Israel (Baltimore) Shomrei Emunah (Baltimore) Tiferes Yisroel (Baltimore) Beth El (Bethesda) Bethesda Jewish Congregation (Bethesda) Beth Shalom (Columbia) B'er Chayim (Cumberland) B'Nai Israel (Easton) Beth Sholom (Frederick) Kol Ami (Frederick) Emanuel (Kensington) Oseh Shalom (Laurel) Magen David Sephardic (North Bethesda) Ohev Sholom Talmud Torah (Olney) Beth El (Pikesville) Beth Tfiloh (Pikesville) Har Sinai – Oheb Shalom (Pikesville) Beth Sholom and Talmud Torah (Potomac) Beth Israel (Salisbury) Young Israel Shomrai Emunah (Silver Spring) B'nai Israel (Rockville) Massachusetts Temple Israel (Boston) Ohabei Shalom (Brookline) Kahal B'raira (Cambridge) Agudath Shalom (Chelsea) Beth Israel (Malden) Adams Street (Newton) Shaarei Tefillah (Newton) Beth Israel (North Adams) Beth Israel (Onset) Anshe Amunim (Pittsfield) Sinai Temple (Springfield) Ahavath Torah (Stoughton) Beth Israel (Worcester) Emanuel Sinai (Worcester) Michigan Beth El (Alpena) Beth Emeth (Ann Arbor) Beth Israel (Ann Arbor) Beth El (Detroit) Birmingham Temple (Detroit) Isaac Agree Downtown (Detroit) Temple Emanuel (Grand Rapids) Temple Jacob (Hancock) Beth Sholom (Marquette) Beth Israel (Jackson) Temple Israel (West Bloomfield) Minnesota Beth Jacob (Mendota Heights) Temple Israel (Minneapolis) Adath Jeshurun (Minnetonka) Beth El (St Louis Park) Mount Zion (St Paul) Or Emet (St Paul) Mississippi Adath Israel (Cleveland) Beth Israel (Jackson) Beth Israel (Meridian) B'nai Israel (Tupelo) Missouri United Hebrew (Chesterfield) B'nai Amoona (Creve Coeur) Shaare Emeth (Creve Coeur) Temple Israel (Creve Coeur) Beth El (Jefferson City) Shaare Zedek (University City) Montana Emanu-El, Helena Nebraska B'nai Jeshurun / South Sreet (Lincoln) New Jersey Beth Sholom (Cherry Hill) Kol Ami (Cherry Hill) M'kor Shalom (Cherry Hill) Synagogue of Deal (Deal) Beth Hillel (Deerville) Ahavath Torah (Englewood) Barnert (Franklin Lakes) Agudath Achim (Freehold) Etz Ahaim Sephardic (Highland Park) United Synagogue of Hoboken Beth-El (Jersey City) Adas Emuno (Leonia) B'Nai Abraham (Livingston) Emanu-El of West Essex (Livingston) Shaari Emeth (Manalapan) Marlboro Jewish Center (Marlboro) B'nai Israel (Millburn) Morristown Jewish Center (Morristown) Beth Israel (Ridgewood) Oheb Shalom (South Orange) Beth El (Voorhees) New Mexico Albert New YorkThe Bronx Adath Israel Hebrew Institute Riverdale Center Riverdale Temple Brooklyn Kane Street / Baith Israel Anshei Emes) Baith Israel Anshei Emes Beth El Flatbush Beth Elohim Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom B'nai Yosef Jewish Center (Manhattan Beach) East Midwood K'hal Adath Jeshurun Khal Hisachdus Yirieim Veretzky Ocean Parkway Park Slope Kingsway Center Edmond J. Safra Sephardic Center Shaare Zion Shomrei Emunah Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Hooper Street) Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney Street) Young Israel Beth El Long Island Jewish Center (Atlantic Beach) Jewish Center (East Hampton) Jewish Center (East Meadow) North Country Reform (Glen Cove) Beth-El (Great Neck) Tifereth Israel (Greenport) Jewish Center (Jericho) Emanu-El (Long Beach) Reconstructionist Synagogue (North Shore) Beth Israel (Port Washington) Adas Israel (Sag Harbor) Aish Kodesh (Woodmere) Manhattan Actor's Temple Adereth El Ansche Chesed Bialystoker B'nai Jeshurun Beit Simchat Torah Beth Israel West Side Central Synagogue City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism Eldridge Street Emanu-El 1868 1930 Fifth Avenue Synagogue Fort Tryon Habonim Israel of the City of New York Lab/Shul Manhattan Center Kehilath Jeshurun Kehila Kedosha Janina Lincoln Square Millinery Center Mount Sinai Ohab Zedek Old Broadway Or Zarua Park Avenue Park East Ramath Orah Rodeph Sholom Romemu Shaaray Tefila Shaare Zedek Shearith Israel Shul of New York Sixth Street Society for the Advancement of Judaism Stanton Street Stephen Wise Free Sutton Place Temple of Universal Judaism Queens Center of Israel (Astoria) Etz Hayim at Hollis Hills (Bayside) Tifereth Israel (Corona) Free (Flushing) Georgian Jews Queens Center Rego Park Beth Emeth (Albany) Beth David (Amenia) Beth Zion (Buffalo) Beth El (Chappaqua) Beth Shalom (Clifton Park) B'nai Israel (Fleischmanns) Kerhonkson Synagogue (Kerhonkson) Agudas Achim (Livingston Manor) Hebrew Congregation (Mountaindale) Jewish Center (Norwich) Beth Israel (Plattsburgh) Kneses Tifereth Israel (Port Chester) B'rith Kodesh (Rochester) Emanu-El (Staten Island) Anshei Glen Wild (Sullivan County) Society of Concord (Syracuse) Berith Sholom (Troy) Beth Joseph (Tupper Lake) Temple Israel (White Plains) B'nai Israel (Woodbourne) Ohave Shalom (Woodridge) Lincoln Park (Yonkers) North Carolina Beth Israel (Asheville) Temple Israel (Charlotte) Temple Israel (Kinston) Emanuel (Statesville) Temple of Israel (Wilmington) North Dakota B'nai Israel (Grand Forks) Ohio Tifereth-Israel (Beachwood) Agudas Achim (Bexley) Golf Manor (Cincinnati) Rockdale (Cincinnati) Wise Temple (Cincinnati) Anshe Chesed Fairmount (Cleveland) Oheb Zedek Cedar Sinai (Cleveland) Park Synagogue (Cleveland) Silver Sanctuary (Cleveland) Temple Israel (Columbus) Temple Israel (Dayton) Beth Israel (Hamilton) B'nai Israel (Toledo) Oklahoma B'nai Israel (Oklahoma City) Temple Israel (Tulsa) Oregon Beth Israel (Eugene) Beth Israel (Portland) Neveh Shalom (Portland) Shaarie Torah (Portland) Pennsylvania Beth Israel (Altoona) Beth Israel (Chester County) B'nai Shalom (Easton) Anshe Hesed (Erie) Beth Shalom (Elkins Park) Kesher Israel (Harrisburg) Ohev Sholom (Harrisburg) Beth Israel (Honesdale) Beth Israel (Lebanon) Beth Or (Maple Glen) Adath Israel of the Main Line (Merion) B'nai Jacob (Middletown) Beth Zion-Beth Israel (Philadelphia) B'nai Abraham (Philadelphia) Germantown Jewish Centre (Philadelphia) Keneseth Israel (Philadelphia) Mikveh Israel (Philadelphia) Rodeph Shalom (Philadelphia) Shivtei Yeshuron-Ezras Israel (Philadelphia) YPC Shari-Eli (Philadelphia) Rodef Shalom (Pittsburgh) Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha (Pittsburgh) Kesher Zion (Reading) Beth Israel (Washington) Beth Israel (York) Rhode Island Touro (Newport) Beth-El (Providence) Sons of Jacob (Providence) South Carolina Beth Israel (Beaufort) Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim (Charleston) House of Peace (Columbia) Beth Israel (Florence) Beth Elohim (Georgetown) Kol Ami (Fort Mill) Sinai (Sumter) Tennessee Adas Israel (Brownsville) Mizpah (Chattanooga) B'nai Israel (Jackson) Baron Hirsch (Memphis) Israel (Memphis) Ohabai Sholom (Nashville) Sherith Israel (Nashville) Texas Agudas Achim (Austin) Beth Israel (Austin) Emanuel (Beaumont) B'nai Abraham (Brenham) Emanu-El (Dallas) Beth Jacob (Galveston) B'nai Israel (Galveston) Beth Israel (Houston) Beth Yeshurun (Houston) Sinai (Houston) Beth-El (San Antonio) Utah Kol Ami (Salt Lake City) Vermont Ohavi Zedek (Burlington) Old Ohavi Zedek (Burlington) Rutland Jewish Center Virginia Agudas Achim (Alexandria) Beth El (Alexandria) Beth Israel (Charlottesville) Rodef Shalom (Falls Church) Sinai (Newport News) Commodore Levy Chapel (Norfolk) Beth Ahabah (Richmond) Beth Israel (Roanoke) Adath Israel (Rutland) House of Israel (Staunton) Beth El (Winchester) Washington Beth Israel (Bellingham) Bikur Cholim Machzikay Hadath (Seattle) Ezra Bessaroth (Seattle) Kavana Cooperative (Seattle) Sephardic Bikur Holim (Seattle) De Hirsch Sinai (Seattle and Belleview) West Virginia Ohev Sholom (Huntington) Kol Emes (Richmond) Shalom (Wheeling) Wisconsin Beth El (Madison) Gates of Heaven (Madison) Beth Israel Ner Tamid (Milwaukee) Emanu-El B'ne Jeshurun (River Hills) Wyoming Mt Sinai (Cheyenne) Territories Virgin Islands Oldest U.S. synagogues History Category People	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emanu-El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanu-El_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homepage-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Reform Judaism synagogue in Beverly Hills, California, USFor similarly named synagogues, see Emanu-El.Temple Emanuel is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 300 North Clark Drive, in Beverly Hills, California, in the United States.[1][2][3]","title":"Temple Emanuel (Beverly Hills, California)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marcwanamaker-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sidney Eisenshtat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Eisenshtat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theholocaust-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theholocaust-10"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Zeldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Zeldin"},{"link_name":"Stephen S. Wise Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S._Wise_Temple"},{"link_name":"Bel Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_Air,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewishvirtual-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"Wilshire Boulevard Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard_Temple"},{"link_name":"Koreatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreatown,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"1938 until 1990s","text":"The congregation was founded in 1938.[4][5] The first rabbi, Ernest Trattner, served until 1947, when he left amid dissension among the congregation, culminating in litigation.[6][7]The current building, completed in 1953, was the first religious building designed by architect Sidney Eisenshtat, who went on to become a noted designer of synagogues and Jewish academic buildings.[8] Built with red brick and concrete, it is considered an important example of Modernist synagogue architecture.[9]Inside, the Belle Chapel presents a permanent memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.[10] The sculpture inside the chapel was designed by Dr Eric May and donated by Nicolai Joffe.[10]Isaiah Zeldin served as one of its rabbis from 1958 until he left to found Stephen S. Wise Temple in Bel Air in 1964.[11][12] Rabbi Zeldin was preceded by Bernard Harrison; after Rabbi Harrison's death, a chapel was dedicated in his honor.[13][14] Edward Krawll was cantor for many years.[15] Meanwhile, comedian Groucho Marx was a congregant.[16]By 1993, the synagogue had a US$2 million debt.[2] One of the proposed solutions was to merge with the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a large Reform synagogue located at Western and Vermont Avenues in Koreatown.[17] However, Temple Emanuel's congregation narrowly voted to reject the merger, deciding that it would change the traditional culture of the synagogue too much.[2] Finances were stabilized by donations, and a capital campaign eventually yielded approximately $10 million.[18] The building underwent a substantial renovation in 2011, under the supervision of Rios Clementi Hale Studios.[9][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Geller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homepage-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jwa-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tebh.org-21"}],"sub_title":"Since 1994","text":"From 1994–2015, Laura Geller had served as senior rabbi.[1] This made her the first female rabbi to lead a major metropolitan congregation.[20][21] Rabbi Jonathan Aaron has served as senior rabbi since 2015. The clergy team who work alongside Rabbi Aaron are Rabbi Sarah Bassin (Associate Rabbi), Rabbi Adam Lutz (Assistant Rabbi/Director of Education), and Cantor Lizzie Weiss.In 2019, the school and community building, located across the street, was sold to a developer; and, in 2021, they were demolished to make way for a residential apartment project.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Home page\". Temple Emanuel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tebh.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"Chazanov, Mathis (December 9, 1993). \"Temple Emanuel Congregation Rejects Merger: Religion: Despite support by acting rabbi and board, members voted against joining Wilshire Boulevard Temple. Decision leaves a $2-million debt and squelches hopes of easy solution to finding a new rabbi\". The Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-09/news/we-131_1_wilshire-boulevard-temple","url_text":"\"Temple Emanuel Congregation Rejects Merger: Religion: Despite support by acting rabbi and board, members voted against joining Wilshire Boulevard Temple. Decision leaves a $2-million debt and squelches hopes of easy solution to finding a new rabbi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Oded (1983). The Encyclopedia of Jewish institutions: United States & Canada. Mosadot Publications. p. 18 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Git2AAAAMAAJ&q=%22temple+emanuel%22+%22beverly+hills%22","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Jewish institutions: United States & Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Wanamaker, Marc (2006). Beverly Hills:: 1930–2005. Arcadia Publishing – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz-yCad3ZQAC&dq=%22temple+emanuel%22+%22beverly+hills%22&pg=RA1-PA1923","url_text":"Beverly Hills:: 1930–2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Temple Emanuel. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tebh.org/2013-02-05-22-34-25","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"California rabbi resigns to take job with movies\". Tampa Times. Florida. September 2, 1926.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gruber, Samuel D. (April 1, 2005). \"Sidney Eisenshtat, 90, Leading Synagogue Architect\". Forward.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forward.com/articles/3195/","url_text":"\"Sidney Eisenshtat, 90, Leading Synagogue Architect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forward","url_text":"Forward"}]},{"reference":"\"Temple Emanuel\". Los Angeles Conservancy. Retrieved October 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laconservancy.org/locations/temple-emanuel","url_text":"\"Temple Emanuel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Conservancy","url_text":"Los Angeles Conservancy"}]},{"reference":"Szonzyi, David M. (1985). The Holocaust: An Annotated Bibliography and Resource Guide. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 278–279 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wiZC1pZqutwC&dq=%22temple+emanuel%22+%22beverly+hills%22&pg=PA278","url_text":"The Holocaust: An Annotated Bibliography and Resource Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Isaiah Zeldin, 1st Dean\". Hebrew Union College. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005145351/http://huc.edu/libraries/exhibits/cahistoryexhibit/dean1zeldin.htm","url_text":"\"Isaiah Zeldin, 1st Dean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College","url_text":"Hebrew Union College"},{"url":"http://huc.edu/libraries/exhibits/cahistoryexhibit/dean1zeldin.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles\". Jewish Virtual Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_12766.html","url_text":"\"Los Angeles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library","url_text":"Jewish Virtual Library"}]},{"reference":"\"Beverly Hills' Rabbi Bernard Harrison Dies\". The Los Angeles Times. November 9, 1957. p. B5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Dedication of Rabbi Harrison Chapel Held\". The Los Angeles Times. October 17, 1960. p. B3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"no title\". The Los Angeles Times. May 7, 2000. p. 90.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Charlotte (2012). \"Hello, I Must Be Going: Groucho and His Friends\". New York: Simon and Schuster – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UJb_tnBVcG8C&dq=%22temple+emanuel%22+%22beverly+hills%22&pg=PT182","url_text":"\"Hello, I Must Be Going: Groucho and His Friends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Chazanov, Mathis (September 2, 1993). \"Wilshire Blvd., Emanuel Temples to Merge\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-09-02/local/me-30831_1_wilshire-boulevard-temple","url_text":"\"Wilshire Blvd., Emanuel Temples to Merge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Torok, Ryan (November 6, 2013). \"Bruce Corwin can't stop giving\". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishjournal.com/giving/article/bruce_corwin_cant_stop_giving","url_text":"\"Bruce Corwin can't stop giving\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles","url_text":"The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles"}]},{"reference":"Rus, Mayer (December 4, 2011). \"Back to Shul\". Los Angeles Times Magazine. pp. 46–53.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimesmagazine.com/2011/12/back-to-shul.html","url_text":"\"Back to Shul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Magazine","url_text":"Los Angeles Times Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Laura Geller\". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved December 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/geller-laura","url_text":"\"Laura Geller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbi Laura Geller, Rabbi Jonathan Aaron, and Rabbi Jill Zimmerman\". Temple Emanuel. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229093127/http://www.tebh.org/about/clergy.php","url_text":"\"Rabbi Laura Geller, Rabbi Jonathan Aaron, and Rabbi Jill Zimmerman\""},{"url":"http://www.tebh.org/about/clergy.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Temple_Emanuel_(Beverly_Hills,_California)&params=34.0718_N_118.3851_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°04′18″N 118°23′06″W / 34.0718°N 118.3851°W / 34.0718; -118.3851"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Temple_Emanuel_(Beverly_Hills,_California)&params=34.0718_N_118.3851_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°04′18″N 118°23′06″W / 34.0718°N 118.3851°W / 34.0718; -118.3851"},{"Link":"https://tebh.org/","external_links_name":"tebh.org"},{"Link":"http://www.tebh.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-09/news/we-131_1_wilshire-boulevard-temple","external_links_name":"\"Temple Emanuel Congregation Rejects Merger: Religion: Despite support by acting rabbi and board, members voted against joining Wilshire Boulevard Temple. Decision leaves a $2-million debt and squelches hopes of easy solution to finding a new rabbi\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Git2AAAAMAAJ&q=%22temple+emanuel%22+%22beverly+hills%22","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Jewish institutions: United States & Canada"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz-yCad3ZQAC&dq=%22temple+emanuel%22+%22beverly+hills%22&pg=RA1-PA1923","external_links_name":"Beverly Hills:: 1930–2005"},{"Link":"http://www.tebh.org/2013-02-05-22-34-25","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6022499593816031168&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.forward.com/articles/3195/","external_links_name":"\"Sidney Eisenshtat, 90, Leading Synagogue Architect\""},{"Link":"https://www.laconservancy.org/locations/temple-emanuel","external_links_name":"\"Temple Emanuel\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wiZC1pZqutwC&dq=%22temple+emanuel%22+%22beverly+hills%22&pg=PA278","external_links_name":"The Holocaust: An Annotated Bibliography and Resource Guide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005145351/http://huc.edu/libraries/exhibits/cahistoryexhibit/dean1zeldin.htm","external_links_name":"\"Isaiah Zeldin, 1st Dean\""},{"Link":"http://huc.edu/libraries/exhibits/cahistoryexhibit/dean1zeldin.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_12766.html","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UJb_tnBVcG8C&dq=%22temple+emanuel%22+%22beverly+hills%22&pg=PT182","external_links_name":"\"Hello, I Must Be Going: Groucho and His Friends\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-09-02/local/me-30831_1_wilshire-boulevard-temple","external_links_name":"\"Wilshire Blvd., Emanuel Temples to Merge\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishjournal.com/giving/article/bruce_corwin_cant_stop_giving","external_links_name":"\"Bruce Corwin can't stop giving\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimesmagazine.com/2011/12/back-to-shul.html","external_links_name":"\"Back to Shul\""},{"Link":"http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/geller-laura","external_links_name":"\"Laura Geller\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229093127/http://www.tebh.org/about/clergy.php","external_links_name":"\"Rabbi Laura Geller, Rabbi Jonathan Aaron, and Rabbi Jill Zimmerman\""},{"Link":"http://www.tebh.org/about/clergy.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tebh.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Township,_Sioux_County,_Iowa	Garfield Township, Sioux County, Iowa	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 43°08′N 96°24′W / 43.133°N 96.400°W / 43.133; -96.400Township in Iowa, USA Garfield Township is a township in Sioux County, Iowa, USA. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Garfield Township, Sioux County, Iowa vteMunicipalities and communities of Sioux County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: Orange CityCities Alton Boyden Chatsworth Granville Hawarden Hospers Hull Ireton Matlock Maurice Orange City Rock Valley Sheldon‡ Sioux Center Map of Iowa highlighting Sioux CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Carnes Middleburg Perkins Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal 43°08′N 96°24′W / 43.133°N 96.400°W / 43.133; -96.400 This article about the geography of Sioux County, Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Sioux County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Township in Iowa, USAGarfield Township is a township in Sioux County, Iowa, USA.[1]","title":"Garfield Township, Sioux County, Iowa"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Sioux County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Sioux_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Sioux_County.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Garfield_Township,_Sioux_County,_Iowa&params=43_08_N_96_24_W_region:US-IA_type:adm3rd","external_links_name":"43°08′N 96°24′W / 43.133°N 96.400°W / 43.133; -96.400"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/467900","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Garfield Township, Sioux County, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Garfield_Township,_Sioux_County,_Iowa&params=43_08_N_96_24_W_region:US-IA_type:adm3rd","external_links_name":"43°08′N 96°24′W / 43.133°N 96.400°W / 43.133; -96.400"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garfield_Township,_Sioux_County,_Iowa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn%27s	Conn's	["1 History","2 News","3 References"]	American furniture, mattress, electronics and appliance store chain Conn's, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: CONNRussell 2000 componentIndustryRetailFounded1890; 134 years ago (1890) (as Eastham Plumbing and Heating Company)1934; 90 years ago (1934) (as Conn's)FounderEdward EasthamHeadquartersThe Woodlands, Texas, U.S.Number of locations146 (2021)Key peopleCarol Washington Conn Sr. (namesake)Norm Miller (CEO)ProductsConsumer electronicsRevenue US$1.2 billion (2023)Operating income US$-125 million (2023)Net income US$-77 million (2023)Number of employees4,260 (Jan. 2021)Websiteconns.com Conn's Clearance Center in Houston, TX. Conn's Inc. is an American furniture, mattress, electronics and appliance store chain headquartered in The Woodlands, Texas, United States. The chain has stores in Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Florida, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. Within Texas Conn's has stores in Greater Houston, the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, Greater San Antonio, Greater El Paso, Greater Corpus Christi, Southeast Texas, and South Texas. History In 1890, Edward Eastham founded Eastham Plumbing and Heating Company in Beaumont, TX. First National Bank of Beaumont took over the company and renamed it Plumbing and Heating, Inc. in 1931. Plumbing and Heating, Inc. hired Carol Washington Conn Sr. in 1933. He purchased the company one year later and changed the name to Conn Plumbing and Heating Company. In 1937, Conn's began selling refrigerators and soon added gas ranges to its inventory. By 1940, Conn had purchased a store building and moved the company to 268 Pearl Street in Beaumont. The company's second store opened in 1959 on Eleventh Street in Beaumont. C.W. Conn Jr. joined the company in 1953 after serving in the Korean War. He recognized that customers needed dependable, quality service and founded Conn's retail service repair and maintenance subsidiary company, Appliance Parts and Service, in 1962. In 1964, he co-founded Conn Credit Corporation, a retail credit financing services company, to provide retail credit financing services to Conn's customers. Carlton Russell Sr. was named president and chief operating officer in 1966 and served in those capacities until 1976. The Year 1966 found the company with four stores and a total sales volume of $4 million. Lake Charles, Louisiana was the site of Conn's first out-of-state store opened in 1969. A second out-of-state store was opened in Louisiana that same year, making it a landmark year. In 1975, Conn's opened stores in Port Arthur, Orange and Baytown, Texas, as well as one in Lafayette, Louisiana. A second location in Lafayette and new stores in New Iberia and Opelousas, Louisiana soon followed. Conn Sr. died in 1975 and Carlton Russell Jr. became chairman of the board. Under Conn Jr.'s direction, Conn's first location in Houston was opened in 1983, with many others to follow in subsequent years. In 1993, Conn's experienced its first $100 million sales volume year and opened its first San Antonio, Texas, location. Thomas Frank Sr. became chairman of the board of Conn's in 1994. Under Frank's leadership, the company continued its growth trend and established itself as a major player in the retail sales industry as total sales volume grew to more than $200 million in 1997. In July, 1998, the company reorganized and brought in a new financial partner, The Stephens Group, Inc. Conn's market reach was broadened in 1999, when it opened its first store in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and again in 2001, 2002 and 2003 when it opened its first stores in Austin, Corpus Christi, and in the Dallas-Ft. Worth Metroplex, respectively. In 2012, Conn's expanded into Arizona with a location in Tucson, Arizona, and later in July, they expanded to the Phoenix area with the opened a location in Mesa, Arizona. In 2014, they welcomed new states as Colorado, Tennessee, South Carolina and Mississippi. The company now has 125 retail locations ranging in a variety of states coast to coast. By the 2000s the chain, historically based in Beaumont, expanded. Conn's, Inc. became a publicly traded company on November 25, 2003, when it sold 4.6 million shares in its initial public offering. The company's shares are traded on the NASDAQ Exchange under the symbol CONN. Today, in addition to appliances, electronics, furniture and mattresses, the company offers its customers service, distribution, financing, insurance, and other related services. News On July 3, 2014, Conn's was featured in The New York Times in the biweekly column called “The Haggler”. The article sparked a social media backlash, concentrated around the hashtag "#talktothehaggler". A follow-up column, continuing the critique of the company's customer service, was printed on July 19. On November 9, 2014, the Haggler column reported that Conn's did not return inquiries about its alleged practices of offering credit to high-risk customers, a lawsuit over which is currently underway. Haggler columnist David Segal reported as follows: "bonuses for the company’s chief executive, Theodore M. Wright; its chief operating officer, Michael J. Poppe; and its chief financial officer, Brian E. Taylor — named defendants in the suit — were largely tied to the company’s operating income. maximum bonus of $850,000 would be achieved if Conn’s booked $165.8 million in operating income in 2014, according to the suit. The company came close, with $162 million. Mr. Wright took home a $820,000 bonus. The complaint also states that both he and Mr. Poppe also sold shares of Conn’s in 2013, the period when the plaintiffs maintain that those shares were “artificially inflated.” Mr. Wright had not sold any shares since 2007. In 2013, he sold enough to yield $1.9 million. Mr. Poppe cashed out $2.6 million the same year. In this way top executives at Conn's benefitted from the credit-for-all strategy, with big bonuses and well-timed stock sales. References ^ a b c "SEC Filings \| Conn's, Inc". ^ "Investor relations." Conn's Appliances. Retrieved on July 13, 2010. ^ conns.com. "About Conn's". Retrieved 2019-03-16. ^ Wallach, Dan. "Conn's Appliances continues to grow." The Beaumont Enterprise. July 22, 2001. Retrieved on July 13, 2010. ^ Segal, David. "How to Pierce a Deafening Silence? Maybe an Army Can Help." The New York Times. July 3, 2014. Retrieved on July 19, 2014. ^ Segal, David. "Many Are Knocking, but the Door Stays Closed." The New York Times. July 19, 2014. Retrieved on July 19, 2014. ^ a b Segal, David (8 November 2014). "The Company Is Still Tight-Lipped, but Shareholders Aren't". The New York Times. Texas portalCompanies portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConnsHouston30.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Greater Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Houston"},{"link_name":"Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_Metroplex"},{"link_name":"Greater San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Greater El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_El_Paso"},{"link_name":"Greater Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Corpus_Christi"},{"link_name":"Southeast Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Conn's Clearance Center in Houston, TX.Conn's Inc. is an American furniture, mattress, electronics and appliance store chain headquartered in The Woodlands, Texas, United States. The chain has stores in Alabama, Arizona,\nColorado, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Florida, New Mexico, North Carolina, \nOklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. Within Texas Conn's has stores in Greater Houston, the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, Greater San Antonio, Greater El Paso, Greater Corpus Christi, Southeast Texas, and South Texas.[2]","title":"Conn's"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1890, Edward Eastham founded Eastham Plumbing and Heating Company in Beaumont, TX. First National Bank of Beaumont took over the company and renamed it Plumbing and Heating, Inc. in 1931. Plumbing and Heating, Inc. hired Carol Washington Conn Sr. in 1933.[3] He purchased the company one year later and changed the name to Conn Plumbing and Heating Company.In 1937, Conn's began selling refrigerators and soon added gas ranges to its inventory. By 1940, Conn had purchased a store building and moved the company to 268 Pearl Street in Beaumont. The company's second store opened in 1959 on Eleventh Street in Beaumont.\nC.W. Conn Jr. joined the company in 1953 after serving in the Korean War. He recognized that customers needed dependable, quality service and founded Conn's retail service repair and maintenance subsidiary company, Appliance Parts and Service, in 1962. In 1964, he co-founded Conn Credit Corporation, a retail credit financing services company, to provide retail credit financing services to Conn's customers.Carlton Russell Sr. was named president and chief operating officer in 1966 and served in those capacities until 1976. The Year 1966 found the company with four stores and a total sales volume of $4 million. Lake Charles, Louisiana was the site of Conn's first out-of-state store opened in 1969. A second out-of-state store was opened in Louisiana that same year, making it a landmark year. In 1975, Conn's opened stores in Port Arthur, Orange and Baytown, Texas, as well as one in Lafayette, Louisiana. A second location in Lafayette and new stores in New Iberia and Opelousas, Louisiana soon followed. Conn Sr. died in 1975 and Carlton Russell Jr. became chairman of the board.Under Conn Jr.'s direction, Conn's first location in Houston was opened in 1983, with many others to follow in subsequent years. In 1993, Conn's experienced its first $100 million sales volume year and opened its first San Antonio, Texas, location. Thomas Frank Sr. became chairman of the board of Conn's in 1994. Under Frank's leadership, the company continued its growth trend and established itself as a major player in the retail sales industry as total sales volume grew to more than $200 million in 1997. In July, 1998, the company reorganized and brought in a new financial partner, The Stephens Group, Inc. Conn's market reach was broadened in 1999, when it opened its first store in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and again in 2001, 2002 and 2003 when it opened its first stores in Austin, Corpus Christi, and in the Dallas-Ft. Worth Metroplex, respectively. In 2012, Conn's expanded into Arizona with a location in Tucson, Arizona, and later in July, they expanded to the Phoenix area with the opened a location in Mesa, Arizona. In 2014, they welcomed new states as Colorado, Tennessee, South Carolina and Mississippi. The company now has 125 retail locations ranging in a variety of states coast to coast.By the 2000s the chain, historically based in Beaumont, expanded.[4]Conn's, Inc. became a publicly traded company on November 25, 2003, when it sold 4.6 million shares in its initial public offering. The company's shares are traded on the NASDAQ Exchange under the symbol CONN. Today, in addition to appliances, electronics, furniture and mattresses, the company offers its customers service, distribution, financing, insurance, and other related services.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-7"}],"text":"On July 3, 2014, Conn's was featured in The New York Times in the biweekly column called “The Haggler”.[5] The article sparked a social media backlash, concentrated around the hashtag \"#talktothehaggler\". A follow-up column, continuing the critique of the company's customer service, was printed on July 19.[6] On November 9, 2014, the Haggler column reported that Conn's did not return inquiries about its alleged practices of offering credit to high-risk customers, a lawsuit over which is currently underway.[7]Haggler columnist David Segal reported as follows: \"bonuses for the company’s chief executive, Theodore M. Wright; its chief operating officer, Michael J. Poppe; and its chief financial officer, Brian E. Taylor — named defendants in the suit — were largely tied to the company’s operating income. [Wright's] maximum bonus of $850,000 would be achieved if Conn’s booked $165.8 million in operating income in 2014, according to the suit. The company came close, with $162 million. Mr. Wright took home a $820,000 bonus. The complaint also states that both he and Mr. Poppe also sold shares of Conn’s in 2013, the period when the plaintiffs maintain that those shares were “artificially inflated.” Mr. Wright had not sold any shares since 2007. In 2013, he sold enough to yield $1.9 million. Mr. Poppe cashed out $2.6 million the same year. In this way top executives at Conn's benefitted from the credit-for-all strategy, with big bonuses and well-timed stock sales.[7]","title":"News"}]	[{"image_text":"Conn's Clearance Center in Houston, TX.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ConnsHouston30.JPG/300px-ConnsHouston30.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"SEC Filings \| Conn's, Inc\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.conns.com/financial-information/sec-filings","url_text":"\"SEC Filings \| Conn's, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"conns.com. \"About Conn's\". Retrieved 2019-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conns.com/about/","url_text":"\"About Conn's\""}]},{"reference":"Segal, David (8 November 2014). \"The Company Is Still Tight-Lipped, but Shareholders Aren't\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/your-money/the-company-is-still-tight-lipped-but-shareholders-arent.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"The Company Is Still Tight-Lipped, but Shareholders Aren't\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/conn","external_links_name":"CONN"},{"Link":"http://conns.com/","external_links_name":"conns.com"},{"Link":"http://ir.conns.com/financial-information/sec-filings","external_links_name":"\"SEC Filings \| Conn's, Inc\""},{"Link":"http://ir.conns.com/","external_links_name":"Investor relations"},{"Link":"http://www.conns.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Conn's\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BT&p_theme=bt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFB02FA6C08D71B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"Conn's Appliances continues to grow"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/your-money/the-haggler-how-to-pierce-a-deafening-silence-maybe-an-army-can-help.html","external_links_name":"How to Pierce a Deafening Silence? Maybe an Army Can Help"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/your-money/the-haggler-many-are-knocking-but-the-door-stays-closed.html","external_links_name":"Many Are Knocking, but the Door Stays Closed"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/your-money/the-company-is-still-tight-lipped-but-shareholders-arent.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"The Company Is Still Tight-Lipped, but Shareholders Aren't\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Roux	Jean-Marie Le Roux	["1 Selected publications","2 References"]	French mathematician Jean-Marie Le Roux (4 April 1863, Prat, Côtes-d'Armor – 1949, Rennes) was a French applied mathematician. Le Roux, the son of farmers, studied at the University of Rennes and, possibly, at the University of Bordeaux. He was an instructor at Guingamp from 1882 to 1889, a professor at the lycée at Brest from 1889 to 1896, and a professor at the lycée at Montpellier from 1896 to 1898. At the University of Rennes he became in 1898 a maître de conférences and in 1902 a professor of applied mathematics. He retired there in 1933 as professor emeritus with the title of professeur honoraire. He passed his agrégation examination in mathematics in 1889. He received his doctorate in 1894 at the Sorbonne, with Gaston Darboux, Gabriel Koenigs and Paul Appell on his thesis committee. The title of Le Roux's doctoral dissertation is Sur les intégrales des équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles du second ordre à deux variables indépendantes. Le Roux did research on partial differential equations, integral equations, and differential geometry. For the French edition of Klein's encyclopedia he edited the article Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie by Emanuel Czuber. In 1924 Le Roux was a Plenary Speaker at the ICM in Toronto. Le Roux was a critic of Einstein's theory of relativity. In 1923 in a newspaper article, he expressed a very negative opinion of relativity theory. He was one of the authors of the 1931 book Hundert Autoren gegen Einstein. Le Roux married in 1897. Selected publications Sur les intégrales des équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles du second ordre à deux variables indépendantes. Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure Sér. 3, 12 (1895), p. 227–316 Sur l'équation linéaire aux dérivées partielles du premier ordre. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 25 (1897), p. 63–71 Extension de la méthode de Laplace aux équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles d'ordre supérieur au second. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 27 (1899), p. 237–262 Sur un invariant d'un système de deux triangles et la théorie des intégrales doubles. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 28 (1900), p. 168–172 Sur les caractéristiques des systèmes d'équations aux dérivées partielles. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 36 (1908), p. 129–133 Étude géométrique de la torsion et de la flexion dans la déformation infinitésimale d'un milieu continu. Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure Sér. 3, 28 (1911), p. 523–579 Recherches sur la géométrie des déformations finies. Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure Sér. 3, 30 (1913), p. 193–245 Sur le problème de Dirichlet. Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 10 (1914), p. 189–230. Le principe de relativité et la loi de la gravitation. Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure Sér. 3, 50 (1933), p. 127–169 References ^ a b c "Un matheux nommé J Le Roux (Jean Marie) 1863-1949". users.polytech.unice.fr (in French). Retrieved 2017-11-24. ^ Le Roux, J. "Considérations sur une équation aux dérivées partielles de la physique mathématique" (PDF). In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Toronto, August 11–16. 1924. Vol. 1. pp. 103–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2017-11-24. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Academics zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prat, Côtes-d'Armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat,_C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes"},{"link_name":"University of Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rennes"},{"link_name":"Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guingamp"},{"link_name":"lycée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"University of Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rennes"},{"link_name":"maître de conférences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_de_conf%C3%A9rences"},{"link_name":"agrégation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Gaston Darboux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Darboux"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Koenigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Koenigs"},{"link_name":"Paul Appell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Appell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeRouxBio-1"},{"link_name":"Klein's encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein%27s_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Czuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Czuber"},{"link_name":"ICM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeRouxBio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"theory of relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"},{"link_name":"Hundert Autoren gegen Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundert_Autoren_gegen_Einstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeRouxBio-1"}],"text":"Jean-Marie Le Roux (4 April 1863, Prat, Côtes-d'Armor – 1949, Rennes) was a French applied mathematician.Le Roux, the son of farmers, studied at the University of Rennes and, possibly, at the University of Bordeaux. He was an instructor at Guingamp from 1882 to 1889, a professor at the lycée at Brest from 1889 to 1896, and a professor at the lycée at Montpellier from 1896 to 1898. At the University of Rennes he became in 1898 a maître de conférences and in 1902 a professor of applied mathematics. He retired there in 1933 as professor emeritus with the title of professeur honoraire. He passed his agrégation examination in mathematics in 1889. He received his doctorate in 1894 at the Sorbonne, with Gaston Darboux, Gabriel Koenigs and Paul Appell on his thesis committee. The title of Le Roux's doctoral dissertation is Sur les intégrales des équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles du second ordre à deux variables indépendantes.[1]Le Roux did research on partial differential equations, integral equations, and differential geometry. For the French edition of Klein's encyclopedia he edited the article Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie by Emanuel Czuber. In 1924 Le Roux was a Plenary Speaker at the ICM in Toronto.[1][2]Le Roux was a critic of Einstein's theory of relativity. In 1923 in a newspaper article, he expressed a very negative opinion of relativity theory. He was one of the authors of the 1931 book Hundert Autoren gegen Einstein.[1]Le Roux married in 1897.","title":"Jean-Marie Le Roux"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sur les intégrales des équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles du second ordre à deux variables indépendantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011404616;view=1up;seq=231"},{"link_name":"Sur l'équation linéaire aux dérivées partielles du premier ordre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044102899697;view=1up;seq=85"},{"link_name":"Extension de la méthode de Laplace aux équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles d'ordre supérieur au second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036990573;view=1up;seq=257"},{"link_name":"Sur un invariant d'un système de deux triangles et la théorie des intégrales doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044102899739;view=1up;seq=200"},{"link_name":"Sur les caractéristiques des systèmes d'équations aux dérivées partielles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000105246692;view=1up;seq=149"},{"link_name":"Étude géométrique de la torsion et de la flexion dans la déformation infinitésimale d'un milieu continu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000089930204;view=1up;seq=529"},{"link_name":"Recherches sur la géométrie des déformations finies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077820028;view=1up;seq=197"},{"link_name":"Sur le problème de Dirichlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101080166232;view=1up;seq=199"}],"text":"Sur les intégrales des équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles du second ordre à deux variables indépendantes. Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure Sér. 3, 12 (1895), p. 227–316\nSur l'équation linéaire aux dérivées partielles du premier ordre. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 25 (1897), p. 63–71\nExtension de la méthode de Laplace aux équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles d'ordre supérieur au second. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 27 (1899), p. 237–262\nSur un invariant d'un système de deux triangles et la théorie des intégrales doubles. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 28 (1900), p. 168–172\nSur les caractéristiques des systèmes d'équations aux dérivées partielles. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 36 (1908), p. 129–133\nÉtude géométrique de la torsion et de la flexion dans la déformation infinitésimale d'un milieu continu. Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure Sér. 3, 28 (1911), p. 523–579\nRecherches sur la géométrie des déformations finies. Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure Sér. 3, 30 (1913), p. 193–245\nSur le problème de Dirichlet. Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 10 (1914), p. 189–230.\nLe principe de relativité et la loi de la gravitation. Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure Sér. 3, 50 (1933), p. 127–169","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Un matheux nommé J Le Roux (Jean Marie) 1863-1949\". users.polytech.unice.fr (in French). Retrieved 2017-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.polytech.unice.fr/~leroux/Un_matheux_nomme_j_le_roux_%28jean_marie%29_1863-1949.html","url_text":"\"Un matheux nommé J Le Roux (Jean Marie) 1863-1949\""}]},{"reference":"Le Roux, J. \"Considérations sur une équation aux dérivées partielles de la physique mathématique\" (PDF). In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Toronto, August 11–16. 1924. Vol. 1. pp. 103–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-27. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudhud_chants	Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras	["1 Historical description","2 Dating techniques","3 National cultural treasures","3.1 Cordillera Rice Terraces officially on the World Heritage List","3.2 A designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Site","3.3 The Ifugao epic Hudhud","4 Threats","4.1 Acculturation","4.2 Outmigration","4.3 Pests","4.4 Heavy rains","4.5 Shift to vegetable farming","4.6 Tourism","4.7 Limited funds","5 Preservation","6 UNESCO extension","6.1 Cordillera Rice Terraces not included in the World Heritage List","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 16°56′2″N 121°8′12″E / 16.93389°N 121.13667°E / 16.93389; 121.13667World Heritage Site in Luzon, the Philippines Not to be confused with Banaue Rice Terraces. Rice Terraces of the Philippine CordillerasUNESCO World Heritage SiteBatad Rice Terraces, Ifugao Province, PhilippinesLocationIfugao, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, PhilippinesIncludes Rice Terrace Clusters of Banaue Battad Bangaan Rice Terrace Clusters of Mayoyao Mayoyao Central Rice Terrace Clusters of Kiangan Nagacadan Rice Terrace Clusters of Hungduan CriteriaCultural: (iii)(iv)(v)Reference722Inscription1995 (19th Session)Endangered2001–2012Coordinates16°56′2″N 121°8′12″E / 16.93389°N 121.13667°E / 16.93389; 121.13667Location of Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras in LuzonShow map of LuzonRice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (Philippines)Show map of Philippines Nagacadan Rice Terraces Batad Rice Terraces close-up view View of the rice terraces A village in the Batad rice terraces Rice Terraces of Batad Bayyo Village with their rice terraces Scenery of Fidelisan while trekking Banaue, Batad rice terraces with homes c. 2000 The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are a World Heritage Site consisting of a complex of rice terraces on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. They were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995, the first-ever property to be included in the cultural landscape category of the World Heritage List. This inscription has five sites: the Batad Rice Terraces and Bangaan Rice Terraces (both in Banaue), Mayoyao Rice Terraces (in Mayoyao), Hungduan Rice Terraces (in Hungduan) and Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan), all in Ifugao Province. The Ifugao Rice Terraces reach a higher altitude and were built on steeper slopes than many other terraces. The Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and the careful carving of the natural contours of hills and mountains combine to make terraced pond fields, coupled with the development of intricate irrigation systems, harvesting water from the forests of the mountain tops, and an elaborate farming system. The Ifugao Rice Terraces illustrate the remarkable ability of human culture to adapt to new social and climate pressures as well as to implement and develop new ideas and technologies. Although listed by the UNESCO as a World Heritage site believed to be older than 2,000 years, recent studies from the Ifugao Archaeological Project report that they were actually constructed upon Spanish contact about 400 years ago. Maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals. Historical description The rice terraces of the Cordilleras are one of the few monuments in the Philippines that show no evidence of having been influenced by colonial cultures. Owing to the difficult terrain, the Cordillera tribes are among the few peoples of the Philippines who have successfully resisted any foreign domination and have preserved their authentic tribal culture. The history of the terraces is intertwined with that of its people, their culture, and their traditional practices. Apart from the idjang stone-fortresses of the Ivatan of the Batanes, the terraces, which spread over five present-day provinces, are the only other form of surviving stone construction from the pre-colonial period. The Philippines alone among south-east Asian cultures is a largely wood-based one: unlike Cambodia, Indonesia, or Thailand, for example, in the Philippines, both domestic buildings and ritual structures such as temples and shrines were all built in wood, a tradition that has survived in the terrace hamlets. It is believed that terracing began in the Cordilleras less than one thousand years ago as taro cultivation. It is evidence of a high level of knowledge of structural and hydraulic engineering on the part of the Ifugao builders. The knowledge and practices, supported by rituals, involved in maintaining the terraces are transferred orally from generation to generation, without written records. Taro was later replaced by rice around 1600 A.D. which is the predominant crop today. Dating techniques In order to understand Philippine prehistory and Southeast Asian patterns, it is critical for anthropologists and Southeast Asian scholars to date terraces. It is notoriously difficult to date field terraces. One important method is the use of the Bayesian model, which applies radiocarbon dating to tiered rice fields in the Northern Philippines. Archaeologists predict that these terraces were built during the 16th century by individuals who were migrating inland and upland from the Spanish. Relative dating techniques have been newly developed to be radiometric dating methods, which has become easily accessible. Due to relying on ‘stratigraphic superposition’ and 14C dating, there has been a drawback for arbitrary interpretation: the calibrated information that was collected through laboratory results might not find accordance with the archeological incident that is being dated. Bayesian modeling is beneficial when dating rice terraces because when dating agricultural terraces it is essential to know about the layers and the chaotic mixtures of the materials, and Bayesian modeling has the ability to restore a variety of chronological information. According to Stephen Acabado, “The Bayesian approach starts with what is known about the relative deposition order of the two layers and then modifies this knowledge in the light of the 14C dating information." The 14C dating method is used to give an approximate period for when the terrace walls were built and used. National cultural treasures The five clusters inscribed as part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are Batad, Bangaan, Hungduan, Mayoyao Central and Nagacadan. Batad and Bangaan are under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Banaue but are not referred to as the Banaue Rice Terraces. The Banaue Rice Terraces refer to the cluster close to the Banaue poblacion as seen from the viewpoint. Contrary to popular belief, these terraces are not part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. They were not included in the UNESCO inscription due to the presence of numerous modern structures, making it score low in the integrity criterion of UNESCO. The Banaue Rice Terraces are however a National Cultural Treasure under Ifugao Rice Terraces, together with the other rice terraces clusters. Cordillera Rice Terraces officially on the World Heritage List Batad Rice Terraces (in Banaue, Ifugao) Bangaan Rice Terraces (in Banaue, Ifugao) Mayoyao Rice Terraces (in Mayoyao, Ifugao) Hungduan Rice Terraces (in Hungduan, Ifugao) Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan, Ifugao) A designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Site Main article: Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems All located in the Ifugao region, the Rice Terraces also feature as one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites or GIAHS. They are supported by indigenous knowledge management of muyong, a private forest that caps each terrace cluster. The muyong is managed through a collective effort and under traditional tribal practices. The communally managed forestry area on top of the terraces contains about 264 indigenous plant species, mostly endemic to the region. The terraces form unique clusters of microwatersheds and are part of the whole mountain ecology. They serve as a rainwater filtration system and are saturated with irrigation water all year round. A biorhythm technology, in which cultural activities are harmonized with the rhythm of climate and hydrology management, has enabled farmers to grow rice at over 1,000 meters. The Ifugao epic Hudhud See also: Hudhud ni Aliguyon Aside from the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, UNESCO inscribed the Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao, another National Cultural Treasure, on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 (originally proclaimed in 2001). The Hudhud consists of narrative chants performed mainly by elder Ifugao women usually during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals. Threats Acculturation The influences of Christianity and education are weaning the younger Ifugaos away from their customs and their land. Moreover, television and the Internet are eroding traditional work ethics, which are vital to maintaining the labour-intensive terraces. They had diminishing interest in their culture and in maintaining their unique legacy. When they are exposed to other cultures and places, they assimilate them and move to areas offering economic opportunities. Even with the introduction of mechanical equipment like cultivators and threshers, many young Ifugaos still shun farming, perceiving it as an occupation for the uneducated. Outmigration Many young people have abandoned farming and moved to the cities to work, leaving just children and the elderly in the villages. Outmigration leads to the shortage of labour to work the land and keep the paddies in good condition. Pests Earthworms began invading the area in the late 1940s. They burrow and create spaces through which water can flow between paddies. But too many earthworms make the water drain fast and the paddies dry up. Once dry, the soil becomes like clay and it cracks easily. So when water is poured into a paddy that has dried up, it often collapses, taking with it the stone wall that borders the paddy. Similar to earthworms, swamp eels bore holes on irrigation dikes and rice paddies, making these vulnerable to collapse. They are considered worse than earthworms because they bore bigger holes and reproduce fast. Other pests that threats the foundation of the paddy fields include snails and mole crickets. Heavy rains Heavy rains triggered by typhoons have damaged many rice paddies. Shift to vegetable farming Due to poverty, many farmers are shifting to vegetable production which promises more income in a short time compared to rice, which takes six months to grow and offers less market value. But this shift demands the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which could damage the fertility and ecology of the rice terraces. This leads to more abandoned terraces and the conversion of even more of the remaining rice terraces into vegetable fields. Moreovver, it can push farmers to clear out forested watershed areas in search of new land. Tourism With tourism, some Ifugaos have converted their rice paddies into residential lots where lodging houses and display shops are built. Even traditional houses are being sold. Tourism has encouraged the commercial production of woodcarvings and handicrafts, and this contributed to the depletion of local forest resources. It was found that different species of trees are now more frequently cut for woodcarving purposes. Limited funds In the past, a cooperative farming practice has helped sustain the rice terraces. Under the cooperative practice, neighbouring farmers would go voluntarily to one field to clear weeds, plant or harvest rice, or repair damaged paddy walls or irrigation canals. The owner of the field would just provide the food, and is expected to help when another neighbor needs help in the future. However, in today's time, workers who help in the fields or the repairs are paid either in kind or in cash. The decline of Ifugao's cooperative farming tradition has led to rising labor costs, which farmers can hardly afford. The repair of the terraces requires funding, which the farmers do not have. Farmers have no substantial savings, and this means that if their paddy walls collapse, the farmers often cannot afford to fix it. Also, there are limited local government resources allocated for restoring and preserving the rice terraces. This reduces the attractiveness of rice terrace farming. As a result, many Ifugaos have completely given up farming. Preservation The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were named as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in 1995. It has passed by UNESCO's standards due to the blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and political environment as a living cultural landscape. In 2000, the site was inscribed as one of the most endangered cultural sites in the world by World Monuments Fund but was taken off in 2001. The Ifugao Rice Terraces have also been inscribed in the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2001 as the dangers of deforestation and climate change threatens to destroy the terraces. Another contributing factor is globalization where the younger generations of the Ifugaos have recently had the opportunity to gain access to media and education, most of the younger Ifugaos have opted to come to the capital for work instead of the traditional farming tradition. The Philippines sought danger listing as a way to raise national and international support and cooperation in the preservation of the heritage site. Critic W.S. Logan described the flight of locals from the land as an example of heritage designations created by bureaucrats and policy makers rather than local communities. The rice terraces were listed as one of the most endangered monuments in the world by World Monuments Fund in the 2010 World Monuments Watch, along with the Santa Maria Church and San Sebastian Church. All of the sites were taken off the list in 2011 after the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act. In 2012, UNESCO has removed the Rice Terraces from the list of sites in danger in recognition of the success of the Philippines in improving its conservation. UNESCO extension The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras element currently listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List possesses only five properties, all of which are in Ifugao province. There are also significant rice terraces in other provinces in the Cordilleras, notably those in Benguet province, Mountain Province, Kalinga province, Abra province, Apayao province, and Nueva Vizcaya province. The provincial governments of each province may cooperate with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Museum of the Philippines, or the UNESCO Commission of the Philippines for the inclusion of their respective rice terraces in the UNESCO List as extension of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras. Cordillera Rice Terraces not included in the World Heritage List The Ifugao Rice Terraces is an example of a nationally recognized cultural property. The following are at least half of the rice terrace clusters in the Cordillera mountain range that have yet to be extended as world heritage sites. Sites can only be extended as world heritage sites if they have retained their outstanding features, including the structures within them (example: traditional houses). Banaue Rice Terraces (in Banaue, Ifugao) Palina Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet) Kibungan Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet) Les-eng Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet) Batangan Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet) Batangan Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet) Wallayan Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet) Culiang Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet) Lanipew Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet) Naguey Rice Terraces (in Atok, Benguet) Daclan Rice Terraces (in Bokod, Benguet) Ampucao Rice Terraces (in Itogon, Benguet) Balacbac Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet) Amlangit Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet) Pekaw Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet) Noso Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet) Catampan Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet) Balintugon Rice Terraces (in Alfonso Castañeda, Nueva Vizcaya) Ugo Rice Terraces (in Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya) Ambasing Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province) Bangaan Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province) Bangen Rice Terraces (in Bauko, Mountain Province) Barlig Rice Terraces(in Barlig, Mountain Province) Bayyo Rice Terraces (in Bontoc, Mountain Province) Besao Rice Terraces (in Besao, Mountain Province) Bontoc Poblacion Rice Terraces (in Bontoc, Mountain Province) Bucas Rice Terraces (in Besao, Mountain Province) Bulongan Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province) Dalican Rice Terraces (in Bontoc, Mountain Province) Fidelisan Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province) Focong Rice Terraces (in Sadanga, Mountain Province) Kapayawan Rice Terraces (in Bauko, Mountain Province) Kiltepan Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province) Maligcong Rice Terraces (in Bontoc, Mountain Province) Natonin Rice Terraces (in Natonin, Mountain Province) Sadanga Rice Terraces (in Sadanga, Mountain Province) Suyo Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province) Tanulong Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province) Buscalan Rice Terraces (in Tinglayan, Kalinga) Dananao Rice Terraces (in Tinglayan, Kalinga) Bugnay Rice Terraces (in Tinglayan, Kalinga) Lubo Rice Terraces (in Tanudan, Kalinga) Alangtin Rice Terraces (in Tubo, Abra) Sayoyong Rice Terraces (in Tubo, Abra) Bucloc Rice Terraces (in Bucloc, Abra) Daguioman Rice Terraces (in Daguioman, Abra) Sal-lapadan Rice Terraces (in Sallapadan, Abra) Salagpat Rice Terraces (in Tineg, Abra) Other rice terraces outside the Cordilleras can also be found. Lublub Rice Terraces (in Valderrama, Antique) Baking Rice Terraces (in Valderrama, Antique) San Agustin Rice Terraces (in Valderrama, Antique) Cadapdapan Rice Terraces (in Candijay, Bohol) Jaybanga Rice Terraces (in Lobo, Batangas) Datu Ladayon Rice Terraces (in Arakan, Cotabato) See also Banaue Rice Terraces List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines Old Kiyyangan Village References ^ a b c "Better Conservation in Pakistan and the Philippines Allow Committee to Remove Two Sites from World Heritage List in Danger". UNESCO. June 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2012. ^ Malig, Jojo (June 26, 2012). "Philippine Rice Terraces No Longer in Danger". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved June 26, 2012. ^ Cabreza, Vincent (July 15, 2013). "For Ifugao Rice Terraces, Age Should Not Matter". Inquirer.net. Retrieved January 29, 2018. ^ Ranada, Pia (April 29, 2015). "Ifugao Rice Terraces May Be Younger than We Think". Rappler. Retrieved January 29, 2018. ^ Acabado, Stephen B.; Koller, Jared M.; Liu, Chin-hsin; Lauer, Adam J.; Farahani, Alan; Barretto-Tesoro, Grace; Reyes, Marian C; Martin, Jonathan Albert; Peterson, John A. (2019). "The Short History of the Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Local Response to the Spanish Conquest". Journal of Field Archaeology. 44 (3): 195–214. doi:10.1080/00934690.2019.1574159. S2CID 133693424. ^ Acabado, Stephen (2018). "Zones of Refuge: Resisting Conquest in the Northern Philippine Highlands Through Environmental Practice". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 52: 180–195. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2018.05.005. S2CID 150245254. ^ Acabado, Stephen B. (2015). Antiquity, Archaeological Processes, and Highland Adaptation: The Ifugao Rice Terraces. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ^ a b c "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ Acabado, Stephen B. (2012). "Taro Before Rice Terraces : Implications of Radiocarbon Determinations, Ethnohistoric Reconstructions, and Ethnography in Dating the Ifugao Terraces". Senri Ethnological Studies. 78: 285–305. S2CID 127872040. ^ a b c d Acabado, Stephen (2009). "A Bayesian Approach to Dating Agricultural Terraces: A Case from the Philippines". Antiquity. 83 (321): 801–814. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00099002. S2CID 129958991. ^ "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras – Maps". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ "Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao". Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ a b c d e Mondoñedo, Baboo. "Why Do We Need To Save The Banaue Rice Terraces In The Philippines?". Tatler Asia. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ "Ifugao's famed rice terraces face modern threats". RAPPLER. May 31, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ a b "Sustainable livelihood offers a lifeline to Philippines' dying rice terraces". Mongabay Environmental News. August 29, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ a b c "Banaue Rice Terraces - Banaue Threats". www.banaueterraces.com. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ Hookway, James. "In Philippines, Rice Boom Makes Worms Squirm". WSJ. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ a b Gascon, Melvin (November 29, 2011). "Swamp eels delicacy but terraces' pests". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ France-Presse, By KARL MALAKUNAS, Agence. "Northern PHL's famed rice terraces face modern threats". GMA News Online. Retrieved February 24, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Bengwayan, Dr Michael A. (February 22, 2020). "Giant Rice Stairways Facing Collapse – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g "Tourism killing world's eighth wonder". www.twn.my. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ Leonard (April 22, 2009). "Earth Day, Part 3: Banaue Rice Terraces". Kapisanan Philippine Centre for Arts and Culture. Retrieved July 15, 2009. ^ Morales, Izah (March 23, 2009). "Preserving the Ifugao Heritage". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009. ^ "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO.org. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009. ^ "The Probe Team", ABS CBN ^ Logan, William S. (2007). "Closing Pandora's Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage". In Silverman, Helaine; Ruggles, D. Fairchild (eds.). Cultural Heritage and Human Rights. New York, New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-71313-7. ^ Villalon, Augusto F. (November 9, 2009). "3 Philippine Monuments Land in Global Endangered List". Philippine Daily Inquirer – via PressReader. ^ "Philippines Rice Terraces Off Endangered List–UN". Inquirer.net. Agence France-Presse. June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012. ^ "Treasures of Candijay (Bohol): Cadapdapan Rice Terraces and Can-Umantad Falls". Lakwatsero. October 15, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ Fernandez, Edwin (July 25, 2013). "Your GPS is Not Wrong: Mindanao Has Rice Terraces". Inquirer.net. Retrieved March 20, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rice terraces in the Philippines. UNESCO World Heritage Site Link Ifugao Archaeological Project Batad Rice Terraces on YouTube vteWorld Heritage Sites in the PhilippinesCultural Baroque Churches of the Philippines (San Agustin, Paoay, Santa Maria, Miagao) Historic Town of Vigan Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (Batad, Bangaan, Hungduan, Mayoyao Central, Nagacadan) Natural Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park Tubbataha Reef vtePhilippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP)Governmentculturalagencies Cultural Center of the Philippines Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino National Archives National Commission for Culture and the Arts National Historical Commission of the Philippines National Library National Museum Intramuros Administration Sentro Rizal Categoriesof culturalproperties UNESCO World Heritage Sites National Cultural Treasures Important Cultural Properties National Historical Landmarks National Shrines National Monuments National Heritage Houses Works of National Artists Marked Structures Other Cultural Properties Related National Cultural Heritage Act	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banaue Rice Terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagacadan_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batad_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banaue_Philippines_Batad-Rice-Terraces-02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayyo_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fidelisan_Village_and_their_rice_terraces.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batad,_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_with_Homes_Cira_2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"rice terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-not-danger-2"},{"link_name":"the Batad Rice Terraces and Bangaan Rice Terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces"},{"link_name":"Banaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Mayoyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoyao,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Hungduan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungduan,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Kiangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiangan,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugao"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"soil conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_conservation"}],"text":"World Heritage Site in Luzon, the PhilippinesNot to be confused with Banaue Rice Terraces.Nagacadan Rice TerracesBatad Rice Terraces close-up viewView of the rice terracesA village in the Batad rice terracesRice Terraces of BatadBayyo Village with their rice terracesScenery of Fidelisan while trekkingBanaue, Batad rice terraces with homes c. 2000The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are a World Heritage Site consisting of a complex of rice terraces on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. They were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995, the first-ever property to be included in the cultural landscape category of the World Heritage List.[2] This inscription has five sites: the Batad Rice Terraces and Bangaan Rice Terraces (both in Banaue), Mayoyao Rice Terraces (in Mayoyao), Hungduan Rice Terraces (in Hungduan) and Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan), all in Ifugao Province. The Ifugao Rice Terraces reach a higher altitude and were built on steeper slopes than many other terraces. The Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and the careful carving of the natural contours of hills and mountains combine to make terraced pond fields, coupled with the development of intricate irrigation systems, harvesting water from the forests of the mountain tops, and an elaborate farming system.The Ifugao Rice Terraces illustrate the remarkable ability of human culture to adapt to new social and climate pressures as well as to implement and develop new ideas and technologies. Although listed by the UNESCO as a World Heritage site believed to be older than 2,000 years, recent studies from the Ifugao Archaeological Project report that they were actually constructed upon Spanish contact about 400 years ago.[3][4][5][6][7]Maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals.","title":"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rice terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_terrace"},{"link_name":"tribal culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_culture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO_2022-8"},{"link_name":"idjang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idjang"},{"link_name":"Ivatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivatan_people"},{"link_name":"Batanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"hydraulic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The rice terraces of the Cordilleras are one of the few monuments in the Philippines that show no evidence of having been influenced by colonial cultures. Owing to the difficult terrain, the Cordillera tribes are among the few peoples of the Philippines who have successfully resisted any foreign domination and have preserved their authentic tribal culture. The history of the terraces is intertwined with that of its people, their culture, and their traditional practices.[8]Apart from the idjang stone-fortresses of the Ivatan of the Batanes, the terraces, which spread over five present-day provinces, are the only other form of surviving stone construction from the pre-colonial period.[9] The Philippines alone among south-east Asian cultures is a largely wood-based one: unlike Cambodia, Indonesia, or Thailand, for example, in the Philippines, both domestic buildings and ritual structures such as temples and shrines were all built in wood, a tradition that has survived in the terrace hamlets.[citation needed]It is believed that terracing began in the Cordilleras less than one thousand years ago as taro cultivation. It is evidence of a high level of knowledge of structural and hydraulic engineering on the part of the Ifugao builders. The knowledge and practices, supported by rituals, involved in maintaining the terraces are transferred orally from generation to generation, without written records. Taro was later replaced by rice around 1600 A.D. which is the predominant crop today.[10]","title":"Historical description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acabado_2009-11"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acabado_2009-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acabado_2009-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acabado_2009-11"}],"text":"In order to understand Philippine prehistory and Southeast Asian patterns, it is critical for anthropologists and Southeast Asian scholars to date terraces.[11] It is notoriously difficult to date field terraces. One important method is the use of the Bayesian model, which applies radiocarbon dating to tiered rice fields in the Northern Philippines. Archaeologists predict that these terraces were built during the 16th century by individuals who were migrating inland and upland from the Spanish. Relative dating techniques have been newly developed to be radiometric dating methods,[11] which has become easily accessible. Due to relying on ‘stratigraphic superposition’ and 14C dating, there has been a drawback for arbitrary interpretation: the calibrated information that was collected through laboratory results might not find accordance with the archeological incident that is being dated. Bayesian modeling is beneficial when dating rice terraces because when dating agricultural terraces it is essential to know about the layers and the chaotic mixtures of the materials, and Bayesian modeling has the ability to restore a variety of chronological information. According to Stephen Acabado, “The Bayesian approach starts with what is known about the relative deposition order of the two layers and then modifies this knowledge in the light of the 14C dating information.\"[11] The 14C dating method is used to give an approximate period for when the terrace walls were built and used.[11]","title":"Dating techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Banaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Banaue Rice Terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces"},{"link_name":"poblacion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblacion"}],"text":"The five clusters inscribed as part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are Batad, Bangaan, Hungduan, Mayoyao Central and Nagacadan.[12] Batad and Bangaan are under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Banaue but are not referred to as the Banaue Rice Terraces.The Banaue Rice Terraces refer to the cluster close to the Banaue poblacion as seen from the viewpoint. Contrary to popular belief, these terraces are not part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. They were not included in the UNESCO inscription due to the presence of numerous modern structures, making it score low in the integrity criterion of UNESCO. The Banaue Rice Terraces are however a National Cultural Treasure under Ifugao Rice Terraces, together with the other rice terraces clusters.","title":"National cultural treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banaue, Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Banaue, Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Mayoyao, Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoyao,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Hungduan, Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungduan,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Kiangan, Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiangan,_Ifugao"}],"sub_title":"Cordillera Rice Terraces officially on the World Heritage List","text":"Batad Rice Terraces (in Banaue, Ifugao)\nBangaan Rice Terraces (in Banaue, Ifugao)\nMayoyao Rice Terraces (in Mayoyao, Ifugao)\nHungduan Rice Terraces (in Hungduan, Ifugao)\nNagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan, Ifugao)","title":"National cultural treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"}],"sub_title":"A designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Site","text":"All located in the Ifugao region, the Rice Terraces also feature as one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites or GIAHS. They are supported by indigenous knowledge management of muyong, a private forest that caps each terrace cluster. The muyong is managed through a collective effort and under traditional tribal practices. The communally managed forestry area on top of the terraces contains about 264 indigenous plant species, mostly endemic to the region. The terraces form unique clusters of microwatersheds and are part of the whole mountain ecology. They serve as a rainwater filtration system and are saturated with irrigation water all year round. A biorhythm technology, in which cultural activities are harmonized with the rhythm of climate and hydrology management, has enabled farmers to grow rice at over 1,000 meters.","title":"National cultural treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudhud ni Aliguyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudhud_ni_Aliguyon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"The Ifugao epic Hudhud","text":"See also: Hudhud ni AliguyonAside from the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, UNESCO inscribed the Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao,[13] another National Cultural Treasure, on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 (originally proclaimed in 2001). The Hudhud consists of narrative chants performed mainly by elder Ifugao women usually during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals.","title":"National cultural treasures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.mongabay.com-16"}],"sub_title":"Acculturation","text":"The influences of Christianity and education are weaning the younger Ifugaos away from their customs and their land.[14] Moreover, television and the Internet are eroding traditional work ethics, which are vital to maintaining the labour-intensive terraces.[15]They had diminishing interest in their culture and in maintaining their unique legacy. When they are exposed to other cultures and places, they assimilate them and move to areas offering economic opportunities.[14] Even with the introduction of mechanical equipment like cultivators and threshers, many young Ifugaos still shun farming, perceiving it as an occupation for the uneducated.[16]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"sub_title":"Outmigration","text":"Many young people have abandoned farming and moved to the cities to work, leaving just children and the elderly in the villages.[17] Outmigration leads to the shortage of labour to work the land and keep the paddies in good condition.[14]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"}],"sub_title":"Pests","text":"Earthworms began invading the area in the late 1940s.[18] They burrow and create spaces through which water can flow between paddies. But too many earthworms make the water drain fast and the paddies dry up. Once dry, the soil becomes like clay and it cracks easily. So when water is poured into a paddy that has dried up, it often collapses, taking with it the stone wall that borders the paddy.[17]Similar to earthworms, swamp eels bore holes on irrigation dikes and rice paddies, making these vulnerable to collapse. They are considered worse than earthworms because they bore bigger holes and reproduce fast.[19]Other pests that threats the foundation of the paddy fields include snails and mole crickets.[20][21]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"}],"sub_title":"Heavy rains","text":"Heavy rains triggered by typhoons have damaged many rice paddies.[14][19]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twn.my-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.mongabay.com-16"}],"sub_title":"Shift to vegetable farming","text":"Due to poverty, many farmers are shifting to vegetable production which promises more income in a short time compared to rice, which takes six months to grow and offers less market value.[21] But this shift demands the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which could damage the fertility and ecology of the rice terraces.[22] This leads to more abandoned terraces and the conversion of even more of the remaining rice terraces into vegetable fields. Moreovver, it can push farmers to clear out forested watershed areas in search of new land.[16]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twn.my-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twn.my-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twn.my-22"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"With tourism, some Ifugaos have converted their rice paddies into residential lots where lodging houses and display shops are built.[22] Even traditional houses are being sold.[22]Tourism has encouraged the commercial production of woodcarvings and handicrafts, and this contributed to the depletion of local forest resources. It was found that different species of trees are now more frequently cut for woodcarving purposes.[22]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twn.my-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twn.my-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twn.my-22"}],"sub_title":"Limited funds","text":"In the past, a cooperative farming practice has helped sustain the rice terraces. Under the cooperative practice, neighbouring farmers would go voluntarily to one field to clear weeds, plant or harvest rice, or repair damaged paddy walls or irrigation canals. The owner of the field would just provide the food, and is expected to help when another neighbor needs help in the future.[22]However, in today's time, workers who help in the fields or the repairs are paid either in kind or in cash. The decline of Ifugao's cooperative farming tradition has led to rising labor costs, which farmers can hardly afford.[22]The repair of the terraces requires funding, which the farmers do not have. Farmers have no substantial savings, and this means that if their paddy walls collapse, the farmers often cannot afford to fix it.[17] Also, there are limited local government resources allocated for restoring and preserving the rice terraces.[14]This reduces the attractiveness of rice terrace farming. As a result, many Ifugaos have completely given up farming.[22]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Cordilleras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO_2022-8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO_2022-8"},{"link_name":"World Monuments Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage in Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger"},{"link_name":"globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization"},{"link_name":"Ifugaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugao_people"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delisting-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"World Monuments Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Church"},{"link_name":"San Sebastian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delisting-1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were named as a World Heritage Site[8][23][24] by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in 1995. It has passed by UNESCO's standards[8] due to the blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and political environment as a living cultural landscape. In 2000, the site was inscribed as one of the most endangered cultural sites in the world by World Monuments Fund but was taken off in 2001.The Ifugao Rice Terraces[25] have also been inscribed in the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2001 as the dangers of deforestation and climate change threatens to destroy the terraces. Another contributing factor is globalization where the younger generations of the Ifugaos have recently had the opportunity to gain access to media and education, most of the younger Ifugaos[26][full citation needed] have opted to come to the capital for work instead of the traditional farming tradition. The Philippines sought danger listing as a way to raise national and international support and cooperation in the preservation of the heritage site.[1] Critic W.S. Logan described the flight of locals from the land as an example of heritage designations created by bureaucrats and policy makers rather than local communities.[27]The rice terraces were listed as one of the most endangered monuments in the world by World Monuments Fund in the 2010 World Monuments Watch, along with the Santa Maria Church and San Sebastian Church. All of the sites were taken off the list in 2011 after the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act.[28]In 2012, UNESCO has removed the Rice Terraces from the list of sites in danger in recognition of the success of the Philippines in improving its conservation.[1][29]","title":"Preservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguet"},{"link_name":"Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(province)"},{"link_name":"Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra_(province)"},{"link_name":"Apayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apayao"},{"link_name":"Nueva Vizcaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya"},{"link_name":"National Commission for Culture and the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras element currently listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List possesses only five properties, all of which are in Ifugao province. There are also significant rice terraces in other provinces in the Cordilleras, notably those in Benguet province, Mountain Province, Kalinga province, Abra province, Apayao province, and Nueva Vizcaya province. The provincial governments of each province may cooperate with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Museum of the Philippines, or the UNESCO Commission of the Philippines for the inclusion of their respective rice terraces in the UNESCO List as extension of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras.","title":"UNESCO extension"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foggy_Ifugao_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ifugao Rice Terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugao_Rice_Terraces"},{"link_name":"Banaue, Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue,_Ifugao"},{"link_name":"Kibungan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kibungan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kibungan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kibungan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kibungan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kibungan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kibungan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kibungan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Atok, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atok,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Bokod, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokod,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Itogon, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itogon,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kapangan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapangan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kapangan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapangan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kapangan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapangan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kapangan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapangan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Kapangan, Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapangan,_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Castañeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Casta%C3%B1eda"},{"link_name":"Nueva Vizcaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya"},{"link_name":"Kayapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayapa"},{"link_name":"Nueva Vizcaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya"},{"link_name":"Sagada, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Sagada, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Bauko, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauko,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Barlig, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlig,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Bontoc, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Besao, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besao,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Bontoc, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Besao, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besao,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Sagada, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Bontoc, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Sagada, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Sadanga, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadanga,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Bauko, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauko,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Sagada, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Bontoc, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Natonin, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natonin,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Sadanga, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadanga,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Sagada, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Sagada, Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Tinglayan, Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglayan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tinglayan, Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglayan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tinglayan, Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglayan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tanudan, Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanudan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tubo, Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo,_Abra"},{"link_name":"Tubo, Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo,_Abra"},{"link_name":"Bucloc, Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc,_Abra"},{"link_name":"Daguioman, Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguioman,_Abra"},{"link_name":"Sallapadan, Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallapadan,_Abra"},{"link_name":"Tineg, Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tineg,_Abra"},{"link_name":"Valderrama, Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valderrama,_Antique"},{"link_name":"Valderrama, Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valderrama,_Antique"},{"link_name":"Valderrama, Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valderrama,_Antique"},{"link_name":"Candijay, Bohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candijay,_Bohol"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Lobo, Batangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo,_Batangas"},{"link_name":"Arakan, Cotabato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan,_Cotabato"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Cordillera Rice Terraces not included in the World Heritage List","text":"The Ifugao Rice Terraces is an example of a nationally recognized cultural property.The following are at least half of the rice terrace clusters in the Cordillera mountain range that have yet to be extended as world heritage sites. Sites can only be extended as world heritage sites if they have retained their outstanding features, including the structures within them (example: traditional houses).Banaue Rice Terraces (in Banaue, Ifugao)\nPalina Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet)\nKibungan Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet)\nLes-eng Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet)\nBatangan Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet)\nBatangan Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet)\nWallayan Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet)\nCuliang Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet)\nLanipew Rice Terraces (in Kibungan, Benguet)\nNaguey Rice Terraces (in Atok, Benguet)\nDaclan Rice Terraces (in Bokod, Benguet)\nAmpucao Rice Terraces (in Itogon, Benguet)\nBalacbac Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet)\nAmlangit Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet)\nPekaw Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet)\nNoso Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet)\nCatampan Rice Terraces (in Kapangan, Benguet)\nBalintugon Rice Terraces (in Alfonso Castañeda, Nueva Vizcaya)\nUgo Rice Terraces (in Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya)\nAmbasing Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province)\nBangaan Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province)\nBangen Rice Terraces (in Bauko, Mountain Province)\nBarlig Rice Terraces(in Barlig, Mountain Province)\nBayyo Rice Terraces (in Bontoc, Mountain Province)\nBesao Rice Terraces (in Besao, Mountain Province)\nBontoc Poblacion Rice Terraces (in Bontoc, Mountain Province)\nBucas Rice Terraces (in Besao, Mountain Province)\nBulongan Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province)\nDalican Rice Terraces (in Bontoc, Mountain Province)\nFidelisan Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province)\nFocong Rice Terraces (in Sadanga, Mountain Province)\nKapayawan Rice Terraces (in Bauko, Mountain Province)\nKiltepan Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province)\nMaligcong Rice Terraces (in Bontoc, Mountain Province)\nNatonin Rice Terraces (in Natonin, Mountain Province)\nSadanga Rice Terraces (in Sadanga, Mountain Province)\nSuyo Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province)\nTanulong Rice Terraces (in Sagada, Mountain Province)\nBuscalan Rice Terraces (in Tinglayan, Kalinga)\nDananao Rice Terraces (in Tinglayan, Kalinga)\nBugnay Rice Terraces (in Tinglayan, Kalinga)\nLubo Rice Terraces (in Tanudan, Kalinga)\nAlangtin Rice Terraces (in Tubo, Abra)\nSayoyong Rice Terraces (in Tubo, Abra)\nBucloc Rice Terraces (in Bucloc, Abra)\nDaguioman Rice Terraces (in Daguioman, Abra)\nSal-lapadan Rice Terraces (in Sallapadan, Abra)\nSalagpat Rice Terraces (in Tineg, Abra)Other rice terraces outside the Cordilleras can also be found.Lublub Rice Terraces (in Valderrama, Antique)\nBaking Rice Terraces (in Valderrama, Antique)\nSan Agustin Rice Terraces (in Valderrama, Antique)\nCadapdapan Rice Terraces (in Candijay, Bohol)[30]\nJaybanga Rice Terraces (in Lobo, Batangas)\nDatu Ladayon Rice Terraces (in Arakan, Cotabato)[31]","title":"UNESCO extension"}]	[{"image_text":"Nagacadan Rice Terraces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nagacadan_Rice_Terraces.jpg/220px-Nagacadan_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"image_text":"Batad Rice Terraces close-up view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batad_Rice_Terraces.jpg/220px-Batad_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the rice terraces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg/220px-Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg"},{"image_text":"A village in the Batad rice terraces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Banaue_Philippines_Batad-Rice-Terraces-02.jpg/220px-Banaue_Philippines_Batad-Rice-Terraces-02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rice Terraces of Batad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG/220px-Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bayyo Village with their rice terraces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bayyo_Rice_Terraces.jpg/220px-Bayyo_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scenery of Fidelisan while trekking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fidelisan_Village_and_their_rice_terraces.jpg/220px-Fidelisan_Village_and_their_rice_terraces.jpg"},{"image_text":"Banaue, Batad rice terraces with homes c. 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Batad%2C_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_with_Homes_Cira_2000.jpg/220px-Batad%2C_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_with_Homes_Cira_2000.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ifugao Rice Terraces is an example of a nationally recognized cultural property.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Foggy_Ifugao_Rice_Terraces.jpg/220px-Foggy_Ifugao_Rice_Terraces.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Banaue Rice Terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces"},{"title":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Old Kiyyangan Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kiyyangan_Village"}]	[{"reference":"\"Better Conservation in Pakistan and the Philippines Allow Committee to Remove Two Sites from World Heritage List in Danger\". UNESCO. June 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120629125341/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/891","url_text":"\"Better Conservation in Pakistan and the Philippines Allow Committee to Remove Two Sites from World Heritage List in Danger\""},{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/891","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Malig, Jojo (June 26, 2012). \"Philippine Rice Terraces No Longer in Danger\". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved June 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/06/26/12/philippine-rice-terraces-no-longer-danger","url_text":"\"Philippine Rice Terraces No Longer in Danger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_News","url_text":"ABS-CBN News"}]},{"reference":"Cabreza, Vincent (July 15, 2013). \"For Ifugao Rice Terraces, Age Should Not Matter\". Inquirer.net. Retrieved January 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/445493/for-ifugao-rice-terraces-age-should-not-matter","url_text":"\"For Ifugao Rice Terraces, Age Should Not Matter\""}]},{"reference":"Ranada, Pia (April 29, 2015). \"Ifugao Rice Terraces May Be Younger than We Think\". Rappler. Retrieved January 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/science-nature/society-culture/91521-ifugao-rice-terraces-age","url_text":"\"Ifugao Rice Terraces May Be Younger than We Think\""}]},{"reference":"Acabado, Stephen B.; Koller, Jared M.; Liu, Chin-hsin; Lauer, Adam J.; Farahani, Alan; Barretto-Tesoro, Grace; Reyes, Marian C; Martin, Jonathan Albert; Peterson, John A. (2019). \"The Short History of the Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Local Response to the Spanish Conquest\". Journal of Field Archaeology. 44 (3): 195–214. doi:10.1080/00934690.2019.1574159. S2CID 133693424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00934690.2019.1574159","url_text":"10.1080/00934690.2019.1574159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133693424","url_text":"133693424"}]},{"reference":"Acabado, Stephen (2018). \"Zones of Refuge: Resisting Conquest in the Northern Philippine Highlands Through Environmental Practice\". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 52: 180–195. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2018.05.005. S2CID 150245254.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2018.05.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.jaa.2018.05.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150245254","url_text":"150245254"}]},{"reference":"Acabado, Stephen B. (2015). Antiquity, Archaeological Processes, and Highland Adaptation: The Ifugao Rice Terraces. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/","url_text":"\"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras\""}]},{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/","url_text":"\"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras\""}]},{"reference":"Acabado, Stephen B. (2012). \"Taro Before Rice Terraces : Implications of Radiocarbon Determinations, Ethnohistoric Reconstructions, and Ethnography in Dating the Ifugao Terraces\". Senri Ethnological Studies. 78: 285–305. S2CID 127872040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127872040","url_text":"127872040"}]},{"reference":"Acabado, Stephen (2009). \"A Bayesian Approach to Dating Agricultural Terraces: A Case from the Philippines\". Antiquity. 83 (321): 801–814. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00099002. S2CID 129958991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00099002","url_text":"10.1017/S0003598X00099002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129958991","url_text":"129958991"}]},{"reference":"\"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras – Maps\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 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Retrieved February 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/science/94844-ifugao-rice-terraces-face-modern-threats/","url_text":"\"Ifugao's famed rice terraces face modern threats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable livelihood offers a lifeline to Philippines' dying rice terraces\". Mongabay Environmental News. August 29, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/sustainable-livelihood-offers-a-lifeline-to-philippines-dying-rice-terraces/","url_text":"\"Sustainable livelihood offers a lifeline to Philippines' dying rice terraces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banaue Rice Terraces - Banaue Threats\". www.banaueterraces.com. Retrieved February 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.banaueterraces.com/Banaue-Threats.html","url_text":"\"Banaue Rice Terraces - Banaue Threats\""}]},{"reference":"Hookway, James. \"In Philippines, Rice Boom Makes Worms Squirm\". WSJ. 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Retrieved February 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurasiareview.com/22022020-giant-rice-stairways-facing-collapse-oped/","url_text":"\"Giant Rice Stairways Facing Collapse – OpEd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tourism killing world's eighth wonder\". www.twn.my. Retrieved February 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.twn.my/title/mm-cn.htm","url_text":"\"Tourism killing world's eighth wonder\""}]},{"reference":"Leonard (April 22, 2009). \"Earth Day, Part 3: Banaue Rice Terraces\". Kapisanan Philippine Centre for Arts and Culture. Retrieved July 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://kapisanan.wordpress.com/2009/04/22/earth-day-part-3-banaue-rice-terraces/","url_text":"\"Earth Day, Part 3: Banaue Rice Terraces\""}]},{"reference":"Morales, Izah (March 23, 2009). \"Preserving the Ifugao Heritage\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090529005632/http://blogs.inquirer.net/beingfilipino/2009/03/23/preserving-the-ifugao-heritage/","url_text":"\"Preserving the Ifugao Heritage\""},{"url":"http://blogs.inquirer.net/beingfilipino/2009/03/23/preserving-the-ifugao-heritage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of World Heritage in Danger\". UNESCO.org. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090803160531/http://whc.unesco.org/en/danger","url_text":"\"List of World Heritage in Danger\""},{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Probe Team\", ABS CBN","urls":[]},{"reference":"Logan, William S. (2007). \"Closing Pandora's Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage\". In Silverman, Helaine; Ruggles, D. Fairchild (eds.). Cultural Heritage and Human Rights. New York, New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-71313-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71313-7","url_text":"978-0-387-71313-7"}]},{"reference":"Villalon, Augusto F. (November 9, 2009). \"3 Philippine Monuments Land in Global Endangered List\". Philippine Daily Inquirer – via PressReader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer/20091109/284082022674268","url_text":"\"3 Philippine Monuments Land in Global Endangered List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philippines Rice Terraces Off Endangered List–UN\". Inquirer.net. Agence France-Presse. June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalnation.inquirer.net/41651/philippines-rice-terraces-off-endangered-list-un","url_text":"\"Philippines Rice Terraces Off Endangered List–UN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treasures of Candijay (Bohol): Cadapdapan Rice Terraces and Can-Umantad Falls\". Lakwatsero. October 15, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lakwatsero.com/spots/candijay-bohol-cadapdapan-rice-terraces-and-can-umantad-falls/","url_text":"\"Treasures of Candijay (Bohol): Cadapdapan Rice Terraces and Can-Umantad Falls\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Edwin (July 25, 2013). \"Your GPS is Not Wrong: Mindanao Has Rice Terraces\". Inquirer.net. Retrieved March 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/452821/your-gps-is-not-wrong-mindanao-has-rice-terraces","url_text":"\"Your GPS is Not Wrong: Mindanao Has Rice Terraces\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras&params=16_56_2_N_121_8_12_E_","external_links_name":"16°56′2″N 121°8′12″E / 16.93389°N 121.13667°E / 16.93389; 121.13667"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722","external_links_name":"722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras&params=16_56_2_N_121_8_12_E_","external_links_name":"16°56′2″N 121°8′12″E / 16.93389°N 121.13667°E / 16.93389; 121.13667"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120629125341/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/891","external_links_name":"\"Better Conservation in Pakistan and the Philippines Allow Committee to Remove Two Sites from World Heritage List in Danger\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/891","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/06/26/12/philippine-rice-terraces-no-longer-danger","external_links_name":"\"Philippine Rice Terraces No Longer in Danger\""},{"Link":"http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/445493/for-ifugao-rice-terraces-age-should-not-matter","external_links_name":"\"For Ifugao Rice Terraces, Age Should Not Matter\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/science-nature/society-culture/91521-ifugao-rice-terraces-age","external_links_name":"\"Ifugao Rice Terraces May Be Younger than We Think\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00934690.2019.1574159","external_links_name":"10.1080/00934690.2019.1574159"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133693424","external_links_name":"133693424"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2018.05.005","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jaa.2018.05.005"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150245254","external_links_name":"150245254"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/","external_links_name":"\"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/","external_links_name":"\"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras\""},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127872040","external_links_name":"127872040"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00099002","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0003598X00099002"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129958991","external_links_name":"129958991"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/multiple=1&unique_number=853","external_links_name":"\"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras – Maps\""},{"Link":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hudhud-chants-of-the-ifugao-00015","external_links_name":"\"Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao\""},{"Link":"https://www.tatlerasia.com/power-purpose/philanthropy/the-need-to-save-the-banaue-rice-terraces-is-urgent","external_links_name":"\"Why Do We Need To Save The Banaue Rice Terraces In The Philippines?\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/science/94844-ifugao-rice-terraces-face-modern-threats/","external_links_name":"\"Ifugao's famed rice terraces face modern threats\""},{"Link":"https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/sustainable-livelihood-offers-a-lifeline-to-philippines-dying-rice-terraces/","external_links_name":"\"Sustainable livelihood offers a lifeline to Philippines' dying rice terraces\""},{"Link":"http://www.banaueterraces.com/Banaue-Threats.html","external_links_name":"\"Banaue Rice Terraces - Banaue Threats\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120993988168165921","external_links_name":"\"In Philippines, Rice Boom Makes Worms Squirm\""},{"Link":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/102637/swamp-eels-delicacy-but-terraces%e2%80%99-pests","external_links_name":"\"Swamp eels delicacy but terraces' pests\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/496082/northern-phl-s-famed-rice-terraces-face-modern-threats/story/","external_links_name":"\"Northern PHL's famed rice terraces face modern threats\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurasiareview.com/22022020-giant-rice-stairways-facing-collapse-oped/","external_links_name":"\"Giant Rice Stairways Facing Collapse – OpEd\""},{"Link":"https://www.twn.my/title/mm-cn.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tourism killing world's eighth wonder\""},{"Link":"http://kapisanan.wordpress.com/2009/04/22/earth-day-part-3-banaue-rice-terraces/","external_links_name":"\"Earth Day, Part 3: Banaue Rice Terraces\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090529005632/http://blogs.inquirer.net/beingfilipino/2009/03/23/preserving-the-ifugao-heritage/","external_links_name":"\"Preserving the Ifugao Heritage\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.inquirer.net/beingfilipino/2009/03/23/preserving-the-ifugao-heritage/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090803160531/http://whc.unesco.org/en/danger","external_links_name":"\"List of World Heritage in Danger\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer/20091109/284082022674268","external_links_name":"\"3 Philippine Monuments Land in Global Endangered List\""},{"Link":"http://globalnation.inquirer.net/41651/philippines-rice-terraces-off-endangered-list-un","external_links_name":"\"Philippines Rice Terraces Off Endangered List–UN\""},{"Link":"https://www.lakwatsero.com/spots/candijay-bohol-cadapdapan-rice-terraces-and-can-umantad-falls/","external_links_name":"\"Treasures of Candijay (Bohol): Cadapdapan Rice Terraces and Can-Umantad Falls\""},{"Link":"http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/452821/your-gps-is-not-wrong-mindanao-has-rice-terraces","external_links_name":"\"Your GPS is Not Wrong: Mindanao Has Rice Terraces\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722","external_links_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site Link"},{"Link":"https://www.ifugao-archaeological-project.org/","external_links_name":"Ifugao Archaeological Project"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCQLfnPIPWk","external_links_name":"Batad Rice Terraces"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransy_Ochoa	Fransy Ochoa	["1 References"]	Cuban basketball player Fransy OchoaVilla ClaraPositionForwardLeagueLSBPersonal informationBorn (1990-09-13) September 13, 1990 (age 33)NationalityCubanListed height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) Medals Women's basketball Representing Cuba Pan American Games 2015 Toronto Team Fransy Ochoa (born 13 September 1990) is a Cuban basketball player for Villa Clara Basketball and the Cuban national team, where she participated at the 2014 FIBA World Championship. She was a member of the team which competed for Cuba at the 2015 Pan American Games, winning a bronze medal. References ^ "FIBA profile". fiba.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2014. ^ "Basketball: Women: Team Roster: CUB – CUBA" (PDF). Toronto2015.org. Pan American Sports Organization. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ "Basketball - Results - Women Bronze Medal Game 17". Toronto2015.org. Pan American Sports Organization. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Villa Clara Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Clara_Basketball&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cuban national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2014 FIBA World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2015 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fransy Ochoa (born 13 September 1990) is a Cuban basketball player for Villa Clara Basketball and the Cuban national team, where she participated at the 2014 FIBA World Championship.[1]She was a member of the team which competed for Cuba at the 2015 Pan American Games,[2] winning a bronze medal.[3]","title":"Fransy Ochoa"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"FIBA profile\". fiba.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/world/women/2014/player/Fransy-Grechin-Ochoa-Izquierdo","url_text":"\"FIBA profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235342/https://www.fiba.basketball/world/women/2014/player/Fransy-Grechin-Ochoa-Izquierdo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Basketball: Women: Team Roster: CUB – CUBA\" (PDF). Toronto2015.org. Pan American Sports Organization. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114902/http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/resTO2015/pdf/TO2015/BK/TO2015_BK_C33_BKW400000C_CUB.pdf","url_text":"\"Basketball: Women: Team Roster: CUB – CUBA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Sports_Organization","url_text":"Pan American Sports Organization"},{"url":"http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/resTO2015/pdf/TO2015/BK/TO2015_BK_C33_BKW400000C_CUB.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Basketball - Results - Women Bronze Medal Game 17\". Toronto2015.org. Pan American Sports Organization. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122635/http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/en/basketball/results-women-1-02.htm","url_text":"\"Basketball - Results - Women Bronze Medal Game 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Sports_Organization","url_text":"Pan American Sports Organization"},{"url":"http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/en/basketball/results-women-1-02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/world/women/2014/player/Fransy-Grechin-Ochoa-Izquierdo","external_links_name":"\"FIBA profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235342/https://www.fiba.basketball/world/women/2014/player/Fransy-Grechin-Ochoa-Izquierdo","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114902/http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/resTO2015/pdf/TO2015/BK/TO2015_BK_C33_BKW400000C_CUB.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Basketball: Women: Team Roster: CUB – CUBA\""},{"Link":"http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/resTO2015/pdf/TO2015/BK/TO2015_BK_C33_BKW400000C_CUB.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122635/http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/en/basketball/results-women-1-02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Basketball - Results - Women Bronze Medal Game 17\""},{"Link":"http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/en/basketball/results-women-1-02.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inns	Coaching inn	["1 Historic coaching inns","2 Cock and Bull","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	Historical inn serving coach travellers This article is about coaching inns in general. For individual inns, see Stagecoach Inn (disambiguation). Painting of the first Cock Hotel in Sutton, Surrey by Thomas Rowlandson in 1789. The coaching inn (also coaching house or staging inn) was a vital part of Europe's inland transport infrastructure until the development of the railway, providing a resting point (layover) for people and horses. The inn served the needs of travellers, for food, drink, and rest. The attached stables, staffed by hostlers, cared for the horses, including changing a tired team for a fresh one. Coaching inns were used by private travellers in their coaches, the public riding stagecoaches between one town and another, and (in England at least) the mail coach. Just as with roadhouses in other countries, although many survive, and some still offer overnight accommodation, in general coaching inns have lost their original function and now operate as ordinary pubs. Coaching inns stabled teams of horses for stagecoaches and mail coaches and replaced tired teams with fresh teams. In America, stage stations performed these functions. Traditionally English coaching inns were seven miles apart but this depended very much on the terrain. Some English towns had as many as ten such inns and rivalry between them was intense, not only for the income from the stagecoach operators but for the revenue for food and drink supplied to the passengers. Barnet, Hertfordshire still has an unusually high number of historic pubs along its high street due to its former position on the Great North Road from London to the North of England. Historic coaching inns The George Inn, Southwark is the only galleried coaching inn to survive in London The Black Lion in Cardigan (established 1105) is probably the oldest Welsh coaching inn. Other historic inns in Wales include the Black Boy Inn (built 1522) and the Groes Inn (1573). The Bear, Oxford, was founded in 1774 as 'The Jolly Trooper' from the house of the stableman to the coaching inn 'The Bear Inn', on High Street. It acquired the name The Bear, and the history of the coaching inn, when The Bear Inn was converted into a private house in 1801. There were many coaching inns in what is now central London. The only remaining one with the galleries to the bedrooms above is The George Inn, Southwark, owned by the National Trust and still run as a pub. Many have been demolished and plaques mark their location. The Nomura building close to the Museum of London on London Wall commemorates the "Bull and Mouth" Inn. The Golden Cross House, opposite St Martin's in the Fields recalls the Golden Cross, Charing Cross coaching inn. Cock and Bull A pair of coaching inns along Watling Street in Stony Stratford are claimed to have given rise to the term "cock and bull stories". The claim is that stories by coach passengers would be further embellished as they passed between the two hostelries, "The Cock" and "The Bull", fuelled by ale and an interested audience. Hence any suspiciously elaborate tale would become a cock and bull story. However, there is no evidence to suggest that this is where the phrase originated. The phrase, first recorded in 1621, may instead be an allusion to Aesop's fables, with their incredible talking animals. References ^ Charles Harper (1922), The Brighton Road, Cecil Palmer, pp. 158–159 ^ "pubs.com - pubs Resources and Information". Pubs.com. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ^ The Black Lion Hotel. Archived April 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Hotels in North Wales - Dog Friendly Conwy Hotels - The Groes Inn". The Groes Inn. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ^ Christopher Hibbert, ed. (1988). "Bear Inn". The Encyclopaedia of Oxford. Macmillan. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-333-39917-X. ^ "George Inn". Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "World Wide Words: Cock and bull story". World Wide Words. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 24 October 2015. Bibliography Coaching Era, The: Stage and Mail Coach Travel in and Around Bath, Bristol and Somerset, Roy Gallop, Fiducia (2003), ISBN 1-85026-019-2 'The English Urban Inn 1560–1750', Alan Everitt, in Perspectives in English Urban History, ed. By Alan Everitt, Palgrave Macmillan (1973), ISBN 978-1-349-00577-2 I External links Coaching inns. By Anne Woodley. Stagecoaches and Coaching Inns. Cottontown. Photos of examples of what may be considered coaching inns in geograph.org.uk	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stagecoach Inn (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_Inn_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cock_Hotel,_1789.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_London"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rowlandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper1922-1"},{"link_name":"development of the railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport"},{"link_name":"layover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layover"},{"link_name":"inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"hostlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostler"},{"link_name":"coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(carriage)"},{"link_name":"stagecoaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoaches"},{"link_name":"mail coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_coach"},{"link_name":"roadhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhouse_(facility)"},{"link_name":"pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"stagecoaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"mail coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_coach"},{"link_name":"stage stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_station"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Great North Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain)"}],"text":"This article is about coaching inns in general. For individual inns, see Stagecoach Inn (disambiguation).Painting of the first Cock Hotel in Sutton, Surrey by Thomas Rowlandson in 1789.[1]The coaching inn (also coaching house or staging inn) was a vital part of Europe's inland transport infrastructure until the development of the railway, providing a resting point (layover) for people and horses. The inn served the needs of travellers, for food, drink, and rest. The attached stables, staffed by hostlers, cared for the horses, including changing a tired team for a fresh one. Coaching inns were used by private travellers in their coaches, the public riding stagecoaches between one town and another, and (in England at least) the mail coach. Just as with roadhouses in other countries, although many survive, and some still offer overnight accommodation, in general coaching inns have lost their original function and now operate as ordinary pubs.Coaching inns stabled teams of horses for stagecoaches and mail coaches and replaced tired teams with fresh teams. In America, stage stations performed these functions. Traditionally English coaching inns were seven miles apart but this depended very much on the terrain. Some English towns had as many as ten such inns and rivalry between them was intense, not only for the income from the stagecoach operators but for the revenue for food and drink supplied to the passengers. Barnet, Hertfordshire still has an unusually high number of historic pubs along its high street due to its former position on the Great North Road from London to the North of England.","title":"Coaching inn"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thegeorgesouthwark.jpg"},{"link_name":"The George Inn, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Inn,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cardigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan,_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refexample#Self-sourcing"},{"link_name":"Black Boy Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Boy_Inn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Bear, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bear,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hibbert-5"},{"link_name":"central London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London"},{"link_name":"The George Inn, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Inn,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pups-6"},{"link_name":"Nomura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Museum of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London"},{"link_name":"London Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Wall"},{"link_name":"St Martin's in the Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_in_the_Fields"}],"text":"The George Inn, Southwark is the only galleried coaching inn to survive in London[2]The Black Lion in Cardigan (established 1105) is probably the oldest Welsh coaching inn.[3][better source needed] Other historic inns in Wales include the Black Boy Inn (built 1522) and the Groes Inn (1573).[4]The Bear, Oxford, was founded in 1774 as 'The Jolly Trooper' from the house of the stableman to the coaching inn 'The Bear Inn', on High Street. It acquired the name The Bear, and the history of the coaching inn, when The Bear Inn was converted into a private house in 1801.[5]There were many coaching inns in what is now central London. The only remaining one with the galleries to the bedrooms above is The George Inn, Southwark, owned by the National Trust and still run as a pub.[6] Many have been demolished and plaques mark their location. The Nomura building close to the Museum of London on London Wall commemorates the \"Bull and Mouth\" Inn. The Golden Cross House, opposite St Martin's in the Fields recalls the Golden Cross, Charing Cross coaching inn.","title":"Historic coaching inns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Watling Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watling_Street"},{"link_name":"Stony Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Stratford"},{"link_name":"cock and bull stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cock-and-bull_story"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aesop's fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_fables"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A pair of coaching inns along Watling Street in Stony Stratford are claimed to have given rise to the term \"cock and bull stories\". The claim is that stories by coach passengers would be further embellished as they passed between the two hostelries, \"The Cock\" and \"The Bull\", fuelled by ale and an interested audience. Hence any suspiciously elaborate tale would become a cock and bull story. However, there is no evidence to suggest that this is where the phrase originated.[7] The phrase, first recorded in 1621, may instead be an allusion to Aesop's fables, with their incredible talking animals.[8]","title":"Cock and Bull"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85026-019-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85026-019-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-349-00577-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00577-2"}],"text":"Coaching Era, The: Stage and Mail Coach Travel in and Around Bath, Bristol and Somerset, Roy Gallop, Fiducia (2003), ISBN 1-85026-019-2'The English Urban Inn 1560–1750', Alan Everitt, in Perspectives in English Urban History, ed. By Alan Everitt, Palgrave Macmillan (1973), ISBN 978-1-349-00577-2 I","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Painting of the first Cock Hotel in Sutton, Surrey by Thomas Rowlandson in 1789.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Cock_Hotel%2C_1789.jpg/260px-The_Cock_Hotel%2C_1789.jpg"},{"image_text":"The George Inn, Southwark is the only galleried coaching inn to survive in London[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thegeorgesouthwark.jpg/170px-Thegeorgesouthwark.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Charles Harper (1922), The Brighton Road, Cecil Palmer, pp. 158–159","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"pubs.com - pubs Resources and Information\". Pubs.com. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pubs.com/main_site/pub_details.php?pub_id=92","url_text":"\"pubs.com - pubs Resources and Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hotels in North Wales - Dog Friendly Conwy Hotels - The Groes Inn\". The Groes Inn. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groesinn.com/","url_text":"\"Hotels in North Wales - Dog Friendly Conwy Hotels - The Groes Inn\""}]},{"reference":"Christopher Hibbert, ed. (1988). \"Bear Inn\". The Encyclopaedia of Oxford. Macmillan. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-333-39917-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert","url_text":"Christopher Hibbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Oxford","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-39917-X","url_text":"0-333-39917-X"}]},{"reference":"\"George Inn\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140924012022/http://www.pubs.com/listing/george-inn-george-inn-yard-borough-high-street-southwark-london-se1-1nh/","url_text":"\"George Inn\""},{"url":"http://www.pubs.com/listing/george-inn-george-inn-yard-borough-high-street-southwark-london-se1-1nh/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Wide Words: Cock and bull story\". World Wide Words. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-coc6.htm","url_text":"\"World Wide Words: Cock and bull story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online Etymology Dictionary\". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cock","url_text":"\"Online Etymology Dictionary\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.pubs.com/main_site/pub_details.php?pub_id=92","external_links_name":"\"pubs.com - pubs Resources and Information\""},{"Link":"https://blacklionhotelcardigan.com/about","external_links_name":"The Black Lion Hotel"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120413074232/http://www.theblacklion-hotel.co.uk/home.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.groesinn.com/","external_links_name":"\"Hotels in North Wales - Dog Friendly Conwy Hotels - The Groes Inn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140924012022/http://www.pubs.com/listing/george-inn-george-inn-yard-borough-high-street-southwark-london-se1-1nh/","external_links_name":"\"George Inn\""},{"Link":"http://www.pubs.com/listing/george-inn-george-inn-yard-borough-high-street-southwark-london-se1-1nh/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-coc6.htm","external_links_name":"\"World Wide Words: Cock and bull story\""},{"Link":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cock","external_links_name":"\"Online Etymology Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607032004/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~awoodley/carriage/inns.html","external_links_name":"Coaching inns"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025090906/http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageid=705&language=eng","external_links_name":"Stagecoaches and Coaching Inns"},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2806879","external_links_name":"Photos of examples of what may be considered coaching inns in geograph.org.uk"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Nigel_Ish	User talk:Nigel Ish	["1 Merry X'mas~!","2 Happy New Year!","3 Maintenance tags","4 CS1 error on No. 11 Squadron RAF","5 Lost in ....","6 AMF Microflight Ltd. Chevron 2-32C","7 Ka-15 revert due to Aviastar being used","8 Aero A.18 Source Question","9 Aero A.304 Revision"]	Archives 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 This page has archives. Sections older than 180 days may be automatically archived by Lowercase sigmabot III when more than 4 sections are present. Merry X'mas~! "And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord."Luke 2:10-11 (King James Version) Dave ♠♣♥♦™№1185©♪♫®is wishing you a Merry Christmas.This greeting (and season) promotes WikiLove. Spread the cheer by adding {{Subst:Xmas4}} to their talk page with a friendly message. Happy New Year! Dear Nigel Ish, HAPPY NEW YEAR Hoping 2015 will be a great year for you! Thank you for your contributions! From a fellow editor, --FWiW Bzuk (talk) This message promotes WikiLove. Originally created by Nahnah4 (see "invisible note"). Maintenance tags Would you be so kind to tag specific sections or sentences that are dubious in some way? before removing the tag I read the entire article and made sure that I didn’t see anything suspicious. Of course you might know more about the topic than I do and you might find some things that warrant tagging. Jehochman Talk CS1 error on No. 11 Squadron RAF Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page No. 11 Squadron RAF, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows: A "missing title" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. (Fix \| Ask for help) Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator. Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 15:19, 26 December 2023 (UTC) Lost in .... I have made several attempts to make "Contributions" to Wikipedia only to have them "reverted" by you. If there is a simple way to get my latest contribution recast, I would like to do that. I believe that this contribution is a significant addition to the page and Wikipedia. I offer it if it fits yours and Wikipedia's standards. Please advise me of your requirements. 12:47, 4 November 2023 diff hist +627‎ Transcendental Model 1-G ‎No edit summary Tag: Reverted Wcobey Wcobey (talk) 21:31, 16 January 2024 (UTC) Perhaps you should stop spamming your book, which appears to constitute the majority of your edits to the article.Nigel Ish (talk) 22:25, 16 January 2024 (UTC) AMF Microflight Ltd. Chevron 2-32C @Nigel Ish you created this page and I was wondering if you have contacts, that could possibly have access to Building plans of this plane. I need them to figure out a way of fitting a different engine. Thanks and cheers 24.206.107.71 (talk) 10:33, 21 February 2024 (UTC) No - I don't gave any special contacts or connection with the design. Maybe try the https://www.lightaircraftassociation.co.uk/ - someone there might know?Nigel Ish (talk) 17:16, 21 February 2024 (UTC) Thank you, i will try that. 24.206.107.70 (talk) 11:37, 22 February 2024 (UTC) Ka-15 revert due to Aviastar being used Hi Nigel Ish, I was wonder if I could keep my other sources and remove Aviastar, since I believe the rest of the Kamov Ka-15 article was fine. Forevernewyes (talk) 18:52, 15 March 2024 (UTC) Aviastar was the only source you used.Nigel Ish (talk) 18:53, 15 March 2024 (UTC) No let me check I used other sources. Im sorry Im new to wikipedia Forevernewyes (talk) 18:55, 15 March 2024 (UTC) Yeah I must've removed my other sources, it was just aviastar, sorry for the inconvenience. Forevernewyes (talk) 18:57, 15 March 2024 (UTC) Could you please add one of those templates that state that a article lacks citations? I dont know how to use those. Thank you, don't mean to bug you. Forevernewyes (talk) 19:00, 15 March 2024 (UTC) Thank you for adding what I wanted to be in the article but with reliable sources, I was upset the Ka-15 didn't have much of a Wikipedia article, close to a stub almost. Forevernewyes (talk) 21:04, 16 March 2024 (UTC) Aero A.18 Source Question I can understand removing Aviastar due to copyvio (which sucks since that site is often one of the few in English but it is what it is), but what's wrong with flugzeuginfo.net? Is it on a list of unreliable resources? Tengu99 (talk) 16:10, 9 June 2024 (UTC) flugzeuginfo.net is a Self Published site with no evidence that it is written by an established, published expert in the field. See Wikipedia:RS/SPSNigel Ish (talk) 16:26, 9 June 2024 (UTC) Aero A.304 Revision The references for the Aero A.304 were taken directly from the Czech wiki page, as was the rest of the translation. No "fake" references were used that I know of. If they are fakes, then the Czech page is fake also. I've you have an issue with the references or the translation you can either state that on the talk page or correct them yourself. I'm reverting your deletion and ask that you kindly communicate your concerns in a more proper manner. Tengu99 (talk) 03:24, 15 June 2024 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Nigel_Ish&action=edit&section=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dave1185"},{"link_name":"♠♣♥♦™№1185©♪♫®","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dave1185#top"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"WikiLove.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiLove"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Nigel_Ish&action=edit&section=2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuochi_d%27artificio.gif"},{"link_name":"FWiW 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Ish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nigel_Ish"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Forevernewyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Forevernewyes"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Forevernewyes"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Forevernewyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Forevernewyes"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Forevernewyes"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Forevernewyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Forevernewyes"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Forevernewyes"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Forevernewyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Forevernewyes"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Forevernewyes"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Nigel_Ish&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Tengu99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tengu99"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tengu99"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:RS/SPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS/SPS"},{"link_name":"Nigel Ish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nigel_Ish"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Nigel_Ish&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Tengu99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tengu99"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tengu99"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Merry X'mas~![edit]\"And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord.\"Luke 2:10-11 (King James Version)\n Dave ♠♣♥♦™№1185©♪♫®is wishing you a Merry Christmas.This greeting (and season) promotes WikiLove. \nSpread the cheer by adding {{Subst:Xmas4}} to their talk page with a friendly message.Happy New Year![edit]Dear Nigel Ish, HAPPY NEW YEAR Hoping 2015 will be a great year for you! Thank you for your contributions! From a fellow editor, --FWiW Bzuk (talk) \nThis message promotes WikiLove. Originally created by Nahnah4 (see \"invisible note\").Maintenance tags[edit]Would you be so kind to tag specific sections or sentences that are dubious in some way? before removing the tag I read the entire article and made sure that I didn’t see anything suspicious. Of course you might know more about the topic than I do and you might find some things that warrant tagging. Jehochman TalkCS1 error on No. 11 Squadron RAF[edit]Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page No. 11 Squadron RAF, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:A \"missing title\" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. (Fix \| Ask for help)Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator.\nThanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 15:19, 26 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Lost in ....[edit]I have made several attempts to make \"Contributions\" to Wikipedia only to have them \"reverted\" by you. If there is a simple way to get my latest contribution recast, I would like to do that. I believe that this contribution is a significant addition to the page and Wikipedia. I offer it if it fits yours and Wikipedia's standards. Please advise me of your requirements.12:47, 4 November 2023 diff hist +627‎ Transcendental Model 1-G ‎No edit summary Tag: RevertedWcobey Wcobey (talk) 21:31, 16 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Perhaps you should stop spamming your book, which appears to constitute the majority of your edits to the article.Nigel Ish (talk) 22:25, 16 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]AMF Microflight Ltd. Chevron 2-32C[edit]@Nigel Ish you created this page and I was wondering if you have contacts, that could possibly have access to Building plans of this plane. I need them to figure out a way of fitting a different engine. Thanks and cheers 24.206.107.71 (talk) 10:33, 21 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]No - I don't gave any special contacts or connection with the design. Maybe try the https://www.lightaircraftassociation.co.uk/ - someone there might know?Nigel Ish (talk) 17:16, 21 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you, i will try that. 24.206.107.70 (talk) 11:37, 22 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Ka-15 revert due to Aviastar being used[edit]Hi Nigel Ish, I was wonder if I could keep my other sources and remove Aviastar, since I believe the rest of the Kamov Ka-15 article was fine. Forevernewyes (talk) 18:52, 15 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Aviastar was the only source you used.Nigel Ish (talk) 18:53, 15 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nNo let me check I used other sources. Im sorry Im new to wikipedia Forevernewyes (talk) 18:55, 15 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nYeah I must've removed my other sources, it was just aviastar, sorry for the inconvenience. Forevernewyes (talk) 18:57, 15 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nCould you please add one of those templates that state that a article lacks citations? I dont know how to use those. Thank you, don't mean to bug you. Forevernewyes (talk) 19:00, 15 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you for adding what I wanted to be in the article but with reliable sources, I was upset the Ka-15 didn't have much of a Wikipedia article, close to a stub almost. Forevernewyes (talk) 21:04, 16 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Aero A.18 Source Question[edit]I can understand removing Aviastar due to copyvio (which sucks since that site is often one of the few in English but it is what it is), but what's wrong with flugzeuginfo.net? Is it on a list of unreliable resources? Tengu99 (talk) 16:10, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]flugzeuginfo.net is a Self Published site with no evidence that it is written by an established, published expert in the field. See Wikipedia:RS/SPSNigel Ish (talk) 16:26, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Aero A.304 Revision[edit]The references for the Aero A.304 were taken directly from the Czech wiki page, as was the rest of the translation. No \"fake\" references were used that I know of. If they are fakes, then the Czech page is fake also. I've you have an issue with the references or the translation you can either state that on the talk page or correct them yourself. I'm reverting your deletion and ask that you kindly communicate your concerns in a more proper manner. Tengu99 (talk) 03:24, 15 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Nigel Ish"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gerard_van_Honthorst_001.jpg/360px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_001.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fuochi_d%27artificio.gif/150px-Fuochi_d%27artificio.gif"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._11_Squadron_RAF&action=edit&minor=minor&summary=Fixing+reference+error+raised+by+%5B%5BUser%3AQwerfjkl%20(bot)%7CQwerfjkl%20(bot)%5D%5D","external_links_name":"Fix"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:Qwerfjkl%20(bot)/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F1190788029%7CNo.%2011%20Squadron%20RAF%5D%5D","external_links_name":"Ask for help"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:Qwerfjkl/Botpreload&editintro=User:Qwerfjkl/boteditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:Qwerfjkl&preloadtitle=Qwerfjkl%20(bot)%20%E2%80%93%20Nigel_Ish&section=new&preloadparams%5b%5d=No._11_Squadron_RAF&preloadparams%5b%5d=1190788029","external_links_name":"report it to my operator"},{"Link":"https://www.lightaircraftassociation.co.uk/","external_links_name":"https://www.lightaircraftassociation.co.uk/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union	Presidium of the Supreme Soviet	["1 Election","2 The building of the Presidium","3 Constitutional powers","3.1 At inception","3.2 At abolition","4 List of chairmen","5 List of vice chairmen","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 55°45′08″N 37°37′12″E / 55.7523°N 37.6200°E / 55.7523; 37.6200Former legislature of the USSR (1938–90) See also: Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Президиум Верховного СоветаTypeTypeUnicameral HistoryEstablished17 January 1938 (1938-01-17)Disbanded25 May 1989 (1989-05-25)Preceded byCentral Executive Committee of the Soviet UnionSucceeded byPresident of the Soviet Union (as head of state)Seats39ElectionsVoting systemElection by joint session of both houses of the Supreme SovietMeeting placeKremlin Presidium, Moscow Kremlin55°45′08″N 37°37′12″E / 55.7523°N 37.6200°E / 55.7523; 37.6200 Politics of the Soviet Union Leadership Leaders President list Vice President Collective leadership State Council Presidential Council Communist Party Congress Central Committee History General Secretary Politburo Secretariat Orgburo Legislature Congress of Soviets Central Executive Committee Supreme Soviet Soviet of the Union Soviet of Nationalities Presidium Congress of People's Deputies Speaker 1989 Legislative election Governance Constitution Official names 1924 1936 1977 Government Ministries State Committees Cabinets Premiership First Deputy Premier Deputy Premier Administrator of Affairs Judiciary Law Supreme Court Military Collegium People's Court Procurator General Ideology Soviet democracy Marxism–Leninism LeninismStalinismKhrushchevism De-Stalinization Perestroika Glasnost Society Economy Agriculture Consumer goods Five-Year Plan Kosygin reform New Economic Policy Science and technology Era of Stagnation Material balance planning Transport War communism Culture Demographics Education Family Phraseology Religion Repression Censorship Censorship of images Great Purge Gulag system Collectivization Human rights Ideological repression Political abuse of psychiatry Political repression Population transfer Propaganda Suppressed research Red Terror Soviet Empire Soviet Union portal Other countries vte Badge of Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (Russian: Президиум Верховного Совета, romanized: Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta) was the standing body of the highest body of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The presidium was elected by joint session of both houses of the Supreme Soviet to act on its behalf while the Supreme Soviet was not in session. By the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitution, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet served as the collective head of state of the USSR. In all its activities, the Presidium was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Beside the all-Union body they were also in all union republics (e.g.: Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, Presidium of the Ukrainian SSR, etc.) and other regions including autonomous republics. Structure and functions of the presidiums in these republics were virtually identical. During discussions in regard to the adoption of the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, on proposition to elect the chairman of the Presidium in a nationwide election, Stalin argued: According to the system of our Constitution, there must not be an individual President in the U.S.S.R., elected by the whole population on a par with the Supreme Soviet and able to put himself in opposition to the Supreme Soviet. The President of the U.S.S.R. is a collegium, it is the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, including the President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, elected, not by the whole population but by the Supreme Soviet and accountable to the Supreme Soviet. Historical experience shows that such a structure of the supreme bodies is the most democratic and safeguards the country against undesirable contingencies." Election The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was elected by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR at a joint session of both chambers at the first session of each after convocation. The deputies of the Presidium were appointed for the duration of the term of office of the Supreme Soviet. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR consisted of a chairman, a first vice-chairman (after 1977), his 15 deputies (one from each republic), a secretary, and 20 additional deputies from its two constituent chambers, for a total of 39. The Presidium was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for all its activities. From 1938 to 1989, the chairman of the Presidium was reckoned as the USSR/Soviet Union's head of state and was sometimes referred to as the "President of the USSR/Soviet Union" in non-Soviet sources. The building of the Presidium Its building, situated inside the Moscow Kremlin, was appropriately named the Kremlin Presidium. Constitutional powers At inception According to the 1936 Constitution of the USSR, as in force as enacted originally (and thus, at the establishment of the Presidium), the basic powers of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were: promulgation of decrees (ukases); interpretation of current Soviet laws; dissolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the basis of Article 47 of the 1936 Constitution of the USSR and scheduling new elections: implementing a national referendum on its own initiative or at the request of one of the republics of the Union. abrogation of decrees, issued by the Council of Ministers and Council of Ministers of the republics of the Union in case there is a discrepancy with the law; relieving the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of his job and appointing Ministers of the USSR (between sessions of the Supreme Soviet) with the subsequent submittal for the Supreme Soviet's approval; establishment of orders and medals of the USSR and implementing the awarding procedures. establishment of honorary titles of the USSR and their assignment. realization of the right to pardon; appointment and dismissal of the executive command of the Soviet Armed Forces; establishment of military and diplomatic ranks and other special ranks; declaration of the general and partial mobilization; declaration of war in case of an attack on the USSR or in case when it was necessary to implement obligations of international mutual defense treaties; ratification and denunciation of international treaties, signed by the USSR; representation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (between its sessions) in its relations with parliaments of foreign countries; appointment and dismissal of Soviet plenipotentiaries in foreign countries; receiving of Letters of Credence and Letters of Recall from foreign diplomatic representatives, accredited in the USSR; declaration of the martial law in a given region or across the USSR in the interest of defending the USSR or preserving public order and state security. The presidium also dealt with questions regarding the acquisition of the Soviet citizenship, its forfeiting or voluntary rejection. When the Supreme Soviet was not in session, the Presidium carried out the Supreme Soviet's ordinary functions. It was also empowered to issue decrees in lieu of law, which were to be submitted to the Supreme Soviet at its next session. If such decrees were not ratified by the Supreme Soviet, they were to be considered revoked. In practice, the Supreme Soviet's infrequent sessions (it usually sat for only one week per year) and the principles of democratic centralism meant that Presidium decrees de facto had the force of law. It was not unheard of for the CPSU Politburo to bypass the full Supreme Soviet and enact major laws as Presidium decrees. While the Supreme Soviet's power of veto was almost never exercised in practice, it was not unheard of for the Politburo to enact Presidium decrees into legislation without even the formality of submitting them to the full Supreme Soviet for ratification. As party members made up the majority of members of the presidum, in such plenary sessions or extraordinary ones wherein the Chairman of the Presidium or any high ranking CC-CPSU introduces a relevant CC decision for the resolution of the Presidium or if any decrees would be passed by it, they voted thus in the manner prescribed by the Constitution and laws to wilt that any absolute majority of deputies voting in favor thus approved the law, the same number voting not in favor (not unlike the ones as mentioned before) produced a veto on the draft legislation. At abolition According to the 1977 Constitution of the USSR, as in force at the union's dissolution (and thus, at the abolition of the Presidium), the basic powers of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were: organization of the work of the Supreme Soviet; preparation of meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies and sessions of the Supreme Soviet; coordination of the work of the committees of the Supreme Soviet; organization of nationwide discussion of legislative bills and "other very important matters" in the national level provided that these would be dealt by a plenary of the whole of the Supreme Soviet. By then, most of the Presidium's former powers were reassigned to the whole Supreme Soviet and to the President of the USSR. List of chairmen No. Name(Birth–Death) Portrait Term of office Supreme SovietConvocations Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–1989) 1 Mikhail Kalinin(1875–1946) 17 January 1938 – 19 March 1946 1st Convocation 2 Nikolai Shvernik(1888–1970) 19 March 1946 – 15 March 1953 2nd–3rd Convocation 3 Kliment Voroshilov(1881–1969) 15 March 1953 – 7 May 1960 3rd–5th Convocation 4 Leonid Brezhnev(1906–1982) 7 May 1960 – 15 July 1964 5th–6th Convocation 5 Anastas Mikoyan(1895–1978) 15 July 1964 – 9 December 1965 6th Convocation 6 Nikolai Podgorny(1903–1983) 9 December 1965 – 16 June 1977 6th–9th Convocation (4) Leonid Brezhnev(1906–1982) 16 June 1977 – 10 November 1982 9th–10th Convocation — Vasily Kuznetsov(1901–1990) 10 November 1982 – 16 June 1983 10th Convocation 7 Yuri Andropov(1914–1984) 16 June 1983 – 9 February 1984 — Vasily Kuznetsov(1901–1990) 9 February 1984 – 11 April 1984 8 Konstantin Chernenko(1911–1985) 11 April 1984 – 10 March 1985 11th Convocation — Vasily Kuznetsov(1901–1990) 10 March 1985 – 27 July 1985 9 Andrei Gromyko(1909–1989) 27 July 1985 – 1 October 1988 10 Mikhail Gorbachev(1931–2022) 1 October 1988 – 25 May 1989 11th–12th Convocation Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1990) Mikhail Gorbachev(1931–2022) 25 May 1989 – 15 March 1990 12th Convocation 11 Anatoly Lukyanov(1930–2019) 15 March 1990 – 4 September 1991 12th Convocation List of vice chairmen No. Name(Birth–Death) Portrait Term of office Convocations First Vice Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1944–1946) (1977–1989) 1 Nikolai Shvernik (1888–1970) 4 March 1944 – 25 June 1946 1st Conversation 2 Vasily Kuznetsov (1901–1990) 7 October 1977 – 18 June 1986 9th–11th Convocation 3 Pyotr Demichev(1917–2010) 18 June 1986 – 1 October 1988 11th Convocation 4 Anatoly Lukyanov(1930–2019) 1 October 1988 – 25 May 1989 11th–12th Convocation Vice Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1990) Anatoly Lukyanov(1930–2019) 25 May 1989 – 15 March 1990 12th Convocation See also List of heads of state of the Soviet Union General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Notes ^ a b Repeat head of state and vice heads of state are numbered only once; subsequent terms are marked with their original number italicised. Acting heads of state are not numbered. These numbers are not official. ^ a b A convocation in the Soviet sense of the word were elected members of Parliament in between elections. ^ On 15 March 1990 most constitutional powers were transferred to the newly created office of President of the Soviet Union. Anatoly Lukyanov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet to replace Mikhail Gorbachev. Although the Chairman's office retained its name, it was now that of a parliamentary speaker, not a head of state. Real executive powers were retained by Gorbachev. References ^ a b The Presidium of the Soviet Union is, in short, the legislative branch of the great Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is so great due to its "слава". This translates to glory. It became glorious because of its revolution against the tsar. After this, they started the great socialist state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR (ПРЕЗИДИУМ ВЕРХОВНОГО СОВЕТА СССР). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (in Russian) ^ Armstrong, John Alexander (January 1, 1978). Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction– Google Knihy. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819154057. Retrieved 2016-11-26. ^ Where nation-states come from: institutional change in the age of nationalism by Philip G. Roeder, p. 70 ^ Memorandum on the Soviet Doctrine and Practice with Respect to the Law of Treaties. International Law Commission. 21 November 1950 ^ "KALININ OF RUSSIA DIES AT AGE OF 70; President of Soviet Union for 27 Years Until He Retired on March 19 Owing to Illness POPULAR WITH PEASANTS 'Trouble Shooter' of Country, He Was Known as Salesman for First Five-Year Plan". The New York Times. 4 June 1946. ^ John Alexander Armstrong (1986). Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction. University Press of America. ISBN 0819154059. ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6. ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6. ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6. ^ a b Bliss Eaton, Katherine (2004). Daily Life in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-31628-9. ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6. ^ Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1. ^ a b c d Кузнецов Василий Васильевич (in Russian). World History on the Internet. Retrieved 7 December 2010. ^ a b Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1. ^ Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1. ^ a b Bliss Eaton, Katherine (2004). Daily Life in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-313-31628-9. ^ Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state, and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-46784-1. ^ a b c Evtuhov, Catherine; Stites, Richard (2004). A History of Russia: Peoples, Legends, Events, Forces since 1800. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-395-66073-7. ^ Петр Демичев : Умер министр культуры СССР Петр Демичев (in Russian). Peoples.ru (Lenta.Ru). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010. Further reading Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Government Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § Government Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"highest body of state authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power"},{"link_name":"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gse-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"in session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_session"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"1977 Soviet Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"collective head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state#Multiple_or_collective_heads_of_state"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gse-1"},{"link_name":"union republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"autonomous republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Former legislature of the USSR (1938–90)See also: Central Executive Committee of the Soviet UnionBadge of Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet UnionThe Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (Russian: Президиум Верховного Совета, romanized: Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta) was the standing body of the highest body of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).[1] The presidium was elected by joint session of both houses of the Supreme Soviet to act on its behalf while the Supreme Soviet was not in session. By the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitution, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet served as the collective head of state of the USSR.[2] In all its activities, the Presidium was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.[1]Beside the all-Union body they were also in all union republics (e.g.: Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, Presidium of the Ukrainian SSR, etc.) and other regions including autonomous republics. Structure and functions of the presidiums in these republics were virtually identical.[3]During discussions in regard to the adoption of the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, on proposition to elect the chairman of the Presidium in a nationwide election, Stalin argued:According to the system of our Constitution, there must not be an individual President in the U.S.S.R., elected by the whole population on a par with the Supreme Soviet and able to put himself in opposition to the Supreme Soviet. The President of the U.S.S.R. is a collegium, it is the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, including the President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, elected, not by the whole population but by the Supreme Soviet and accountable to the Supreme Soviet. Historical experience shows that such a structure of the supreme bodies is the most democratic and safeguards the country against undesirable contingencies.\"[4]","title":"Presidium of the Supreme Soviet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"convocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation"},{"link_name":"deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_(legislator)"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was elected by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR at a joint session of both chambers at the first session of each after convocation. The deputies of the Presidium were appointed for the duration of the term of office of the Supreme Soviet. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR consisted of a chairman, a first vice-chairman (after 1977), his 15 deputies (one from each republic), a secretary, and 20 additional deputies from its two constituent chambers, for a total of 39. The Presidium was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for all its activities.From 1938 to 1989, the chairman of the Presidium was reckoned as the USSR/Soviet Union's head of state and was sometimes referred to as the \"President of the USSR/Soviet Union\" in non-Soviet sources.[5]","title":"Election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Presidium"}],"text":"Its building, situated inside the Moscow Kremlin, was appropriately named the Kremlin Presidium.","title":"The building of the Presidium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Constitutional powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1936 Constitution of the 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Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(distinction)"},{"link_name":"medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal"},{"link_name":"titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title"},{"link_name":"pardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"Soviet Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank"},{"link_name":"diplomatic ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_rank"},{"link_name":"mobilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilization"},{"link_name":"declaration of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war"},{"link_name":"obligations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligation"},{"link_name":"ratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification"},{"link_name":"denunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denunciation"},{"link_name":"parliaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament"},{"link_name":"plenipotentiaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenipotentiary"},{"link_name":"Letters of Credence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_credence"},{"link_name":"Letters of Recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_correspondence"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship"},{"link_name":"democratic centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism"},{"link_name":"CPSU Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-6"}],"sub_title":"At inception","text":"According to the 1936 Constitution of the USSR, as in force as enacted originally (and thus, at the establishment of the Presidium), the basic powers of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were:promulgation of decrees (ukases);\ninterpretation of current Soviet laws;\ndissolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the basis of Article 47 of the 1936 Constitution of the USSR and scheduling new elections: implementing a national referendum on its own initiative or at the request of one of the republics of the Union.\nabrogation of decrees, issued by the Council of Ministers and Council of Ministers of the republics of the Union in case there is a discrepancy with the law;\nrelieving the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of his job and appointing Ministers of the USSR (between sessions of the Supreme Soviet) with the subsequent submittal for the Supreme Soviet's approval;\nestablishment of orders and medals of the USSR and implementing the awarding procedures.\nestablishment of honorary titles of the USSR and their assignment.\nrealization of the right to pardon;\nappointment and dismissal of the executive command of the Soviet Armed Forces;\nestablishment of military and diplomatic ranks and other special ranks;\ndeclaration of the general and partial mobilization;\ndeclaration of war in case of an attack on the USSR or in case when it was necessary to implement obligations of international mutual defense treaties;\nratification and denunciation of international treaties, signed by the USSR;\nrepresentation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (between its sessions) in its relations with parliaments of foreign countries;\nappointment and dismissal of Soviet plenipotentiaries in foreign countries;\nreceiving of Letters of Credence and Letters of Recall from foreign diplomatic representatives, accredited in the USSR;\ndeclaration of the martial law in a given region or across the USSR in the interest of defending the USSR or preserving public order and state security.The presidium also dealt with questions regarding the acquisition of the Soviet citizenship, its forfeiting or voluntary rejection.When the Supreme Soviet was not in session, the Presidium carried out the Supreme Soviet's ordinary functions. It was also empowered to issue decrees in lieu of law, which were to be submitted to the Supreme Soviet at its next session. If such decrees were not ratified by the Supreme Soviet, they were to be considered revoked. In practice, the Supreme Soviet's infrequent sessions (it usually sat for only one week per year) and the principles of democratic centralism meant that Presidium decrees de facto had the force of law. It was not unheard of for the CPSU Politburo to bypass the full Supreme Soviet and enact major laws as Presidium decrees. While the Supreme Soviet's power of veto was almost never exercised in practice, it was not unheard of for the Politburo to enact Presidium decrees into legislation without even the formality of submitting them to the full Supreme Soviet for ratification.[6]As party members made up the majority of members of the presidum, in such plenary sessions or extraordinary ones wherein the Chairman of the Presidium or any high ranking CC-CPSU introduces a relevant CC decision for the resolution of the Presidium or if any decrees would be passed by it, they voted thus in the manner prescribed by the Constitution and laws to wilt that any absolute majority of deputies voting in favor thus approved the law, the same number voting not in favor (not unlike the ones as mentioned before) produced a veto on the draft legislation.","title":"Constitutional powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1977 Constitution of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Congress of People's Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"President of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"sub_title":"At abolition","text":"According to the 1977 Constitution of the USSR, as in force at the union's dissolution (and thus, at the abolition of the Presidium), the basic powers of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were:organization of the work of the Supreme Soviet;\npreparation of meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies and sessions of the Supreme Soviet;\ncoordination of the work of the committees of the Supreme Soviet;\norganization of nationwide discussion of legislative bills and \"other very important matters\" in the national level provided that these would be dealt by a plenary of the whole of the Supreme Soviet.By then, most of the Presidium's former powers were reassigned to the whole Supreme Soviet and to the President of the USSR.","title":"Constitutional powers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of vice chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vp_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vp_7-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-parl_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-parl_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"President of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Lukyanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"parliamentary speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_speaker"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"^ a b Repeat head of state and vice heads of state are numbered only once; subsequent terms are marked with their original number italicised. Acting heads of state are not numbered. These numbers are not official.\n\n^ a b A convocation in the Soviet sense of the word were elected members of Parliament in between elections.\n\n^ On 15 March 1990 most constitutional powers were transferred to the newly created office of President of the Soviet Union. Anatoly Lukyanov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet to replace Mikhail Gorbachev. Although the Chairman's office retained its name, it was now that of a parliamentary speaker, not a head of state. Real executive powers were retained by Gorbachev.[17]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Government"},{"link_name":"Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union#Government"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643162#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/165304861"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11990116c"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11990116c"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027972194"}],"text":"Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Government\nBibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § GovernmentAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Badge of Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/220px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of heads of state of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"title":"Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"}]	[{"reference":"Armstrong, John Alexander (January 1, 1978). Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction– Google Knihy. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819154057. Retrieved 2016-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH9nkBOxrZQC&q=presidium+of+the+supreme+soviet+collective+head+of+state&pg=PA165","url_text":"Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction– Google Knihy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819154057","url_text":"9780819154057"}]},{"reference":"\"KALININ OF RUSSIA DIES AT AGE OF 70; President of Soviet Union for 27 Years Until He Retired on March 19 Owing to Illness POPULAR WITH PEASANTS 'Trouble Shooter' of Country, He Was Known as Salesman for First Five-Year Plan\". The New York Times. 4 June 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/06/04/archives/kalinin-of-russia-dies-at-age-of-70-president-of-soviet-union-for.html","url_text":"\"KALININ OF RUSSIA DIES AT AGE OF 70; President of Soviet Union for 27 Years Until He Retired on March 19 Owing to Illness POPULAR WITH PEASANTS 'Trouble Shooter' of Country, He Was Known as Salesman for First Five-Year Plan\""}]},{"reference":"John Alexander Armstrong (1986). Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction. University Press of America. ISBN 0819154059.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH9nkBOxrZQC&q=Supreme+Soviet+rubber+stamp&pg=PA165","url_text":"Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_America","url_text":"University Press of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819154059","url_text":"0819154059"}]},{"reference":"Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov","url_text":"Shepilov, Dmitri"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC","url_text":"The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09206-6","url_text":"978-0-300-09206-6"}]},{"reference":"Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov","url_text":"Shepilov, Dmitri"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC","url_text":"The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09206-6","url_text":"978-0-300-09206-6"}]},{"reference":"Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov","url_text":"Shepilov, Dmitri"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC","url_text":"The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09206-6","url_text":"978-0-300-09206-6"}]},{"reference":"Bliss Eaton, Katherine (2004). Daily Life in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-31628-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinsovie00eato","url_text":"Daily Life in the Soviet Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinsovie00eato/page/29","url_text":"29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31628-9","url_text":"978-0-313-31628-9"}]},{"reference":"Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov","url_text":"Shepilov, Dmitri"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC","url_text":"The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09206-6","url_text":"978-0-300-09206-6"}]},{"reference":"Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC","url_text":"The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4486-1","url_text":"978-0-7864-4486-1"}]},{"reference":"Кузнецов Василий Васильевич [Vasili Vasilyevich Kuznetsov] (in Russian). World History on the Internet. Retrieved 7 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bio_k/kuznecovvv.php","url_text":"Кузнецов Василий Васильевич"}]},{"reference":"Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC","url_text":"The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4486-1","url_text":"978-0-7864-4486-1"}]},{"reference":"Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC","url_text":"The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4486-1","url_text":"978-0-7864-4486-1"}]},{"reference":"Bliss Eaton, Katherine (2004). Daily Life in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-313-31628-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinsovie00eato","url_text":"Daily Life in the Soviet Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinsovie00eato/page/32","url_text":"32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31628-9","url_text":"978-0-313-31628-9"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state, and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-46784-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/religionstatepol0000ande","url_text":"Religion, state, and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/religionstatepol0000ande/page/188","url_text":"188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46784-1","url_text":"978-0-521-46784-1"}]},{"reference":"Evtuhov, Catherine; Stites, Richard (2004). A History of Russia: Peoples, Legends, Events, Forces since 1800. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-395-66073-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YvYiAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"A History of Russia: Peoples, Legends, Events, Forces since 1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66073-7","url_text":"978-0-395-66073-7"}]},{"reference":"Петр Демичев : Умер министр культуры СССР Петр Демичев [The Minister of Culture of the USSR Pyotr Demichev dies] (in Russian). Peoples.ru (Lenta.Ru). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163132/http://news.peoples.ru/2010/08/10/50485.shtml","url_text":"Петр Демичев : Умер министр культуры СССР Петр Демичев"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenta.Ru","url_text":"Lenta.Ru"},{"url":"http://news.peoples.ru/2010/08/10/50485.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet&params=55.7523_N_37.62_E_type:landmark_source:enwiki-googlemaplink","external_links_name":"55°45′08″N 37°37′12″E / 55.7523°N 37.6200°E / 55.7523; 37.6200"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Presidium+of+the+Supreme+Soviet%22","external_links_name":"\"Presidium of the Supreme Soviet\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Presidium+of+the+Supreme+Soviet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Presidium+of+the+Supreme+Soviet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Presidium+of+the+Supreme+Soviet%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Presidium+of+the+Supreme+Soviet%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Presidium+of+the+Supreme+Soviet%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet&params=55.7523_N_37.62_E_type:landmark_source:enwiki-googlemaplink","external_links_name":"55°45′08″N 37°37′12″E / 55.7523°N 37.6200°E / 55.7523; 37.6200"},{"Link":"https://bse.slovaronline.com/32360-PREZIDIUM_VERHOVNOGO_SOVETA_SSSR","external_links_name":"The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR (ПРЕЗИДИУМ ВЕРХОВНОГО СОВЕТА СССР)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH9nkBOxrZQC&q=presidium+of+the+supreme+soviet+collective+head+of+state&pg=PA165","external_links_name":"Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction– Google Knihy"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XAItI5C_JPUC&pg=PA70","external_links_name":"Where nation-states come from: institutional change in the age of nationalism by Philip G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Basilicata	List of presidents of Basilicata	[]	Politics of Basilicata Statute Regional Government President: Vito Bardi Vice President: Francesco Fanelli Regional Council President: Carmine Cicala Elections Political parties Provinces Regions of Italy Politics of Italy Politics of the European Union Other countries vte This is the list of presidents of Basilicata since 1970. Elected by the Regional Council (1970–1995) № Name Term of office Political party Legislature 1 Vincenzo Verrastro 1970 1975 DC I (1970) 1975 1980 II (1975) 1980 1982 III (1980) 2 Carmelo Azzarà 1982 1985 DC 3 Gaetano Michetti 1985 1990 DC IV (1985) 4 Antonio Boccia 1990 1995 DC V (1990) Directly-elected presidents (since 1995) N. Portrait President Term of office Tenure(Years and days) Party Composition Legislature 5 Angelo Raffaele Dinardo(1932–2015) 15 June1995 13 May2000 4 years, 333 days Italian People's Party PDS–PPI–FL–PdD–FdV VI(1995) 6 Filippo Bubbico(1954– ) 13 May2000 6 May2005 4 years, 358 days Democrats of the Left DS–PPI–Dem–UDEUR–SDI–FdV–PRC–RI–PdCI VII(2000) 7 Vito De Filippo(1963– ) 6 May2005 21 April2010 8 years, 226 days The Daisy/Democratic Party Ulivo–UDEUR–FdV–PRC–PdCI–IdV VIII(2005) 21 April2010 18 December2013 PD–IdV–UDC–PU–PSI–ApI–SEL IX(2010) 8 Marcello Pittella(1962– ) 18 December2013 24 January2019 5 years, 37 days Democratic Party PD–PSI–RI–CD X(2013) 9 Vito Bardi(1951– ) 16 April2019 Incumbent 5 years, 64 days Forza Italia Lega–FI–FdI–IdeA XI(2019) Re-elected FdI–FI–Az–Lega XII(2024) ^ Resigned on 24 April 2013 after a corruption scandal. Remained in office as acting President till a new regional election was called. vte Presidents of regions of Italy Aosta Valley Renzo Testolin (UV) Piedmont Alberto Cirio (FI) Lombardy Attilio Fontana (Lega–LL) Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Maurizio Fugatti (Lega–LT) Veneto Luca Zaia (Lega–LV) Friuli-Venezia Giulia Massimiliano Fedriga (Lega–LFVG) Emilia-Romagna Stefano Bonaccini (PD) Liguria Giovanni Toti (C!–Iac–NM) Tuscany Eugenio Giani (PD) Marche Francesco Acquaroli (FdI) Umbria Donatella Tesei (Lega–LU) Lazio Francesco Rocca (Ind.–FdI) Abruzzo Marco Marsilio (FdI) Molise Francesco Roberti (FI) Campania Vincenzo De Luca (PD) Apulia Michele Emiliano (Ind.) Basilicata Vito Bardi (FI) Calabria Roberto Occhiuto (FI) Sicily Renato Schifani (FI) Sardinia Alessandra Todde (M5S) ^ Rotational presidency. The region is composed of two autonomous provinces, which are individually represented in the Conference of Regions and Autonomous Provinces:South Tyrol: Trentino: Maurizio Fugatti (Lega–LT); Arno Kompatscher (SVP).	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Fugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Fugatti"},{"link_name":"Lega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"LT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Luca Zaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Zaia"},{"link_name":"Lega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"LV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Veneta"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Massimiliano Fedriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimiliano_Fedriga"},{"link_name":"Lega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"LFVG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"Stefano Bonaccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Bonaccini"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Liguria"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Toti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Toti"},{"link_name":"C!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambiamo!"},{"link_name":"Iac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_in_the_Centre"},{"link_name":"NM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Moderates"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Giani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Giani"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Marche"},{"link_name":"Francesco Acquaroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Acquaroli_(politician)"},{"link_name":"FdI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Umbria"},{"link_name":"Donatella Tesei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatella_Tesei"},{"link_name":"Lega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"LU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Umbria"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Lazio"},{"link_name":"Francesco Rocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Rocca_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ind.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"FdI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"Marco Marsilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Marsilio"},{"link_name":"FdI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Molise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Molise"},{"link_name":"Francesco Roberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Roberti_(politician)"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Campania"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo De Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_De_Luca"},{"link_name":"PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Apulia"},{"link_name":"Michele Emiliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Emiliano"},{"link_name":"Ind.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Basilicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Vito Bardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Bardi"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Roberto Occhiuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Occhiuto"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Renato Schifani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Schifani"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Alessandra Todde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra_Todde"},{"link_name":"M5S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Star_Movement"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-taa_2-0"},{"link_name":"Conference of Regions and Autonomous Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_Regions_and_Autonomous_Provinces"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Fugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Fugatti"},{"link_name":"Lega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"LT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Arno Kompatscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Kompatscher"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party"}],"text":"This is the list of presidents of Basilicata since 1970.Elected by the Regional Council (1970–1995)Directly-elected presidents (since 1995)^ Resigned on 24 April 2013 after a corruption scandal. Remained in office as acting President till a new regional election was called.vte Presidents of regions of Italy\nAosta Valley\nRenzo Testolin (UV)\nPiedmont\nAlberto Cirio (FI)\nLombardy\nAttilio Fontana (Lega–LL)\nTrentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol\n[a] Maurizio Fugatti (Lega–LT)\nVeneto\nLuca Zaia (Lega–LV)\nFriuli-Venezia Giulia\nMassimiliano Fedriga (Lega–LFVG)\nEmilia-Romagna\nStefano Bonaccini (PD)\nLiguria\nGiovanni Toti (C!–Iac–NM)\nTuscany\nEugenio Giani (PD)\nMarche\nFrancesco Acquaroli (FdI)\nUmbria\nDonatella Tesei (Lega–LU)\nLazio\nFrancesco Rocca (Ind.–FdI)\nAbruzzo\nMarco Marsilio (FdI)\nMolise\nFrancesco Roberti (FI)\nCampania\nVincenzo De Luca (PD)\nApulia\nMichele Emiliano (Ind.)\nBasilicata\nVito Bardi (FI)\nCalabria\nRoberto Occhiuto (FI)\nSicily\nRenato Schifani (FI)\nSardinia\nAlessandra Todde (M5S)\n\n\n^ Rotational presidency. The region is composed of two autonomous provinces, which are individually represented in the Conference of Regions and Autonomous Provinces:South Tyrol: Trentino: Maurizio Fugatti (Lega–LT); Arno Kompatscher (SVP).","title":"List of presidents of Basilicata"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkassen_Giro	Sparkassen Giro Bochum	["1 Men's winners","2 Women's winners","3 External links"]	Annual road bicycle race in Germany Sparkassen Giro BochumRace detailsDateEarly AugustRegionBochum, GermanyEnglish nameTour of BochumLocal name(s)Sparkassen Giro Bochum (in German)DisciplineRoadCompetition♂ UCI Europe Tour♀ National eventTypeSingle-dayWeb sitewww.sparkassen-giro.de HistoryFirst edition1998 (1998)Editions♂ 14 (as of 2011)♀ 15 (as of 2015)First winner♂ Jan Ullrich (GER)♀ Sharon van Essen (NED)Most recent♂ Pieter Vanspeybrouck (BEL) ♀ Barbara Guarischi (ITA) UCI Women's Road World Cup at Bochum Train Station The Sparkassen Giro Bochum is a road bicycle race which is annually held for both men's and women's around an urban circuit in the German city of Bochum, Germany. Since 2005 the men's race is part of the UCI Europe Tour, being organised as 1.1 race. Men's winners Year Country Rider Team 1998 Germany Jan Ullrich Team Telekom 1999 Germany Erik Zabel Team Telekom 2000 Netherlands Jans Koerts Farm Frites 2001 Italy Gianluca Bortolami Tacconi Sport-Vini Caldirola 2002 Belgium Frédéric Amorison Lotto–Adecco 2003 Germany Rolf Aldag Team Telekom 2004 Germany David Kopp Team Lamonta 2005 Czech Republic Lubor Tesař Akud-Arnolds Sicherheit 2006 Germany Jens Voigt Team CSC 2007 Belgium Andy Cappelle Landbouwkrediet–Tönissteiner 2008 Germany Eric Baumann Team Sparkasse 2009 Great Britain Mark Cavendish Team Columbia–HTC 2010 Netherlands Niki Terpstra Team Milram 2011 Belgium Pieter Vanspeybrouck Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator 2012 Germany Marcel Sieberg Lotto–Belisol 2013 - - 2014 Germany Marcel Sieberg Lotto–Belisol 2015 Germany Marcel Sieberg Lotto–Soudal 2016 Germany Marcel Sieberg Lotto–Soudal 2017 Germany Marcus Burghardt Bora–Hansgrohe Women's winners From 2004 through to 2011 the event ran as a UCI 1.1 (old UCI rating of 1.9.2 in 2004), becoming a national event in 2012. In 2013 the event returned as a 1.1 rated event, being upgraded to UCI Women's World Cup (CDM) rating for the 2014 and 2015 seasons. For 2016 and 2017, the event again ran as a national event. Year Country Rider Team 2001 Netherlands Sharon van Essen 2002 Netherlands Bertine Spijkerman 2003 Russia Svetlana Bubnenkova 2004 United States Deirdre Demet-Barry 2005 Germany Angela Hennig 2006 Australia Oenone Wood Equipe Nürnberger Versicherung 2007 Germany Hanka Kupfernagel RC Charlottenburg Berlin 2008 Netherlands Suzanne de Goede 2009 Australia Rochelle Gilmore 2010 Netherlands Ellen van Dijk Team HTC–Columbia Women 2011 Netherlands Adrie Visser 2012 Germany Mieke Kröger 2013 Luxembourg Christine Majerus 2014 Netherlands Marianne Vos Rabo–Liv 2015 Italy Barbara Guarischi Velocio–SRAM 2016 Netherlands Kirsten Peetoom 2017 Netherlands Belle de Gast - External links Sports portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sparkassen Giro Bochum. Official website Sparkassen Giro Bochum palmares at Cycling Archives Sparkassen Giro Bochum palmares at Cycling Archives vteUCI Women's Road World Cup UCI Women's Teams Seasons 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Final year races (2015) Ronde van Drenthe Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio Tour of Flanders for Women La Flèche Wallonne Féminine Tour of Chongming Island World Cup The Philadelphia Cycling Classic Sparkassen Giro Open de Suède Vårgårda – Team time trial Open de Suède Vårgårda – Road race GP de Plouay Former races Australia World Cup Tour de Berne Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt Trophée International GP of Wales Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal Liberty Classic Ladies Tour Beneden-Maas New Zealand World Cup Primavera Rosa GP Suisse Féminin Rotterdam Tour GP Castilla y León GP Ciudad de Valladolid Amstel Gold Race The Ladies Golden Hour Successor: UCI Women's World Tour (since 2016)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fahrerinnenfeld_am_Hauptbahnhof.jpg"},{"link_name":"road bicycle race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_race"},{"link_name":"Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"UCI Europe Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Europe_Tour"},{"link_name":"1.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_race_classifications"}],"text":"UCI Women's Road World Cup at Bochum Train StationThe Sparkassen Giro Bochum is a road bicycle race which is annually held for both men's and women's around an urban circuit in the German city of Bochum, Germany. Since 2005 the men's race is part of the UCI Europe Tour, being organised as 1.1 race.","title":"Sparkassen Giro Bochum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men's winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From 2004 through to 2011 the event ran as a UCI 1.1 (old UCI rating of 1.9.2 in 2004), becoming a national event in 2012. In 2013 the event returned as a 1.1 rated event, being upgraded to UCI Women's World Cup (CDM) rating for the 2014 and 2015 seasons. For 2016 and 2017, the event again ran as a national event.","title":"Women's winners"}]	[{"image_text":"UCI Women's Road World Cup at Bochum Train Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fahrerinnenfeld_am_Hauptbahnhof.jpg/220px-Fahrerinnenfeld_am_Hauptbahnhof.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.sparkassen-giro.de/","external_links_name":"www.sparkassen-giro.de"},{"Link":"http://www.sparkassen-giro.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/wedstrijdfiche.php?wedstrijdid=468","external_links_name":"Sparkassen Giro Bochum palmares"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/wedstrijdfiche.php?wedstrijdid=2045","external_links_name":"Sparkassen Giro Bochum palmares"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._37_(Michael_Haydn)	Symphony No. 37 (Michael Haydn)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 37 in D major, Perger 29, Sherman 37, MH 476, written in Salzburg in 1788, is the last D major symphony he wrote, the fourth of his final set of six symphonies. The symphony is scored for 2 oboes (2nd alternating on flute in the second movement), 2 bassoons, 2 horns and strings and is in three movements: Vivace Andantino, in A major Allegro assai The first movement is notable among Haydn's works for the use of tremolo notation as a shortcut for repeated semiquavers. The second movement, like the slow movements of other symphonies in the set, treats the woodwinds in an almost concertante fashion. The third movement is a lively rondo with a little development in minor keys of the A subject before the final restatement in D major. Though the bassoon is for the most part doubling the cellos, towards the end Haydn has them imitate the twirls of the first violins a bar after, lending a hint of wit redolent of Joseph Haydn's rondo finales. References A. Delarte, "A Quick Overview Of The Instrumental Music Of Michael Haydn" Bob's Poetry Magazine November 2006: 30 - 31 PDF Charles H. Sherman and T. Donley Thomas, Johann Michael Haydn (1737 - 1806), a chronological thematic catalogue of his works. Stuyvesant, New York: Pendragon Press (1993) C. Sherman, "Johann Michael Haydn" in The Symphony: Salzburg, Part 2 London: Garland Publishing (1982): lxviii External links The complete symphony is available in the MIDI format from Classical Archives. It was at first put in Joseph Haydn's page after his No. 104, but now it is in the general H page as "Symphony in D, Perger29, Sherman37, MH476." The tempi of the first two movements in the MIDI match the Goritzki recording, but for the finale a noticeably slower interpretation of "Allegro assai" is taken. vteMichael HaydnList of compositionsSymphonies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Choral Deutsches Hochamt Missa Hispanica Missa in honorem Sanctae Ursulae Missa tempore Quadragesimae Requiem St. Francis Mass Other Serenade in D major, P. 87 Trumpet Concerto Catalogues Perger-Verzeichnis (1907) Klafsky-Verzeichnis (1925) Related Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots Joseph Haydn Mathias Haydn Symphony No. 37 (Mozart) Category Portals: Classical music Music	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"Vivace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo#Italian_tempo_markings"},{"link_name":"Andantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo#Italian_tempo_markings"},{"link_name":"A major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_major"},{"link_name":"Allegro assai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo#Italian_tempo_markings"},{"link_name":"tremolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremolo"},{"link_name":"semiquavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_note"},{"link_name":"woodwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind"},{"link_name":"rondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_development"},{"link_name":"minor keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)"},{"link_name":"subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(music)"},{"link_name":"doubling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicing_(music)#Doubling"},{"link_name":"Joseph Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"}],"text":"The symphony is scored for 2 oboes (2nd alternating on flute in the second movement), 2 bassoons, 2 horns and strings and is in three movements:Vivace\nAndantino, in A major\nAllegro assaiThe first movement is notable among Haydn's works for the use of tremolo notation as a shortcut for repeated semiquavers. The second movement, like the slow movements of other symphonies in the set, treats the woodwinds in an almost concertante fashion. The third movement is a lively rondo with a little development in minor keys of the A subject before the final restatement in D major. Though the bassoon is for the most part doubling the cellos, towards the end Haydn has them imitate the twirls of the first violins a bar after, lending a hint of wit redolent of Joseph Haydn's rondo finales.","title":"Symphony No. 37 (Michael Haydn)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044832/http://bobspoetry.com/Bobs03No.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerboise_Bleue_(nuclear_test)	Gerboise Bleue (nuclear test)	["1 Name","2 Test","2.1 Explosion","2.2 Fallout","3 Subsequent tests","4 International reactions","5 Programme","6 Later effects","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	1960 weapons test in Reggane, French Algeria For the 2009 documentary film, see Gerboise bleue (film). Gerboise BleueLocation of the test siteInformationCountry FranceTest seriesReggane seriesTest siteReggane, French AlgeriaCoordinates26°18′42″N 00°03′26″W / 26.31167°N 0.05722°W / 26.31167; -0.05722Date13 February 1960; 64 years ago (1960-02-13)Test typeAtmosphericTest altitude100 mDevice typeA-bombYield70 kt (292.88 TJ)Test chronologyGerboise Blanche → Gerboise Bleue (French: ; lit. 'Blue Jerboa') was the codename of the first French nuclear test. It was conducted by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command on 13 February 1960, at the Saharan Military Experiments Centre near Reggane, French Algeria in the Sahara desert region of Tanezrouft, during the Algerian War. General Pierre Marie Gallois was instrumental in the endeavour, and earned the nickname of père de la bombe A ("father of the A-bomb"). Name Gerboise is the French word for jerboa, a desert rodent found in the Sahara. The color blue (Bleue) adjuncted is said to come from the first colour of the French Flag. Test Explosion On April 11, 1958, French Prime Minister Félix Gaillard ordered a nuclear test in the first quarter of 1960. President Charles de Gaulle reaffirmed the decision after the French Fourth Republic collapsed in the May 1958 crisis. On 13 February 1960 at 7:04:00 UTC, the plutonium filled bomb was detonated atop a steel tower with a height of 100 metres. The command post was located 16 kilometres away from the blast. In order to study the immediate effects, military equipment was placed at varying distances from the epicenter, while jets flew overhead to take samples of radioactive particles. No journalists were allowed on site; instead, an eyewitness account was given to the French press, saying "the desert was lit up by a vast flash, followed 45 seconds later by an appreciable shock-wave"; an "enormous ball of bluish fire with an orange-red centre" gave way to the typical mushroom cloud. With Gerboise Bleue, France became the fourth nuclear power, after the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. Prior to this test, there had been no nuclear detonations for 15 months. Gerboise Bleue was by far the largest first test bomb up to that date, larger than the American "Trinity" (20 kt), the Soviet "RDS-1" (22 kt), or the British "Hurricane" (25 kt). The yield was 70 kilotons, bigger than these three bombs put together; In comparison, Fat Man, the Nagasaki bomb, was 22 kilotons, one-third as powerful. As the atomic yield of a new bomb design cannot be precisely predicted, the French army planned an explosion between 60 and 70 kt. Gerboise Bleue was a total success, yielding the full designed power. However, because of the bomb's irregularly high yield, some experts believe that the bomb may have been "overfilled with plutonium to assure success". Only two other A-bombs tested in the Sahara facilities were more powerful: Rubis (<100 kt, 20 October 1963), and Saphir (<150 kt, 25 February 1965). Both were detonated underground at the In Ekker facilities. According to Lieutenant Colonel Warner D. Farr in a report to the USAF Counterproliferation Center "Progress in nuclear science and technology in France and Israel remained closely linked throughout the early fifties." Furthermore, according to Farr, "There were several Israeli observers at the French nuclear tests and the Israelis had 'unrestricted access to French nuclear test explosion data.'" Fallout Initial monitoring reported a radiation dose of 10 rad/h at 0.8 km from ground zero one hour after the blast, 10 rad/h at 28.5 km and 3 rad/h at 570 km. Monitoring at Fort Lamy (now N'Djamena), around 2,400 km from Reggane, reported 10−9 Ci/m3. For decades, documentation of the Gerboise tests remained heavily classified by the French government. The Ministry of the Armed Forces had maintained that the radioactive effects on humans present at the site would be "weak", and "well below annual doses." However, persons present at the site have since stated that protection gear was extremely minimal at the time of testing. In addition, ex-military officers have come forward with stories of being used as test subjects to study the effects of nuclear radiation on humans. Immediately following the explosion of Gerboise Verte (which yielded <1 kiloton), soldiers were sent within a 1 km radius of the explosion site, where they practiced combat exercises and drove tanks around the area. In total, these subjects were exposed to high levels of radiation for three hours. Following the exercises, the soldiers state that they were given showers as the only means of decontamination. Subsequent tests After Gerboise Bleue in February 1960, France conducted until April 1961 three additional atmospheric tests in Reggane facility's Saharan Military Experiments Centre. They were only "emergency devices", with yields deliberately reduced to less than 5 kilotons. Shortly after the final Gerboise bomb (Gerboise Verte), the French moved their nuclear testing to the mountainous In Ekker region, which housed an underground facility. In 1962, the Algerian War ended with the signing of the Évian Accords. Although the French military agreed to withdraw from Algeria within 12 months, Chapter III of the Évian Accords granted France "the use of a number of military airfields, the terrains, sites and installations necessary to her." It was because of this stipulation that France was able to continue nuclear testing in Algeria until 1966. With the underground tests the sequence designation was changed to jewel names, starting in November 1961 with Agate (<20 kt). On 1 May 1962, during the second test, the Béryl incident occurred, which was declassified many years later. Five months after the last Gerboise A-bomb, the Soviet Union responded by breaking its atmospheric tests moratorium, settled de facto since late 1958 with the United States and the United Kingdom. The USSR conducted many improvement tests, starting in September 1961 with a series of 136 large H-bombs. The series included the most powerful bomb ever tested, the 50-megaton (50,000 kt) "Tsar Bomba", which was detonated over Novaya Zemlya. Following the USSR, the United States reactivated its own atmospheric test program with a series of 40 explosions from April 1962 to November 1962. This series included two powerful H-bombs topping 7.45 Mt and 8.3 Mt. China also launched its own nuclear program, resulting in the A-bomb "596" (22 kt) tested on 16 October 1964, and the H-bomb Test No. 6 (3.3 Mt), tested 17 June 1967. In 1968, France detonated its first thermonuclear weapon, Canopus (2.6 Mt), at the new facility at Fangataufa, a desert atoll in French Polynesia. All other French atomic-bomb tests, including Canopus, were carried out in French Polynesia from 1966 to 1996. The last bomb, Xouthos (<120 kt), was detonated on 27 January 1996. See also List of nuclear weapons tests of France. International reactions Students from Mali protesting in Leipzig against the French nuclear test In France, the news of Gerboise Bleues success was generally met with satisfaction and national pride. President De Gaulle stated:Hurray for France! Since this morning, she is stronger and prouder. However, the nation faced many international critics following the nuclear test, especially from Africa. Just days after the test, all French assets in Ghana were frozen, "until such time as the effects of the present explosion and the future experiments referred to by the French Prime Minister become known." Morocco, which lays claim to the portion of the Sahara where the bomb was detonated, withdrew its ambassador from Paris just two days after the event. Other African nations expressed their disappointment with France's decision to test nuclear weapons in the Sahara, citing fears of radioactive fallout and the safety of their citizens. Programme Synthesis of the aerial tests () 13 February 1960: Gerboise Bleue ("blue jerboa"): 70 kt 1 April 1960: Gerboise Blanche ("white jerboa"): <5 kt 27 December 1960: Gerboise Rouge ("red jerboa"): <5 kt 25 April 1961: Gerboise Verte ("green jerboa"): <1 kt Gerboise Rouge was followed by a joint exercise, in which infantry, helicopters and armour reconnoitered the contaminated area. Gerboise Verte was intended to yield between 6 and 18 kilotonnes, but effectively yielded less than 1. Like Gerboise Rouge, it was followed by a joint exercise in the contaminated area, codenamed Garigliano. The test had been patched up hastily and fired prematurely because of the Algiers putsch, as it was feared that the nuclear bomb could fall in the hands of seditious elements. As a result, the bomb yielded less than 1 kiloton, 10 times less than the intended output. Later effects After the tests, nuclear fallout was detected as far away as Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso and Sudan. In 2005, the Algerian government asked for a study to assess the radioactivity of former nuclear testing sites. The International Atomic Energy Agency published the report suggesting that Gerboise Bleue explosion site had the second highest caesium-137 surface levels of the four tests of the series, with a residual surface activity between 0.02 and 2.0 MBq/m2 over a surface area of about 1 km2. The same report showed that the fallout of the bomb were contained in a circular area of less than 1 km in diameter. It also stated that these levels were not enough to warrant intervention and did not pose a threat to visitors of the area or inhabitants of Reggane. In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims who had been exposed to nuclear radiation as a result of the testing in Algeria and French Polynesia. The government also agreed to release additional documents which detailed how the tests had been carried out. According to the French NGO ACRO, Saharan dust blown northwards by strong seasonal winds to France in early 2021 carried measurable levels of radioactive caesium-137 attributable to the Gerboise tests. See also Agate (French first underground A-bomb) Canopus (French first atmospheric H-bomb) Force de Frappe List of nuclear weapons tests of France List of states with nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons and France History of nuclear weapons Notes ^ Physician Pierre Billaud reported a yield of 60 kt. See External links. References ^ Sokolski, Henry D.; Tertrais, Bruno (2013). Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach?. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-5848-7574-1. ^ a b Senate of the French Republic (15 December 1997). "French Senate report #179: The first French tests in the Sahara". senat.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 August 2020. ^ Garrett, Benjamin C. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-5381-0684-6. ^ Kutchesfahani, Sara Z (2018). Global Nuclear Order. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3519-9962-5. ^ "The Sprinters: Soviet Union, France, and China", Seeking the Bomb, Princeton University Press, pp. 127–175, 2020-12-31, doi:10.1515/9780691223063-006, ISBN 978-0-691-22306-3, S2CID 245890893, retrieved 2022-01-20 ^ French Nuclear Testing, 1960-1988 (Technical report). Natural Defense Resources Council. 1989. p. 25. Retrieved 10 August 2020. ^ a b "Nuclear Device exploded in the Sahara. - Afro-Asian Reactions. - Ghana freezes French Assets.- Moroccan Ambassador withdrawn from Paris". Keesing's Record of World Events. 6 (2): 17279. February 1960. Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2018-04-08. ^ a b Rapport sur les essais nucléaires français (1960-1996) (PDF) (Technical report). Government of the French Republic. p. 118. Retrieved 10 August 2020. ^ a b French Senate report ^ Reed, Thomas; Stillman, Danny (2009). The nuclear express : a political history of the bomb and its proliferation. Zenith Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7603-3502-4. ^ Farr, Warner D (September 1999), The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons, The Counterproliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series, vol. 2, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, retrieved July 2, 2006 ^ Merchet, Jean-Dominique (2010-02-16). "Essais nucléaires : Gerboise verte, la bombe et le scoop qui font plouf... (actualisé-3)". Libération. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-04-08. ^ a b c d Essais nucléaires : Gerboise verte, la bombe et le scoop qui font plouf... (actualisé) Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine, Jean-Dominique Merchet, Libération ^ "Algeria: France-Algeria independence agreements (Evian agreements)". International Legal Materials. 1 (2): 214–230. October 1962. JSTOR 20689578. ^ Hourra pour la France ! Depuis ce matin, elle est plus forte et plus fière. ^ Il y a cinquante ans, la France réalisait son premier essai nucléaire Archived 2010-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, Jean-Dominique Merchet, Libération, 13 February 2010 ^ Sahara: les cobayes de «Gerboise verte», Le Nouvel Observateur, Vincent Jauvert, 5 February 1998 ^ "France-Algeria relations: The lingering fallout from nuclear tests in the Sahara". BBC News. 26 April 2021. ^ Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations (PDF) (Technical report). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 March 2005. p. 9. Retrieved 10 August 2020. ^ Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations (PDF) (Technical report). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 March 2005. p. 10. Retrieved 10 August 2020. ^ Cowell, Alan (2009-03-24). "France to Pay Nuclear Test Victims". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-08. ^ Cereceda, Rafael. "Irony as Saharan dust returns radiation from French nuclear tests in the 1960s". euronews. Retrieved 3 March 2021. External links Report of Pierre Billaud, physician present at the test French Assembly report n°3571 Les premiers essais français au Sahara (1960–1966) (fr) The failed atomic destiny of the French Algeria (fr) Podcast BBC Witness History: France’s nuclear tests in Algeria (9 minutes, 19 January 2023) vteAlgerian War (1954–1962)BackgroundSettlercolonialism French conquest of Algeria Invasion of Algiers Atrocities Mokrani Revolt Deportations French Algeria Algerian popular resistance Algerian nationalism Attempted reforms 1920 petition Jonnart Law 1943 manifesto Divide and rule policies Crémieux Decree Kabyle myth French Union Indigénat Legal status Pied noir Sétif and Guelma massacre Other factors Cold War Decolonisation of Africa Brazzaville Conference (1944) First Indochina War (1946–54) Malagasy Uprising (1947–49) Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris WarChronology of key events Declaration of 1 November 1954 Toussaint Rouge Battle of Philippeville Soummam conference Battle of Algiers Hijacking of the FLN plane Operation Corsica Week of barricades Algiers putsch War crimes /human rightsviolations Torture Killing of Saadia Mebarek Charonne subway massacre Paris massacre Reactions Communauté française Constantine Plan FLN football team Manifesto of the 121 Proposed partition of Algeria End of the war 1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination Évian Accords referendum Algerian independence Legacy andaftermath May 1958 crisis French Fifth Republic Year of Africa Aftermath in Algeria 1962 Algerian crisis Effects in Algerian politics Films Monuments andcommemorations 1 November 1954 Stadiums Algiers Batna El Oued Tizi Ouzou Martyrs' Memorial Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria GroupsPro-independence National Liberation Front National Liberation Army Algerian National Movement Algerian Communist Party Oujda Group Anti-independence France French Armed Forces Commandos de Chasse La Main Rouge Front Algérie Française Organisation armée secrète Other groups Defectors from the French army to the ALN Harkis Women Category / CommonsvteNuclear weapons tests conducted by FranceReggane series Gerboise Bleue Gerboise Blanche Gerboise Rouge Gerboise Verte In Ekker series Agate Béryl Émeraude Améthyste Rubis Opale Topaze Turquoise Saphir Jade Corindon Tourmaline Grenat 1966–70 series Aldébaran Tamouré Ganymède Bételgeuse Rigel Sirius Altaïr Arcturus Capella Castor Pollux Canopus Procyon Andromède Cassiopée Dragon Eridan Licorne Pégaze Orion Toucan 1971–74 series Dioné Encelade Japet Phoebe Rhéa Umbriel Titania Oberon Ariel Euterpe Melpomene Pallas Parthenope Tamara Vesta Capricorne Bélier Gémeaux Centaure Maquis Persée Scorpion Taureau Verseau 1975–78 series Achille Hector Patrocle Ménélas Calypso Ulysse A Astyanax Ulysse B Nestor Œdipe Andromaque Ajax Clytemnestre Oreste Énée Laocoon Polyphème Dindon Pylade Hécube Xanthos Arès Idoménée Schédios Aphrodite Priam Dolon Étéocle Eumée Testing areas Saharan Military Experiments Centre (CSEM) Oasis Military Experiments Centre (CEMO) Pacific Experiments Centre (CEP)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerboise bleue (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerboise_bleue_(film)"},{"link_name":"[ʒɛʁbwaz blø]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"codename","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codename"},{"link_name":"French nuclear test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reggane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggane"},{"link_name":"French Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"Tanezrouft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanezrouft"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pierre Marie Gallois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Gallois"}],"text":"For the 2009 documentary film, see Gerboise bleue (film).Gerboise Bleue (French: [ʒɛʁbwaz blø]; lit. 'Blue Jerboa') was the codename of the first French nuclear test. It was conducted by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command[1] on 13 February 1960, at the Saharan Military Experiments Centre near Reggane, French Algeria in the Sahara desert region of Tanezrouft, during the Algerian War.[2][3] General Pierre Marie Gallois was instrumental in the endeavour, and earned the nickname of père de la bombe A (\"father of the A-bomb\").","title":"Gerboise Bleue (nuclear test)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jerboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerboa"},{"link_name":"rodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"French Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Flag"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gerboise is the French word for jerboa, a desert rodent found in the Sahara. The color blue (Bleue) adjuncted is said to come from the first colour of the French Flag.[4]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Test"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Félix Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"French Fourth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic"},{"link_name":"May 1958 crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"mushroom cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_cloud"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_test"},{"link_name":"RDS-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_1"},{"link_name":"Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-9"},{"link_name":"Fat Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"French army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_army"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate207-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"In Ekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Ekker_series,_French_nuclear_tests"},{"link_name":"USAF Counterproliferation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF_Counterproliferation_Center"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Explosion","text":"On April 11, 1958, French Prime Minister Félix Gaillard ordered a nuclear test in the first quarter of 1960. President Charles de Gaulle reaffirmed the decision after the French Fourth Republic collapsed in the May 1958 crisis.[5]On 13 February 1960 at 7:04:00 UTC,[6] the plutonium filled bomb was detonated atop a steel tower with a height of 100 metres. The command post was located 16 kilometres away from the blast. In order to study the immediate effects, military equipment was placed at varying distances from the epicenter, while jets flew overhead to take samples of radioactive particles. No journalists were allowed on site; instead, an eyewitness account was given to the French press, saying \"the desert was lit up by a vast flash, followed 45 seconds later by an appreciable shock-wave\"; an \"enormous ball of bluish fire with an orange-red centre\" gave way to the typical mushroom cloud.[7]With Gerboise Bleue, France became the fourth nuclear power, after the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. Prior to this test, there had been no nuclear detonations for 15 months. Gerboise Bleue was by far the largest first test bomb up to that date, larger than the American \"Trinity\" (20 kt), the Soviet \"RDS-1\" (22 kt), or the British \"Hurricane\" (25 kt). The yield was 70 kilotons,[8] bigger than these three bombs put together; In comparison, Fat Man, the Nagasaki bomb, was 22 kilotons, one-third as powerful.As the atomic yield of a new bomb design cannot be precisely predicted, the French army planned an explosion between 60 and 70 kt. Gerboise Bleue was a total success, yielding the full designed power.[9] However, because of the bomb's irregularly high yield, some experts believe that the bomb may have been \"overfilled with plutonium to assure success\".[10]Only two other A-bombs tested in the Sahara facilities were more powerful: Rubis (<100 kt, 20 October 1963), and Saphir (<150 kt, 25 February 1965). Both were detonated underground at the In Ekker facilities.According to Lieutenant Colonel Warner D. Farr in a report to the USAF Counterproliferation Center \"Progress in nuclear science and technology in France and Israel remained closely linked throughout the early fifties.\" Furthermore, according to Farr, \"There were several Israeli observers at the French nuclear tests and the Israelis had 'unrestricted access to French nuclear test explosion data.'\"[11]","title":"Test"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad_(unit)"},{"link_name":"N'Djamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Djamena"},{"link_name":"Ci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-9"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scoop-qui-font-plouf-14"}],"sub_title":"Fallout","text":"Initial monitoring reported a radiation dose of 10 rad/h at 0.8 km from ground zero one hour after the blast, 10 rad/h at 28.5 km and 3 rad/h at 570 km. Monitoring at Fort Lamy (now N'Djamena), around 2,400 km from Reggane, reported 10−9 Ci/m3.[8]For decades, documentation of the Gerboise tests remained heavily classified by the French government. The Ministry of the Armed Forces had maintained that the radioactive effects on humans present at the site would be \"weak\", and \"well below annual doses.\"[12] However, persons present at the site have since stated that protection gear was extremely minimal at the time of testing. In addition, ex-military officers have come forward with stories of being used as test subjects to study the effects of nuclear radiation on humans. Immediately following the explosion of Gerboise Verte (which yielded <1 kiloton), soldiers were sent within a 1 km radius of the explosion site, where they practiced combat exercises and drove tanks around the area. In total, these subjects were exposed to high levels of radiation for three hours. Following the exercises, the soldiers state that they were given showers as the only means of decontamination.[13]","title":"Test"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In Ekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Ekker_series,_French_nuclear_tests"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"Évian Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Agate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate_(nuclear_test)"},{"link_name":"Béryl incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ryl_incident"},{"link_name":"Tsar Bomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba"},{"link_name":"Novaya Zemlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate-3"},{"link_name":"596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/596_(nuclear_test)"},{"link_name":"Test No. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_No._6"},{"link_name":"thermonuclear weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"Canopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus_operation"},{"link_name":"Fangataufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangataufa"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Canopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus_(nuclear_test)"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"List of nuclear weapons tests of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_France"}],"text":"After Gerboise Bleue in February 1960, France conducted until April 1961 three additional atmospheric tests in Reggane facility's Saharan Military Experiments Centre. They were only \"emergency devices\", with yields deliberately reduced to less than 5 kilotons.Shortly after the final Gerboise bomb (Gerboise Verte), the French moved their nuclear testing to the mountainous In Ekker region, which housed an underground facility. In 1962, the Algerian War ended with the signing of the Évian Accords. Although the French military agreed to withdraw from Algeria within 12 months, Chapter III of the Évian Accords granted France \"the use of a number of military airfields, the terrains, sites and installations necessary to her.\"[14] It was because of this stipulation that France was able to continue nuclear testing in Algeria until 1966.\nWith the underground tests the sequence designation was changed to jewel names, starting in November 1961 with Agate (<20 kt). On 1 May 1962, during the second test, the Béryl incident occurred, which was declassified many years later.Five months after the last Gerboise A-bomb, the Soviet Union responded by breaking its atmospheric tests moratorium, settled de facto since late 1958 with the United States and the United Kingdom. The USSR conducted many improvement tests, starting in September 1961 with a series of 136 large H-bombs. The series included the most powerful bomb ever tested, the 50-megaton (50,000 kt) \"Tsar Bomba\", which was detonated over Novaya Zemlya.Following the USSR, the United States reactivated its own atmospheric test program with a series of 40 explosions from April 1962 to November 1962. This series included two powerful H-bombs topping 7.45 Mt and 8.3 Mt.[2]China also launched its own nuclear program, resulting in the A-bomb \"596\" (22 kt) tested on 16 October 1964, and the H-bomb Test No. 6 (3.3 Mt), tested 17 June 1967.In 1968, France detonated its first thermonuclear weapon, Canopus (2.6 Mt), at the new facility at Fangataufa, a desert atoll in French Polynesia.All other French atomic-bomb tests, including Canopus, were carried out in French Polynesia from 1966 to 1996. The last bomb, Xouthos (<120 kt), was detonated on 27 January 1996.See also List of nuclear weapons tests of France.","title":"Subsequent tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-70653-0001,_Leipzig,_Studenten_aus_Mali.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"}],"text":"Students from Mali protesting in Leipzig against the French nuclear testIn France, the news of Gerboise Bleues success was generally met with satisfaction and national pride. President De Gaulle stated:Hurray for France! Since this morning, she is stronger and prouder.[15][16]However, the nation faced many international critics following the nuclear test, especially from Africa. Just days after the test, all French assets in Ghana were frozen, \"until such time as the effects of the present explosion and the future experiments referred to by the French Prime Minister become known.\"[7] Morocco, which lays claim to the portion of the Sahara where the bomb was detonated, withdrew its ambassador from Paris just two days after the event. Other African nations expressed their disappointment with France's decision to test nuclear weapons in the Sahara, citing fears of radioactive fallout and the safety of their citizens.","title":"International reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_Senate_-_Report_207.gif"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate207-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scoop-qui-font-plouf-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scoop-qui-font-plouf-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scoop-qui-font-plouf-14"},{"link_name":"Algiers putsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Synthesis of the aerial tests ([9])13 February 1960: Gerboise Bleue (\"blue jerboa\"): 70 kt\n1 April 1960: Gerboise Blanche (\"white jerboa\"): <5 kt\n27 December 1960: Gerboise Rouge (\"red jerboa\"): <5 kt\n25 April 1961: Gerboise Verte (\"green jerboa\"): <1 ktGerboise Rouge was followed by a joint exercise, in which infantry, helicopters and armour reconnoitered the contaminated area.[13]Gerboise Verte was intended to yield between 6 and 18 kilotonnes, but effectively yielded less than 1.[13] Like Gerboise Rouge, it was followed by a joint exercise in the contaminated area, codenamed Garigliano.[13] The test had been patched up hastily and fired prematurely because of the Algiers putsch, as it was feared that the nuclear bomb could fall in the hands of seditious elements.[17] As a result, the bomb yielded less than 1 kiloton, 10 times less than the intended output.","title":"Programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-Apr-2021-19"},{"link_name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"caesium-137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium-137"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ACRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_pour_le_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_radioactivit%C3%A9_dans_l%27Ouest"},{"link_name":"Saharan dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_dust"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"After the tests, nuclear fallout was detected as far away as Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso and Sudan.[18]In 2005, the Algerian government asked for a study to assess the radioactivity of former nuclear testing sites. The International Atomic Energy Agency published the report suggesting that Gerboise Bleue explosion site had the second highest caesium-137 surface levels of the four tests of the series, with a residual surface activity between 0.02 and 2.0 MBq/m2 over a surface area of about 1 km2.[19] The same report showed that the fallout of the bomb were contained in a circular area of less than 1 km in diameter.[20] It also stated that these levels were not enough to warrant intervention and did not pose a threat to visitors of the area or inhabitants of Reggane.In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims who had been exposed to nuclear radiation as a result of the testing in Algeria and French Polynesia. The government also agreed to release additional documents which detailed how the tests had been carried out.[21]According to the French NGO ACRO, Saharan dust blown northwards by strong seasonal winds to France in early 2021 carried measurable levels of radioactive caesium-137 attributable to the Gerboise tests.[22]","title":"Later effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Physician Pierre Billaud reported a yield of 60 kt. See External links.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Students from Mali protesting in Leipzig against the French nuclear test","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-70653-0001%2C_Leipzig%2C_Studenten_aus_Mali.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-70653-0001%2C_Leipzig%2C_Studenten_aus_Mali.jpg"},{"image_text":"Synthesis of the aerial tests ([9])","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/French_Senate_-_Report_207.gif/220px-French_Senate_-_Report_207.gif"}]	[{"title":"Agate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate_(nuclear_test)"},{"title":"Canopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus_(nuclear_test)"},{"title":"Force de Frappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_de_Frappe"},{"title":"List of nuclear weapons tests of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_France"},{"title":"List of states with nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons"},{"title":"Nuclear weapons and France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_France"},{"title":"History of nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons"}]	[{"reference":"Sokolski, Henry D.; Tertrais, Bruno (2013). Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach?. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-5848-7574-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sMtky-3hX6EC&pg=PA31","url_text":"Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5848-7574-1","url_text":"978-1-5848-7574-1"}]},{"reference":"Senate of the French Republic (15 December 1997). \"French Senate report #179: The first French tests in the Sahara\". senat.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senat.fr/rap/o97-179/o97-1799.html","url_text":"\"French Senate report #179: The first French tests in the Sahara\""}]},{"reference":"Garrett, Benjamin C. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-5381-0684-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_rQvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0684-6","url_text":"978-1-5381-0684-6"}]},{"reference":"Kutchesfahani, Sara Z (2018). Global Nuclear Order. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3519-9962-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=on10DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69","url_text":"Global Nuclear Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3519-9962-5","url_text":"978-1-3519-9962-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sprinters: Soviet Union, France, and China\", Seeking the Bomb, Princeton University Press, pp. 127–175, 2020-12-31, doi:10.1515/9780691223063-006, ISBN 978-0-691-22306-3, S2CID 245890893, retrieved 2022-01-20","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691223063-006/html","url_text":"\"The Sprinters: Soviet Union, France, and China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691223063-006","url_text":"10.1515/9780691223063-006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22306-3","url_text":"978-0-691-22306-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245890893","url_text":"245890893"}]},{"reference":"French Nuclear Testing, 1960-1988 (Technical report). Natural Defense Resources Council. 1989. p. 25. Retrieved 10 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yn8ZAQAAIAAJ&pg=25","url_text":"French Nuclear Testing, 1960-1988"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuclear Device exploded in the Sahara. - Afro-Asian Reactions. - Ghana freezes French Assets.- Moroccan Ambassador withdrawn from Paris\". Keesing's Record of World Events. 6 (2): 17279. February 1960. Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2018-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180408220930/http://keesings.com/index_new.php","url_text":"\"Nuclear Device exploded in the Sahara. - Afro-Asian Reactions. - Ghana freezes French Assets.- Moroccan Ambassador withdrawn from Paris\""},{"url":"http://keesings.com/index_new.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rapport sur les essais nucléaires français (1960-1996) (PDF) (Technical report). Government of the French Republic. p. 118. Retrieved 10 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.obsarm.org/essais-nucleaires.pdf","url_text":"Rapport sur les essais nucléaires français (1960-1996)"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Thomas; Stillman, Danny (2009). The nuclear express : a political history of the bomb and its proliferation. Zenith Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7603-3502-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3502-4","url_text":"978-0-7603-3502-4"}]},{"reference":"Farr, Warner D (September 1999), The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons, The Counterproliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series, vol. 2, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, retrieved July 2, 2006","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/farr.htm","url_text":"The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons"}]},{"reference":"Merchet, Jean-Dominique (2010-02-16). \"Essais nucléaires : Gerboise verte, la bombe et le scoop qui font plouf... (actualisé-3)\". Libération. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180121053302/http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/2010/02/16/essais-nucleaires-gerboise-verte-la-bombe-et-le-scoop-qui-font-plouf/","url_text":"\"Essais nucléaires : Gerboise verte, la bombe et le scoop qui font plouf... (actualisé-3)\""},{"url":"http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/2010/02/16/essais-nucleaires-gerboise-verte-la-bombe-et-le-scoop-qui-font-plouf/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Algeria: France-Algeria independence agreements (Evian agreements)\". International Legal Materials. 1 (2): 214–230. October 1962. JSTOR 20689578.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20689578","url_text":"20689578"}]},{"reference":"\"France-Algeria relations: The lingering fallout from nuclear tests in the Sahara\". BBC News. 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56799670","url_text":"\"France-Algeria relations: The lingering fallout from nuclear tests in the Sahara\""}]},{"reference":"Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations (PDF) (Technical report). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 March 2005. p. 9. Retrieved 10 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1215_web_new.pdf","url_text":"Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations"}]},{"reference":"Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations (PDF) (Technical report). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 March 2005. p. 10. Retrieved 10 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1215_web_new.pdf","url_text":"Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations"}]},{"reference":"Cowell, Alan (2009-03-24). \"France to Pay Nuclear Test Victims\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/25/world/europe/25france.html","url_text":"\"France to Pay Nuclear Test Victims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Cereceda, Rafael. \"Irony as Saharan dust returns radiation from French nuclear tests in the 1960s\". euronews. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euronews.com/2021/03/01/irony-as-saharan-dust-returns-radiation-from-french-nuclear-tests-in-the-1960s","url_text":"\"Irony as Saharan dust returns radiation from French nuclear tests in the 1960s\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gerboise_Bleue_(nuclear_test)&params=26_18_42_N_00_03_26_W_region:DZ","external_links_name":"26°18′42″N 00°03′26″W / 26.31167°N 0.05722°W / 26.31167; -0.05722"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sMtky-3hX6EC&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach?"},{"Link":"http://www.senat.fr/rap/o97-179/o97-1799.html","external_links_name":"\"French Senate report #179: The first French tests in the Sahara\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_rQvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=on10DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69","external_links_name":"Global Nuclear Order"},{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691223063-006/html","external_links_name":"\"The Sprinters: Soviet Union, France, and China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691223063-006","external_links_name":"10.1515/9780691223063-006"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245890893","external_links_name":"245890893"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yn8ZAQAAIAAJ&pg=25","external_links_name":"French Nuclear Testing, 1960-1988"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180408220930/http://keesings.com/index_new.php","external_links_name":"\"Nuclear Device exploded in the Sahara. - Afro-Asian Reactions. - Ghana freezes French Assets.- Moroccan Ambassador withdrawn from Paris\""},{"Link":"http://keesings.com/index_new.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.obsarm.org/essais-nucleaires.pdf","external_links_name":"Rapport sur les essais nucléaires français (1960-1996)"},{"Link":"http://www.senat.fr/rap/r01-207/r01-2073.html","external_links_name":"French Senate report"},{"Link":"https://fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/farr.htm","external_links_name":"The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180121053302/http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/2010/02/16/essais-nucleaires-gerboise-verte-la-bombe-et-le-scoop-qui-font-plouf/","external_links_name":"\"Essais nucléaires : Gerboise verte, la bombe et le scoop qui font plouf... 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(actualisé)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024411/http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/defense/2010/02/essais-nucl%C3%A9aires-gerboise-verte-la-bombe-et-le-scoop-qui-font-plouf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20689578","external_links_name":"20689578"},{"Link":"http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/defense/2010/02/il-y-a-cinquante-ans-la-france-r%C3%A9alisait-son-premier-essai-nucl%C3%A9aire.html","external_links_name":"Il y a cinquante ans, la France réalisait son premier essai nucléaire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100216062801/http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/defense/2010/02/il-y-a-cinquante-ans-la-france-r%C3%A9alisait-son-premier-essai-nucl%C3%A9aire.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hebdo.nouvelobs.com/hebdo/parution/p1735/dossier/a20107-sahara_les_cobayes_de_gerboise_verte.html","external_links_name":"Sahara: les cobayes de «Gerboise verte»"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56799670","external_links_name":"\"France-Algeria relations: The lingering fallout from nuclear tests in the Sahara\""},{"Link":"http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1215_web_new.pdf","external_links_name":"Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations"},{"Link":"http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1215_web_new.pdf","external_links_name":"Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/25/world/europe/25france.html","external_links_name":"\"France to Pay Nuclear Test Victims\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.euronews.com/2021/03/01/irony-as-saharan-dust-returns-radiation-from-french-nuclear-tests-in-the-1960s","external_links_name":"\"Irony as Saharan dust returns radiation from French nuclear tests in the 1960s\""},{"Link":"http://pbillaud.fr/html/nuc4a.html","external_links_name":"Report of Pierre Billaud, physician present at the test"},{"Link":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-oecst/essais_nucleaires/i3571.asp","external_links_name":"French Assembly report n°3571"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090426210828/http://www.bou-saada.net/reggane.htm","external_links_name":"Les premiers essais français au Sahara (1960–1966)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070306020555/http://algerianistesmtp.free.fr/atome.htm","external_links_name":"The failed atomic destiny of the French Algeria"},{"Link":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/witness-history/id339986758?i=1000595403544","external_links_name":"Podcast BBC Witness History: France’s nuclear tests in Algeria (9 minutes, 19 January 2023)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_District	City of Durham (district)	["1 Formation","2 Durham City Council","3 Mayors","3.1 Other civic appointments","4 Civil parishes","5 Abolition","6 Durham gallery","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 54°46′53″N 1°31′08″W / 54.7815°N 1.5188°W / 54.7815; -1.5188Non-metropolitan district in England For other uses, see Durham (disambiguation). City of DurhamDurham district shown within the two-tier county council areaPopulation • 198182,174 • 199187,287 • 200187,725 History • OriginCity of Durham and FramwelgateDurham Rural DistrictBrandon and Byshottles Urban District • Created1974 • Abolished2009 • Succeeded byCounty Durham Statusnon-metropolitan district, borough, cityONS code20UEGovernmentDurham City Council • HQDurham The City of Durham was, from 1974 to 2009, a non-metropolitan district of County Durham in North East England, with the status of borough and city. Formation The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the existing City of Durham and Framwelgate with Brandon and Byshottles Urban District and Durham Rural District. The district was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England. Durham City Council See also: City of Durham local elections The Council was made up of 50 councillors elected in all-out elections every four years (last elections 2007). The last political composition was Liberal Democrat 27, Labour 15, Independent 8. The 2003 elections saw the Liberal Democrats gain overall political control of the council from Labour, benefiting from boundary changes and substantial gains in Durham's eastern suburbs. Labour had held overall control of the City Council continually since the early 1980s. Durham City Council was abolished when the district of Durham was abolished in 2009. In 2018 a new parish council was formed, initially known as the City of Durham Parish Council, to represent the core urban area of Durham. Mayors Mayors of the City of Durham are styled "The Right Worshipful, The Mayor of Durham". The Mayoralty is taken as a continuation of the mayoralty of the pre-1974 Durham and Framwelgate. The Mayor of Durham is entitled to an armed ceremonial bodyguard and claims to be equal fifth in civic precedence behind the Lord Mayors of London, York, Cardiff and Belfast Since the merger of the City Council into the Durham County Council unitary authority in 2009, mayoral appointments have been made by the Charter Trustees of the City of Durham (composing the Durham County Councillors with divisions within the former City of Durham district area). Other civic appointments Other civic appointments in the City of Durham at its merger with Durham County Council included: Deputy Mayor – currently Councillor Robert Wynn. Town Clerk – the Council's chief executive. Recorder – the Council's Director of Legal Services. Chaplain – the Dean of Durham Cathedral. Judicial Recorder (since 2005) – currently Judge Richard Lowden Billet Master – to be held by a senior Durham City police officer Pant Master – the Council's Director of Environmental Services Posts within the Mayoral Bodyguard Honorary Aldermen Civil parishes The central area of the City of Durham (the area covered by the pre-1974 City of Durham and Framwelgate) was not parished at the time the district existed, however a civil parish called City of Durham was formed in 2018. Those parts of the district formerly part of Durham Rural District or Brandon and Byshottles Urban District are all parished. The current Brandon and Byshottles Parish Council is co-terminous with the pre-1974 UDC and has inherited some of its responsibilities (e.g. allotments). Civil parishes in the former City of Durham district were: Bearpark Belmont Brancepeth Brandon and Byshottles Cassop-cum-Quarrington Coxhoe Croxdale and Hett Framwellgate Moor Kelloe Pittington Shadforth Sherburn Shincliffe West Rainton Witton Gilbert Abolition The district was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England although Durham will retain its city charter through the appointment of charter trustees. All functions of principal authority local government are now administered by a unitary Durham County Council, including the appointment of the Mayor of Durham. Proposals to create a Durham Town Council, covering the city centre and Newton Hall, were put forward in 2008. While supported by the Liberal Democrat controlled City Council, the Labour controlled County Council opposed it. Following a local consultation in 2017 a new council known as the City of Durham Parish Council came into being in 2018, with a Liberal Democrat majority. Durham gallery Entrance to Durham Castle Durham castle Durham Heritage Centre (formerly Church of St. Mary-le-Bow) Christ Church at Market Place River Wear, Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle River Wear in Durham River Wear in Durham Durham Cathedral Thomas Girtin: Durham, 1799 References ^ Local government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System. London: HMSO. 1974. pp. 46, 114. ISBN 0117508470. ^ City of Durham Parish Council website ^ "Mayor of the City of Durham". Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ Durham County Council Charter Trust ^ "The Durham County Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2017" (PDF). Lgbce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ The Local Government (Structural Changes) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Other Provision) Order 2009 Archived 27 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (SI 2009/837) ^ Proposals for Town Council Gain Support – The Advertiser, 19 December 2008 ^ Parish debate is all about party politics Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Durham Times 7 November 2008 ^ "Durham city's first parish council has Lib Dem majority". The Northern Echo. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018. External links Local Government Committee for England Final Recommendations on electoral arrangements in Durham City Local History Publications from County Durham Books vte2009 structural changes to local government in EnglandBedfordshireAbolished districts Bedford Mid Bedfordshire South Bedfordshire New districts Bedford Central Bedfordshire Existing (1990s) Luton CheshireAbolished districts Chester Congleton Crewe and Nantwich Ellesmere Port and Neston Macclesfield Vale Royal New districts Cheshire West and Chester Cheshire East Existing (1990s) Warrington Halton CornwallAbolished districts Caradon Carrick Kerrier North Cornwall Penwith Restormel New districts Cornwall Existing (1890s) Isles of Scilly County DurhamAbolished districts Chester-le-Street Derwentside Durham Easington Sedgefield Teesdale Wear Valley New districts Durham Existing (1990s) Hartlepool Darlington Stockton-on-Tees NorthumberlandAbolished districts Alnwick Berwick-upon-Tweed Blyth Valley Castle Morpeth Tynedale Wansbeck New districts Northumberland Existing (1990s)NoneShropshireAbolished districts Bridgnorth North Shropshire Oswestry Shrewsbury and Atcham South Shropshire New districts Shropshire Existing (1990s) Telford and Wrekin WiltshireAbolished districts Salisbury West Wiltshire Kennet North Wiltshire New districts Wiltshire Existing (1990s) Swindon 54°46′53″N 1°31′08″W / 54.7815°N 1.5188°W / 54.7815; -1.5188	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durham (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"non-metropolitan district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham_(district)"},{"link_name":"North East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Non-metropolitan district in EnglandFor other uses, see Durham (disambiguation).The City of Durham was, from 1974 to 2009, a non-metropolitan district of County Durham in North East England, with the status of borough and city.","title":"City of Durham (district)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Durham and Framwelgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_and_Framwelgate"},{"link_name":"Brandon and Byshottles Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_and_Byshottles_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"Durham Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2009 structural changes to local government in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_structural_changes_to_local_government_in_England"}],"text":"The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the existing City of Durham and Framwelgate with Brandon and Byshottles Urban District and Durham Rural District.[1] The district was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Durham local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Durham_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"See also: City of Durham local electionsThe Council was made up of 50 councillors elected in all-out elections every four years (last elections 2007). The last political composition was Liberal Democrat 27, Labour 15, Independent 8. The 2003 elections saw the Liberal Democrats gain overall political control of the council from Labour, benefiting from boundary changes and substantial gains in Durham's eastern suburbs. Labour had held overall control of the City Council continually since the early 1980s.Durham City Council was abolished when the district of Durham was abolished in 2009. In 2018 a new parish council was formed, initially known as the City of Durham Parish Council, to represent the core urban area of Durham.[2]","title":"Durham City Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mayors of the City of Durham are styled \"The Right Worshipful, The Mayor of Durham\". The Mayoralty is taken as a continuation of the mayoralty of the pre-1974 Durham and Framwelgate. The Mayor of Durham is entitled to an armed ceremonial bodyguard and claims to be equal fifth in civic precedence behind the Lord Mayors of London, York, Cardiff and Belfast[3] Since the merger of the City Council into the Durham County Council unitary authority in 2009, mayoral appointments have been made by the Charter Trustees of the City of Durham (composing the Durham County Councillors with divisions within the former City of Durham district area).[4]","title":"Mayors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Other civic appointments","text":"Other civic appointments in the City of Durham at its merger with Durham County Council included:Deputy Mayor – currently Councillor Robert Wynn.\nTown Clerk – the Council's chief executive.\nRecorder – the Council's Director of Legal Services.\nChaplain – the Dean of Durham Cathedral.\nJudicial Recorder (since 2005) – currently[when?] Judge Richard Lowden\nBillet Master – to be held by a senior Durham City police officer\nPant Master – the Council's Director of Environmental Services\nPosts within the Mayoral Bodyguard\nHonorary Aldermen","title":"Mayors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Durham_(parish)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Durham Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Brandon and Byshottles Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_and_Byshottles_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"Bearpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearpark"},{"link_name":"Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Parish"},{"link_name":"Brancepeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancepeth"},{"link_name":"Brandon and Byshottles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_and_Byshottles"},{"link_name":"Cassop-cum-Quarrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassop-cum-Quarrington"},{"link_name":"Coxhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxhoe"},{"link_name":"Croxdale and Hett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croxdale_and_Hett"},{"link_name":"Framwellgate Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framwellgate_Moor"},{"link_name":"Kelloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelloe"},{"link_name":"Pittington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittington"},{"link_name":"Shadforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadforth"},{"link_name":"Sherburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherburn,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Shincliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shincliffe"},{"link_name":"West Rainton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rainton"},{"link_name":"Witton Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witton_Gilbert"}],"text":"The central area of the City of Durham (the area covered by the pre-1974 City of Durham and Framwelgate) was not parished at the time the district existed, however a civil parish called City of Durham was formed in 2018.[5] Those parts of the district formerly part of Durham Rural District or Brandon and Byshottles Urban District are all parished. The current Brandon and Byshottles Parish Council is co-terminous with the pre-1974 UDC and has inherited some of its responsibilities (e.g. allotments).Civil parishes in the former City of Durham district were:Bearpark\nBelmont\nBrancepeth\nBrandon and Byshottles\nCassop-cum-Quarrington\nCoxhoe\nCroxdale and Hett\nFramwellgate Moor\nKelloe\nPittington\nShadforth\nSherburn\nShincliffe\nWest Rainton\nWitton Gilbert","title":"Civil parishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 structural changes to local government in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_structural_changes_to_local_government_in_England"},{"link_name":"charter trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_trustees"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Durham County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The district was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England although Durham will retain its city charter through the appointment of charter trustees.[6] All functions of principal authority local government are now administered by a unitary Durham County Council, including the appointment of the Mayor of Durham.Proposals to create a Durham Town Council, covering the city centre and Newton Hall, were put forward in 2008.[7] While supported by the Liberal Democrat controlled City Council, the Labour controlled County Council opposed it.[8] Following a local consultation in 2017 a new council known as the City of Durham Parish Council came into being in 2018, with a Liberal Democrat majority.[9]","title":"Abolition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_Castle_Eingang.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_castle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_Heritage_Centre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_Markt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_Millburngate_Bridge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_River_Wear_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_River_Wear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DurhamCathedral2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Girtin_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Girtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Girtin"}],"text":"Entrance to Durham Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDurham castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDurham Heritage Centre (formerly Church of St. Mary-le-Bow)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChrist Church at Market Place\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRiver Wear, Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRiver Wear in Durham\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRiver Wear in Durham\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDurham Cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas Girtin: Durham, 1799","title":"Durham gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Local government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System. London: HMSO. 1974. pp. 46, 114. ISBN 0117508470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0117508470","url_text":"0117508470"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor of the City of Durham\". Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309174518/http://www.durhamcity.gov.uk/Pid/3601/15","url_text":"\"Mayor of the City of Durham\""},{"url":"http://www.durhamcity.gov.uk/Pid/3601/15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Durham County Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2017\" (PDF). Lgbce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021635/http://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/36734/DurhamCC-Durham-CGR-2017-12-18.pdf","url_text":"\"The Durham County Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2017\""},{"url":"http://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/36734/DurhamCC-Durham-CGR-2017-12-18.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Durham city's first parish council has Lib Dem majority\". The Northern Echo. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/16204459.Local_elections__Durham_city_s_first_parish_council_has_Lib_Dem_majority/","url_text":"\"Durham city's first parish council has Lib Dem majority\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Northern_Echo","url_text":"The Northern Echo"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=City_of_Durham_(district)&params=54.7815_N_1.5188_W_region:GB_scale:50000","external_links_name":"54°46′53″N 1°31′08″W / 54.7815°N 1.5188°W / 54.7815; -1.5188"},{"Link":"http://cityofdurham.parish.durham.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"City of Durham Parish Council website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309174518/http://www.durhamcity.gov.uk/Pid/3601/15","external_links_name":"\"Mayor of the City of Durham\""},{"Link":"http://www.durhamcity.gov.uk/Pid/3601/15","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.durham.gov.uk/article/2767/Charter-Trust-and-Mayor","external_links_name":"Durham County Council"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021635/http://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/36734/DurhamCC-Durham-CGR-2017-12-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Durham County Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2017\""},{"Link":"http://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/36734/DurhamCC-Durham-CGR-2017-12-18.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/uksi_20090837_en_1","external_links_name":"The Local Government (Structural Changes) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Other Provision) Order 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100227220959/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/uksi_20090837_en_1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theadvertiserseries.co.uk/durham/3987668.Proposals_for_town_council_gain_support/","external_links_name":"Proposals for Town Council Gain Support"},{"Link":"http://www.durhamtimes.co.uk/comment/leader/3829317.Parish_debate_is_all_about_party_politics/","external_links_name":"Parish debate is all about party politics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005175732/http://www.durhamtimes.co.uk/comment/leader/3829317.Parish_debate_is_all_about_party_politics/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/16204459.Local_elections__Durham_city_s_first_parish_council_has_Lib_Dem_majority/","external_links_name":"\"Durham city's first parish council has Lib Dem majority\""},{"Link":"http://www.boundarycommittee.org.uk/templates/search/document.cfm/6018","external_links_name":"Local Government Committee for England Final Recommendations on electoral arrangements in Durham City"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061216092907/http://www.durham.gov.uk/durhamcc/usp.nsf/pws/Council+and+Democracy+-+County+Durham+Books","external_links_name":"Local History Publications from County Durham Books"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=City_of_Durham_(district)&params=54.7815_N_1.5188_W_region:GB_scale:50000","external_links_name":"54°46′53″N 1°31′08″W / 54.7815°N 1.5188°W / 54.7815; -1.5188"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulvingen_Island	Ulvingen Island	["1 References","2 External links"]	Island in Nunavut, Canada Ulvingen IslandUlvingen IslandShow map of NunavutUlvingen IslandShow map of CanadaGeographyLocationNorwegian BayCoordinates78°20′N 088°12′W / 78.333°N 88.200°W / 78.333; -88.200 (Ulvingen Island)ArchipelagoSverdrup IslandsQueen Elizabeth IslandsArctic ArchipelagoArea87 km2 (34 sq mi)AdministrationCanadaTerritoryNunavutRegionQikiqtaalukDemographicsPopulationUninhabited Ulvingen Island is one of the uninhabited islands in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Norwegian Bay between Axel Heiberg Island and Ellesmere Island's Raanes Peninsula. It is a member of the Sverdrup Islands, Queen Elizabeth Islands, and the Arctic Archipelago. Hare Point (78°14′03″N 088°20′27″W / 78.23417°N 88.34083°W / 78.23417; -88.34083 (Hare Point (Ulvingen Island))) is situated at the island's southern tip. References ^ "Ulvingen Island". travelingluck.com. Retrieved 2009-06-17. External links Ulvingen Island in the Atlas of Canada - Toporama; Natural Resources Canada Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) vteQueen Elizabeth Islands, Nunavut and Northwest Territories, CanadaEllesmere Island Ellesmere Ward Hunt Island Parry Islandsmajor Devon Melville Bathurst Prince Patrick Cornwallis Mackenzie King Borden Cornwall Eglinton Graham Lougheed Byam Martin Île Vanier Cameron Brock North Kent Emerald Isle Alexander Massey Little Cornwallis Coburg Helena Baillie-Hamilton Griffith Hoved Lowther Buckingham minor Beechey Berkeley Browne Cheyne Cocked Hat Crescent Des Voeux Dundas Edmund Walker Eight Bears Ekins Exmouth Fairholme Fitzwilliam Owen Findlay Group Garrett Grosvenor Hans (shared with Denmark) Houston Stewart Hyde Parker Île Marc John Barrow Margaret Nookap Norman Lockyer Patterson Philpots Pim Pioneer Princess Royal Seymour Skraeling Spit Stupart Table Thor Truro Sverdrup Islandsmajor Axel Heiberg Ellef Ringnes Amund Ringnes King Christian Meighen Stor minor Fay Gretha Haig-Thomas Hat Ulvingen vteArctic Cordillera of CanadaRanges Adam Baffin Blackwelder Blue Boulder British Empire Bruce Byan Martin Challenger Conger Cunningham Douro Everett Garfield Geodetic Grinnell Grogan Morgan Haddington Hartz Inglefield Innuitian Jeffries Joy Kaumajet Krag Krieger Osborn Precipitous Prince of Wales Princess Margaret Sawtooth Scoresby Selamiut Stokes Swiss Thorndike Torngat Treuter United States Victoria and Albert White Triplets Mountains Angilaaq Angna Arrowhead Arthur Asgard Ayles Baldr Barbeau Bastille Battle Beaufort Biederbick Bishop's Mitre Brave Breidablik Caubvick Cirque Commonwealth Eugene Highpointer Innuit Kisimngiuqtuq Midnight Sun Nukap Odin Outlook Oxford Qiajivik Stokes Thor Thule Torngarsoak Ukpik Whisler White Crown Passes Akshayuk Ayr Bryant Cockscomb Eskimo Eureka Fortress Glacier Kingnait Perfection Pioneer Piper Polar Bear Revoir Singeyer Strand Fiord Sverdrup Van Hauen Yelverton Glaciers Ad Astra Ice Cap Agassiz Ice Cap Barnes Ice Cap Benedict Coronation Devon Ice Cap Disraeli Eugenie Gull Jimi Maasi Kaparoqtalik Keyhole Kiitarayuk Macculloch Narsarsuk Nuuksuq Oliver Parrish Penny Ice Cap Sermilik Sven Hedin Turnabout Utinatuk West Pioneer Regions Amund Ringnes Axel Heiberg Baffin Bathurst Bylot Coburg Cornwall Devon Ellef Ringnes Ellesmere Helena Île Vanier Labrador Lougheed Quebec Communities Alert Clyde River Eureka Grise Fiord Iqaluit Pangnirtung Pond Inlet Qikiqtarjuaq List of communities in Nunavut Parks Auyuittuq Quttinirpaaq Sirmilik Torngat Mountains vteIslands of the Qikiqtaaluk Region Adams Akpatok Alfred Allen Arvalik Aulattivik Aulitivik Aulitiving Baffin Barth Beacon (Ungava Bay) Bergesen Bjarnason Bylot Davids Dexterity Diana Edgeworth Eider Elder Fraser Gyrfalcon Hamilton Imiliit Imiqqutailaqtuuq Kaigosuiyat Kilian Lady Franklin Landslip Lock Low Marvin Mumiksaa Nakoaiyet Nova Zembla Old Squaw Otrick Pandora Payne Peter Richards Pilattuaq Pisiktarfik Plover Prescott Prince Leopold Prince of Wales Qikiqta Qikiqtaaluk Qimivvik Round Russell Saglaarjuk Saglirjuaq Salikuit Saneruarsuk Simialuk Somerset Spicer Stephens Trinity Vesey Hamilton Vivian Wollaston Yeoman Young Belcher Islands Bradbury Broomfield Bun Cake Camsell Dove Fair Flaherty Innetalling Karlay La Duke Loaf Mata Mavor Moore Nero Ney O'Leary Range Renouf Snape Split Tukarak Twin Cairns Walton Wiegand Islands of Cumberland Sound Akulagok Anarnittuq Aupaluktok Aupaluktut Blacklead Clear Passage Drum Ekallulik Iglunga Imigen Ivisa Kaigosuit Kangigutsak Kekertelung Kekerten Kekertukdjuak Kudjak Maktaktujanak Miliakdjuin Moodie Nimigen Nunatak Nuvujen Opingivik Sanigut Saunik Shakshukowshee Shakshukuk Tesseralik Tuapait Upajjana Utaqqiurviarjuruluk Utsusivik Wareham Islands of Davis Strait Aggijjat Akuglek Alikdjuak Angijak Broughton Idjuniving Kekertaluk Kekertuk Kekerturnak Manitung Monumental Nedlukseak Nudlung Nunatsiaq Nuvuktik Paallavvik Pilektuak Qaqulluit Rock Satigsun Islands of Foxe Basin Air Force Bird Bray Foley Igloolik Kapuiviit Koch Nirlirnaqtuuq North Tweedsmuir Prince Charles Qikiqtaarjuk Rowley Siuraq South Tweedsmuir White Winter Islands of Frobisher Bay Algerine Alligator Anchorage Aubrey Augustus Bear Beveridge Bishop Brigus Brook Bruce Cairn Camp Carter Chase Coffin Crimmins Crowell Culbertson Daniel Dog Eden Emerick Falk Faris Field Fletcher Frobisher's Farthest Gabriel Gardiner Gay Gross Halford Hantzsch Harper Hill Jenvey Kodlunarn Kudlago Kungo Lefferts Leopold Loks Land Long Low Luella Mair Mark Mary McAllister McBride McLaren McLean Metela Mitchell Monument Nest Nouyarn Ogden Pan Peak Pichit Pike Pink Lady Pope Potter Precipice Ptarmigan Pugh Qarsau Quadrifid Redan Resor Sale Scalene Sliver Smith Sybil Thompson Whiskukun Islands of the Gulf of Boothia Crown Prince Frederik Glen Honeyman Lavoie Sabine Wales Islands of Hudson Bay Awrey Big Booth Bronson Commodore Cox Digges Eddy Elsie Fraley Frazier Gilmour Harrison J. Gordon Johnnys Kugong Long Mansel Marcopeet McCormack Moore Nuvuk Ottawa Pattee Perley Smith Islands of Hudson Strait Anguttuaq Aulatsiviit Avingasittuit Siqinirsipangat Beacon (Hudson Strait) Black Bluff Bush Button Charles Clark Dolphin Dorset Edgell Erhardt Goodwin Gudmusson Hector Holdridge Ijjuriktuq Ivvitsa Kaavvijjuaq King Kinngarjuaq Lacy Lavoie Lawson Leading Lower Savage MacColl Mallik Middle Savage Mill Naniruaq Niels Nottingham Nunarijjait Nuvuktiqpaaraaluk Nuvursiit Observation Point Poodlatee Qaqqannalik Qaiqsuarjuk Qikiqtaalujjuaq Qikiqtarjuaq Qikiqtarjuarusiq Resolution Saarru Salisbury Saqajaa Sheer Strathcona Takijualuk Ukaliqtuuq Ungirlauttat Upirngiviaaluk Islands of James Bay Akimiski Bear Big Cape Hope Carey Charlton Grey Goose Gull Jacob Moore North Twin Paint Hills Solomons Temple South Twin Spencer Stag Strutton Sunday Trodely Twin Walter Weston Islands of the Labrador Sea Brevoort Cape Chidley Christopher Hall Hozier Hudson Ilikok Jackson Killiniq Knight Leybourne Little Hall Muingmak Rogers Queen Elizabeth IslandsEllesmere Island Ellesmere Ward Hunt Parry Islands Alexander Baillie-Hamilton Bathurst Beechey Berkeley Borden Brock Browne Buckingham Byam Martin Cameron Cheyne Coburg Cocked Hat Cornwall Cornwallis Crescent Des Voeux Devon Dundas Edmund Walker Eglinton Ekins Emerald Exmouth Fairholme Findlay Group Garrett Graham Griffith Grosvenor Hans (with Greenland) Helena Houston Stewart Hoved Hyde Parker John Barrow Little Cornwallis Lougheed Lowther Mackenzie King Moore Marc Margaret Massey Melville Nookap Norman Lockyer North Kent Patterson Philpots Pim Pioneer Prince Patrick Princess Royal Seymour Skraeling Spit Stupart Table Thor Truro Vanier Sverdrup Islands Amund Ringnes Axel Heiberg Ellef Ringnes Fay Gretha Haig-Thomas Hat King Christian Meighen Stor Ulvingen Islands in italics are inhabited. See also Islands of the Kitikmeot Region, Islands of the Kivalliq RegionSee also Islands of the Kitikmeot Region, Islands of the Kivalliq Region. This Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qikiqtaaluk Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Bay"},{"link_name":"Axel Heiberg Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Island"},{"link_name":"Raanes Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raanes_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sverdrup Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands"},{"link_name":"Arctic Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"78°14′03″N 088°20′27″W / 78.23417°N 88.34083°W / 78.23417; -88.34083 (Hare Point (Ulvingen Island))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ulvingen_Island&params=78_14_03_N_088_20_27_W_type:isle_scale:100000_region:CA-NU&title=Hare+Point+%28Ulvingen+Island%29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-travelingluck-1"}],"text":"Ulvingen Island is one of the uninhabited islands in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Norwegian Bay between Axel Heiberg Island and Ellesmere Island's Raanes Peninsula. It is a member of the Sverdrup Islands, Queen Elizabeth Islands, and the Arctic Archipelago. Hare Point (78°14′03″N 088°20′27″W / 78.23417°N 88.34083°W / 78.23417; -88.34083 (Hare Point (Ulvingen Island))) is situated at the island's southern tip.[1]","title":"Ulvingen Island"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ulvingen Island\". travelingluck.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Freedman	Cooper Freedman	["1 Character history","2 Work","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	Fictional character Cooper FreedmanPrivate Practice & Grey's Anatomy characterFirst appearanceGrey's Anatomy: "The Other Side of This Life (Part 1)" 3x22 Private Practice: "In Which We Meet Addison, a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else" 1x01Last appearanceGrey's Anatomy: "The Other Side of This Life (part 2)" 3x23 Private Practice: "In Which We Say Goodbye" 6x13Created byShonda RhimesPortrayed byPaul AdelsteinIn-universe informationNicknameCoopGenderMaleTitleM.D.OccupationPediatrician at Seaside Health & Wellness Pediatrician at Oceanside Wellness Group (former)FamilyMr. Freedman (father) Mrs. Freedman (mother) Andy Freedman (deceased brother)SpouseCharlotte KingChildrenMason Warner (with Erica) Georgia King-Freedman Caroline King-Freedman Rachel King-Freedman (with Charlotte) Dr. Cooper Freedman is a fictional character on the Grey's Anatomy spin-off, Private Practice. He is portrayed by actor Paul Adelstein. Character history Cooper Freedman (Coop) was the only child, adopted, raised in Akron, Ohio. He never looked for his biological parents because he feels his parents are great. As a teen, he worked on summer camps in Indiana, where he realized he liked children and decided to become a pediatrician. He always says he wants to be "normal" in regards to his relationship with Charlotte King. Work Cooper works at the Oceanside Wellness Center as a pediatrician. He is best friends with his coworker, Violet Turner, who is a psychiatrist. They both suffer from relationship troubles; Cooper has problems meeting women because he says that he does not know how to socialize with people, so instead of dating face-to-face, Cooper prefers internet dating. These online relationships almost never work out and he is always left humiliated. For example, in the episode "The Other Side of This Life, Part 1", Cooper's car is stolen by a woman he met online. Despite his personal problems, Cooper is quite successful at his job. He is a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics. It is clear that he genuinely cares about every one of his patients, as he is easily able to empathize with them and is willing to go the extra mile to help them. For example, in one episode, he noticed several symptoms of abuse in a girl with a broken arm whose mother is Sam's patient. Despite Sam's objections, Cooper reports his suspicions and later testifies in court to help the child. On one occasion, Cooper even confides in a patient named Michael about a love dilemma, that he is in love with a woman, but also couldn't tell her. Cooper and Michael make a pact to tell the objects of their affection how they feel. Personal life In the beginning of season 1 it is suggested that Cooper is in love with Violet Turner, his best friend and a psychiatrist at Oceanside Wellness. Cooper is often ridiculing Violet for her continued infatuation with her ex-boyfriend Alan. When Violet is feeling sexually deprived she makes a pact to be friends with benefits with Cooper, but Cooper backs out at the last minute because he does not want to change their relationship. In the episode "In Which Cooper Finds a Port in His Storm," he meets Dr. Charlotte King, chief of staff at the local hospital and someone he knows professionally, through an on-line dating site. She is completely embarrassed by this and walks away from the date, and attempts to avoid Cooper thereafter, but the end of the episode, she agrees to have a drink with Cooper, but instead, the two end up having sex and enter into a strictly sexual relationship in later episodes. The two begin to care for each other; however, the relationship breaks apart after Cooper finds out Charlotte has secretly been making and executing plans to rent out the fourth floor of the practice. In the episode "Homeward Bound", he goes to Alabama to find her and see her dying father. He assists in pulling the plug and on the ride home she cries in his lap. In "Nothing to Fear", they reconcile and she asks him to marry her. He initially agrees but later says he wants to spend the rest with her but declines. In 2x14 Charlotte forgives him until he says he's moving in with Violet. In 2x15, he reveals that Violet is pregnant, he is not the father, but he wants to help. He tells her that he loves her but she leaves saying that his first child should be with her. Later Charlotte sleeps with Archer to push Cooper away. When she tells him, however, he refuses to give up on the relationship and pledges his love. Moved, she apologizes, and he says that he forgives her. They start fresh and everything goes well until Violet is attacked by a former patient, Katie. Cooper blames himself for not being there to protect her. In the episode "Right Here, Right Now", he tells Charlotte that he is broke, and she pays to buy out his share of the practice. In the following episode, Charlotte joins the practice with a specialty in Sexology which makes him uncomfortable. He also feels emasculated, which is a running theme for him in season 3. In 3x07 Charlotte reveals that she was married before which causes tension between them and he breaks up with her later. In 3x16 he comes back from a two-week vacation. She yells at him for abandoning her, and he says that it was a mistake to sleep with her. Later he walks in on her and Sheldon having sex. In 3x19 he works with Charlotte in a sex education session for the elderly. Also, he tells her that he wants to keep a professional relationship with her. In 3x20 Violet returns, and he almost kisses Charlotte. He tells Violet that his parents' had another son who died before him, and that he feels like he was a second choice for Charlotte. He tells Violet he's going to try to get Charlotte back. In 3x21 he testifies for Violet's custody for her and Pete's son Lucas. He admits to the judge that she should not get custody of Lucas. Violet slaps him. At the end, he tells Charlotte that he hasn't been himself and the people he loves are important and asks her out to dinner. In 3x22 they have sex in the beginning but he later brushes her off. At the end of the episode Violet forgives him and he admits to her that he loves Charlotte. So Violet tells him to go after Charlotte. So he does. In the season 3 finale 3x23 He proposes to Charlotte and later tells everyone in the waiting room that he's getting married. At the end, he tells her that he should take back the proposal and do it the next day, because it was a crappy day to propose with the Dell dying and Maya almost dying. When she doubts his motives he tells her, "you are everything I never knew I wanted, I cannot live without you." She gives him back the ring and he asks, "I propose again tomorrow, what will you say?" and she says she's going to say yes. Charlotte and Cooper's relationship hits a bit of a rough patch after she is raped, however they overcome their issues and marry. In season 5, Cooper discovers that he has a son, Mason, and Cooper instantly bonds with his child and after a bit of a rocky start, Charlotte eventually bonds with him as well. In the first episode of season 6 he and Charlotte find out they're pregnant with triplets girls, who they named - Georgia (name given by Charlotte, born 1st), Caroline (name given by Mason, born 2nd) and Rachel King-Freedman (name given by Cooper, born 3rd). References ^ Private Practice at The Futon Critic External links ABC Bio of Cooper Freedman vteGrey's AnatomyGrey's AnatomySeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Characters Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Jo Wilson Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Andrew DeLuca Levi Schmitt Atticus Lincoln Adaptations A Corazón Abierto (Mexican telenovela) A Corazón Abierto (Colombian telenovela) Doktorlar (Turkish series) Other Cast members Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private PracticeEpisodes Season 1 2 3 4 "Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King?" 5 6 Characters Addison Montgomery Pete Wilder Naomi Bennett Cooper Freedman Charlotte King Dell Parker Sheldon Wallace Amelia Shepherd Sam Bennett Violet Turner AdaptationsMerhaba Hayat (Turkish series)Station 19Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 "Nothing Seems the Same" 5 6 7 Related Shonda Rhimes Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Private Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Practice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Paul Adelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Adelstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Dr. Cooper Freedman is a fictional character on the Grey's Anatomy spin-off, Private Practice. He is portrayed by actor Paul Adelstein.[1]","title":"Cooper Freedman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"}],"text":"Cooper Freedman (Coop) was the only child, adopted, raised in Akron, Ohio. He never looked for his biological parents because he feels his parents are great. As a teen, he worked on summer camps in Indiana, where he realized he liked children and decided to become a pediatrician. He always says he wants to be \"normal\" in regards to his relationship with Charlotte King.","title":"Character history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pediatrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrician"},{"link_name":"Violet Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Turner"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of This Life, Part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy_episodes_(Season_3)#The_Other_Side_of_This_Life,_Part_1"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"}],"text":"Cooper works at the Oceanside Wellness Center as a pediatrician. He is best friends with his coworker, Violet Turner, who is a psychiatrist. They both suffer from relationship troubles; Cooper has problems meeting women because he says that he does not know how to socialize with people, so instead of dating face-to-face, Cooper prefers internet dating. These online relationships almost never work out and he is always left humiliated. For example, in the episode \"The Other Side of This Life, Part 1\", Cooper's car is stolen by a woman he met online.Despite his personal problems, Cooper is quite successful at his job. He is a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics. It is clear that he genuinely cares about every one of his patients, as he is easily able to empathize with them and is willing to go the extra mile to help them. For example, in one episode, he noticed several symptoms of abuse in a girl with a broken arm whose mother is Sam's patient. Despite Sam's objections, Cooper reports his suspicions and later testifies in court to help the child. On one occasion, Cooper even confides in a patient named Michael about a love dilemma, that he is in love with a woman, but also couldn't tell her. Cooper and Michael make a pact to tell the objects of their affection how they feel.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Violet Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Turner"},{"link_name":"In Which Cooper Finds a Port in His Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Which_Cooper_Finds_a_Port_in_His_Storm"},{"link_name":"Charlotte King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_King"},{"link_name":"Homeward Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeward_Bound_(Private_Practice)"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"}],"text":"In the beginning of season 1 it is suggested that Cooper is in love with Violet Turner, his best friend and a psychiatrist at Oceanside Wellness. Cooper is often ridiculing Violet for her continued infatuation with her ex-boyfriend Alan. When Violet is feeling sexually deprived she makes a pact to be friends with benefits with Cooper, but Cooper backs out at the last minute because he does not want to change their relationship.In the episode \"In Which Cooper Finds a Port in His Storm,\" he meets Dr. Charlotte King, chief of staff at the local hospital and someone he knows professionally, through an on-line dating site. She is completely embarrassed by this and walks away from the date, and attempts to avoid Cooper thereafter, but the end of the episode, she agrees to have a drink with Cooper, but instead, the two end up having sex and enter into a strictly sexual relationship in later episodes. The two begin to care for each other; however, the relationship breaks apart after Cooper finds out Charlotte has secretly been making and executing plans to rent out the fourth floor of the practice.In the episode \"Homeward Bound\", he goes to Alabama to find her and see her dying father. He assists in pulling the plug and on the ride home she cries in his lap. In \"Nothing to Fear\", they reconcile and she asks him to marry her. He initially agrees but later says he wants to spend the rest with her but declines. In 2x14 Charlotte forgives him until he says he's moving in with Violet. In 2x15, he reveals that Violet is pregnant, he is not the father, but he wants to help. He tells her that he loves her but she leaves saying that his first child should be with her.Later Charlotte sleeps with Archer to push Cooper away. When she tells him, however, he refuses to give up on the relationship and pledges his love. Moved, she apologizes, and he says that he forgives her. They start fresh and everything goes well until Violet is attacked by a former patient, Katie. Cooper blames himself for not being there to protect her.In the episode \"Right Here, Right Now\", he tells Charlotte that he is broke, and she pays to buy out his share of the practice. In the following episode, Charlotte joins the practice with a specialty in Sexology which makes him uncomfortable. He also feels emasculated, which is a running theme for him in season 3. In 3x07 Charlotte reveals that she was married before which causes tension between them and he breaks up with her later.In 3x16 he comes back from a two-week vacation. She yells at him for abandoning her, and he says that it was a mistake to sleep with her. Later he walks in on her and Sheldon having sex. In 3x19 he works with Charlotte in a sex education session for the elderly. Also, he tells her that he wants to keep a professional relationship with her. In 3x20 Violet returns, and he almost kisses Charlotte.He tells Violet that his parents' had another son who died before him, and that he feels like he was a second choice for Charlotte. He tells Violet he's going to try to get Charlotte back. In 3x21 he testifies for Violet's custody for her and Pete's son Lucas. He admits to the judge that she should not get custody of Lucas. Violet slaps him. At the end, he tells Charlotte that he hasn't been himself and the people he loves are important and asks her out to dinner. In 3x22 they have sex in the beginning but he later brushes her off. At the end of the episode Violet forgives him and he admits to her that he loves Charlotte. So Violet tells him to go after Charlotte. So he does. In the season 3 finale 3x23 He proposes to Charlotte and later tells everyone in the waiting room that he's getting married.At the end, he tells her that he should take back the proposal and do it the next day, because it was a crappy day to propose with the Dell dying and Maya almost dying. When she doubts his motives he tells her, \"you are everything I never knew I wanted, I cannot live without you.\" She gives him back the ring and he asks, \"I propose again tomorrow, what will you say?\" and she says she's going to say yes. Charlotte and Cooper's relationship hits a bit of a rough patch after she is raped, however they overcome their issues and marry. In season 5, Cooper discovers that he has a son, Mason, and Cooper instantly bonds with his child and after a bit of a rocky start, Charlotte eventually bonds with him as well.\nIn the first episode of season 6 he and Charlotte find out they're pregnant with triplets girls, who they named - Georgia (name given by Charlotte, born 1st), Caroline (name given by Mason, born 2nd) and Rachel King-Freedman (name given by Cooper, born 3rd).","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch.aspx?id=private_practice","external_links_name":"The Futon Critic"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081029101332/http://abc.go.com/primetime/privatepractice/index?pn=bios#t=character&d=25008","external_links_name":"ABC Bio of Cooper Freedman"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Devine	Bing Devine	["1 Early baseball career","2 First term as Cardinals' general manager","3 1964: Premature firing and a world championship","4 Building the Miracle Mets","5 Second term as Cardinals' general manager","6 References","7 External links"]	Bing DevineDevine in 1962Born(1916-03-01)March 1, 1916St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.DiedJanuary 27, 2007(2007-01-27) (aged 90)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.OccupationBaseball executive Vaughan Pallmore "Bing" Devine (March 1, 1916 – January 27, 2007) was an American front office executive in Major League Baseball. In the prime of his career, as a general manager, the executive who is responsible for all baseball operations, Devine was a major architect of four National League champions and three World Series champions in the six years from 1964 through 1969. Specifically, Devine served as general manager of the St. Louis Cardinals from November 12, 1957, through August 17, 1964, and was directly responsible for putting the 1964 world champion Cardinals on the field – even though he had been fired with seven weeks remaining in the season, one of the most bizarre events in baseball annals. Many of the players Devine acquired led the Cardinals to the 1967 world title and the 1968 NL championship, the latter occurring during Devine's second tour (1968–78) as the Cardinals' general manager. In between those terms, from 1965 to 1967, Devine was assistant to the president and then president (and de facto general manager) of the New York Mets, where he helped put together the organization that turned the franchise from baseball's laughingstocks into 1969's world champions as the "Miracle Mets." During the 1980s, he also served as president of the St. Louis football Cardinals of the National Football League. Early baseball career Devine was born in St. Louis, where he attended University City High School and Washington University. He played college basketball and semiprofessional baseball, then joined the Cardinals in 1939 as an office boy and batting practice pitcher. In 1941, he became business manager of the Class D Johnson City Cardinals. During a roster shortage, Devine activated himself as a second baseman for 27 games and 93 at bats, but he garnered only 11 hits for a .118 batting average. Thereafter he hung up his uniform and concentrated on his work in the front office. As pioneers of the farm system concept, the Cardinals had as many as 40 affiliated or owned teams in their minor league system before World War II. With time out for U.S. Navy service during the war, Devine rose rapidly through the ranks as a business manager of Cardinal farm teams, finally becoming the general manager of the Rochester Red Wings of the Triple-A International League in 1949. After six seasons at the helm of the Redbirds' top farm team, he joined the St. Louis front office in the autumn of 1954. The Cardinals, recently purchased by brewery magnate August A. Busch Jr., entered a rebuilding mode under trade-happy general manager "Frantic" Frank Lane after the 1955 season. The team finished second in the NL in 1957, but Lane had worn out his welcome; he moved on to run the Cleveland Indians and was replaced in St. Louis by the steadier hand of Devine. First term as Cardinals' general manager Devine began to add talent and depth to the St. Louis roster, including African American and Latin American players. He was seen as being very progressive when it came to signing or trading for black and Latin ballplayers, whereas other teams (most notably the New York Yankees) showed a great deal of reluctance in this area. In the first five years of his reign, he promoted or traded for players such as Bob Gibson, Bill White, Curt Flood and Julián Javier. But the Cardinals were mired in the middle of the pack of a very powerful National League. In 1963—a season also marked by the final campaign of the Cardinals' longtime superstar, Stan Musial—the Redbirds surged into contention, sparked by the acquisition of shortstop Dick Groat from the Pittsburgh Pirates, 18-win seasons from pitchers Gibson and Ernie Broglio, the comeback of left-handed starter Curt Simmons (who had been signed off the scrap heap by Devine), and the strong campaign of young catcher Tim McCarver. The Cardinals challenged the eventual world champion Los Angeles Dodgers into mid-September before finishing second, the club's highest showing since 1957. Devine was chosen as Major League Executive of the Year by The Sporting News for his efforts in returning the Cards to contending status. 1964: Premature firing and a world championship However, when the 1964 season began, the Philadelphia Phillies took a stranglehold on first place. The Cardinals were trying a variety of young players in Musial's old left-field position, and none were taking hold. At the June 15 trading deadline, Devine sprang. Lou Brock, a 25-year-old outfielder with great speed (and deceptive power as a hitter) in his third year with the second-division Chicago Cubs, was not living up to his projected potential. Devine offered the Cubs Broglio, his 18-game winner from the previous year, plus outfielder Doug Clemens and pitcher Bobby Shantz, for Brock and two marginal pitchers. The Cubs agreed, and one of the most significant (and one-sided) trades in baseball history was made. Brock hit .348 for the remainder of the season, and led the Cardinals to their three pennants and two world titles over the next five years. He played the rest of his career with St. Louis (retiring in 1979), and would steal 938 bases (breaking Ty Cobb's record, and currently second all-time to Rickey Henderson), exceed the 3,000 hit mark (with 3,023), bat .424 with 34 hits and 14 stolen bases in 21 World Series games, and become a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Ironically, Brock's impact on the Cardinals' won-lost mark or position in the standings was not felt immediately. The team continued to trail the Phillies by a large margin and it looked to all as though the club's pennant drought would extend to 18 years; by August 17, the Redbirds were mired in fifth place, nine games behind the Phillies. Owner Busch was bitterly disappointed, and decided to clean out his front office. On the advice of his special assistant, legendary Branch Rickey, Busch fired Devine and business manager Art Routzong, and accepted the resignation of assistant general manager Eddie Stanky. Manager Johnny Keane was temporarily spared, but Leo Durocher, then the bench coach of the Dodgers, was secretly negotiating with Busch to take over for 1965. Meanwhile, Devine's old job went to Rickey protégé Bob Howsam. As events unfolded, Busch had acted in haste. The Cardinals began to win, while the Phillies suffered an epic September collapse, losing a 6+1⁄2-game lead with a dozen games to play, sparking a wild, four-team, 11th hour scramble for the pennant. On the final day of the season, after sweeping the Phillies to take first place, the Cardinals prevailed, clinching the NL championship for the first time since 1946 by beating the lowly Mets after losing the first two games of the series. Led by Gibson, the undisputed ace of the staff since Broglio's trade, and McCarver, the Cardinals then defeated the New York Yankees in a seven-game World Series. Even though he had been on the sidelines since August 17, Devine again was cited as the top executive in baseball by The Sporting News. Meanwhile, Keane resigned after the World Series triumph (and became skipper of the Yankees). Instead of Durocher, Cardinal coach Red Schoendienst was named as manager for 1965. Building the Miracle Mets Devine's departure was a cause-celebre in St. Louis, but the damage had been done. Although he landed on his feet as the successor to George Weiss, president of the Mets, Devine was forced to leave his hometown and the only team he had ever worked for at the pinnacle of his career. But, while Devine never moved his family to New York, he tackled his new job with gusto. On his watch, the Mets began to strengthen their farm system, signing and developing young pitching talent that formed the core of the 1969 world champions: Tom Seaver, Jerry Koosman, Nolan Ryan, Gary Gentry and Jim McAndrew. Meanwhile, Howsam left the Cardinals in January 1967 to become general manager of the Cincinnati Reds and Musial was named his successor. In 1967, the Cardinals won 101 games and ran away with the National League race, winning the pennant by 10+1⁄2 games, then bested the Boston Red Sox in a seven-game World Series. The core of the team was Devine's, but Howsam had contributed significantly to the roster with his 1966 acquisitions of NL Most Valuable Player first baseman Orlando Cepeda and right fielder Roger Maris. At the other extreme, the Mets, with most of their young pitching talent still ripening in the minors, lost 101 games and finished dead last. Baseball people took note of Devine's accomplishments in New York, however, and when Musial, a world champion general manager in his maiden season, decided he did not want to continue in the role, Busch was able to secure Devine's release from the Mets, and brought him back to the Cardinals as executive vice president and general manager on December 2, 1967. Second term as Cardinals' general manager In 1968, led by Gibson's all-time record 1.12 earned run average, the Cardinals repeated as NL champions and held a three games to one lead in the World Series against the Detroit Tigers, but lost the final three contests to be denied back-to-back world titles. Suddenly, Devine was faced with retooling an aging roster. Brock and Gibson remained Cardinal mainstays, but Devine traded Cepeda to the Atlanta Braves after the 1968 season, then dealt Flood and McCarver to Philadelphia following the 1969 campaign. In the Cepeda deal, Devine acquired Joe Torre, who won the 1971 NL batting average championship and the league's Most Valuable Player award. But the Cardinals suffered long-term damage when Busch ordered Devine to trade star left-handed pitcher Steve Carlton in 1972 after a salary dispute. Carlton, coming off his first 20-win season, was sent to the Phillies for pitcher Rick Wise, an uneven swap that helped to turn the last-place Phillies into contenders. Meanwhile, the Cardinals became NL East also-rans. In 1978, Devine was again replaced as Cardinals' general manager (this time by John Claiborne) and again he departed the organization, working for the San Francisco Giants as assistant general manager, the Montreal Expos as a player development official, and the Phillies as a scout. From 1981 to 1986, he was club president of the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League. But eventually he returned to the baseball Cardinals, where he served as a special scout and advisor to general manager Walt Jocketty. Devine died in St. Louis at the age of 90. References ^ Devine, Bing; Wheatley, Tom (2004). The Memoirs of Bing Devine: Stealing Lou Brock and Other Winning Moves by a Master GM. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 9781582617633. ^ Newspaper article, The Associated Press, October 17, 1964 External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors) "Bing Devine photographs". University of Missouri–St. Louis. Bing Devine Oral History Interview - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection Preceded byFrank Lane St. Louis Cardinals General Manager 1957–1964 Succeeded byBob Howsam Preceded byGeorge Weiss New York Mets General Manager 1966–1967 Succeeded byJohnny Murphy Preceded byGeorge Weiss New York Mets President 1966–1967 Succeeded byJoan Payson Preceded byStan Musial St. Louis Cardinals General Manager 1967–1978 Succeeded byJohn Claiborne vteNew York Mets general managers Weiss Devine Murphy Scheffing McDonald Cashen Harazin McIlvaine Phillips Duquette Minaya Ricco (interim) Alderson Triumvirate (Ricco, Minaya, Ricciardi) (interim) Van Wagenen Porter Scott (interim) Eppler vteNew York Mets presidents Weiss Devine Payson de Roulet Wilpon Katz Alderson vteSt. Louis Cardinals general managers Branch Rickey (1919–1942) William Walsingham Jr. (1942–1953) Richard A. Meyer (1953–1955) Frank Lane (1955–1957) Bing Devine (1957–1964) Bob Howsam (1964–1966) Stan Musial (1967) Bing Devine (1967–1978) John Claiborne (1978–1980) Whitey Herzog (1980–1982) Joe McDonald (1982–1984) Dal Maxvill (1984–1994) Walt Jocketty (1994–2007) John Mozeliak (2007–2017) Mike Girsch (2017–present) vteSporting News Executive of the Year Award 1936: Rickey 1937: Barrow 1938: Giles 1939: La. MacPhail 1940: Briggs 1941: Barrow 1942: Rickey 1943: Cl. Griffith 1944: DeWitt 1945: Wrigley 1946: Yawkey 1947: Rickey 1948: Veeck 1949: Carpenter 1950: Weiss 1951: Weiss 1952: Weiss 1953: Perini 1954: Stoneham 1955: O'Malley 1956: Paul 1957: Lane 1958: Brown 1959: Bavasi 1960: Weiss 1961: Topping 1962: Haney 1963: Devine 1964: Devine 1965: Ca. Griffith 1966: Le. MacPhail 1967: O'Connell 1968: Campbell 1969: Murphy 1970: Dalton 1971: Tallis 1972: Hemond 1973: Howsam 1974: Paul 1975: O'Connell 1976: Burke 1977: Veeck 1978: Richardson 1979: Peters 1980: Smith 1981: McHale 1982: Dalton 1983: Peters 1984: Green 1985: Schuerholz 1986: Cashen 1987: Rosen 1988: Claire 1989: Hemond 1990: Quinn 1991: A. MacPhail 1992: Duquette 1993: Thomas 1994: Hart 1995: Hart 1996: Melvin 1997: Bonifay 1998: Hunsicker 1999: Beane 2000: Jocketty 2001: Gillick 2002: Ryan 2003: Sabean 2004: Jocketty 2005: Shapiro 2006: Ryan 2007: Shapiro 2008: Friedman 2009: O'Dowd 2010: Jocketty 2011: Dombrowski / Melvin 2012: Beane 2013: Cherington 2014: Duquette 2015: Anthopoulos 2016: Epstein 2017: Antonetti 2018: Beane 2019: Neander 2020: Hahn 2021: Zaidi 2022: Antonetti 2023: Elias Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"1964 world champion Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_World_Series"},{"link_name":"1967 world title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_World_Series"},{"link_name":"1968 NL championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_World_Series"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"1969's world champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_World_Series"},{"link_name":"St. Louis football Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"}],"text":"Vaughan Pallmore \"Bing\" Devine (March 1, 1916 – January 27, 2007) was an American front office executive in Major League Baseball. In the prime of his career, as a general manager, the executive who is responsible for all baseball operations, Devine was a major architect of four National League champions and three World Series champions in the six years from 1964 through 1969.Specifically, Devine served as general manager of the St. Louis Cardinals from November 12, 1957, through August 17, 1964, and was directly responsible for putting the 1964 world champion Cardinals on the field – even though he had been fired with seven weeks remaining in the season, one of the most bizarre events in baseball annals. Many of the players Devine acquired led the Cardinals to the 1967 world title and the 1968 NL championship, the latter occurring during Devine's second tour (1968–78) as the Cardinals' general manager.In between those terms, from 1965 to 1967, Devine was assistant to the president and then president (and de facto general manager) of the New York Mets, where he helped put together the organization that turned the franchise from baseball's laughingstocks into 1969's world champions as the \"Miracle Mets.\" During the 1980s, he also served as president of the St. Louis football Cardinals of the National Football League.","title":"Bing Devine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"University City High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_City_High_School_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Johnson City Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"second baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"at bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_bats"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"farm system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_system"},{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Rochester Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"August A. Busch Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gussie_Busch"},{"link_name":"Frank Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lane"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"}],"text":"Devine was born in St. Louis, where he attended University City High School and Washington University. He played college basketball and semiprofessional baseball, then joined the Cardinals in 1939 as an office boy and batting practice pitcher. In 1941, he became business manager of the Class D Johnson City Cardinals. During a roster shortage, Devine activated himself as a second baseman for 27 games and 93 at bats, but he garnered only 11 hits for a .118 batting average. Thereafter he hung up his uniform and concentrated on his work in the front office.[1]As pioneers of the farm system concept, the Cardinals had as many as 40 affiliated or owned teams in their minor league system before World War II. With time out for U.S. Navy service during the war, Devine rose rapidly through the ranks as a business manager of Cardinal farm teams, finally becoming the general manager of the Rochester Red Wings of the Triple-A International League in 1949. After six seasons at the helm of the Redbirds' top farm team, he joined the St. Louis front office in the autumn of 1954. The Cardinals, recently purchased by brewery magnate August A. Busch Jr., entered a rebuilding mode under trade-happy general manager \"Frantic\" Frank Lane after the 1955 season. The team finished second in the NL in 1957, but Lane had worn out his welcome; he moved on to run the Cleveland Indians and was replaced in St. Louis by the steadier hand of Devine.","title":"Early baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Bob Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Bill White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_White_(first_baseman)"},{"link_name":"Curt Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Flood"},{"link_name":"Julián Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Javier"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Stan Musial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Musial"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"Dick Groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Groat"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"pitchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Ernie Broglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Broglio"},{"link_name":"Curt Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Simmons"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"Tim McCarver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McCarver"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"}],"text":"Devine began to add talent and depth to the St. Louis roster, including African American and Latin American players. He was seen as being very progressive when it came to signing or trading for black and Latin ballplayers, whereas other teams (most notably the New York Yankees) showed a great deal of reluctance in this area. In the first five years of his reign, he promoted or traded for players such as Bob Gibson, Bill White, Curt Flood and Julián Javier. But the Cardinals were mired in the middle of the pack of a very powerful National League.In 1963—a season also marked by the final campaign of the Cardinals' longtime superstar, Stan Musial—the Redbirds surged into contention, sparked by the acquisition of shortstop Dick Groat from the Pittsburgh Pirates, 18-win seasons from pitchers Gibson and Ernie Broglio, the comeback of left-handed starter Curt Simmons (who had been signed off the scrap heap by Devine), and the strong campaign of young catcher Tim McCarver. The Cardinals challenged the eventual world champion Los Angeles Dodgers into mid-September before finishing second, the club's highest showing since 1957. Devine was chosen as Major League Executive of the Year by The Sporting News for his efforts in returning the Cards to contending status.","title":"First term as Cardinals' general manager"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Lou Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Brock"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"second-division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_division_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Doug Clemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Clemens"},{"link_name":"Bobby Shantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Shantz"},{"link_name":"most significant (and one-sided) trades in baseball history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_for_Broglio"},{"link_name":"steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base"},{"link_name":"Ty Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Rickey Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickey_Henderson"},{"link_name":"hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Branch Rickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Rickey"},{"link_name":"Eddie Stanky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Stanky"},{"link_name":"Johnny Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Keane"},{"link_name":"Leo Durocher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Durocher"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bob Howsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Howsam"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Red Schoendienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Schoendienst"}],"text":"However, when the 1964 season began, the Philadelphia Phillies took a stranglehold on first place. The Cardinals were trying a variety of young players in Musial's old left-field position, and none were taking hold. At the June 15 trading deadline, Devine sprang. Lou Brock, a 25-year-old outfielder with great speed (and deceptive power as a hitter) in his third year with the second-division Chicago Cubs, was not living up to his projected potential. Devine offered the Cubs Broglio, his 18-game winner from the previous year, plus outfielder Doug Clemens and pitcher Bobby Shantz, for Brock and two marginal pitchers. The Cubs agreed, and one of the most significant (and one-sided) trades in baseball history was made. Brock hit .348 for the remainder of the season, and led the Cardinals to their three pennants and two world titles over the next five years. He played the rest of his career with St. Louis (retiring in 1979), and would steal 938 bases (breaking Ty Cobb's record, and currently second all-time to Rickey Henderson), exceed the 3,000 hit mark (with 3,023), bat .424 with 34 hits and 14 stolen bases in 21 World Series games, and become a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame.Ironically, Brock's impact on the Cardinals' won-lost mark or position in the standings was not felt immediately. The team continued to trail the Phillies by a large margin and it looked to all as though the club's pennant drought would extend to 18 years; by August 17, the Redbirds were mired in fifth place, nine games behind the Phillies. Owner Busch was bitterly disappointed, and decided to clean out his front office. On the advice of his special assistant, legendary Branch Rickey, Busch fired Devine and business manager Art Routzong, and accepted the resignation of assistant general manager Eddie Stanky. Manager Johnny Keane was temporarily spared, but Leo Durocher, then the bench coach of the Dodgers, was secretly negotiating with Busch to take over for 1965.[2] Meanwhile, Devine's old job went to Rickey protégé Bob Howsam.As events unfolded, Busch had acted in haste. The Cardinals began to win, while the Phillies suffered an epic September collapse, losing a 6+1⁄2-game lead with a dozen games to play, sparking a wild, four-team, 11th hour scramble for the pennant. On the final day of the season, after sweeping the Phillies to take first place, the Cardinals prevailed, clinching the NL championship for the first time since 1946 by beating the lowly Mets after losing the first two games of the series. Led by Gibson, the undisputed ace of the staff since Broglio's trade, and McCarver, the Cardinals then defeated the New York Yankees in a seven-game World Series. Even though he had been on the sidelines since August 17, Devine again was cited as the top executive in baseball by The Sporting News. Meanwhile, Keane resigned after the World Series triumph (and became skipper of the Yankees). Instead of Durocher, Cardinal coach Red Schoendienst was named as manager for 1965.","title":"1964: Premature firing and a world championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weiss_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Tom Seaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Seaver"},{"link_name":"Jerry Koosman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Koosman"},{"link_name":"Nolan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Gary Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gentry"},{"link_name":"Jim McAndrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McAndrew"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Orlando Cepeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Cepeda"},{"link_name":"Roger Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Maris"}],"text":"Devine's departure was a cause-celebre in St. Louis, but the damage had been done. Although he landed on his feet as the successor to George Weiss, president of the Mets, Devine was forced to leave his hometown and the only team he had ever worked for at the pinnacle of his career. But, while Devine never moved his family to New York, he tackled his new job with gusto. On his watch, the Mets began to strengthen their farm system, signing and developing young pitching talent that formed the core of the 1969 world champions: Tom Seaver, Jerry Koosman, Nolan Ryan, Gary Gentry and Jim McAndrew. Meanwhile, Howsam left the Cardinals in January 1967 to become general manager of the Cincinnati Reds and Musial was named his successor.In 1967, the Cardinals won 101 games and ran away with the National League race, winning the pennant by 10+1⁄2 games, then bested the Boston Red Sox in a seven-game World Series. The core of the team was Devine's, but Howsam had contributed significantly to the roster with his 1966 acquisitions of NL Most Valuable Player first baseman Orlando Cepeda and right fielder Roger Maris. At the other extreme, the Mets, with most of their young pitching talent still ripening in the minors, lost 101 games and finished dead last. Baseball people took note of Devine's accomplishments in New York, however, and when Musial, a world champion general manager in his maiden season, decided he did not want to continue in the role, Busch was able to secure Devine's release from the Mets, and brought him back to the Cardinals as executive vice president and general manager on December 2, 1967.","title":"Building the Miracle Mets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Joe Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Torre"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"Steve Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Carlton"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Rick Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wise"},{"link_name":"John Claiborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Claiborne_(baseball_executive)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sport)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_football_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Walt Jocketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Jocketty"}],"text":"In 1968, led by Gibson's all-time record 1.12 earned run average, the Cardinals repeated as NL champions and held a three games to one lead in the World Series against the Detroit Tigers, but lost the final three contests to be denied back-to-back world titles. Suddenly, Devine was faced with retooling an aging roster. Brock and Gibson remained Cardinal mainstays, but Devine traded Cepeda to the Atlanta Braves after the 1968 season, then dealt Flood and McCarver to Philadelphia following the 1969 campaign. In the Cepeda deal, Devine acquired Joe Torre, who won the 1971 NL batting average championship and the league's Most Valuable Player award. But the Cardinals suffered long-term damage when Busch ordered Devine to trade star left-handed pitcher Steve Carlton in 1972 after a salary dispute. Carlton, coming off his first 20-win season, was sent to the Phillies for pitcher Rick Wise, an uneven swap that helped to turn the last-place Phillies into contenders. Meanwhile, the Cardinals became NL East also-rans.In 1978, Devine was again replaced as Cardinals' general manager (this time by John Claiborne) and again he departed the organization, working for the San Francisco Giants as assistant general manager, the Montreal Expos as a player development official, and the Phillies as a scout. From 1981 to 1986, he was club president of the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League. But eventually he returned to the baseball Cardinals, where he served as a special scout and advisor to general manager Walt Jocketty.Devine died in St. Louis at the age of 90.","title":"Second term as Cardinals' general manager"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Devine, Bing; Wheatley, Tom (2004). The Memoirs of Bing Devine: Stealing Lou Brock and Other Winning Moves by a Master GM. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 9781582617633.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UbsldDlgZeEC&pg=PA62","url_text":"The Memoirs of Bing Devine: Stealing Lou Brock and Other Winning Moves by a Master GM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582617633","url_text":"9781582617633"}]},{"reference":"\"Bing Devine photographs\". University of Missouri–St. Louis.","urls":[{"url":"http://tjrhino1.umsl.edu/whmc/view.php?description_get=bing+devine","url_text":"\"Bing Devine photographs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93St._Louis","url_text":"University of Missouri–St. Louis"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UbsldDlgZeEC&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"The Memoirs of Bing Devine: Stealing Lou Brock and Other Winning Moves by a Master GM"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19641017&id=PtIhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v54FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1726,3619805&hl=en","external_links_name":"Newspaper article"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=devine001vau","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"http://tjrhino1.umsl.edu/whmc/view.php?description_get=bing+devine","external_links_name":"\"Bing Devine photographs\""},{"Link":"https://collection.baseballhall.org/PASTIME/bing-devine-oral-history-interview-circa-1968","external_links_name":"Bing Devine Oral History Interview - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000049488060","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54100041","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrryF3yxX7dGjmhTgDcyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2004022557","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmaeil_Farhadi	Esmaeil Farhadi	["1 Club career","1.1 Club career statistics","2 Honours","2.1 Club","2.2 Individual","3 References"]	Iranian football player This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Esmaeil Farhadi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Esmaeil FarhadiPersonal informationFull name Esmaeil FarhadiDate of birth (1982-07-26) July 26, 1982 (age 41)Place of birth Esfahan, IranPosition(s) StrikerTeam informationCurrent team Machine SaziNumber 99Youth career1999–2000 Polyacryl EsfahanSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2000–2005 Polyacryl Esfahan 17 (6)2005–2015 Zob Ahan 280 (44)2015–2016 Giti Pasand 18 (3)2016–2017 Oxin Alborz 23 (3)2017–2018 Gostaresh Foolad 19 (1)2018– Machine Sazi 0 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 19 January 2018 Esmaeil Farhadi (Persian: اسماعیل فرهادی, born July 26, 1982, Iran) is an Iranian football player who currently plays for Gostaresh Foulad in Persian Gulf Pro League. Club career Farhadi played for Zob Ahan in the 2010 AFC Champions League group stage. Club career statistics As of 26 December 2017 Club performance League Cup Continental Total Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Iran League Hazfi Cup Asia Total 2005–06 Zob Ahan Pro League 18 7 0 0 - - 18 7 2006–07 24 2 0 0 - - 24 2 2007–08 33 9 0 0 - - 33 9 2008–09 32 8 0 0 - - 32 8 2009–10 33 6 0 0 12 1 33 6 2010–11 33 1 1 0 8 1 42 2 2011–12 31 1 0 0 1 0 31 1 2012–13 33 7 2 1 - - 19 5 2013–14 24 2 2 0 - - 26 2 2014–15 19 1 2 0 - - 21 1 2015-16 Giti Pasand Azadegan League 18 3 0 0 - - 18 3 2016-17 Oxin Alborz 23 3 1 0 - - 24 3 2017-18 Gostaresh Foulad Pro League 19 1 2 0 - - 21 1 Career total 305 47 8 1 21 2 329 50 Assist Goals Season Team Assists 07–08 Zob Ahan 3 08–09 Zob Ahan 9 09–10 Zob Ahan 6 10–11 Zob Ahan 4 11-12 Zob Ahan 0 Honours Club Zob Ahan Hazfi Cup (2): 2008–09, 2014–15 Iran Pro League Runner-up: 2008–09, 2009–10 AFC Champions League Runner-up: 2010 Individual Iran's Premier Football League 2008/09 Top Goalassistant with 9 assists, shared with Mohammad Reza Khalatbari and Ivan Petrović, Zob Ahan References ^ "Match: Al-Ittihad vs Zob-Ahan – AFC Champions League". ESPN Soccernet. 2010-03-09. Archived from the original on 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2010-03-11. vteZob Ahan F.C. Player of the Season 2006: Rajabzadeh 2007: Rajabzadeh 2008: Farhadi 2009: Khalatbari 2010: Khalatbari 2011: Hosseini 2012: Talebi 2013: Farhadi 2014: Haddadifar 2015: Haddadifar 2016: Rajabzadeh 2017: Pahlavan 2018: Hosseini 2019: Bou Hamdan vteGiti Pasand F.C. – current squad 1 Erfani 2 Abdollahpour 3 Kiani 4 Shafaat 5 Shirazi 6 Mohammadi 8 Amiri 9 Abolhassani 10 Aziz-Mohammadi 11 Abbasian 15 Mokhtari 24 Giahchian 29 Kazemi 66 Salsali 99 Shojaei Dehghan Eamaiel zadeh Maleki Karami Maftoolkar Mohammadi Nasiri Mirdoraghi Amini Farhadi Manager: Torosian This biographical article related to a football forward from Iran is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Gostaresh Foulad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostaresh_Foulad_F.C."},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Pro_League"}],"text":"Esmaeil Farhadi (Persian: اسماعیل فرهادی, born July 26, 1982, Iran) is an Iranian football player who currently plays for Gostaresh Foulad in Persian Gulf Pro League.","title":"Esmaeil Farhadi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 AFC Champions League group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League_group_stage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Farhadi played for Zob Ahan in the 2010 AFC Champions League group stage.[1]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club career statistics","text":"As of 26 December 2017Assist Goals","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hazfi Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazfi_Cup"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Hazfi_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Hazfi_Cup"},{"link_name":"Iran Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Persian_Gulf_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Persian_Gulf_Cup"},{"link_name":"AFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"Zob AhanHazfi Cup (2): 2008–09, 2014–15\nIran Pro League Runner-up: 2008–09, 2009–10\nAFC Champions League Runner-up: 2010","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iran's Premier Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%27s_Premier_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Reza Khalatbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Khalatbari_(footballer,_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovi%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1980)"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Iran's Premier Football League\n2008/09 Top Goalassistant with 9 assists, shared with Mohammad Reza Khalatbari and Ivan Petrović, Zob Ahan","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Match: Al-Ittihad vs Zob-Ahan – AFC Champions League\". ESPN Soccernet. 2010-03-09. Archived from the original on 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2010-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107151256/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=289335","url_text":"\"Match: Al-Ittihad vs Zob-Ahan – AFC Champions League\""},{"url":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=289335&cc=5901","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Esmaeil+Farhadi%22","external_links_name":"\"Esmaeil Farhadi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Esmaeil+Farhadi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Esmaeil+Farhadi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Esmaeil+Farhadi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Esmaeil+Farhadi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Esmaeil+Farhadi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107151256/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=289335","external_links_name":"\"Match: Al-Ittihad vs Zob-Ahan – AFC Champions League\""},{"Link":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=289335&cc=5901","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esmaeil_Farhadi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tato	Tato	["1 References","2 External links"]	6th-century king of the Lombards For other uses, see Tato (disambiguation).For the use 'tato, see potato.This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tato (died 510) was an early 6th century king of the Lombards. He was the son of Claffo and a king of the Lething Dynasty. According to Procopius, the Lombards were subject and paid tribute to the Heruli during his reign. In 508, he fought with King Rodulf of the Heruli, who was slain. This was a devastating blow to the Heruli and augmented the power of the Lombards. According to Paul the Deacon, the war started because Tato's daughter Rumetrada murdered Rodulf's brother. Tato was murdered by his nephew Wacho in 510. References Origo Gentis Langobardorum Historia Langobardorum by Paul the Deacon Zur Geschichte der Langobarden by Dr. Ludwig Schmidt (Leipzig, 1885) External links A translation of Historia Langobardorum History of the Lombards." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Mar. 2010 Regnal titles Preceded byClaffo King of the Lombards – 510 Succeeded byWacho This biography of a member of a European royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tato (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tato_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"Claffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claffo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lething Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lething_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"Heruli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heruli"},{"link_name":"Rodulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodulf_(petty_king)"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Wacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacho"}],"text":"For other uses, see Tato (disambiguation).For the use 'tato, see potato.Tato (died 510) was an early 6th century king of the Lombards. He was the son of Claffo and a king of the Lething Dynasty.\nAccording to Procopius, the Lombards were subject and paid tribute to the Heruli during his reign. In 508, he fought with King Rodulf of the Heruli, who was slain. This was a devastating blow to the Heruli and augmented the power of the Lombards. According to Paul the Deacon, the war started because Tato's daughter Rumetrada murdered Rodulf's brother.Tato was murdered by his nephew Wacho in 510.","title":"Tato"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070212074645/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/index.php","external_links_name":"A translation of Historia Langobardorum"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/267838/History-of-the-Lombards","external_links_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Mar. 2010"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tato&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_Alberta_general_election	1930 Alberta general election	["1 Nominations","2 Beaver River","3 1930 redistribution of districts","4 Results","5 MLAs elected","5.1 Synopsis of results","5.2 Multi-member districts","6 STV analysis","6.1 Exhausted votes","6.2 Calgary","6.3 Edmonton","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	1930 Alberta general election ← 1926 June 19, 1930 (1930-06-19) 1935 → ← outgoing membersmembers →63 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta 32 seats were needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader John E. Brownlee John W. McDonald Party United Farmers Liberal Leader since November 23, 1925 March 27, 1930 Leader's seat Ponoka ran in unknown Last election 43 seats, 39.7% 7 seats, 26.2% Seats before 44 6 Seats won 39 11 Seat change 5 5 Popular vote 74,187 46,275 Percentage 39.4% 24.6% Swing 0.3% 1.6% Third party Fourth party Leader David M. Duggan Fred J. White Party Conservative Dominion Labor Leader since 1930 between 1921 & 1926 Leader's seat Edmonton Calgary Last election 4 seats, 22.1% 5 seats, 7.8% Seats before 4 5 Seats won 6 4 Seat change 2 1 Popular vote 27,954 14,354 Percentage 14.8% 7.6% Swing 7.3% 0.2% Premier before election John E. Brownlee United Farmers Premier after election John E. Brownlee United Farmers The 1930 Alberta general election was held on June 19, 1930, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The United Farmers of Alberta won election to a third term in government, and John E. Brownlee continued as premier. This provincial election, like the previous election (1926), used district-level proportional representation (Single transferable voting) to elect the MLAs of Edmonton and Calgary. (Medicine Hat no longer had multiple seats.) City-wide districts were used to elect multiple MLAs in the two main cities. All the other MLAs were elected in single-member districts through Instant-runoff voting. Th United Farmers again ran one candidate in Edmonton and won that seat and did not run in Calgary. Altogether in the cities the UFA won just one seat in the cities (in Edmonton) but won a great share of the rural seats, by securing the support of a majority of votes in each district, as required under IRV (AKA Alternative Voting). The effect of STV in the cities was that candidates of four parties - UFA, Conservative, Liberal and Labour - were elected in Edmonton reflecting votes cast. STV in Calgary similarly produced mixed representation reflecting votes cast. Candidates of the Conservative, Liberal and Labour parties were elected there. Nominations There were a significant number of Independent nominations, many of which were in districts where the Liberals chose not to field candidates. In addition, four went to Communist Party members: Communist candidates in the 1930 election District Candidate Votes received(on 1st preference) Calgary John O'Sullivan 460 Drumheller John O'Sullivan 188 Edmonton Jan Lakeman 752 Rocky Mountain Rich Sudworth 783 Total 2,183 Beaver River The most closely contested race in the election happened in the Beaver River electoral district. The election was a three-way race between incumbent United Farmers MLA John Delisle Liberal candidate Henry Dakin and Independent candidate Luc Lebel. The first count results showed Delisle leading Dakin by seven votes. Lebel was in third place with 87 votes. Under Instant runoff voting, when no candidate has a majority, the least-popular candidate is eliminated and his votes transferred. Lebel was eliminated and his 87 votes were transferred where second-choice preference had been marked. The new vote tallies showed Delisle with 21 more votes than Dakin. Delisle was declared elected on June 25, 1930, six days after the election was held. The Liberals challenged the results in provincial court. A judicial recount was ordered. Judge Taylor concluded on August 21, 1930, that the second count results showed Dakin had four more votes than Delisle. Delisle's election was overturned, and Dakin picked up the seat. 1930 redistribution of districts An Act was passed in 1930 providing for an increase of seats from 60 to 63, upon the next election. Calgary and Edmonton now returned six MLAs each instead of five each, and the following other changes were made: Abolished New New districts Clover Bar Drumheller Grande Prairie Merger of districts Claresholm Nanton Nanton-Claresholm High River Okotoks Okotoks-High River ^ from parts of Edmonton, Leduc and Victoria ^ from parts of Bow Valley and Hand Hills ^ from part of Peace River Results Elections to the 7th Alberta Legislative Assembly (1930) Party Leader Candidates First-preference votes Seats Votes ± % Fpv Change (pp) 1926 1930 ± United Farmers John E. Brownlee 47 74,187 2,220 39.41 -0.27 43 39 / 63 4 Liberal John W. McDonald 36 46,275 1,175 24.59 -1.58 7 11 / 63 4 Conservative David M. Duggan 18 27,954 12,137 14.85 -7.25 4 6 / 63 2 Labour Fred J. White 11 14,354 231 7.63 -0.16 5 4 / 63 1 Independent 25 23,266 10,712 12.36 11.66 11.66 – 3 / 63 3 Communist Jan Lakeman 4 2,183 2,183 1.16 1.16 1.16 – 0 / 63 – Independent Labour – Campaigned as Independent -1.37 1 0 / 63 1 Total 141 188,219 100.00% Rejected ballots 7,707 1,148 Turnout 195,926 11,934 66.7% 0.5 Registered voters 293,798 20,048 MLAs elected Acadia: Lorne Proudfoot Alexandra: Peter Enzenauer Athabasca: Frank Falconer Beaver River: Henry H. Dakin Bow Valley: John Mackintosh Calgary: John J. Bowlen Calgary: Hugh Farthing Calgary:Harold McGill Calgary: John Irwin Calgary: George Harry Webster Calgary: Fred White Camrose: Vernor Smith Cardston: George Stringam Clover Bar: Rudolph Hennig Cochrane: Robert McCool Coronation: George Johnston Cypress: Perren Baker Didsbury: Austin Claypool Drumheller: Fred Moyer Edmonton: William Atkinson Edmonton: David Milwyn Duggan Edmonton: Charles Gibbs Edmonton: William Howson Edmonton: John Lymburn Edmonton: Charles Weaver Edson: Christopher Pattinson Empress: William Smith Gleichen: John Buckley Grande Prairie: Hugh Allen Grouard: Leonidas Giroux Hand Hills: Gordon Forster Innisfail: Donald Cameron Lac Ste. Anne: Charles McKeen Lacombe: Irene Parlby Leduc: Arthur Percy Mitchell Lethbridge: Andrew Smeaton Little Bow: Oran McPherson Macleod: William Shield Medicine Hat: Hector Lang Nanton-Claresholm: Gordon Beverly Walker Okotoks-High River: George Hoadley Olds: Frank Grisdale Peace River: William Bailey Pembina: George MacLachlan Pincher Creek: Harvey Bossenberry Ponoka: John Brownlee Red Deer: George Wilbert Smith Ribstone: William Farquharson Rocky Mountain: George Cruickshank St. Albert: Omer St. Germain St. Paul: Joseph Miville Dechene Sedgewick: Albert Andrews Stettler: Albert Sanders Stony Plain: Donald Macleod Sturgeon: Samuel Carson Taber: John MacLellan Vegreville: Archie Matheson Vermilion: Richard Reid Victoria: Peter Miskew Wainwright: John Love Warner: Maurice Conner Wetaskiwin: Hugh John Montgomery Whitford: Isidore Goresky Synopsis of results Results by riding – 1930 Alberta general election (all except Calgary and Edmonton) Riding First-preference votes Turnout Final counts Winning party Name UFA Lib Con Lab Comm Ind Total UFA Lib Con Lab Ind 1926 1930 Acadia 2,103 – – – – 823 2,926 74.3% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Alexandra 1,725 649 – – – – 2,374 54.2% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Athabasca 861 1,057 – – – – 1,918 63.9% Elected on 1st count Lib Lib Beaver River 1,028 1,021 – – – 87 2,136 65.7% 1,032 1,036 – – – UFA Lib Bow Valley 959 – – – – 1,253 2,212 81.8% Elected on 1st count Lib Ind Camrose 3,137 2,086 – – – – 5,223 78.1% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Cardston 1,364 825 – – – – 2,189 65.4% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Clover Bar 1,338 – 692 – – 866 2,896 68.9% 1,462 – – – 1,115 New UFA Cochrane 1,174 1,162 – – – – 2,336 76.4% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Coronation 2,084 – – – – 1,983 4,067 80.5% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Cypress 1,315 1,060 – – – – 2,375 76.7% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Didsbury 1,756 – – – – 1,470 3,226 78.5% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Drumheller – – – 866 188 1,644 2,698 80.6% – – – 1,036 1,113 New Ind Edson – 777 – 2,434 – – 3,211 61.4% Elected on 1st count Lab Lab Empress 941 – – – – 617 1,558 71.3% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Gleichen 1,566 – – – – 1,069 2,635 67.2% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Grande Prairie Acclamation New UFA Grouard 1,017 1,706 – – – – 2,723 68.4% Elected on 1st count Lib Lib Hand Hills 2,689 – – – – 1,507 4,196 74.3% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Innisfail 1,243 878 604 – – – 2,725 71.8% 1,362 1,147 – – – UFA UFA Lac Ste. Anne Acclamation UFA UFA Lacombe 1,932 – – – – 1,830 3,762 75.4% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Leduc 1,408 1,468 – – – – 2,876 65.2% Elected on 1st count UFA Lib Lethbridge – – – 2,036 – 2,603 4,639 67.1% – – – 2,238 1,978 Lab Lab Little Bow Acclamation UFA UFA Macleod 1,539 800 – – – – 2,339 76.2% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Medicine Hat – 1,774 1,150 – – 935 3,859 74.1% – 2,046 1,365 – – Lib Lib Nanton-Claresholm 1,415 – 733 – – – 2,148 65.4% Elected on 1st count New UFA Okotoks-High River 2,834 1,668 – – – – 4,502 72.9% Elected on 1st count New UFA Olds 1,790 1,577 – – – – 3,367 74.2% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Peace River 1,331 – – – – 795 2,126 47.7% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Pembina 2,094 – – – – 1,160 3,254 67.7% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Pincher Creek 920 959 – – – – 1,879 79.1% Elected on 1st count UFA Lib Ponoka Acclamation UFA UFA Red Deer 2,144 – 2,056 – – – 4,200 76.4% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Ribstone 1,672 837 271 – – – 2,780 71.7% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Rocky Mountain – – – 820 783 1,604 3,207 66.5% Elected on 1st count Lab Ind St. Albert 1,427 1,161 – – – – 2,588 80.0% Elected on 1st count Lib UFA St. Paul 1,635 1,653 – – – – 3,288 71.9% Elected on 1st count UFA Lib Sedgewick 2,265 – 828 – – – 3,093 62.6% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Stettler 1,934 761 1,147 – – – 3,842 70.7% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Stony Plain 1,406 1,247 – – – – 2,653 69.2% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Sturgeon 2,556 1,129 – – – – 3,685 63.0% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Taber 1,848 – – – – 1,516 3,364 72.2% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Vegreville 2,364 1,757 – – – – 4,121 72.9% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Vermilion 2,551 815 – – – – 3,366 62.3% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Victoria 1,588 1,522 – – – 47 3,157 77.0% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Wainwright 1,446 650 – – – 1,005 3,101 74.9% 1,564 – – – 1,254 UFA UFA Warner 1,342 709 – – – – 2,051 70.7% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA Wetaskiwin 1,417 1,713 – – – – 3,130 77.5% Elected on 1st count UFA Lib Whitford 1,799 766 – – – 47 2,612 59.8% Elected on 1st count UFA UFA ^ including spoilt ballots ^ Fred Moyer led with 922 votes, and was the eventual winner. ^ Hugh Allen was previously incumbent in Peace River ^ W. D. L. Hardie received 1,598 votes; Robert Barrowman received 1,005 votes. Barrowman would be eliminated on the next count. = Open seat = turnout is above provincial average = Candidate was in previous Legislature = Incumbent had switched allegiance = Previously incumbent in another riding = Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature = Incumbency arose from by-election gain = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada = Multiple candidates = on judicial recount Multi-member districts District Seats won(in order declared) Calgary Edmonton UFA Liberal Conservative Labour = Candidate was in previous Legislature = First-time MLA = Previously incumbent in another district. STV analysis Exhausted votes Nine districts went beyond first-preference counts in order to determine winning candidates: Exhausted votes (1930) District Counts Exhausted 1st preference Final Votes % of 1st pref Beaver River 2,136 2,068 68 3.18 3.18 Calgary 24,417 23,375 1,042 4.27 4.27 Clover Bar 2,896 2,577 319 11.02 11.02 Drumheller 2,698 2,121 577 21.38 21.38 Edmonton 21,189 19,546 1,643 7.75 7.75 Innisfail 2,725 2,509 216 7.93 7.93 Lethbridge 4,639 4,216 423 9.12 9.12 Medicine Hat 3,859 3,411 448 11.61 11.61 Wainwright 3,101 2,818 283 9.13 9.13 But of the remaining votes, 88 percent were used to elect someone in Edmonton; 90 percent were used to elect someone in Calgary; more than 50 percent were used to elect the winner in each district outside Edmonton and Calgary. Calgary Calgary (1930 Alberta general election) Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Conservative John Irwin 22.61% 5,520 3,489 Liberal George Webster 14.95% 3,651 3,651 3,489 Liberal John Bowlen 10.64% 2,598 2,667 2,700 2,711 2,721 2,727 2,821 2,823 2,869 3,588 Labour Fred J. White 10.59% 2,585 2,659 2,673 2,874 2,916 3,335 3,515 3,489 Conservative Hugh Farthing 9.33% 2,279 2,957 2,966 2,979 2,994 3,001 3,132 3,133 3,731 3,731 Conservative Harold McGill 6.69% 1,634 2,226 2,238 2,252 2,260 2,266 2,446 2,449 3,089 3,293 Independent Robert Parkyn 6.32% 1,544 1,608 1,616 1,699 1,856 1,933 2,056 2,067 2,106 2,296 Liberal Robert Weir 4.88% 1,191 1,260 1,328 1,339 1,344 1,359 1,502 1,508 1,579 Conservative H.S. Patterson 4.12% 1,007 1,368 1,374 1,382 1,395 1,405 1,480 1,480 Independent A.C. MacKay 4.06% 992 1,078 1,083 1,092 1,097 1,107 Labour W.E. Turner 2.35% 575 589 590 590 590 Communist John O'Sullivan 1.88% 460 469 469 469 Labour Thomas Vickers 1.56% 381 390 391 Exhausted ballots — — 6 11 52 266 306 487 490 576 1,042 Electorate: 43,217 Valid: 24,417 Spoilt: 564 Quota: 3,489 Turnout: 57.80 The vote count proceeded in the following order: Irwin and Webster, having achieved the quota, were declared elected on the first count, and their excess amounts were distributed in 2nd and 3rd Count. Vickers, O'Sullivan and Turner were then eliminated in turn. (A candidate once eliminated or elected does not receive more votes.) MacKay was then eliminaerd. His vote transfers pushed White over the quota and he was declared elected. White's surplus votes were transferred Patterson was eliminated. His vote transfers pushed Farthing over the quota and he was declared elected. It was not necessary to allocate Farthing's excess quota as it was less than the difference between the remaining candidates. Weir was eliminated. The transfers of his votes did not affect the order of popularity of the three remaining candidates. Thrre were two remaining open seats. Bowlen and McGill, being the top two of the remaining three candidates, were declared elected. Parkyn was the only incumbent MLA to be defeated, and he was the only candidate who was not either elected or eliminated. Calgary (1930 Alberta general election)(analysis of transferred votes, candidates ranked in order of 1st preference) Party Candidate Maximumround Maximumvotes Share inmaximumround Maximum votesFirst round votesTransfer votes Conservative John Irwin 1 5,520 22.61% Liberal George Webster 1 3,651 14.95% Liberal John Bowlen 10 3,588 15.35% Labour Fred J. White 7 3,515 14.69% Conservative Hugh Farthing 9 3,731 15.65% Conservative Harold McGill 10 3,293 14.09% Independent Robert Parkyn 10 2,296 9.82% Liberal Robert Weir 9 1,579 6.62% Conservative H.S. Patterson 7 1,480 6.18% Independent A.C. MacKay 6 1,107 4.59% Labour W.E. Turner 5 590 2.44% Communist John O'Sullivan 4 469 1.92% Labour Thomas Vickers 3 391 1.60% Exhausted votes 1,042 4.27% Initial terminal transfer rates for votes (1930) Transferred from Non-transferrable % transferred to Total Conservative Liberal Labour Independent Communist █ Conservative (Irwin) 6 1,631 138 97 150 9 2,031 0.30% 80.31% 6.79% 4.78% 7.39% 0.44% 100.00% █ Independent (MacKay) 181 386 237 180 123 – 1,107 16.35% 34.87% 21.41% 16.26% 11.11% – 100.00% █ Liberal (Weir) 466 204 719 – 190 – 1,579 29.51% 12.92% 45.54% – 12.03% – 100.00% Edmonton Edmonton (1930 Alberta general election) Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 United Farmers John Lymburn 14.76% 3,230 3,028 Conservative David Duggan 12.18% 2,665 2,685 2,712 2,746 2,870 2,895 2,978 2,986 3,004 3,006 3,128 3,028 Labour Charles Gibbs 10.34% 2,262 2,300 2,306 2,371 2,391 2,423 2,439 2,660 3,148 3,028 Conservative Charles Weaver 9.20% 2,013 2,046 2,102 2,138 2,247 2,272 2,440 2,469 2,499 2,504 2,555 2,573 2,645 2,903 Liberal William R. Howson 8.39% 1,835 1,857 1,865 1,897 1,922 2,054 2,094 2,123 2,152 2,155 2,181 2,187 2,778 2,915 Conservative William Atkinson 8.16% 1,786 1,798 1,806 1,823 1,877 1,895 1,985 2,013 2,033 2,034 2,088 2,118 2,189 2,360 Liberal Warren Prevey 6.08% 1,331 1,349 1,357 1,376 1,390 1,534 1,563 1,597 1,621 1,623 1,703 1,734 2,101 2,284 Liberal James Collisson 4.75% 1,040 1,047 1,084 1,142 1,171 1,220 1,225 1,232 1,247 1,249 1,302 1,306 Labour Alfred Farmilo 3.80% 832 837 839 866 878 883 888 925 1,061 1,118 1,671 1,682 1,749 Labour Samuel Barnes 3.74% 818 826 826 841 845 852 870 914 1,004 1,052 Communist Jan Lakeman 3.44% 752 754 755 771 776 779 781 Labour Daniel Kennedy Knott 3.41% 745 756 759 776 787 800 809 889 Conservative N. C. Willson 2.06% 451 455 464 465 480 480 Liberal G. V. Pelton 2.02% 442 451 451 476 479 Conservative J. A. Buchanan 1.94% 424 426 430 438 Independent Joseph Clarke 1.71% 374 382 390 Conservative R. D. Tighe 0.86% 189 191 Exhausted ballots — — 1 15 35 48 74 89 353 392 392 505 505 643 1,643 Electorate: 39,209 Valid: 21,189 Spoilt: 690 Quota: 3,028 Turnout: 55.80 Lymburn, Gibbs and Duncan were the only candidates that won by achieving the quota. Howson, Weaver and Atkinson won by attaining the three highest amounts of the last four candidates standing in the final count. Edmonton (1930 Alberta general election)(analysis of transferred votes, candidates ranked in order of 1st preference) Party Candidate Maximumround Maximumvotes Share inmaximumround Maximum votesFirst round votesTransfer votes UFA John Lymburn 1 3,230 15.24% Conservative David Duggan 11 3,128 15.12% Labour Charles Gibbs 9 3,148 15.14% Conservative Charles Weaver 14 2,903 14.85% Liberal William R. Howson 14 2,915 14.91% Conservative William Atkinson 14 2,360 12.07% Liberal Warren Prevey 14 2,284 11.69% Liberal James Collisson 12 1,306 6.31% Labour Alfred Farmilo 13 1,749 8.51% Labour Samuel Barnes 10 1,052 5.06% Communist Jan Lakeman 7 781 3.70% Labour Daniel Kennedy Knott 8 889 4.27% Conservative N. C. Willson 6 480 2.27% Liberal G. V. Pelton 5 479 2.27% Conservative J. A. Buchanan 4 438 2.07% Independent Joseph Clarke 3 390 1.84% Conservative R. D. Tighe 2 191 0.90% Exhausted votes 1,643 7.75% Initial terminal transfer rates for votes (1930) Transferred from Non-transferrable % transferred to Total Conservative Liberal Labour Independent Communist █ United Farmers (Lymburn) 1 73 56 62 8 2 202 0.50% 36.14% 27.72% 30.69% 3.96% 0.99% 100.00% █ Conservative (Tighe) 14 104 53 11 8 1 191 7.33% 54.45% 27.75% 5.76% 4.19% 0.52% 100.00% █ Independent (Clarke) 20 96 134 124 – 16 390 5.13% 24.62% 34.36% 31.79% – 4.10% 100.00% █ Liberal (Pelton) 26 68 325 57 – 3 479 5.43% 14.20% 67.85% 11.90% – 0.63% 100.00% █ Communist (Lakeman) 264 65 70 382 – – 781 33.80% 8.32% 8.96% 48.91% – – 100.00% █ Labour (Knott) 39 68 68 714 – – 889 4.39% 7.65% 7.65% 80.31% – – 100.00% References ^ Not including four constituencies where UFA elected by acclamation ^ Mardon and Mardon, Alberta Election Results ^ "Nominations in Alberta Constituencies". Calgary Albertan. June 10, 1930. p. 9. ^ a b "Beaver River Official Results 1930 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ "Alberta Government Now Sure Of 40 Seats". Vol 55 No 304. Manitoba Free Press. June 25, 1930. p. 6. ^ "Recount Gives Libs. Another Alta. Seat". Vol XXIII No 213. The Lethbridge Herald. August 21, 1930. p. 1. ^ The Legislative Assembly Act Amendment Act, 1930, S.A. 1930, c. 14 ^ A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005. Edmonton: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. pp. 104–112. ISBN 0-9689217-9-5. ^ a b "Beaver River, Liberal Gain, Court Decrees". Calgary Albertan. August 22, 1930. p. 1. ^ A Report on Alberta Elections 1905-1982. pp. 44–45. ^ a b "Bowen, McGill, Webster, Irwin, Farthing, White, Are New Calgary Members". Calgary Albertan. June 20, 1930. p. 1. ^ "Lymburn's First Choice Votes Are Distributed; Fail To Elect Duggan; Tighe Now Eliminated". Edmonton Bulletin. June 20, 1930. p. 1. ^ "Fourteen Counts Are Necessary To Elect Six M.L.A.'s". Edmonton Bulletin. June 21, 1930. pp. 1–2. Further reading The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1929–30. Toronto: The Annual Review Company. 1930. External links Elections Alberta Legislative Assembly of Alberta vte Elections and referendums in AlbertaGeneral elections 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1926 1930 1935 1940 1944 1948 1952 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1982 1986 1989 1993 1997 2001 2004 2008 2012 2015 2019 2023 Next By-elections 26th Alberta Legislature (2004–2008) 27th Alberta Legislature (2008–2012) 28th Legislature (2012–2015) 29th Legislature (2015–2019) Senate nominee elections 1989 1998 2004 2012 2021 Municipal elections 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2017 2021 Referendums 1915 1920 1923 1948 1957 1967 1971 2021 See also: Elections in Canada	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"United Farmers of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"John E. Brownlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Brownlee"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"Single transferable voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_voting"},{"link_name":"Instant-runoff voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 1930 Alberta general election was held on June 19, 1930, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.The United Farmers of Alberta won election to a third term in government, and John E. Brownlee continued as premier.This provincial election, like the previous election (1926), used district-level proportional representation (Single transferable voting) to elect the MLAs of Edmonton and Calgary. (Medicine Hat no longer had multiple seats.) City-wide districts were used to elect multiple MLAs in the two main cities.All the other MLAs were elected in single-member districts through Instant-runoff voting.Th United Farmers again ran one candidate in Edmonton and won that seat and did not run in Calgary.Altogether in the cities the UFA won just one seat in the cities (in Edmonton) but won a great share of the rural seats, by securing the support of a majority of votes in each district, as required under IRV (AKA Alternative Voting).The effect of STV in the cities was that candidates of four parties - UFA, Conservative, Liberal and Labour - were elected in Edmonton reflecting votes cast.STV in Calgary similarly produced mixed representation reflecting votes cast. Candidates of the Conservative, Liberal and Labour parties were elected there.[2]","title":"1930 Alberta general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Alberta)"}],"text":"There were a significant number of Independent nominations, many of which were in districts where the Liberals chose not to field candidates. In addition, four went to Communist Party members:","title":"Nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Delisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Delisle"},{"link_name":"Henry Dakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Dakin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1930_official-4"},{"link_name":"Instant runoff voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_runoff_voting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1930_official-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deswin-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delisle-6"}],"text":"The most closely contested race in the election happened in the Beaver River electoral district. The election was a three-way race between incumbent United Farmers MLA John Delisle Liberal candidate Henry Dakin and Independent candidate Luc Lebel.[4]The first count results showed Delisle leading Dakin by seven votes. Lebel was in third place with 87 votes. Under Instant runoff voting, when no candidate has a majority, the least-popular candidate is eliminated and his votes transferred.[4] Lebel was eliminated and his 87 votes were transferred where second-choice preference had been marked. The new vote tallies showed Delisle with 21 more votes than Dakin. Delisle was declared elected on June 25, 1930, six days after the election was held.[5]The Liberals challenged the results in provincial court. A judicial recount was ordered. Judge Taylor concluded on August 21, 1930, that the second count results showed Dakin had four more votes than Delisle. Delisle's election was overturned, and Dakin picked up the seat.[6]","title":"Beaver River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Leduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leduc_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Alberta_provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Bow Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Valley_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hand Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_Hills_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Peace River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_River_(provincial_electoral_district)"}],"text":"An Act was passed in 1930 providing for an increase of seats from 60 to 63, upon the next election.[7] Calgary and Edmonton now returned six MLAs each instead of five each, and the following other changes were made:^ from parts of Edmonton, Leduc and Victoria\n\n^ from parts of Bow Valley and Hand Hills\n\n^ from part of Peace River","title":"1930 redistribution of districts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Lorne Proudfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Proudfoot"},{"link_name":"Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Peter Enzenauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Enzenauer"},{"link_name":"Athabasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_(Alberta_provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Frank Falconer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Falconer"},{"link_name":"Beaver River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_River_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Henry H. Dakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Dakin"},{"link_name":"Bow Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Valley_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"John Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackintosh_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"John J. Bowlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Bowlen"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Farthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Farthing"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Harold McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McGill"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"John Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Irwin_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"George Harry Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harry_Webster"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Fred White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_J._White"},{"link_name":"Camrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camrose_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Vernor Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernor_Smith"},{"link_name":"Cardston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardston_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"George Stringam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stringam"},{"link_name":"Clover Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover_Bar_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Hennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Hennig"},{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Robert McCool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Milton_McCool"},{"link_name":"Coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"George Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Johnston_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_(former_Alberta_provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Perren Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perren_Baker"},{"link_name":"Didsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didsbury_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Austin Claypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Claypool"},{"link_name":"Drumheller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumheller_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Fred Moyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Moyer"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"William Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Albert_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"David Milwyn Duggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Milwyn_Duggan"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Charles Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gibbs_(Alberta_politician)"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"William Howson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Howson"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"John Lymburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lymburn"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Charles Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Yardley_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Edson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edson_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Pattinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Pattinson"},{"link_name":"Empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Smith_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Gleichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichen_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"John Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buckley_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Grande Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Prairie_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Allen_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Grouard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouard_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Leonidas Giroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Giroux"},{"link_name":"Hand Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_Hills_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Forster"},{"link_name":"Innisfail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innisfail_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Donald Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cameron,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Lac Ste. Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Ste._Anne_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Charles McKeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_McKeen"},{"link_name":"Lacombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacombe_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Irene Parlby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Parlby"},{"link_name":"Leduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leduc_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Percy Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Percy_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Lethbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Smeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Smeaton"},{"link_name":"Little Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bow_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Oran McPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_McPherson"},{"link_name":"Macleod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macleod_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"William Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Shield"},{"link_name":"Medicine Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Hat_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hector Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Lang"},{"link_name":"Nanton-Claresholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanton-Claresholm"},{"link_name":"Gordon Beverly Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Beverly_Walker"},{"link_name":"Okotoks-High River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okotoks-High_River"},{"link_name":"George Hoadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hoadley_(Alberta_politician)"},{"link_name":"Olds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olds_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Frank Grisdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Grisdale"},{"link_name":"Peace River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_River_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"William Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bailey_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Pembina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembina_(Alberta_provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"George MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"Pincher Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincher_Creek_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Harvey Bossenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Bossenberry"},{"link_name":"Ponoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponoka_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"John Brownlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Brownlee"},{"link_name":"Red Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"George Wilbert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wilbert_Smith"},{"link_name":"Ribstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribstone_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"William Farquharson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farquharson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"George Cruickshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edward_Cruickshank"},{"link_name":"St. Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albert_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Omer St. Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_St._Germain"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Miville Dechene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Miville_Dechene"},{"link_name":"Sedgewick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgewick_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Albert Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Stettler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettler_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Albert Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Stony Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Plain_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Donald Macleod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Macleod_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Allen_Carson"},{"link_name":"Taber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taber_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"John MacLellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacLellan"},{"link_name":"Vegreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegreville_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Archie Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Matheson"},{"link_name":"Vermilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Richard Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gavin_Reid"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Alberta_provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Peter Miskew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Miskew"},{"link_name":"Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"John Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_Love"},{"link_name":"Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Conner"},{"link_name":"Wetaskiwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetaskiwin_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hugh John Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_John_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Whitford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitford_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Isidore Goresky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Goresky"}],"text":"Acadia: Lorne Proudfoot\n Alexandra: Peter Enzenauer\n Athabasca: Frank Falconer\n Beaver River: Henry H. Dakin\n Bow Valley: John Mackintosh\n Calgary: John J. Bowlen\n Calgary: Hugh Farthing\n Calgary:Harold McGill\n Calgary: John Irwin\n Calgary: George Harry Webster\n Calgary: Fred White\n Camrose: Vernor Smith\n Cardston: George Stringam\n Clover Bar: Rudolph Hennig\n Cochrane: Robert McCool\n Coronation: George Johnston\n Cypress: Perren Baker\n Didsbury: Austin Claypool\n Drumheller: Fred Moyer\n Edmonton: William Atkinson\n Edmonton: David Milwyn Duggan\n\n\n Edmonton: Charles Gibbs\n Edmonton: William Howson\n Edmonton: John Lymburn\n Edmonton: Charles Weaver\n Edson: Christopher Pattinson\n Empress: William Smith\n Gleichen: John Buckley\n Grande Prairie: Hugh Allen\n Grouard: Leonidas Giroux\n Hand Hills: Gordon Forster\n Innisfail: Donald Cameron\n Lac Ste. Anne: Charles McKeen\n Lacombe: Irene Parlby\n Leduc: Arthur Percy Mitchell\n Lethbridge: Andrew Smeaton\n Little Bow: Oran McPherson\n Macleod: William Shield\n Medicine Hat: Hector Lang\n Nanton-Claresholm: Gordon Beverly Walker\n Okotoks-High River: George Hoadley\n Olds: Frank Grisdale\n\n\n Peace River: William Bailey\n Pembina: George MacLachlan\n Pincher Creek: Harvey Bossenberry\n Ponoka: John Brownlee\n Red Deer: George Wilbert Smith\n Ribstone: William Farquharson\n Rocky Mountain: George Cruickshank\n St. Albert: Omer St. Germain\n St. Paul: Joseph Miville Dechene\n Sedgewick: Albert Andrews\n Stettler: Albert Sanders\n Stony Plain: Donald Macleod\n Sturgeon: Samuel Carson\n Taber: John MacLellan\n Vegreville: Archie Matheson\n Vermilion: Richard Reid\n Victoria: Peter Miskew\n Wainwright: John Love\n Warner: Maurice Conner\n Wetaskiwin: Hugh John Montgomery\n Whitford: Isidore Goresky","title":"MLAs elected"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Fred Moyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Moyer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Hugh Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Allen_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Peace River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_River_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"W. D. L. Hardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._L._Hardie"},{"link_name":"Robert Barrowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barrowman"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis of results","text":"^ including spoilt ballots\n\n^ Fred Moyer led with 922 votes, and was the eventual winner.\n\n^ Hugh Allen was previously incumbent in Peace River\n\n^ W. D. L. Hardie received 1,598 votes; Robert Barrowman received 1,005 votes. Barrowman would be eliminated on the next count.= Open seat\n = turnout is above provincial average\n = Candidate was in previous Legislature\n = Incumbent had switched allegiance\n = Previously incumbent in another riding\n = Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature\n = Incumbency arose from by-election gain\n = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada\n = Multiple candidates\n = on judicial recount","title":"MLAs elected"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)"}],"sub_title":"Multi-member districts","text":"District\n\nSeats won(in order declared)\n\n\nCalgary\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEdmonton\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nUFA\n\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n\n \n\nConservative\n\n\n \n\nLabour= Candidate was in previous Legislature\n = First-time MLA\n = Previously incumbent in another district.","title":"MLAs elected"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"STV analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Exhausted votes","text":"Nine districts went beyond first-preference counts in order to determine winning candidates:But of the remaining votes, 88 percent were used to elect someone in Edmonton; 90 percent were used to elect someone in Calgary; more than 50 percent were used to elect the winner in each district outside Edmonton and Calgary.[10]","title":"STV analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albertan-18"}],"sub_title":"Calgary","text":"The vote count proceeded in the following order:[11]Irwin and Webster, having achieved the quota, were declared elected on the first count, and their excess amounts were distributed in 2nd and 3rd Count.\nVickers, O'Sullivan and Turner were then eliminated in turn. (A candidate once eliminated or elected does not receive more votes.)\nMacKay was then eliminaerd. His vote transfers pushed White over the quota and he was declared elected.\nWhite's surplus votes were transferred\nPatterson was eliminated. His vote transfers pushed Farthing over the quota and he was declared elected. It was not necessary to allocate Farthing's excess quota as it was less than the difference between the remaining candidates.\nWeir was eliminated. The transfers of his votes did not affect the order of popularity of the three remaining candidates. Thrre were two remaining open seats. Bowlen and McGill, being the top two of the remaining three candidates, were declared elected. Parkyn was the only incumbent MLA to be defeated, and he was the only candidate who was not either elected or eliminated.","title":"STV analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Edmonton","text":"Lymburn, Gibbs and Duncan were the only candidates that won by achieving the quota. Howson, Weaver and Atkinson won by attaining the three highest amounts of the last four candidates standing in the final count.","title":"STV analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1929–30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/canadianannualre0000unse_s4b4"}],"text":"The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1929–30. Toronto: The Annual Review Company. 1930.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nominations in Alberta Constituencies\". Calgary Albertan. June 10, 1930. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Albertan","url_text":"Calgary Albertan"}]},{"reference":"\"Beaver River Official Results 1930 Alberta general election\". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved April 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/maps_choice.php?Year=1930&Constit=Beaver_River","url_text":"\"Beaver River Official Results 1930 Alberta general election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alberta Government Now Sure Of 40 Seats\". Vol 55 No 304. Manitoba Free Press. June 25, 1930. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Recount Gives Libs. Another Alta. Seat\". Vol XXIII No 213. The Lethbridge Herald. August 21, 1930. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005. Edmonton: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. pp. 104–112. ISBN 0-9689217-9-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/centennialseries04perr/page/104/mode/2up","url_text":"A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta","url_text":"Legislative Assembly of Alberta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9689217-9-5","url_text":"0-9689217-9-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Beaver River, Liberal Gain, Court Decrees\". Calgary Albertan. August 22, 1930. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Albertan","url_text":"Calgary Albertan"}]},{"reference":"A Report on Alberta Elections 1905-1982. pp. 44–45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bowen, McGill, Webster, Irwin, Farthing, White, Are New Calgary Members\". Calgary Albertan. June 20, 1930. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Albertan","url_text":"Calgary Albertan"}]},{"reference":"\"Lymburn's First Choice Votes Are Distributed; Fail To Elect Duggan; Tighe Now Eliminated\". Edmonton Bulletin. June 20, 1930. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Bulletin","url_text":"Edmonton Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Fourteen Counts Are Necessary To Elect Six M.L.A.'s\". Edmonton Bulletin. June 21, 1930. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Bulletin","url_text":"Edmonton Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1929–30. Toronto: The Annual Review Company. 1930.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/canadianannualre0000unse_s4b4","url_text":"The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1929–30"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/maps_choice.php?Year=1930&Constit=Beaver_River","external_links_name":"\"Beaver River Official Results 1930 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"https://www.canlii.org/en/ab/laws/astat/sa-1930-c-14/latest/sa-1930-c-14.html","external_links_name":"The Legislative Assembly Act Amendment Act, 1930"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/centennialseries04perr/page/104/mode/2up","external_links_name":"A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/canadianannualre0000unse_s4b4","external_links_name":"The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1929–30"},{"Link":"http://www.electionsalberta.ab.ca/Public%20Website/index.htm","external_links_name":"Elections Alberta"},{"Link":"http://www.assembly.ab.ca/","external_links_name":"Legislative Assembly of Alberta"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jacobsen_(trade_unionist)	Hans Jacobsen (trade unionist)	["1 References"]	Hans Jacobsen (26 December 1872 – 1943) was a Danish trade unionist. Born in Aarhus, Jacobsen completed an apprenticeship as a tailor, and worked in Norway, Germany and Switzerland, before returning to Aarhus. There, he joined a local union of tailors. In 1905, he was elected as the union's president, and then in 1914 he became the full-time secretary of the national tailors' federation. In 1919, Jacobsen began working full-time for the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions, becoming a vice president in 1928 then, in 1929, its treasurer. In 1928, he became a vice president of the International Federation of Trade Unions, and also served on its executive. Jacobsen retired from all his union positions in 1940 and died three years later. References ^ a b c Goethem, Geert van (2006). The Amsterdam International: the world of the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU), 1913-1945. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7546-5254-0. ^ a b "The International Federation of Trade Unions, 1936-1939: Its history and organisation". Modern Records Centre. University of Warwick. Retrieved 22 October 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iftu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warwick-2"},{"link_name":"Danish Confederation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iftu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warwick-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iftu-1"}],"text":"Born in Aarhus, Jacobsen completed an apprenticeship as a tailor, and worked in Norway, Germany and Switzerland, before returning to Aarhus. There, he joined a local union of tailors. In 1905, he was elected as the union's president, and then in 1914 he became the full-time secretary of the national tailors' federation.[1][2]In 1919, Jacobsen began working full-time for the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions, becoming a vice president in 1928 then, in 1929, its treasurer. In 1928, he became a vice president of the International Federation of Trade Unions, and also served on its executive.[1][2]Jacobsen retired from all his union positions in 1940 and died three years later.[1]","title":"Hans Jacobsen (trade unionist)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Goethem, Geert van (2006). The Amsterdam International: the world of the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU), 1913-1945. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7546-5254-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing","url_text":"Ashgate Publishing, Ltd."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5254-0","url_text":"978-0-7546-5254-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The International Federation of Trade Unions, 1936-1939: Its history and organisation\". Modern Records Centre. University of Warwick. Retrieved 22 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/digital/scw/more/iftu","url_text":"\"The International Federation of Trade Unions, 1936-1939: Its history and organisation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/digital/scw/more/iftu","external_links_name":"\"The International Federation of Trade Unions, 1936-1939: Its history and organisation\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawai_Yoshitora	Kawai Yoshitora	["1 References"]	Japanese communist activist (1902–1923) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (December 2020) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ja\|川合義虎}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Yoshitora KawaiBorn18 July 1902JapanDied4 September 1923 Yoshitora Kawai (1902–1923) was a Japanese communist activist involved with many Tokyo-based political groups. He attended Honzan hospital's nurse training school, but moved to Tokyo's Kameido district in September 1920 after being exposed to socialism from a professor, Oka Sensei. He was a member of Gyōminkai (Enlightened People's Society), a communist study group, and joined the Nankatsu Labor Union alongside Tanno Setsu. In March 1923, Kawai created the Tokyo Communist Youth League, the first instance of a group openly labeling themselves as Communists. During the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Kawai was reported as having rescued three children who had been trapped under a collapsed house. Amidst the chaos of the earthquake's aftermath, he was captured on 2 September 1923, and a few days later, was killed by police in prison during the Kameido Incident. References ^ a b Hane, Mikiso (1988). Reflections on the Way to the Gallows. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0520084216. ^ "Hidden history behind 1923 quake: communists killed by power". Japan Press Weekly. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ Andrew Gordon (21 January 1991). Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan. University of California Press. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Kameido district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tanno Setsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanno_Setsu"},{"link_name":"Communist Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mikiso-1"},{"link_name":"1923 Great Kantō earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JWC-2"},{"link_name":"Kameido Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameido_Incident"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mikiso-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Yoshitora Kawai (1902–1923) was a Japanese communist activist involved with many Tokyo-based political groups.He attended Honzan hospital's nurse training school, but moved to Tokyo's Kameido district in September 1920 after being exposed to socialism from a professor, Oka Sensei. He was a member of Gyōminkai (Enlightened People's Society), a communist study group, and joined the Nankatsu Labor Union alongside Tanno Setsu. In March 1923, Kawai created the Tokyo Communist Youth League, the first instance of a group openly labeling themselves as Communists.[1] During the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Kawai was reported as having rescued three children who had been trapped under a collapsed house.[2] Amidst the chaos of the earthquake's aftermath, he was captured on 2 September 1923, and a few days later, was killed by police in prison during the Kameido Incident.[1][3]","title":"Kawai Yoshitora"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hane, Mikiso (1988). Reflections on the Way to the Gallows. Pantheon Books. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_(Swedish_TV_series)	Idol (Swedish TV series)	["1 Production","2 Audition cities","3 Season synopses","3.1 Season 1","3.2 Season 2","3.3 Season 3","3.4 Season 4","3.5 Season 5","3.6 Season 6","3.7 Season 7","3.8 Season 8","3.9 Season 9","3.10 Season 10","3.11 Season 11","3.12 Season 12","3.13 Season 13","3.14 Season 14","3.15 Season 15","3.16 Season 16","3.17 Season 17","3.18 Season 18","3.19 Season 19","4 Season details","5 Top Selling Idol Alumni","6 References","7 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Idol" Swedish TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TV series or program IdolAlso known asSwedish IdolCreated bySimon FullerPresented byPär Lernström (2011–) Amie Bramme Sey (sidekick, 2023-) Anis Don Demina (sidekick, 2021-2022) Gina Dirawi (2017–2019)Kakan Hermansson (sidekick, 2013) Cecilia Forss (sidekick, 2011) Peter Jihde (2007–2010)Carolina Gynning (2007)Carina Berg (2007)Sanna Bråding (2006)Mogge Sseruwagi (2006)Tobbe Blom (2005)Johan Wiman (2005)David Hellenius (2004)Peter Magnusson (2004)JudgesPeg Parnevik (2024-) Katia Mosally (2021-) Alexander Kronlund (2017–2023) Fredrik Kempe (2016) Quincy Jones III (2016)Nikki Amini (2016–2020)Alexander Bard (2011–2015) Anders Bagge (2008–2015, 2017–)Laila Bagge (2008–2015) Pelle Lidell (2011) Andreas Carlsson (2008–2010)Daniel Breitholtz (2004–2007)Peter Swartling (2004–2007)Kishti Tomita (2004–2007, 2017–2023)Claes af Geijerstam (2004–2006)No. of seasons19ProductionProduction locationsTelevision Studios, Stockholm (2004–present)Globen, Stockholm (finale) (2007–2019, 2021, 2023–present)Tele2 Arena, Stockholm (finale) (2022)Scandinavium, Gothenburg (semi-final) (2009–2011)Malmö Arena, Malmö (quarter-final) (2009–2011)Running timeAuditions/performance show90 minutes, 120 minutes, 60 minutesElimination show15 minutes(Both shows include commercials)Original releaseNetworkTV4Release2004 (2004) –present Idol is a Swedish reality-competition talent show broadcast on TV4. It first appeared in August 2004, and became one of the most popular shows on Swedish television. Part of the Idols franchise, it originated from the reality program Pop Idol created by British entertainment executive Simon Fuller, which was first aired in 2001 in the United Kingdom. The program seeks to discover the best singer in Sweden through a series of nationwide auditions. The outcomes of the later stages of the competition are determined by public phone voting. The format features three judges who give critiques of the contestants' performances. Since Idol started in 2004, the show has featured five different line-ups of judges, a total of nine different judges, as well as twelve different presenters (including sidekicks in 2011 and 2013). From 2004 to 2007, each season had two hosts who stayed for just one season. However, from 2008, each season only has one host. For the 2011 season, the eighth season of Idol, Pär Lernström was the host. For the 2013 season, Pär Lernström returned as host and Karin "Kakan" Hermansson as his sidekick. The winners of the first nine series were Daniel Lindström, Agnes Carlsson, Markus Fagervall, Marie Picasso, Kevin Borg, Erik Grönwall, Jay Smith, Amanda Fondell, and Kevin Walker. Smith is the oldest winner at 29 whilst Fondell and Carlsson are the youngest at only 17. To date, Idol contestants have collectively sold over 1.1 million albums in Sweden alone. Following the completion of its eighth season, Idol was put on indefinite hiatus alongside Talang and replaced in 2012 by two reality singing competitions: The Voice and X Factor, the latter of which also originated from the United Kingdom's version, created by music executive Simon Cowell. However, in January 2013, TV4 announced that Idol would return in 2013 and that neither The Voice nor X Factor would continue, due to low ratings for both shows. Production This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2023) Audition cities This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Season 1: Karlstad, Gothenburg, Malmö, Umeå, Stockholm Season 2: Malmö, Sundsvall, Gothenburg, Piteå, Stockholm Season 3: Malmö, Gothenburg, Falun, Umeå, Stockholm Season 4: Gothenburg, Skellefteå, Malmö, Borlänge, Stockholm Season 5: Gothenburg, Luleå, Karlstad, Lund, Stockholm Season 6: Gothenburg, Gävle, Malmö, Umeå, Stockholm Season 7: Gothenburg, Karlstad, Malmö, Luleå, Stockholm Season 8: Linköping, Gothenburg, Lund, Falun, Stockholm Season 9: Stockholm, Linköping, Malmö, Gothenburg, Sundsvall Season 10: Malmö, Karlstad, Stockholm, Sundsvall, Gothenburg Season 11: Kiruna, Arvidsjaur, Åre, Malmö, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Visby, Växjö, Mjölby, Strömstad, Åmål, Rättvik Season 12: Malmö, Östersund, Gothenburg, Skövde, Stockholm Season synopses Season 1 Main article: Idol 2004 (Sweden) The first season of Idol debuted in the summer of 2004 and was an instant phenomenon, following in the success of other Idol competitions from around the world. The show's co-hosts were comedians David Hellenius and Peter Magnusson, and the four judges were Sony BMG manager Daniel Breitholtz, record producer Peter Swartling, vocal coach Kishti Tomita and musician Claes af Geijerstam. Towards the end of the final stages of the season, Sony BMG released the album Det Bästa Från Idol 2004 which included covers of some of the songs that the final 11 contestants had sung during the competition. The album became a success and was certified gold in Sweden for sales of 20,000 copies. Winner Daniel Lindström signed a recording contract with Sony BMG, the label in partnership with the show's management. Immediately after the grand final, Lindström released the coronation song "Coming True" which debuted at number 1 on the Swedish singles chart, held the top spot for seven weeks and was certified double platinum. His self-titled debut album Daniel Lindström was released in early December and this too hit number 1. It went on to be certified Platinum, selling over 50,000 copies. His second album Nån slags verklighet was released in August 2006 and peaked at number 3. Recorded completely in his native language, it was less successful than his debut but gained a gold certification. After over two years away from the music industry, Lindström's third album D-Day was released on January 29, 2009. Despite critical acclaim however, the album failed to achieve commercial success, peaking at number 25 and selling less than 5,000 copies. Runner-up Darin Zanyar also signed a recording contract with Sony BMG and has gone on to enjoy huge success in Sweden, Finland and Germany. His debut album The Anthem was released in February 2005, charted at number 1 and was certified platinum, selling over 50,000 copies in Sweden. The first single "Money For Nothing" was also a huge number 1 hit. His second, self-titled album Darin was released later the same year and surpassed the success of its predecessor, gaining platinum status with sales of almost 80,000 copies and producing Zanyar's second Swedish number 1 single. Break the News was released in late 2006, became his third chart-topping album, was certified gold and gave Zanyar his third number 1 single with "Desire". On December 3, 2008, after almost a two-year break from the music industry, Zanyar's fourth album, Flashback was released. It peaked at number 10, becoming his first not to reach number 1 or gain a certification, despite the huge success of its lead single "Breathing Your Love" featuring Kat DeLuna. In 2009, Zanyar parted ways with Sony BMG and signed a new recording contract with Universal Music. His fifth studio album, LoveKiller was released on August 18, 2010. It debuted at number 2, and reached number 1 in its second week, becoming Zanyar's fourth number 1 album. Fourth-placer Loreen signed a recording contract with Warner in Sweden shortly after being eliminated from the competition. Loreen returned to the public eye when she took part in the Melodifestivalen 2011 with her song "My Heart is Refusing Me", but failed to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. Loreen entered the Melodifastivalen 2012 with her single "Euphoria", written by Thomas G:son and Peter Boström. She won the national final on 10 March with a combined total of 268 points and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 held in Baku, Azerbaijan. The song also won the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 with a total of 372 points from 40 voting countries. Loreen received all 12 marks from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Spain and United Kingdom. She also won the Marcel Bezençon Awards for the Artist Award and the Composer Award. After the competition, "Euphoria" received critical acclaim from most music critics, who enjoyed the style of music. Commercially, the song was an instant success, not only in Sweden, but worldwide in Europe and the Oceania. It debuted at number twelve in her home country Sweden, until reaching number one, staying there for six weeks. The song has been certified 5 times Platinum, selling over 100,000 copies in Sweden. In 2023, Loreen returned to Melodifestivalen for a third time. With her song ‘Tattoo’ she won the Swedish ticket to Eurovision for the second time in her career. In Liverpool, UK, Loreen secured her second victory at the Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden. She is the only woman to win the contest twice, and only the second person to do so, following Ireland's Johnny Logan. Tattoo was a streaming and chart success across Europe and the wider world, achieving 400+ million streams to date, and became the fastest Eurovision song to surpass 100 million streams. Season 2 Main article: Idol 2005 (Sweden) The second season of Idol debuted in the summer of 2005, and carried on the show's huge success. Television personalities Tobbe Blom and Johan Wiman emerged as the new hosts of the show but the judging panel remained the same. As in season one, Sony BMG released a compilation album towards the end of the finals that included cover versions of some of the songs that the final 11 contestants had sung. The album, Idol 2005 - My Own Idol was a huge success, earning double platinum status in Sweden for the sale of 80,000 copies. Winner Agnes Carlsson signed with Sony BMG and released her coronation song "Right Here, Right Now", which spent six weeks at number 1 and gained double platinum status. Her self-titled debut album Agnes was released in mid-December and held the top spot for two weeks. It was certified platinum in its first week due to enormous sales and has to date sold over 90,000 copies, making it the highest-selling album by an Idol contestant. Less than a year later, in October 2006, Carlsson released her second album, Stronger, which also peaked at number 1, sold over 50,000 copies and was certified platinum. In late 2007, she covered and released the song "All I Want For Christmas Is You" with fellow Idol contestant Måns Zelmerlöw, which peaked at number 3 on the singles chart. Carlsson's departed from Sony BMG in late 2007 and signed a deal with Stockholm-based independent label Roxy Records. Her third studio album Dance Love Pop was released on October 29, 2008, peaked at number 5 and was certified platinum, making Carlsson the first Idol contestant to achieve three platinum albums. It was preceded by the gold-selling single "On and On" which peaked at number 8 for four weeks. Carlsson became the first Idol contestant to receive international recognition when the second single from the album, "Release Me" was launched worldwide during 2009. It reached the top ten in seventeen countries, including the number 1 spot on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and sold over 900,000 copies. Carlsson's highly anticipated fourth studio album was expected in the last quarter of 2010 or the first quarter of 2011. Runner-up Sebastian Karlsson also signed with Sony BMG and his first single "Do What You're Told" peaked at number 1 for four weeks. His self-titled debut album Sebastian was released in March 2006, hit number 1 and gained gold certification, selling over 30,000 copies. His second effort The Vintage Virgin was released a year later in March 2007 and peaked at number two on the Swedish albums chart. It yielded two top 3 singles and was also certified gold for sales exceeding 30,000. Karlsson's third studio album, The Most Beautiful Lie was released on January 29, 2009, but failed to match the success of his previous efforts. The Most Beautiful Lie stalled at number 32 and spent only one week on the Top 60 albums chart. Third place finisher Sibel Redzep did not initially release any music. Unlike most other previous Idol contestants, she did not sign a recording contract with Sony BMG, but instead chose to sign a deal with Warner Bros. Records. In March 2008, over two years after her appearance on Idol, her debut album, The Diving Belle was finally released. The critically acclaimed album peaked at number 9 for two weeks on the Swedish albums chart and was accredited gold after selling just over 20,000 copies. Fifth place finisher Måns Zelmerlöw signed with Warner Bros. Records but didn't release his debut single "Cara Mia" until February 2007. The song reached number 1 in Sweden and also gained chart success in Finland, where it peaked at number 4. His first album, Stand By For... was released a month later and it too reached number 1, selling almost 50,000 copies to gain platinum certification. In late 2007, he covered and released the song "All I Want For Christmas Is You" with season two winner Agnes Carlsson, which peaked at number 3. His second album MZW was released on March 25, 2009, and after debuting at number 4, it made a sudden jump from number 26 to number 1 in its ninth week, becoming Zelmerlow's second chart-topping album. It has so far been certified gold with sales in excess of 30,000 copies. Zelmerlow would go onto enter the Melodifestivalen 2015 with the song "Heroes" and would win the competition with 288 points. He went on to the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna where he won the competition with a total of 365. He would then host the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest in Stockholm alongside Petra Mede. Eighth place finisher Ola Svensson signed a record contract with Universal and released his debut album Given To Fly in March 2006. The album peaked at number one, yielded two number one singles and was certified gold. His second album Good Enough came in October 2007 and peaked at number 6. It was re-released in early 2008 under the name Good Enough - the Feelgood Edition and hit a new peak of number 2. The album became more successful than Svensson's debut and provided him with his third number 1 single in "S.O.S". It sold over 35,000 copies and was accredited gold. Scensson's third album is slated for release in 2010, with the preceding singles "Sky's the Limit" and "Unstoppable" both peaking at number 1 in Sweden. Semifinalist Jim Almgren Gândara became the guitarist of Swedish/American rock band Carolina Liar, signing a contract with Atlantic Records. Their debut album Coming To Terms was released in the US on May 19, 2008, and peaked at number 148 on the Billboard Hot 200. Their debut single "I'm Not Over" peaked at number 3 on the US Rock Chart and their second single "Show Me What I'm Looking For" reached number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 7 on the Irish Singles Chart. Season 3 Main article: Idol 2006 (Sweden) The third season of Idol premiered on August 29, 2006, and holds the record for the most successful season launch, with 1.1 million viewers tuning into the first episode. Tobbe Blom and Johan Wiman returned to host once again, but were joined by actress Sanna Bråding and actor Mogge Sseruwagi. 6000 people auditioned for the third season, and the finalists' compilation album, Det Bästa Från Idol 2006, sold over 40,000 copies. Winner Markus Fagervall signed with Sony BMG and released his coronation song "Everything Changes" immediately after his win. The single held the number 1 spot for seven weeks and was certified double platinum. His debut album Echo Heart was released in mid-December 2006 and was a massive success. Not only did it stay at number 1 for three weeks, it sold over 80,000 copies, and was accredited double platinum. His second album Steal My Melody was released on 15 October 2008 and was much less successful than his debut, peaking at number 11 but selling just over 20,000 copies to go gold. Runner-up Erik Segerstedt also signed with Sony BMG and released his first album, A Different Shade in February 2007. The album peaked at number 2, gave Segerstedt his a number 1 single and was accredited gold for selling over 25,000 copies. In early 2008 it was announced that Segerstedt had joined with fellow season three contestant Danny Saucedo and season four fifth-place finisher Mattias Andréasson to form the boyband E.M.D. The group have achieved massive success in Sweden, with four consecutive number 1 hit singles. The first, "All for Love" held the number 1 spot for 6 weeks and was certified triple platinum, becoming the highest selling single in Sweden by an Idol contestant. Their debut album, A State of Mind was released in May 2008 and it too hit number 1. It was certified double platinum for sales of over 80,000 copies and spent more weeks on the chart than any other Idol contestant album. The group's second studio album, a compilation of Christmas songs titled Välkommen Hem was released in November 2009 and became the highest-selling album ever by an Idol alumnus after being certified quadruple platinum for the sale of a massive 160,000 copies. Sixth place finisher Danny Saucedo was signed to Sony BMG music, and his debut album Heart Beats was released in May 2007. The record peaked at number 1, produced two chart-topping singles and was certified gold for the sale of over 30,000 copies. In early 2008, Saucedo formed the boyband E.M.D with fellow season three contestant Erik Segerstedt and season four fifth-place finisher Mattias Andréasson to form the boyband E.M.D. In late 2008, Saucedo released "Radio", the lead single from his second solo album, which became his third number one single. The album, Set Your Body Free was released on Christmas Eve and debuted at number 2. In its second week on the chart however, it fell to number 36 and spent only five weeks on the chart. Season 4 Main article: Idol 2007 (Sweden) Season four of Idol launched on September 3, 2007, with a brand new hosting team made up of television personalities Peter Jihde, Carolina Gynning and Carina Berg. The series also saw the judging panel reduce to three, with musician Claes af Geijerstam bowing out of the series for personal reasons. Another change from previous seasons was the grand finale venue. For the first time it was moved from the usual television studios to the 16,000-seat Globen Arena in Stockholm. The finale contestants' compilation album Det Bästa Från Idol 2007 was released at the end of November and was certified platinum after selling over 40,000 copies. Winner Marie Picasso was signed to Sony BMG and her coronation song "This Moment" was released immediately after her victory. The single spent two weeks at number one and was certified platinum. Her debut album The Secret was released in mid-December and held the number 1 spot for three weeks. It sold just over 60,000 copies and was accredited platinum. However, the album failed to yield any other successful singles, with the second and final song released, "Winning Streak" missing the Top 60. Runner-up Amanda Jenssen also signed a recording contract with Sony BMG and released her debut album Killing My Darlings in May 2008. The album peaked at number 1 on the Swedish albums chart and has since been certified double platinum for the sale of over 80,000 copies. So far she has been more commercially successful than winner Picasso, with all four singles released from Killing My Darlings making it into the top fifteen, including a number 1 with "Do You Love Me?" Jenssen's highly anticipated second album Happyland was released on October 28, 2009. The album debuted at number 3 and has gone on to sell over 60,000 copies, spending more weeks on the official albums chart than her debut. Fourth place finisher Daniel Karlsson released his first single, "Would You Believe?" in late 2008, which peaked at number 8. His debut album was originally set for release in early 2009 but is yet to appear. Fifth place finisher Mattias Andréasson joined with season three Idol contestants Erik Segerstedt and Danny Saucedo to form the boyband E.M.D in early 2008. Season 5 Main article: Idol 2008 (Sweden) Season five of Idol launched on September 3, 2008, with host Peter Jihde returning to the show. The season saw a dramatic line-up change on the juding panel, with all three judges, Daniel Breitholtz, Peter Swartling and Kishti Tomita departing from the show for various personal reasons. They were replaced by Sony BMG manager Laila Bagge, record producer Anders Bagge and songwriter Andreas Carlsson. The change made Idol the first series in the franchise to completely replace its entire judging panel. For the second time, the grand finale was held in Stockholm's Globen, which set a new record for the largest live audience at an Idol finale anywhere in the world, with an estimated crowd of 16,000 people. It also marked only the second time in worldwide Idol history where neither of the final two contestants were born in the host country. Kevin Borg was born in Malta and Alice Svensson was born in Vietnam. The only other Idol contest to have this occur was Greece's Super Idol in 2004. Winner Kevin Borg was signed to Sony BMG, and his coronation song "With Every Bit of Me" was released immediately as his debut single. Like the previous four winners' singles, Borg's debuted at number 1 on the singles chart. It went on to hold the top spot for five weeks and was certified double platinum. Unlike his four predecessors, who had their first albums released only weeks after their victories, Borg was given longer to record his own debut. The lead single, "Street Lights" was released in late February 2009 and peaked at number 10 on the Swedish singles chart. The album The Beginning followed on March 4 and debuted at number 3. Although it sold over 10,000 copies in its first week of release, The Beginning was the first Idol winner's album not to debut or peak at number 1. It gained a gold certification for sales in excess of 35,000 copies, but is the only debut Idol winner album not to reach platinum status. Fourth place contestant Johan Palm signed with Epic Records and his debut single "Emma-Lee", released in early April 2009, reached the number 1 spot on the Swedish singles chart in its third week. His first album, My Antidote was released on 22 May 2009 and debuted at number 3. After nine weeks on the chart it was certified gold for sales in excess of 20,000 copies. Fifth place contestant Anna Bergendahl was signed by Universal Records at the end of 2009, a year after season five of Idols. She was selected to compete in Melodifestivalen 2010, going on to win the contest and represent Sweden in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo, Norway. Her winning song "This Is My Life" debuted at number one on the Swedish singles chart, a position it held for four consecutive weeks. Her debut album, Yours Sincerely was released on April 21, 2010, and also hit the number one spot in its first week, making Bergendahl the only season five Idol contestant to achieve a chart-topping album. The record was certified gold for Swedish sales of over 20,000 copies. Season 6 Main article: Idol 2009 (Sweden) Season six of Idol premiered on September 8, 2009, with Peter Jihde once again returning to host the show, along with judges Laila Bagge, Anders Bagge and Andreas Carlsson. An Idol record of 11,000 people auditioned for the series, which included an 'audition tour' around Sweden by judge Anders Bagge in order to find talent outside the most densely populated areas. The series marked a new change to the format of the show, whereby the bottom two contestants in each week of the finals were required to sing again. Their previous votes were wiped clean and the public re-cast their votes. The rule was brought in as an attempt to prevent 'shock eliminations' of the more talented contestants, and had already proved successful in other countries. The grand finale was once again held in Stockholm's Globen, with guest performers including season two winner Agnes Carlsson, who in 2009 had become the first Idol alumni to achieve worldwide success. Winner Erik Grönwall signed with Sony BMG and released his coronation song ""Higher"", which spent five weeks at number one and was certified platinum. Like all previous Idol winners (with the exception of Kevin Borg), his self-titled debut album Erik Grönwall was released only two weeks after his victory, and went into the official Swedish chart at number one, a position it held for four weeks. The album was certified platinum for the sale of over 40,000 copies. His second album, Somewhere Between a Rock and a Hard Place was released in June 2010 and peaked at number two. Runner-Up Calle Kristiansson also signed a recording contract with Sony BMG and released his self-titled debut album Calle Kristiansson on December 21, 2009. The album debuted at number two, held off the top spot by season six winner Erik Grönwall. The album held the number two spot for a total of four weeks and was accredited gold for sales of over 20,000 copies. Third placer Tove Styrke released her debut album in November 2010 named Tove Styrke, peaking at number 10 on the Swedish Albums Chart. The second single of the album, White Light Moment, peaked at number 5 on the Swedish Singles Chart and was nominated to the Song of the Year category on 2012 Swedish Grammis Awards. Season 7 Main article: Idol 2010 (Sweden) Season seven of Idol premiered in September 2010 with Peter Jihde returning as host the show, along with judges Laila Bagge, Anders Bagge and Andreas Carlsson. A new Idol record was set during the April and May auditions, with a total of 11,700 applicants. The series was won by Jay Smith. Season 8 Main article: Idol 2011 (Sweden) Season eight premiered on TV4 on September 4, 2011, Pär Lernström was the new host of the series, after Peter Jihde declined to return as host after Idol 2010. Judge Andreas Carlsson left and was replaced by Alexander Bard and Pelle Lidell. The series was won by Amanda Fondell. Season 9 Main article: Idol 2013 (Sweden) In January 2013, TV4 announced that Idol returns in 2013, following a one-year hiatus. Pär Lernström returned as host, and had Karin "Kakan" Hermansson as sidekick. Alexander Bard, Laila Bagge and Anders Bagge returned as judges. Winner of this season was Kevin Walker, a professional footballer who played for GIF Sundsvall at the time. Season 10 Main article: Idol 2014 (Sweden) After the completion of season 9, TV4 announced a tenth season, Idol 2014, airing in 2014. The season, in addition to the competition, also celebrated the show's 10th anniversary. Alexander Bard, Laila Bagge and Anders Bagge returned as judges from last season. The season's host was Pär Lernström. The winner of the title was Lisa Ajax. Season 11 Main article: Idol 2015 (Sweden) The eleventh season started airing on 17 August 2015. This was the last season with the current jury of Anders Bagge, Laila Bagge Wahlgren and Alexander Bard. The title was won by Martin Almgren. Season 12 Main article: Idol 2016 (Sweden) The twelfth season started airing on 12 August 2016. This season there was a new jury made up of Fredrik Kempe, Nikki Amini and Quincy Delight Jones III. The title was won by Liam Cacatian Thomassen. Season 13 Main article: Idol 2017 (Sweden) The 13th season aired in 2017. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Nikki Amini, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. Title was won by Christoffer Kläfford. Season 14 Main article: Idol 2018 (Sweden) The 14th season aired in 2018. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Nikki Amini, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. Title was won by Sebastian Walldén. Season 15 Main article: Idol 2019 (Sweden) The 15th season aired in 2019. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Nikki Amini, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. Title was won by Tousin Michael Chiza (Tusse). Season 16 Main article: Idol 2020 (Sweden) The 16th season aired in 2020. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Nikki Amini, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. The title was won by Nadja Holm on 4 December 2020. Due to coronavirus, this season was run differently and was filmed without an audience. Season 17 Main article: Idol 2021 (Sweden) The 17th season aired on 23 August 2021. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Katia Mosally, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. The title was won by Birkir Blær. Season 18 Main article: Idol 2022 (Sweden) The 18th season aired in 2022. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Katia Mosally, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. The title was won by Nike Sellmar. Season 19 Main article: Idol 2023 (Sweden) The 19th season aired in 2023. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Katia Mosally, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. New for this season was that four singers would coach the auditinees, those where Hanna Ferm, Chris Kläfford, Pa Modou Badjie and Maxida Märak. Season details Season Year Winner Runner-up 1 2004 Daniel Lindström Darin Zanyar 2 2005 Agnes Carlsson Sebastian Karlsson 3 2006 Markus Fagervall Erik Segerstedt 4 2007 Marie Picasso Amanda Jenssen 5 2008 Kevin Borg Alice Svensson 6 2009 Erik Grönwall Calle Kristiansson 7 2010 Jay Smith Minnah Karlsson 8 2011 Amanda Fondell Robin Stjernberg 9 2013 Kevin Walker Elin Bergman 10 2014 Lisa Ajax Mollie Lindén 11 2015 Martin Almgren Amanda Winberg 12 2016 Liam Cacatian Thomassen Rebecka Karlsson 13 2017 Christoffer Kläfford Hanna Ferm 14 2018 Sebastian Walldén Kadiatou Holm Keita 15 2019 Tusse Chiza Freddie Liljegren 16 2020 Nadja Holm Paulina Pancenkov 17 2021 Birkir Blær Jacqline Mossberg Mounkassa 18 2022 Nike Sellmar Albin Tingwall 19 2023 Cimberly Wanyonyi Saga Ludvigsson Top Selling Idol Alumni This list only includes contestants with at least one certified album, and the totals do not include EPs, digital-only albums and/or pre-Idol recordings. Swedish Gold, Platinum, and/or Multi-Platinum certifications (Worldwide Sales) Former contestantTotal sales Debut album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album 1. Agnes Carlsson (Season 2, Winner) 355,000 Agnes (December 19, 2005) Columbia 93,0002xPlatinumPeak: #1 Stronger (October 11, 2006) Columbia 52,000PlatinumPeak: #1 Dance Love Pop (October 29, 2008) Roxy Records 200,000PlatinumPeak: #5 Veritas (September 5, 2012) Roxy Records 10,000N/APeak: #3 2. E.M.D (Erik Segerstedt, Mattias Andréassonand Danny Saucedo) 260,000 A State of Mind (May 14, 2008) Ariola 90,0002xPlatinumPeak: #1 Välkommen Hem (November 9, 2009) Ariola160,0004xPlatinum Peak: N/A1 Rewind (December 3, 2010) Ariola10,000N/A Peak: #20 3. Amanda Jenssen (Season 4, Runner-Up) 203,000 Killing My Darlings (May 7, 2008) Epic 84,0002xPlatinumPeak: #1 Happyland (October 28, 2009) Epic 94,0002xPlatinumPeak: #3 Hymns for the Haunted (November 14, 2012) Sony Music Entertainment 25,000GoldPeak: #2 4. Darin Zanyar (Season 1, Runner-Up)186,000 The Anthem (February 14, 2005) RCA 52,000PlatinumPeak: #1 Darin (September 28, 2005) Columbia 71,000PlatinumPeak: #1 Break the News (November 22, 2006) Columbia 22,000GoldPeak: #1 Flashback (December 3, 2008) Epic 16,000N/APeak: #10 LoveKiller (August 18, 2010) Universal 25,000GoldPeak: #1 5. Markus Fagervall (Season 3, Winner) 102,000 Echo Heart (December 18, 2006) RCA 81,000 2xPlatinumPeak: #1 Steal My Melody (October 15, 2008) RCA 21,000 GoldPeak: #11 6. Måns Zelmerlöw (Season 2, 5th Place) 83,000 Stand By For... (March 23, 2007) Warner Records 48,000PlatinumPeak: #1 MZW (March 25, 2009) Warner Records 35,000GoldPeak: #1 7. Daniel Lindström (Season 1, Winner) 77,000 Daniel Lindström (December 9, 2004) RCA 53,000PlatinumPeak: #1 Nån Slags Verklighet (August 16, 2006) RCA 22,000GoldPeak: #3 D-Day (January 29, 2009) LaLuff 3,000N/APeak: #25 8. Sebastian Karlsson (Season 2, Runner-Up) 72,000 Sebastian (March 1, 2006) RCA 38,000GoldPeak: #1 The Vintage Virgin (March 7, 2007) RCA 32,000GoldPeak: #2 The Most Beautiful Lie (January 29, 2009) Roxy Records 2,000N/APeak: #32 9. Ola Svensson (Season 2, 8th Place) 71,000 Given to Fly (May 31, 2006) Universal 22,000GoldPeak: #1 Good Enough (October 3, 2007) Universal 37,000GoldPeak: #2 Ola (September 15, 2010) Universal 12,000N/APeak: #3 10. Marie Picasso (Season 4, Winner) 62,000 The Secret (December 19, 2007) RCA 62,000 PlatinumPeak: #1 11. Erik Grönwall (Season 6, Winner) 53,000 Erik Grönwall (December 16, 2009) Columbia 43,000PlatinumPeak: #1 Somewhere Between aRock and a Hard Place(June 2, 2010) Columbia 10,000N/APeak: #2 12. Danny Saucedo (Season 3, 6th Place) 49,000 Heart Beats (May 30, 2007) Ariola 32,000GoldPeak: #1 Set Your Body Free (December 24, 2008) Ariola 17,000N/APeak: #2 13. Loreen (Season 1, 4th Place) 40,000 Heal (October 22, 2012) Warner Records 40,000PlatinumPeak: #1 13. Kevin Borg (Season 5, Winner) 37,000 The Beginning (March 4, 2009) Ariola 37,000GoldPeak: #3 14. Anna Bergendahl (Season 5, 5th Place) 34,000 Yours Sincerely(April 21, 2010) Universal 34,000GoldPeak: #1 15. Calle Kristiansson (Season 6, Runner-Up) 31,000 Calle Kristiansson (December 23, 2009) Columbia 31,000GoldPeak: #2 16. Erik Segerstedt (Season 3, Runner-Up) 28,000 A Different Shade (February 21, 2007) Epic 28,000GoldPeak: #2 17. Johan Palm (Season 5, 4th Place) 27,000 My Antidote (May 20, 2009) Epic 27,000GoldPeak: #3 18. Sibel Redzep (Season 2, 3rd Place) 21,000 The Diving Belle (March 12, 2008) Warner Records 21,000GoldPeak: #9 1 Välkommen Hem by E.M.D was ineligible to chart as it had been sold exclusively by ICA AB retail stores. References ^ a b c "Nu skrotas "Idol"". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). 2011-10-29. Retrieved 2011-10-29. ^ a b Henriksson, Sally (2013-01-15). "TV 4 tar tillbaka "Idol" i höst". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2013-01-15. ^ Idol. "Idol". tv4.se. Retrieved 2012-11-06. ^ "Stor auditionturné när idoljuryn gör sin sista säsong - Idol - tv4.se". tv4.se. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ^ "Juryn träffade TV4 i största hemlighet i går". aftonbladet.se. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Idol 2023: Här är artisterna som coachar de tävlande", tv4.se, 29 June 2023, retrieved 14 August 2023 ^ ""Idol" görs om i TV4 – så blir nya programmet". Expressen. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023. ^ Welcome. "Welcome « Agnes – Official Website of Agnes Carlsson". Agnescarlsson.se. Retrieved 2012-11-06. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Hitlistan.se. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2012-11-06. External links Official website vteIdol (Swedish TV series)Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Winners Daniel Lindström Agnes Carlsson Markus Fagervall Marie Picasso Kevin Borg Erik Grönwall Jay Smith Amanda Fondell Kevin Walker Lisa Ajax Martin Almgren Liam Cacatian Thomassen Christoffer Kläfford Sebastian Walldén Tusse Chiza Nadja Holm Birkir Blær Nike Sellmar Cimberly Wanyonyi Winners' singles "Coming True" "Right Here, Right Now" "Everything Changes" "This Moment" "With Every Bit of Me" "Higher" "Dreaming People" "All This Way" "Belong" "Unbelievable" "Can't Hold Me Down" "Playing with Fire" "Treading Water" "Everything" "Rain" Runners-up Darin Zanyar Sebastian Karlsson Erik Segerstedt Amanda Jenssen Alice Svensson Calle Kristiansson Minnah Karlsson Robin Stjernberg Elin Bergman Mollie Lindén Amanda Winberg Rebecka Karlsson Hanna Ferm Kadiatou Holm Keita Freddie Liljegren Paulina Pancenkov Saga Ludvigsson Notable alumni Andreas Weise Ola Svensson Måns Zelmerlöw Danny Saucedo Loreen Sibel Redžep E.M.D. Johan Palm Daniel Karlsson (aka The Moniker) Anna Bergendahl Robin Bengtsson Lars Eriksson Rabih Jaber and Eddie Razaz (as Rebound!) Robin Stjernberg Tove Styrke Mariette Hansson Geir Rönning Oleg Nejlik Linnea Henriksson Renaida Braun William Segerdahl Bragi Bergsson Related articles Det bästa från Idol (series) Idol series vteIdolsList of winnersMain franchiseAfrica East Africa Nigeria West Africa South Africa Americas Brazil Canada Colombia Latin America Puerto Rico United States Asia-Pacific Australia Bangladesh Cambodia China India Hindi Telugu Marathi Indonesia Kurdistan Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Philippines ABC GMA ABS-CBN Singapore Vietnam Europe United Kingdom (original) Armenia Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Nova TV RTL Czech Republic and Slovakia Czech Republic Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece and Cyprus MEGA Alpha TV Iceland Kazakhstan Macedonia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro Sweden Turkey Middle East Arab League Future TV MBC 1 Iraq Saudi Arabia Junior franchiseAmericas United States (original) Brazil Puerto Rico Asia-Pacific India Indonesia Vietnam Europe Germany Norway Portugal Spain Specials Asian Idol World Idol	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"TV4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV4_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Idols franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idols_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"reality program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_program"},{"link_name":"Pop Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Idol"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Simon Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"2011 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2011_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Pär Lernström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lernstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2013_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Karin \"Kakan\" Hermansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakan_Hermansson"},{"link_name":"sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidekick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last_season_of_Idol-1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lindström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lindstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Agnes Carlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"Markus Fagervall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Fagervall"},{"link_name":"Marie Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Kevin Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Borg_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Erik Grönwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Gr%C3%B6nwall"},{"link_name":"Jay Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Smith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Amanda Fondell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Fondell"},{"link_name":"Kevin Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Walker_(footballer_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"eighth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2011_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Talang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talang_(Swedish_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_Sverige"},{"link_name":"X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Factor_(Swedish_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom's version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Simon Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cowell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last_season_of_Idol-1"},{"link_name":"in 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2013_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idol_returns_in_2013-2"}],"text":"TV series or programIdol is a Swedish reality-competition talent show broadcast on TV4. It first appeared in August 2004, and became one of the most popular shows on Swedish television. Part of the Idols franchise, it originated from the reality program Pop Idol created by British entertainment executive Simon Fuller, which was first aired in 2001 in the United Kingdom.The program seeks to discover the best singer in Sweden through a series of nationwide auditions. The outcomes of the later stages of the competition are determined by public phone voting. The format features three judges who give critiques of the contestants' performances. Since Idol started in 2004, the show has featured five different line-ups of judges, a total of nine different judges, as well as twelve different presenters (including sidekicks in 2011 and 2013). From 2004 to 2007, each season had two hosts who stayed for just one season. However, from 2008, each season only has one host. For the 2011 season, the eighth season of Idol, Pär Lernström was the host. For the 2013 season, Pär Lernström returned as host and Karin \"Kakan\" Hermansson as his sidekick.[1]The winners of the first nine series were Daniel Lindström, Agnes Carlsson, Markus Fagervall, Marie Picasso, Kevin Borg, Erik Grönwall, Jay Smith, Amanda Fondell, and Kevin Walker. Smith is the oldest winner at 29 whilst Fondell and Carlsson are the youngest at only 17. To date, Idol contestants have collectively sold over 1.1 million albums in Sweden alone.Following the completion of its eighth season, Idol was put on indefinite hiatus alongside Talang and replaced in 2012 by two reality singing competitions: The Voice and X Factor, the latter of which also originated from the United Kingdom's version, created by music executive Simon Cowell.[1] However, in January 2013, TV4 announced that Idol would return in 2013 and that neither The Voice nor X Factor would continue, due to low ratings for both shows.[2]","title":"Idol (Swedish TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Season 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7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2010_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Karlstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Luleå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lule%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Season 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2011_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Linköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund"},{"link_name":"Falun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Season 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2013_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Linköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Season 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2014_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Karlstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Season 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2015_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Kiruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiruna"},{"link_name":"Arvidsjaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvidsjaur"},{"link_name":"Åre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85re"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Visby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby"},{"link_name":"Växjö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Mjölby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lby"},{"link_name":"Strömstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B6mstad"},{"link_name":"Åmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85m%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Rättvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ttvik"},{"link_name":"Season 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2016_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Östersund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersund"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Skövde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6vde"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"}],"text":"Season 1: Karlstad, Gothenburg, Malmö, Umeå, Stockholm\nSeason 2: Malmö, Sundsvall, Gothenburg, Piteå, Stockholm\nSeason 3: Malmö, Gothenburg, Falun, Umeå, Stockholm\nSeason 4: Gothenburg, Skellefteå, Malmö, Borlänge, Stockholm\nSeason 5: Gothenburg, Luleå, Karlstad, Lund, Stockholm\nSeason 6: Gothenburg, Gävle, Malmö, Umeå, Stockholm\nSeason 7: Gothenburg, Karlstad, Malmö, Luleå, Stockholm\nSeason 8: Linköping, Gothenburg, Lund, Falun, Stockholm\nSeason 9: Stockholm, Linköping, Malmö, Gothenburg, Sundsvall\nSeason 10: Malmö, Karlstad, Stockholm, Sundsvall, Gothenburg\nSeason 11: Kiruna, Arvidsjaur, Åre, Malmö, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Visby, Växjö, Mjölby, Strömstad, Åmål, Rättvik\nSeason 12: Malmö, Östersund, Gothenburg, Skövde, Stockholm","title":"Audition cities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Hellenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hellenius"},{"link_name":"Peter Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Magnusson"},{"link_name":"Daniel Breitholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Breitholtz"},{"link_name":"Peter Swartling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Swartling"},{"link_name":"Kishti Tomita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishti_Tomita"},{"link_name":"Claes af Geijerstam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claes_af_Geijerstam"},{"link_name":"Det Bästa Från Idol 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_B%C3%A4sta_Fr%C3%A5n_Idol_2004"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lindström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lindstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lindström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lindstr%C3%B6m_(album)"},{"link_name":"Darin Zanyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darin_Zanyar"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Break the News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_the_News"},{"link_name":"Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire_(Darin_song)"},{"link_name":"Flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(Darin_album)"},{"link_name":"Kat DeLuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_DeLuna"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Universal Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music"},{"link_name":"LoveKiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoveKiller_(Darin_album)"},{"link_name":"Loreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreen"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011"},{"link_name":"Thomas G:son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_G:son"},{"link_name":"Peter Boström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bostr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Johnny Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Logan_(singer)"}],"sub_title":"Season 1","text":"The first season of Idol debuted in the summer of 2004 and was an instant phenomenon, following in the success of other Idol competitions from around the world. The show's co-hosts were comedians David Hellenius and Peter Magnusson, and the four judges were Sony BMG manager Daniel Breitholtz, record producer Peter Swartling, vocal coach Kishti Tomita and musician Claes af Geijerstam. Towards the end of the final stages of the season, Sony BMG released the album Det Bästa Från Idol 2004 which included covers of some of the songs that the final 11 contestants had sung during the competition. The album became a success and was certified gold in Sweden for sales of 20,000 copies.Winner Daniel Lindström signed a recording contract with Sony BMG, the label in partnership with the show's management. Immediately after the grand final, Lindström released the coronation song \"Coming True\" which debuted at number 1 on the Swedish singles chart, held the top spot for seven weeks and was certified double platinum. His self-titled debut album Daniel Lindström was released in early December and this too hit number 1. It went on to be certified Platinum, selling over 50,000 copies. His second album Nån slags verklighet was released in August 2006 and peaked at number 3. Recorded completely in his native language, it was less successful than his debut but gained a gold certification. After over two years away from the music industry, Lindström's third album D-Day was released on January 29, 2009. Despite critical acclaim however, the album failed to achieve commercial success, peaking at number 25 and selling less than 5,000 copies.Runner-up Darin Zanyar also signed a recording contract with Sony BMG and has gone on to enjoy huge success in Sweden, Finland and Germany. His debut album The Anthem was released in February 2005, charted at number 1 and was certified platinum, selling over 50,000 copies in Sweden. The first single \"Money For Nothing\" was also a huge number 1 hit. His second, self-titled album Darin was released later the same year and surpassed the success of its predecessor, gaining platinum status with sales of almost 80,000 copies and producing Zanyar's second Swedish number 1 single. Break the News was released in late 2006, became his third chart-topping album, was certified gold and gave Zanyar his third number 1 single with \"Desire\". On December 3, 2008, after almost a two-year break from the music industry, Zanyar's fourth album, Flashback was released. It peaked at number 10, becoming his first not to reach number 1 or gain a certification, despite the huge success of its lead single \"Breathing Your Love\" featuring Kat DeLuna. In 2009, Zanyar parted ways with Sony BMG and signed a new recording contract with Universal Music. His fifth studio album, LoveKiller was released on August 18, 2010. It debuted at number 2, and reached number 1 in its second week, becoming Zanyar's fourth number 1 album.Fourth-placer Loreen signed a recording contract with Warner in Sweden shortly after being eliminated from the competition. Loreen returned to the public eye when she took part in the Melodifestivalen 2011 with her song \"My Heart is Refusing Me\", but failed to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. Loreen entered the Melodifastivalen 2012 with her single \"Euphoria\", written by Thomas G:son and Peter Boström. She won the national final on 10 March with a combined total of 268 points and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 held in Baku, Azerbaijan. The song also won the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 with a total of 372 points from 40 voting countries. Loreen received all 12 marks from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Spain and United Kingdom. She also won the Marcel Bezençon Awards for the Artist Award and the Composer Award. After the competition, \"Euphoria\" received critical acclaim from most music critics, who enjoyed the style of music. Commercially, the song was an instant success, not only in Sweden, but worldwide in Europe and the Oceania. It debuted at number twelve in her home country Sweden, until reaching number one, staying there for six weeks. The song has been certified 5 times Platinum, selling over 100,000 copies in Sweden. In 2023, Loreen returned to Melodifestivalen for a third time. With her song ‘Tattoo’ she won the Swedish ticket to Eurovision for the second time in her career. In Liverpool, UK, Loreen secured her second victory at the Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden. She is the only woman to win the contest twice, and only the second person to do so, following Ireland's Johnny Logan. Tattoo was a streaming and chart success across Europe and the wider world, achieving 400+ million streams to date, and became the fastest Eurovision song to surpass 100 million streams.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobbe Blom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobbe_Blom"},{"link_name":"Johan Wiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Wiman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agnes Carlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Right Here, Right Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Here,_Right_Now_(My_Heart_Belongs_to_You)"},{"link_name":"Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_(album)"},{"link_name":"Stronger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronger_(Agnes_album)"},{"link_name":"All I Want For Christmas Is You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Want_For_Christmas_Is_You"},{"link_name":"Måns Zelmerlöw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Roxy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roxy_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dance Love Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Love_Pop"},{"link_name":"On and On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_and_On_(Agnes_song)"},{"link_name":"Release Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_Me_(Agnes_song)"},{"link_name":"US Hot Dance Club Songs chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Karlsson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Do What You're Told","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_What_You%27re_Told"},{"link_name":"Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Vintage Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vintage_Virgin"},{"link_name":"The Most Beautiful Lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Lie"},{"link_name":"Sibel Redzep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibel_Redzep"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"The Diving Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diving_Belle"},{"link_name":"Måns Zelmerlöw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Cara Mia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Mia_(M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w_Song)"},{"link_name":"Stand By For...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_By_For..."},{"link_name":"All I Want For Christmas Is You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Want_For_Christmas_Is_You"},{"link_name":"Agnes Carlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"MZW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MZW"},{"link_name":"Ola Svensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Svensson"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records"},{"link_name":"Given To Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_to_Fly_(Ola_album)"},{"link_name":"Good Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Enough_(album)"},{"link_name":"S.O.S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.O.S._(Ola_Svensson_song)"},{"link_name":"Sky's the Limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%27s_the_Limit_(Ola_Svensson_song)"},{"link_name":"Unstoppable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstoppable_(Ola_Svensson_song)"},{"link_name":"Carolina Liar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Liar"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Coming To Terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_To_Terms"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_200"},{"link_name":"US Rock Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"}],"sub_title":"Season 2","text":"The second season of Idol debuted in the summer of 2005, and carried on the show's huge success. Television personalities Tobbe Blom and Johan Wiman emerged as the new hosts of the show but the judging panel remained the same. As in season one, Sony BMG released a compilation album towards the end of the finals that included cover versions of some of the songs that the final 11 contestants had sung. The album, Idol 2005 - My Own Idol was a huge success, earning double platinum status in Sweden for the sale of 80,000 copies.Winner Agnes Carlsson signed with Sony BMG and released her coronation song \"Right Here, Right Now\", which spent six weeks at number 1 and gained double platinum status. Her self-titled debut album Agnes was released in mid-December and held the top spot for two weeks. It was certified platinum in its first week due to enormous sales and has to date sold over 90,000 copies, making it the highest-selling album by an Idol contestant. Less than a year later, in October 2006, Carlsson released her second album, Stronger, which also peaked at number 1, sold over 50,000 copies and was certified platinum. In late 2007, she covered and released the song \"All I Want For Christmas Is You\" with fellow Idol contestant Måns Zelmerlöw, which peaked at number 3 on the singles chart. Carlsson's departed from Sony BMG in late 2007 and signed a deal with Stockholm-based independent label Roxy Records. Her third studio album Dance Love Pop was released on October 29, 2008, peaked at number 5 and was certified platinum, making Carlsson the first Idol contestant to achieve three platinum albums. It was preceded by the gold-selling single \"On and On\" which peaked at number 8 for four weeks. Carlsson became the first Idol contestant to receive international recognition when the second single from the album, \"Release Me\" was launched worldwide during 2009. It reached the top ten in seventeen countries, including the number 1 spot on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and sold over 900,000 copies. Carlsson's highly anticipated fourth studio album was expected in the last quarter of 2010 or the first quarter of 2011.Runner-up Sebastian Karlsson also signed with Sony BMG and his first single \"Do What You're Told\" peaked at number 1 for four weeks. His self-titled debut album Sebastian was released in March 2006, hit number 1 and gained gold certification, selling over 30,000 copies. His second effort The Vintage Virgin was released a year later in March 2007 and peaked at number two on the Swedish albums chart. It yielded two top 3 singles and was also certified gold for sales exceeding 30,000. Karlsson's third studio album, The Most Beautiful Lie was released on January 29, 2009, but failed to match the success of his previous efforts. The Most Beautiful Lie stalled at number 32 and spent only one week on the Top 60 albums chart.Third place finisher Sibel Redzep did not initially release any music. Unlike most other previous Idol contestants, she did not sign a recording contract with Sony BMG, but instead chose to sign a deal with Warner Bros. Records. In March 2008, over two years after her appearance on Idol, her debut album, The Diving Belle was finally released. The critically acclaimed album peaked at number 9 for two weeks on the Swedish albums chart and was accredited gold after selling just over 20,000 copies.Fifth place finisher Måns Zelmerlöw signed with Warner Bros. Records but didn't release his debut single \"Cara Mia\" until February 2007. The song reached number 1 in Sweden and also gained chart success in Finland, where it peaked at number 4. His first album, Stand By For... was released a month later and it too reached number 1, selling almost 50,000 copies to gain platinum certification. In late 2007, he covered and released the song \"All I Want For Christmas Is You\" with season two winner Agnes Carlsson, which peaked at number 3. His second album MZW was released on March 25, 2009, and after debuting at number 4, it made a sudden jump from number 26 to number 1 in its ninth week, becoming Zelmerlow's second chart-topping album. It has so far been certified gold with sales in excess of 30,000 copies. Zelmerlow would go onto enter the Melodifestivalen 2015 with the song \"Heroes\" and would win the competition with 288 points. He went on to the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna where he won the competition with a total of 365. He would then host the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest in Stockholm alongside Petra Mede.Eighth place finisher Ola Svensson signed a record contract with Universal and released his debut album Given To Fly in March 2006. The album peaked at number one, yielded two number one singles and was certified gold. His second album Good Enough came in October 2007 and peaked at number 6. It was re-released in early 2008 under the name Good Enough - the Feelgood Edition and hit a new peak of number 2. The album became more successful than Svensson's debut and provided him with his third number 1 single in \"S.O.S\". It sold over 35,000 copies and was accredited gold. Scensson's third album is slated for release in 2010, with the preceding singles \"Sky's the Limit\" and \"Unstoppable\" both peaking at number 1 in Sweden.Semifinalist Jim Almgren Gândara became the guitarist of Swedish/American rock band Carolina Liar, signing a contract with Atlantic Records. Their debut album Coming To Terms was released in the US on May 19, 2008, and peaked at number 148 on the Billboard Hot 200. Their debut single \"I'm Not Over\" peaked at number 3 on the US Rock Chart and their second single \"Show Me What I'm Looking For\" reached number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 7 on the Irish Singles Chart.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobbe Blom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobbe_Blom"},{"link_name":"Johan Wiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Wiman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sanna Bråding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanna_Br%C3%A5ding"},{"link_name":"Mogge Sseruwagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogge_Sseruwagi"},{"link_name":"Markus Fagervall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Fagervall"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Erik Segerstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Segerstedt"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"A Different Shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Different_Shade"},{"link_name":"Danny Saucedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Saucedo"},{"link_name":"Mattias Andréasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias_Andr%C3%A9asson"},{"link_name":"E.M.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.M.D"},{"link_name":"All for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_for_Love_(song)#E.M.D._version"},{"link_name":"A State of Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_State_of_Mind_(album)"},{"link_name":"Välkommen Hem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4lkommen_hem"},{"link_name":"Danny Saucedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Saucedo"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Heart Beats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Beats_(Danny_album)"},{"link_name":"E.M.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.M.D"},{"link_name":"E.M.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.M.D"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(Danny_Saucedo_song)"},{"link_name":"Set Your Body Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_Your_Body_Free"}],"sub_title":"Season 3","text":"The third season of Idol premiered on August 29, 2006, and holds the record for the most successful season launch, with 1.1 million viewers tuning into the first episode. Tobbe Blom and Johan Wiman returned to host once again, but were joined by actress Sanna Bråding and actor Mogge Sseruwagi. 6000 people auditioned for the third season, and the finalists' compilation album, Det Bästa Från Idol 2006, sold over 40,000 copies.Winner Markus Fagervall signed with Sony BMG and released his coronation song \"Everything Changes\" immediately after his win. The single held the number 1 spot for seven weeks and was certified double platinum. His debut album Echo Heart was released in mid-December 2006 and was a massive success. Not only did it stay at number 1 for three weeks, it sold over 80,000 copies, and was accredited double platinum. His second album Steal My Melody was released on 15 October 2008 and was much less successful than his debut, peaking at number 11 but selling just over 20,000 copies to go gold.Runner-up Erik Segerstedt also signed with Sony BMG and released his first album, A Different Shade in February 2007. The album peaked at number 2, gave Segerstedt his a number 1 single and was accredited gold for selling over 25,000 copies. In early 2008 it was announced that Segerstedt had joined with fellow season three contestant Danny Saucedo and season four fifth-place finisher Mattias Andréasson to form the boyband E.M.D. The group have achieved massive success in Sweden, with four consecutive number 1 hit singles. The first, \"All for Love\" held the number 1 spot for 6 weeks and was certified triple platinum, becoming the highest selling single in Sweden by an Idol contestant. Their debut album, A State of Mind was released in May 2008 and it too hit number 1. It was certified double platinum for sales of over 80,000 copies and spent more weeks on the chart than any other Idol contestant album. The group's second studio album, a compilation of Christmas songs titled Välkommen Hem was released in November 2009 and became the highest-selling album ever by an Idol alumnus after being certified quadruple platinum for the sale of a massive 160,000 copies.Sixth place finisher Danny Saucedo was signed to Sony BMG music, and his debut album Heart Beats was released in May 2007. The record peaked at number 1, produced two chart-topping singles and was certified gold for the sale of over 30,000 copies. In early 2008, Saucedo formed the boyband E.M.D with fellow season three contestant Erik Segerstedt and season four fifth-place finisher Mattias Andréasson to form the boyband E.M.D. In late 2008, Saucedo released \"Radio\", the lead single from his second solo album, which became his third number one single. The album, Set Your Body Free was released on Christmas Eve and debuted at number 2. In its second week on the chart however, it fell to number 36 and spent only five weeks on the chart.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Jihde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jihde"},{"link_name":"Carolina Gynning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Gynning"},{"link_name":"Carina Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_Berg"},{"link_name":"Claes af Geijerstam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claes_af_Geijerstam"},{"link_name":"Globen Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson_Globe"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Marie Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"This Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Moment_(Marie_Picasso)"},{"link_name":"Amanda Jenssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Jenssen"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Killing My Darlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_My_Darlings"},{"link_name":"Killing My Darlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_My_Darlings"},{"link_name":"Happyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happyland_(Amanda_Jenssen_album)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"Mattias Andréasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias_Andr%C3%A9asson"},{"link_name":"Erik Segerstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Segerstedt"},{"link_name":"Danny Saucedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Saucedo"},{"link_name":"E.M.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.M.D"}],"sub_title":"Season 4","text":"Season four of Idol launched on September 3, 2007, with a brand new hosting team made up of television personalities Peter Jihde, Carolina Gynning and Carina Berg. The series also saw the judging panel reduce to three, with musician Claes af Geijerstam bowing out of the series for personal reasons. Another change from previous seasons was the grand finale venue. For the first time it was moved from the usual television studios to the 16,000-seat Globen Arena in Stockholm. The finale contestants' compilation album Det Bästa Från Idol 2007 was released at the end of November and was certified platinum after selling over 40,000 copies.Winner Marie Picasso was signed to Sony BMG and her coronation song \"This Moment\" was released immediately after her victory. The single spent two weeks at number one and was certified platinum. Her debut album The Secret was released in mid-December and held the number 1 spot for three weeks. It sold just over 60,000 copies and was accredited platinum. However, the album failed to yield any other successful singles, with the second and final song released, \"Winning Streak\" missing the Top 60.Runner-up Amanda Jenssen also signed a recording contract with Sony BMG and released her debut album Killing My Darlings in May 2008. The album peaked at number 1 on the Swedish albums chart and has since been certified double platinum for the sale of over 80,000 copies. So far she has been more commercially successful than winner Picasso, with all four singles released from Killing My Darlings making it into the top fifteen, including a number 1 with \"Do You Love Me?\" Jenssen's highly anticipated second album Happyland was released on October 28, 2009. The album debuted at number 3 and has gone on to sell over 60,000 copies, spending more weeks on the official albums chart than her debut.Fourth place finisher Daniel Karlsson released his first single, \"Would You Believe?\" in late 2008, which peaked at number 8. His debut album was originally set for release in early 2009 but is yet to appear.Fifth place finisher Mattias Andréasson joined with season three Idol contestants Erik Segerstedt and Danny Saucedo to form the boyband E.M.D in early 2008.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Breitholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Breitholtz"},{"link_name":"Peter Swartling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Swartling"},{"link_name":"Kishti Tomita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishti_Tomita"},{"link_name":"Laila Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila_Bagge"},{"link_name":"Anders Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Bagge"},{"link_name":"Andreas Carlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"Globen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson_Globe"},{"link_name":"Kevin Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Borg_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Alice Svensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Svensson"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Super Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Idol_(Greek_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Borg_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"With Every Bit of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_Every_Bit_of_Me"},{"link_name":"Johan Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Palm"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"Emma-Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma-Lee"},{"link_name":"My Antidote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Antidote"},{"link_name":"Anna Bergendahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bergendahl"},{"link_name":"Universal Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records"},{"link_name":"Melodifestivalen 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodifestivalen_2010"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"This Is My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_My_Life_(Anna_Bergendahl_song)"},{"link_name":"Yours Sincerely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yours_Sincerely_(Anna_Bergendahl_album)"}],"sub_title":"Season 5","text":"Season five of Idol launched on September 3, 2008, with host Peter Jihde returning to the show. The season saw a dramatic line-up change on the juding panel, with all three judges, Daniel Breitholtz, Peter Swartling and Kishti Tomita departing from the show for various personal reasons. They were replaced by Sony BMG manager Laila Bagge, record producer Anders Bagge and songwriter Andreas Carlsson. The change made Idol the first series in the franchise to completely replace its entire judging panel. For the second time, the grand finale was held in Stockholm's Globen, which set a new record for the largest live audience at an Idol finale anywhere in the world, with an estimated crowd of 16,000 people. It also marked only the second time in worldwide Idol history where neither of the final two contestants were born in the host country. Kevin Borg was born in Malta and Alice Svensson was born in Vietnam. The only other Idol contest to have this occur was Greece's Super Idol in 2004.Winner Kevin Borg was signed to Sony BMG, and his coronation song \"With Every Bit of Me\" was released immediately as his debut single. Like the previous four winners' singles, Borg's debuted at number 1 on the singles chart. It went on to hold the top spot for five weeks and was certified double platinum. Unlike his four predecessors, who had their first albums released only weeks after their victories, Borg was given longer to record his own debut. The lead single, \"Street Lights\" was released in late February 2009 and peaked at number 10 on the Swedish singles chart. The album The Beginning followed on March 4 and debuted at number 3. Although it sold over 10,000 copies in its first week of release, The Beginning was the first Idol winner's album not to debut or peak at number 1. It gained a gold certification for sales in excess of 35,000 copies, but is the only debut Idol winner album not to reach platinum status.Fourth place contestant Johan Palm signed with Epic Records and his debut single \"Emma-Lee\", released in early April 2009, reached the number 1 spot on the Swedish singles chart in its third week. His first album, My Antidote was released on 22 May 2009 and debuted at number 3. After nine weeks on the chart it was certified gold for sales in excess of 20,000 copies.Fifth place contestant Anna Bergendahl was signed by Universal Records at the end of 2009, a year after season five of Idols. She was selected to compete in Melodifestivalen 2010, going on to win the contest and represent Sweden in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo, Norway. Her winning song \"This Is My Life\" debuted at number one on the Swedish singles chart, a position it held for four consecutive weeks. Her debut album, Yours Sincerely was released on April 21, 2010, and also hit the number one spot in its first week, making Bergendahl the only season five Idol contestant to achieve a chart-topping album. The record was certified gold for Swedish sales of over 20,000 copies.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Globen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson_Globe"},{"link_name":"Agnes Carlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"Erik Grönwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Gr%C3%B6nwall"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"\"Higher\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_(Erik_Gr%C3%B6nwall_song)"},{"link_name":"Erik Grönwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Gr%C3%B6nwall_(album)"},{"link_name":"Calle Kristiansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle_Kristiansson"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Erik Grönwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Gr%C3%B6nwall"},{"link_name":"Tove Styrke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_Styrke"},{"link_name":"Tove Styrke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_Styrke_(album)"},{"link_name":"White Light Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Light_Moment"},{"link_name":"Grammis Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammis"}],"sub_title":"Season 6","text":"Season six of Idol premiered on September 8, 2009, with Peter Jihde once again returning to host the show, along with judges Laila Bagge, Anders Bagge and Andreas Carlsson. An Idol record of 11,000 people auditioned for the series, which included an 'audition tour' around Sweden by judge Anders Bagge in order to find talent outside the most densely populated areas. The series marked a new change to the format of the show, whereby the bottom two contestants in each week of the finals were required to sing again. Their previous votes were wiped clean and the public re-cast their votes. The rule was brought in as an attempt to prevent 'shock eliminations' of the more talented contestants, and had already proved successful in other countries. The grand finale was once again held in Stockholm's Globen, with guest performers including season two winner Agnes Carlsson, who in 2009 had become the first Idol alumni to achieve worldwide success.Winner Erik Grönwall signed with Sony BMG and released his coronation song \"\"Higher\"\", which spent five weeks at number one and was certified platinum. Like all previous Idol winners (with the exception of Kevin Borg), his self-titled debut album Erik Grönwall was released only two weeks after his victory, and went into the official Swedish chart at number one, a position it held for four weeks. The album was certified platinum for the sale of over 40,000 copies. His second album, Somewhere Between a Rock and a Hard Place was released in June 2010 and peaked at number two.Runner-Up Calle Kristiansson also signed a recording contract with Sony BMG and released his self-titled debut album Calle Kristiansson on December 21, 2009. The album debuted at number two, held off the top spot by season six winner Erik Grönwall. The album held the number two spot for a total of four weeks and was accredited gold for sales of over 20,000 copies.Third placer Tove Styrke released her debut album in November 2010 named Tove Styrke, peaking at number 10 on the Swedish Albums Chart. The second single of the album, White Light Moment, peaked at number 5 on the Swedish Singles Chart and was nominated to the Song of the Year category on 2012 Swedish Grammis Awards.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jay Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Smith_(singer)"}],"sub_title":"Season 7","text":"Season seven of Idol premiered in September 2010 with Peter Jihde returning as host the show, along with judges Laila Bagge, Anders Bagge and Andreas Carlsson. A new Idol record was set during the April and May auditions, with a total of 11,700 applicants. The series was won by Jay Smith.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV4_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last_season_of_Idol-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pär Lernström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lernstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Idol 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2010_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bard"},{"link_name":"Pelle Lidell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelle_Lidell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amanda Fondell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Fondell"}],"sub_title":"Season 8","text":"Season eight premiered on TV4 on September 4, 2011,[1][3] Pär Lernström was the new host of the series, after Peter Jihde declined to return as host after Idol 2010. Judge Andreas Carlsson left and was replaced by Alexander Bard and Pelle Lidell. The series was won by Amanda Fondell.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karin \"Kakan\" Hermansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakan_Hermansson"},{"link_name":"sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidekick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idol_returns_in_2013-2"},{"link_name":"Kevin Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Walker_(footballer_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"}],"sub_title":"Season 9","text":"In January 2013, TV4 announced that Idol returns in 2013, following a one-year hiatus. Pär Lernström returned as host, and had Karin \"Kakan\" Hermansson as sidekick.[2] Alexander Bard, Laila Bagge and Anders Bagge returned as judges. Winner of this season was Kevin Walker, a professional footballer who played for GIF Sundsvall at the time.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idol 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_2014_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ajax"}],"sub_title":"Season 10","text":"After the completion of season 9, TV4 announced a tenth season, Idol 2014, airing in 2014. The season, in addition to the competition, also celebrated the show's 10th anniversary. Alexander Bard, Laila Bagge and Anders Bagge returned as judges from last season. The season's host was Pär Lernström. The winner of the title was Lisa Ajax.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Martin Almgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Almgren"}],"sub_title":"Season 11","text":"The eleventh season started airing on 17 August 2015. This was the last season with the current jury[4] of Anders Bagge, Laila Bagge Wahlgren and Alexander Bard. The title was won by Martin Almgren.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Kempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Kempe"},{"link_name":"Nikki Amini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Amini"},{"link_name":"Quincy Delight Jones III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Delight_Jones_III"},{"link_name":"Liam Cacatian Thomassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Cacatian_Thomassen"}],"sub_title":"Season 12","text":"The twelfth season started airing on 12 August 2016. This season there was a new jury[5] made up of Fredrik Kempe, Nikki Amini and Quincy Delight Jones III. The title was won by Liam Cacatian Thomassen.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikki Amini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Amini"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kronlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kronlund"},{"link_name":"Kishti Tomita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishti_Tomita"},{"link_name":"Christoffer Kläfford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffer_Kl%C3%A4fford"}],"sub_title":"Season 13","text":"The 13th season aired in 2017. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Nikki Amini, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. Title was won by Christoffer Kläfford.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sebastian Walldén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Walld%C3%A9n"}],"sub_title":"Season 14","text":"The 14th season aired in 2018. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Nikki Amini, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. Title was won by Sebastian Walldén.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusse"}],"sub_title":"Season 15","text":"The 15th season aired in 2019. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Nikki Amini, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. Title was won by Tousin Michael Chiza (Tusse).","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nadja Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadja_Holm"}],"sub_title":"Season 16","text":"The 16th season aired in 2020. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Nikki Amini, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. The title was won by Nadja Holm on 4 December 2020. Due to coronavirus, this season was run differently and was filmed without an audience.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katia Mosally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katia_Mosally&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birkir Blær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkir_Bl%C3%A6r"}],"sub_title":"Season 17","text":"The 17th season aired on 23 August 2021. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Katia Mosally, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. The title was won by Birkir Blær.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katia Mosally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katia_Mosally&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nike Sellmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Sellmar"}],"sub_title":"Season 18","text":"The 18th season aired in 2022. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Katia Mosally, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. The title was won by Nike Sellmar.","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanna Ferm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Ferm"},{"link_name":"Chris Kläfford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kl%C3%A4fford"},{"link_name":"Pa Modou Badjie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pa_Modou_Badjie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maxida Märak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxida_M%C3%A4rak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Season 19","text":"The 19th season aired in 2023. The judging panel was made up of Anders Bagge, Katia Mosally, Alexander Kronlund and Kishti Tomita. New for this season was that four singers would coach the auditinees, those where Hanna Ferm, Chris Kläfford, Pa Modou Badjie and Maxida Märak.[6][7]","title":"Season synopses"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Välkommen Hem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4lkommen_hem"},{"link_name":"ICA AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICA_AB"}],"text":"This list only includes contestants with at least one certified album, and the totals do not include EPs, digital-only albums and/or pre-Idol recordings.Swedish Gold, Platinum, and/or Multi-Platinum certifications (Worldwide Sales)1 Välkommen Hem by E.M.D was ineligible to chart as it had been sold exclusively by ICA AB retail stores.","title":"Top Selling Idol Alumni"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nu skrotas \"Idol\"\". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). 2011-10-29. Retrieved 2011-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/article13855996.ab","url_text":"\"Nu skrotas \"Idol\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"}]},{"reference":"Henriksson, Sally (2013-01-15). \"TV 4 tar tillbaka \"Idol\" i höst\". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2013-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/tv/article16071798.ab","url_text":"\"TV 4 tar tillbaka \"Idol\" i höst\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"}]},{"reference":"Idol. \"Idol\". tv4.se. Retrieved 2012-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv4.se/idol","url_text":"\"Idol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stor auditionturné när idoljuryn gör sin sista säsong - Idol - tv4.se\". tv4.se. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv4.se/idol/artiklar/stor-auditionturne-n%C3%A4r-idoljuryn-g%C3%B6r-sin-sista-s%C3%A4song-54fd5bd5fca38f1453000160","url_text":"\"Stor auditionturné när idoljuryn gör sin sista säsong - Idol - tv4.se\""}]},{"reference":"\"Juryn träffade TV4 i största hemlighet i går\". aftonbladet.se. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/idol/article22150634.ab","url_text":"\"Juryn träffade TV4 i största hemlighet i går\""}]},{"reference":"\"Idol 2023: Här är artisterna som coachar de tävlande\", tv4.se, 29 June 2023, retrieved 14 August 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tv4.se/artikel/5euNfRTXoIOxsEA4aaU2So/artisterna-medverkar-i-idol-2023-axlar-helt-nya-roller","url_text":"\"Idol 2023: Här är artisterna som coachar de tävlande\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Idol\" görs om i TV4 – så blir nya programmet\". Expressen. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressen.se/noje/artister-ska-coacha-tavlande-i-idol-2023/","url_text":"\"\"Idol\" görs om i TV4 – så blir nya programmet\""}]},{"reference":"Welcome. \"Welcome « Agnes – Official Website of Agnes Carlsson\". Agnescarlsson.se. Retrieved 2012-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/AgnesOfficial/","url_text":"\"Welcome « Agnes – Official Website of Agnes Carlsson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista\". Hitlistan.se. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Wood	Flesh and Wood	["1 Background","2 Reviews","3 Track listing","4 Chart positions","4.1 Weekly Charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 Personnel","7 2015 Tour","7.1 Set list","8 References"]	1993 studio album by Jimmy BarnesFlesh and WoodStudio album by Jimmy BarnesReleasedDecember 17, 1993RecordedMay−September 1993StudioFreight Train Studios, Bowral, AustraliaGenreRockLength55:36LabelMushroomProducerDon Gehman, Jimmy BarnesJimmy Barnes chronology Heat(1993) Flesh and Wood(1993) Psyclone(1995) Flesh and Wood is the seventh album by Australian rock singer Jimmy Barnes, which was issued in December 1993. It was recorded by Barnes and Don Gehman co-producing and used only acoustic instruments. On eight of its fifteen tracks, Barnes duets with various artists: Diesel, Archie Roach, Joe Cocker, Ross Wilson, Tommy Emmanuel, Don Walker, Deborah Conway, and the Badloves. It reached No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Background In 1993 Jimmy Barnes gathered a few colleagues including his guitar player Canadian Jeff Neill and Australian Country Music musician Lawrie Minson and performed an acoustic show in the studios of Channel 7 in Sydney to support the release of his Flesh and Wood album. The show featured a number of new songs along with a selection of Barnes' (and his former band, Cold Chisel's) tracks. It was released on VHS in 1994 and on DVD in 2005. Barnes later commented on Gehman's recording methods, "He wouldn't use any real drumkits. Every day we would put together various bits and pieces from the kitchen and hit them in front of microphones. Pots, pans, you name it, we hit it. Cardboard boxes instead of bass drums, jars filled with rice and used as shakers." Reviews Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic link Jonathan Lewis from AllMusic rated it as four-out-of-five stars and explained, "Flesh and Wood was Barnes' attempt at an unplugged album, and featured duets with other Australian rock luminaries. While it contains some of Barnes' own material and some covers (including Cold Chisel's superb 'Flame Trees'), few songs here manage to match the originals; fewer still eclipse them. A competent album that shows a more sophisticated side to Barnes that was hinted at with Soul Deep." Track listing "It Will Be Alright" "The Weight" (with the Badloves) "Ride the Night Away" (Steve Jordan, Steven Van Zandt) "Guilty" (with Joe Cocker) "You Can't Make Love Without a Soul" "Hell of a Time" (with Ross Wilson) "Brother of Mine" (with Tommy Emmanuel) "Fade to Black" "Flame Trees" "Still Got a Long Way to Go" (with Diesel) "Still on Your Side" "Stone Cold" (with Don Walker) "Let It Go" (with Deborah Conway) "We Could Be Gone" (with Archie Roach) "Love Me Tender" Chart positions Weekly Charts Chart (1993/94) Peak position Australian Albums (ARIA) 2 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 9 Year-end charts Chart (1993) Position ARIA Albums Chart 34 Australian Artist Albums Chart 6 Chart (1994) Position ARIA Albums Chart 21 Australian Artist Albums Chart 3 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 3× Platinum 210,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) Gold 7,500^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Personnel Jimmy Barnes – vocals, acoustic guitar, percussion James Law – keyboards, vocals, djembe, bodhran, Jews harp, mellotron, bush harmonica Tony Brock – drums, percussion Jeff Neill – acoustic guitar, bass, bass drum Michael Hegerty – bass John Shenale – piano The Badloves – Michael Spiby (vocals, acoustic guitar), John Housden (acoustic guitar), Stephen O'Prey (bass), Tony Featherstone (piano), Chris Tabone (percussion)), track 2 Diesel – acoustic guitar and vocals, track 10 Joe Cocker – vocals, track 4 Ross Wilson – vocals, track 6 Tommy Emmanuel – acoustic guitar, track 7 Don Walker – piano, track 12 Deborah Conway – vocals, track 13 Archie Roach – vocals, track 14 Lawrie Minson – dobro, slide guitar, acoustic guitar, harmonica Sunil de Silva – percussion Marcus Holden – violin Michelle Kelly – violin Angela Lindsay – viola Margaret Lindsay – cello Pixie Jenkins – fiddle Gary Steele – accordion James Ross – viola Ezra Kliger – violin Nancy Roth – violin Nancy Stein-Ross – cello Matt Branton – bass Roy Martin – drums Guy Davies – vibes Allan Dargin – yidaki Wendy Fraser, Portia Griffin, Jessica Williams – backing vocals 2015 Tour During Barnes' 30:30 Hindsight tour in 2014, Barnes performed a number of songs from Flesh and Wood, inspiring a 2015 national tour of its own. "The band and I are looking forward to playing all these great songs again, with a bit of storytelling and strings thrown in, when we take the show around the country in July”, said Barnes. Date Location Venue Friday, 3 July 2015 Brisbane Concert Hall, QPAC Saturday, 4 July 2015 Toowoomba Empire Theatre Friday, 10 July 2015 Perth Crown Theatre Saturday, 11 July 2015 Adelaide Adelaide Entertainment Centre Friday, 17 July 2015 Sydney State Theatre Saturday, 18 July 2015 Melbourne Palais Theatre Friday, 24 July 2015 Gold Coast Jupiters Hotel and Casino Set list This is the set list from Brisbane, on 3 July 2015: "Is My Living in Vain" "Wade in the Water" "Stupid Heart" (from Rage and Ruin, 2010) "Fade to Black" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "Guilty" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "Hell of a Time" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "You Can’t Make Love Without a Soul (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "Better off Alone" (from Out of the Blue, 2007) "Stone Cold" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "My Baby just Cares for Me" (from The Rhythm and the Blues, 2009) "Around the World" "Ride the Night Away" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "Flame Trees" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "It Will Be Alright" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "Brother of Mine" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "Still Got a Long Way to Go" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "Over the Rainbow" (Judy Garland cover) "Missing a Girl (from Cold Chisel, No Plans, 2012) "Let It Go" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "By the Grace of God" (from Love and Fear, 1999) "Largs Pier Hotel" (from Rage and Ruin, 2010) "The Weight" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "We Could Be Gone" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "Working Class Man" (from For the Working Class Man, 1985) "Blue Hotel" (from Out of the Blue, 2007) "Four Walls" (from Cold Chisel, East, 1980) "Catch Your Shadow" (from Heat, 1993) "Still on Your Side" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) "I Put a Spell on You" (Screaming Jay Hawkins cover) "When the War Is Over" (from Cold Chisel, Circus Animals, 1982) "Resurrection Shuffle" (Ashton Gardner & Dyke cover) "Khe Sanh" (from Cold Chisel, Cold Chisel, 1978) "Love Me Tender" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993) References ^ "Flesh and Wood". sanity.com.au. Retrieved 30 April 2015. ^ Barnes, Jimmy (2017). Working Class Man. HarperCollins. p. 357. ISBN 978-1460752142. ^ "Flesh and Wood". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Jimmy Barnes – Flesh and Wood". Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "Charts.nz – Jimmy Barnes – Flesh and Wood". Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 1993". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 1993". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 1994". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 1994". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ "Official Top 40 Albums". Recorded Music NZ. 20 February 1994. Retrieved 6 December 2022. ^ Cashmere, Paul (29 April 2015). "Jimmy Barnes Sydney And Brisbane Shows Sell-Out, Gold Coast Added". www.noise11.com. Retrieved 30 April 2015. ^ Cashmere, Paul (8 July 2015). "Jimmy Barnes kicks off Flesh and Wood Acoustic Tour". www.noise11.com. Retrieved 8 July 2015. vteJimmy BarnesStudio albums Bodyswerve For the Working Class Man/Jimmy Barnes Freight Train Heart Two Fires Soul Deep Heat Flesh and Wood Psyclone Love and Fear Soul Deeper... Songs from the Deep South Double Happiness Out in the Blue The Rhythm and the Blues Rage and Ruin 30:30 Hindsight Soul Searchin' Och Aye the G'nu My Criminal Record Flesh and Blood Blue Christmas Live albums Barnestorming Raw Modus Operandi Compilations Barnes Hits Anthology Best of the Soul Years Memoirs Working Class Boy Working Class Man Films Working Class Boy Working Class Boy (soundtrack) Singles "No Second Prize" "Promise Me You'll Call" "Daylight" "I'd Die to Be with You Tonight" "Working Class Man" "Ride the Night Away" "Good Times" "Too Much Ain't Enough Love" "Driving Wheels" "I'm Still on Your Side" "Waitin' for the Heartache" "When a Man Loves a Woman" "Last Frontier" "Lay Down Your Guns" "Let's Make It Last All Night" "Little Darling" "When Your Love is Gone" "I Gotcha" "When Something Is Wrong with My Baby" "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" "(Simply) The Best" "Sweat It Out" "Stand Up" "Stone Cold" "Right by Your Side" "The Weight" "Still Got a Long Way to Go" "Change of Heart" "Lover Lover" "Sit on My Knee" "Gonna Take Some Time" "Bird on the Wire" "Shutting Down Our Town" Related articles Discography Cold Chisel INXS Fraternity Living Loud (Living Loud) Jonathan Cain Swanee Diesel The Tin Lids Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Don Gehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Gehman"},{"link_name":"Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Archie Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Roach"},{"link_name":"Joe Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cocker"},{"link_name":"Ross Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Wilson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Don Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Walker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Deborah Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Conway"},{"link_name":"the Badloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Badloves"},{"link_name":"ARIA Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"}],"text":"1993 studio album by Jimmy BarnesFlesh and Wood is the seventh album by Australian rock singer Jimmy Barnes, which was issued in December 1993. It was recorded by Barnes and Don Gehman co-producing and used only acoustic instruments. On eight of its fifteen tracks, Barnes duets with various artists: Diesel, Archie Roach, Joe Cocker, Ross Wilson, Tommy Emmanuel, Don Walker, Deborah Conway, and the Badloves. It reached No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart.","title":"Flesh and Wood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold Chisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Chisel"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1993 Jimmy Barnes gathered a few colleagues including his guitar player Canadian Jeff Neill and Australian Country Music musician Lawrie Minson and performed an acoustic show in the studios of Channel 7 in Sydney to support the release of his Flesh and Wood album. The show featured a number of new songs along with a selection of Barnes' (and his former band, Cold Chisel's) tracks. It was released on VHS in 1994 and on DVD in 2005.[1]Barnes later commented on Gehman's recording methods, \"He wouldn't use any real drumkits. Every day we would put together various bits and pieces from the kitchen and hit them in front of microphones. Pots, pans, you name it, we hit it. Cardboard boxes instead of bass drums, jars filled with rice and used as shakers.\"[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Soul Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Deep_(Jimmy_Barnes_album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jonathan Lewis from AllMusic rated it as four-out-of-five stars and explained, \"Flesh and Wood was Barnes' attempt at an unplugged album, and featured duets with other Australian rock luminaries. While it contains some of Barnes' own material and some covers (including Cold Chisel's superb 'Flame Trees'), few songs here manage to match the originals; fewer still eclipse them. A competent album that shows a more sophisticated side to Barnes that was hinted at with Soul Deep.\"[3]","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weight"},{"link_name":"the Badloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Badloves"},{"link_name":"Joe Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cocker"},{"link_name":"Ross Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Wilson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Flame Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_Trees"},{"link_name":"Still Got a Long Way to Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Got_a_Long_Way_to_Go"},{"link_name":"Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_(Jimmy_Barnes_song)"},{"link_name":"Don Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Walker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Deborah Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Conway"},{"link_name":"Archie Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Roach"},{"link_name":"Love Me Tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Me_Tender_(song)"}],"text":"\"It Will Be Alright\"\n\"The Weight\" (with the Badloves)\n\"Ride the Night Away\" (Steve Jordan, Steven Van Zandt)\n\"Guilty\" (with Joe Cocker)\n\"You Can't Make Love Without a Soul\"\n\"Hell of a Time\" (with Ross Wilson)\n\"Brother of Mine\" (with Tommy Emmanuel)\n\"Fade to Black\"\n\"Flame Trees\"\n\"Still Got a Long Way to Go\" (with Diesel)\n\"Still on Your Side\"\n\"Stone Cold\" (with Don Walker)\n\"Let It Go\" (with Deborah Conway)\n\"We Could Be Gone\" (with Archie Roach)\n\"Love Me Tender\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly Charts","title":"Chart positions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Chart positions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Tony Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Brock"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"John Shenale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Shenale"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"The Badloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Badloves"},{"link_name":"Michael Spiby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spiby"},{"link_name":"Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Joe Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cocker"},{"link_name":"Ross Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Wilson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Don Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Walker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Deborah Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Conway"},{"link_name":"Archie Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Roach"},{"link_name":"harmonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"Pixie Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixie_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"yidaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidaki"}],"text":"Jimmy Barnes – vocals, acoustic guitar, percussion\nJames Law – keyboards, vocals, djembe, bodhran, Jews harp, mellotron, bush harmonica\nTony Brock – drums, percussion\nJeff Neill – acoustic guitar, bass, bass drum\nMichael Hegerty – bass\nJohn Shenale – piano\nThe Badloves – Michael Spiby (vocals, acoustic guitar), John Housden (acoustic guitar), Stephen O'Prey (bass), Tony Featherstone (piano), Chris Tabone (percussion)), track 2\nDiesel – acoustic guitar and vocals, track 10\nJoe Cocker – vocals, track 4\nRoss Wilson – vocals, track 6\nTommy Emmanuel – acoustic guitar, track 7\nDon Walker – piano, track 12\nDeborah Conway – vocals, track 13\nArchie Roach – vocals, track 14\nLawrie Minson – dobro, slide guitar, acoustic guitar, harmonica\nSunil de Silva – percussion\nMarcus Holden – violin\nMichelle Kelly – violin\nAngela Lindsay – viola\nMargaret Lindsay – cello\nPixie Jenkins – fiddle\nGary Steele – accordion\nJames Ross – viola\nEzra Kliger – violin\nNancy Roth – violin\nNancy Stein-Ross – cello\nMatt Branton – bass\nRoy Martin – drums\nGuy Davies – vibes\nAllan Dargin – yidaki\nWendy Fraser, Portia Griffin, Jessica Williams – backing vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"30:30 Hindsight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30:30_Hindsight"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"During Barnes' 30:30 Hindsight tour in 2014, Barnes performed a number of songs from Flesh and Wood, inspiring a 2015 national tour of its own. \"The band and I are looking forward to playing all these great songs again, with a bit of storytelling and strings thrown in, when we take the show around the country in July”, said Barnes.[12]","title":"2015 Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Set list","text":"This is the set list from Brisbane, on 3 July 2015:[13]\"Is My Living in Vain\"\n\"Wade in the Water\"\n\"Stupid Heart\" (from Rage and Ruin, 2010)\n\"Fade to Black\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"Guilty\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"Hell of a Time\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"You Can’t Make Love Without a Soul (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"Better off Alone\" (from Out of the Blue, 2007)\n\"Stone Cold\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"My Baby just Cares for Me\" (from The Rhythm and the Blues, 2009)\n\"Around the World\"\n\"Ride the Night Away\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"Flame Trees\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"It Will Be Alright\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"Brother of Mine\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"Still Got a Long Way to Go\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"Over the Rainbow\" (Judy Garland cover)\n\"Missing a Girl (from Cold Chisel, No Plans, 2012)\n\"Let It Go\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"By the Grace of God\" (from Love and Fear, 1999)\n\"Largs Pier Hotel\" (from Rage and Ruin, 2010)\n\"The Weight\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"We Could Be Gone\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"Working Class Man\" (from For the Working Class Man, 1985)\n\"Blue Hotel\" (from Out of the Blue, 2007)\n\"Four Walls\" (from Cold Chisel, East, 1980)\n\"Catch Your Shadow\" (from Heat, 1993)\n\"Still on Your Side\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)\n\"I Put a Spell on You\" (Screaming Jay Hawkins cover)\n\"When the War Is Over\" (from Cold Chisel, Circus Animals, 1982)\n\"Resurrection Shuffle\" (Ashton Gardner & Dyke cover)\n\"Khe Sanh\" (from Cold Chisel, Cold Chisel, 1978)\n\"Love Me Tender\" (from Flesh and Wood, 1993)","title":"2015 Tour"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Flesh and Wood\". sanity.com.au. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanity.com.au/products/1163401/Flesh__Wood","url_text":"\"Flesh and Wood\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Jimmy (2017). Working Class Man. HarperCollins. p. 357. ISBN 978-1460752142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1460752142","url_text":"978-1460752142"}]},{"reference":"\"Flesh and Wood\". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/flesh-and-wood-mw0000461788","url_text":"\"Flesh and Wood\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1993\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080721010559/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1993.htm","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1993\""},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1993.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1993\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080721010559/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1993.htm","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1993\""},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1993.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1994\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160229042055/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1994.htm","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1994\""},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1994.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1994\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160229042055/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1994.htm","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1994\""},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1994.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAB2qTo9d_gGzbMZHhDTvHJ4a/2017%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Top 40 Albums\". Recorded Music NZ. 20 February 1994. Retrieved 6 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=3599","url_text":"\"Official Top 40 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"Cashmere, Paul (29 April 2015). \"Jimmy Barnes Sydney And Brisbane Shows Sell-Out, Gold Coast Added\". www.noise11.com. 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Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/jimmy-barnes-kicks-off-flesh-and-wood-acoustic-tour-20150708","url_text":"\"Jimmy Barnes kicks off Flesh and Wood Acoustic Tour\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r349823","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"http://www.sanity.com.au/products/1163401/Flesh__Wood","external_links_name":"\"Flesh and Wood\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/flesh-and-wood-mw0000461788","external_links_name":"\"Flesh and Wood\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Jimmy+Barnes&titel=Flesh+and+Wood&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Australiancharts.com – Jimmy Barnes – Flesh and Wood\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Jimmy+Barnes&titel=Flesh+and+Wood&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – Jimmy Barnes – Flesh and Wood\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080721010559/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1993.htm","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1993\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1993.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080721010559/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1993.htm","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1993\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1993.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160229042055/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1994.htm","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1994\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1994.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160229042055/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1994.htm","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums 1994\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1994.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAB2qTo9d_gGzbMZHhDTvHJ4a/2017%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Albums\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=3599","external_links_name":"\"Official Top 40 Albums\""},{"Link":"http://www.noise11.com/news/jimmy-barnes-sydney-and-brisbane-shows-sell-out-gold-coast-added-20150429","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Barnes Sydney And Brisbane Shows Sell-Out, Gold Coast Added\""},{"Link":"http://www.noise11.com/news/jimmy-barnes-kicks-off-flesh-and-wood-acoustic-tour-20150708","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Barnes kicks off Flesh and Wood Acoustic Tour\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/95bf48e6-f8fa-32b7-976c-12f3f64d6922","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasan_Umalatov	Gasan Umalatov	["1 Background","2 Mixed martial arts career","2.1 Ultimate Fighting Championship","3 Mixed martial arts record","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Russian mixed martial arts fighter In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Nasrulaevich and the family name is Umalatov. Gasan UmalatovГасан УмалатовBorn (1982-11-03) November 3, 1982 (age 41)Zenzeli Astrakhan Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionResidenceAstrakhan, RussiaNationalityRussianHeight5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight181 lb (82 kg; 12.9 st)DivisionWelterweight (2014–2017) Middleweight (2008–2013, 2018)Reach71 in (180 cm)Fighting out ofAstrakhan, Volga region, Russia Coconut Creek, Florida, United StatesTeamFight Nights Team American Top TeamYears active2008–2018Mixed martial arts recordTotal26Wins18By knockout4By submission7By decision7Losses5By submission1By decision4Draws3 Other informationUniversityAstrakhan State Technical UniversityMixed martial arts record from Sherdog Gasan Nasrulaevich Umalatov (Russian: Гасан Насрулаевич Умалатов; born November 3, 1982, in Dagestan) is a Russian former mixed martial artist. He competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Background Gasan Umalatov was born on November 3, 1982, in the village of Mekegi, Levashinsky District, Dagestan, Russia, in one old years he with family moved to Zenzeli, Astrakhan Oblast. In Russian Navy he trained Boxing, Sambo and Hand-to-hand army fight. Gasan has two degrees; he graduated from both Astrakhan State Technical University and Astrakhan State University. He is a devout Sunni Muslim. Mixed martial arts career Ultimate Fighting Championship Umalatov made his UFC debut against Neil Magny on February 1, 2014, at UFC 169. Umalatov lost the fight via unanimous decision. Umalatov faced Paulo Thiago on May 31, 2014, at The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Umalatov faced Cathal Pendred on October 4, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 53. He lost the fight via split decision. Umalatov was expected to face Sérgio Moraes on April 11, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 64. However, Umalatov pulled out of the bout on March 28 due to an injury. He was replaced by Mickael Lebout. Umalatov faced Viscardi Andrade on November 7, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 77. He lost the fight by unanimous decision and was subsequently released from the promotion. Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 26 matches 18 wins 5 losses By knockout 4 0 By submission 7 1 By decision 7 4 Draws 3 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Draw 18–5–3 Abusupiyan Magomedov Draw (majority) PFL 10 October 20, 2018 2 5:00 Washington, D.C., United States 2018 PFL Middleweight Quarterfinal bout. Eliminated via first round tiebreaker. Win 18–5–2 Eddie Gordon Decision (unanimous) PFL 6 August 16, 2018 3 5:00 Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States Loss 17–5–2 John Howard Submission (rear-naked choke) PFL 3 July 5, 2018 2 2:59 Washington, D.C., United States Win 17–4–2 Delson Heleno TKO (punches) Fight Nights Global 66 May 21, 2017 1 1:41 Kaspiysk, Dagestan, Russia Win 16–4–2 Celso Ricardo da Silva TKO (punches) OFS 11 March 4, 2017 1 1:33 Moscow, Russia Loss 15–4–2 Viscardi Andrade Decision (unanimous) UFC Fight Night: Belfort vs. Henderson 3 November 7, 2015 3 5:00 São Paulo, Brazil Loss 16–2–2 Cathal Pendred Decision (split) UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Story October 4, 2014 3 5:00 Stockholm, Sweden Win 15–2–2 Paulo Thiago Decision (unanimous) The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale: Miocic vs. Maldonado May 31, 2014 3 5:00 São Paulo, Brazil Loss 14–2–2 Neil Magny Decision (unanimous) UFC 169 February 1, 2014 3 5:00 Newark, New Jersey, United States Welterweight debut. Win 14–1–2 Gregor Herb Decision (unanimous) Fight Nights - Battle of Moscow 12 June 20, 2013 2 5:00 Moscow, Russia Draw 13–1–2 Aigun Akhmedov Draw DFC - Dictator Fighting Championship 1 June 28, 2012 2 5:00 Moscow, Russia Win 13–1–1 Alimjon Shadmanov Submission (armbar) CIS - Cup April 6, 2012 2 4:55 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Win 12–1–1 Andrei Dryapko TKO (punches) CIS - Cup April 6, 2012 2 2:00 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Win 11–1–1 Anatoly Safronov Submission (triangle choke) United Glory 15 - 2012 Glory World Series March 23, 2012 1 1:53 Moscow, Russia Win 10–1–1 Stanislav Molodcov Submission (triangle choke) Fight Nights - Battle of Moscow 4 July 7, 2011 2 5:00 Moscow, Russia Win 9–1–1 Lukhum Hulelidze Submission (triangle choke) ProFC - Union Nation Cup 13 February 13, 2011 1 1:00 Kharkiv, Ukraine Win 8–1–1 Arsen Magomedov Submission (heel hook) IM 1 - Team Saint Petersburg vs. Team France January 22, 2011 1 1:10 Cherepovets, Russia Win 7–1–1 Asker Unezhev Submission (rear-naked choke) ProFC - Union Nation Cup 11 December 25, 2010 2 4:35 St. Petersburg, Russia Loss 6–1–1 Alexei Belyaev Decision (split) M-1 Selection 2010: Eastern Europe Round 1 February 26, 2010 3 5:00 St. Petersburg, Russia Win 6–0–1 Akhmed Guseinov Decision (split) M-1 Challenge: 2009 Selections 7 October 3, 2009 3 5:00 Moscow, Russia Win 5–0–1 Akhmed Guseinov Decision (unanimous) Global Battle - Legion Rostov-on-Don vs. Perm November 14, 2008 2 5:00 Perm, Russia Draw 4–0–1 Gennadi Zuev Draw MFT - Mix Fight Tournament November 6, 2008 2 5:00 Volgograd, Russia Win 4–0 Artur Avakyan Submission (rear-naked choke) MFT - Mix Fight Tournament November 6, 2008 1 3:19 Volgograd, Russia Win 3–0 Beslan Isaev KO (punch) MFT - Mix Fight Tournament November 6, 2008 1 4:10 Volgograd, Russia Win 2–0 Anatoly Lavrov Decision (unanimous) Perm Regional MMA Federation - MMA Professional Cup April 25, 2008 2 5:00 Perm, Russia Win 1–0 Sergey Naumov Submission (rear-naked choke) Perm Regional MMA Federation - MMA Professional Cup April 25, 2008 1 0:58 Perm, Russia See also List of current UFC fighters List of male mixed martial artists References ^ a b "Stats \| UFC". ufcstats.com. Retrieved 2024-04-06. ^ "Gasan Umalatov-UFC Profile". UFC.com. Retrieved January 17, 2015. ^ "Gasan Umalatov: "Once again, even 10 could not be wrung"". allboxing.ru. Retrieved January 31, 2014. ^ "Volga cobra". ast.aif.ru. Retrieved October 15, 2014. ^ "UFC 169 adds Neil Magny vs. Gasan Umalatov, Rashid Magomedov vs. Tony Martin". mmajunkie.com. 17 December 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2015. ^ "UFC 169 results: Neil Magny outstrikes Gasan Umalatov for decision win". mmajunkie.com. February 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015. ^ "Paulo Thiago vs. Gasan Umalatov joins 'UFC Fight Night: Sonnen vs. Wanderlei'". mmajunkie.com. 24 March 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015. ^ "TUF Brazil 3 Finale results: Gasan Umalatov outpaces Paulo Thiago". mmajunkie.com. June 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015. ^ "Cathal Pendred vs. Gasan Umalatov joins UFC Fight Night 53 lineup". mmajunkie.com. 8 August 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015. ^ "UFC Fight Night 53 results: Cathal Pendred edges Gasan Umalatov for split decision". mmajunkie.com. 4 October 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015. ^ "Гасан Умалатов против Серхио Мораеса на турнире UFC Fight Night 64". mixfight.ru. Retrieved March 4, 2015. ^ "Gasan Umalatov out of UFC Fight Night 64, Mickael Lebout meets Sergio Moraes". mmajunkie.com. 28 March 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015. ^ Staff (2015-08-18). "Viscardi Andrade vs. Gasan Umalatov set for UFC Fight Night 77". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-08-18. ^ Steven Marrocco (2015-11-07). "UFC Fight Night 77 results: Viscardi Andrade returns from long layoff, tops Gasan Umalatov". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-11-07. External links Professional MMA record for Gasan Umalatov from Sherdog Gasan Umalatov at UFC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welterweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Nasrulaevich and the family name is Umalatov.Gasan Nasrulaevich Umalatov (Russian: Гасан Насрулаевич Умалатов; born November 3, 1982, in Dagestan) is a Russian former mixed martial artist. He competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship.[2]","title":"Gasan Umalatov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levashinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levashinsky_District"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Sambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)"},{"link_name":"Hand-to-hand army fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARB_(martial_art)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan State Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_State_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Gasan Umalatov was born on November 3, 1982, in the village of Mekegi, Levashinsky District, Dagestan, Russia, in one old years he with family moved to Zenzeli, Astrakhan Oblast. In Russian Navy he trained Boxing, Sambo and Hand-to-hand army fight.[3] Gasan has two degrees; he graduated from both Astrakhan State Technical University and Astrakhan State University. He is a devout Sunni Muslim.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neil Magny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Magny"},{"link_name":"UFC 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_169"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paulo Thiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Thiago"},{"link_name":"The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:_Brazil_3#The_Ultimate_Fighter_Brazil_3_Finale:_Miocic_vs._Maldonado"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cathal Pendred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathal_Pendred"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_53"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Moraes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Moraes"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_64"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Viscardi Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscardi_Andrade"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_77"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","text":"Umalatov made his UFC debut against Neil Magny on February 1, 2014, at UFC 169.[5] Umalatov lost the fight via unanimous decision.[6]Umalatov faced Paulo Thiago on May 31, 2014, at The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale.[7] He won the fight via unanimous decision.[8]Umalatov faced Cathal Pendred on October 4, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 53.[9] He lost the fight via split decision.[10]Umalatov was expected to face Sérgio Moraes on April 11, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 64.[11] However, Umalatov pulled out of the bout on March 28 due to an injury. He was replaced by Mickael Lebout.[12]Umalatov faced Viscardi Andrade on November 7, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 77.[13] He lost the fight by unanimous decision and was subsequently released from the promotion.[14]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts record"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of current UFC fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_UFC_fighters"},{"title":"List of male mixed martial artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_mixed_martial_artists"}]	[{"reference":"\"Stats \| UFC\". ufcstats.com. Retrieved 2024-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://ufcstats.com/fighter-details/7a39bbac8cc0fa70","url_text":"\"Stats \| UFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gasan Umalatov-UFC Profile\". UFC.com. Retrieved January 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufc.com/fighter/gasan-Umalatov","url_text":"\"Gasan Umalatov-UFC Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gasan Umalatov: \"Once again, even 10 could not be wrung\"\". allboxing.ru. 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Retrieved January 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/02/ufc-169-results-photos-neil-magny-vs-gasan-umalatov","url_text":"\"UFC 169 results: Neil Magny outstrikes Gasan Umalatov for decision win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paulo Thiago vs. Gasan Umalatov joins 'UFC Fight Night: Sonnen vs. Wanderlei'\". mmajunkie.com. 24 March 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/03/paulo-thiago-vs-gasan-umalatov-joins-ufc-fight-night-sonnen-vs-wanderlei","url_text":"\"Paulo Thiago vs. Gasan Umalatov joins 'UFC Fight Night: Sonnen vs. Wanderlei'\""}]},{"reference":"\"TUF Brazil 3 Finale results: Gasan Umalatov outpaces Paulo Thiago\". mmajunkie.com. June 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/05/tuf-brazil-3-finale-results-photos-gasan-umalatov-outpaces-paulo-thiago","url_text":"\"TUF Brazil 3 Finale results: Gasan Umalatov outpaces Paulo Thiago\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cathal Pendred vs. Gasan Umalatov joins UFC Fight Night 53 lineup\". mmajunkie.com. 8 August 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/08/cathal-pendred-vs-gasan-umalatov-joins-ufc-fight-night-53-lineup","url_text":"\"Cathal Pendred vs. Gasan Umalatov joins UFC Fight Night 53 lineup\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC Fight Night 53 results: Cathal Pendred edges Gasan Umalatov for split decision\". mmajunkie.com. 4 October 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/10/ufc-fight-night-53-results-cathal-pendred-edges-gasan-umalatov-for-split-decision","url_text":"\"UFC Fight Night 53 results: Cathal Pendred edges Gasan Umalatov for split decision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Гасан Умалатов против Серхио Мораеса на турнире UFC Fight Night 64\". mixfight.ru. Retrieved March 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mixfight.ru/news/2015/3/4/gasan_umalatov_protiv_serhio_moraesa_na_turnire_UFC_Fight_Ni/","url_text":"\"Гасан Умалатов против Серхио Мораеса на турнире UFC Fight Night 64\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gasan Umalatov out of UFC Fight Night 64, Mickael Lebout meets Sergio Moraes\". mmajunkie.com. 28 March 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2015/03/gasan-umalatov-out-of-ufc-fight-night-64-newcomer-mickael-lebout-meets-sergio-moraes","url_text":"\"Gasan Umalatov out of UFC Fight Night 64, Mickael Lebout meets Sergio Moraes\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (2015-08-18). \"Viscardi Andrade vs. Gasan Umalatov set for UFC Fight Night 77\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2015/08/lawlor-vs-maldonado-andrade-vs-umalatov-also-set-for-ufc-fight-night-77","url_text":"\"Viscardi Andrade vs. Gasan Umalatov set for UFC Fight Night 77\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Marrocco (2015-11-07). \"UFC Fight Night 77 results: Viscardi Andrade returns from long layoff, tops Gasan Umalatov\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2015/11/ufc-fight-night-77-results-viscardi-andrade-returns-from-long-layoff-to-top-gasan-umalatov","url_text":"\"UFC Fight Night 77 results: Viscardi Andrade returns from long layoff, tops Gasan Umalatov\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?fighterID=53109","external_links_name":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"Link":"http://ufcstats.com/fighter-details/7a39bbac8cc0fa70","external_links_name":"\"Stats \| UFC\""},{"Link":"http://www.ufc.com/fighter/gasan-Umalatov","external_links_name":"\"Gasan Umalatov-UFC Profile\""},{"Link":"http://allboxing.ru/archives/2014-01-31_09_57.html","external_links_name":"\"Gasan Umalatov: \"Once again, even 10 could not be wrung\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.ast.aif.ru/archive/1746507","external_links_name":"\"Volga cobra\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2013/12/ufc-169-adds-neil-magny-vs-gasan-umalatov-rashid-magomedov-vs-tony-martin","external_links_name":"\"UFC 169 adds Neil Magny vs. Gasan Umalatov, Rashid Magomedov vs. Tony Martin\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/02/ufc-169-results-photos-neil-magny-vs-gasan-umalatov","external_links_name":"\"UFC 169 results: Neil Magny outstrikes Gasan Umalatov for decision win\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/03/paulo-thiago-vs-gasan-umalatov-joins-ufc-fight-night-sonnen-vs-wanderlei","external_links_name":"\"Paulo Thiago vs. Gasan Umalatov joins 'UFC Fight Night: Sonnen vs. Wanderlei'\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/05/tuf-brazil-3-finale-results-photos-gasan-umalatov-outpaces-paulo-thiago","external_links_name":"\"TUF Brazil 3 Finale results: Gasan Umalatov outpaces Paulo Thiago\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/08/cathal-pendred-vs-gasan-umalatov-joins-ufc-fight-night-53-lineup","external_links_name":"\"Cathal Pendred vs. Gasan Umalatov joins UFC Fight Night 53 lineup\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2014/10/ufc-fight-night-53-results-cathal-pendred-edges-gasan-umalatov-for-split-decision","external_links_name":"\"UFC Fight Night 53 results: Cathal Pendred edges Gasan Umalatov for split decision\""},{"Link":"http://www.mixfight.ru/news/2015/3/4/gasan_umalatov_protiv_serhio_moraesa_na_turnire_UFC_Fight_Ni/","external_links_name":"\"Гасан Умалатов против Серхио Мораеса на турнире UFC Fight Night 64\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2015/03/gasan-umalatov-out-of-ufc-fight-night-64-newcomer-mickael-lebout-meets-sergio-moraes","external_links_name":"\"Gasan Umalatov out of UFC Fight Night 64, Mickael Lebout meets Sergio Moraes\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2015/08/lawlor-vs-maldonado-andrade-vs-umalatov-also-set-for-ufc-fight-night-77","external_links_name":"\"Viscardi Andrade vs. Gasan Umalatov set for UFC Fight Night 77\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2015/11/ufc-fight-night-77-results-viscardi-andrade-returns-from-long-layoff-to-top-gasan-umalatov","external_links_name":"\"UFC Fight Night 77 results: Viscardi Andrade returns from long layoff, tops Gasan Umalatov\""},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?fighterID=53109","external_links_name":"Professional MMA record for Gasan Umalatov"},{"Link":"https://www.ufc.com/athlete/gasan-umalatov","external_links_name":"Gasan Umalatov"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodley_(library)	Bodleian Library	["1 Sites and regulations","1.1 Admission","2 History","2.1 14th and 15th centuries","2.2 Sir Thomas Bodley and the re-founding of the University Library","2.3 Schools Quadrangle and Tower of the Five Orders","2.4 Later 17th and 18th centuries","2.5 Radcliffe Camera","2.6 Clarendon Building","2.7 20th century and after","2.8 Present and future of the libraries","3 Copying and preservation of material","4 Treasures of the library","4.1 Manuscript collections","4.2 Individual manuscripts","4.3 Individual printed books","4.4 Other","5 Bodley's Librarians","5.1 Gallery, Duke Humfrey's Library Interior","6 In popular culture","6.1 Novels","6.2 Location filming","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°45′14″N 1°15′16″W / 51.75389°N 1.25444°W / 51.75389; -1.25444Research library of the University of Oxford Not to be confused with the Bodleian Libraries, the library group of which the Bodleian is a member. Bodleian LibraryDoors to the Bodleian's main entrance, with the coats of arms of several Oxford colleges51°45′14″N 1°15′16″W / 51.75389°N 1.25444°W / 51.75389; -1.25444LocationBroad Street, Oxford, United KingdomTypeAcademic libraryEstablished1602; 422 years ago (1602)CollectionItems collectedBooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, maps, prints, drawings and manuscriptsSize13M+Legal depositIncluded in the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003Access and useAccess requirementsOld Schools Quadrangle, Divinity School, Exhibition Room and Bodleian Library Gift Shop open to the publicMembersStudents and fellows of University of OxfordOther informationDirectorRichard OvendenWebsitebodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley The Bodleian Library (/ˈbɒdliən, bɒdˈliːən/) is the main research library of the University of Oxford. Founded in 1602 by Sir Thomas Bodley, it is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second-largest library in Britain after the British Library. Under the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003, it is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom, and under Irish law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland. Known to Oxford scholars as "Bodley" or "the Bod", it operates principally as a reference library and, in general, documents may not be removed from the reading rooms. In 2000, a number of libraries within the University of Oxford were brought together for administrative purposes under the aegis of what was initially known as Oxford University Library Services (OULS), and since 2010 as the Bodleian Libraries, of which the Bodleian Library is the largest component. All colleges of the University of Oxford have their own libraries, which in a number of cases were established well before the foundation of the Bodleian, and all of which remain entirely independent of the Bodleian. They do, however, participate in SOLO (Search Oxford Libraries Online), the Bodleian Libraries' online union catalogue, except for University College, which has an independent catalogue. Much of the library's archives were digitized and put online for public access in 2015. Sites and regulations The Bodleian Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street: the 15th-century Duke Humfrey's Library, the 17th-century Schools Quadrangle, the 18th-century Clarendon Building and Radcliffe Camera, and the 20th- and 21st-century Weston Library. Since the 19th century, underground stores have been constructed, while the principal off-site storage area is located at South Marston on the edge of Swindon. Admission Before being granted access to the library, new readers are required to agree to a formal declaration. This declaration was traditionally an oral oath, but is now usually made by signing a letter to a similar effect. Ceremonies in which readers recite the declaration are still performed for those who wish to take them; these occur primarily at the start of the university's Michaelmas term. External readers (those not attached to the university) are still required to recite the declaration orally prior to admission. The Bodleian Admissions Office has amassed a large collection of translations of the declaration – covering over one hundred different languages as of spring 2017 – allowing those who are not native English speakers to recite it in their first language. The English text of the declaration is as follows: I hereby undertake not to remove from the Library, nor to mark, deface, or injure in any way, any volume, document or other object belonging to it or in its custody; not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame, and not to smoke in the Library; and I promise to obey all rules of the Library. This is a translation of the traditional Latin oath (the original version of which did not forbid tobacco smoking, though libraries were then unheated because fires were so hazardous): Do fidem me nullum librum vel instrumentum aliamve quam rem ad bibliothecam pertinentem, vel ibi custodiae causa depositam, aut e bibliotheca sublaturum esse, aut foedaturum deformaturum aliove quo modo laesurum; item neque ignem nec flammam in bibliothecam inlaturum vel in ea accensurum, neque fumo nicotiano aliove quovis ibi usurum; item promitto me omnes leges ad bibliothecam Bodleianam attinentes semper observaturum esse. The library in 1566, drawn by John Bereblock and given to Queen Elizabeth I as part of a book when she first visited Oxford. Doorway to the Schola Moralis Philosophiae (School of Moral Philosophy) at the Bodleian Library (now the staff entrance in the Schools Quadrangle) The Tower of the Five Orders, as viewed from the entrance to the Divinity School The Library seen from Radcliffe Square The courtyard of the Bodleian Library from the south entrance, looking to the north entrance History 14th and 15th centuries Whilst the Bodleian Library, in its current incarnation, has a continuous history dating back to 1602, its roots date back even further. The first purpose-built library known to have existed in Oxford was founded in the 14th century under the will of Thomas Cobham, Bishop of Worcester (d. 1327). This small collection of chained books was situated above the north side of the University Church of St Mary the Virgin on the High Street. This collection continued to grow steadily, but when Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (brother of Henry V of England) donated a great collection of manuscripts between 1435 and 1437, the space was deemed insufficient and a larger building was required. A suitable room was finally built above the Divinity School, and completed in 1488. This room continues to be known as Duke Humfrey's Library. After 1488, the university stopped spending money on the library's upkeep and acquisitions, and manuscripts began to go unreturned to the library. Sir Thomas Bodley and the re-founding of the University Library The library went through a period of decline in the late 16th century: the library's furniture was sold, and only three of the original books belonging to Duke Humphrey remained in the collection. During the reign of Edward VI, there was a purge of "superstitious" (Catholic-related) manuscripts. It was not until 1598 that the library began to thrive once more, when Thomas Bodley wrote to the Vice Chancellor of the university offering to support the development of the library: "where there hath bin hertofore a publike library in Oxford: which you know is apparent by the rome it self remayning, and by your statute records I will take the charge and cost upon me, to reduce it again to his former use." Bodley was a former fellow of Merton College, who had recently married a wealthy widow, and the son of John Bodley (d. 15 Oct. 1591) a Protestant merchant who chose foreign exile rather than staying in England under the Roman Catholic government of Queen Mary, and was thereby involved in Rowland Hill's publication of the Geneva Bible. Six of the Oxford University dons were tasked with helping Bodley in refitting the library in March 1598. Duke Humfrey's Library was refitted, and Bodley donated some of his own books to furnish it. The library was formally re-opened on 8 November 1602 under the name "Bodleian Library" (officially Bodley's Library). There were around 2000 books in the library at this time, with an ornate Benefactor's Register displayed prominently, to encourage donations. Early benefactors were motivated by the recent memory of the Reformation to donate books in the hopes that they would be kept safe. Bodley's collecting interests were varied; according to the library's historian Ian Philip, as early as June 1603 he was attempting to source manuscripts from Turkey, and it was during "the same year that the first Chinese book was acquired", despite no-one at Oxford being able to understand them at that time. In 1605, Francis Bacon gave the library a copy of The Advancement of Learning and described the Bodleian as "an Ark to save learning from deluge". At this time, there were few books written in English held in the library, partially because academic work was not done in English. Thomas James suggested that Bodley should ask the Stationers' Company to provide a copy of all books printed to the Bodleian and in 1610 Bodley made an agreement with the company to put a copy of every book registered with them in the library. The Bodleian collection grew so fast that the building was expanded between 1610 and 1612 (known as the Arts End), and again in 1634–1637. When John Selden died in 1654, he left the Bodleian his large collection of books and manuscripts. The later addition to Duke Humfrey's Library continues to be known as the "Selden End". By 1620, 16,000 items were in the Bodleian's collection. Anyone who wanted to use the Bodleian had to buy a copy of the 1620 library catalogue at a cost of 2 shillings and 8 pence. Schools Quadrangle and Tower of the Five Orders By the time of Bodley's death in 1613, his planned further expansion to the library was just starting. The Schools Quadrangle (sometimes referred to as the "Old Schools Quadrangle", or the "Old Library") was built between 1613 and 1619 by adding three wings to the Proscholium and Arts End. Its tower forms the main entrance to the library, and is known as the Tower of the Five Orders. The Tower is so named because it is ornamented, in ascending order, with the columns of each of the five orders of classical architecture: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. The three wings of the quadrangle have three floors: rooms on the ground and upper floors of the quadrangle (excluding Duke Humfrey's Library, above the Divinity School) were originally used as lecture space and an art gallery. The lecture rooms are still indicated by the inscriptions over the doors (see illustration). As the library's collections expanded, these rooms were gradually taken over, the university lectures and examinations were moved into the newly created University Schools building. The art collection was transferred to the Ashmolean. One of the schools was used to host exhibitions of the library's treasures, now moved to the renovated Weston Library, whilst the others are used as offices and meeting rooms for the library administrators, a readers' common room, and a small gift shop. The Tower of the Five Orders photographed by Henry Fox Talbot, c. 1843/46 The Radcliffe Camera, viewed from the University Church Later 17th and 18th centuries The agreement with the Stationers' Company meant that the growth of stock was constant and there were also a number of large bequests and acquisitions for other reasons. Until the establishment of the British Museum in 1753, the Bodleian was effectively the national library of England. By then the Bodleian, Cambridge University Library and the Royal Library were the most extensive book collections in England and Wales. The astronomer Thomas Hornsby observed the transit of Venus from the Tower of the Five Orders in 1769. A large collection of medieval Italian manuscripts was bought from Matteo Luigi Canonici in 1817. In 1829, the library bought the collection of Rabbi David Oppenheim, adding to its Hebrew collection. Radcliffe Camera By the late 19th century, further growth of the library demanded more expansion space. In 1860, the library was allowed to take over the adjacent building, the Radcliffe Camera. In 1861, the library's medical and scientific collections were transferred to the Radcliffe Science Library, which had been built farther north next to the University Museum. Clarendon Building The Clarendon Building was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor and built between 1711 and 1715, originally to house the printing presses of the Oxford University Press. It was vacated by the Press in the early 19th century, and used by the university for administrative purposes. In 1975, it was handed over to the Bodleian Library, and now provides office and meeting space for senior members of staff. 20th century and after The Library and nearby buildings in 2016 In 1907, the head librarian, Nicholson, had begun a project to revise the catalogue of printed books. In 1909, the prime minister of Nepal, Chandra Shum Shere, donated a large collection of Sanskrit literature to the library. In 1911, the Copyright Act (now superseded by the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003) continued the Stationers' agreement by making the Bodleian one of the six (at that time) libraries covering legal deposit in the United Kingdom where a copy of each published book must be deposited. Between 1909 and 1912, an underground bookstack was constructed beneath the Radcliffe Camera and Radcliffe Square, known since 2011 as the Gladstone Link. In 1914, the total number of books in the library's collections exceeded 1 million. By 1915, only one quarter of the revised catalogue had been completed, a task made more difficult by library staff going into the war effort, either serving in the armed forces or volunteering to serve in the hospitals. In July 1915, the most valuable books had been moved into a secret location due to a fear that Oxford would be bombed, and a volunteer fire brigade was trained and ready, but Oxford escaped the First World War without being bombed. By the 1920s, the Library needed further expansion space, and in 1937 building work began on the New Bodleian building, opposite the Clarendon Building on the northeast corner of Broad Street. The New Bodleian was designed by architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. Construction was completed in 1940. The building was of an innovative ziggurat design, with 60% of the bookstack below ground level. A tunnel under Broad Street connects the Old and New Bodleian buildings, and contains a pedestrian walkway, a mechanical book conveyor and a pneumatic Lamson tube system which was used for book orders until an electronic automated stack request system was introduced in 2002. The Lamson tube system continued to be used by readers requesting manuscripts to be delivered to Duke Humfrey's Library until it was turned off in July 2009. In 2010, it was announced that the conveyor, which had been transporting books under Broad Street since the 1940s, would be shut down and dismantled on 20 August 2010. The New Bodleian closed on 29 July 2011 prior to rebuilding. Present and future of the libraries The New Bodleian Library while closed during a major refurbishment in November 2011 The New Bodleian building was rebuilt behind its original façade to provide improved storage facilities for rare and fragile material, as well as better facilities for readers and visitors. The new building concept was designed by WilkinsonEyre and the MEP design was undertaken by engineering consultancy Hurley Palmer Flatt. It reopened to readers as the Weston Library on 21 March 2015. In March 2010, the group of libraries known collectively as "Oxford University Library Services" was renamed "The Bodleian Libraries", thus allowing those Oxford members outside the Bodleian to acquire the gloss of the Bodleian brand. The building was nominated for the 2016 Sterling Prize. In November 2015, its collections topped 12 million items with the acquisition of Shelley's "Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things". Thought lost from shortly after its publication in 1811 until a copy was rediscovered in a private collection in 2006, the Bodleian has digitised the 20-page pamphlet for online access. The controversial poem and accompanying essay are believed to have contributed to the poet being sent down from Oxford University. Copying and preservation of material Ex libris stamp of Bodleian Library, circa 1830. The library operates a strict policy on copying of material. Until fairly recently, personal photocopying of library material was not permitted, as there was concern that copying and excessive handling would result in damage. However, individuals may now copy most material produced after 1900, and a staff-mediated service is provided for certain types of material dated between 1801 and 1900. Handheld scanners and digital cameras are also permitted for use on most post-1900 publications and digital cameras may also be used, with permission, with older material. The Library will supply digital scans of most pre-1801 material. Microform copies have been made of many of the most fragile items in the library's collection, and these are substituted for the originals whenever possible. The library publishes digital images of objects in its collection through its Digital Bodleian service. Treasures of the library This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bodleian Library" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Interior of Divinity School, Bodleian Library Manuscript collections The Ashmole Manuscripts (including the Ashmole Bestiary), collected by Elias Ashmole The Carte Manuscripts, collected by Thomas Carte (1686–1754) The Douce Manuscripts, donated to the library by Francis Douce in 1834 The Laud Manuscripts, donated to the library by Archbishop William Laud between 1635 and 1640 The letters of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley The Drower Collection (DC), donated by E. S. Drower, is the world's most extensive collection of Mandaean manuscripts. Individual manuscripts Abingdon Missal, illuminated manuscript produced at Abingdon Abbey (15th Century) Ashmole Bestiary, English illuminated manuscript Bestiary with allegorical descriptions of over 100 animals (12th Century) Bakhshali manuscript, Bower Manuscript and Weber Manuscript of ancient Sanskrit texts (4th-6th Centuries) Bruce Codex, Coptic manuscript, one of three surviving codices containing full copies of all of the gnostic writings (6th Century) Bujangga Manik, early Palm-leaf manuscript of Old Sundanese literature from Java (15th Century) Cædmon's Hymn, a short Old English poem attributed to Cædmon (11th Century) Codex Bodley, important and rare precolumbian pictographic manuscript and example of Mixtec historiography (14th-15th Centuries) Codex Ebnerianus, Greek language illuminated manuscript of the New Testament (12th Century) Codex Laudianus, Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament (6th Century) Codex Laud, pictorial manuscript consisting of 24 leaves from Central Mexico (16th Century) Codex Mendoza, Aztec codex containing a history of both the Aztec rulers and their conquest (16th Century) Codex Selden precolumbian pictorial manuscript of Mixtec origin (16th Century) Codex Tischendorfianus III, Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels named after Constantin von Tischendorf (9th-10th Centuries) Codex Tischendorfianus IV, Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels (10th Century) Book of Hours of Engelbert of Nassau illuminated by the Master of Mary of Burgundy for Engelbert II of Nassau, Flanders (15h Century) The Fairfax MS 16, Middle English poetic anthology (15th Century) Book of Glendalough, one of the three major surviving Irish manuscripts from pre-Norman Ireland (12th Century) Hebban olla vogala, long considered to be the only example of Old Dutch in existence (12th Century) Four fragmented scrolls from the Herculaneum papyri that survived the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius The Huntington MS 17, the oldest manuscript with complete text of the four Gospels in Bohairic (Coptic) (12th Century) Annals of Inisfallen, chronicle of the medieval history of Ireland (11th Century) Kennicott Bible, one of the most exquisite illuminated manuscripts in the Hebrew language from A Coruña, Spain (15th Century) Leofric Missal, illuminated manuscript sacramentary from Lotharingia (10th-11th Centuries) Hours of Louis Quarré, illuminated manuscript attributed to Alexander Bening (15th Century) Ormesby Psalter, magnificent example of an English illuminated manuscript from Norwich (14th Century) Peterborough Chronicle, one of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, originally held by the monks of Peterborough Abbey in Cambridgeshire (12th Century) Illuminated Gospel Book of Saint Margaret of Scotland (11th Century) Selden Roll, Mexican manuscript painted roll from the Coixtlahuaca region (16th Century) Magna Carta, four of the seventeen extant copies (13th Century) Oldest copy of the Rule of Saint Benedict (8th Century) The Song of Roland, single extant manuscript in Old French of the oldest surviving major work of French literature (12th Century) Rushworth or MacRegol Gospels, Irish illuminated manuscript from Birr, Co Offaly (9th Century) The Vernon Manuscript, the longest and most important surviving manuscript written in Middle English. (15th Century) Yongle Encyclopedia, 19 volumes of the second edition of the encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor, containing the most important texts available at that time (16th Century) Individual printed books The first book printed in Arabic with moveable type (16th Century) Bay Psalm Book, One of eleven known surviving first edition copies of the first book printed in British North America, and the only copy outside the United States (1640) Rare copy of The Birds of America by John James Audubon (1827–1838) Rare first edition of Don Quixote, the first modern novel (1604) A Gutenberg Bible, one of only 21 surviving complete copies (1455) Shakespeare's First Folio, collection of plays by William Shakespeare, (1623) Earliest edition of the popular American song Yankee Doodle (after 1775) Other Agincourt Carol, manuscript of English folk song recounting the Battle of Agincourt (15th Century) The Gough Map, Late Medieval map of the island of Great Britain (14th Century) Selden Carol Book, medieval manuscript of English carols (15th Century) Manuscripts of famous authors including Jane Austen, Kenneth Grahame (including the original writing for Wind in the Willows), Franz Kafka, CS Lewis, John le Carré, Mary Shelley (including the famous novel Frankenstein), Percy Shelley and JRR Tolkien Archive of the German composer Felix Mendelssohn with many of his letters, drawings and music manuscripts, including the Hebrides overture Autograph scores of famous composers including Beethoven (Eccosais and Trio in D for military band), Chopin (Ballade 4), Mozart (Allegro in G Minor for Piano) and Schubert (Sonata in C major for piano four-hands, D 812) Shikshapatri, religious text written in Sanskrit by Swaminarayan (19th Century) Bodley's Librarians Main article: Bodley's Librarian The head of the Bodleian Library is known as "Bodley's Librarian". The first librarian, Thomas James, was selected by Bodley in 1599, and the university confirmed James in his post in 1602. Bodley wanted his librarian to be "some one that is noted and known for a diligent Student, and in all his conversation to be trusty, active, and discreet, a graduate also and a Linguist, not encumbered with marriage, nor with a benefice of Cure", although James was able to persuade Bodley to let him get married and to become Rector of St Aldate's Church, Oxford. James said of the Bodleian's collections, "The like Librarie is no where to be found." In all, 25 have served as Bodley's Librarian; their levels of diligence have varied over the years. Thomas Lockey (1660–1665) was regarded as not fit for the post, John Hudson (1701–1719) has been described as "negligent if not incapable", and John Price (1768–1813) was accused by a contemporary scholar of "a regular and constant neglect of his duty". Sarah Thomas, who served from 2007 to 2013, was the first woman to hold the position, and the second Librarian (after her predecessor, Reginald Carr) also to be Director of Oxford University Library Services (now Bodleian Libraries). Thomas, an American, was also the first foreign librarian to run the Bodleian. Her successor from January 2014 is Richard Ovenden, who was Deputy Librarian under Thomas. Gallery, Duke Humfrey's Library Interior In popular culture Novels The Bodleian is one of the libraries consulted by Christine Greenaway (one of Bodley's librarians) in Colin Dexter's Inspector Morse novel The Wench is Dead (1989). The denouement of Michael Innes's Operation Pax (1951) is set in an imaginary version of the underground bookstack, reached at night by sliding down the "Mendip cleft", a chute concealed in Radcliffe Square. Since J. R. R. Tolkien had studied philology at Oxford and eventually became a professor, many of Tolkien's manuscripts are now at the library. Historian and novelist Deborah Harkness, set much of the early part of her 2011 novel, A Discovery of Witches, in the Bodleian, particularly the Selden End. The novel also features one of the library's Ashmole manuscripts (Ashmole 782) as a central element of the book. Medieval historian Dominic Selwood set part of his 2013 crypto-thriller The Sword of Moses in Duke Humfrey's library, and the novel hinges on the library's copy of a magical medieval Hebrew manuscript known as "The Sword of Moses". Location filming The Library's architecture has made it a popular location for filmmakers, representing either Oxford University or other locations. It can be seen in the opening scene of The Golden Compass (2007), Brideshead Revisited (1981 TV serial), Another Country (1984), The Madness of King George III (1994), and the first two, as well as the fourth, Harry Potter films, in which the Divinity School doubles as the Hogwarts hospital wing and the room in which Professor McGonagall teaches the students to dance, as well as Duke Humfrey's Library as the Hogwarts library. See also Books in the United Kingdom Codex Baroccianus Convocation House Digby Mythographer European Library Google Books Michael Shen Fu-Tsung References Notes ^ a b "Bodleian Libraries – About us". ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ^ Murray, Stuart (2009). The Library: An Illustrated History. New York: Skyhorse. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8389-0991-1. ^ Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 ^ "Agency for the Legal Deposit Libraries". llgc.org.uk. ^ S198(5) Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 ^ Jonathan Jones, Oxford's online Bodleian archive: illumination for all, The Guardian, 8 August 2015. ^ Bodleian Libraries (13 April 2017). "We have translated the Bodleian oath into more than one hundred languages. Readers make the pledge in their mother tongue" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Clapinson, Mary (2015). "The Early Years". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3. ^ Philip, Ian (1983) The Bodleian Library in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press ISBN 0-19-822484-2; p. 5 ^ The Bodleian Library. London: Jarrold & Sons, 1976 ISBN 0-900177-62-4. ^ a b c The Bodleian Library 1976. See also Bodleian history page at https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley/about-us/history ^ a b Clapinson, Mary (2015). "The Early Years". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3. ^ a b Philip, Ian (1983); p. 1 ^ Clapinson, Mary (2015). "The Early Years". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3. ^ Plaques, Open. "John Shillingford, John Bodley, and Thomas Bodley blue plaque". openplaques.org. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Beddard, R. A. (2002). "The Official Inauguration of the Bodleian Library on 8 November 1602". The Library. 3 (3): 255–283. doi:10.1093/library/3.3.255. ^ Clapinson, Mary (2015). "The Early Years". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3. ^ Philip, Ian (1983); p. 19 ^ a b Clapinson, Mary (2015). "The Early Years". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3. ^ "Novum organum (New Instrument)". Marks of Genius. Bodleian Library. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ Clapinson, Mary (2015). "The Early Years". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3. ^ a b c Jackson, Sidney L. (1 January 1969). "Bodley and the Bodleian: Collections, Use and Administration". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 39 (3): 253–270. doi:10.1086/619766. JSTOR 4305998. S2CID 145797787. ^ Davis, D. G. (1 January 1970). "Problems in the Life of a University Librarian: Thomas James, 1600–1620". College & Research Libraries. 31 (1): 43–49. doi:10.5860/crl_31_01_43. hdl:2142/38489. ^ a b "History of the Bodleian". Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 7 November 2017. ^ Cole, Catherine (1968). "The Building of the Tower of Five Orders in the Schools' Quadrangle at Oxford" (PDF). Oxoniensia. 23: 92–107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2017. ^ University of Oxford: Museum of the History of Science, "The most noble problem in nature: the transit of Venus in the eighteenth century" online catalogue of an exhibition held in 2004 ^ "Weston Library \| Classical & Medieval MSS". Bodleian.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ "Weston Library \| Hebraica, Judaica & Semitics". Bodleian.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ Jenkins, S. "Clarendon Building". Accessed 9 October 2013. ^ Clapinson, Mary (2015). "A new century and a New Bodleian". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3. ^ "Weston Library \| South & Inner Asia". Bodleian.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ "Copyright Act 1911". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ a b Oxford University Library Services: "A university library for the 21st century: an exhibition of proposals by the Oxford University Library Services (OULS)", (University of Oxford, 2005), accessed 2 April 2015 archived. ^ a b Project Information: Gladstone Link (previously Underground Bookstore), Bodleian Libraries, archived from the original on 18 June 2011, retrieved 13 November 2012 ^ Clapinson, Mary (2015). "A new century and a New Bodleian". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. pp. 126–128. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3. ^ "A university library for the twenty-first century: a report to Congregation by the Curators of the University Libraries", Oxford University Gazette, 4743, University of Oxford, 22 September 2005, archived from the original on 2 September 2007, retrieved 14 February 2012 ^ Craster, H. H. E. (1941). "The Bodleian Library Extension Scheme". In Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, vol. 25, pp. 83–96 ^ "University of Oxford Systems and Electronic Resources Service". Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007. ^ Core, Sophie (17 August 2010). "Radical revamp approved by Council". Cherwell.org. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. ^ "Timeline". bodleian.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ "Buildings Update". Oxford University Library Services. Archived from the original on 7 September 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007. ^ "New Bodleian (the Weston Library)". Bodleian Libraries. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2009. ^ Ljeh, Ike (7 April 2015). "Bodleian library: The new edition". www.bdonline.co.uk. ^ "Weston Library opens to academics after £80m revamp". BBC News. Oxford. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014. ^ "OULS changes name to BODLEIAN LIBRARIES". ox.ac.uk. Bodleian Libraries. ^ Mills, Eleanor (20 July 2016). "RIBA announces Stirling Prize Shortlist". Museums Association. ^ Flood, Alison (10 November 2015). "Lost Shelley poem execrating 'rank corruption' of ruling class made public". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ Furness, Hannah (11 November 2015). "'Lost' Shelley poem which helped get him expelled from Oxford to be seen at last". The Daily Telegraph. ^ "Percy Bysshe Shelley's lost poem acquired by Oxford University". BBC News. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ "Photocopying, Printing and Scanning". Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ "Digital Bodleian". Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ Mandaean manuscripts given by Lady Ethel May Stefana Drower. Archives Hub. ^ "The Vernon Manuscript Project". University of Birmingham. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2012. ^ "Digital facsimile edition, October 2009". EVellum. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2012. ^ "Weston Library \| Middle East". Bodleian.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ "Weston Library \| Maps". Bodleian.ox.ac.uk. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ Salter, H. E.; Lobel, Mary D., eds. (1954). "The Bodleian Library". A History of the County of Oxford Volume III – The University of Oxford. Victoria County History. Institute of Historical Research, University of London. pp. 44–47. ISBN 978-0-7129-1064-4. Retrieved 5 January 2010. ^ a b Roberts, R. Julian (2004). "James, Thomas (1572/3–1629)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14619. Retrieved 2 January 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Madan, Falconer (1919). The Bodleian Library at Oxford. Duckworth & Co. p. 18. ^ Murray, Stuart (2009). The Library: An Illustrated History. New York: Skyhorse. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8389-0991-1. ^ Bradley, E. T.; Ramsay, Nigel (2004). "Lockey, Thomas (1602?–1679)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16898. Retrieved 2 January 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Harmsen, Theodor (2004). "Hudson, John (1662–1719)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14034. Retrieved 2 January 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Vaisey, David. "Price, John (1735–1813)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22757. Retrieved 4 January 2010. ^ Garner, Richard (21 February 2007). "A double-first at the Bodleian library as US woman takes over". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2010. ^ Dexter, Colin (1989). The Wench is Dead. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 65–67. ISBN 0-312-04444-5. ^ Innes, Michael (1975) . Operation Pax. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 300–316. ISBN 9780140022032. ^ "Literary Archives and Manuscripts". Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 4 February 2021. ^ "Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth". Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 4 February 2021. ^ Harkness, Deborah E. (2011). A Discovery of Witches. London: Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-7404-5. ^ Hand, Elizabeth (3 March 2011). "Books: 'A Discovery of Witches' by Deborah Harkness". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 February 2021. ^ Selwood, Dominic (2013). The Sword of Moses. London: Corax. ISBN 9780992633202. ^ Penn, J. F. (18 March 2015). "Templars, Freemasons and the Ark of the Covenant with Dominic Selwood". www.jfpenn.com. Retrieved 4 February 2021. ^ "Commercial filming and photography". visit.bodleian.ox.ac.uk. ^ Leonard, Bill, The Oxford of Inspector Morse Location Guides, Oxford (2004) p. 203 ISBN 0-9547671-1-X. Further reading Craster, H. H. E. (1952) History of the Bodleian Library. London: O.U.P. Macray, Rev. William Dunn (1868) Annals of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, A.D. 1598–A.D. 1867. London: Rivingtons. Price, Henry Clarke (2007) "The Bod's Secret Underbelly", Cherwell Ó Cuív, Brian (2001–03) Catalogue of Irish Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and Oxford College Libraries. 2 vols. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Celtic Studies External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bodleian Library. Bodleian Library – official website Digital Bodleian Oxford Digital Library "History of the Bodleian" (PDF). Bodleian Library. n.d. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. 360° Panorama at dusk in the Quadrangle vteBodley's LibrariansLibrarians Thomas James (1599) John Rouse (1620) Thomas Barlow (1652) Thomas Lockey (1660) Thomas Hyde (1665) John Hudson (1701) Joseph Bowles (1719) Robert Fysher (1729) Humphrey Owen (1747) John Price (1768) Bulkeley Bandinel (1813) Henry Coxe (1860) Edward Nicholson (1882) Falconer Madan (1912) Arthur Cowley (1919) Edmund Craster (1931) Harry Creswick (1945) Nowell Myres (1948) Robert Shackleton (1966) Richard Fifoot (1979) John Jolliffe (1982) David Vaisey (1986) Reginald Carr (1997) Sarah Thomas (2007) Richard Ovenden (2014) Related articles Bodleian Library Thomas Bodley Articles about the library's collection University of Oxford portal vteLibraries of the University of OxfordBodleian LibrariesBodleian Library Old library Duke Humfrey's Radcliffe Camera New library Weston Gladstone Link Other librariesin the group Alexander Library of Ornithology Bodleian Law Bodleian Social Science Nizami Ganjavi Library Radcliffe Science Rewley House Continuing Education Art, Archaeology and Ancient World Sainsbury Library at the Saïd Business School Taylor Institution Vere Harmsworth Rothermere American Institute College libraries All Souls Balliol Brasenose Campion Hall Christ Church Corpus Christi Exeter Green Templeton Greyfriars Oxford Centre for Franciscan Studies Harris Manchester Hertford Jesus College Keble Kellogg Lady Margaret Hall Linacre Lincoln Magdalen Mansfield Merton New College Nuffield Oriel Pembroke Queen's College Regent's Park Russian and Eurasian Studies Centre Somerville St Anne's St Antony's St Benet's Hall St Catherine's St Cross St Edmund Hall St Hilda's St Hugh's St John's St Peter's Trinity University Wadham Wolfson Worcester See also Angus Library and Archive Clarendon Building (library administration) Indian Institute Oxford Libraries Information System Rhodes House vteAcademic libraries in the United KingdomEnglandLondon Abdus Salam (Imperial College London) British Library of Political and Economic Science (London School of Economics) Women's Maughan (King's College London) Senate House (School of Advanced Study) Midlands and South Bodleian (Oxford) Cambridge University Pilkington (Loughborough) North Brotherton (Leeds) Brynmor Jones (Hull) Durham University Cosin's Liverpool John Moores Avril Robarts Aldham Robarts University of Manchester John Rylands Newcastle University Ruskin (Lancaster) University of York Scotland Andersonian (Strathclyde) Edinburgh University Glasgow University Sir Duncan Rice (Aberdeen) University of St Andrews Wales Thomas Parry (Aberystwyth) Category Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel 2 United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece 2 Academics CiNii People ISIL GB-UkOxU Other RISM IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bodleian Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Libraries"},{"link_name":"/ˈbɒdliən, bɒdˈliːən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"research library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_library"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bodley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bodley"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Size-1"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Deposit_Libraries_Act_2003"},{"link_name":"legal deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_deposit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"reference library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_library"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Libraries"},{"link_name":"colleges of the University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"union catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_catalog"},{"link_name":"University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Research library of the University of OxfordNot to be confused with the Bodleian Libraries, the library group of which the Bodleian is a member.The Bodleian Library (/ˈbɒdliən, bɒdˈliːən/) is the main research library of the University of Oxford. Founded in 1602 by Sir Thomas Bodley, it is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. With over 13 million printed items,[1] it is the second-largest library in Britain after the British Library.[2] Under the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003, it is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom,[3][4] and under Irish law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland.[5] Known to Oxford scholars as \"Bodley\" or \"the Bod\", it operates principally as a reference library and, in general, documents may not be removed from the reading rooms.In 2000, a number of libraries within the University of Oxford were brought together for administrative purposes under the aegis of what was initially known as Oxford University Library Services (OULS), and since 2010 as the Bodleian Libraries, of which the Bodleian Library is the largest component.All colleges of the University of Oxford have their own libraries, which in a number of cases were established well before the foundation of the Bodleian, and all of which remain entirely independent of the Bodleian. They do, however, participate in SOLO (Search Oxford Libraries Online), the Bodleian Libraries' online union catalogue, except for University College, which has an independent catalogue. Much of the library's archives were digitized and put online for public access in 2015.[6]","title":"Bodleian Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broad Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Duke Humfrey's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"Clarendon Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Building"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera"},{"link_name":"Weston Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Library"},{"link_name":"South Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Marston"},{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"}],"text":"The Bodleian Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street: the 15th-century Duke Humfrey's Library, the 17th-century Schools Quadrangle, the 18th-century Clarendon Building and Radcliffe Camera, and the 20th- and 21st-century Weston Library. Since the 19th century, underground stores have been constructed, while the principal off-site storage area is located at South Marston on the edge of Swindon.","title":"Sites and regulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michaelmas term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas_term"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twitter-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_Divinity_Schools_and_Duke_Humphrey%E2%80%99s_Library_at_Oxford.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodleiandoorway1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tower_of_the_Five_Orders_Oxford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity_School,_Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodleian_from_Radcliffe_Square.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bodleian_Library_from_the_south_entrance.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Admission","text":"Before being granted access to the library, new readers are required to agree to a formal declaration. This declaration was traditionally an oral oath, but is now usually made by signing a letter to a similar effect. Ceremonies in which readers recite the declaration are still performed for those who wish to take them; these occur primarily at the start of the university's Michaelmas term. External readers (those not attached to the university) are still required to recite the declaration orally prior to admission. The Bodleian Admissions Office has amassed a large collection of translations of the declaration – covering over one hundred different languages as of spring 2017[7] – allowing those who are not native English speakers to recite it in their first language. The English text of the declaration is as follows:I hereby undertake not to remove from the Library, nor to mark, deface, or injure in any way, any volume, document or other object belonging to it or in its custody; not to bring into the Library, or kindle therein, any fire or flame, and not to smoke in the Library; and I promise to obey all rules of the Library.This is a translation of the traditional Latin oath (the original version of which did not forbid tobacco smoking, though libraries were then unheated because fires were so hazardous):Do fidem me nullum librum vel instrumentum aliamve quam rem ad bibliothecam pertinentem, vel ibi custodiae causa depositam, aut e bibliotheca sublaturum esse, aut foedaturum deformaturum aliove quo modo laesurum; item neque ignem nec flammam in bibliothecam inlaturum vel in ea accensurum, neque fumo nicotiano aliove quovis ibi usurum; item promitto me omnes leges ad bibliothecam Bodleianam attinentes semper observaturum esse.The library in 1566, drawn by John Bereblock and given to Queen Elizabeth I as part of a book when she first visited Oxford.[8]\nDoorway to the Schola Moralis Philosophiae (School of Moral Philosophy) at the Bodleian Library (now the staff entrance in the Schools Quadrangle)\nThe Tower of the Five Orders, as viewed from the entrance to the Divinity School\nThe Library seen from Radcliffe Square\nThe courtyard of the Bodleian Library from the south entrance, looking to the north entrance","title":"Sites and regulations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"chained books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chained_library"},{"link_name":"University Church of St Mary the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Henry V of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity_School,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Duke Humfrey's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jarrold_1976-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-12"}],"sub_title":"14th and 15th centuries","text":"Whilst the Bodleian Library, in its current incarnation, has a continuous history dating back to 1602, its roots date back even further. The first purpose-built library known to have existed in Oxford was founded in the 14th century under the will of Thomas Cobham, Bishop of Worcester (d. 1327). This small collection of chained books was situated above the north side of the University Church of St Mary the Virgin on the High Street.[9][10] This collection continued to grow steadily, but when Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (brother of Henry V of England) donated a great collection of manuscripts between 1435 and 1437, the space was deemed insufficient and a larger building was required. A suitable room was finally built above the Divinity School, and completed in 1488. This room continues to be known as Duke Humfrey's Library.[11] After 1488, the university stopped spending money on the library's upkeep and acquisitions, and manuscripts began to go unreturned to the library.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jarrold_1976-11"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philip,_Ian_1983;_p._1-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bodley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bodley"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philip,_Ian_1983;_p._1-13"},{"link_name":"Merton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Rowland Hill's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Hill_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Geneva Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Bible"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jarrold_1976-11"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated14-19"},{"link_name":"Francis Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon"},{"link_name":"The Advancement of Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advancement_of_Learning"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated14-19"},{"link_name":"Thomas James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_James"},{"link_name":"Stationers' Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson1969-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson1969-22"},{"link_name":"John Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Selden"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson1969-22"}],"sub_title":"Sir Thomas Bodley and the re-founding of the University Library","text":"The library went through a period of decline in the late 16th century: the library's furniture was sold, and only three of the original books belonging to Duke Humphrey remained in the collection.[11] During the reign of Edward VI, there was a purge of \"superstitious\" (Catholic-related) manuscripts.[12]It was not until 1598 that the library began to thrive once more,[13] when Thomas Bodley wrote to the Vice Chancellor of the university offering to support the development of the library: \"where there hath bin hertofore a publike library in Oxford: which you know is apparent by the rome it self remayning, and by your statute records I will take the charge and cost upon me, to reduce it again to his former use.\"[13]Bodley was a former fellow of Merton College, who had recently married a wealthy widow,[14] and the son of John Bodley (d. 15 Oct. 1591) a Protestant merchant who chose foreign exile rather than staying in England under the Roman Catholic government of Queen Mary, and was thereby involved in Rowland Hill's publication of the Geneva Bible.[15]Six of the Oxford University dons were tasked with helping Bodley in refitting the library in March 1598.[16] Duke Humfrey's Library was refitted, and Bodley donated some of his own books to furnish it. The library was formally re-opened on 8 November 1602 under the name \"Bodleian Library\" (officially Bodley's Library).[11] There were around 2000 books in the library at this time, with an ornate Benefactor's Register displayed prominently, to encourage donations. Early benefactors were motivated by the recent memory of the Reformation to donate books in the hopes that they would be kept safe.[17]Bodley's collecting interests were varied; according to the library's historian Ian Philip, as early as June 1603 he was attempting to source manuscripts from Turkey, and it was during \"the same year that the first Chinese book was acquired\",[18] despite no-one at Oxford being able to understand them at that time.[19] In 1605, Francis Bacon gave the library a copy of The Advancement of Learning and described the Bodleian as \"an Ark to save learning from deluge\".[20] At this time, there were few books written in English held in the library, partially because academic work was not done in English.[19] Thomas James suggested that Bodley should ask the Stationers' Company to provide a copy of all books printed to the Bodleian[21] and in 1610 Bodley made an agreement with the company to put a copy of every book registered with them in the library.[22] The Bodleian collection grew so fast that the building was expanded between 1610 and 1612 (known as the Arts End),[22] and again in 1634–1637. When John Selden died in 1654, he left the Bodleian his large collection of books and manuscripts. The later addition to Duke Humfrey's Library continues to be known as the \"Selden End\".By 1620, 16,000 items were in the Bodleian's collection.[23] Anyone who wanted to use the Bodleian had to buy a copy of the 1620 library catalogue at a cost of 2 shillings and 8 pence.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-history-24"},{"link_name":"classical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Tuscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_order"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"Composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_order"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Duke Humfrey's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity_School,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-history-24"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Architectural_Study_(Old_Schools_Hall,_Oxford)_LACMA_M.2008.40.905.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Fox Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radcliffe_Camera,_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera"}],"sub_title":"Schools Quadrangle and Tower of the Five Orders","text":"By the time of Bodley's death in 1613, his planned further expansion to the library was just starting.[24] The Schools Quadrangle (sometimes referred to as the \"Old Schools Quadrangle\", or the \"Old Library\") was built between 1613 and 1619 by adding three wings to the Proscholium and Arts End. Its tower forms the main entrance to the library, and is known as the Tower of the Five Orders. The Tower is so named because it is ornamented, in ascending order, with the columns of each of the five orders of classical architecture: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite.[25]The three wings of the quadrangle have three floors: rooms on the ground and upper floors of the quadrangle (excluding Duke Humfrey's Library, above the Divinity School) were originally used as lecture space and an art gallery. The lecture rooms are still indicated by the inscriptions over the doors (see illustration). As the library's collections expanded, these rooms were gradually taken over, the university lectures and examinations were moved into the newly created University Schools building.[24] The art collection was transferred to the Ashmolean. One of the schools was used to host exhibitions of the library's treasures, now moved to the renovated Weston Library, whilst the others are used as offices and meeting rooms for the library administrators, a readers' common room, and a small gift shop.The Tower of the Five Orders photographed by Henry Fox Talbot, c. 1843/46The Radcliffe Camera, viewed from the University Church","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hornsby"},{"link_name":"transit of Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_of_Venus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"David Oppenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Oppenheim_(rabbi)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Later 17th and 18th centuries","text":"The agreement with the Stationers' Company meant that the growth of stock was constant and there were also a number of large bequests and acquisitions for other reasons. Until the establishment of the British Museum in 1753, the Bodleian was effectively the national library of England. By then the Bodleian, Cambridge University Library and the Royal Library were the most extensive book collections in England and Wales.The astronomer Thomas Hornsby observed the transit of Venus from the Tower of the Five Orders in 1769.[26]A large collection of medieval Italian manuscripts was bought from Matteo Luigi Canonici in 1817.[27] In 1829, the library bought the collection of Rabbi David Oppenheim, adding to its Hebrew collection.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radcliffe Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Science Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Science_Library"},{"link_name":"University Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History"}],"sub_title":"Radcliffe Camera","text":"By the late 19th century, further growth of the library demanded more expansion space. In 1860, the library was allowed to take over the adjacent building, the Radcliffe Camera. In 1861, the library's medical and scientific collections were transferred to the Radcliffe Science Library, which had been built farther north next to the University Museum.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarendon Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Building"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Hawksmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Clarendon Building","text":"The Clarendon Building was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor and built between 1711 and 1715, originally to house the printing presses of the Oxford University Press. It was vacated by the Press in the early 19th century, and used by the university for administrative purposes. In 1975, it was handed over to the Bodleian Library, and now provides office and meeting space for senior members of staff.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodleian_Library_and_nearby_buildings.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Chandra Shum Shere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Shumsher_Jang_Bahadur_Rana"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literature"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Copyright Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Act_1911"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Deposit_Libraries_Act_2003"},{"link_name":"legal deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_deposit"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"bookstack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookstack"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Square"},{"link_name":"Gladstone Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Link"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exhibition-proposals-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gladstone-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exhibition-proposals-33"},{"link_name":"war effort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Clarendon Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Building"},{"link_name":"Broad Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Sir Giles Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Giles_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"ziggurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lamson tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamson_tube"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Lamson tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamson_tube"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gladstone-34"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weston_Timeline-40"}],"sub_title":"20th century and after","text":"The Library and nearby buildings in 2016In 1907, the head librarian, Nicholson, had begun a project to revise the catalogue of printed books.[30] In 1909, the prime minister of Nepal, Chandra Shum Shere, donated a large collection of Sanskrit literature to the library.[31]In 1911, the Copyright Act[32] (now superseded by the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003) continued the Stationers' agreement by making the Bodleian one of the six (at that time) libraries covering legal deposit in the United Kingdom where a copy of each published book must be deposited.Between 1909 and 1912, an underground bookstack was constructed beneath the Radcliffe Camera and Radcliffe Square, known since 2011 as the Gladstone Link.[33][34] In 1914, the total number of books in the library's collections exceeded 1 million.[33] By 1915, only one quarter of the revised catalogue had been completed, a task made more difficult by library staff going into the war effort, either serving in the armed forces or volunteering to serve in the hospitals. In July 1915, the most valuable books had been moved into a secret location due to a fear that Oxford would be bombed, and a volunteer fire brigade was trained and ready, but Oxford escaped the First World War without being bombed.[35] By the 1920s, the Library needed further expansion space, and in 1937 building work began on the New Bodleian building, opposite the Clarendon Building on the northeast corner of Broad Street.The New Bodleian was designed by architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. Construction was completed in 1940. The building was of an innovative ziggurat design, with 60% of the bookstack below ground level.[36][37] A tunnel under Broad Street connects the Old and New Bodleian buildings, and contains a pedestrian walkway, a mechanical book conveyor and a pneumatic Lamson tube system which was used for book orders until an electronic automated stack request system was introduced in 2002.[38] The Lamson tube system continued to be used by readers requesting manuscripts to be delivered to Duke Humfrey's Library until it was turned off in July 2009. In 2010, it was announced that the conveyor, which had been transporting books under Broad Street since the 1940s, would be shut down and dismantled on 20 August 2010.[39][34] The New Bodleian closed on 29 July 2011 prior to rebuilding.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Bodleian_Library_November_2011.JPG"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"WilkinsonEyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WilkinsonEyre"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Hurley Palmer Flatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurley_Palmer_Flatt"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Weston Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Library"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Bodleian Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Libraries"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Sterling Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Prize"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Shelley's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetical_Essay_on_the_Existing_State_of_Things"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Present and future of the libraries","text":"The New Bodleian Library while closed during a major refurbishment in November 2011The New Bodleian building was rebuilt behind its original façade to provide improved storage facilities for rare and fragile material, as well as better facilities for readers and visitors.[41][42] The new building concept was designed by WilkinsonEyre and the MEP[clarification needed] design was undertaken by engineering consultancy Hurley Palmer Flatt.[43] It reopened to readers as the Weston Library on 21 March 2015.[44] In March 2010, the group of libraries known collectively as \"Oxford University Library Services\" was renamed \"The Bodleian Libraries\", thus allowing those Oxford members outside the Bodleian to acquire the gloss of the Bodleian brand.[clarification needed][45] The building was nominated for the 2016 Sterling Prize.[46]In November 2015, its collections topped 12 million items with the acquisition of Shelley's \"Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things\". Thought lost from shortly after its publication in 1811 until a copy was rediscovered in a private collection in 2006, the Bodleian has digitised the 20-page pamphlet for online access. The controversial poem and accompanying essay are believed to have contributed to the poet being sent down from Oxford University.[47][48][49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ex libris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookplate"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Microform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microform"},{"link_name":"Digital Bodleian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Ex libris stamp of Bodleian Library, circa 1830.The library operates a strict policy on copying of material. Until fairly recently, personal photocopying of library material was not permitted, as there was concern that copying and excessive handling would result in damage. However, individuals may now copy most material produced after 1900, and a staff-mediated service is provided for certain types of material dated between 1801 and 1900. Handheld scanners and digital cameras are also permitted for use on most post-1900 publications and digital cameras may also be used, with permission, with older material.[50] The Library will supply digital scans of most pre-1801 material. Microform copies have been made of many of the most fragile items in the library's collection, and these are substituted for the originals whenever possible. The library publishes digital images of objects in its collection through its Digital Bodleian[51] service.","title":"Copying and preservation of material"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Divinity_School_Interior_2,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}],"text":"Interior of Divinity School, Bodleian Library","title":"Treasures of the library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashmole Bestiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmole_Bestiary"},{"link_name":"Elias Ashmole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Ashmole"},{"link_name":"Carte Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_Manuscripts"},{"link_name":"Thomas Carte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carte"},{"link_name":"Francis Douce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Douce"},{"link_name":"Archbishop William Laud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laud"},{"link_name":"Percy Bysshe Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Drower Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drower_Collection"},{"link_name":"E. S. Drower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._S._Drower"},{"link_name":"Mandaean manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_scriptures"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives_Hub-52"}],"sub_title":"Manuscript collections","text":"The Ashmole Manuscripts (including the Ashmole Bestiary), collected by Elias Ashmole\nThe Carte Manuscripts, collected by Thomas Carte (1686–1754)\nThe Douce Manuscripts, donated to the library by Francis Douce in 1834\nThe Laud Manuscripts, donated to the library by Archbishop William Laud between 1635 and 1640\nThe letters of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley\nThe Drower Collection (DC), donated by E. S. Drower, is the world's most extensive collection of Mandaean manuscripts.[52]","title":"Treasures of the library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abingdon Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Abingdon Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Ashmole Bestiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmole_Bestiary"},{"link_name":"Bestiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiary"},{"link_name":"Bakhshali manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhshali_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Bower Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bower_Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Weber Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Bruce Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Codex"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"Bujangga Manik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujangga_Manik"},{"link_name":"Palm-leaf manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Old Sundanese literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"Cædmon's Hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon%27s_Hymn"},{"link_name":"Cædmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon"},{"link_name":"Codex Bodley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Bodley"},{"link_name":"precolumbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precolumbian"},{"link_name":"Codex Ebnerianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Ebnerianus"},{"link_name":"Greek language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Codex Laudianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Laudianus"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"uncial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Codex Laud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Laud"},{"link_name":"Codex Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Aztec codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_codices"},{"link_name":"Codex Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Selden"},{"link_name":"precolumbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precolumbian"},{"link_name":"Codex Tischendorfianus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Tischendorfianus_III"},{"link_name":"uncial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels"},{"link_name":"Constantin von Tischendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf"},{"link_name":"Codex Tischendorfianus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Tischendorfianus_IV"},{"link_name":"uncial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels"},{"link_name":"Book of Hours of Engelbert of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hours_of_Engelbert_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Master of Mary of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Mary_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Engelbert II of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_II_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Fairfax MS 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library,_MS_Fairfax_16"},{"link_name":"Book of Glendalough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library,_MS_Rawlinson_B_502"},{"link_name":"Hebban olla vogala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebban_olla_vogala"},{"link_name":"Old Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Herculaneum papyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum_papyri"},{"link_name":"Eruption of Mount Vesuvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD"},{"link_name":"Huntington MS 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_MS_17"},{"link_name":"Bohairic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"Annals of Inisfallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Inisfallen"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Kennicott Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennicott_Bible"},{"link_name":"Hebrew language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Leofric Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofric_Missal"},{"link_name":"sacramentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramentary"},{"link_name":"Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bening"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Saint Margaret of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Selden Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selden_Roll"},{"link_name":"Coixtlahuaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coixtlahuaca"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta"},{"link_name":"Rule of Saint Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Song of Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Roland"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"French literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature"},{"link_name":"Birr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birr,_County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Vernon Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Yongle Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Yongle Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor"}],"sub_title":"Individual manuscripts","text":"Abingdon Missal, illuminated manuscript produced at Abingdon Abbey (15th Century)\nAshmole Bestiary, English illuminated manuscript Bestiary with allegorical descriptions of over 100 animals (12th Century)\nBakhshali manuscript, Bower Manuscript and Weber Manuscript of ancient Sanskrit texts (4th-6th Centuries)\nBruce Codex, Coptic manuscript, one of three surviving codices containing full copies of all of the gnostic writings (6th Century)\nBujangga Manik, early Palm-leaf manuscript of Old Sundanese literature from Java (15th Century)\nCædmon's Hymn, a short Old English poem attributed to Cædmon (11th Century)\nCodex Bodley, important and rare precolumbian pictographic manuscript and example of Mixtec historiography (14th-15th Centuries)\nCodex Ebnerianus, Greek language illuminated manuscript of the New Testament (12th Century)\nCodex Laudianus, Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament (6th Century)\nCodex Laud, pictorial manuscript consisting of 24 leaves from Central Mexico (16th Century)\nCodex Mendoza, Aztec codex containing a history of both the Aztec rulers and their conquest (16th Century)\nCodex Selden precolumbian pictorial manuscript of Mixtec origin (16th Century)\nCodex Tischendorfianus III, Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels named after Constantin von Tischendorf (9th-10th Centuries)\nCodex Tischendorfianus IV, Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels (10th Century)\nBook of Hours of Engelbert of Nassau illuminated by the Master of Mary of Burgundy for Engelbert II of Nassau, Flanders (15h Century)\nThe Fairfax MS 16, Middle English poetic anthology (15th Century)\nBook of Glendalough, one of the three major surviving Irish manuscripts from pre-Norman Ireland (12th Century)\nHebban olla vogala, long considered to be the only example of Old Dutch in existence (12th Century)\nFour fragmented scrolls from the Herculaneum papyri that survived the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius\nThe Huntington MS 17, the oldest manuscript with complete text of the four Gospels in Bohairic (Coptic) (12th Century)\nAnnals of Inisfallen, chronicle of the medieval history of Ireland (11th Century)\nKennicott Bible, one of the most exquisite illuminated manuscripts in the Hebrew language from A Coruña, Spain (15th Century)\nLeofric Missal, illuminated manuscript sacramentary from Lotharingia (10th-11th Centuries)\nHours of Louis Quarré, illuminated manuscript attributed to Alexander Bening (15th Century)\nOrmesby Psalter, magnificent example of an English illuminated manuscript from Norwich (14th Century)\nPeterborough Chronicle, one of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, originally held by the monks of Peterborough Abbey in Cambridgeshire (12th Century)\nIlluminated Gospel Book of Saint Margaret of Scotland (11th Century)\nSelden Roll, Mexican manuscript painted roll from the Coixtlahuaca region (16th Century)\nMagna Carta, four of the seventeen extant copies (13th Century)\nOldest copy of the Rule of Saint Benedict (8th Century)\nThe Song of Roland, single extant manuscript in Old French of the oldest surviving major work of French literature (12th Century)\nRushworth or MacRegol Gospels, Irish illuminated manuscript from Birr, Co Offaly (9th Century)\nThe Vernon Manuscript, the longest and most important surviving manuscript written in Middle English.[53][54] (15th Century)\nYongle Encyclopedia, 19 volumes of the second edition of the encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor, containing the most important texts available at that time (16th Century)","title":"Treasures of the library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"moveable type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Bay Psalm Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Psalm_Book"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"The Birds of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_of_America"},{"link_name":"John James Audubon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Audubon"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Gutenberg Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible"},{"link_name":"First Folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Yankee Doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Doodle"}],"sub_title":"Individual printed books","text":"The first book printed in Arabic with moveable type (16th Century) [55]\nBay Psalm Book, One of eleven known surviving first edition copies of the first book printed in British North America, and the only copy outside the United States (1640)\nRare copy of The Birds of America by John James Audubon (1827–1838)\nRare first edition of Don Quixote, the first modern novel (1604)\nA Gutenberg Bible, one of only 21 surviving complete copies (1455)\nShakespeare's First Folio, collection of plays by William Shakespeare, (1623)\nEarliest edition of the popular American song Yankee Doodle (after 1775)","title":"Treasures of the library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agincourt Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agincourt_Carol"},{"link_name":"English folk song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_folk_song"},{"link_name":"Battle of Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"},{"link_name":"Gough Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Map"},{"link_name":"Late Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Selden Carol Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selden_Carol_Book"},{"link_name":"carols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_(music)"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Grahame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame"},{"link_name":"Wind in the Willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_in_the_Willows"},{"link_name":"Franz Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"CS Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Lewis"},{"link_name":"John le Carré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mary Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Percy Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Shelley"},{"link_name":"JRR Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JRR_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"Hebrides overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hebrides_(overture)"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Ballade 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade_No._4_(Chopin)"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Sonata in C major for piano four-hands, D 812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_in_C_major_for_piano_four-hands,_D_812_(Schubert)"},{"link_name":"Shikshapatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikshapatri"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Swaminarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Swaminarayan"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Agincourt Carol, manuscript of English folk song recounting the Battle of Agincourt (15th Century)\nThe Gough Map, Late Medieval map of the island of Great Britain (14th Century)[56]\nSelden Carol Book, medieval manuscript of English carols (15th Century)\nManuscripts of famous authors including Jane Austen, Kenneth Grahame (including the original writing for Wind in the Willows), Franz Kafka, CS Lewis, John le Carré, Mary Shelley (including the famous novel Frankenstein), Percy Shelley and JRR Tolkien\nArchive of the German composer Felix Mendelssohn with many of his letters, drawings and music manuscripts, including the Hebrides overture\nAutograph scores of famous composers including Beethoven (Eccosais and Trio in D for military band), Chopin (Ballade 4), Mozart (Allegro in G Minor for Piano) and Schubert (Sonata in C major for piano four-hands, D 812)\nShikshapatri, religious text written in Sanskrit by Swaminarayan (19th Century)","title":"Treasures of the library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_James"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victoria-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"St Aldate's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aldate%27s_Church"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-58"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lockey"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"John Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hudson_(classicist)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"John Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Price_(librarian)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Sarah Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Thomas_(librarian)"},{"link_name":"Reginald Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Carr_(librarian)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Richard Ovenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ovenden"}],"text":"The head of the Bodleian Library is known as \"Bodley's Librarian\". The first librarian, Thomas James, was selected by Bodley in 1599, and the university confirmed James in his post in 1602.[57][58] Bodley wanted his librarian to be \"some one that is noted and known for a diligent Student, and in all his conversation to be trusty, active, and discreet, a graduate also and a Linguist, not encumbered with marriage, nor with a benefice of Cure\",[59] although James was able to persuade Bodley to let him get married and to become Rector of St Aldate's Church, Oxford.[58] James said of the Bodleian's collections, \"The like Librarie is no where to be found.\"[60]In all, 25 have served as Bodley's Librarian; their levels of diligence have varied over the years. Thomas Lockey (1660–1665) was regarded as not fit for the post,[61] John Hudson (1701–1719) has been described as \"negligent if not incapable\",[62] and John Price (1768–1813) was accused by a contemporary scholar of \"a regular and constant neglect of his duty\".[63]Sarah Thomas, who served from 2007 to 2013, was the first woman to hold the position, and the second Librarian (after her predecessor, Reginald Carr) also to be Director of Oxford University Library Services (now Bodleian Libraries). Thomas, an American, was also the first foreign librarian to run the Bodleian.[64] Her successor from January 2014 is Richard Ovenden, who was Deputy Librarian under Thomas.","title":"Bodley's Librarians"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_2,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_3,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library_Interior_5,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery, Duke Humfrey's Library Interior","title":"Bodley's Librarians"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Inspector Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse"},{"link_name":"The Wench is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wench_Is_Dead"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Michael Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Innes"},{"link_name":"Operation Pax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pax"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Square"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Deborah Harkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Harkness"},{"link_name":"A Discovery of Witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Discovery_of_Witches"},{"link_name":"Ashmole manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Dominic Selwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Selwood"},{"link_name":"The Sword of Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_of_Moses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Duke Humfrey's library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"The Sword of Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_of_Moses"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"The Bodleian is one of the libraries consulted by Christine Greenaway (one of Bodley's librarians) in Colin Dexter's Inspector Morse novel The Wench is Dead (1989).[65] The denouement of Michael Innes's Operation Pax (1951) is set in an imaginary version of the underground bookstack, reached at night by sliding down the \"Mendip cleft\", a chute concealed in Radcliffe Square.[66]Since J. R. R. Tolkien had studied philology at Oxford and eventually became a professor, many of Tolkien's manuscripts are now at the library.[67][68]Historian and novelist Deborah Harkness, set much of the early part of her 2011 novel, A Discovery of Witches, in the Bodleian, particularly the Selden End. The novel also features one of the library's Ashmole manuscripts (Ashmole 782) as a central element of the book.[69][70]Medieval historian Dominic Selwood set part of his 2013 crypto-thriller The Sword of Moses in Duke Humfrey's library, and the novel hinges on the library's copy of a magical medieval Hebrew manuscript known as \"The Sword of Moses\".[71][72]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"The Golden Compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Compass_(film)"},{"link_name":"Brideshead Revisited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"Another Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Country_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"The Madness of King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Madness_of_King_George_III"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity_School,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts"},{"link_name":"Duke Humfrey's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Location filming","text":"The Library's architecture has made it a popular location for filmmakers, representing either Oxford University or other locations.[73] It can be seen in the opening scene of The Golden Compass (2007), Brideshead Revisited (1981 TV serial), Another Country (1984), The Madness of King George III (1994), and the first two, as well as the fourth, Harry Potter films, in which the Divinity School doubles as the Hogwarts hospital wing and the room in which Professor McGonagall teaches the students to dance, as well as Duke Humfrey's Library as the Hogwarts library.[74]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"The library in 1566, drawn by John Bereblock and given to Queen Elizabeth I as part of a book when she first visited Oxford.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_old_Divinity_Schools_and_Duke_Humphrey%E2%80%99s_Library_at_Oxford.jpg/220px-The_old_Divinity_Schools_and_Duke_Humphrey%E2%80%99s_Library_at_Oxford.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doorway to the Schola Moralis Philosophiae (School of Moral Philosophy) at the Bodleian Library (now the staff entrance in the Schools Quadrangle)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bodleiandoorway1.jpg/220px-Bodleiandoorway1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tower of the Five Orders, as viewed from the entrance to the Divinity School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Tower_of_the_Five_Orders_Oxford.jpg/220px-The_Tower_of_the_Five_Orders_Oxford.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Library seen from Radcliffe Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bodleian_from_Radcliffe_Square.jpg/220px-Bodleian_from_Radcliffe_Square.jpg"},{"image_text":"The courtyard of the Bodleian Library from the south entrance, looking to the north entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Bodleian_Library_from_the_south_entrance.jpg/220px-The_Bodleian_Library_from_the_south_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tower of the Five Orders photographed by Henry Fox Talbot, c. 1843/46","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Architectural_Study_%28Old_Schools_Hall%2C_Oxford%29_LACMA_M.2008.40.905.jpg/220px-Architectural_Study_%28Old_Schools_Hall%2C_Oxford%29_LACMA_M.2008.40.905.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Radcliffe Camera, viewed from the University Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg/220px-Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Library and nearby buildings in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bodleian_Library_and_nearby_buildings.jpg/220px-Bodleian_Library_and_nearby_buildings.jpg"},{"image_text":"The New Bodleian Library while closed during a major refurbishment in November 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/New_Bodleian_Library_November_2011.JPG/220px-New_Bodleian_Library_November_2011.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ex libris stamp of Bodleian Library, circa 1830.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of Divinity School, Bodleian Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Divinity_School_Interior_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Divinity_School_Interior_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Books in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Codex Baroccianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Baroccianus"},{"title":"Convocation House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation_House"},{"title":"Digby Mythographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby_Mythographer"},{"title":"European Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Library"},{"title":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"title":"Michael Shen Fu-Tsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shen_Fu-Tsung"}]	[{"reference":"\"Bodleian Libraries – About us\". ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/about/history","url_text":"\"Bodleian Libraries – About us\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Stuart (2009). The Library: An Illustrated History. New York: Skyhorse. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8389-0991-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-0991-1","url_text":"978-0-8389-0991-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Agency for the Legal Deposit Libraries\". llgc.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.llgc.org.uk/aldl/","url_text":"\"Agency for the Legal Deposit Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"Bodleian Libraries [@bodleianlibs] (13 April 2017). \"We have translated the Bodleian oath into more than one hundred languages. Readers make the pledge in their mother tongue\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/bodleianlibs/status/852527378215694336","url_text":"\"We have translated the Bodleian oath into more than one hundred languages. Readers make the pledge in their mother tongue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Clapinson, Mary (2015). \"The Early Years\". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-273-3","url_text":"978-1-85124-273-3"}]},{"reference":"Clapinson, Mary (2015). \"The Early Years\". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-273-3","url_text":"978-1-85124-273-3"}]},{"reference":"Clapinson, Mary (2015). \"The Early Years\". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-273-3","url_text":"978-1-85124-273-3"}]},{"reference":"Plaques, Open. \"John Shillingford, John Bodley, and Thomas Bodley blue plaque\". openplaques.org. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://openplaques.org/plaques/50444","url_text":"\"John Shillingford, John Bodley, and Thomas Bodley blue plaque\""}]},{"reference":"Beddard, R. A. (2002). \"The Official Inauguration of the Bodleian Library on 8 November 1602\". The Library. 3 (3): 255–283. doi:10.1093/library/3.3.255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Beddard","url_text":"Beddard, R. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographical_Society","url_text":"The Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2F3.3.255","url_text":"10.1093/library/3.3.255"}]},{"reference":"Clapinson, Mary (2015). \"The Early Years\". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-273-3","url_text":"978-1-85124-273-3"}]},{"reference":"Clapinson, Mary (2015). \"The Early Years\". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-273-3","url_text":"978-1-85124-273-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Novum organum (New Instrument)\". Marks of Genius. Bodleian Library. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118154715/http://genius.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/exhibits/browse/novum-organum-new-instrument/","url_text":"\"Novum organum (New Instrument)\""},{"url":"https://genius.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/exhibits/browse/novum-organum-new-instrument/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clapinson, Mary (2015). \"The Early Years\". A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, London: University of Oxford. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-85124-273-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-273-3","url_text":"978-1-85124-273-3"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Sidney L. (1 January 1969). \"Bodley and the Bodleian: Collections, Use and Administration\". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 39 (3): 253–270. doi:10.1086/619766. JSTOR 4305998. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Van_der_Jagt	Olivia Van der Jagt	["1 Youth career","2 Collegiate career","3 Club career","3.1 Seattle Sounders Women","3.2 OL Reign","4 Honors","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]	American soccer player (born 1999) Olivia Van der Jagt Van der Jagt with the Seattle Reign in 2024Personal informationDate of birth (1999-07-07) July 7, 1999 (age 24)Place of birth Kent, WashingtonHeight 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Seattle Reign FCNumber 33Youth career Eastside FCCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2017–2021 Washington Huskies 88 (12)Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2016–2019 Seattle Sounders Women 2022– Seattle Reign 11 (1) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of July 18, 2022 Olivia Van der Jagt (born July 7, 1999) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Seattle Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Youth career Van der Jagt played youth soccer and volleyball starting at the age of 4, playing for Dos FC; PacNW; Eastside FC of Issaquah, Washington, where she won two Washington state championships; and the Kentridge High School Chargers of Kent, Washington. She was selected to the 2016 NSCAA All-America Team. Parallel to her soccer career, she also played volleyball until her sophomore year of high school. Collegiate career Van der Jagt chose the University of Washington Huskies over other Pac-12 universities. She scored 12 goals and 9 assists in her collegiate career as a midfielder, and was selected to the All-Pac-12 third team in 2021. After starting four matches in her freshman season, she became a regular starter for the Huskies. Club career Seattle Sounders Women Van der Jagt played for the amateur Seattle Sounders Women from 2016 to 2019 while attending the University of Washington and won the WPSL championship in 2018. OL Reign OL Reign selected Van der Jagt with the 33rd-overall pick in the third round of the 2022 NWSL Draft, and signed her to a one-year contract on March 18, 2022. She debuted for OL Reign on April 14, 2022, during the 2022 NWSL Challenge Cup against San Diego Wave FC and scored her first professional goal in stoppage time against Angel City FC three days later, a game-winning goal that secured OL Reign's semifinals berth in the tournament. Honors with OL Reign NWSL Shield: 2022 The Women's Cup: 2022 Personal life Van der Jagt's father, Gerard, played for the Suriname national volleyball team. References ^ a b c d Rantz, Susie (July 7, 2022). "Homegrown player Olivia Van der Jagt feels lucky to play for OL Reign". Sounder at Heart. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ Egan, Chris (September 24, 2016). "Kentridge High Soccer Star Olivia Van der Jagt". KING-TV. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ a b "Get To Know: Olivia Van Der Jagt". University of Washington Huskies. September 26, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ "OL Reign Sign Olivia Van der Jagt to One Year Contract" (Press release). OL Reign. March 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ "Match Recap: OL Reign Break San Diego Wave with a Swell of Goals". OL Reign. April 14, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ Evans, Jayda (April 17, 2022). "Olivia Van der Jagt's goal in stoppage time gives OL Reign the win vs. Angel City FC". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ "OL Reign claim NWSL Shield with comfortable win over Orlando". ESPN. October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ "OL Reign Claim 2022 Women's Cup Title with 2-1 Win over Louisville". King 5. August 20, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ "Washington Huskies". Washington Huskies. External links Olivia Van der Jagt at Soccerway.com Olivia Van der Jagt at Soccerdonna (in German) Olivia Van der Jagt at FBref.com Olivia Van der Jagt at the National Women's Soccer League Olivia Van der Jagt at Seattle Reign FC Olivia Van der Jagt on Instagram vteSeattle Reign FC – current squad 1 Dickey 3 Barnes (c) 4 Cook 5 Quinn 6 James-Turner 7 Stanton 8 Balcer 9 Huitema 10 Fishlock 11 Huerta 12 Athens 13 Lester 17 Woodham 18 Ivory 20 Meza 21 McClernon 22 Brown 23 King 24 Latsko 25 Holmes 26 Weinert 27 Mercado 28 Pérez 33 Van der Jagt 47 Adames 91 Ji Head coach: Harvey This biographical article related to women's soccer in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Reign FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Reign_FC"},{"link_name":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAH-1"}],"text":"Olivia Van der Jagt (born July 7, 1999) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Seattle Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).[1]","title":"Olivia Van der Jagt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Issaquah, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issaquah,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Kentridge High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentridge_High_School"},{"link_name":"Kent, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Van der Jagt played youth soccer and volleyball starting at the age of 4, playing for Dos FC; PacNW; Eastside FC of Issaquah, Washington, where she won two Washington state championships; and the Kentridge High School Chargers of Kent, Washington. She was selected to the 2016 NSCAA All-America Team. Parallel to her soccer career, she also played volleyball until her sophomore year of high school.[1][2]","title":"Youth career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Washington Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_Huskies"},{"link_name":"Pac-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAH-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UW-know-3"}],"text":"Van der Jagt chose the University of Washington Huskies over other Pac-12 universities. She scored 12 goals and 9 assists in her collegiate career as a midfielder, and was selected to the All-Pac-12 third team in 2021.[1] After starting four matches in her freshman season, she became a regular starter for the Huskies.[3]","title":"Collegiate career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Sounders Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_Women"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"WPSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Premier_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAH-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UW-know-3"}],"sub_title":"Seattle Sounders Women","text":"Van der Jagt played for the amateur Seattle Sounders Women from 2016 to 2019 while attending the University of Washington and won the WPSL championship in 2018.[1][3]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OL Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_Reign"},{"link_name":"2022 NWSL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NWSL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2022 NWSL Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NWSL_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"San Diego Wave FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Wave_FC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Angel City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_City_FC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"OL Reign","text":"OL Reign selected Van der Jagt with the 33rd-overall pick in the third round of the 2022 NWSL Draft, and signed her to a one-year contract on March 18, 2022.[4] She debuted for OL Reign on April 14, 2022, during the 2022 NWSL Challenge Cup against San Diego Wave FC[5] and scored her first professional goal in stoppage time against Angel City FC three days later, a game-winning goal that secured OL Reign's semifinals berth in the tournament.[6]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NWSL Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWSL_Shield"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_National_Women%27s_Soccer_League_season"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_The_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"with OL ReignNWSL Shield: 2022[7]\nThe Women's Cup: 2022[8]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Van der Jagt's father, Gerard, played for the Suriname national volleyball team.[9]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rantz, Susie (July 7, 2022). \"Homegrown player Olivia Van der Jagt feels lucky to play for OL Reign\". Sounder at Heart. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sounderatheart.com/seattle-reign/2022/7/7/23195858/olivia-van-der-jagt-ol-reign-profile-homegrown","url_text":"\"Homegrown player Olivia Van der Jagt feels lucky to play for OL Reign\""}]},{"reference":"Egan, Chris (September 24, 2016). \"Kentridge High Soccer Star Olivia Van der Jagt\". KING-TV. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.king5.com/article/sports/high-school/kentridge-high-soccer-star-olivia-van-der-jagt/281-325197431","url_text":"\"Kentridge High Soccer Star Olivia Van der Jagt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KING-TV","url_text":"KING-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Get To Know: Olivia Van Der Jagt\". University of Washington Huskies. September 26, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gohuskies.com/news/2018/9/26/womens-soccer-get-to-know-olivia-van-der-jagt","url_text":"\"Get To Know: Olivia Van Der Jagt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_Huskies","url_text":"University of Washington Huskies"}]},{"reference":"\"OL Reign Sign Olivia Van der Jagt to One Year Contract\" (Press release). OL Reign. March 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olreign.com/news/2022/3/18/ol-reign-signs-olivia-van-der-jagt-to-one-year-contract","url_text":"\"OL Reign Sign Olivia Van der Jagt to One Year Contract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_Reign","url_text":"OL Reign"}]},{"reference":"\"Match Recap: OL Reign Break San Diego Wave with a Swell of Goals\". OL Reign. April 14, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olreign.com/news/2022/4/14/match-recap-ol-reign-break-san-diego-wave-with-a-swell-of-goals","url_text":"\"Match Recap: OL Reign Break San Diego Wave with a Swell of Goals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_Reign","url_text":"OL Reign"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Jayda (April 17, 2022). \"Olivia Van der Jagt's goal in stoppage time gives OL Reign the win vs. Angel City FC\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/reign/olivia-van-der-jagts-goal-in-stoppage-time-gives-ol-reign-the-win-vs-angel-city-fc/","url_text":"\"Olivia Van der Jagt's goal in stoppage time gives OL Reign the win vs. Angel City FC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"}]},{"reference":"\"OL Reign claim NWSL Shield with comfortable win over Orlando\". ESPN. October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/ol-reign/story/4759736/ol-reign-claim-nwsl-shield-with-comfortable-win-over-orlando","url_text":"\"OL Reign claim NWSL Shield with comfortable win over Orlando\""}]},{"reference":"\"OL Reign Claim 2022 Women's Cup Title with 2-1 Win over Louisville\". King 5. August 20, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.king5.com/article/sports/ol-reign-claim-2022-womens-cup-title-with-2-1-win-over-louisville/281-02e341dc-0186-4c81-b6a1-50662c2a15a7","url_text":"\"OL Reign Claim 2022 Women's Cup Title with 2-1 Win over Louisville\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washington Huskies\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Barrington-Ward	Simon Barrington-Ward	["1 References"]	English bishop (1930–2020) The Right ReverendSimon Barrington-WardBishop of CoventryBarrington-Ward at Magdalene College, Cambridge, October 2011DioceseDiocese of CoventryIn office1985–1997PredecessorJohn GibbsSuccessorColin BennettsOther post(s)honorary assistant bishop in Ely1997–2020OrdersConsecration1985Personal detailsBorn(1930-05-27)27 May 1930Died11 April 2020(2020-04-11) (aged 89)NationalityBritishDenominationAnglicanParentsRobert Barrington-Ward & Margaret Adele Barrington-WardSpouseJean Caverhill Taylor (m. 1963)ProfessionRAF officer; theologianAlma materMagdalene College, Cambridge Simon Barrington-Ward KCMG (27 May 1930 – 11 April 2020) was a bishop in the Church of England. Barrington-Ward was the son of Robert Barrington-Ward, who served as editor of The Times, and Margaret Adele Barrington-Ward. He was educated at Eton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge, from which he graduated Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Cambridge Master of Arts (MA Cantab.). After service as a Pilot Officer in the Royal Air Force, he taught at theological colleges before being ordained: he was made a deacon at Michaelmas 1956 (30 September), by Gordon Walsh, Assistant Bishop of Ely, at Ely Cathedral and ordained priest the following year. He was the General Secretary of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) from 1975 to 1985. From 1985 to 1997, he served as the seventh Bishop of Coventry. He was consecrated a bishop by Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury, on All Saints' Day 1985 (1 November) at Westminster Abbey. Barrington-Ward was later a bishop with pastoral care at the University of Cambridge, an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Ely, honorary assistant chaplain of Magdalene College where he had been an honorary fellow since 1987, and a chaplain to the staff of Ridley Hall, Cambridge. Barrington-Ward served as a Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords from 1991 till his retirement in 1997. In the New Year Honours 2001, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), having served as the Prelate of that Order. Following the custom for clergy in the Church of England, he did not use the title of "Sir". He died from COVID-19 in April 2020, at the age of 89. References ^ a b "Barrington-Ward, Rt Rev. Simon". Who's Who. 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012. ^ Who's Who. London: A & C Black. 1992. ISBN 0-7136-3514-2. ^ Crockford's clerical directory. London: Church House Publishing. 1995. ISBN 0-7151-8088-6. ^ "Michaelmas Ordinations". Church Times. No. 4886. 5 October 1956. p. 10. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ Ellis, P, ed. (1992). Debrett's People of Today. London: Debrett's. p. 1621. ISBN 1-870520-09-2. ^ "picture caption". Church Times. No. 6404. 8 November 1985. p. 3. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ "Fellows of the Colleges: Magdalene". Cambridge University Reporter. CXXXVII (Special No 3). 5 October 2006. ^ "Mr Simon Barrington-Ward (Hansard)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ "Bishop Simon Barrington-Ward has died". Diocese of Coventry. Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ "The Right Reverend Simon Barrington-Ward, well-liked Bishop of Coventry – obituary". The Telegraph. London. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020. Religious titles Preceded byJohn Gibbs Bishop of Coventry 1985–1997 Succeeded byColin Bennetts vteBishops of Coventryfor earlier Bishops of Coventry, of Coventry and Lichfield, and of Lichfield and Coventry, see Bishop of Lichfield; for the modern suffragans, see Bishop of Coventry (suffragan) Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs Charles Lisle Carr Mervyn Haigh Neville Gorton Cuthbert Bardsley John Gibbs Simon Barrington-Ward Colin Bennetts Christopher Cocksworth Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Spain France BnF data Germany Finland United States People UK Parliament This article about a Church of England bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Robert Barrington-Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barrington-Ward"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Magdalene College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Pilot Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Officer"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"theological colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_college"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"Michaelmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas"},{"link_name":"Gordon Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Walsh_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Assistant Bishop of Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Bishop_of_Ely"},{"link_name":"Ely Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Church Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswhoweb-1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Coventry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert Runcie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Runcie"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"All Saints' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"honorary assistant bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_assistant_bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Ely"},{"link_name":"chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ridley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Hall"},{"link_name":"Lords Spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Spiritual"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Most_Distinguished_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Prelate of that Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Simon Barrington-Ward KCMG (27 May 1930 – 11 April 2020) was a bishop in the Church of England.Barrington-Ward was the son of Robert Barrington-Ward, who served as editor of The Times, and Margaret Adele Barrington-Ward. He was educated at Eton College[2] and Magdalene College, Cambridge, from which he graduated Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Cambridge Master of Arts (MA Cantab.). After service as a Pilot Officer in the Royal Air Force, he taught at theological colleges before being ordained:[3] he was made a deacon at Michaelmas 1956 (30 September), by Gordon Walsh, Assistant Bishop of Ely, at Ely Cathedral[4] and ordained priest the following year.He was the General Secretary of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) from 1975 to 1985.[1] From 1985 to 1997, he served as the seventh Bishop of Coventry.[5] He was consecrated a bishop by Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury, on All Saints' Day 1985 (1 November) at Westminster Abbey.[6]Barrington-Ward was later a bishop with pastoral care at the University of Cambridge, an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Ely, honorary assistant chaplain of Magdalene College where he had been an honorary fellow since 1987,[7] and a chaplain to the staff of Ridley Hall, Cambridge.Barrington-Ward served as a Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords from 1991 till his retirement in 1997.[8]In the New Year Honours 2001, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), having served as the Prelate of that Order. Following the custom for clergy in the Church of England, he did not use the title of \"Sir\".He died from COVID-19 in April 2020, at the age of 89.[9][10]","title":"Simon Barrington-Ward"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Barrington-Ward, Rt Rev. Simon\". Who's Who. 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U6653/BARRINGTON-WARD_Rt_Rev._Simon?index=1&results=QuicksearchResults&query=0","url_text":"\"Barrington-Ward, Rt Rev. Simon\""}]},{"reference":"Who's Who. London: A & C Black. 1992. ISBN 0-7136-3514-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_%26_C_Black","url_text":"A & C Black"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3514-2","url_text":"0-7136-3514-2"}]},{"reference":"Crockford's clerical directory. London: Church House Publishing. 1995. 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CXXXVII (Special No 3). 5 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2005-06/special/03/17.html","url_text":"\"Fellows of the Colleges: Magdalene\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Simon Barrington-Ward (Hansard)\". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-simon-barrington-ward/index.html","url_text":"\"Mr Simon Barrington-Ward (Hansard)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Simon Barrington-Ward has died\". Diocese of Coventry. Retrieved 15 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coventry.anglican.org/news/bishop-simon-barrington-ward-dies.php","url_text":"\"Bishop Simon Barrington-Ward has died\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Right Reverend Simon Barrington-Ward, well-liked Bishop of Coventry – obituary\". The Telegraph. London. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/05/19/right-reverend-simon-barrington-ward-well-liked-bishop-coventry/","url_text":"\"The Right Reverend Simon Barrington-Ward, well-liked Bishop of Coventry – obituary\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U6653/BARRINGTON-WARD_Rt_Rev._Simon?index=1&results=QuicksearchResults&query=0","external_links_name":"\"Barrington-Ward, Rt Rev. Simon\""},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1956_10_05_010","external_links_name":"\"Michaelmas Ordinations\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1985_11_08_003","external_links_name":"\"picture caption\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2005-06/special/03/17.html","external_links_name":"\"Fellows of the Colleges: Magdalene\""},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-simon-barrington-ward/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Mr Simon Barrington-Ward (Hansard)\""},{"Link":"https://www.coventry.anglican.org/news/bishop-simon-barrington-ward-dies.php","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Simon Barrington-Ward has died\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/05/19/right-reverend-simon-barrington-ward-well-liked-bishop-coventry/","external_links_name":"\"The Right Reverend Simon Barrington-Ward, well-liked Bishop of Coventry – obituary\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000049710020","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/183149294368280522382","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1276418","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14424308c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14424308c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1125391200","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000096042","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2002030016","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/kq8vvmJv","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Barrington-Ward&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabury_Hall	Seabury Hall	["1 Campus","2 Seabury Hall Craft Fair","3 Student life","4 Athletics","5 Winterim","6 In popular culture","7 References","8 External links"]	Private, college-prep, day school in Makawao, Maui, Hawaiʻi, United StatesSeabury HallAddress480 Olinda RoadMakawao, Maui, Hawaiʻi 96768United StatesInformationTypePrivate, college-prep, dayDenominationEpiscopal ChurchEstablished1964Head of schoolMaureen MaddenFaculty49.8 (on FTE basis)Grades5–12GenderCoeducationalEnrollment518 (2023–2024)Student to teacher ratio10:1Hours in school day7Color(s) Blue RedAthletics18 interscholastic sportsAthletics conferenceMaui Interscholastic LeagueMascotSpartanWebsitewww.seaburyhall.org Seabury Hall is a private college preparatory school in Makawao (on the island of Maui). It is affiliated with the Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1964 and serves middle and high school students'. Seabury Hall has been designated as a U.S. Department of Education Blue Ribbon School. The Seabury Hall mascot is a Spartan and the school colors are blue and red. Perched high on the slopes of Haleakala, Seabury Hall offers views of the rest of Maui, the Pacific, and the islands of Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai. Campus The Seabury Hall campus includes an Upper School Building, two Middle School Buildings (Carter Hall & Haynes Hall), the 'A'ali'ikuhonua Creative Arts Center, the Erdman Athletic Center, the Castle Library, Cooper House, the AIM center (art, innovation, and music), and several other buildings. Faculty housing is also available on campus for teachers and staff. The A'ali'ikuhonua Creative Arts Center is a building that is a part of the campus. The project cost $5.4 million and can seat up to 400 people. It opened in September 2012 and is used for performances, plays, music shows, and daily assemblies. Seabury Hall Craft Fair The annual Seabury Hall Craft Fair is a gathering of arts and entertainment located at the Seabury Hall campus. It is always held on the Saturday before Mother's Day in May. The fair features over 100 artists and crafters, including Maui-based woodworkers, traditional Hawaiian artists, jewelers, ceramists, and weavers. The fair is largely run by parents and students who are required to participate in order to raise money for financial aid. In addition, there are specialty foods, live music, fresh produce, cut flowers, children's games, talent show, and a silent auction. Student life Seabury Hall's student government plays an active role in the day-to-day life of the student body. It currently consists of five elected officers: president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, and historian. It also has a variety of officer elected committees to further expand the amount the organization can achieve. Seabury Hall's students are also very active in extracurricular activities, including sports, clubs, and community service. Athletics Seabury Hall offers a variety of interscholastic sports. Fall sports include air riflery, cross country, football, and girls volleyball. Winter sports include basketball, paddling, soccer, and swimming & diving. Spring sports include baseball, golf, softball, surfing, tennis, girls water polo, boys volleyball, and track & field. Yoga and pilates classes are also available for middle school students, while crossfit classes are available for upper school students. Student athletes are eligible to win a few different awards, such as Lettering, Athlete of the Year, Scholar Athlete of the Year, Super Spartan Award, and Spartan Award. Winterim Winterim is a hallmark program at Seabury Hall that brings together groups of students from various grades to participate in a week-long, out-of-classroom educational experience of their choosing at the end of March. Students rank their top choices from a catalog of options, with themes ranging from crafts, to sports, to cultural exploration. All grades participate in Winterim, but younger students are typically selected for on-island programs that occur during the day, while older students may be selected for off-island programs and overnight programs. Several Winterim programs occur off the island of Maui, and occasionally outside of the state of Hawaii. Previous off-island programs have included trips to neighboring Hawaiian islands, Peru, Japan, and more. Each Winterim is led by an expert in the field, from outside of Seabury Hall, as well as at least one Seabury Hall faculty. There are no normal classes during the winter session. Due to COVID-19, Winterim instead takes place on campus with events run by the teachers. Students can earn stamps in the Winterim Passport by visiting learning stations and completing the tasks. Once their passport is full, it can be turned in for a chance to win fun prizes. As of 2023, Winterim returned to normal. In popular culture The 1971 film Rainbow Bridge was filmed at Seabury Hall during the summer vacation, when the school was empty. References ^ "Message from the Head of School \| Seabury Hall". www.seaburyhall.org. ^ a b Seabury Hall: Quick Facts. Accessed Nov 13, 2023. ^ Seabury Hall, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed May 29, 2021. ^ "Seabury Hall \| 'A'ali'ikuhonua Creative Arts Center". The Flansburgh Architects. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ "Official website". ^ "Must Go: Seabury Hall Craft Fair", The Maui News, May 9, 2019 ^ "Middle School Athletics \| Seabury Hall". www.seaburyhall.org. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ "Upper School Athletics \| Seabury Hall". www.seaburyhall.org. Retrieved April 1, 2022. External links Seabury Hall website Data for Seabury Hall, National Center for Education Statistics vteEducation in Maui County, HawaiiPublic K-12 Paia ES Wailuku ES Henry Perrine Baldwin HS Hana HS & ES King Kekaulike HS Lahainaluna HS Lanai HS & ES Maui HS Molokaʻi HSClosed Keanae ES Kaupo School Puunene School Charters: Kihei Charter School Private K-12 Seabury Hall St. Anthony School Tertiary University of Hawaiʻi Maui College This list is incomplete.	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It is affiliated with the Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1964 and serves middle and high school students'. Seabury Hall has been designated as a U.S. Department of Education Blue Ribbon School. The Seabury Hall mascot is a Spartan and the school colors are blue and red. Perched high on the slopes of Haleakala, Seabury Hall offers views of the rest of Maui, the Pacific, and the islands of Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai.","title":"Seabury Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'A'ali'ikuhonua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27A%27ali%27ikuhonua"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Seabury Hall campus includes an Upper School Building, two Middle School Buildings (Carter Hall & Haynes Hall), the 'A'ali'ikuhonua Creative Arts Center, the Erdman Athletic Center, the Castle Library, Cooper House, the AIM center (art, innovation, and music), and several other buildings. Faculty housing is also available on campus for teachers and staff.The A'ali'ikuhonua Creative Arts Center is a building that is a part of the campus. The project cost $5.4 million and can seat up to 400 people.[4] It opened in September 2012 and is used for performances, plays, music shows, and daily assemblies.[5]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"woodworkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworking"},{"link_name":"traditional Hawaiian artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_art"},{"link_name":"ceramists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art"},{"link_name":"weavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"talent show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_show"},{"link_name":"silent auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"}],"text":"The annual Seabury Hall Craft Fair is a gathering of arts and entertainment located at the Seabury Hall campus.[6] It is always held on the Saturday before Mother's Day in May. The fair features over 100 artists and crafters, including Maui-based woodworkers, traditional Hawaiian artists, jewelers, ceramists, and weavers. The fair is largely run by parents and students who are required to participate in order to raise money for financial aid. In addition, there are specialty foods, live music, fresh produce, cut flowers, children's games, talent show, and a silent auction.","title":"Seabury Hall Craft Fair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clubs_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"}],"text":"Seabury Hall's student government plays an active role in the day-to-day life of the student body. It currently consists of five elected officers: president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, and historian. It also has a variety of officer elected committees to further expand the amount the organization can achieve.Seabury Hall's students are also very active in extracurricular activities, including sports, clubs, and community service.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-man_football"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"track & field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"pilates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilates"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_letter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Seabury Hall offers a variety of interscholastic sports. Fall sports include air riflery, cross country, football, and girls volleyball. Winter sports include basketball, paddling, soccer, and swimming & diving. Spring sports include baseball, golf, softball, surfing, tennis, girls water polo, boys volleyball, and track & field. Yoga and pilates classes are also available for middle school students, while crossfit classes are available for upper school students.[7]Student athletes are eligible to win a few different awards, such as Lettering, Athlete of the Year, Scholar Athlete of the Year, Super Spartan Award, and Spartan Award.[8]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Winterim is a hallmark program at Seabury Hall that brings together groups of students from various grades to participate in a week-long, out-of-classroom educational experience of their choosing at the end of March. Students rank their top choices from a catalog of options, with themes ranging from crafts, to sports, to cultural exploration. All grades participate in Winterim, but younger students are typically selected for on-island programs that occur during the day, while older students may be selected for off-island programs and overnight programs. Several Winterim programs occur off the island of Maui, and occasionally outside of the state of Hawaii. Previous off-island programs have included trips to neighboring Hawaiian islands, Peru, Japan, and more. Each Winterim is led by an expert in the field, from outside of Seabury Hall, as well as at least one Seabury Hall faculty. There are no normal classes during the winter session. Due to COVID-19, Winterim instead takes place on campus with events run by the teachers. Students can earn stamps in the Winterim Passport by visiting learning stations and completing the tasks. Once their passport is full, it can be turned in for a chance to win fun prizes. As of 2023, Winterim returned to normal.","title":"Winterim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rainbow Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_(film)"}],"text":"The 1971 film Rainbow Bridge was filmed at Seabury Hall during the summer vacation, when the school was empty.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Message from the Head of School \| Seabury Hall\". www.seaburyhall.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seaburyhall.org/about","url_text":"\"Message from the Head of School \| Seabury Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seabury Hall \| 'A'ali'ikuhonua Creative Arts Center\". The Flansburgh Architects. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gerona	Roman Catholic Diocese of Girona	["1 History","2 Special churches","3 Leadership","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"]	Coordinates: 41°59′15″N 2°49′33″E / 41.98750°N 2.82583°E / 41.98750; 2.82583Roman Catholic diocese in Spain Diocese of GironaDioecesis GerundensisDiòcesi de Girona (ca)Diócesis de Gerona (es)Girona CathedralLocationCountry SpainEcclesiastical provinceTarragonaMetropolitanTarragonaStatisticsArea4,705 km2 (1,817 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2006)740,214630,000 (85.1%)InformationDenominationRoman CatholicRiteLatin RiteEstablished4th CenturyCathedralCathedral of Mary Mother of God in GironaCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopOctavi Vilà MayoMetropolitan ArchbishopJoan Planellas i BarnosellMapColored map of the diocese of Girona. The different colors show the limits of arxiprestats that the diocese was divided in 2011. Some neighboring towns may be assigned to different parishes, arxiprestats or even to another diocese.WebsiteWebsite of the Diocese The Diocese of Girona (Latin: Dioecesis Gerundensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Girona in the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona in Catalonia, Spain. History The first historical mention of a Christian diocese in Girona is in a paper for Pope Innocent I in 397–400. On 18 June, 517, a synod convened here was attended by the Archbishop of Tarragona and six bishops; canons were promulgated dealing with the recitation of the Divine Office, infant baptism and the celibacy of the clergy. About 885 Bishop Ingobert of Urgell was expelled from his see by the intruder Selva, who, under the protection of the Count of Urgell, was consecrated in Gascony. This usurper also unlawfully placed Hermemiro over the see of Girona. In 892 a synod was held in the Church of Santa Maria in Urgell; the two usurpers were deposed, their vestments rent, their crosiers broken over their heads, and they were deprived of their sacerdotal faculties. A council held in Lleida in 1246 absolved James I of Aragon from the sacrilege of cutting out the tongue of the Bishop of Girona. Another synod at Girona in 1078 affirmed the nullity of simoniacal ordinations. Honoured with papal prerogatives relating to the pilgrim routes to Santiago de Compostela, the Church of Le Puy assumed a sort of informal primacy in respect to most of the Churches of France, and even of Christendom, manifesting itself practically in a 'right to beg', established with the authorization of the Holy See, in virtue of which the chapter of Le Puy levied a veritable tax upon almost all the Christian countries to support its hospital of Notre-Dame. In Catalonia this droit de quête, recognized by Spanish Crown, was so thoroughly established that the chapter had its collectors permanently installed in that country. A famous "fraternity" existed between the chapter of Le Puy and that of Girona in Catalonia. The earliest document in which it is mentioned dates only from 1470, and it involves that at this date the chapter of Girona, in order to escape the financial thraldom which bound it, like many Catalan Churches, to the chapter of Le Puy, alleged its "fraternity" involving its equality—with the Church of Le Puy. In 1479 and in 1481 Pierre Bouvier, a canon of Le Puy, came to Girona, where the canons invoked against him a legend according to which Charlemagne had taken Girona, rebuilt its cathedral, given it a canon of Le Puy for a bishop, and established a fraternity between chapters of Girona and Le Puy. Based on this legend they appealed to the liturgical Office which they chanted for the feast of Charlemagne—an Office, dating from 1345, but in which they had recently inserted these tales of the Church of LePuy. In 1484 Sixtus IV prohibited the use of this Office, whereupon there appeared at Girona the "Tractatus de captione Gerunde", reaffirming the Girona legend about the fraternity with Le Puy. Down to the last days of the old regime the two chapters frequently exchanged courtesies; canons of Le Puy passing through Girona and canons of Girona passing through Le Puy enjoyed special privileges. In 1883 the removal by the Bishop of Girona of the statue of Charlemagne from that cathedral marked the definitive collapse of the whole fabric of legends out of which the hermandad (brotherhood) between Le Puy and Girona had grown. On April 10, 1992 the diocese was renamed as Diocese of Girona. Special churches Minor Basilicas: Basílica de Santa Maria, Castelló d’Empúries, Catalonia Basílica de Sant Feliu, Girona, Catalonia Leadership Bishops of Girona (Roman rite) Miró Bonfill (970–984 Died) . . . Berenguer de Llers (1147–1160 Died) . . . Gilberto Cruilles (1334–1335 Died) . . . Berenguer Cruilles (1348–1362 Died) Íñigo Vallterra Sánchez de Heredia (1362–1369 Appointed, Bishop of Segorbe-Albarracin) . . . Berenguer de Anglesola (1384–1408 Died) . . . Dalmacio del Mur (1415–1419 Appointed, Archbishop of Tarragona) . . . Rodrigo de Borja (1457–1458 Appointed, Administrator of Valencia) Cosme de Montserrat (1458–1459 Appointed, Bishop of Vic) Jaume Francesco de Cardona i de Aragón (1459–1461 Appointed, Bishop of Urgell) Juan Margarit i Pau (1461–1484 Died) Berenguer de Pau (1486–1506 Died) Juan de Espés (1507–1508 Resigned) Guillermo Raimundo Boil, O.S.H. (1508–1532 Died) Juan Margarit (bishop) (1534–1554 Died) Gonzalo Arias Gallego (1556–1565 Appointed, Bishop of Cartagena (en España)) Pedro Carlos, O.S. (1565–1572 Died) Benito Tocco, O.S.B. (1572–1583 Appointed, Bishop of Lerida) Jaime Casador (1583–1597 Died) Francisco Arévalo de Zuaco (1598–1611 Died) Onofre Reart (1611–1621 Resigned) Pedro Moncada (1620–1621 Died) Francesc Senjust, O.S.B. (1622–1627 Died) García Gil Manrique (1627–1633 Appointed, Bishop of Barcelona) Gregorio Parcero de Castro, O.S.B. (1633–1655 Appointed, Bishop of Tortosa) Bernardo Cardona (1656–1658 Died) Francisco Pijoan (1659–1660 Died) José Fageda, O.S.H. (1660–1664 Appointed, Bishop of Tortosa) José Ninot y Bardera (1664–1668 Appointed, Bishop of Lerida) Alonso Francisco Dou (1668–1673 Died) Alfonso de Balmaseda, O.S.A. (1673–1679 Confirmed, Bishop of Zamora) Severo Tomás Auter, O.P. (1679–1686 Confirmed, Bishop of Tortosa) Miguel Pontich, O.F.M. (1686–1699 Died) Miguel Juan de Taverner y Rubí (1699–1720 Appointed, Archbishop of Tarragona) José Taberner (Taverner) Dárdena (1720–1726 Died) Pedro Copóns Copóns (1726–1728 Appointed, Archbishop of Tarragona) Baltasar Bastero Lladó (1728–1745 Resigned) Lorenzo Taranco Mujaurrieta (1745–1756 Died) Manuel Antonio Palmero y Rallo (1756–1774 Died) Tomás Lorenzana Butrón (1775–1796 Died) Santiago Pérez Arenillas (1796–1797 Died) Juan Agapito Ramírez Arellano (1798–1810 Died) Pedro Valero (1815–1815 Died) Antonio Allué y Sesse (1817–1818 Resigned) Juan Miguel Pérez González (1819–1824 Died) Dionisio Castaño y Bermúdez (1825–1834 Died) Florencio Llorente y Montón (1847–1862 Died) Constantino Bonet y Zanuy (1862–1875 Confirmed, Archbishop of Tarragona) Isidoro Valls y Pascual (1875–1877 Died) Tomás Sivilla y Gener (1877–1906 Died) Francisco de Pol y Baralt (1906–1914 Died) Francisco de Paula Mas y Oliver (1915–1920 Died) Gabriel Llompart y Jaume Santandreu (1922–1925 Appointed, Bishop of Mallorca) José Vila y Martínez (1925–1932 Died) José Cartaña y Inglés (1933–1963 Died) Narciso Jubany Arnau (1964–1971 Appointed, Bishop of Barcelona) Jaume Camprodon i Rovira (1973–2001 Retired) Carles Soler Perdigó (2001–2008 Retired) Francisco Pardo Artigas (2008–2022 Died) Octavi Vilà Mayo (2024-Present) See also Roman Catholicism in Spain References ^ "Diocese of Girona" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016 ^ "Diocese of Girona" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016 ^ Official website history page ^ "Bishop García Gil Manrique" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved November 26, 2016 Sources Catholic Hierarchy Diocese website (in Catalan) vteCatholic dioceses in Spain and AndorraProvince of Barcelona Archdiocese of Barcelona Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat Diocese of Terrassa Province of Burgos Archdiocese of Burgos Diocese of Bilbao Diocese of Osma-Soria Diocese of Palencia Diocese of Vitoria Province of Granada Archdiocese of Granada Diocese of Almería Diocese of Cartagena Diocese of Guadix Diocese of Jaén Diocese of Málaga Province of Madrid Archdiocese of Madrid Diocese of Alcalá de Henares Diocese of Getafe Province of Mérida-Badajoz Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz Diocese of Coria-Cáceres Diocese of Plasencia Province of Oviedo Archdiocese of Oviedo Diocese of Astorga Diocese of León Diocese of Santander Province of Pamplona Archdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño Diocese of Jaca Diocese of San Sebastián Province ofSantiago de Compostela Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela Diocese of Lugo Diocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol Diocese of Ourense Diocese of Tui-Vigo Province of Seville Archdiocese of Seville Diocese of Asidonia-Jerez Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta Diocese of Canarias Diocese of Córdoba Diocese of Huelva Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna Province of Tarragona Archdiocese of Tarragona Diocese of Girona Diocese of Lleida Diocese of Solsona Diocese of Tortosa Diocese of Urgell Diocese of Vic Province of Toledo Archdiocese of Toledo Diocese of Albacete Diocese of Ciudad Real Diocese of Cuenca Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara Province of Valencia Archdiocese of Valencia Diocese of Ibiza Diocese of Majorca Diocese of Menorca Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón Province of Valladolid Archdiocese of Valladolid Diocese of Ávila Diocese of Ciudad Rodrigo Diocese of Salamanca Diocese of Segovia Diocese of Zamora Province of Zaragoza Archdiocese of Zaragoza Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón Diocese of Huesca Diocese of Tarazona Diocese of Teruel and Albarracín Military Ordinariate Military Archbishopric of Spain Eastern Rite Ordinariate Ordinariate for the Faithful of Eastern Rite in Spain Catholicism portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Catalonia 41°59′15″N 2°49′33″E / 41.98750°N 2.82583°E / 41.98750; 2.82583	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierGirona-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCathGirona-2"}],"text":"Roman Catholic diocese in SpainThe Diocese of Girona (Latin: Dioecesis Gerundensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Girona in the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona in Catalonia, Spain.[1][2]","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Girona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Innocent I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"infant baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_baptism"},{"link_name":"celibacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celibacy"},{"link_name":"Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgell"},{"link_name":"Gascony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascony"},{"link_name":"crosiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosier"},{"link_name":"Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleida"},{"link_name":"James I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"simoniacal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simoniacal"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Le Puy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Sixtus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixtus_IV"}],"text":"The first historical mention of a Christian diocese in Girona is in a paper for Pope Innocent I in 397–400.[3] On 18 June, 517, a synod convened here was attended by the Archbishop of Tarragona and six bishops; canons were promulgated dealing with the recitation of the Divine Office, infant baptism and the celibacy of the clergy.About 885 Bishop Ingobert of Urgell was expelled from his see by the intruder Selva, who, under the protection of the Count of Urgell, was consecrated in Gascony. This usurper also unlawfully placed Hermemiro over the see of Girona. In 892 a synod was held in the Church of Santa Maria in Urgell; the two usurpers were deposed, their vestments rent, their crosiers broken over their heads, and they were deprived of their sacerdotal faculties.A council held in Lleida in 1246 absolved James I of Aragon from the sacrilege of cutting out the tongue of the Bishop of Girona. Another synod at Girona in 1078 affirmed the nullity of simoniacal ordinations.Honoured with papal prerogatives relating to the pilgrim routes to Santiago de Compostela, the Church of Le Puy assumed a sort of informal primacy in respect to most of the Churches of France, and even of Christendom, manifesting itself practically in a 'right to beg', established with the authorization of the Holy See, in virtue of which the chapter of Le Puy levied a veritable tax upon almost all the Christian countries to support its hospital of Notre-Dame. In Catalonia this droit de quête, recognized by Spanish Crown, was so thoroughly established that the chapter had its collectors permanently installed in that country.A famous \"fraternity\" existed between the chapter of Le Puy and that of Girona in Catalonia. The earliest document in which it is mentioned dates only from 1470, and it involves that at this date the chapter of Girona, in order to escape the financial thraldom which bound it, like many Catalan Churches, to the chapter of Le Puy, alleged its \"fraternity\" involving its equality—with the Church of Le Puy. In 1479 and in 1481 Pierre Bouvier, a canon of Le Puy, came to Girona, where the canons invoked against him a legend according to which Charlemagne had taken Girona, rebuilt its cathedral, given it a canon of Le Puy for a bishop, and established a fraternity between chapters of Girona and Le Puy. Based on this legend they appealed to the liturgical Office which they chanted for the feast of Charlemagne—an Office, dating from 1345, but in which they had recently inserted these tales of the Church of LePuy. In 1484 Sixtus IV prohibited the use of this Office, whereupon there appeared at Girona the \"Tractatus de captione Gerunde\", reaffirming the Girona legend about the fraternity with Le Puy.Down to the last days of the old regime the two chapters frequently exchanged courtesies; canons of Le Puy passing through Girona and canons of Girona passing through Le Puy enjoyed special privileges. In 1883 the removal by the Bishop of Girona of the statue of Charlemagne from that cathedral marked the definitive collapse of the whole fabric of legends out of which the hermandad (brotherhood) between Le Puy and Girona had grown.On April 10, 1992 the diocese was renamed as Diocese of Girona.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basílica de Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Santa_Maria_de_Castell%C3%B3_d%27Emp%C3%BAries"},{"link_name":"Castelló d’Empúries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell%C3%B3_d%E2%80%99Emp%C3%BAries"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"}],"text":"Minor Basilicas:\nBasílica de Santa Maria, Castelló d’Empúries, Catalonia\nBasílica de Sant Feliu, Girona, Catalonia","title":"Special churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Miró Bonfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%C3%B3_III_of_Cerdanya"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Segorbe-Albarracin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Segorbe-Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo de Borja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Borja"},{"link_name":"Administrator of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Cosme de Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosme_de_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Vic"},{"link_name":"Jaume Francesco de Cardona i de Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaume_Francesco_de_Cardona_i_de_Arag%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Juan Margarit i Pau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Margarit_i_Pau"},{"link_name":"Berenguer de Pau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berenguer_de_Pau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan de Espés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Esp%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Raimundo Boil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Raimundo_Boil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.S.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.S.H."},{"link_name":"Juan Margarit (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Margarit_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Arias Gallego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Arias_Gallego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cartagena (en España)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cartagena"},{"link_name":"Pedro Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Carlos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Benito Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benito_Tocco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.S.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lerida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Jaime Casador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Casador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Arévalo de Zuaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ar%C3%A9valo_de_Zuaco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onofre Reart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onofre_Reart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro Moncada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Moncada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francesc Senjust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesc_Senjust&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.S.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"García Gil Manrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Gil_Manrique"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierGarGilMan-4"},{"link_name":"Gregorio Parcero de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Parcero_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.S.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tortosa"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Cardona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pijoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Pijoan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Fageda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Fageda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.S.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.S.H."},{"link_name":"Bishop of Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tortosa"},{"link_name":"José Ninot y Bardera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ninot_y_Bardera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lerida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Alonso Francisco Dou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Francisco_Dou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfonso de Balmaseda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_de_Balmaseda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zamora_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Severo Tomás Auter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severo_Tom%C3%A1s_Auter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tortosa"},{"link_name":"Miguel Pontich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Pontich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.F.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Miguel Juan de Taverner y Rubí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Juan_de_Taverner_y_Rub%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Narciso Jubany Arnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narc%C3%ADs_Jubany_Arnau"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Jaume Camprodon i Rovira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Camprodon_i_Rovira"},{"link_name":"Carles Soler Perdigó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_Soler_Perdig%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pardo Artigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Pardo_i_Artigas"}],"text":"Bishops of Girona (Roman rite)\nMiró Bonfill (970–984 Died). . .Berenguer de Llers (1147–1160 Died). . .Gilberto Cruilles (1334–1335 Died). . .Berenguer Cruilles (1348–1362 Died)\nÍñigo Vallterra Sánchez de Heredia (1362–1369 Appointed, Bishop of Segorbe-Albarracin). . .Berenguer de Anglesola (1384–1408 Died). . .Dalmacio del Mur (1415–1419 Appointed, Archbishop of Tarragona). . .Rodrigo de Borja (1457–1458 Appointed, Administrator of Valencia)\nCosme de Montserrat (1458–1459 Appointed, Bishop of Vic)\nJaume Francesco de Cardona i de Aragón (1459–1461 Appointed, Bishop of Urgell)\nJuan Margarit i Pau (1461–1484 Died)\nBerenguer de Pau (1486–1506 Died)\nJuan de Espés (1507–1508 Resigned)\nGuillermo Raimundo Boil, O.S.H. (1508–1532 Died)\nJuan Margarit (bishop) (1534–1554 Died)\nGonzalo Arias Gallego (1556–1565 Appointed, Bishop of Cartagena (en España))\nPedro Carlos, O.S. (1565–1572 Died)\nBenito Tocco, O.S.B. (1572–1583 Appointed, Bishop of Lerida)\nJaime Casador (1583–1597 Died)\nFrancisco Arévalo de Zuaco (1598–1611 Died)\nOnofre Reart (1611–1621 Resigned)\nPedro Moncada (1620–1621 Died)\nFrancesc Senjust, O.S.B. (1622–1627 Died)\nGarcía Gil Manrique (1627–1633 Appointed, Bishop of Barcelona)[4]\nGregorio Parcero de Castro, O.S.B. (1633–1655 Appointed, Bishop of Tortosa)\nBernardo Cardona (1656–1658 Died)\nFrancisco Pijoan (1659–1660 Died)\nJosé Fageda, O.S.H. (1660–1664 Appointed, Bishop of Tortosa)\nJosé Ninot y Bardera (1664–1668 Appointed, Bishop of Lerida)\nAlonso Francisco Dou (1668–1673 Died)\nAlfonso de Balmaseda, O.S.A. (1673–1679 Confirmed, Bishop of Zamora)\nSevero Tomás Auter, O.P. (1679–1686 Confirmed, Bishop of Tortosa)\nMiguel Pontich, O.F.M. (1686–1699 Died)\nMiguel Juan de Taverner y Rubí (1699–1720 Appointed, Archbishop of Tarragona)\nJosé Taberner (Taverner) Dárdena (1720–1726 Died)\nPedro Copóns Copóns (1726–1728 Appointed, Archbishop of Tarragona)\nBaltasar Bastero Lladó (1728–1745 Resigned)\nLorenzo Taranco Mujaurrieta (1745–1756 Died)\nManuel Antonio Palmero y Rallo (1756–1774 Died)\nTomás Lorenzana Butrón (1775–1796 Died)\nSantiago Pérez Arenillas (1796–1797 Died)\nJuan Agapito Ramírez Arellano (1798–1810 Died)\nPedro Valero (1815–1815 Died)\nAntonio Allué y Sesse (1817–1818 Resigned)\nJuan Miguel Pérez González (1819–1824 Died)\nDionisio Castaño y Bermúdez (1825–1834 Died)\nFlorencio Llorente y Montón (1847–1862 Died)\nConstantino Bonet y Zanuy (1862–1875 Confirmed, Archbishop of Tarragona)\nIsidoro Valls y Pascual (1875–1877 Died)\nTomás Sivilla y Gener (1877–1906 Died)\nFrancisco de Pol y Baralt (1906–1914 Died)\nFrancisco de Paula Mas y Oliver (1915–1920 Died)\nGabriel Llompart y Jaume Santandreu (1922–1925 Appointed, Bishop of Mallorca)\nJosé Vila y Martínez (1925–1932 Died)\nJosé Cartaña y Inglés (1933–1963 Died)\nNarciso Jubany Arnau (1964–1971 Appointed, Bishop of Barcelona)\nJaume Camprodon i Rovira (1973–2001 Retired)\nCarles Soler Perdigó (2001–2008 Retired)\nFrancisco Pardo Artigas (2008–2022 Died)\nOctavi Vilà Mayo (2024-Present)","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgiro.html"},{"link_name":"Diocese website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bisbatgirona.cat/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Catholic_dioceses_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_dioceses_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_dioceses_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Catholic dioceses in Spain and Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Spain,_Andorra,_Ceuta_and_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sant_Feliu_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Terrassa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Osma-Soria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Osma-Soria"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Palencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Palencia"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Vitoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vitoria"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cartagena"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Guadix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Guadix"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ja%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Alcalá de Henares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Getafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Getafe"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_M%C3%A9rida-Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Coria-Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coria-C%C3%A1ceres"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Plasencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Plasencia"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Oviedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Oviedo"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Astorga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Astorga"},{"link_name":"Diocese of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le%C3%B3n_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Diocese of 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Huelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Huelva"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Solsona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Solsona"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tortosa"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vic"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of 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Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Menorca"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orihuela-Alicante"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Segorbe-Castell%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%81vila"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Segovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Segovia"},{"link_name":"Diocese of 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and AndorraProvince of Barcelona\nArchdiocese of Barcelona\nDiocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat\nDiocese of Terrassa\nProvince of Burgos\nArchdiocese of Burgos\nDiocese of Bilbao\nDiocese of Osma-Soria\nDiocese of Palencia\nDiocese of Vitoria\nProvince of Granada\nArchdiocese of Granada\nDiocese of Almería\nDiocese of Cartagena\nDiocese of Guadix\nDiocese of Jaén\nDiocese of Málaga\nProvince of Madrid\nArchdiocese of Madrid\nDiocese of Alcalá de Henares\nDiocese of Getafe\nProvince of Mérida-Badajoz\nArchdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz\nDiocese of Coria-Cáceres\nDiocese of Plasencia\nProvince of Oviedo\nArchdiocese of Oviedo\nDiocese of Astorga\nDiocese of León\nDiocese of Santander\nProvince of Pamplona\nArchdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela\nDiocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño\nDiocese of Jaca\nDiocese of San Sebastián\nProvince ofSantiago de Compostela\nArchdiocese of Santiago de Compostela\nDiocese of Lugo\nDiocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol\nDiocese of Ourense\nDiocese of Tui-Vigo\nProvince of Seville\nArchdiocese of Seville\nDiocese of Asidonia-Jerez\nDiocese of Cádiz y Ceuta\nDiocese of Canarias\nDiocese of Córdoba\nDiocese of Huelva\nDiocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna\nProvince of Tarragona\nArchdiocese of Tarragona\nDiocese of Girona\nDiocese of Lleida\nDiocese of Solsona\nDiocese of Tortosa\nDiocese of Urgell\nDiocese of Vic\nProvince of Toledo\nArchdiocese of Toledo\nDiocese of Albacete\nDiocese of Ciudad Real\nDiocese of Cuenca\nDiocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara\nProvince of Valencia\nArchdiocese of Valencia\nDiocese of Ibiza\nDiocese of Majorca\nDiocese of Menorca\nDiocese of Orihuela-Alicante\nDiocese of Segorbe-Castellón\nProvince of Valladolid\nArchdiocese of Valladolid\nDiocese of Ávila\nDiocese of Ciudad Rodrigo\nDiocese of Salamanca\nDiocese of Segovia\nDiocese of Zamora\nProvince of Zaragoza\nArchdiocese of Zaragoza\nDiocese of Barbastro-Monzón\nDiocese of Huesca\nDiocese of Tarazona\nDiocese of Teruel and Albarracín\nMilitary Ordinariate\nMilitary 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_(disambiguation)	American Family	["1 See also"]	American Family may refer to: American Family (artwork exhibition), by Renée Cox American Family (2002 TV series), a PBS drama starring Edward James Olmos and Constance Marie An American Family, a 1973 documentary broadcast on PBS "An American Family" (song), by The Oak Ridge Boys "An American Family" (Brothers & Sisters episode) "An American Family", an episode of Cheers The Beach Boys: An American Family, a television biopic of the Beach Boys See also American family structure All pages with titles containing American Family Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title American Family.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Family (artwork exhibition)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_(artwork_exhibition)"},{"link_name":"American Family (2002 TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_(2002_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"An American Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Family"},{"link_name":"\"An American Family\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Family_(song)"},{"link_name":"\"An American Family\" (Brothers & Sisters episode)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Family_(Brothers_%26_Sisters_episode)"},{"link_name":"Cheers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers_(season_3)#ep53"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys: An American Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys:_An_American_Family"}],"text":"American Family (artwork exhibition), by Renée Cox\nAmerican Family (2002 TV series), a PBS drama starring Edward James Olmos and Constance Marie\nAn American Family, a 1973 documentary broadcast on PBS\n\"An American Family\" (song), by The Oak Ridge Boys\n\"An American Family\" (Brothers & Sisters episode)\n\"An American Family\", an episode of Cheers\nThe Beach Boys: An American Family, a television biopic of the Beach Boys","title":"American Family"}]	[]	[{"title":"American family structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_family_structure"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing American Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22American_Family%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/American_Family&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/American_Family&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lewis_Hyde	W. Lewis Hyde	["1 References","2 See also"]	American physicist This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "W. Lewis Hyde" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Walter Lewis Hyde (1919–2003) was an American physicist, an early contributor to the field of fiber optics. He held patents for devices used in ophthalmology, as well as a panoramic rear-view mirror for automobiles. Originally from Minnesota, he studied physics at Harvard University. He worked at the Polaroid Corporation in the nascent field of fiber optics. He married Elizabeth Sanford Hyde, and they had six children, including Lewis Hyde. In the 1950s, he worked for the London Office of Naval Research, tracking European physics research. He went on to become the director of development at the American Optical Company, in Southbridge, Massachusetts, and then a professor of optics at the University of Rochester. He then changed gears to administration, and served as provost of New York University until 1972. He served as president of the Optical Society of America in 1970 He married Elizabeth Sanford, who became the president of Woodstock Academy's Board of Trustees and helped lead the school's renovation and building project in the early 1990s. The library and media center there is named after her. References ^ Past Presidents of the Optical Society of America "Past OSA Presidents". Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2009. See also Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fiber optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optics"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"rear-view mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-view_mirror"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Polaroid Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Sanford Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Sanford_Hyde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hyde"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Optical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Woodstock Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Academy"}],"text":"Walter Lewis Hyde (1919–2003) was an American physicist, an early contributor to the field of fiber optics. He held patents for devices used in ophthalmology, as well as a panoramic rear-view mirror for automobiles.Originally from Minnesota, he studied physics at Harvard University. He worked at the Polaroid Corporation in the nascent field of fiber optics. He married Elizabeth Sanford Hyde, and they had six children, including Lewis Hyde. In the 1950s, he worked for the London Office of Naval Research, tracking European physics research. He went on to become the director of development at the American Optical Company, in Southbridge, Massachusetts, and then a professor of optics at the University of Rochester. He then changed gears to administration, and served as provost of New York University until 1972. He served as president of the Optical Society of America in 1970 [1]He married Elizabeth Sanford, who became the president of Woodstock Academy's Board of Trustees and helped lead the school's renovation and building project in the early 1990s. The library and media center there is named after her.","title":"W. Lewis Hyde"}]	[]	[{"title":"Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America#Past_Presidents_of_the_OSA"}]	[{"reference":"\"Past OSA Presidents\". Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090120044158/http://osa.org/aboutosa/leadership/pastpresidents/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Past OSA Presidents\""},{"url":"http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/leadership/pastpresidents/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22W.+Lewis+Hyde%22","external_links_name":"\"W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucosoleniidae	Leucosoleniidae	["1 References"]	Family of calcareous sponges of the order Leucosolenida Leucosoleniidae Leucosolenia variabilis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera Class: Calcarea Order: Leucosolenida Family: LeucosoleniidaeMinchin, 1898 Genera Ascute Dendy & Row, 1913 Ascyssa Haeckel, 1872 Leucosolenia Bowerbank, 1864 Leucosoleniidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the order Leucosolenida. References ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Leucosoleniidae Minchin, 1900". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2019-03-20. Taxonomicon Taxon identifiersLeucosoleniidae Wikidata: Q3523246 Wikispecies: Leucosoleniidae ADW: Leucosoleniidae AFD: Leucosoleniidae CoL: 84KDW EoL: 6771 EPPO: 1LSOLF GBIF: 7753 iNaturalist: 186844 IRMNG: 114667 ITIS: 46948 NBN: NBNSYS0000188393 NCBI: 257001 NZOR: 0866a008-cf99-483b-9885-718027732b35 Open Tree of Life: 677195 uBio: 4774979 WoRMS: 131616 This article about a calcareous sponge is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"calcareous sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_sponges"},{"link_name":"Leucosolenida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucosolenida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Leucosoleniidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the order Leucosolenida.[1]","title":"Leucosoleniidae"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Leucosoleniidae Minchin, 1900\". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2019-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=131616","url_text":"\"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Leucosoleniidae Minchin, 1900\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=131616","external_links_name":"\"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Leucosoleniidae Minchin, 1900\""},{"Link":"http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=117078","external_links_name":"Taxonomicon"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Leucosoleniidae/","external_links_name":"Leucosoleniidae"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Leucosoleniidae","external_links_name":"Leucosoleniidae"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/84KDW","external_links_name":"84KDW"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/6771","external_links_name":"6771"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1LSOLF","external_links_name":"1LSOLF"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7753","external_links_name":"7753"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/186844","external_links_name":"186844"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114667","external_links_name":"114667"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=46948","external_links_name":"46948"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000188393","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000188393"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=257001","external_links_name":"257001"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0866a008-cf99-483b-9885-718027732b35","external_links_name":"0866a008-cf99-483b-9885-718027732b35"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=677195","external_links_name":"677195"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4774979","external_links_name":"4774979"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=131616","external_links_name":"131616"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leucosoleniidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippin%27_%26_Runnin%27	Rippin' & Runnin'	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]	1969 studio album by Johnny HodgesRippin' & Runnin'Studio album by Johnny HodgesReleased1969RecordedDecember 9–10, 1968StudioA & R Studios, NYCGenreJazzLength33:31LabelVerve V/V6 8753ProducerEsmond EdwardsJohnny Hodges chronology Swing's Our Thing(1967) Rippin' & Runnin'(1969) 3 Shades of Blue(1970) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Rippin' & Runnin' is an album by American jazz saxophonist Johnny Hodges featuring performances recorded in 1968 and released on the Verve label. Track listing "Cue Time" (Edith Cue Hodges) – 4:53 "Rio Segundo" (Johnny Hodges) – 3:23 "Jeep Bounces Back" (Edith Cue Hodges) – 5:50 "Rippin' and Runnin'" (Tom McIntosh) – 4:13 "Touch Love" (Alonzo Levister) – 4:00 "Tell Everybody's Children" (McIntosh) – 8:23 "Moonflower" (Don Sebesky) – 3:10 Personnel Johnny Hodges – alto saxophone Willie Gardner – organ Jimmy Ponder – guitar Ron Carter – bass Freddie Waits – drums References ^ Rippin' and Runnin' – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved July 31, 2017. ^ Verve Records Catalog: 8700 series accessed July 31, 2017 ^ Discography of the Verve, Clef and Norgran labels accessed July 31, 2017 vteJohnny HodgesYears given are for the recording(s), not first release.Asleader orco-leader Castle Rock (1951–52) In a Tender Mood (1951–52) The Blues (1952–54) Used to Be Duke (1954) Creamy (1955) Duke's in Bed (1956) Ellingtonia '56 (1956) The Big Sound (1957) Blues A-Plenty (1958) Johnny Hodges and His Strings Play the Prettiest Gershwin (1958) Not So Dukish (1958) Side by Side (and Duke Ellington, 1958–59) Back to Back (and Duke Ellington, 1959) Gerry Mulligan Meets Johnny Hodges (1959) Blue Hodge (1961) Johnny Hodges with Billy Strayhorn and the Orchestra (1961) Blue Rabbit (and Wild Bill Davis, 1963–64) Sandy's Gone (1963) Mess of Blues (and Wild Bill Davis, 1963) Everybody Knows Johnny Hodges (1964–65) Blue Pyramid (and Wild Bill Davis, 1965–66) Con-Soul & Sax (1965–66) Inspired Abandon (and Lawrence Brown, 1965) Joe's Blues (and Wild Bill Davis, 1965) Wings & Things (nd Wild Bill Davis, 1965) Blue Notes (1966) Stride Right (and Earl Hines, 1966) Wild Bill Davis & Johnny Hodges in Atlantic City (1966) Don't Sleep in the Subway (1967) Swing's Our Thing (and Earl Hines, 1967) Triple Play (1967) Rippin' & Runnin' (1968) 3 Shades of Blue (1970) Withothers Hawkins! Eldridge! Hodges! Alive! At the Village Gate! (and Coleman Hawkins and Roy Eldridge, 1962) Joya Sherrill Sings Duke (Joya Sherrill, 1965) Cue for Saxophone (Billy Strayhorn, 1959) Taylor Made Jazz (Billy Taylor, 1959) Duke with a Difference (Clark Terry, 1957) Duke Ellington discography	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hodges"},{"link_name":"Verve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verve_discography-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rippin' & Runnin' is an album by American jazz saxophonist Johnny Hodges featuring performances recorded in 1968 and released on the Verve label.[2][3]","title":"Rippin' & Runnin'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McIntosh"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Levister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Levister"},{"link_name":"Don Sebesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Sebesky"}],"text":"\"Cue Time\" (Edith Cue Hodges) – 4:53\n\"Rio Segundo\" (Johnny Hodges) – 3:23\n\"Jeep Bounces Back\" (Edith Cue Hodges) – 5:50\n\"Rippin' and Runnin'\" (Tom McIntosh) – 4:13\n\"Touch Love\" (Alonzo Levister) – 4:00\n\"Tell Everybody's Children\" (McIntosh) – 8:23\n\"Moonflower\" (Don Sebesky) – 3:10","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hodges"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_organ"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Ponder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Ponder"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Ron Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carter"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Freddie Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Waits"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Johnny Hodges – alto saxophone\nWillie Gardner – organ\nJimmy Ponder – guitar\nRon Carter – bass\nFreddie Waits – drums","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000875517","external_links_name":"Rippin' and Runnin' – Review"},{"Link":"http://www.jazzdisco.org/verve-records/catalog-8700-series/#v6-8753","external_links_name":"Verve Records Catalog: 8700 series"},{"Link":"http://www.bsnpubs.com/new/verve.pdf","external_links_name":"Discography of the Verve, Clef and Norgran labels"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilio_J._Valdes	Basilio Valdes	["1 Early life and career","2 Volunteer to France","3 Military service and Secretary of Defense","4 Later life and death","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Filipino general (1892–1970) In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Pica and the surname or paternal family name is Valdés. Major GeneralBasilio ValdésValdés in December 1944Secretary of National Defense, Public Works, Communications and LaborIn officeDecember 23, 1941 – February 6, 1945PresidentManuel L. Quezon (1941–1944)Sergio Osmeña (1944–1945)Preceded byJorge B. VargasLeón GuintoJosé AvelinoSucceeded byTomas CabiliJose PaezSecretary of Health and Public WelfareIn officeFebruary 27, 1945 – April 1945PresidentSergio OsmeñaPreceded byJosé FabellaSucceeded byJose LocsinChief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the PhilippinesIn officeJanuary 1, 1939 – November 7, 1945PresidentManuel L. Quezon (1938-1944)Sergio Osmeña (1944-1945)Preceded byPaulino SantosSucceeded byRafael JalandoniVice Chief of Staff, Philippine ArmyIn office1936–1938Preceded byPaulino SantosSucceeded byVicente LimDeputy Chief of Staff, Philippine ArmyIn office1935–1936Preceded byPaulino SantosSucceeded byRafael L. GarciaChief of Philippine ConstabularyIn office1934–1935Preceded byBGen. Clarence H. BowersSucceeded byBGen. Guillermo B. Francisco Personal detailsBornBasilio José Segundo Pica Valdés(1892-06-10)June 10, 1892San Miguel, Manila, Captaincy General of the PhilippinesDiedJanuary 26, 1970(1970-01-26) (aged 77)Manila, PhilippinesNicknameBasilMilitary serviceAllegiance France(1916–1917) United States(1917–1919) Philippines(1922–1945)Branch/servicePhilippine ConstabularyPhilippine ArmyYears of service1916–1945Rank Major GeneralCommandsArmed Forces of the PhilippinesBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War II Basilio José Segundo "Basil" Pica Valdés (July 10, 1892 – January 26, 1970) was a Filipino doctor, general and minister. Valdes was chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1939, and was in 1941 appointed Secretary of National Defense by President Manuel L. Quezon. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines at the beginning of the Second World War, he was one of the members of Quezon's war cabinet in exile. Early life and career Basilio Valdés was born on July 10, 1892, in San Miguel, Manila, in the Captaincy General of the Philippines as the third child of a family of four. His parents were the Filomena Pica and the Benito Salvador Valdés, a doctor and former classmate of José Rizal in Madrid. His mother later died in 1897 after giving birth to the couple's fifth son, after which the family led a wandering existence. Because of this, the young Valdes studied in many different schools. La Salle College, Barcelona (1897–1901); San Beda University, Manila (1901–1903); La Salle College, Hong Kong (1903–1904); the American School in Manila (1904); Pagsanjan High School (1905–1908); Manila High School (1908–1911); and on his father's intercession, he opted for a study of medicine at the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas (1911–1916) after completing his secondary school education. Valdes also became the founder of the UST Student Association in 1913, and became its first President. Volunteer to France After graduating in 1916 he worked briefly as a lecturer at the University of the Philippines at the invitation of the University President Ignacio Villamor, but with the ongoing First World War he decided to leave the same year for France and joined the French Army as medical volunteer. He worked in the military hospital as a surgeon for the French Red Cross. With the American entry into the war in 1917, he transferred to the US Army (the Philippines being a US colony at the time) and continued to work until 1919. In February that year, he was appointed a member of the Military Inter-Allied Commission to Germany; made chief of the Medical Service of the American Red Cross Commission to Germany and later made deputy commissioner of the American Red Cross in Europe. In this position he made studies of health conditions in Prague, Czechoslovakia and Kovno, Lithuania. After the war he ran a clinic in Manila and married Rosario Legarda Roces, whom he adopted a daughter with. Military service and Secretary of Defense In 1922 he was asked to join the Philippine Constabulary and revitalize their medical services; he joined and had by 1926 been promoted to lieutenant colonel and chief surgeon, serving as medical inspector from 1926 to 1934. Valdes became brigadier general and chief of the Constabulary in 1934. He later took his oath of office as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Philippine Army on May 4, 1936, and with the retirement of Chief of Staff General Paulino Santos, Valdes assumed this office by presidential appointment on January 1, 1939. With the growing threat of Japanese expansion during the 1930s, President Manuel L. Quezon established the Department of National Defense in November 1939, which had executive authority over the army. With the attack on Pearl Harbor and Japanese invasion of the Philippines in December 1941, President Quezon merged the departments of National Defense, Public Works, Communications and Labor into a single department and appointed Valdes as secretary on December 23. As a member of the War Cabinet, he was tasked by General Douglas MacArthur to be in charge of the safety of President Quezon, who was very ill by that time, and his family. They were all evacuated to Corregidor, then Australia, and finally to the United States, creating the Commonwealth government-in-exile. After the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944, Valdes continued to serve in President Sergio Osmeña's government with the same positions as before. When American troops invaded the occupied Philippines in the Second Philippine Campaign, Valdes returned together with MacArthur and President Osmeña in the landing on Red Beach, Leyte on October 20, 1944. Valdes reentered Manila on February 6, 1945, and was reunited with his family after three years of separation. Later the same month, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was reestablished and President Osmeña appointed Valdes as ad interim Secretary of Public Health and Welfare, officially taking the position on June 27, 1945. In this position he organized relief goods and medicine distributions from the U.S. Medical Corps to the war torn country. He retired from government service on July 4 the same year. Valdes, along with the future Secretary of Foreign Affairs Raul Manglapus, at the time a reporter for the Philippines Free Press, were the only two Filipinos accredited to join MacArthur during the signing of the Instrument of Surrender on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945. Valdes received one of 20 original facsimiles of the Instrument of Surrender, being one of eight personal guests of MacArthur, and his document is currently owned and curated by The International Museum of World War II in Natick, Massachusetts. In January 1946 Valdes was appointed as one of the judges at the Military Tribunal of Japanese General Masaharu Homma in view of the war crimes committed by his command during the invasion of the Philippines, sitting on the bench along with Leo Donovan, Robert G. Gard, Arthur Trudeau, and Warren H. McNaught. Later life and death After the war Valdes went back to teaching as a professor of surgery at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. He was head of the Philippine Cancer Society, vice-president of the Philippine Tuberculosis Society, chairman of the Deans Committee for the Veterans Memorial Medical Center and became the medical director of Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital from 1948 until his death. Basilio Valdes died on January 26, 1970, and was given a full military funeral. See also Manuel L. Quezon Philippines campaign (1941–1942) Philippines Campaign (1944–1945) Filipinos in the French military Notes ^ Later known as Secretary of National Defense and Communications from August 1, 1944 ^ as Secretary of National Defense ^ as Secretary of Labor ^ as Secretary of Public Works and Communications ^ as Secretary of National Defense and Communications ^ as Secretary of Public Works and Communications References ^ a b c d e f "Basilio J. Valdez". Dnd.gov.ph. Retrieved December 18, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h "Major General Basilio J. Valdes – Doctor, Officer and Gentleman". Positivelyfilipino.com. Retrieved December 18, 2018. ^ a b c d e "About Valdes". Philippinediaryproject.wordpress.com. April 22, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2018. ^ a b De Vera, Ruel (2001). The Zero Hour: The Personal War of Basilio J. Valdes. Philippines: The Bookmark Inc. p. 21. ISBN 971-569-415-2. Retrieved May 10, 2023. ^ a b c d e "The Basilio J. Valdes Digital Collection – Presidential Museum and Library". Malacanang.gov.ph. Retrieved December 18, 2018. ^ a b c d "Remembering Major General Basilio Valdes by Kapi'olani Torres Reyes". Signaturesofwar.com. Retrieved December 18, 2018. ^ Legarda, Benito. "Aggressors as Victims". Malacanan Palace, Presidential Museum & Library. Philippine Free Press. Retrieved April 20, 2020. ^ "Surrender of Japan". Museum of WW2. Museum of WW2. Retrieved April 20, 2020. ^ Sides, Hampton. "The Trial Of General Homma". American Heritage. American Heritage. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ "United States of America vs Masaharu Homma". ICC Legal Tools Database. International Criminal Court. Retrieved May 5, 2020. External links Gen. Basilio Valdes, a photo of the Major General Valdes wearing WWI service stripes on his lower left sleeve vteChairmen of the Joint Chiefs of the Armed Forces of the PhilippinesCommanding Generals of thePhilippine Revolutionary Army (1897—1901) Ricarte Luna Aguinaldo Chief of Staff of the Philippine Commonwealth Army (1935-1945) Delos Reyes P. Santos Valdes Jalandoni Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines(1946—2020) Castañeda Duque Vargas Arellano Cabal Cruz A. Santos Atienza Mata Osias Velasco Yan Espino Ver Ramos de Villa Biazon Abadia Enrile Acedera Mariano Nazareno Reyes Villanueva Cimatu Defensor Santiago Abaya Abu Senga Esperon Yano Ibrado Bangit Ochoa§ David Oban Dellosa Bautista Catapang Iriberri Miranda§ Visaya Año Guerrero Galvez Madrigal Clement F. Santos Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs(2020—present) Gapay Sobejana Faustino Centino Bacarro Centino Brawner § — Acting chief. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_name"},{"link_name":"middle name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Secretary of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Manuel L. 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His parents were the Filomena Pica and the Benito Salvador Valdés, a doctor and former classmate of José Rizal in Madrid.[1] His mother later died in 1897 after giving birth to the couple's fifth son, after which the family led a wandering existence. Because of this, the young Valdes studied in many different schools. La Salle College, Barcelona (1897–1901); San Beda University, Manila (1901–1903); La Salle College, Hong Kong (1903–1904); the American School in Manila (1904); Pagsanjan High School (1905–1908); Manila High School (1908–1911); and on his father's intercession, he opted for a study of medicine at the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas (1911–1916) after completing his secondary school education. [2][3] Valdes also became the founder of the UST Student Association in 1913, and became its first President.[4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Villamor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Villamor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Vera_p.21-10"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon"},{"link_name":"French Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"entry into the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Philippines being a US colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostFil-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DND-7"},{"link_name":"Military Inter-Allied Commission to Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Inter-Allied_Commission_of_Control"},{"link_name":"American Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kovno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostFil-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DND-7"}],"text":"After graduating in 1916 he worked briefly as a lecturer at the University of the Philippines at the invitation of the University President Ignacio Villamor,[4] but with the ongoing First World War he decided to leave the same year for France and joined the French Army as medical volunteer. He worked in the military hospital as a surgeon for the French Red Cross. With the American entry into the war in 1917, he transferred to the US Army (the Philippines being a US colony at the time) and continued to work until 1919.[3][2][1] In February that year, he was appointed a member of the Military Inter-Allied Commission to Germany; made chief of the Medical Service of the American Red Cross Commission to Germany and later made deputy commissioner of the American Red Cross in Europe. In this position he made studies of health conditions in Prague, Czechoslovakia and Kovno, Lithuania. After the war he ran a clinic in Manila and married Rosario Legarda Roces, whom he adopted a daughter with.[2][1]","title":"Volunteer to France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Paulino Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulino_Santos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malacang-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DND-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostFil-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sig-12"},{"link_name":"Manuel L. 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Valdes became brigadier general and chief of the Constabulary in 1934. He later took his oath of office as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Philippine Army on May 4, 1936, and with the retirement of Chief of Staff General Paulino Santos, Valdes assumed this office by presidential appointment on January 1, 1939.[5][3][1][2][6]With the growing threat of Japanese expansion during the 1930s, President Manuel L. Quezon established the Department of National Defense in November 1939, which had executive authority over the army. With the attack on Pearl Harbor and Japanese invasion of the Philippines in December 1941, President Quezon merged the departments of National Defense, Public Works, Communications and Labor into a single department and appointed Valdes as secretary on December 23.[6][1][3]\nAs a member of the War Cabinet, he was tasked by General Douglas MacArthur to be in charge of the safety of President Quezon, who was very ill by that time, and his family. They were all evacuated to Corregidor, then Australia, and finally to the United States, creating the Commonwealth government-in-exile.[5][2] After the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944, Valdes continued to serve in President Sergio Osmeña's government with the same positions as before. When American troops invaded the occupied Philippines in the Second Philippine Campaign, Valdes returned together with MacArthur and President Osmeña in the landing on Red Beach, Leyte on October 20, 1944.[5][2][6]Valdes reentered Manila on February 6, 1945, and was reunited with his family after three years of separation. Later the same month, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was reestablished and President Osmeña appointed Valdes as ad interim Secretary of Public Health and Welfare, officially taking the position on June 27, 1945. In this position he organized relief goods and medicine distributions from the U.S. Medical Corps to the war torn country. He retired from government service on July 4 the same year.[5][2][6]Valdes, along with the future Secretary of Foreign Affairs Raul Manglapus, at the time a reporter for the Philippines Free Press, were the only two Filipinos accredited to join MacArthur during the signing of the Instrument of Surrender on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945.[7] Valdes received one of 20 original facsimiles of the Instrument of Surrender, being one of eight personal guests of MacArthur, and his document is currently owned and curated by The International Museum of World War II in Natick, Massachusetts.[8]In January 1946 Valdes was appointed as one of the judges at the Military Tribunal of Japanese General Masaharu Homma in view of the war crimes committed by his command during the invasion of the Philippines, sitting on the bench along with Leo Donovan, Robert G. Gard, Arthur Trudeau, and Warren H. McNaught.[9][10]","title":"Military service and Secretary of Defense"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veterans Memorial Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Memorial_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Hospital_(Manila)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malacang-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostFil-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DND-7"}],"text":"After the war Valdes went back to teaching as a professor of surgery at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. He was head of the Philippine Cancer Society, vice-president of the Philippine Tuberculosis Society, chairman of the Deans Committee for the Veterans Memorial Medical Center and became the medical director of Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital from 1948 until his death. Basilio Valdes died on January 26, 1970, and was given a full military funeral.[5][2][3][1]","title":"Later life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ Later known as Secretary of National Defense and Communications from August 1, 1944\n\n^ as Secretary of National Defense\n\n^ as Secretary of Labor\n\n^ as Secretary of Public Works and Communications\n\n^ as Secretary of National Defense and Communications\n\n^ as Secretary of Public Works and Communications","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Manuel L. 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April 22, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://philippinediaryproject.wordpress.com/about/about-the-diary-of-gen-basilio-valdes/","url_text":"\"About Valdes\""}]},{"reference":"De Vera, Ruel (2001). The Zero Hour: The Personal War of Basilio J. Valdes. Philippines: The Bookmark Inc. p. 21. ISBN 971-569-415-2. Retrieved May 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1DNxAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Zero Hour: The Personal War of Basilio J. Valdes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-569-415-2","url_text":"971-569-415-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Basilio J. Valdes Digital Collection – Presidential Museum and Library\". Malacanang.gov.ph. Retrieved December 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://malacanang.gov.ph/77048-basilio-j-valdes/","url_text":"\"The Basilio J. Valdes Digital Collection – Presidential Museum and Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Major General Basilio Valdes by Kapi'olani Torres Reyes\". Signaturesofwar.com. Retrieved December 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://signaturesofwar.com/id69.html","url_text":"\"Remembering Major General Basilio Valdes by Kapi'olani Torres Reyes\""}]},{"reference":"Legarda, Benito. \"Aggressors as Victims\". Malacanan Palace, Presidential Museum & Library. Philippine Free Press. Retrieved April 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://malacanang.gov.ph/75106-aggressors-as-victims/","url_text":"\"Aggressors as Victims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surrender of Japan\". Museum of WW2. Museum of WW2. Retrieved April 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://w.museumofworldwarii.org/japan-surrenders.html","url_text":"\"Surrender of Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Sides, Hampton. \"The Trial Of General Homma\". American Heritage. American Heritage. Retrieved May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanheritage.com/trial-general-homma","url_text":"\"The Trial Of General Homma\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States of America vs Masaharu Homma\". ICC Legal Tools Database. International Criminal Court. Retrieved May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/e7494b/pdf","url_text":"\"United States of America vs Masaharu Homma\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dnd.gov.ph/basilio-j-valdez.html","external_links_name":"\"Basilio J. Valdez\""},{"Link":"http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/major-general-basil-valdes","external_links_name":"\"Major General Basilio J. Valdes – Doctor, Officer and Gentleman\""},{"Link":"https://philippinediaryproject.wordpress.com/about/about-the-diary-of-gen-basilio-valdes/","external_links_name":"\"About Valdes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1DNxAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Zero Hour: The Personal War of Basilio J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjon_Zenebishi	John Zenevisi	["1 Name","2 Aftermath","3 Titles","4 Descendants","4.1 Family","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Works cited"]	Ruler of Epirus (died 1418) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John Zenevisi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gjon Zenebishiconte (count), sevastokratorBorn14th centuryZagori, AlbaniaDied1418Noble familyZenebishi familySpousea daughter of Gjin Bua Shpata John Zenevisi or Gjon Zenebishi (Albanian: Gjon Zenebishi or Gjin Zenebishi; died 1418) was an Albanian magnate that held the estates in Epirus, such as Gjirokastër and Vagenetia. Name Zenevisi can be found with different spellings in historical documents. His name in modern English is usually John Zenevisi or John Sarbissa. In Italian, his name was spelled as Giovanni Sarbissa. In Albanian, his name is mostly spelled as Gjin Zenebishi (less commonly as Zenebishti), his given name scarcely spelled Gjon, as well.Castle of Gjirokastër was Gjon Zenebishi's capital The Zenebishi family was from the Zagoria region, between Përmet and Gjirokastër. In 1381 and 1384, the Catholic lords of Arta asked the Ottoman troops for protection against the invading Albanian clan of the Zenebishi; the Ottomans routed the raiders and restored order in Epirus. Zenebishi submitted to the Ottomans after their victory against Balša II in the Battle of Savra in 1385, and gave them his son as a hostage to be sent to Edirne to the court of the sultan (this son became known as Hamza, an Ottoman official). Shortly after his submission, Zenebishi revolted and seized the fortress of Gjirokastër, encouraged no doubt by the attack on Ioannina by the Albanians of Acarnania. In 1386 he titled himself with the Byzantine title of sevastokrator. Zenebishi was married Irene, the daughter of Gjin Bua Shpata, Despot of Arta, and thus became the son-in-law of Shpata and the brother-in-law of the wife of Esau de' Buondelmonti Despot of Epiros. In 1399 Esau, supported by some Albanian clans, marched against his wife's brother-in-law Gjon Zenebishi of Gjirokastër. Now Esau was routed and captured, and much of his land was occupied by Zenebishi. The neighbouring magnates determined to restore the captured despotes and secured Venetian intercession in his favour. Esau returned to Ioannina in 1400, regaining the reign from Zenebishi. In 1402, Esau divorced Irene Shpata and married Jevdokija Balšić, the sister of Konstantin Balšić, a leading Ottoman official in northern Albania. After Esau's death (February 6, 1411), his wife Jevdokija tried to take control of Ioannina, but the town exiled her and appointed Esau's nephew, Carlo Tocco, as lord (he arrived on April 1, 1411). In 1412 Muriq Shpata and Zenebishi (who was the leader of the most powerful tribe in the vicinity of Ioannina) formed an alliance against Carlo Tocco. They won an open-field battle against Tocco in 1412, but were unable to take over Ioannina. Tocco relied on support from the local Greeks. In 1414, Muriq Shpata died, and Zenebishi was defeated by the Ottomans and fled to the Venetian island of Corfu where he died in 1418. Aftermath In the same year the Ottomans, after a prolonged siege, took Gjirokastër. Zenebishi's son, Thopia Zenebishi fled to Corfu. He landed again on the mainland and laid siege to Gjirokastër in 1434, but was killed in battle with a reinforcing Ottoman army in 1436. Titles Lord (signore) of Makasi (1382) sevastokrator of Vagenetia and lord of Argyrokastron and Paracalo (after 1386). Descendants Zenebishi's descendants continued to live undisturbed in the mountains of Zagoria and eventually faded into history. In 1455, a certain Simon Zenebishi, who was the lord of Kastrovillari (Castro i Vivarit near Butrint) was active at the court of the king of Naples and Aragon on behalf of Skanderbeg in order to gain back Napolitan support for his land in Albania. In 1455, Venice, the only power to support his claim, reminded him of his pledge of allegiance to them but was not able to change his political orientation, i.e. his ties with Naples. A son of this Zenebishi was also a hostage at the court of the Sultan, this time of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, but fled to Naples where King Alphonso had him baptized and made him his vassal. The fate of this Alfonso Zenebishi was to be closely linked to that of Skanderbeg. Family Gjon married a daughter of Gjin Bua Shpata, whose name is unknown. They had the following children: A1. Anna ("Kyrianna"), Lady of Grabossa; married Andrea III Muzaka (fl. 1419) A2. Maria, +after 1419; married Perotto d'Altavilla, the Baron of Corfu (+1445) A3. Thopia Zenebishi ("Depas", d. 1435), Lord of Gjirokastër (1418–34), deposed by the Ottomans B1. Simone Zenebishi, Lord of the Strovilo (1443–61), deposed by the Ottomans C1. Alfonso (fl. 1456), an Ottoman political hostage who fled to Naples and became a Napolitan vassal C2. Alessandro ("Lech"), Lord of Strovilo which he then sold to Venice in 1473 C3. Filippo, served Alessandro A4. Hamza Zenebishi ("Amos", fl. 1456–60), an Ottoman political hostage, he was converted into Islam and entered Ottoman service. In 1460 he became a sanjak-bey of the Sanjak of Mezistre. A5. Hasan Zenebishi, subaşi in Tetovo in 1455 Legacy The Kardhiq Castle was built by Gjon Zenebishi See also Albanian principalities History of Albania References ^ a b c d e f g Fine 1994, p. 356 ... John (Gjin) Zenevisi ... ^ a b Elsie 2003, p. 53: "Lord John Sarbissa (Zenevisi) was lord of the town of Gjirokastra and the region of Vagenetia and Paracalo (Parakalamo)." ^ Denkschriften. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1869. pp. 124–. Giovanni Sarbissa ^ Elsie, Robert (24 December 2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. p. 501. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3. ZENEBISI, GHIN ( -1418) Mediaeval ruler. Ghin Zenebisi, also known as John Zenevisi and by the Albanian neologism of Gjon Zenebishti, descended from a family of the Zagoria region between Gjirokastra and Përmet. In 1380, he was given the title of sevastocrator of Vagenetia, which corresponds to the region of Chameria, now in northwestern Greece. He was also known as lord of Pyrgo and Sayadha. He submitted to the Turks after the initial invasion and ... ^ TBR. Vol. 6. TBR Company. 2000. p. 41. In 1381 and 1384, the Latin feudal lords of Arta asked Muslim troops for protection against the invading Albanian Zenevisi clan from Gjirokastër. The Muslim Turkish mercenaries routed the Albanian raiders and restored order in Epirus. ^ a b Osmanlı tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1983. p. 62. İskender'in yeğeni olan bu Hamza Kastriyota ile yine Arnavut senyörlerinden Gin Zenibisi'nin oğlu olup Osmanlı devleti hizmetinde bulunara 1460'da Mora'da Mizistra sancakbeyliği etmiş olan Hamza Zenebisi'yi birbirine karıştır mamalıdır. ^ Bulgarian historical review. Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 2003. p. 164. Due to long Byzantine rule Albanian aristocracy used titles of Byzantine titulature like despot, (Balsha and Gjin Bue Shpata), sevastocrator (Gjin Zenebishi) and comes. ^ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf (1873). Chroniques gréco-romanes: inédites ou peu connues, pub. avec notes et tables généalogiques. Bibliopoleion. Ghin Zene- visi, seigneur de Makasi (Ma- rasak?) 1382, Sévastocrator d'Argyrocastron ^ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf (1960). Geschichte Griechenlands vom Beginn des Mittelalters bis auf unsere Zeit. B. Franklin. Letzterer hatte von Helena Vre« llubowna nur zwei Töchter, von denen die eine mit Ghin Zenevisi, Sevastokrator von Vagenetia und Herrn von Argyrokastron und Parakolo, vermählt war, und Irene, die, ebenso sehr durch Muth und Tugend, ... ^ Skender Anamali (2002). Historia e popullit shqiptar. Botimet Toena. p. 285. ISBN 978-99927-1-622-9. ^ Robert Elsie (2003). Early Albania. Harrassowitz. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-447-04783-8. Works cited Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4. Preceded byPost created sevastokrator of Vagenetia and lord of Argyrokastron and Paracalo 1386–1418 Succeeded byThopia Zenevisi(titular)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus"},{"link_name":"Gjirokastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Vagenetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagenetia"}],"text":"John Zenevisi or Gjon Zenebishi (Albanian: Gjon Zenebishi or Gjin Zenebishi; died 1418) was an Albanian magnate that held the estates in Epirus, such as Gjirokastër and Vagenetia.","title":"John Zenevisi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-1994-356-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsie-2003-53-JZ-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsie-2003-53-JZ-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-1869-124-GS-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalaja_e_Gjirokastr%C3%ABs_15.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zenebishi family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenevisi_family"},{"link_name":"Zagoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagori,_Albania"},{"link_name":"Përmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrmet"},{"link_name":"Gjirokastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsie2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Balša II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C5%A1a_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of Savra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Savra"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"link_name":"Hamza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Zenevisi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osmanli-6"},{"link_name":"Gjirokastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina"},{"link_name":"Acarnania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acarnania"},{"link_name":"sevastokrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastokrator"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gjin Bua Shpata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjin_Bua_Shpata"},{"link_name":"Despot of Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta"},{"link_name":"Esau de' Buondelmonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esau_de%27_Buondelmonti"},{"link_name":"Despot of Epiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epiros"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jevdokija Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevdokija_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"northern Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Albania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-1994-356-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-1994-356-1"},{"link_name":"Muriq Shpata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Shpata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-1994-356-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-1994-356-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-1994-356-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-1994-356-1"}],"text":"Zenevisi can be found with different spellings in historical documents. His name in modern English is usually John Zenevisi[1][2] or John Sarbissa.[2] In Italian, his name was spelled as Giovanni Sarbissa.[3] In Albanian, his name is mostly spelled as Gjin Zenebishi (less commonly as Zenebishti), his given name scarcely spelled Gjon, as well.Castle of Gjirokastër was Gjon Zenebishi's capitalThe Zenebishi family was from the Zagoria region, between Përmet and Gjirokastër.[4]In 1381 and 1384, the Catholic lords of Arta asked the Ottoman troops for protection against the invading Albanian clan of the Zenebishi; the Ottomans routed the raiders and restored order in Epirus.[5] Zenebishi submitted to the Ottomans after their victory against Balša II in the Battle of Savra in 1385, and gave them his son as a hostage to be sent to Edirne to the court of the sultan (this son became known as Hamza, an Ottoman official).[6] Shortly after his submission, Zenebishi revolted and seized the fortress of Gjirokastër, encouraged no doubt by the attack on Ioannina by the Albanians of Acarnania. In 1386 he titled himself with the Byzantine title of sevastokrator.[7]Zenebishi was married Irene, the daughter of Gjin Bua Shpata, Despot of Arta, and thus became the son-in-law of Shpata and the brother-in-law of the wife of Esau de' Buondelmonti Despot of Epiros. In 1399 Esau, supported by some Albanian clans, marched against his wife's brother-in-law Gjon Zenebishi of Gjirokastër. Now Esau was routed and captured, and much of his land was occupied by Zenebishi. The neighbouring magnates determined to restore the captured despotes and secured Venetian intercession in his favour. Esau returned to Ioannina in 1400, regaining the reign from Zenebishi.[citation needed] In 1402, Esau divorced Irene Shpata and married Jevdokija Balšić, the sister of Konstantin Balšić, a leading Ottoman official in northern Albania.[1] After Esau's death (February 6, 1411), his wife Jevdokija tried to take control of Ioannina, but the town exiled her and appointed Esau's nephew, Carlo Tocco, as lord (he arrived on April 1, 1411).[1]In 1412 Muriq Shpata and Zenebishi (who was the leader of the most powerful tribe in the vicinity of Ioannina) formed an alliance against Carlo Tocco.[1] They won an open-field battle against Tocco in 1412, but were unable to take over Ioannina.[1] Tocco relied on support from the local Greeks.[1] In 1414, Muriq Shpata died,[1] and Zenebishi was defeated by the Ottomans and fled to the Venetian island of Corfu where he died in 1418.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thopia Zenebishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thopia_Zenevisi"}],"text":"In the same year the Ottomans, after a prolonged siege, took Gjirokastër. Zenebishi's son, Thopia Zenebishi fled to Corfu. He landed again on the mainland and laid siege to Gjirokastër in 1434, but was killed in battle with a reinforcing Ottoman army in 1436.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopf1873-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopf1960-9"}],"text":"Lord (signore) of Makasi (1382)[8]\nsevastokrator of Vagenetia and lord of Argyrokastron and Paracalo (after 1386).[9]","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Zenebishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Zenevisi"},{"link_name":"Butrint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butrint"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Zenebishi's descendants continued to live undisturbed in the mountains of Zagoria and eventually faded into history. In 1455, a certain Simon Zenebishi, who was the lord of Kastrovillari (Castro i Vivarit near Butrint) was active at the court of the king of Naples and Aragon on behalf of Skanderbeg in order to gain back Napolitan support for his land in Albania. In 1455, Venice, the only power to support his claim, reminded him of his pledge of allegiance to them but was not able to change his political orientation, i.e. his ties with Naples. A son of this Zenebishi was also a hostage at the court of the Sultan, this time of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, but fled to Naples where King Alphonso had him baptized and made him his vassal. The fate of this Alfonso Zenebishi was to be closely linked to that of Skanderbeg.[citation needed]","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gjin Bua Shpata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjin_Bua_Shpata"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiranna_Zenevisi,_Lady_of_Grabossa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrea III Muzaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaka_family"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Perotto d'Altavilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perotto_d%27Altavilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thopia Zenebishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thopia_Zenevisi"},{"link_name":"Simone Zenebishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Zenevisi"},{"link_name":"Hamza Zenebishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Zenevisi"},{"link_name":"sanjak-bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak-bey"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Mezistre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjak_of_Mezistre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osmanli-6"},{"link_name":"Hasan Zenebishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Zenevisi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tetovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetovo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Gjon married a daughter of Gjin Bua Shpata, whose name is unknown.[10] They had the following children:A1. Anna (\"Kyrianna\"), Lady of Grabossa; married Andrea III Muzaka (fl. 1419)[11]\nA2. Maria, +after 1419; married Perotto d'Altavilla, the Baron of Corfu (+1445)\nA3. Thopia Zenebishi (\"Depas\", d. 1435), Lord of Gjirokastër (1418–34), deposed by the Ottomans\nB1. Simone Zenebishi, Lord of the Strovilo (1443–61), deposed by the Ottomans\nC1. Alfonso (fl. 1456), an Ottoman political hostage who fled to Naples and became a Napolitan vassal\nC2. Alessandro (\"Lech\"), Lord of Strovilo which he then sold to Venice in 1473\nC3. Filippo, served Alessandro\nA4. Hamza Zenebishi (\"Amos\", fl. 1456–60), an Ottoman political hostage, he was converted into Islam and entered Ottoman service. In 1460 he became a sanjak-bey of the Sanjak of Mezistre.[6]\nA5. Hasan Zenebishi, subaşi in Tetovo in 1455[citation needed]","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kardhiq Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardhiq_Castle"}],"text":"The Kardhiq Castle was built by Gjon Zenebishi","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Castle of Gjirokastër was Gjon Zenebishi's capital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kalaja_e_Gjirokastr%C3%ABs_15.jpg/240px-Kalaja_e_Gjirokastr%C3%ABs_15.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Albanian principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_principalities"},{"title":"History of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Albania"}]	[{"reference":"Denkschriften. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1869. pp. 124–. Giovanni Sarbissa","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ri3mAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA124","url_text":"Denkschriften"}]},{"reference":"Elsie, Robert (24 December 2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. p. 501. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3. ZENEBISI, GHIN ( -1418) Mediaeval ruler. Ghin Zenebisi, also known as John Zenevisi and by the Albanian neologism of Gjon Zenebishti, descended from a family of the Zagoria region between Gjirokastra and Përmet. In 1380, he was given the title of sevastocrator of Vagenetia, which corresponds to the region of Chameria, now in northwestern Greece. He was also known as lord of Pyrgo and Sayadha. He submitted to the Turks after the initial invasion and ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Elsie","url_text":"Elsie, Robert"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&pg=PA501","url_text":"A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-431-3","url_text":"978-1-78076-431-3"}]},{"reference":"TBR. Vol. 6. TBR Company. 2000. p. 41. In 1381 and 1384, the Latin feudal lords of Arta asked Muslim troops for protection against the invading Albanian Zenevisi clan from Gjirokastër. The Muslim Turkish mercenaries routed the Albanian raiders and restored order in Epirus.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HcnvAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"TBR"}]},{"reference":"Osmanlı tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1983. p. 62. İskender'in yeğeni olan bu Hamza Kastriyota ile yine Arnavut senyörlerinden Gin Zenibisi'nin oğlu olup Osmanlı devleti hizmetinde bulunara 1460'da Mora'da Mizistra sancakbeyliği etmiş olan Hamza Zenebisi'yi birbirine karıştır mamalıdır.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=USBpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Osmanlı tarihi"}]},{"reference":"Bulgarian historical review. Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 2003. p. 164. Due to long Byzantine rule Albanian aristocracy used titles of Byzantine titulature like despot, (Balsha and Gjin Bue Shpata), sevastocrator (Gjin Zenebishi) and comes.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lD5pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Bulgarian historical review"}]},{"reference":"Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf (1873). Chroniques gréco-romanes: inédites ou peu connues, pub. avec notes et tables généalogiques. Bibliopoleion. Ghin Zene- visi, seigneur de Makasi (Ma- rasak?) 1382, Sévastocrator d'Argyrocastron","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xTvPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Chroniques gréco-romanes: inédites ou peu connues, pub. avec notes et tables généalogiques"}]},{"reference":"Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf (1960). Geschichte Griechenlands vom Beginn des Mittelalters bis auf unsere Zeit. B. Franklin. Letzterer hatte von Helena Vre« llubowna nur zwei Töchter, von denen die eine mit Ghin Zenevisi, Sevastokrator von Vagenetia und Herrn von Argyrokastron und Parakolo, vermählt war, und Irene, die, ebenso sehr durch Muth und Tugend, ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IRUBAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Geschichte Griechenlands vom Beginn des Mittelalters bis auf unsere Zeit"}]},{"reference":"Skender Anamali (2002). Historia e popullit shqiptar. Botimet Toena. p. 285. ISBN 978-99927-1-622-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UlUtAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Historia e popullit shqiptar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99927-1-622-9","url_text":"978-99927-1-622-9"}]},{"reference":"Robert Elsie (2003). Early Albania. Harrassowitz. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-447-04783-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_sHmTRCEe7kC&pg=PA42","url_text":"Early Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04783-8","url_text":"978-3-447-04783-8"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John V. A. Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4","url_text":"0-472-08260-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22John+Zenevisi%22","external_links_name":"\"John Zenevisi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22John+Zenevisi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22John+Zenevisi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22John+Zenevisi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22John+Zenevisi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22John+Zenevisi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ri3mAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"Denkschriften"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&pg=PA501","external_links_name":"A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HcnvAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"TBR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=USBpAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Osmanlı tarihi"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lD5pAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Bulgarian historical review"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xTvPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Chroniques gréco-romanes: inédites ou peu connues, pub. avec notes et tables généalogiques"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IRUBAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Geschichte Griechenlands vom Beginn des Mittelalters bis auf unsere Zeit"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UlUtAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Historia e popullit shqiptar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_sHmTRCEe7kC&pg=PA42","external_links_name":"Early Albania"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","external_links_name":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutan_VariEze	Rutan VariEze	["1 Overview","2 Specifications","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Homebuilt aircraft designed by Burt Rutan VariEze Role Homebuilt aircraftType of aircraft National origin United States of America Manufacturer Rutan Aircraft Factory (plans supplier) Designer Burt Rutan First flight May 21, 1975 Number built 400+ (1982) On the ground Langley wind tunnel The Rutan VariEze is a composite, canard aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. It is a high-performance homebuilt aircraft, hundreds of which have been constructed. The design later evolved into the Long-EZ and other, larger cabin canard aircraft. The VariEze is notable for popularizing the canard configuration and moldless glass cloth composite construction for homebuilt aircraft. Overview Work on the VariEze design, which grew out of Rutan's experience designing and building the VariViggen, began in 1974. The first prototype, designated Model 31 and registered N7EZ, first flew on May 21, 1975 after four months of construction. This aircraft used a Volkswagen engine conversion. Three months later it was shown at Oshkosh where Dick Rutan piloted it to an under 500 kg class distance record of 1,638 miles (2,636 km). Rutan believed that by engaging in a program of breaking class records he could further fine-tune the design. The aircraft was so popular at Oshkosh that Rutan redesigned the aircraft so that it could be sold as a set of plans. A second prototype, the Model 33, N4EZ, built using a larger wing, a Continental O-200 engine, and many other detail changes, was shown at Oshkosh in July 1976 and plans were offered for sale. Approximately 2000 aircraft were under construction by 1980, with about 300 flying by late 1980. Ultimately more VariEzes and Long-EZs (a derivative, slightly larger design) were constructed than any other homebuilt type of the time. The sale of plans ceased in 1985. Rutan's stated goals for the design included reduced susceptibility to departure/spin and efficient long range cruise; these goals were achieved. The use of a canard configuration allowed a stall-resistant design, at the price of somewhat increased takeoff and landing speeds and distances relative to a similar conventional design with effective flaps. The holder of the CAFE Challenge aircraft efficiency prize briefly was Gary Hertzler, set using a VariEze. The prototypes flew originally with elevons on the canard for both pitch and roll control but the design was changed to pitch control with the canard elevators and roll control with mid span wing ailerons after a few aircraft were built. While the airplane was resistant to pitch departures, a few builders discovered a potential for a novel lateral departure mode resulting from one winglet stalling at large sideslip angles. An outer wing leading edge droop (and later vortilons on some examples) was added to alleviate this problem and rudder travel was reduced. The design's stall resistance did not appear to translate to a lower accident rate than for other homebuilts; a review of the NTSB database from 1976 to 2005 shows 130 total accidents and 46 fatal accidents out of a fleet of about 800 (691 registered in 2005). Precise comparisons are difficult, however, because of the haphazard nature of data collection and analysis for accidents involving homebuilt airplanes. The VariEze is subject to a 2.5g positive, 1.5g negative, maximum load factor limit applied after the discovery of problems with some VariEze wings. In lieu of a parking brake, the nosewheel retracts and the nose rests on the ground. Referred to as kneeling, this eases access to the cockpit. Resting the nose on the ground also prevents the plane from tipping onto its rear when the pilot's seat is unoccupied. Specifications Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83.General characteristics Crew: 1 Capacity: 1 passenger Length: 14 ft 2 in (4.27 m) Wingspan: 22 ft 2.5 in (6.77 m) Wing area: 53.6 sq ft (4.98 m2) Empty weight: 580 lb (263 kg) Max takeoff weight: 1,050 lb (476 kg) Fuel capacity: 24 US Gal (91 L) Powerplant: 1 × Continental O-200-B air-cooled flat-four engine, 100 hp (75 kW) Performance Maximum speed: 195 mph (314 km/h, 169 kn) (max cruise) Cruise speed: 165 mph (266 km/h, 143 kn) (econ cruise) Stall speed: 55.5 mph (89.3 km/h, 48.2 kn) Range: 850 mi (1,370 km, 740 nmi) at econ cruise Rate of climb: 1,600 ft/min (8.1 m/s) See also Related development Long-EZ Notes ^ a b c Taylor 1982, pp. 564–565. ^ "Rutan VariEze Prototype". Air venture museum. Retrieved December 5, 2010. ^ CAFE Foundation, archived from the original on July 23, 2008. ^ Aviation query, NTSB. ^ Canard pusher (PDF) (RAF inspection service bulletin), Cozy builders, retrieved February 20, 2010. References "Flying the VariEze", Air Progress, April 1978. National Air and Space Museum VariEze history Archived April 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine National Air and Space Museum VariEze Kit Components Archived April 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine December 2004 EZ of the Month Archived October 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2. Getting 45 MPG at 207 MPH Rutan Technology in Europe Flight International 1976 External links Media related to Rutan VariEze at Wikimedia Commons vteRutan Aircraft Factory and Scaled Composites aircraft and spacecraftAircraft (main designs) VariViggen VariEze Quickie Defiant Long-EZ Voyager Pond Racer Boomerang Proteus Model 367 BiPod Model 401 Aircraft (as subcontractor) Adam A500 Bell Eagle Eye Toyota TAA-1 Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer Williams V-Jet II X-38 X-47A Pegasus Technology demonstrators ARES ATTT BiPod Catbird Grizzly Triumph Model 395 (uncrewed) Model 396 (uncrewed) Vantage Rocketcraft (as subcontractor) McDonnell Douglas DC-X Rotary Rocket Spaceflight programPrograms / Ships SpaceShipOne White Knight One SpaceShipTwo VSS Enterprise† VSS Unity White Knight Two VMS Eve VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett RocketMotorTwo SpaceShipThree Stratolaunch Roc Ansari X Prize flights Tier One 11P 13P 14P 15P 16P 17P The Spaceship Company Mojave Aerospace Ventures Model numbers 1 27 28 31 32 33 35 40 49 54 58 59 61 68 70 72 73 74 76 77 78 79 81 89 91 97 115 120 126 133 143 144 151 158 163 164 165 169 170 173 175 179 181 191 202 205 206 226 231 233 241 247 254 257 260 271 276 281 287 300 301 302 309 311 313 316 318 326 333 339 340 341 342 343 344 346 348 351 355 367 372 375 395 396 400 401 406 Notable people Burt Rutan (founder) Doug Shane (former president) Michael Alsbury (test pilot) Mike Melvill (vice president/general manager, test pilot) Brian Binnie (manager, test pilot) Peter Siebold (director of flight operations, test pilot) Paul Allen (SpaceShipOne sole investor)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-PYHS-Rutan_VariEze_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rutan_Model_33_VariEze_-_GPN-2000-001910.jpg"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic"},{"link_name":"canard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Burt Rutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Rutan"},{"link_name":"homebuilt aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Long-EZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutan_Long-EZ"},{"link_name":"glass cloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_cloth"}],"text":"On the groundLangley wind tunnelThe Rutan VariEze is a composite, canard aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. It is a high-performance homebuilt aircraft, hundreds of which have been constructed. The design later evolved into the Long-EZ and other, larger cabin canard aircraft. The VariEze is notable for popularizing the canard configuration and moldless glass cloth composite construction for homebuilt aircraft.","title":"Rutan VariEze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VariViggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutan_VariViggen"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_air-cooled_engine"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_Airshow"},{"link_name":"Dick Rutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Rutan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Continental O-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-200"},{"link_name":"departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departure_resistance"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaps_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"CAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAFE_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"elevons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevon"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"departures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departure_resistance"},{"link_name":"sideslip angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideslip_angle"},{"link_name":"vortilons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortilon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"nosewheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"}],"text":"Work on the VariEze design, which grew out of Rutan's experience designing and building the VariViggen, began in 1974. The first prototype, designated Model 31 and registered N7EZ, first flew on May 21, 1975 after four months of construction. This aircraft used a Volkswagen engine conversion. Three months later it was shown at Oshkosh where Dick Rutan piloted it to an under 500 kg class distance record of 1,638 miles (2,636 km). Rutan believed that by engaging in a program of breaking class records he could further fine-tune the design.The aircraft was so popular at Oshkosh that Rutan redesigned the aircraft so that it could be sold as a set of plans.[2] A second prototype, the Model 33, N4EZ, built using a larger wing, a Continental O-200 engine, and many other detail changes, was shown at Oshkosh in July 1976 and plans were offered for sale. Approximately 2000 aircraft were under construction by 1980, with about 300 flying by late 1980. Ultimately more VariEzes and Long-EZs (a derivative, slightly larger design) were constructed than any other homebuilt type of the time. The sale of plans ceased in 1985.Rutan's stated goals for the design included reduced susceptibility to departure/spin and efficient long range cruise; these goals were achieved. The use of a canard configuration allowed a stall-resistant design, at the price of somewhat increased takeoff and landing speeds and distances relative to a similar conventional design with effective flaps. The holder of the CAFE Challenge aircraft efficiency prize briefly was Gary Hertzler, set using a VariEze.[3]The prototypes flew originally with elevons on the canard for both pitch and roll control but the design was changed to pitch control with the canard elevators and roll control with mid span wing ailerons after a few aircraft were built.While the airplane was resistant to pitch departures, a few builders discovered a potential for a novel lateral departure mode resulting from one winglet stalling at large sideslip angles. An outer wing leading edge droop (and later vortilons on some examples) was added to alleviate this problem and rudder travel was reduced.The design's stall resistance did not appear to translate to a lower accident rate than for other homebuilts; a review of the NTSB database[4] from 1976 to 2005 shows 130 total accidents and 46 fatal accidents out of a fleet of about 800 (691 registered in 2005). Precise comparisons are difficult, however, because of the haphazard nature of data collection and analysis for accidents involving homebuilt airplanes.The VariEze is subject to a 2.5g positive, 1.5g negative, maximum load factor limit applied after the discovery of problems with some VariEze wings.[5]In lieu of a parking brake, the nosewheel retracts and the nose rests on the ground. Referred to as kneeling, this eases access to the cockpit. Resting the nose on the ground also prevents the plane from tipping onto its rear when the pilot's seat is unoccupied.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA82_p564-5-1"},{"link_name":"Continental O-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-200"},{"link_name":"flat-four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-four"}],"text":"Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83.[1]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nCapacity: 1 passenger\nLength: 14 ft 2 in (4.27 m)\nWingspan: 22 ft 2.5 in (6.77 m)\nWing area: 53.6 sq ft (4.98 m2)\nEmpty weight: 580 lb (263 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 1,050 lb (476 kg)\nFuel capacity: 24 US Gal (91 L)\nPowerplant: 1 × Continental O-200-B air-cooled flat-four engine, 100 hp (75 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 195 mph (314 km/h, 169 kn) (max cruise)\nCruise speed: 165 mph (266 km/h, 143 kn) (econ cruise)\nStall speed: 55.5 mph (89.3 km/h, 48.2 kn)\nRange: 850 mi (1,370 km, 740 nmi) at econ cruise\nRate of climb: 1,600 ft/min (8.1 m/s)","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JAWA82_p564-5_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JAWA82_p564-5_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JAWA82_p564-5_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Rutan VariEze Prototype\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Rutan%20VariEze%20Prototype.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"CAFE Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080723165515/http://www.cafefoundation.org/v2/main_story.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cafefoundation.org/v2/main_story.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Aviation query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Canard pusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cozybuilders.org/Canard_Pusher/RAF_inspection.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b c Taylor 1982, pp. 564–565.\n\n^ \"Rutan VariEze Prototype\". Air venture museum. Retrieved December 5, 2010.\n\n^ CAFE Foundation, archived from the original on July 23, 2008.\n\n^ Aviation query, NTSB.\n\n^ Canard pusher (PDF) (RAF inspection service bulletin), Cozy builders, retrieved February 20, 2010.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"On the ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F-PYHS-Rutan_VariEze_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-F-PYHS-Rutan_VariEze_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Langley wind tunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rutan_Model_33_VariEze_-_GPN-2000-001910.jpg/220px-Rutan_Model_33_VariEze_-_GPN-2000-001910.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Long-EZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutan_Long-EZ"}]	[{"reference":"\"Rutan VariEze Prototype\". Air venture museum. Retrieved December 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Rutan%20VariEze%20Prototype.asp","url_text":"\"Rutan VariEze Prototype\""}]},{"reference":"CAFE Foundation, archived from the original on July 23, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080723165515/http://www.cafefoundation.org/v2/main_story.php","url_text":"CAFE Foundation"},{"url":"http://www.cafefoundation.org/v2/main_story.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aviation query, NTSB","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/","url_text":"Aviation query"}]},{"reference":"Canard pusher (PDF) (RAF inspection service bulletin), Cozy builders, retrieved February 20, 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cozybuilders.org/Canard_Pusher/RAF_inspection.pdf","url_text":"Canard pusher"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Rutan%20VariEze%20Prototype.asp","external_links_name":"\"Rutan VariEze Prototype\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080723165515/http://www.cafefoundation.org/v2/main_story.php","external_links_name":"CAFE Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.cafefoundation.org/v2/main_story.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/","external_links_name":"Aviation query"},{"Link":"http://www.cozybuilders.org/Canard_Pusher/RAF_inspection.pdf","external_links_name":"Canard pusher"},{"Link":"http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19860067000","external_links_name":"National Air and Space Museum VariEze history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110402171042/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19860067000","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19890564000","external_links_name":"National Air and Space Museum VariEze Kit Components"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100409074515/http://nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19890564000","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://v2.ez.org/feature/F0412-1/fran.htm","external_links_name":"December 2004 EZ of the Month"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007204110/http://v2.ez.org/feature/F0412-1/fran.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/autopia/2009/11/45mpg-at-207mph","external_links_name":"Getting 45 MPG at 207 MPH"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%202676.html","external_links_name":"Rutan Technology in Europe"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NIFL_Championship	2016–17 NIFL Championship	["1 Teams","1.1 Stadia and locations","2 League table","3 Results","3.1 Matches 1–22","3.2 Matches 23–32","3.2.1 Top six","3.2.2 Bottom six","4 Play-offs","4.1 NIFL Premiership play-offs","4.2 NIFL Championship play-off","5 References","6 External links"]	Football league seasonNIFL ChampionshipSeason2016–17Dates13 August 2016 – 29 April 2017ChampionsWarrenpoint TownPromotedWarrenpoint TownRelegatedArmagh CityAnnagh UnitedMatches played192Goals scored665 (3.46 per match)← 2015–16 2017–18 → The 2016–17 NIFL Championship was the first season of the second-tier Irish League since gaining senior status. The fixtures were announced on 7 July 2016. The season began on 13 August 2016 and concluded on 29 April 2017. On 1 April 2017, Warrenpoint Town came from 0–2 down to defeat Institute 3–2 to clinch the league title and an instant return to the NIFL Premiership for the 2017–18 season. Teams The 2016–17 NIFL Championship consisted of 12 teams. Ards were champions of Championship 1 in the previous season and were promoted to the 2016–17 NIFL Premiership. The next highest place team eligible for promotion, fifth-placed finishers Institute were defeated by Ballinamallard United in the Premiership play-off; therefore failing to achieve promotion. The bottom two teams from the previous season, Lisburn Distillery and Donegal Celtic were relegated to the third-tier NIFL Premier Intermediate League; they were joined by Bangor after they failed to gain the Championship Licence, required for playing at second-tier level. They were replaced by PSNI, runners-up of the (now defunct) Championship 2 in the previous season; champions Limavady United were ineligible for promotion after failing to gain the required licence. Stadia and locations BelfastAnnaghArmagh CityBallyclareDergviewInstituteLarneLurgan CelticLoughgallWarrenpoint TownBelfast teams : H&W WeldersKnockbredaPSNIclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the 2016–17 NIFL Championship teams H&W WeldersKnockbredaPSNIclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the Belfast-based 2016–17 NIFL Championship teams Club Location Stadium Capacity Annagh United Portadown Tandragee Road 1,250 Armagh City Armagh Holm Park 3,000 Ballyclare Comrades Ballyclare Dixon Park 5,333 Dergview Castlederg Darragh Park 1,200 Harland & Wolff Welders Belfast Tillysburn Park 3,000 Institute Drumahoe YMCA Grounds 1,570 Knockbreda Belfast Breda Park 1,000 Larne Larne Inver Park 3,000 Loughgall Loughgall Lakeview Park 3,000 Lurgan Celtic Lurgan Knockramer Park 1,000 PSNI Belfast Newforge Lane 1,500 Warrenpoint Town Warrenpoint Milltown 1,280 League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Promotion, qualification or relegation 1 Warrenpoint Town (C, P) 32 22 6 4 78 35 +43 72 Promotion to the NIFL Premiership 2 Institute 32 16 9 7 64 39 +25 57 Qualification for the promotion play-offs 3 Ballyclare Comrades 32 15 6 11 64 56 +8 51 4 PSNI 32 13 10 9 49 44 +5 49 5 Dergview 32 12 6 14 67 55 +12 42 6 Loughgall 32 12 3 17 54 59 −5 39 7 Harland & Wolff Welders 32 15 6 11 52 41 +11 51 8 Knockbreda 32 14 4 14 56 52 +4 46 9 Larne 32 11 7 14 52 51 +1 40 10 Lurgan Celtic 32 12 3 17 56 71 −15 39 11 Armagh City (R) 32 9 7 16 41 55 −14 34 Qualification for the relegation play-off 12 Annagh United (R) 32 4 7 21 32 107 −75 19 Relegation to the NIFL Premier Intermediate League Source: NIFL Championship, Soccerway (top six), Soccerway (bottom six)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Number of goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Play-off (subject to IFA decision)(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) RelegatedNotes: ^ Teams played each other twice (22 matches), before the league split into two groups (the top six and the bottom six) for the last ten matches. Results Matches 1–22 During matches 1–22 each team played every other team twice (home-and-away). Home \ Away ANN ARM BCC DGV H&W INS KNB LAR LOU LGC PSNI WPT Annagh United — 3–0 0–4 0–8 1–4 2–2 0–7 0–4 0–5 2–4 0–0 2–2 Armagh City 4–2 — 3–1 1–3 2–2 1–4 4–0 1–0 2–3 1–3 0–1 2–1 Ballyclare Comrades 3–1 2–0 — 5–1 0–2 2–2 1–3 3–2 5–2 2–1 3–2 2–2 Dergview 9–0 4–0 0–2 — 0–3 1–1 2–1 2–0 6–2 3–4 0–0 2–3 Harland & Wolff Welders 1–1 3–0 0–1 1–1 — 0–2 0–2 3–2 1–1 1–0 2–2 1–2 Institute 5–0 2–0 1–1 1–1 3–1 — 3–1 1–1 2–0 2–1 4–0 0–1 Knockbreda 1–2 1–1 0–5 1–2 0–2 1–1 — 1–1 0–2 4–2 3–1 1–2 Larne 4–1 2–1 2–3 3–2 2–1 6–0 3–1 — 1–4 2–0 2–2 0–1 Loughgall 7–0 3–1 2–1 0–4 3–0 1–2 2–3 1–1 — 0–2 3–0 2–2 Lurgan Celtic 3–1 0–2 3–1 3–3 2–3 4–3 3–3 2–0 2–0 — 2–5 2–6 PSNI 3–1 1–1 4–4 1–1 3–1 1–0 0–1 1–1 4–2 3–0 — 1–0 Warrenpoint Town 7–0 1–1 3–3 3–1 1–0 2–1 3–1 4–1 4–1 4–2 3–0 — Source: NIFL ChampionshipLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Matches 23–32 During matches 23–32 each team played every other team in their half of the table twice (home-and-away). Top six Home \ Away BCC DGV INS LOU PSNI WPT Ballyclare Comrades — 2–1 2–4 1–0 0–3 1–0 Dergview 1–0 — 1–5 2–0 1–2 2–0 Institute 2–2 2–1 — 1–0 1–1 0–1 Loughgall 4–2 1–0 0–4 — 2–0 1–4 PSNI 1–0 4–1 0–1 1–0 — 1–3 Warrenpoint Town 4–0 4–1 3–2 1–0 1–1 — Source: NIFL ChampionshipLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Bottom six Home \ Away ANN ARM H&W KNB LAR LGC Annagh United — 4–4 1–2 1–2 3–1 1–1 Armagh City 0–0 — 0–3 1–2 1–1 3–0 Harland & Wolff Welders 2–0 2–1 — 0–1 1–1 4–1 Knockbreda 6–1 1–0 1–0 — 4–0 1–2 Larne 2–0 0–1 2–3 2–1 — 3–0 Lurgan Celtic 0–2 0–2 2–3 3–1 2–0 — Source: NIFL ChampionshipLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Play-offs NIFL Premiership play-offs The second and third-placed teams from the Championship, Institute and Ballyclare Comrades respectively, took part in the Premiership play-off semi-final. The winners will then play Carrick Rangers in the play-off final; the winners of this tie will play in the top-flight next season. Main article: 2016–17 NIFL Premiership § NIFL Premiership play-offs NIFL Championship play-off The eleventh-placed team from the Championship, Armagh City, played the runners-up from the 2016–17 Premier Intermediate League, Newry City, over two legs for one spot in the 2017–18 NIFL Championship. 2 May 2017 (2017-05-02)19:45 BST Newry City4–0Armagh City The Showgrounds, Newry 5 May 2017 (2017-05-05)19:45 BST Armagh City1–3Newry City Holm Park, Armagh Newry City won 7–1 on aggregate and are promoted to the 2017–18 NIFL Championship; Armagh City are relegated to the 2017–18 NIFL Premier Intermediate League. References ^ "2016-17 SEASON FIXTURES RELEASED". nifootballleague.com. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016. ^ "'POINT CLINCH CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE". nifootballleague.com. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ "IRISH LEAGUE: Ards promoted to Danske Bank Premiership". News Letter. 30 April 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016. ^ "Championship 2016/2017 - Venues". Scoresway. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2016. ^ "Championship 2016/2017 - Season rules". Scoresway. Retrieved 20 November 2016. External links Official website vteNIFL Championship seasonsIrish League First Division 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 Irish First Division 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 IFA Championship 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 NIFL Championship 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte2016–17 in Northern Irish footballDomestic leagues NIFL Premiership NIFL Championship NIFL Premier Intermediate League Domestic cups Irish Cup Northern Ireland Football League Cup County Antrim Shield NIFL Charity Shield Other cups Scottish Challenge Cup European competitions UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Related to national team 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (Group C)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Warrenpoint Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenpoint_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_F.C."},{"link_name":"NIFL Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIFL_Premiership"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NIFL_Premiership"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2016–17 NIFL Championship was the first season of the second-tier Irish League since gaining senior status. The fixtures were announced on 7 July 2016.[1] The season began on 13 August 2016 and concluded on 29 April 2017.On 1 April 2017, Warrenpoint Town came from 0–2 down to defeat Institute 3–2 to clinch the league title and an instant return to the NIFL Premiership for the 2017–18 season.[2]","title":"2016–17 NIFL Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ards_F.C."},{"link_name":"previous season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NIFL_Championship#Championship_1"},{"link_name":"2016–17 NIFL Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NIFL_Premiership"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ballinamallard United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinamallard_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NIFL_Premiership#NIFL_Premiership_play-off"},{"link_name":"Lisburn Distillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisburn_Distillery_F.C."},{"link_name":"Donegal Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donegal_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"NIFL Premier Intermediate League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIFL_Premier_Intermediate_League"},{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_F.C."},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSNI_F.C."},{"link_name":"previous season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NIFL_Championship#Championship_2"},{"link_name":"Limavady United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limavady_United_F.C."}],"text":"The 2016–17 NIFL Championship consisted of 12 teams. Ards were champions of Championship 1 in the previous season and were promoted to the 2016–17 NIFL Premiership.[3] The next highest place team eligible for promotion, fifth-placed finishers Institute were defeated by Ballinamallard United in the Premiership play-off; therefore failing to achieve promotion.The bottom two teams from the previous season, Lisburn Distillery and Donegal Celtic were relegated to the third-tier NIFL Premier Intermediate League; they were joined by Bangor after they failed to gain the Championship Licence, required for playing at second-tier level. They were replaced by PSNI, runners-up of the (now defunct) Championship 2 in the previous season; champions Limavady United were ineligible for promotion after failing to gain the required licence.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Annagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annagh_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Armagh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ballyclare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyclare_Comrades_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dergview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergview_F.C."},{"link_name":"Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_F.C."},{"link_name":"Larne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larne_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lurgan Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Loughgall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Warrenpoint Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenpoint_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"H&W Welders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff_Welders_F.C."},{"link_name":"Knockbreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockbreda_F.C."},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSNI_F.C."},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GreaterBelfastTemplate.gif"},{"link_name":"H&W Welders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff_Welders_F.C."},{"link_name":"Knockbreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockbreda_F.C."},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSNI_F.C."},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GreaterBelfastTemplate.gif"}],"sub_title":"Stadia and locations","text":"BelfastAnnaghArmagh CityBallyclareDergviewInstituteLarneLurgan CelticLoughgallWarrenpoint TownBelfast teams : H&W WeldersKnockbredaPSNIclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the 2016–17 NIFL Championship teamsH&W WeldersKnockbredaPSNIclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the Belfast-based 2016–17 NIFL Championship teams","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NIFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/table"},{"link_name":"Soccerway (top six)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/national/northern-ireland/championship-1/20162017/promotion-round/r38006"},{"link_name":"Soccerway (bottom six)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/national/northern-ireland/championship-1/20162017/relegation-round/r38007"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"Source: NIFL Championship, Soccerway (top six), Soccerway (bottom six)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Number of goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Play-off (subject to IFA decision)[5](C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Teams played each other twice (22 matches), before the league split into two groups (the top six and the bottom six) for the last ten matches.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annagh_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"BCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyclare_Comrades_F.C."},{"link_name":"DGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergview_F.C."},{"link_name":"H&W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff_Welders_F.C."},{"link_name":"INS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_F.C."},{"link_name":"KNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockbreda_F.C."},{"link_name":"LAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larne_F.C."},{"link_name":"LOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgall_F.C."},{"link_name":"LGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSNI_F.C."},{"link_name":"WPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenpoint_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Annagh United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annagh_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Armagh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ballyclare Comrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyclare_Comrades_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dergview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergview_F.C."},{"link_name":"Harland & Wolff Welders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff_Welders_F.C."},{"link_name":"Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_F.C."},{"link_name":"Knockbreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockbreda_F.C."},{"link_name":"Larne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larne_F.C."},{"link_name":"Loughgall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lurgan Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSNI_F.C."},{"link_name":"Warrenpoint Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenpoint_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"NIFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/results"}],"sub_title":"Matches 1–22","text":"During matches 1–22 each team played every other team twice (home-and-away).Home \\ Away\n\nANN\n\nARM\n\nBCC\n\nDGV\n\nH&W\n\nINS\n\nKNB\n\nLAR\n\nLOU\n\nLGC\n\nPSNI\n\nWPT\n\n\nAnnagh United\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n0–4\n\n0–8\n\n1–4\n\n2–2\n\n0–7\n\n0–4\n\n0–5\n\n2–4\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n\nArmagh City\n\n4–2\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–4\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nBallyclare Comrades\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n5–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n3–2\n\n5–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n\nDergview\n\n9–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n6–2\n\n3–4\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n\nHarland & Wolff Welders\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nInstitute\n\n5–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nKnockbreda\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–5\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n4–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nLarne\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–3\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n6–0\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n1–4\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nLoughgall\n\n7–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–4\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n\nLurgan Celtic\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–3\n\n2–3\n\n4–3\n\n3–3\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n2–5\n\n2–6\n\n\nPSNI\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n4–4\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n\nWarrenpoint Town\n\n7–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–3\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n4–1\n\n4–1\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\nSource: NIFL ChampionshipLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016%E2%80%9317_NIFL_Championship&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"BCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyclare_Comrades_F.C."},{"link_name":"DGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergview_F.C."},{"link_name":"INS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_F.C."},{"link_name":"LOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgall_F.C."},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSNI_F.C."},{"link_name":"WPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenpoint_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ballyclare Comrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyclare_Comrades_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dergview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergview_F.C."},{"link_name":"Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_F.C."},{"link_name":"Loughgall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgall_F.C."},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSNI_F.C."},{"link_name":"Warrenpoint Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenpoint_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"NIFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/results"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016%E2%80%9317_NIFL_Championship&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"ANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annagh_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"H&W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff_Welders_F.C."},{"link_name":"KNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockbreda_F.C."},{"link_name":"LAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larne_F.C."},{"link_name":"LGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Annagh United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annagh_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Armagh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Harland & Wolff Welders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff_Welders_F.C."},{"link_name":"Knockbreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockbreda_F.C."},{"link_name":"Larne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larne_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lurgan Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"NIFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/results"}],"sub_title":"Matches 23–32","text":"During matches 23–32 each team played every other team in their half of the table twice (home-and-away).Top six[edit]\n\n\n\nHome \\ Away\n\nBCC\n\nDGV\n\nINS\n\nLOU\n\nPSNI\n\nWPT\n\n\nBallyclare Comrades\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n2–4\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n\nDergview\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n1–5\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n\nInstitute\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nLoughgall\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–4\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n1–4\n\n\nPSNI\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n\nWarrenpoint Town\n\n4–0\n\n4–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\nSource: NIFL ChampionshipLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.\n\n\nBottom six[edit]\n\n\n\nHome \\ Away\n\nANN\n\nARM\n\nH&W\n\nKNB\n\nLAR\n\nLGC\n\n\nAnnagh United\n\n—\n\n4–4\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nArmagh City\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nHarland & Wolff Welders\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n4–1\n\n\nKnockbreda\n\n6–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n4–0\n\n1–2\n\n\nLarne\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n\nLurgan Celtic\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–3\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\nSource: NIFL ChampionshipLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ballyclare Comrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyclare_Comrades_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carrick Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick_Rangers_F.C."}],"sub_title":"NIFL Premiership play-offs","text":"The second and third-placed teams from the Championship, Institute and Ballyclare Comrades respectively, took part in the Premiership play-off semi-final. The winners will then play Carrick Rangers in the play-off final; the winners of this tie will play in the top-flight next season.","title":"Play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armagh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier Intermediate League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIFL_Premier_Intermediate_League"},{"link_name":"Newry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"2017–18 NIFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NIFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Newry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Armagh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"The Showgrounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Showgrounds_(Newry)"},{"link_name":"Newry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Armagh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Holm Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holm_Park"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"link_name":"2017–18 NIFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NIFL_Championship"}],"sub_title":"NIFL Championship play-off","text":"The eleventh-placed team from the Championship, Armagh City, played the runners-up from the 2016–17 Premier Intermediate League, Newry City, over two legs for one spot in the 2017–18 NIFL Championship.2 May 2017 (2017-05-02)19:45 BST\nNewry City4–0Armagh City\n\n\n\nThe Showgrounds, Newry5 May 2017 (2017-05-05)19:45 BST\nArmagh City1–3Newry City\n\n\n\nHolm Park, ArmaghNewry City won 7–1 on aggregate and are promoted to the 2017–18 NIFL Championship; Armagh City are relegated to the 2017–18 NIFL Premier Intermediate League.","title":"Play-offs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"2016-17 SEASON FIXTURES RELEASED\". nifootballleague.com. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/news/item/2016-17-season-fixtures-released","url_text":"\"2016-17 SEASON FIXTURES RELEASED\""}]},{"reference":"\"'POINT CLINCH CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE\". nifootballleague.com. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/news/item/point-clinch-championship-title","url_text":"\"'POINT CLINCH CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRISH LEAGUE: Ards promoted to Danske Bank Premiership\". News Letter. 30 April 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/football-news/irish-league-ards-promoted-to-danske-bank-premiership-1-7359644","url_text":"\"IRISH LEAGUE: Ards promoted to Danske Bank Premiership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Championship 2016/2017 - Venues\". Scoresway. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170102155334/http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=competition&id=310&view=venue","url_text":"\"Championship 2016/2017 - Venues\""},{"url":"http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=competition&id=310&view=venue","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Championship 2016/2017 - Season rules\". Scoresway. Retrieved 20 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=competition&id=310&view=rules","url_text":"\"Championship 2016/2017 - Season rules\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/table","external_links_name":"NIFL Championship"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/northern-ireland/championship-1/20162017/promotion-round/r38006","external_links_name":"Soccerway (top six)"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/northern-ireland/championship-1/20162017/relegation-round/r38007","external_links_name":"Soccerway (bottom six)"},{"Link":"http://nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/results","external_links_name":"NIFL Championship"},{"Link":"http://nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/results","external_links_name":"NIFL Championship"},{"Link":"http://nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/results","external_links_name":"NIFL Championship"},{"Link":"http://nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/news/item/2016-17-season-fixtures-released","external_links_name":"\"2016-17 SEASON FIXTURES RELEASED\""},{"Link":"http://www.nifootballleague.com/nifl-championship/news/item/point-clinch-championship-title","external_links_name":"\"'POINT CLINCH CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/football-news/irish-league-ards-promoted-to-danske-bank-premiership-1-7359644","external_links_name":"\"IRISH LEAGUE: Ards promoted to Danske Bank Premiership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170102155334/http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=competition&id=310&view=venue","external_links_name":"\"Championship 2016/2017 - Venues\""},{"Link":"http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=competition&id=310&view=venue","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=competition&id=310&view=rules","external_links_name":"\"Championship 2016/2017 - Season rules\""},{"Link":"http://nifootballleague.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_of_hazardous_materials	Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships	["1 Inventory of Hazardous Materials","2 Signature, ratification and accession","3 Transitional Guidelines","4 Relation to EU instruments","5 References"]	Hong Kong ConventionHong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships Parties Signatories that did not ratifySigned15 May 2009 (2009-05-15)LocationHong KongEffectiveNot effectiveCondition15 ratifications, representing 40% of the world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and on average 3% of recycling tonnage for the previous 10 yearsSignatories5Parties17DepositarySecretary-General of IMOLanguagesArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish The Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships, or Hong Kong Convention, is a multilateral convention adopted in 2009, which has not entered into force. The conference that created the convention was attended by 63 countries, and overseen by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The convention has been designed to improve the health and safety of current ship breaking practices. Ship breaking is considered to be "amongst the most dangerous of occupations, with unacceptably high levels of fatalities, injuries and work-related diseases" by the ILO as large ships are often beached and then dismantled by hand by workers with very little personal protective equipment (PPE). This is most common in Asia, with India, Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan holding the largest ship breaking yards. The Hong Kong Convention recognised that ship recycling is the most environmentally sound way to dispose of a ship at the end of its life, as most of the ship's materials can be reused. However, it sees current methods as unacceptable. The work sees many injuries and fatalities to workers, as they lack the correct safety equipment to handle the large ship correctly as it is dismantled and most vessels contain a large amount of hazardous materials such as asbestos, PCBs, TBT, and CFCs, which can also lead to highly life-threatening diseases such as mesothelioma and lung cancer. In advance of ratification of the Hong Kong Convention, the Industry Working Group on Ship Recycling issued Guidelines on Transitional Measures for Shipowners Selling Ships for Recycling. Inventory of Hazardous Materials The Inventory of Hazardous Materials has been designed to try to minimise the dangers of these hazards. The Convention defines a hazard as: “any material or substance which is liable to create hazards to human health and/or the environment". All vessels over 500 gross tons (GT) have to comply with the convention once it comes into force. Each party that does wish to comply must restrict the use of hazardous materials on all ships that fly the flag of that party. New ships must all carry an Inventory of Hazardous Materials. The inventory will list all 'hazardous materials' on board the vessel, including their amounts and locations. Existing ships must comply no later than five years after the convention comes into force, or prior to being recycled if this occurs before the five-year period. The inventory will remain with a vessel throughout its lifespan, being updated as all new installations enter the ship, as these may potentially contain hazards. The presence of the inventory will then ensure the safety of crew members during the vessel's working life, and also the safety of workers during the recycling process. Signature, ratification and accession The convention was open for signature between 1 September 2009 and 31 August 2010, and remained open for accession afterwards. It will enter into force two years after "15 states, representing 40% of the world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and on average 3% of recycling tonnage for the previous 10 years, have either signed it without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Secretary General". Criterion Requirement Status Number of Parties 15 20 Gross Tonnage of Merchant Shipping 40% 30.16% Recycling tonnage in past 10 years 3% (about 8.6 million tonnes in 2019) 13.9 million tonnes State Signature Ratification/Accession Entry into Force TerritorialApplication Bangladesh 26 June 2023 Belgium 7 March 2016 Croatia 16 February 2021 Denmark 14 June 2017 not applicable to Greenland and Faroe Islands Estonia 25 April 2019 France 19 November 2009 2 July 2014 full territory Germany 16 July 2019 Ghana 2 August 2010 India 28 November 2019 Italy 2 August 2010 Japan 27 March 2019 Liberia 26 June 2023 Malta 14 March 2019 Netherlands 21 April 2010 20 February 2019 including Caribbean Netherlands Norway 26 June 2013 Panama 19 September 2016 Portugal 28 March 2023 Republic of the Congo 19 May 2014 Saint Kitts and Nevis 27 August 2010 Serbia 22 March 2019 Spain 7 June 2021 Turkey 26 August 2010 31 January 2019 Transitional Guidelines In advance of ratification of the Hong Kong Convention, the Industry Working Group on Ship Recycling in 2009 issued the first edition of Guidelines on Transitional Measures for Shipowners Selling Ships for Recycling. These are supported by maritime organizations: International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO), the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), Intercargo, the International Parcel Tankers Association (IPTA), Intertanko, the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), and the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF). The Transitional Measures are also supported by the national shipowners' associations of Australia, Bahamas, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States. Relation to EU instruments The EU Ship Recycling Regulation entered into force on 30 December 2013. Although this regulation closely follows the Hong Kong convention, there are important differences. The Regulation sets out a number of requirements for European ships, European ship owners, ship recycling facilities willing to recycle European ships, and the relevant competent authorities or administrations. It also requires the Commission to adopt a number of acts implementing the Regulation (in particular the European List of ship recycling facilities authorized to recycle ships flying the Union flag). For the Inventory of Hazardous Materials required by the EU regulation, there are additional substances listed as prohibited. References ^ a b c d e f "Status of Conventions - Comprehensive information including Signatories, Contracting States, declarations, reservations, objections and amendments" (PDF). www.imo.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Status of Treaties" (PDF). IMO. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "IShip-breaking: a hazardous work". ilo.org. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ Mikelis, Nikos (September 2007). "A statistical overview of ship recycling" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2010. ^ "Mesothelioma: Questions and Answers - National Cancer Institute". Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010. Retrieved on 22 September 2010 ^ a b International Chamber of Shipping (2016). Shipping Industry Guidelines on Transitional Measures for Shipowners Selling Ships for Recycling - 2nd edition (Report). Marisec Publications. ^ a b "HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND RECYCLING OF SHIPS, 2009" (PDF). International Maritime Organization. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2010. ^ "Portugal accedes to ship recycling convention". International Maritime Organization. 30 March 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ "Portugal accedes to ship recycling convention". IMO. 31 March 2023. ^ Lim, Kitack (10 May 2019). "International seminar on ship recycling - towards the early entry into force of the Hong Kong convention (IMO Headquarters, London)". International Maritime Organization. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. ^ "recent ratifications". IMO. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Ship recycling - Waste - Environment - European Commission". europa.eu. Retrieved 18 January 2017. ^ "EUR-Lex - 52012PC0118 - EN - EUR-Lex". europa.eu. Retrieved 18 January 2017.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Maritime Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization"},{"link_name":"ship breaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ILO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILO"},{"link_name":"personal protective equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ports_in_India#Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"ship breaking yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_graveyard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ship recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_recycling"},{"link_name":"safety equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_equipment"},{"link_name":"hazardous materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_material"},{"link_name":"asbestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"},{"link_name":"PCBs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl"},{"link_name":"TBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyltin"},{"link_name":"CFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon"},{"link_name":"mesothelioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guidelines-6"}],"text":"The Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships, or Hong Kong Convention, is a multilateral convention adopted in 2009, which has not entered into force. The conference that created the convention was attended by 63 countries, and overseen by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).The convention has been designed to improve the health and safety of current ship breaking practices. Ship breaking is considered to be \"amongst the most dangerous of occupations, with unacceptably high levels of fatalities, injuries and work-related diseases\"[3] by the ILO as large ships are often beached and then dismantled by hand by workers with very little personal protective equipment (PPE). This is most common in Asia, with India, Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan holding the largest ship breaking yards.[4]The Hong Kong Convention recognised that ship recycling is the most environmentally sound way to dispose of a ship at the end of its life, as most of the ship's materials can be reused. However, it sees current methods as unacceptable. The work sees many injuries and fatalities to workers, as they lack the correct safety equipment to handle the large ship correctly as it is dismantled and most vessels contain a large amount of hazardous materials such as asbestos, PCBs, TBT, and CFCs, which can also lead to highly life-threatening diseases such as mesothelioma and lung cancer.[5]In advance of ratification of the Hong Kong Convention, the Industry Working Group on Ship Recycling issued Guidelines on Transitional Measures for Shipowners Selling Ships for Recycling.[6]","title":"Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_health"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-convention-7"},{"link_name":"gross tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_tons"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-convention-7"}],"text":"The Inventory of Hazardous Materials has been designed to try to minimise the dangers of these hazards. The Convention defines a hazard as: “any material or substance which is liable to create hazards to human health and/or the environment\".[7]All vessels over 500 gross tons (GT) have to comply with the convention once it comes into force. Each party that does wish to comply must restrict the use of hazardous materials on all ships that fly the flag of that party.[7]New ships must all carry an Inventory of Hazardous Materials. The inventory will list all 'hazardous materials' on board the vessel, including their amounts and locations. Existing ships must comply no later than five years after the convention comes into force, or prior to being recycled if this occurs before the five-year period. The inventory will remain with a vessel throughout its lifespan, being updated as all new installations enter the ship, as these may potentially contain hazards. The presence of the inventory will then ensure the safety of crew members during the vessel's working life, and also the safety of workers during the recycling process.","title":"Inventory of Hazardous Materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-status-1"}],"text":"The convention was open for signature between 1 September 2009 and 31 August 2010, and remained open for accession afterwards. It will enter into force two years after \"15 states, representing 40% of the world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and on average 3% of recycling tonnage for the previous 10 years, have either signed it without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Secretary General\".[1]","title":"Signature, ratification and accession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Chamber of Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping"},{"link_name":"Baltic and International Maritime Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_and_International_Maritime_Council"},{"link_name":"International Association of Classification Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Classification_Societies"},{"link_name":"Intercargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intercargo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Parcel Tankers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Parcel_Tankers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Intertanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intertanko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oil Companies International Marine Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Companies_International_Marine_Forum"},{"link_name":"International Transport Workers' Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Transport_Workers%27_Federation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guidelines-6"}],"text":"In advance of ratification of the Hong Kong Convention, the Industry Working Group on Ship Recycling in 2009 issued the first edition of Guidelines on Transitional Measures for Shipowners Selling Ships for Recycling. These are supported by maritime organizations: International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO), the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), Intercargo, the International Parcel Tankers Association (IPTA), Intertanko, the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), and the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF). The Transitional Measures are also supported by the national shipowners' associations of Australia, Bahamas, Belgium,\nCanada, Chile, Cyprus, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States.[6]","title":"Transitional Guidelines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The EU Ship Recycling Regulation [12] entered into force on 30 December 2013. Although this regulation closely follows the Hong Kong convention, there are important differences. The Regulation sets out a number of requirements for European ships, European ship owners, ship recycling facilities willing to recycle European ships, and the relevant competent authorities or administrations. It also requires the Commission to adopt a number of acts implementing the Regulation (in particular the European List of ship recycling facilities authorized to recycle ships flying the Union flag). For the Inventory of Hazardous Materials required by the EU regulation, there are additional substances listed as prohibited.[13]","title":"Relation to EU instruments"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Status of Conventions - Comprehensive information including Signatories, Contracting States, declarations, reservations, objections and amendments\" (PDF). www.imo.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/About/Conventions/StatusOfConventions/Status%20-%202021.pdf","url_text":"\"Status of Conventions - Comprehensive information including Signatories, Contracting States, declarations, reservations, objections and amendments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Status of Treaties\" (PDF). IMO. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoracle	Whoracle	["1 Concept","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]	1997 studio album by In FlamesWhoracleStudio album by In FlamesReleased18 November 1997Recorded1997StudioStudio Fredman, Gothenburg, SwedenGenreMelodic death metalLength42:29LabelNuclear BlastProducerFredrik Nordström and In FlamesIn Flames chronology The Jester Race(1996) Whoracle(1997) Colony(1999) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Whoracle is the third studio album by Swedish heavy metal band In Flames, released on 18 November 1997. The title of the album is a portmanteau of the English words "whore" and "oracle". Apart from "Everything Counts", which is a cover of a Depeche Mode song, all songs were composed and arranged by In Flames. The lyrics were translated by Dark Tranquillity guitarist Niklas Sundin, after Anders Fridén had written them in Swedish. Whoracle is the final album to feature Johan Larsson and Glenn Ljungström. It is also the last In Flames release with Björn Gelotte playing drums, as he permanently switched to lead guitar in future releases. Fredrik Nordström noted that it was not easy to record at times, since the band members usually preferred drinking beer and playing Tekken 3. In 2020, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1997 by Metal Hammer magazine. Concept Whoracle is a concept album which describes the past, present, and a hypothetical future of the planet Earth. "Jotun" is a foreshadowing of the main concepts where a society is crushed and broken after an apocalyptic event. "Episode 666" seems to be the narration of this apocalyptic event which is, perversely, televised. The songs leading up to this tell a story of the rise and fall of a global society. "The Hive" and "Jester Script Transfigured" describe this technologically advanced society and a utopian world which is demolished by human nature in the next two songs. The inclusion of the Depeche Mode cover, "Everything Counts", is a poignant way to imply that the people who built then destroyed their society realized their folly after it was too late. Track listing All lyrics written by Niklas Sundin and Anders Fridén. No.TitleMusicLength1."Jotun"Jesper Strömblad, Björn Gelotte3:532."Food for the Gods"Glenn Ljungström, Gelotte, Strömblad4:213."Gyroscope"Strömblad3:264."Dialogue with the Stars" (Instrumental)Gelotte, Strömblad3:005."The Hive"Gelotte, Strömblad4:036."Jester Script Transfigured"Strömblad5:467."Morphing into Primal"Gelotte, Ljungström, Fridén, Strömblad3:058."Worlds Within the Margin"Ljungström, Strömblad5:069."Episode 666"Strömblad3:4510."Everything Counts" (Depeche Mode cover)Martin Lee Gore3:1711."Whoracle" (Instrumental)Strömblad2:44Total length:42:29 Deluxe editionNo.TitleLength12."Clad in Shadows '99"2:25Total length:44:54 Japanese and Korean editionNo.TitleLength12."Goliaths Disarm Their Davids"4:5813."Acoustic Medley"2:3314."Behind Space - Live"3:36Total length:53:36 LP bonus trackNo.TitleLength6."Re-cycles" (original title: "Acoustic Medley")2:33Total length:45:02 2010 re-issueNo.TitleLength12."Goliaths Disarm Their Davids"4:5813."Jotun (Live)"3:3814."Food for the Gods (Live)"4:11Total length:55:16 Personnel In Flames Anders Fridén – vocals, additional percussion Glenn Ljungström – lead guitar Jesper Strömblad – rhythm guitar, keyboards, additional percussion Johan Larsson – bass Björn Gelotte – drums, percussion, additional lead guitar Other personnel Ulrika Netterdahl – female vocals on song "Whoracle" The Whoracle concept conjured and verbalized by Niklas Sundin and Anders Fridén Lyrics written by Niklas Sundin following original synopsis by Anders Fridén All music composed and arranged by In Flames except "Everything Counts" by Martin Lee Gore of Depeche Mode Recorded and produced by Fredrik Nordström with assistance from In Flames Engineered by Anders Fridén and Fredrik Nordström Mixed by Fredrik Nordström and Anders Fridén Mastered by Goran Finnberg and Fredrik Nordstrom at the Mastering Room Gbg Cover artwork by Andreas Marschall Photos by Kenneth Johansson All songs published by Prophecies Publishing Hamburg except "Everything Counts" "Everything Counts" published by Grabbing Hands Music Ltd, sub-published by EMI Music Germany References ^ a b "Whoracle - In Flames \| Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. ^ "Sputnikmusic review". Retrieved 8 February 2019. ^ At the Gates – Flames of the End DVD Fredrik Nordstörm interview ^ "The Top 20 best metal albums of 1997". Metal Hammer. Future plc. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2021. vteIn Flames Björn Gelotte Anders Fridén Tanner Wayne Chris Broderick Anders Iwers Carl Näslund Mikael Stanne Daniel Erlandsson Johan Larsson Glenn Ljungström Jesper Strömblad Daniel Svensson Peter Iwers Joe Rickard Niclas Engelin Bryce Paul Studio albums Lunar Strain The Jester Race Whoracle Colony Clayman Reroute to Remain Soundtrack to Your Escape Come Clarity A Sense of Purpose Sounds of a Playground Fading Siren Charms Battles I, the Mask Foregone EPs Subterranean Black-Ash Inheritance Trigger Singles "The Quiet Place" "The Mirror's Truth" "Where the Dead Ships Dwell" Live albums & videos The Tokyo Showdown Used & Abused: In Live We Trust Sounds from the Heart of Gothenburg Related articles Discography A Sense of Purpose Tour The Halo Effect Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flames"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"whore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whore"},{"link_name":"oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"Everything Counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Counts"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flames"},{"link_name":"Dark Tranquillity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Tranquillity"},{"link_name":"Niklas Sundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Sundin"},{"link_name":"Anders Fridén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Frid%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Johan Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Larsson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Ljungström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Ljungstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Björn Gelotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Gelotte"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Nordström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Nordstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Tekken 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekken_3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Metal Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHtop2097-4"}],"text":"1997 studio album by In FlamesWhoracle is the third studio album by Swedish heavy metal band In Flames, released on 18 November 1997. The title of the album is a portmanteau of the English words \"whore\" and \"oracle\".Apart from \"Everything Counts\", which is a cover of a Depeche Mode song, all songs were composed and arranged by In Flames. The lyrics were translated by Dark Tranquillity guitarist Niklas Sundin, after Anders Fridén had written them in Swedish.Whoracle is the final album to feature Johan Larsson and Glenn Ljungström. It is also the last In Flames release with Björn Gelotte playing drums, as he permanently switched to lead guitar in future releases. Fredrik Nordström noted that it was not easy to record at times, since the band members usually preferred drinking beer and playing Tekken 3.[3][better source needed]In 2020, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1997 by Metal Hammer magazine.[4]","title":"Whoracle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Whoracle is a concept album which describes the past, present, and a hypothetical future of the planet Earth. \"Jotun\" is a foreshadowing of the main concepts where a society is crushed and broken after an apocalyptic event. \"Episode 666\" seems to be the narration of this apocalyptic event which is, perversely, televised. The songs leading up to this tell a story of the rise and fall of a global society. \"The Hive\" and \"Jester Script Transfigured\" describe this technologically advanced society and a utopian world which is demolished by human nature in the next two songs. The inclusion of the Depeche Mode cover, \"Everything Counts\", is a poignant way to imply that the people who built then destroyed their society realized their folly after it was too late.[citation needed]","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niklas Sundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Sundin"},{"link_name":"Anders Fridén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Frid%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Jesper Strömblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Str%C3%B6mblad"},{"link_name":"Björn Gelotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Gelotte"},{"link_name":"Glenn Ljungström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Ljungstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Everything Counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Counts"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"Martin Lee Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lee_Gore"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"}],"text":"All lyrics written by Niklas Sundin and Anders Fridén.No.TitleMusicLength1.\"Jotun\"Jesper Strömblad, Björn Gelotte3:532.\"Food for the Gods\"Glenn Ljungström, Gelotte, Strömblad4:213.\"Gyroscope\"Strömblad3:264.\"Dialogue with the Stars\" (Instrumental)Gelotte, Strömblad3:005.\"The Hive\"Gelotte, Strömblad4:036.\"Jester Script Transfigured\"Strömblad5:467.\"Morphing into Primal\"Gelotte, Ljungström, Fridén, Strömblad3:058.\"Worlds Within the Margin\"Ljungström, Strömblad5:069.\"Episode 666\"Strömblad3:4510.\"Everything Counts\" (Depeche Mode cover)Martin Lee Gore3:1711.\"Whoracle\" (Instrumental)Strömblad2:44Total length:42:29Deluxe editionNo.TitleLength12.\"Clad in Shadows '99\"2:25Total length:44:54Japanese and Korean editionNo.TitleLength12.\"Goliaths Disarm Their Davids\"4:5813.\"Acoustic Medley\"2:3314.\"Behind Space - Live\"3:36Total length:53:36LP bonus trackNo.TitleLength6.\"Re-cycles\" (original title: \"Acoustic Medley\")2:33Total length:45:022010 re-issueNo.TitleLength12.\"Goliaths Disarm Their Davids\"4:5813.\"Jotun (Live)\"3:3814.\"Food for the Gods (Live)\"4:11Total length:55:16","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anders Fridén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Frid%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Glenn Ljungström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Ljungstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"Jesper Strömblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Str%C3%B6mblad"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Johan Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Larsson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Björn Gelotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Gelotte"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Niklas Sundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Sundin"},{"link_name":"Martin Lee Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lee_Gore"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Nordström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Nordstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Johansson"},{"link_name":"EMI Music Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"}],"text":"In FlamesAnders Fridén – vocals, additional percussion\nGlenn Ljungström – lead guitar\nJesper Strömblad – rhythm guitar, keyboards, additional percussion\nJohan Larsson – bass\nBjörn Gelotte – drums, percussion, additional lead guitarOther personnelUlrika Netterdahl – female vocals on song \"Whoracle\"\nThe Whoracle concept conjured and verbalized by Niklas Sundin and Anders Fridén\nLyrics written by Niklas Sundin following original synopsis by Anders Fridén\nAll music composed and arranged by In Flames except \"Everything Counts\" by Martin Lee Gore of Depeche Mode\nRecorded and produced by Fredrik Nordström with assistance from In Flames\nEngineered by Anders Fridén and Fredrik Nordström\nMixed by Fredrik Nordström and Anders Fridén\nMastered by Goran Finnberg and Fredrik Nordstrom at the Mastering Room Gbg\nCover artwork by Andreas Marschall\nPhotos by Kenneth Johansson\nAll songs published by Prophecies Publishing Hamburg except \"Everything Counts\"\n\"Everything Counts\" published by Grabbing Hands Music Ltd, sub-published by EMI Music Germany","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Whoracle - In Flames \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\". 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Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-top-20-best-metal-albums-of-1997/2","url_text":"\"The Top 20 best metal albums of 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer","url_text":"Metal Hammer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/whoracle-mw0000035899","external_links_name":"\"Whoracle - In Flames \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/54748/In-Flames-Whoracle/","external_links_name":"\"Sputnikmusic review\""},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-top-20-best-metal-albums-of-1997/2","external_links_name":"\"The Top 20 best metal albums of 1997\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/007b8b13-b246-3ab4-bd20-d6e3f1fbfc0d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silpium	Silpium	[]	Not to be confused with Silphium. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Silpium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Silpium (Ancient Greek: Σίλπιον όρος) is the ancient mountain above Antioch on the Orontes (modern Antakya, Turkey) where Io, the daughter of Inachus, dies of grief in the version of the Greek myth preserved by the Syrian historian Ioannis Malalas (2.30). In modern Turkish language, it is called Habib-i Neccar Dağı. Authority control databases: Geographic Pleiades This article relating to Greek mythology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silphium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silphium_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Antioch on the Orontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"Antakya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakya"},{"link_name":"Io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Inachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inachus"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Malalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malalas"},{"link_name":"Turkish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7515566#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pleiades.stoa.org/places/658598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centaur_(PSF).jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silpium&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greek-myth-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greek-myth-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek-myth-stub"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Silphium.Silpium (Ancient Greek: Σίλπιον όρος) is the ancient mountain above Antioch on the Orontes (modern Antakya, Turkey) where Io, the daughter of Inachus, dies of grief in the version of the Greek myth preserved by the Syrian historian Ioannis Malalas (2.30). In modern Turkish language, it is called Habib-i Neccar Dağı.Authority control databases: Geographic \nPleiadesThis article relating to Greek mythology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Silpium"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Silpium%22","external_links_name":"\"Silpium\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Silpium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Silpium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Silpium%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Silpium%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Silpium%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658598","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silpium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Graham_(New_Zealand_politician)	George Graham (New Zealand politician)	["1 References"]	New Zealand politician George GrahamGeorge Graham, c. 1900Born(1812-12-10)10 December 1812Frogmore, Berkshire, EnglandDied14 February 1901(1901-02-14) (aged 88)42 Tisbury Road, Hove, Brighton, EnglandAllegiance United KingdomBranchBoard of OrdnanceRankClerk of WorksUnitCorps of Royal EngineersCampaignsFlagstaff War (military works)Second Opium WarSpouse(s)Jane SargeantChildrenWilliam Australia GrahamRelationsGeorge Samuel Graham (grandson)Other workFarmerMember of the New Zealand House of Representatives for Newton, 1861–69Justice of the Peace for the Colony of New Zealand, 1861 George Graham (10 December 1812 – 14 February 1901) was a Scottish military engineer in the Corps of Royal Engineers and a Member of the New Zealand House of Representatives. Graham was born in 1812 at Frogmore in Berkshire, England, and christened at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, that year. He belonged to Clan Graham, and his grandfather was an interpreter between the Scottish and English. He became clerk of works with the Board of Ordnance aged 19, and was assigned to the Royal Engineers for the next 25 years. He was posted to Ireland in 1835, to New South Wales in 1836, and to New Zealand in 1840. Graham accompanied the staff of Lieutenant Governor William Hobson to New Zealand and was present at the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840. Back in Sydney, in May he received an order to return to New Zealand "to superintend the erection and take charge of the military and convict buildings there". Departing on the Victoria of Bristol on 9 August, Lieutenant Henry Williamson Lugard, RE, with Graham, wife and children, Captain William Foster and 23 soldiers of the 80th Regiment as military artificers, arrived at Kororareka on 18 August. Regardless of the unsuitability of Russell/Okiato as a capital of New Zealand, its detachment—1 officer, 1 non commissioned officer and 25 men—required shelter, and Lots 1, 2 and waterfront, Block 2, Hobson Street, were assigned for barracks. With no definite guidance from Lieutenant Colonel George Barney, CRE, in Sydney, and left to improvise, Lugard, Graham and the artificers constructed a temporary rustic loop-holed barrack with attached rear cookhouse of saplings; two roomed officer’s quarter; separate officer’s kitchen; privies; and partially erected a wooden barrack house from Sydney, at Russell/Okiato within four months. As soon as that was done, Hobson moved the capital to the Waitematā Harbour. Graham's work for the Royal Engineers involved public works, roads and military installations. The Flagstaff War in the Bay of Islands in 1845–1846 put a scare to the population of Auckland, and Graham supervised the enlargement of the Albert Barracks overlooking the town. He later claimed that the fortification of the barracks was not necessary, but by doing so, it would prevent the subdivision of the hill and that the area could thus later become a park. Indeed, Albert Park was formed in the 1880s. Graham was then sent to China, where he suffered a nervous breakdown after witnessing a fellow soldier being buried alive. He resigned from the military and returned to New Zealand, where he took up farming in Māngere. He represented the Newton electorate from 1861 to 1869, when he resigned. He was described by one newspaper as "a well-known Maori sympathiser". New Zealand Parliament Years Term Electorate Party 1861–1866 3rd Newton Independent 1866–1869 4th Newton Independent Graham retired to Hove, Brighton, in England for the last years of his life. He died at home on 14 February 1901. His son James Bannatyne Graham married Elizabeth Mary Josephine Sheehan, the sister of cabinet minister John Sheehan. Their son was George Samuel Graham. References ^ "Mr. George Graham". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Auckland Provincial District. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia Company Limited. 1902. ^ "Deaths". The Auckland Star. Vol. 32, no. 44. 21 February 1901. p. 2. ^ "Jane Sargeant Graham". Find a Grave. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "New Zealand Gazette". The New Zealander. Vol. 17, no. 1595. 31 July 1861. p. 6. ^ a b c d "Death of Mr. Geo. Graham". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. 38, no. 11581. 20 February 1901. p. 5. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ a b c d Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. 1. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. p. 315. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "An Early Land Sale". New Zealand Herald. Vol. LXI, no. 18671. 29 March 1924. p. 11. ^ "New Zealand Gazette". New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator. Vol. 1, no. 10. 13 June 1840. p. 2. ^ Bunbury, Thomas (1861). Reminiscences of a Veteran: Being Personal and Military Adventures in Portugal, Spain, France, Malta New South Wales, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Andaman Islands, and India. Vol. 2. London: Charles J. Skeet. ^ Bunbury, Thomas (1861). Reminiscences of a Veteran: Being Personal and Military Adventures in Portugal, Spain, France, Malta New South Wales, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Andaman Islands, and India. Vol. 3. London: Charles J. Skeet. ^ "Albert Barracks Wall (University of Auckland Campus)". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ Wilson, James Oakley (1985) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4 ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. p. 200. OCLC 154283103. ^ "News of the Day". Nelson Examiner. 24 February 1869. ^ Graham, Edward Rahiri and Curnow, Jenifer. "Graham, George Samuel". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 13 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) New Zealand Parliament New constituency Member of Parliament for Newton 1861–1869 Succeeded byRobert James Creighton	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corps of Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"New Zealand House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Frogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogmore"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZH_obit-5"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Clan Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Graham"},{"link_name":"Board of Ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Ordnance"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940DNZB_Graham-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZH_obit-5"},{"link_name":"William Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hobson"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Waitangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Henry Williamson Lugard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Williamson_Lugard"},{"link_name":"80th Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Staffordshire_Volunteers)"},{"link_name":"Kororareka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Russell/Okiato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okiato"},{"link_name":"George Barney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barney"},{"link_name":"Waitematā Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitemat%C4%81_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Flagstaff War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff_War"},{"link_name":"Bay of Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Islands"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Albert Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940DNZB_Graham-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZHPT_12-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZH_obit-5"},{"link_name":"Albert Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Park,_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Māngere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ngere"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940DNZB_Graham-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZH_obit-5"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1940DNZB_Graham-6"},{"link_name":"John Sheehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sheehan_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"George Samuel Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Graham_(ethnographer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_GSGraham-14"}],"text":"George Graham (10 December 1812 – 14 February 1901) was a Scottish military engineer in the Corps of Royal Engineers and a Member of the New Zealand House of Representatives.Graham was born in 1812 at Frogmore in Berkshire,[5] England, and christened at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, that year. He belonged to Clan Graham, and his grandfather was an interpreter between the Scottish and English. He became clerk of works with the Board of Ordnance aged 19, and was assigned to the Royal Engineers for the next 25 years. He was posted to Ireland in 1835, to New South Wales in 1836, and to New Zealand in 1840.[6][5] Graham accompanied the staff of Lieutenant Governor William Hobson to New Zealand and was present at the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840.[7]Back in Sydney, in May he received an order to return to New Zealand \"to superintend the erection and take charge of the military and convict buildings there\".[8] Departing on the Victoria of Bristol on 9 August, Lieutenant Henry Williamson Lugard, RE, with Graham, wife and children, Captain William Foster and 23 soldiers of the 80th Regiment as military artificers, arrived at Kororareka on 18 August. Regardless of the unsuitability of Russell/Okiato as a capital of New Zealand, its detachment—1 officer, 1 non commissioned officer and 25 men—required shelter, and Lots 1, 2 and waterfront, Block 2, Hobson Street, were assigned for barracks. With no definite guidance from Lieutenant Colonel George Barney, CRE, in Sydney, and left to improvise, Lugard, Graham and the artificers constructed a temporary rustic loop-holed barrack with attached rear cookhouse of saplings; two roomed officer’s quarter; separate officer’s kitchen; privies; and partially erected a wooden barrack house from Sydney, at Russell/Okiato within four months. As soon as that was done, Hobson moved the capital to the Waitematā Harbour.[9][10]Graham's work for the Royal Engineers involved public works, roads and military installations. The Flagstaff War in the Bay of Islands in 1845–1846 put a scare to the population of Auckland, and Graham supervised the enlargement of the Albert Barracks overlooking the town.[6][11] He later claimed that the fortification of the barracks was not necessary, but by doing so, it would prevent the subdivision of the hill and that the area could thus later become a park.[5] Indeed, Albert Park was formed in the 1880s.Graham was then sent to China, where he suffered a nervous breakdown after witnessing a fellow soldier being buried alive. He resigned from the military and returned to New Zealand, where he took up farming in Māngere.[6][5]He represented the Newton electorate from 1861 to 1869, when he resigned.[12] He was described by one newspaper as \"a well-known Maori sympathiser\".[13]Graham retired to Hove, Brighton, in England for the last years of his life. He died at home on 14 February 1901.[6] His son James Bannatyne Graham married Elizabeth Mary Josephine Sheehan, the sister of cabinet minister John Sheehan. Their son was George Samuel Graham.[14]","title":"George Graham (New Zealand politician)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mr. George Graham\". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Auckland Provincial District. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia Company Limited. 1902.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc02Cycl-t1-body1-d1-d10-d18.html","url_text":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Auckland Provincial District"}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\". The Auckland Star. Vol. 32, no. 44. 21 February 1901. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19010221.2.5","url_text":"\"Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jane Sargeant Graham\". Find a Grave. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/231787713/jane-graham","url_text":"\"Jane Sargeant Graham\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Gazette\". The New Zealander. Vol. 17, no. 1595. 31 July 1861. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZ18610731.2.24.3","url_text":"\"New Zealand Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Mr. Geo. Graham\". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. 38, no. 11581. 20 February 1901. p. 5. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19010220.2.48","url_text":"\"Death of Mr. Geo. Graham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). Vol. 1. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. p. 315. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Scholefield","url_text":"Scholefield, Guy"},{"url":"https://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v1.pdf","url_text":"A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Department of Internal Affairs"}]},{"reference":"\"An Early Land Sale\". New Zealand Herald. Vol. LXI, no. 18671. 29 March 1924. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19240329.2.128","url_text":"\"An Early Land Sale\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Gazette\". New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator. Vol. 1, no. 10. 13 June 1840. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZGWS18400613.2.6","url_text":"\"New Zealand Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"Bunbury, Thomas (1861). Reminiscences of a Veteran: Being Personal and Military Adventures in Portugal, Spain, France, Malta New South Wales, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Andaman Islands, and India. Vol. 2. London: Charles J. Skeet.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bunbury, Thomas (1861). Reminiscences of a Veteran: Being Personal and Military Adventures in Portugal, Spain, France, Malta New South Wales, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Andaman Islands, and India. Vol. 3. London: Charles J. Skeet.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Albert Barracks Wall (University of Auckland Campus)\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/12/12","url_text":"\"Albert Barracks Wall (University of Auckland Campus)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4 ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. p. 200. OCLC 154283103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","url_text":"154283103"}]},{"reference":"\"News of the Day\". Nelson Examiner. 24 February 1869.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18690224.2.8?query=Munro&start_date=01-02-1869&end_date=24-02-1869&snippet=true&title=NENZC&type=ARTICLE","url_text":"\"News of the Day\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Edward Rahiri and Curnow, Jenifer. \"Graham, George Samuel\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 13 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4g17","url_text":"\"Graham, George Samuel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc02Cycl-t1-body1-d1-d10-d18.html","external_links_name":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Auckland Provincial District"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19010221.2.5","external_links_name":"\"Deaths\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/231787713/jane-graham","external_links_name":"\"Jane Sargeant Graham\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZ18610731.2.24.3","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Gazette\""},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19010220.2.48","external_links_name":"\"Death of Mr. Geo. Graham\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v1.pdf","external_links_name":"A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19240329.2.128","external_links_name":"\"An Early Land Sale\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZGWS18400613.2.6","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Gazette\""},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/12/12","external_links_name":"\"Albert Barracks Wall (University of Auckland Campus)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","external_links_name":"154283103"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18690224.2.8?query=Munro&start_date=01-02-1869&end_date=24-02-1869&snippet=true&title=NENZC&type=ARTICLE","external_links_name":"\"News of the Day\""},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4g17","external_links_name":"\"Graham, George Samuel\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Peinture_et_de_Sculpture	List of members of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture	["1 References"]	This is a partial list of members of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture. Abraham Bosse (1648) Philippe de Champaigne (1648) Matthieu van Plattenberg (1648) Louis Boullogne (1648) Henri Testelin (1650) Herman van Swanevelt (1651) Jean-Michel Picart (1651) Pierre Rabon (1660) Nicasius Bernaerts (1663) Catherine Duchemin (1663) Jean Varin (1665) Abraham Genoels (1665) Madeleine Boullogne (1669) Geneviève Boullogne (1669) Sébastien Leclerc (1672) Élisabeth Sophie Chéron (1672) Adam Frans van der Meulen (1673) Jean Jouvenet (1675) Antoine Coysevox (1676) Joseph Parrocel (1676) Anne Strésor (1676) Bon Boullogne (1677) Henri Gascar (1680) Dorothée Massé-Godequin (1680) Louis de Boullogne (1681) Catherine Perrot (1682) Nicolas de Largillière (1686) Roger de Piles (1699) Jean-Marc Nattier (1703) Guillaume Coustou the Elder (1704) Jean Raoux (1717) Rosalba Carriera (1720) Charles-Nicolas Cochin (1720) Jacques de Lajoue (1721) Margaretha Haverman (1722) Jean-Baptiste Pater (1728) François Boucher (1731) Jean Louis Tocqué (1731) Etienne Jeaurat (1733) Charles-André van Loo (1735) Jean-Baptiste Pigalle (1744) Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo (1747) Marie-Thérèse Reboul (1757) Anna Dorothea Therbusch (1767) Jean-Baptiste Huet (1769) Marie-Suzanne Giroust (1770) Anne Vallayer-Coster (1770) Augustin de Saint-Aubin (1771) Nicolas Pérignon (1775) Hendrik Frans de Cort (1779) Jacques-Louis David (1780) Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1783) Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1783) Adolf Ulric Wertmüller (1784) Jean-Baptiste Stouf (1785) Dominique Vivant (1787) There were only fifteen women total listed in their registers. Nearing the end of the eighteenth century, Louis XVI decided that no more than four women were allowed to be admitted into the academy at one time with no increase to be considered. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fidière, Octave (1885). Les femmes artistes à l'Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (in French). Paris: Charavay frères. ^ a b McKeown, Joanne M. (2022-09-02). "Self-Portrait of an Artist: Translation and the Creative Process of Catherine Perrot". Translation Review. 114 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1080/07374836.2022.2140236. ISSN 0737-4836. ^ "Jean-Baptiste Pigalle". Britannica Kids. Retrieved 2024-03-25. ^ Hottle, Andrew D. (2014). "Present but Absent: The Art and Life of Madame Vien". Southeastern College Art Conference Review. 16 (4): 424–442. ^ a b c Auricchio, Authors: Laura. "Eighteenth-Century Women Painters in France \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-03-25. ^ Baetjer, Authors: Katharine. "Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1749–1803) \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-03-25.	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Bernaerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicasius_Bernaerts"},{"link_name":"Catherine Duchemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Duchemin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Jean Varin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Varin"},{"link_name":"Abraham Genoels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Genoels"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Boullogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Boullogne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Geneviève Boullogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Boullogne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Leclerc"},{"link_name":"Élisabeth Sophie Chéron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Sophie_Ch%C3%A9ron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Adam Frans van der Meulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen"},{"link_name":"Jean Jouvenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jouvenet"},{"link_name":"Antoine Coysevox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox"},{"link_name":"Joseph Parrocel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Parrocel"},{"link_name":"Anne Strésor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Str%C3%A9sor"},{"link_name":"Bon Boullogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Boullogne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Henri Gascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gascar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Louis de 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Lajoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Lajoue"},{"link_name":"Margaretha Haverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaretha_Haverman"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Pater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pater"},{"link_name":"François Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher"},{"link_name":"Jean Louis Tocqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Tocqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Etienne Jeaurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Jeaurat"},{"link_name":"Charles-André van Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Pigalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pigalle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e-Philippe_van_Loo"},{"link_name":"Marie-Thérèse Reboul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Reboul"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anna Dorothea Therbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Dorothea_Therbusch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Huet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Huet"},{"link_name":"Marie-Suzanne Giroust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Suzanne_Giroust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Anne Vallayer-Coster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Vallayer-Coster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Augustin de Saint-Aubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_de_Saint-Aubin"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Pérignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_P%C3%A9rignon"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Frans de Cort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Frans_de_Cort"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Louis David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"link_name":"Adélaïde Labille-Guiard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_Labille-Guiard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Adolf Ulric Wertmüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ulric_Wertm%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Stouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Stouf"},{"link_name":"Dominique Vivant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Vivant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This is a partial list of members of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture.Abraham Bosse (1648)\nPhilippe de Champaigne (1648)\nMatthieu van Plattenberg (1648)\nLouis Boullogne (1648)[1]\nHenri Testelin (1650)\nHerman van Swanevelt (1651)\nJean-Michel Picart (1651)\nPierre Rabon (1660)\nNicasius Bernaerts (1663)\nCatherine Duchemin (1663)[1]\nJean Varin (1665)\nAbraham Genoels (1665)\nMadeleine Boullogne (1669)[1]\nGeneviève Boullogne (1669)[1]\nSébastien Leclerc (1672)\nÉlisabeth Sophie Chéron (1672)[1]\nAdam Frans van der Meulen (1673)\nJean Jouvenet (1675)\nAntoine Coysevox (1676)\nJoseph Parrocel (1676)\nAnne Strésor (1676)\nBon Boullogne (1677)[1]\nHenri Gascar (1680)\nDorothée Massé-Godequin (1680)[1]\nLouis de Boullogne (1681)[1]\nCatherine Perrot (1682)[2]\nNicolas de Largillière (1686)\nRoger de Piles (1699)\nJean-Marc Nattier (1703)\nGuillaume Coustou the Elder (1704)\nJean Raoux (1717)\nRosalba Carriera (1720)[1]\nCharles-Nicolas Cochin (1720)\nJacques de Lajoue (1721)\nMargaretha Haverman (1722)\nJean-Baptiste Pater (1728)\nFrançois Boucher (1731)\nJean Louis Tocqué (1731)\nEtienne Jeaurat (1733)\nCharles-André van Loo (1735)\nJean-Baptiste Pigalle (1744)[3]\nCharles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo (1747)\nMarie-Thérèse Reboul (1757)[4]\nAnna Dorothea Therbusch (1767)[1]\nJean-Baptiste Huet (1769)\nMarie-Suzanne Giroust (1770)[1]\nAnne Vallayer-Coster (1770)[5]\nAugustin de Saint-Aubin (1771)\nNicolas Pérignon (1775)\nHendrik Frans de Cort (1779)\nJacques-Louis David (1780)\nAdélaïde Labille-Guiard (1783)[5]\nMarie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1783)[5]\nAdolf Ulric Wertmüller (1784)\nJean-Baptiste Stouf (1785)\nDominique Vivant (1787)There were only fifteen women total listed in their registers.[1][2] Nearing the end of the eighteenth century, Louis XVI decided that no more than four women were allowed to be admitted into the academy at one time with no increase to be considered.[6]","title":"List of members of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fidière, Octave (1885). Les femmes artistes à l'Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture [Women Artists at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture] (in French). Paris: Charavay frères.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McKeown, Joanne M. (2022-09-02). \"Self-Portrait of an Artist: Translation and the Creative Process of Catherine Perrot\". Translation Review. 114 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1080/07374836.2022.2140236. ISSN 0737-4836.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07374836.2022.2140236","url_text":"\"Self-Portrait of an Artist: Translation and the Creative Process of Catherine Perrot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07374836.2022.2140236","url_text":"10.1080/07374836.2022.2140236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4836","url_text":"0737-4836"}]},{"reference":"\"Jean-Baptiste Pigalle\". Britannica Kids. Retrieved 2024-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Jean-Baptiste-Pigalle/333178","url_text":"\"Jean-Baptiste Pigalle\""}]},{"reference":"Auricchio, Authors: Laura. \"Eighteenth-Century Women Painters in France \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History\". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/18wa/hd_18wa.htm","url_text":"\"Eighteenth-Century Women Painters in France \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History\""}]},{"reference":"Baetjer, Authors: Katharine. \"Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1749–1803) \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History\". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lagui/hd_lagui.htm","url_text":"\"Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1749–1803) \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07374836.2022.2140236","external_links_name":"\"Self-Portrait of an Artist: Translation and the Creative Process of Catherine Perrot\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07374836.2022.2140236","external_links_name":"10.1080/07374836.2022.2140236"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4836","external_links_name":"0737-4836"},{"Link":"https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Jean-Baptiste-Pigalle/333178","external_links_name":"\"Jean-Baptiste Pigalle\""},{"Link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/18wa/hd_18wa.htm","external_links_name":"\"Eighteenth-Century Women Painters in France \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History\""},{"Link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lagui/hd_lagui.htm","external_links_name":"\"Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1749–1803) \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Goodall	Fred Goodall	["1 See also","2 References"]	New Zealand cricket umpire (1938–2021) Fred GoodallONZM EDPersonal informationFull nameFrederick Robert GoodallBorn(1938-01-09)9 January 1938Greymouth, New ZealandDied18 October 2021(2021-10-18) (aged 83)Wellington, New ZealandRoleUmpireUmpiring information Tests umpired24 (1965–1988)ODIs umpired15 (1973–1988) Source: Cricinfo, 19 October 2021 Frederick Robert Goodall ONZM ED (9 January 1938 – 18 October 2021) was a New Zealand international cricket umpire who officiated in 24 Tests and 15 One-Day Internationals between 1965 and 1988. Goodall was the son of Fred and Betty Goodall from Greymouth. He made his first-class umpiring debut in December 1963, and went on to umpire 102 first-class matches before retiring in 1989. His first match as a One-Day International umpire was at Christchurch in February 1973, the first one-day international played in New Zealand. He had made his Test umpiring debut eight years earlier, also at Christchurch. During the Second Test between New Zealand and West Indies at Christchurch's Lancaster Park in February 1980, the West Indies considered his umpiring so poor that they refused to emerge from their dressing room after the tea break on the third day unless Goodall was immediately replaced. After 11 minutes, they were persuaded to resume. Colin Croft collided with Goodall at the end of his bowling run-up during the fourth day's play. West Indies captain Clive Lloyd later said of the incident, "They were just bad umpires but we should not have behaved in that manner. I think if I'd had my time over again I'd have handled it differently. I regret it even until this day, that things went so far." Goodall continued officiating in Tests and one-day matches after the infamous Christchurch incident. His last international match was a One-Day International at Napier in March 1988. In the 1999 New Year Honours, Goodall was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to sport. Goodall died in Wellington on 18 October 2021, aged 83. See also List of Test cricket umpires List of One Day International cricket umpires References ^ "Fred Goodall". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 May 2014. ^ a b "Frederick Goodall death notice". Dominion Post. 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "Fred Goodall as Umpire in First-Class Matches". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ "Only ODI, Christchurch, Feb 11 1973, Pakistan tour of New Zealand". Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ "3rd Test, Christchurch, Feb 12 - 16 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand". Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ "Eleven smart birds". ESPN Cricinfo. 22 February 2006. Retrieved 26 February 2019. ^ The West Indians in New Zealand, 1979-80, Wisden, 1981; What's going on? Goodall has some news for Gavaskar, Cricinfo.com, 31 July 2003; Shoulder barges and flying stumps, Cricinfo.com, 18 February 2006; Scorecard ^ Lister, Simon (April 2006). "Ding-dong in Dunedin". Cricinfo.com. Retrieved 23 March 2015. ^ "New Year honours list 1999". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 31 December 1998. Retrieved 31 August 2019. ^ Anderson, Ian (19 October 2021). "Former leading New Zealand cricket umpire Fred Goodall dies aged 83". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 19 October 2021.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ONZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"ED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_Decoration"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpire_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"One-Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cricinfo-1"},{"link_name":"Greymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greymouth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DomPost_death_notice-2"},{"link_name":"first-class matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"One-Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-Day_International"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Second Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_New_Zealand_in_1979%E2%80%9380#Second_Test"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Lancaster Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Colin Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Croft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Clive Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"1999 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_New_Year_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DomPost_death_notice-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Frederick Robert Goodall ONZM ED (9 January 1938 – 18 October 2021) was a New Zealand international cricket umpire who officiated in 24 Tests and 15 One-Day Internationals between 1965 and 1988.[1]Goodall was the son of Fred and Betty Goodall from Greymouth.[2] He made his first-class umpiring debut in December 1963, and went on to umpire 102 first-class matches before retiring in 1989.[3] His first match as a One-Day International umpire was at Christchurch in February 1973, the first one-day international played in New Zealand.[4] He had made his Test umpiring debut eight years earlier, also at Christchurch.[5]During the Second Test between New Zealand and West Indies at Christchurch's Lancaster Park in February 1980, the West Indies considered his umpiring so poor that they refused to emerge from their dressing room after the tea break on the third day unless Goodall was immediately replaced.[6] After 11 minutes, they were persuaded to resume. Colin Croft collided with Goodall at the end of his bowling run-up during the fourth day's play.[7] West Indies captain Clive Lloyd later said of the incident, \"They were just bad umpires but we should not have behaved in that manner. I think if I'd had my time over again I'd have handled it differently. I regret it even until this day, that things went so far.\"[8]Goodall continued officiating in Tests and one-day matches after the infamous Christchurch incident. His last international match was a One-Day International at Napier in March 1988.In the 1999 New Year Honours, Goodall was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to sport.[9]Goodall died in Wellington on 18 October 2021, aged 83.[2][10]","title":"Fred Goodall"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Test cricket umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Test_cricket_umpires"},{"title":"List of One Day International cricket umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_umpires"}]	[{"reference":"\"Fred Goodall\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37215.html","url_text":"\"Fred Goodall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frederick Goodall death notice\". Dominion Post. 23 October 2021. 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Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-1964-65-61498/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-3rd-test-62964/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"3rd Test, Christchurch, Feb 12 - 16 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eleven smart birds\". ESPN Cricinfo. 22 February 2006. Retrieved 26 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149731.html","url_text":"\"Eleven smart birds\""}]},{"reference":"Lister, Simon (April 2006). \"Ding-dong in Dunedin\". Cricinfo.com. Retrieved 23 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/241985.html","url_text":"\"Ding-dong in Dunedin\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Year honours list 1999\". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 31 December 1998. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-1999","url_text":"\"New Year honours list 1999\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Ian (19 October 2021). \"Former leading New Zealand cricket umpire Fred Goodall dies aged 83\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/300433260/former-leading-new-zealand-cricket-umpire-fred-goodall-dies-aged-83","url_text":"\"Former leading New Zealand cricket umpire Fred Goodall dies aged 83\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/fred-goodall-37215","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37215.html","external_links_name":"\"Fred Goodall\""},{"Link":"https://deaths.dompost.co.nz/obituaries/dominion-post-nz/obituary.aspx?n=frederick-goodall&pid=200458131","external_links_name":"\"Frederick Goodall death notice\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/41/41429/Umpire_in_First-Class_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"Fred Goodall as Umpire in First-Class Matches\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-1972-73-61499/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-only-odi-64149/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"Only ODI, Christchurch, Feb 11 1973, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-1964-65-61498/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-3rd-test-62964/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"3rd Test, Christchurch, Feb 12 - 16 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149731.html","external_links_name":"\"Eleven smart birds\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153587.html","external_links_name":"The West Indians in New Zealand, 1979-80"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/newzealand/content/story/129232.html","external_links_name":"What's going on? Goodall has some news for Gavaskar"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/237606.html","external_links_name":"Shoulder barges and flying stumps"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63260.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/241985.html","external_links_name":"\"Ding-dong in Dunedin\""},{"Link":"https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-1999","external_links_name":"\"New Year honours list 1999\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/300433260/former-leading-new-zealand-cricket-umpire-fred-goodall-dies-aged-83","external_links_name":"\"Former leading New Zealand cricket umpire Fred Goodall dies aged 83\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel_Myers	Carmel Myers	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Silent film and theater","2.2 Sound films, radio, and television","2.3 Book","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Partial filmography","6 References","7 External links"]	American actress (1899–1980) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Carmel Myers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Carmel MyersMyers, c. 1917BornApril 9, 1899San Francisco, California, U.S.DiedNovember 9, 1980 (aged 81)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeHome of Peace CemeteryOther namesCarmel Myers BlumCarmel SchwalbergYears active1915–1976Spouses Isidore Kornblum (m. 1919; div. 1923) Ralph H. Blum (m. 1929; died 1950) Alfred W. Schwalberg (m. 1951; died 1974) Children3RelativesRuth Harriet Louise (cousin)Mark Sandrich (cousin) Carmel Myers (April 9, 1899 – November 9, 1980) was an American actress who achieved her greatest successes in silent film. Early life Myers was born in San Francisco, the daughter of Isidore Myers, a Russian-Jewish rabbi who was born in Russia but raised in Australia, and Anna Jacobson Myers, an Austrian-Jew. She had an older brother, Zion, and she was a cousin of director Mark Sandrich and photographer Ruth Harriet Louise. Carmel's father was active in campaigns for women's suffrage, abolition of capital punishment, and zionism. He also was a noted scholar. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1905. Myers attended Los Angeles High School but left after D. W. Griffith gave her bit part in the film Intolerance (1916), for which her father was an unpaid consultant. She continued her education at a school for young actors. Myers helped her brother become a writer and director in Hollywood. Career Silent film and theater c. 1920 Myers left for New York City, where she acted mainly in theater for the next two years. She was signed by Universal, where she emerged as a popular actress in vamp roles. Her most popular film from this period—which does not feature her in a vamp role—is probably the romantic comedy All Night, opposite Rudolph Valentino, who was then a little-known actor. She also worked with him in A Society Sensation. By 1924, she was working for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, making such films as Broadway After Dark, which also starred Adolphe Menjou, Norma Shearer, and Anna Q. Nilsson. Myers, c. 1922 In 1925, she appeared in arguably her most famous role, that of the Egyptian vamp Iras in Ben-Hur, who tries to seduce both Messala (Francis X. Bushman) and Ben-Hur himself (Ramón Novarro). This film was a boost to her career, and she appeared in major roles throughout the 1920s, including Tell It to the Marines in 1926 with Lon Chaney, Sr., William Haines, and Eleanor Boardman. Myers appeared in Four Walls and Dream of Love, both with Joan Crawford in 1928; and in The Show of Shows (1929), a showcase of popular contemporary film actors. Sound films, radio, and television Myers had a fairly successful sound career, mostly in supporting roles, perhaps due to her image as a vamp rather than as a sympathetic heroine. Subsequently, she began giving more attention to her private life following the birth of her son in May 1932. Amongst her popular sound films are Svengali (1931) and The Mad Genius (1931), both with John Barrymore and Marian Marsh, and a small role in 1944's The Conspirators, which featured Paul Henreid, Peter Lorre, and Sydney Greenstreet. In 1939, Myers performed for 13 weeks on the Resinol radio program that was broadcast twice weekly from station KHJ and carried on the Don Lee Network. In 1951, Myers had a celebrity interview TV program, The Carmel Myers Show, on ABC. In 1952, she formed Carmel Myers Productions, a firm for producing radio and TV programs. The company's productions included Mark Hellinger Tales, a transcribed series of 30-minute radio dramas with Edward Arnold as narrator and Cradle of Stars, a 30-minute filmed TV series with Gregory Ratoff as director and star. Later, she focused on a career in real estate and her perfume distribution company. In 1976, Myers was one of the very few silent stars who were cast in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood, a comedy featuring cameos by dozens of Hollywood stars of the past. Book In 1952, Doubleday & Company published Don't Think About It, a 64-page book by Myers. Based on her experiences following the death of her husband, the book related her philosophy for emotional survival after a person has a tragedy in his or her life. Personal life Myers c.1923 Myers married attorney and song writer Isidore "I.B." Kornblum on July 16, 1919; they divorced in 1923. Myers and attorney Ralph H. Blum married on June 9, 1929, and had three children: author Ralph H. Blum (born 1932), known for his works on divination through Norse runes, and two adopted daughters, actress and radio personality Susan Adams Kennedy (born 1940) and television producer Mary Cossette (born 1941). Myers and Blum purchased Gloria Swanson's Sunset Boulevard home. On October 30, 1951, Myers married Paramount Pictures executive Alfred W. Schwalberg in Brooklyn. They were married until his death in 1974. Death Myers died of a heart attack on November 9, 1980, in Los Angeles Medical Center at the age of 81. She was buried near her parents at Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles. Her epitaph reads "L'Chaim", which is Hebrew for "to life". Partial filmography Advertisement for A Society Sensation (1918) c. 1920 Lobby card for Slave of Desire (1923) Georgia Pearce (1915) Intolerance (1916) as Favorite of the Harem (uncredited) The Heiress at Coffee Dan's (1916) as Waitress (uncredited) The Bad Boy (1917) as Bit Role (uncredited) Stage Struck (1917) as Bit Role (uncredited) A Love Sublime (1917) as Toinette A Daughter of the Poor (1917) as Hazel Fleming Might and the Man (1917) as Winifred The Haunted Pajamas (1917) as Frances Kirkland Sirens of the Sea (1917) as Julie The Lash of Power (1917) as Marion Sherwood My Unmarried Wife (1918) as Mary Cunningham The Wife He Bought (1918) as Janice Brieson The Girl in the Dark (1918) as Lois Fox The Wine Girl (1918) as Bona The Marriage Lie (1918) as Eileen Orton A Broadway Scandal (1918) as Nenette Bisson The City of Tears (1918) as Rosa Carillo The Dream Lady (1918) as Rosamond Gilbert A Society Sensation (1918, short) as Sydney Parmelee All Night (1918) as Elizabeth Lane Who Will Marry Me? (1919) as Rosie Sanguinetti The Little White Savage (1919) as Minnie Lee In Folly's Trail (1920) as Lita O'Farrell The Gilded Dream (1920) as Leona Beautifully Trimmed (1920) as Norine Lawton The Mad Marriage (1921) as Jane Judd The Dangerous Moment (1921) as Sylvia Palprini Cheated Love (1921) as Sonya Schonema The Kiss (1921) as Erolinda Vargas Breaking Through (1921) as Bettina Lowden A Daughter of the Law (1921) as Nora Hayes The Love Gambler (1922) as Jean McClelland The Danger Point (1922) as Alice Torrance The Last Hour (1923) as Saidee McCall The Famous Mrs. Fair (1923) as Angy Brice Good-By Girls! (1923) as Florence Brown The Little Girl Next Door (1923) as Milly Amory Mary of the Movies (1923) as Herself (uncredited) Slave of Desire (1923) as Countess Fedora The Dancer of the Nile (1923) as Arvia The Love Pirate (1923) as Ruby Le Maar Reno (1923) as Mrs. Dora Carson Tappan Poisoned Paradise: The Forbidden Story of Monte Carlo (1924) as Mrs. Belmire Beau Brummel (1924) as Lady Hester Stanhope Broadway After Dark (1924) as Lenore Vance Babbitt (1924) as Tanis Judique Garragan (1924) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) as Iras The Devil's Circus (1926) as Yonna The Gay Deceiver (1926) as Countess de Sano Tell It to the Marines (1926) as Zaya Camille (1926, short) as Agatha The Demi-Bride (1927) as Madame Girard The Understanding Heart (1927) as Kelcey Dale The Girl from Rio (1927) as Lola Sorrell and Son (1927) as Flo Palfrey A Certain Young Man (1928) as Mrs. Crutchley Prowlers of the Sea (1928) as Mercedes Four Walls (1928) as Bertha Dream of Love (1928) as The Countess The Ghost Talks (1929) as Marie Haley Careers (1929) as The Woman The Careless Age (1929) as Rayetta Broadway Scandals (1929) as Valeska The Red Sword (1929) as Katherine The Show of Shows (1929) as Performer in 'Ladies of the Ensemble' Number The Ship from Shanghai (1930) as Viola Thorpe A Lady Surrenders (1930) as Sonia The Lion and the Lamb (1931) as Inez Svengali (1931) as Madame Honori Pleasure (1931) as Mrs. Dorothy Whitley Chinatown After Dark (1931) as Madame Ying Su The Mad Genius (1931) as Sonya Preskoya Nice Women (1931) as Dorothy Drew No Living Witness (1942) as Emillia The Countess of Monte Cristo (1934) as Flower Girl Lady for a Night (1942) as Mrs. Dickson The Conspirators (1944) as Baroness von Kluge (uncredited) George White's Scandals (1945) as Leslie (uncredited) Whistle Stop (1946) as Estelle Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Woman Journalist (final film role) References ^ https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/7602/images/4112014_00451?usePUB=true&_phsrc=um5-735579&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=6414114 ^ https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/1174/images/USM1490_2431-0730?pid=1139830&backurl=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D1174%26h%3D1139830%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26queryId%3D16166dc4b0b1aa98cbdc3ef1fbfe83b8%26usePUB%3Dtrue&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=16166dc4b0b1aa98cbdc3ef1fbfe83b8&usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.24734009.288913918.1621041567-933749568.1620085902 ^ a b c Barbanel, Josh (November 19, 1980). "Carmel Myers, Silent Movie Star Who Played Wicked Women, 80". The New York Times. p. A 31. ProQuest 121324722. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via ProQuest. ^ Carmel Myers biography, filmography Archived July 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at Starpulse ^ Greenberg, Dan. "Carmel Myers: 1900-1980". Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2021. ^ "Behind the Microphone" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 1, 1932. p. 17. Retrieved March 14, 2021. ^ a b "Carmel Myers of TV Is Wed". The New York Times. October 31, 1951. p. 34. ProQuest 111965940. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via ProQuest. ^ "TV Nets Revamp P'kge Prices, Accent Lower" (PDF). Billboard. June 16, 1951. p. 5. Retrieved March 14, 2021. ^ "Package Firm" (PDF). Broadcasting. October 6, 1952. p. 58. Retrieved March 14, 2021. ^ "Worth A Try". The New York Times. March 2, 1952. p. BR 23. ProQuest 112263234. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via ProQuest. ^ "Carmel Myers Divorces Lawyer". The New York Times. July 7, 1923. p. 22. ProQuest 103123279. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via ProQuest. ^ York, Cal (October 1923). "Gossip—East and West". Photoplay Magazine. Vol. 24, no. 5. p. 92. ^ Oliver, Myrna (November 14, 1996). "I.B. Kornblum, 101; Composer, Lawyer and Union Organizer". Los Angeles Times. ^ "Carmel Myers weds". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 10, 1929. p. 11. ProQuest 104985545. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via ProQuest. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carmel Myers. Carmel Myers at IMDb Carmel Myers at the Internet Broadway Database Carmel Myers Photo Gallery at Silent-Movies.org Carmel Myers at Virtual History Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-3"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"}],"text":"Carmel Myers (April 9, 1899[1][2] – November 9, 1980)[3] was an American actress who achieved her greatest successes in silent film.","title":"Carmel Myers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Russian-Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-Jewish"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Austrian-Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian-Jewish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mark Sandrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sandrich"},{"link_name":"Ruth Harriet Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Harriet_Louise"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jwa-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_High_School"},{"link_name":"D. W. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith"},{"link_name":"Intolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerance_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Myers was born in San Francisco, the daughter of Isidore Myers, a Russian-Jewish rabbi who was born in Russia but raised in Australia, and Anna Jacobson Myers, an Austrian-Jew.[4] She had an older brother, Zion, and she was a cousin of director Mark Sandrich and photographer Ruth Harriet Louise. Carmel's father was active in campaigns for women's suffrage, abolition of capital punishment, and zionism. He also was a noted scholar.[5] The family moved to Los Angeles in 1905.Myers attended Los Angeles High School but left after D. W. Griffith gave her bit part in the film Intolerance (1916), for which her father was an unpaid consultant. She continued her education at a school for young actors.[3]Myers helped her brother become a writer and director in Hollywood.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmel_Myers_with_Decorative_Grape_Headdress_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"vamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamp_(woman)"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"All Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Night_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino"},{"link_name":"A Society Sensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Society_Sensation"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Menjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Menjou"},{"link_name":"Norma Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer"},{"link_name":"Anna Q. Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Q._Nilsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmelmyersbain.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ben-Hur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Francis X. Bushman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_X._Bushman"},{"link_name":"Ramón Novarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Novarro"},{"link_name":"Tell It to the Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_It_to_the_Marines"},{"link_name":"Lon Chaney, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Chaney,_Sr."},{"link_name":"William Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haines"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Boardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Boardman"},{"link_name":"Four Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Walls_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dream of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"The Show of Shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Show_of_Shows"}],"sub_title":"Silent film and theater","text":"c. 1920Myers left for New York City, where she acted mainly in theater for the next two years. She was signed by Universal, where she emerged as a popular actress in vamp roles. Her most popular film from this period—which does not feature her in a vamp role—is probably the romantic comedy All Night, opposite Rudolph Valentino, who was then a little-known actor. She also worked with him in A Society Sensation. By 1924, she was working for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, making such films as Broadway After Dark, which also starred Adolphe Menjou, Norma Shearer, and Anna Q. Nilsson.Myers, c. 1922In 1925, she appeared in arguably her most famous role, that of the Egyptian vamp Iras in Ben-Hur, who tries to seduce both Messala (Francis X. Bushman) and Ben-Hur himself (Ramón Novarro). This film was a boost to her career, and she appeared in major roles throughout the 1920s, including Tell It to the Marines in 1926 with Lon Chaney, Sr., William Haines, and Eleanor Boardman. Myers appeared in Four Walls and Dream of Love, both with Joan Crawford in 1928; and in The Show of Shows (1929), a showcase of popular contemporary film actors.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Svengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svengali_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mad Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mad_Genius"},{"link_name":"John Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Marian Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Marsh"},{"link_name":"The Conspirators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conspirators_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Henreid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henreid"},{"link_name":"Peter Lorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorre"},{"link_name":"Sydney Greenstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Greenstreet"},{"link_name":"KHJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHJ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Don Lee Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lee_Network"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won_Ton_Ton,_the_Dog_Who_Saved_Hollywood"}],"sub_title":"Sound films, radio, and television","text":"Myers had a fairly successful sound career, mostly in supporting roles, perhaps due to her image as a vamp rather than as a sympathetic heroine. Subsequently, she began giving more attention to her private life following the birth of her son in May 1932. Amongst her popular sound films are Svengali (1931) and The Mad Genius (1931), both with John Barrymore and Marian Marsh, and a small role in 1944's The Conspirators, which featured Paul Henreid, Peter Lorre, and Sydney Greenstreet.In 1939, Myers performed for 13 weeks on the Resinol radio program that was broadcast twice weekly from station KHJ and carried on the Don Lee Network.[6]In 1951, Myers had a celebrity interview TV program,[7] The Carmel Myers Show, on ABC.[8] In 1952, she formed Carmel Myers Productions, a firm for producing radio and TV programs. The company's productions included Mark Hellinger Tales, a transcribed series of 30-minute radio dramas with Edward Arnold as narrator and Cradle of Stars, a 30-minute filmed TV series with Gregory Ratoff as director and star.[9]Later, she focused on a career in real estate and her perfume distribution company. In 1976, Myers was one of the very few silent stars who were cast in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood, a comedy featuring cameos by dozens of Hollywood stars of the past.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Book","text":"In 1952, Doubleday & Company published Don't Think About It, a 64-page book by Myers. Based on her experiences following the death of her husband, the book related her philosophy for emotional survival after a person has a tragedy in his or her life.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmel_Myers_1923-May.png"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"runes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes"},{"link_name":"Gloria Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Swanson"},{"link_name":"Sunset Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"Myers c.1923Myers married attorney and song writer Isidore \"I.B.\" Kornblum[11] on July 16, 1919; they divorced in 1923.[12][13]Myers and attorney Ralph H. Blum married on June 9, 1929,[14] and had three children: author Ralph H. Blum (born 1932), known for his works on divination through Norse runes, and two adopted daughters, actress and radio personality Susan Adams Kennedy (born 1940) and television producer Mary Cossette (born 1941). Myers and Blum purchased Gloria Swanson's Sunset Boulevard home.On October 30, 1951, Myers married Paramount Pictures executive Alfred W. Schwalberg in Brooklyn.[7] They were married until his death in 1974.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-3"},{"link_name":"Home of Peace Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_of_Peace_Cemetery_(East_Los_Angeles)"}],"text":"Myers died of a heart attack on November 9, 1980, in Los Angeles Medical Center at the age of 81.[3] She was buried near her parents at Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles. Her epitaph reads \"L'Chaim\", which is Hebrew for \"to life\".","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmel_Myers_in_an_Advertisement_for_%22A_Society_Sensation%22.jpg"},{"link_name":"A Society Sensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Society_Sensation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmel_Myers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slave_of_Desire_lobby_card_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slave of Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_of_Desire"},{"link_name":"Intolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerance_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Heiress at Coffee Dan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heiress_at_Coffee_Dan%27s"},{"link_name":"The Bad Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_Boy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stage Struck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_Struck_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"A Love Sublime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Love_Sublime"},{"link_name":"A Daughter of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Daughter_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"Might and the Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Might_and_the_Man"},{"link_name":"The Haunted Pajamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_Pajamas"},{"link_name":"Sirens of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirens_of_the_Sea_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Lash of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lash_of_Power"},{"link_name":"My Unmarried Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Unmarried_Wife"},{"link_name":"The Wife He Bought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wife_He_Bought"},{"link_name":"The Girl in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"The Wine Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wine_Girl"},{"link_name":"The Marriage Lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_Lie"},{"link_name":"A Broadway Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Broadway_Scandal"},{"link_name":"The City of Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_of_Tears"},{"link_name":"The Dream Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_Lady"},{"link_name":"A Society Sensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Society_Sensation"},{"link_name":"All Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Night_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Gilded Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gilded_Dream"},{"link_name":"The Mad Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mad_Marriage_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"The Dangerous Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dangerous_Moment"},{"link_name":"Cheated Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheated_Love"},{"link_name":"The Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kiss_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"A Daughter of the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Daughter_of_the_Law"},{"link_name":"The Love Gambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Gambler"},{"link_name":"The Danger Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Danger_Point"},{"link_name":"The Last Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Hour_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"The Famous Mrs. Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famous_Mrs._Fair"},{"link_name":"Good-By Girls!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good-By_Girls!"},{"link_name":"The Little Girl Next Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Girl_Next_Door_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Mary of the Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_the_Movies"},{"link_name":"Slave of Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_of_Desire"},{"link_name":"The Dancer of the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dancer_of_the_Nile"},{"link_name":"The Love Pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Pirate"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Poisoned Paradise: The Forbidden Story of Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoned_Paradise:_The_Forbidden_Story_of_Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Beau Brummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Brummel_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Broadway After Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_After_Dark"},{"link_name":"Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbitt_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Garragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garragan"},{"link_name":"Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Circus"},{"link_name":"The Gay Deceiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Deceiver"},{"link_name":"Tell It to the Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_It_to_the_Marines_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Camille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_(1926_short_film)"},{"link_name":"The Demi-Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Demi-Bride"},{"link_name":"The Understanding Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Understanding_Heart"},{"link_name":"The Girl from Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_from_Rio_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Sorrell and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrell_and_Son_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"A Certain Young Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Certain_Young_Man"},{"link_name":"Prowlers of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowlers_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Four Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Walls_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dream of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_Love"},{"link_name":"The Ghost 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Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_After_Dark"},{"link_name":"The Mad Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mad_Genius"},{"link_name":"Nice Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_Women"},{"link_name":"No Living Witness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Living_Witness"},{"link_name":"The Countess of Monte Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Countess_of_Monte_Cristo_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Lady for a Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_for_a_Night"},{"link_name":"The Conspirators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conspirators_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"George White's Scandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_White%27s_Scandals_(film)"},{"link_name":"Whistle Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_Stop_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won_Ton_Ton,_the_Dog_Who_Saved_Hollywood"}],"text":"Advertisement for A Society Sensation (1918)c. 1920Lobby card for Slave of Desire (1923)Georgia Pearce (1915)\nIntolerance (1916) as Favorite of the Harem (uncredited)\nThe Heiress at Coffee Dan's (1916) as Waitress (uncredited)\nThe Bad Boy (1917) as Bit Role (uncredited)\nStage Struck (1917) as Bit Role (uncredited)\nA Love Sublime (1917) as Toinette\nA Daughter of the Poor (1917) as Hazel Fleming\nMight and the Man (1917) as Winifred\nThe Haunted Pajamas (1917) as Frances Kirkland\nSirens of the Sea (1917) as Julie\nThe Lash of Power (1917) as Marion Sherwood\nMy Unmarried Wife (1918) as Mary Cunningham\nThe Wife He Bought (1918) as Janice Brieson\nThe Girl in the Dark (1918) as Lois Fox\nThe Wine Girl (1918) as Bona\nThe Marriage Lie (1918) as Eileen Orton\nA Broadway Scandal (1918) as Nenette Bisson\nThe City of Tears (1918) as Rosa Carillo\nThe Dream Lady (1918) as Rosamond Gilbert\nA Society Sensation (1918, short) as Sydney Parmelee\nAll Night (1918) as Elizabeth Lane\nWho Will Marry Me? (1919) as Rosie Sanguinetti\nThe Little White Savage (1919) as Minnie Lee\nIn Folly's Trail (1920) as Lita O'Farrell\nThe Gilded Dream (1920) as Leona\nBeautifully Trimmed (1920) as Norine Lawton\nThe Mad Marriage (1921) as Jane Judd\nThe Dangerous Moment (1921) as Sylvia Palprini\nCheated Love (1921) as Sonya Schonema\nThe Kiss (1921) as Erolinda Vargas\nBreaking Through (1921) as Bettina Lowden\nA Daughter of the Law (1921) as Nora Hayes\nThe Love Gambler (1922) as Jean McClelland\nThe Danger Point (1922) as Alice Torrance\nThe Last Hour (1923) as Saidee McCall\nThe Famous Mrs. Fair (1923) as Angy Brice\nGood-By Girls! (1923) as Florence Brown\nThe Little Girl Next Door (1923) as Milly Amory\nMary of the Movies (1923) as Herself (uncredited)\nSlave of Desire (1923) as Countess Fedora\nThe Dancer of the Nile (1923) as Arvia\nThe Love Pirate (1923) as Ruby Le Maar\nReno (1923) as Mrs. Dora Carson Tappan\nPoisoned Paradise: The Forbidden Story of Monte Carlo (1924) as Mrs. Belmire\nBeau Brummel (1924) as Lady Hester Stanhope\nBroadway After Dark (1924) as Lenore Vance\nBabbitt (1924) as Tanis Judique\nGarragan (1924)\nBen-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) as Iras\nThe Devil's Circus (1926) as Yonna\nThe Gay Deceiver (1926) as Countess de Sano\nTell It to the Marines (1926) as Zaya\nCamille (1926, short) as Agatha\nThe Demi-Bride (1927) as Madame Girard\nThe Understanding Heart (1927) as Kelcey Dale\nThe Girl from Rio (1927) as Lola\nSorrell and Son (1927) as Flo Palfrey\nA Certain Young Man (1928) as Mrs. Crutchley\nProwlers of the Sea (1928) as Mercedes\nFour Walls (1928) as Bertha\nDream of Love (1928) as The Countess\nThe Ghost Talks (1929) as Marie Haley\nCareers (1929) as The Woman\nThe Careless Age (1929) as Rayetta\nBroadway Scandals (1929) as Valeska\nThe Red Sword (1929) as Katherine\nThe Show of Shows (1929) as Performer in 'Ladies of the Ensemble' Number\nThe Ship from Shanghai (1930) as Viola Thorpe\nA Lady Surrenders (1930) as Sonia\nThe Lion and the Lamb (1931) as Inez\nSvengali (1931) as Madame Honori\nPleasure (1931) as Mrs. Dorothy Whitley\nChinatown After Dark (1931) as Madame Ying Su\nThe Mad Genius (1931) as Sonya Preskoya\nNice Women (1931) as Dorothy Drew\nNo Living Witness (1942) as Emillia\nThe Countess of Monte Cristo (1934) as Flower Girl\nLady for a Night (1942) as Mrs. Dickson\nThe Conspirators (1944) as Baroness von Kluge (uncredited)\nGeorge White's Scandals (1945) as Leslie (uncredited)\nWhistle Stop (1946) as Estelle\nWon Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Woman Journalist (final film role)","title":"Partial filmography"}]	[{"image_text":"c. 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carmel_Myers_with_Decorative_Grape_Headdress_2.jpg/220px-Carmel_Myers_with_Decorative_Grape_Headdress_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Myers, c. 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carmelmyersbain.jpg/220px-Carmelmyersbain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Myers c.1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Carmel_Myers_1923-May.png/220px-Carmel_Myers_1923-May.png"},{"image_text":"Advertisement for A Society Sensation (1918)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Carmel_Myers_in_an_Advertisement_for_%22A_Society_Sensation%22.jpg/220px-Carmel_Myers_in_an_Advertisement_for_%22A_Society_Sensation%22.jpg"},{"image_text":"c. 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Carmel_Myers.jpg/220px-Carmel_Myers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lobby card for Slave of Desire (1923)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Slave_of_Desire_lobby_card_2.jpg/220px-Slave_of_Desire_lobby_card_2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Barbanel, Josh (November 19, 1980). \"Carmel Myers, Silent Movie Star Who Played Wicked Women, 80\". 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Retrieved March 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1932/1932-02-01-BC.pdf#page=17","url_text":"\"Behind the Microphone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carmel Myers of TV Is Wed\". The New York Times. October 31, 1951. p. 34. ProQuest 111965940. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/111965940","url_text":"\"Carmel Myers of TV Is Wed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/111965940","url_text":"111965940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Nets Revamp P'kge Prices, Accent Lower\" (PDF). Billboard. June 16, 1951. p. 5. Retrieved March 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/50s/1951/Billboard%201951-06-16.pdf#page=5","url_text":"\"TV Nets Revamp P'kge Prices, Accent Lower\""}]},{"reference":"\"Package Firm\" (PDF). Broadcasting. October 6, 1952. p. 58. Retrieved March 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-10-06.pdf#page=58","url_text":"\"Package Firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Worth A Try\". The New York Times. March 2, 1952. p. BR 23. ProQuest 112263234. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/112263234","url_text":"\"Worth A Try\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/112263234","url_text":"112263234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"\"Carmel Myers Divorces Lawyer\". The New York Times. July 7, 1923. p. 22. ProQuest 103123279. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/103123279","url_text":"\"Carmel Myers Divorces Lawyer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/103123279","url_text":"103123279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"York, Cal (October 1923). \"Gossip—East and West\". Photoplay Magazine. Vol. 24, no. 5. p. 92.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gVgTAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA13-PA8-IA2","url_text":"\"Gossip—East and West\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Myrna (November 14, 1996). \"I.B. Kornblum, 101; Composer, Lawyer and Union Organizer\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1996-11-14/news/mn-64707_1_union-organizer","url_text":"\"I.B. Kornblum, 101; Composer, Lawyer and Union Organizer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carmel Myers weds\". The New York Times. Associated Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Basket	Golden Basket	["1 Gameplay","2 References","3 External links"]	1990 video game 1990 video gameGolden BasketDeveloper(s)Opera SoftPublisher(s)Opera SoftPlatform(s)Amstrad CPC, DOS, MSX, ZX SpectrumRelease1990Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single-player Golden Basket is a 1990 basketball video game developed and published by Opera Soft under their Opera Sports label for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, MSX, and DOS. Gameplay The game features a five-a-side basketball match, showing a lateral view. References ^ Golden Basket Archived 2007-08-15 at archive.today at picofactory.com External links Golden Basket at MobyGames Golden Basket at Spectrum Computing This article about a basketball video game is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Opera Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Soft"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"MSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1990 video gameGolden Basket is a 1990 basketball video game developed and published by Opera Soft under their Opera Sports label for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, MSX, and DOS.[1]","title":"Golden Basket"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The game features a five-a-side basketball match, showing a lateral view.","title":"Gameplay"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.picofactory.com/download/abandonware/computers/amstrad_cpc/games/golden_basket","external_links_name":"Golden Basket"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070815002846/http://www.picofactory.com/download/abandonware/computers/amstrad_cpc/games/golden_basket","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/golden-basket","external_links_name":"Golden Basket"},{"Link":"https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/2084/ZX-Spectrum/Golden_Basket","external_links_name":"Golden Basket"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Basket&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Boate	Gerard Boate	["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Gerard Boate (also Gérard de Boot, Bootius or Botius) (1604, Gorinchem – 1650, Dublin) was a Dutch physician, known for his Natural History of Ireland. Life Boate was born Gerrit/Gerard Boot, in Gorinchem, son of the knight Godfried de Boot (c.1570–1625) and of Christine van Loon. He entered the university of Leyden as a medical student and graduated there as doctor of medicine on 3 July 1628. His younger brother Arnold Boate (1606–1653) followed him to study medicine in Leiden. Both moved to London around 1630, where their family had settled earlier. Gerard became employed as physician to Charles I of England and Arnold as physician to the Earl of Leicester. In 1631 in London Gerard married Catharina (or Katherine) Menning (or Manning) with whom he had three children. The writer Dorothy Durie's first husband Arthur Moore died in April 1635 in Dublin. She moved with her children to London where she stayed with Gerald and Katherine Boate. She lost a lot of her wealth in Ireland and before she left for The Hague in 1642 she sold some other lands in Ireland to Katherine Boate. Boate became a contributor to the fund under the English act of parliament of 1642, which admitted the Dutch to subscribe money for the reduction of the Irish, to be subsequently repaid by grant of forfeited lands in Ireland. He was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 6 November 1646. In April 1649 the appointment of Boate as doctor to the hospital at Dublin was referred by the council of state in London to Oliver Cromwell, who had just been appointed commander-in-chief for Ireland. The treasurer-at-war in the following September paid Boate fifty pounds, as physician for Ireland. Boate arrived in Ireland at the latter end of 1649, while Cromwell was in command there, but he survived only a short time. He died in January 1650. In repayment of Boate's contributions, his widow Katherine Boate, obtained, under certificate dated 15 November 1667, over one thousand acres of land in Tipperary. They had several children, including Gerard, the eldest son and heir, and a younger son, Godfrey. Among their descendants was the High Court judge Godfrey Boate, who is chiefly remembered for the mocking elegy on his death by Jonathan Swift. The Boate lands passed by inheritance to the Hemsworth family. Works In 1630 he published a book styled 'Horæ Jucundæ.' With his brother Arnold, he produced a treatise on philosophy, Philosophia Naturalis Reformata, published in 1641. To support the interest of adventurers subscribing for potential Irish lands, he undertook the compilation of a work to supply information on Irish produce. Boate himself had never visited Ireland, but materials for his work were furnished by his brother Arnold and by some of the English who had been expelled by the Irish rebellion of 1641. Boate started the 'Natural History' early in 1645 and completed it within the year, but its publication was deferred. Boate's papers and his 'Natural History' left behind him in London came into the hands of Samuel Hartlib. With the assent of Arnold Boate, then in Paris, the 'Natural History' was published in London in 1652 by Hartlib, with a dedication to Oliver Cromwell and Charles Fleetwood, commander-in-chief in Ireland. In his dedication, Hartlib observed: I lookt also somewhat upon the hopefull appearance of replanting Ireland shortly, not only by the adventurers, but happily by the calling in of exiled Bohemians and other Protestants also, and happily by the invitation of some well affected out of the Low Countries, which to advance are thoughts suitable to your noble genius, and to further the settlement thereof, the Natural History of that countrie will not be unfit, but very subservient. The 'Natural History' is divided into twenty-four chapters. In a letter, dated Paris, 10 August, prefixed to the volume and addressed to Hartlib, Arnold Boate stated that his brother had contemplated three more books on the plants, 'living creatures,’ and natives of Ireland respectively. A French version, under the title of 'Histoire Naturelle d'Irlande,’ was published in Paris in 1666. A quarto edition of the 'Natural History' by Boate was published in Dublin in 1726, and reissued there in 1755. It was again published in the first volume of a 'Collection of Tracts and Treatises illustrative of the Natural History, Antiquities, and Political and Social State of Ireland,’ Dublin, 1860. His observations on the severe flooding which periodically afflicts the River Dodder in Dublin are still topical. He was the first person to note that the river cannot contain the amount of water which pours into it during a period of heavy rainfall. The problem has never been solved. References ^ Biographies of Arnold and Gerard Boot in the Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. 4, p. 113 ^ "Durie , Dorothy (c. 1613–1664), writer on education \| Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". www.oxforddnb.com. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55437. Retrieved 18 March 2020. ^ Ball, F. Elrington "The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921" John Murray London 1926 Vol.2 p.194 ^ Full title: 'Ireland's Naturall History. Being a true and ample description of its situation, greatness, shape, and nature; of its hills, woods, heaths, bogs; of its fruitfull parts and profitable grounds, with the severall ways of manuring and improving the same; with its heads or promontories, harbours, roades, and bayes; of its springs and fountaines, brookes, rivers, loghs; of its metalls, mineralls, freestone, marble, sea-coal, turf, and other things that are taken out of the ground. And lastly of the nature and temperature of its air and season, and what diseases it is free from or subject unto. Conducing to the advancement of navigation, husbandry, and other profitable arts and professions. Written by Gerard Boate, late Doctor of Physick to the State in Ireland, and now published by Samuel Hartlib, Esq., for the common good of Ireland, and more especially for the benefit of the Adventurers and Planters there.' "Boate, Gerard" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Further reading S. Mendyk, Gerard Boate and "Irelands Naturall History", The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Vol. 115, (1985), pp. 5–12 External links Dedication Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Boate, Gerard". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Portugal People Ireland Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gerard Boate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gorinchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorinchem"},{"link_name":"university of Leyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leyden"},{"link_name":"Arnold Boate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Boate"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Earl of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sidney,_2nd_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Durie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Durie"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-od-2"},{"link_name":"College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Boate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Boate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"}],"text":"Boate was born Gerrit/Gerard Boot, in Gorinchem, son of the knight Godfried de Boot (c.1570–1625) and of Christine van Loon. He entered the university of Leyden as a medical student and graduated there as doctor of medicine on 3 July 1628. His younger brother Arnold Boate (1606–1653) followed him to study medicine in Leiden. Both moved to London around 1630, where their family had settled earlier. Gerard became employed as physician to Charles I of England and Arnold as physician to the Earl of Leicester. In 1631 in London Gerard married Catharina (or Katherine) Menning (or Manning) with whom he had three children.[1] The writer Dorothy Durie's first husband Arthur Moore died in April 1635 in Dublin. She moved with her children to London where she stayed with Gerald and Katherine Boate. She lost a lot of her wealth in Ireland and before she left for The Hague in 1642 she sold some other lands in Ireland to Katherine Boate.[2]Boate became a contributor to the fund under the English act of parliament of 1642, which admitted the Dutch to subscribe money for the reduction of the Irish, to be subsequently repaid by grant of forfeited lands in Ireland. He was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 6 November 1646. In April 1649 the appointment of Boate as doctor to the hospital at Dublin was referred by the council of state in London to Oliver Cromwell, who had just been appointed commander-in-chief for Ireland. The treasurer-at-war in the following September paid Boate fifty pounds, as physician for Ireland.Boate arrived in Ireland at the latter end of 1649, while Cromwell was in command there, but he survived only a short time. He died in January 1650. In repayment of Boate's contributions, his widow Katherine Boate, obtained, under certificate dated 15 November 1667, over one thousand acres of land in Tipperary. They had several children, including Gerard, the eldest son and heir, and a younger son, Godfrey. Among their descendants was the High Court judge Godfrey Boate,[3] who is chiefly remembered for the mocking elegy on his death by Jonathan Swift. The Boate lands passed by inheritance to the Hemsworth family.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish rebellion of 1641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1641"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hartlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hartlib"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Charles Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"River Dodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dodder"}],"text":"In 1630 he published a book styled 'Horæ Jucundæ.' With his brother Arnold, he produced a treatise on philosophy, Philosophia Naturalis Reformata, published in 1641.To support the interest of adventurers subscribing for potential Irish lands, he undertook the compilation of a work to supply information on Irish produce. Boate himself had never visited Ireland, but materials for his work were furnished by his brother Arnold and by some of the English who had been expelled by the Irish rebellion of 1641. Boate started the 'Natural History' early in 1645 and completed it within the year, but its publication was deferred.Boate's papers and his 'Natural History' left behind him in London came into the hands of Samuel Hartlib. With the assent of Arnold Boate, then in Paris, the 'Natural History' was published in London in 1652 by Hartlib, with a dedication to Oliver Cromwell and Charles Fleetwood, commander-in-chief in Ireland.[4] In his dedication, Hartlib observed:I lookt also somewhat upon the hopefull appearance of replanting Ireland shortly, not only by the adventurers, but happily by the calling in of exiled Bohemians and other Protestants also, and happily by the invitation of some well affected out of the Low Countries, which to advance are thoughts suitable to your noble genius, and to further the settlement thereof, the Natural History of that countrie will not be unfit, but very subservient.The 'Natural History' is divided into twenty-four chapters. In a letter, dated Paris, 10 August, prefixed to the volume and addressed to Hartlib, Arnold Boate stated that his brother had contemplated three more books on the plants, 'living creatures,’ and natives of Ireland respectively. A French version, under the title of 'Histoire Naturelle d'Irlande,’ was published in Paris in 1666. A quarto edition of the 'Natural History' by Boate was published in Dublin in 1726, and reissued there in 1755. It was again published in the first volume of a 'Collection of Tracts and Treatises illustrative of the Natural History, Antiquities, and Political and Social State of Ireland,’ Dublin, 1860.His observations on the severe flooding which periodically afflicts the River Dodder in Dublin are still topical. He was the first person to note that the river cannot contain the amount of water which pours into it during a period of heavy rainfall. The problem has never been solved.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"S. Mendyk, Gerard Boate and \"Irelands Naturall History\", The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Vol. 115, (1985), pp. 5–12","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Durie [née King], Dorothy (c. 1613–1664), writer on education \| Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". www.oxforddnb.com. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55437. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-55437;jsessionid=2EC98595539A366B8D5E9715FC355AE6","url_text":"\"Durie [née King], Dorothy (c. 1613–1664), writer on education \| Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F55437","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/55437"}]},{"reference":"\"Boate, Gerard\" . Dictionary of National Biography. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Belgian_First_Division_B	2017–18 Belgian First Division B	["1 Team changes","1.1 In","1.2 Out","2 Team information","2.1 Stadiums and locations","2.2 Personnel and kits","2.3 Managerial changes","3 League table","3.1 Opening tournament","3.2 Closing tournament","3.3 Aggregate table","3.4 Promotion play-offs","3.5 Relegation play-offs","4 Season statistics","4.1 Top scorers","5 Number of teams by provinces","6 Notes","7 References"]	Second season of the Belgian First Division B Football league seasonBelgian First Division BSeason2017–18ChampionsCercle BruggePromotedCercle BruggeRelegatedLierseTop goalscorerYannick Aguemon, Esteban Casagolda and Florent Stevance (10 goals each)Biggest home winOH Leuven vs Cercle Brugge, 7–1KVC Westerlo vs Lierse SK, 6-0Biggest away winRoeselare vs Beerschot Wilrijk, 0–4Highest scoringOH Leuven vs Cercle Brugge, 7–1← 2016–17 2018–19 → The 2017–18 season of the Belgian First Division B began in August 2017 and ended in April 2018. It was the second season of the First Division B following a change in league format from the old Belgian Second Division. The fixtures were announced near the end of June 2017. Cercle Brugge won the title and promotion on 10 March 2018. Although Tubize lost the relegation play-offs and therefore would have been relegated, they were saved as Lierse went bankrupt. Team changes In Westerlo were relegated from the 2016–17 Belgian First Division A after finishing in last place. Beerschot Wilrijk were promoted as 2016–17 Belgian First Amateur Division winners. Out Antwerp won the promotion play-offs against Roeselare and was thus promoted. Lommel United was relegated after they finished last in the relegation play-offs. Team information Stadiums and locations Beerschot WilrijkTubizeWesterloCercle BruggeRoeselareLierseUnion SGOH Leuvenclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the 2017–18 Belgian First Division B teams Matricule Club City First season of current spell at second level Coming from 2016-17 result Stadium Capacity 155 FCO Beerschot Wilrijk Antwerp 2017–18 Belgian First Amateur Division 1st (D3) Olympic Stadium 12,771 12 Cercle Brugge K.S.V. Bruges 2015–16 Belgian Pro League 7th (D2) Jan Breydel Stadium 29,945 6142 Oud-Heverlee Leuven Leuven 2016–17 Belgian Pro League 6th (D2) Den Dreef 10,000 30 Lierse S.K. Lier 2015–16 Belgian Pro League 1st (D2) Herman Vanderpoortenstadion 14,538 2024 K.V.C. Westerlo Westerlo 2017–18 Belgian First Division A 16th (D1A) Het Kuipje 8,035 134 K.S.V. Roeselare Roeselare 2010–11 Belgian Pro League 2nd (D2) Schiervelde Stadion 9,075 5632 A.F.C. Tubize Tubize 2009–10 Belgian Pro League 5th (D2) Stade Leburton 9,000 10 R. Union Saint-Gilloise Saint-Gilles, Brussels 2015–16 Belgian Third Division 4th (D2) King Baudouin Stadium 50,122 Personnel and kits Club Manager Captain Kit Manufacturer Sponsors Beerschot Wilrijk Marc Brys Tom Pietermaat Joma DCA Cercle Brugge Franky Vercauteren Benjamin Lambot Acerbis ADMB OH Leuven Nigel Pearson Dimitri Daeseleire Vermarc King Power Lierse David Colpaert Frédéric Frans Jako Wadi Degla Roeselare Jordi Condom Raphaël Lecomte Joma Euro Shop Tubize Philippe Thys Quentin Laurent Kappa No shirt sponsor Union SG Marc Grosjean Charles Morren Patrick Culture et Formation Westerlo Bob Peeters Benjamin De Ceulaer Saller Soudal Managerial changes Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position Replaced by Date of appointment Westerlo Jacky Mathijssen Mutual consent 21 June 2017 Pre-season Vedran Pelić 21 June 2017 Roeselare Arnauld Mercier Sacked 12 September 2017 5th Dennis van Wijk 28 September 2017 OH Leuven Dennis van Wijk Replaced 22 September 2017 4th Nigel Pearson 22 September 2017 Lierse Frederik Vanderbiest Sacked 6 October 2017 7th William Still 11 October 2017 Cercle Brugge José Riga Sacked 16 October 2017 3rd Franky Vercauteren 16 October 2017 Tubize Sadio Demba Sacked 13 November 2017 Closing tournament: 6thOverall: 8th Philippe Thys 13 November 2017 Lierse William Still Did not possess correct UEFA diploma to remain manager 2 December 2017 Closing tournament: 1stOverall: 3rd David Colpaert 2 December 2017 Westerlo Vedran Pelić Replaced 5 December 2017 Closing tournament: 8thOverall: 7th Bob Peeters 5 December 2017 Roeselare Dennis van Wijk Sacked 19 January 2018 Closing tournament: 7thOverall: 5th Jordi Condom 25 January 2018 League table Opening tournament Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification B-W OHL CER ROE LIE USG WES TUB 1 Beerschot Wilrijk 14 8 5 1 29 10 +19 29 Qualification to Promotion play-offs — 2–2 0–3 5–0 4–0 3–0 2–2 1–0 2 OH Leuven 14 7 5 2 28 15 +13 26 1–1 — 7–1 2–0 2–2 1–0 2–1 2–0 3 Cercle Brugge 14 7 2 5 24 21 +3 23 0–1 0–3 — 1–1 2–0 2–0 3–1 4–0 4 Roeselare 14 6 3 5 15 25 −10 21 0–4 3–1 2–1 — 2–0 1–0 0–0 1–0 5 Lierse 14 4 5 5 19 26 −7 17 2–2 2–1 3–2 2–2 — 2–1 2–2 1–1 6 Union SG 14 4 2 8 16 18 −2 14 0–3 0–0 1–2 4–0 3–2 — 3–0 1–2 7 Westerlo 14 2 6 6 16 22 −6 12 0–0 2–2 1–2 4–0 0–1 0–3 — 1–1 8 Tubize 14 2 4 8 10 20 −10 10 0–1 1–2 1–1 1–3 2–0 0–0 1–2 — Source: Belgian First Division B (in French and Dutch)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Matches won; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored; 5) Away goals scored; 6) Away matches won; 7) Play-off. Closing tournament Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification CER LIE OHL USG B-W WES ROE TUB 1 Cercle Brugge 14 7 6 1 26 13 +13 27 Qualification to Promotion play-offs — 4–1 1–0 2–2 4–0 1–1 1–0 0–0 2 Lierse 14 7 1 6 16 21 −5 22 1–0 — 0–1 1–0 2–1 2–0 1–2 2–1 3 OH Leuven 14 5 6 3 15 12 +3 21 2–2 2–1 — 3–1 1–1 0–1 1–1 1–1 4 Union SG 14 4 6 4 16 15 +1 18 1–1 1–0 0–0 — 1–0 1–1 1–2 1–1 5 Beerschot Wilrijk 14 4 5 5 13 17 −4 17 2–3 1–1 1–2 2–1 — 0–0 1–0 1–0 6 Westerlo 14 3 6 5 15 13 +2 15 2–3 6–0 1–0 0–1 1–1 — 0–0 0–0 7 Roeselare 14 3 5 6 11 18 −7 14 0–3 1–2 1–1 1–4 0–0 2–1 — 1–2 8 Tubize 14 2 7 5 11 14 −3 13 1–1 1–2 0–1 1–1 1–2 2–1 0–0 — Source: Belgian First Division B (in French and Dutch)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Matches won; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored; 5) Away goals scored; 6) Away matches won; 7) Play-off. ^ The match between Tubize and Beerschot-Wilrijk of 10 December was cancelled as the pitch was not deemed suited for football following long periods of rain and some snow. The match was instead played on 10 January. Aggregate table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Cercle Brugge 28 14 8 6 50 34 +16 50 Qualification to Promotion play-offs 2 OH Leuven 28 12 11 5 43 27 +16 47 Qualification to Europa League play-offs 3 Beerschot Wilrijk 28 12 10 6 42 27 +15 46 Qualification to Promotion play-offs 4 Lierse 28 11 6 11 35 47 −12 39 Qualification to Europa League play-offs 5 Roeselare 28 9 8 11 26 43 −17 35 Qualification to Relegation play-offs 6 Union SG 28 8 8 12 32 33 −1 32 7 Westerlo 28 5 12 11 31 35 −4 27 8 Tubize 28 4 11 13 21 34 −13 23 Source: Belgian First Division B (in French and Dutch)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Matches won; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored; 5) Away goals scored; 6) Away matches won; 7) Play-off. Notes ^ The team that promotes to the 2018–19 Belgian First Division A, either by winning the promotion playoff or by winning both the opening and the closing tournament, will not take part in the Europa League play-offs. The next team in the league will take its spot instead. ^ In case the team that wins the promotion playoff finishes in the bottom four, the 4th placed team will play the relegation playoff instead. Promotion play-offs The winners of the opening tournament and the closing tournament met in a two-legged match to determine the division champion, who promoted to the 2018–19 Belgian First Division A. The team finishing highest in the aggregate table was allowed to play the second leg at home. In case one team had won both the opening and the closing tournament, these matches would not have been played and that team would have been promoted automatically. On 5 November 2017, Beerschot Wilrijk won the opening tournament and was therefore assured of playing at least the promotion play-offs. The closing tournament was won by Cercle Brugge on 17 February 2018, who played Beerschot Wilrijk for the title and promotion. The first leg was a closed match with few chances, until Cercle Brugge goalkeeper Paul Nardi made an error in controlling the ball, allowing Euloge Placca Fessou one of the easiest goals of his career. Shortly after, Beerschot Wilrijk saw midfielder Alexander Maes sent off following a harsh tackle, resulting them in controlling the game without creating more chances. In the return match, Cercle Brugge scored twice early and looked on its way to promotion, only for Beerschot Wilrijk to come back to 2–1 just minutes before the end and gaining the advantage on away goals. In a dramatic finish, Cercle Brugge was awarded a last minute penalty kick, converted by Irvin Cardona to bring them back to the highest division where they last played during the 2014–15 season. 4 March 2018 (2018-03-04)16:00 Beerschot Wilrijk1–0Cercle Brugge Placca Fessou 53'Maes 62' Report Olympic Stadium, AntwerpAttendance: 11,750Referee: Jonathan Lardot 10 March 2018 (2018-03-10)20:00 Cercle Brugge3–1Beerschot Wilrijk Mercier 31'Crysan 36'Cardona 90' (pen.) Report Van Hyfte 84' Jan Breydel Stadium, BrugesReferee: Alexandre Boucaut Cercle Brugge won 3–2 on aggregate. Relegation play-offs The four bottom teams in the aggregate table will take part in the relegation play-offs in which they keep half of the points they collected during the overall regular season (rounded up). As a result, the teams started with the following points before the playoff: Roeselare 18 points, Union SG 16, Westerlo 14 and Tubize 12 points. The points of Roeselare, Westerlo and Tubize were rounded up, therefore in case of any ties on points at the end of the playoffs, their half point would be deducted. The team finishing in last position will relegate to the 2018–19 Belgian First Amateur Division. Following a 0-1 loss at home to Union SG on 14 April 2018, Tubize was mathematically relegated as the deficit to Union SG became six points with only two matches to go, while Union SG would always be ranked above Tubize in case of ties as the points of Tubize were rounded up prior to the relegation play-offs. Tubize was however spared of relegation from the Belgian First Division B as Lierse did not obtain a Belgian professional football license after going bankrupt. Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification ROE WES USG TUB 1 Roeselare (O) 6 3 3 0 5 1 +4 30 Relegation play off winner — 0–0 1–0 0–0 2 Westerlo 6 3 3 0 6 1 +5 26 0–0 — 1–0 1–1 3 Union SG 6 1 1 4 2 6 −4 20 0–1 0–2 — 1–1 4 Tubize 6 0 3 3 3 8 −5 15 Relegation to the 2018–19 Belgian First Amateur Division cancelled 1–3 0–2 0–1 — Source: Belgian First Division B (in French and Dutch)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Points without (possible) half points added due to rounding; 3) Matches won; 4) Goal difference; 5) Goals scored; 6) Away goals scored; 7) Away matches won; 8) Play-off.(O) Play-off winnersNotes: ^ Tubize would have been relegated after finishing last, however following the bankruptcy of Lierse, they remained in the First Division B. Season statistics Top scorers As of 16 February 2018 Rank Player Club Goals 1 Yannick Aguemon OH Leuven 10 Esteban Casagolda OH Leuven Florent Stevance Tubize 4 Xavier Mercier Cercle Brugge 9 Hernán Losada Beerschot Wilrijk Ivan Yagan Lierse 7 Euloge Placca Fessou Beerschot Wilrijk 8 8 Jens Naessens Westerlo 7 Dylan De Belder Cercle Brugge 10 Irvin Cardona Cercle Brugge 6 Mohamed Messoudi Beerschot Wilrijk Nikola Storm OH Leuven Guévin Tormin Cercle Brugge Julien Vercauteren Union SG 5 goals (5 players) Erwin Hoffer (Beerschot Wilrijk) Crysan (Cercle Brugge) Pierre Bourdin (Lierse) Mathieu Cornet (Roeselare) Christian Osaguona (Westerlo) 4 goals (5 players) Guillaume François (Beerschot Wilrijk) Nico Binst (Lierse) Mohamed El Gabbas (Lierse) Augusto Da Silva (Union SG) Maxime Annys (Westerlo) 3 goals (14 players) Gianni Bruno (Cercle Brugge) Stephen Buyl (Cercle Brugge) Jérémy Taravel (Cercle Brugge) Andrei Camargo (Lierse) Aurélien Joachim (Lierse) Mathieu Maertens (OH Leuven) Davy Brouwers (Roeselare) Raphaël Lecomte (Roeselare) Thibaut Van Acker (Roeselare) Salomon Nirisarike (Tubize) Roman Ferber (Union SG) Mathias Fixelles (Union SG) Benjamin De Ceulaer (Westerlo) Daan Heymans (Westerlo) 2 goals (19 players) Alexander Maes (Beerschot Wilrijk) Kule Mbombo (Beerschot Wilrijk) Lloyd Palun (Cercle Brugge) Héctor Rodas (Cercle Brugge) Frédéric Frans (Lierse) Mégan Laurent (Lierse) Elliott Moore (OH Leuven) Kenneth Schuermans (OH Leuven) Alessandro Cerigioni (Roeselare) Emile Samyn (Roeselare) Nermin Zolotić (Roeselare) Marco Weymans (Tubize) Christophe Bertjens (Union SG) Kenneth Houdret (Union SG) Gertjan Martens (Union SG) Pietro Perdichizzi (Union SG) Serge Tabekou (Union SG) Wouter Corstjens (Westerlo) Lukas Van Eenoo (Westerlo) 1 goal (40 players) Jimmy De Jonghe (Beerschot Wilrijk) Joren Dom (Beerschot Wilrijk) Denis Prychynenko (Beerschot Wilrijk) Arjan Swinkels (Beerschot Wilrijk) Tom Van Hyfte (Beerschot Wilrijk) Benjamin Delacourt (Cercle Brugge) Jordy Gaspar (Cercle Brugge) Benjamin Lambot (Cercle Brugge) Wesley Vanbelle (Cercle Brugge) Christophe Vincent (Cercle Brugge) Sabir Bougrine (Lierse) Pierre Bourdin (Lierse) Othman Boussaid (Lierse) Brice Ntambwe (Lierse) Thomas Azevedo (OH Leuven) Simon Diedhiou (OH Leuven) Julien Gorius (OH Leuven) Samy Kehli (OH Leuven) Jovan Kostovski (OH Leuven) Jarno Libert (OH Leuven) Koen Persoons (OH Leuven) Derrick Tshimanga (OH Leuven) Tony Watt (OH Leuven) Saviour Godwin (Roeselare) Grégory Grisez (Roeselare) Maël Lépicier (Roeselare) Marko Maletić (Roeselare) Sandro Wieser (Roeselare) Ki-wook Hwang (Tubize) Emeric Dudouit (Tubize) Mohamed Kané (Tubize) Hugo Vidémont (Tubize) Simon Zenke (Tubize) Kevin Kis (Union SG) Héritier Luvumbu (Union SG) Thibault Peyre (Union SG) Maxime Biset (Westerlo) Daniel Christensen (Westerlo) Noël Soumah (Westerlo) Cédric Vangeel (Westerlo) 1 own goal (7 players) Jan Van den Bergh (Beerschot Wilrijk, scored for Cercle Brugge) Isaac Koné (Cercle Brugge, scored for Beerschot Wilrijk) Dimitri Daeseleire (OH Leuven, scored for Westerlo) Nick Gillekens (OH Leuven, scored for Roeselare) Laurent Lemoine (Roeselare, scored for Union SG) Ibrahima Ba (Tubize, scored for OH Leuven) Gertjan Martens (Union SG, scored for Tubize) Number of teams by provinces Number of teams Province or region Team(s) 3 Antwerp Beerschot Wilrijk, Lierse and Westerlo 2 West Flanders Cercle Brugge and Roeselare 1 Brussels Union SG Flemish Brabant OH Leuven Walloon Brabant Tubize Notes ^ As part of the reform, the rules for obtaining a licence were changed, with clubs now required to have a stadium with a capacity of at least 8,000. As the Stade Joseph Marien has only a capacity of six thousand, Union will play one season in the King Baudouin Stadium while their home stadium is being expanded. This ruling was extended with one additional season as the Stade Joseph Marien was not fully refurbished yet at the start of the 2017–18 season and is now expected to be finalised by June 2018. References ^ a b "Mathijssen verlaat Westerlo dan toch, T2 Pelic wordt T1" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-06-21. ^ "Roeselare slachtoffert coach Arnauld Mercier na 5 speeldagen" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-09-12. ^ "Van Wijk begint aan derde ambtstermijn bij Roeselare" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-09-28. ^ a b "Nigel Pearson nieuwe coach van OH Leuven" (in Dutch). ohl.be. 2017-09-22. Archived from the original on 2017-09-23. Retrieved 2017-09-22. ^ "Lierse en coach Vanderbiest zijn uit elkaar" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-06. ^ "Lierse geeft 24-jarige William Still kans als hoofdcoach" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-11. ^ "José Riga krijgt de bons bij Cercle Brugge" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-16. ^ "Vercauteren moet Cercle Brugge weer naar hoogste klasse loodsen" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-16. ^ a b "Nieuwe coach moet Tubeke helpen in degradatiestrijd" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-11-13. ^ a b "Colpaert neemt over van Still bij Lierse: "Maar er verandert niet veel"" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-06. ^ a b "Bob Peeters keert na een jaar weer terug naar Westerlo" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-06. ^ "Samenwerking met Dennis van Wijk stopgezet" (in Dutch). ksvroeselare.be. 2018-01-19. ^ "Ex-Eupen-coach Condom gaat bij Roeselare aan de slag" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2018-01-25. ^ a b c "General terms Belgian competition" (PDF). kbvb.be. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ "Tubize - Beerschot Wilrijk afgelast; ondanks beperkte sneeuwlaag in het Stade Leburton" (in Dutch). proximus11.be. 10 December 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018. ^ "Lierse is failliet, stamnummer 30 verdwijnt: "Game over"" . Retrieved 9 May 2018. ^ "Pro League 2017/2018 - Season rules". Scoresway. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2015. ^ "Spelersstatistieken". Retrieved 4 October 2017. vteChallenger Pro League2024–25 teams Beveren Club NXT Deinze Eupen Francs Borains Jong Genk La Louvière Lierse Kempenzonen Lokeren-Temse Lommel Patro Eisden Maasmechelen RFC Liège RSCA Futures RWD Molenbeek Seraing Zulte Waregem Competition Current managers Seasons 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte2017–18 in Belgian football « 2016–17 2018–19 » League competitions First Division A First Division B First Amateur Division Second Amateur Division Third Amateur Division Cup competitions Belgian Cup (Final) Super Cup Transfers Summer 2017 Winter 2017–18 Summer 2018 UEFA competitions Champions League Europa League Related to national team 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying (Group H) Roberto Martínez Club seasonsFirst Division A Anderlecht Antwerp Charleroi Club Brugge Eupen Excel Mouscron Genk Gent Kortrijk Lokeren Mechelen Oostende Sint-Truiden Standard Liège Waasland-Beveren Zulte-Waregem First Division B Beerschot Wilrijk Cercle Brugge Lierse OH Leuven Roeselare Tubize Union SG Westerlo 2017–19 Belgian football fraud scandal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian First Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_B"},{"link_name":"Belgian Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Tubize"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2017–18 season of the Belgian First Division B began in August 2017 and ended in April 2018. It was the second season of the First Division B following a change in league format from the old Belgian Second Division. The fixtures were announced near the end of June 2017. Cercle Brugge won the title and promotion on 10 March 2018. Although Tubize lost the relegation play-offs and therefore would have been relegated, they were saved as Lierse went bankrupt.","title":"2017–18 Belgian First Division B"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"link_name":"2016–17 Belgian First Division A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"link_name":"2016–17 Belgian First Amateur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Belgian_First_Amateur_Division"}],"sub_title":"In","text":"Westerlo were relegated from the 2016–17 Belgian First Division A after finishing in last place.\nBeerschot Wilrijk were promoted as 2016–17 Belgian First Amateur Division winners.","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lommel United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lommel_United"}],"sub_title":"Out","text":"Antwerp won the promotion play-offs against Roeselare and was thus promoted.\nLommel United was relegated after they finished last in the relegation play-offs.","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team information"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgium_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgium_location_map.svg"}],"sub_title":"Stadiums and locations","text":"Beerschot WilrijkTubizeWesterloCercle BruggeRoeselareLierseUnion SGOH Leuvenclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the 2017–18 Belgian First Division B teams","title":"Team information"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personnel and kits","title":"Team information"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managerial changes","title":"Team information"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian First Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/uitslagen-klassement"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general_terms-15"}],"sub_title":"Opening tournament","text":"Source: Belgian First Division B (in French and Dutch)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Matches won; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored; 5) Away goals scored; 6) Away matches won; 7) Play-off.[14]","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian First Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/uitslagen-klassement"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general_terms-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_17-0"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Closing tournament","text":"Source: Belgian First Division B (in French and Dutch)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Matches won; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored; 5) Away goals scored; 6) Away matches won; 7) Play-off.[14]^ The match between Tubize and Beerschot-Wilrijk of 10 December was cancelled as the pitch was not deemed suited for football following long periods of rain and some snow. The match was instead played on 10 January.[15]","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian First Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/uitslagen-klassement"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general_terms-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1_1"},{"link_name":"2018–19 Belgian First Division A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"promotion playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Promotion_playoff"},{"link_name":"Europa League play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Belgian_First_Division_A#Europa_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2_1"},{"link_name":"promotion playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Promotion_playoff"}],"sub_title":"Aggregate table","text":"Source: Belgian First Division B (in French and Dutch)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Matches won; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored; 5) Away goals scored; 6) Away matches won; 7) Play-off.[14]Notes^ The team that promotes to the 2018–19 Belgian First Division A, either by winning the promotion playoff or by winning both the opening and the closing tournament, will not take part in the Europa League play-offs. The next team in the league will take its spot instead.\n^ In case the team that wins the promotion playoff finishes in the bottom four, the 4th placed team will play the relegation playoff instead.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018–19 Belgian First Division A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"link_name":"opening tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Opening_tournament"},{"link_name":"closing tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Closing_tournament"},{"link_name":"Paul Nardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nardi"},{"link_name":"Euloge Placca Fessou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euloge_Placca_Fessou"},{"link_name":"Alexander Maes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Maes"},{"link_name":"Irvin Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_Cardona"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Belgian_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Placca Fessou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euloge_Placca_Fessou"},{"link_name":"Maes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Maes"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sporza.be/permalink/1.3154055"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympisch_Stadion_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Lardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lardot"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"link_name":"Mercier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Mercier"},{"link_name":"Crysan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crysan"},{"link_name":"Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_Cardona"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sporza.be/permalink/1.3154057"},{"link_name":"Van Hyfte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Van_Hyfte"},{"link_name":"Jan Breydel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Breydel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Boucaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Boucaut"}],"sub_title":"Promotion play-offs","text":"The winners of the opening tournament and the closing tournament met in a two-legged match to determine the division champion, who promoted to the 2018–19 Belgian First Division A. The team finishing highest in the aggregate table was allowed to play the second leg at home. In case one team had won both the opening and the closing tournament, these matches would not have been played and that team would have been promoted automatically.On 5 November 2017, Beerschot Wilrijk won the opening tournament and was therefore assured of playing at least the promotion play-offs. The closing tournament was won by Cercle Brugge on 17 February 2018, who played Beerschot Wilrijk for the title and promotion.The first leg was a closed match with few chances, until Cercle Brugge goalkeeper Paul Nardi made an error in controlling the ball, allowing Euloge Placca Fessou one of the easiest goals of his career. Shortly after, Beerschot Wilrijk saw midfielder Alexander Maes sent off following a harsh tackle, resulting them in controlling the game without creating more chances. In the return match, Cercle Brugge scored twice early and looked on its way to promotion, only for Beerschot Wilrijk to come back to 2–1 just minutes before the end and gaining the advantage on away goals. In a dramatic finish, Cercle Brugge was awarded a last minute penalty kick, converted by Irvin Cardona to bring them back to the highest division where they last played during the 2014–15 season.4 March 2018 (2018-03-04)16:00\nBeerschot Wilrijk1–0Cercle Brugge\nPlacca Fessou 53'Maes 62'\nReport\n\nOlympic Stadium, AntwerpAttendance: 11,750Referee: Jonathan Lardot10 March 2018 (2018-03-10)20:00\nCercle Brugge3–1Beerschot Wilrijk\nMercier 31'Crysan 36'Cardona 90' (pen.)\nReport\nVan Hyfte 84'\nJan Breydel Stadium, BrugesReferee: Alexandre BoucautCercle Brugge won 3–2 on aggregate.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018–19 Belgian First Amateur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Belgian_First_Amateur_Division"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Belgian First Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/uitslagen-klassement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_TUB0.25183645088777_19-0"}],"sub_title":"Relegation play-offs","text":"The four bottom teams in the aggregate table will take part in the relegation play-offs in which they keep half of the points they collected during the overall regular season (rounded up). As a result, the teams started with the following points before the playoff: Roeselare 18 points, Union SG 16, Westerlo 14 and Tubize 12 points. The points of Roeselare, Westerlo and Tubize were rounded up, therefore in case of any ties on points at the end of the playoffs, their half point would be deducted. The team finishing in last position will relegate to the 2018–19 Belgian First Amateur Division.Following a 0-1 loss at home to Union SG on 14 April 2018, Tubize was mathematically relegated as the deficit to Union SG became six points with only two matches to go, while Union SG would always be ranked above Tubize in case of ties as the points of Tubize were rounded up prior to the relegation play-offs. Tubize was however spared of relegation from the Belgian First Division B as Lierse did not obtain a Belgian professional football license after going bankrupt.[16]Source: Belgian First Division B (in French and Dutch)Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Points without (possible) half points added due to rounding; 3) Matches won; 4) Goal difference; 5) Goals scored; 6) Away goals scored; 7) Away matches won; 8) Play-off.[17](O) Play-off winnersNotes:^ Tubize would have been relegated after finishing last, however following the bankruptcy of Lierse, they remained in the First Division B.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Erwin Hoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Hoffer"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Crysan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crysan"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bourdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bourdin"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Cornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Cornet"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Christian Osaguona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Osaguona"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Guillaume François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Fran%C3%A7ois"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Nico Binst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Binst"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mohamed El Gabbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_El_Gabbas"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Augusto Da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Da_Silva_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Maxime Annys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Annys"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Gianni Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Stephen Buyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Buyl"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Jérémy Taravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my_Taravel"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Andrei Camargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Camargo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Aurélien Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Joachim"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Maertens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Maertens"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Davy Brouwers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Brouwers"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Raphaël Lecomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Lecomte"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Thibaut Van Acker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Van_Acker"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Salomon Nirisarike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Nirisarike"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Roman Ferber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Ferber"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Mathias Fixelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Fixelles"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Benjamin De Ceulaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_De_Ceulaer"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Daan Heymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daan_Heymans"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Alexander Maes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Maes"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Kule Mbombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kule_Mbombo"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Palun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Palun"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Héctor Rodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Rodas"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Frans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Frans"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Mégan Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9gan_Laurent"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Elliott Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Moore"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Schuermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Schuermans"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Cerigioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Cerigioni"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Emile Samyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Samyn"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Nermin Zolotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nermin_Zoloti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Marco Weymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Weymans"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Christophe Bertjens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Bertjens"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Houdret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Houdret"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Gertjan Martens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertjan_Martens"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Pietro Perdichizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Perdichizzi"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Serge Tabekou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Tabekou"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Wouter Corstjens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_Corstjens"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Lukas Van Eenoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Van_Eenoo"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jimmy De Jonghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_De_Jonghe"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Joren Dom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joren_Dom"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Denis Prychynenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Prychynenko"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Arjan Swinkels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjan_Swinkels"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Tom Van Hyfte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Van_Hyfte"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Delacourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Delacourt"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Jordy Gaspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordy_Gaspar"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lambot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lambot"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Wesley Vanbelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Vanbelle"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Christophe Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Sabir Bougrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabir_Bougrine"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bourdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bourdin"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Othman Boussaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman_Boussaid"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brice Ntambwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_Ntambwe"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Thomas Azevedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Azevedo"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Simon Diedhiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Diedhiou"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Julien Gorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Gorius"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Samy Kehli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Kehli"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Jovan Kostovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Kostovski"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jarno Libert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarno_Libert"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Koen Persoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koen_Persoons"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Derrick Tshimanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Tshimanga"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Tony Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Watt"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Saviour Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saviour_Godwin"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Grégory Grisez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gory_Grisez"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Maël Lépicier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ABl_L%C3%A9picier"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Marko Maletić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Maleti%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Sandro Wieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Wieser"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Ki-wook Hwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang_Ki-wook"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Emeric Dudouit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeric_Dudouit"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Kané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Kan%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Hugo Vidémont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Vid%C3%A9mont"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Simon Zenke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Zenke"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kis"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Héritier Luvumbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ritier_Luvumbu"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Thibault Peyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibault_Peyre"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Maxime Biset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Biset"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Daniel Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Noël Soumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Soumah"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Cédric Vangeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9dric_Vangeel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jan Van den Bergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Van_den_Bergh"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Isaac Koné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Kon%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Beerschot Wilrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFCO_Beerschot_Wilrijk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Daeseleire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Daeseleire"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Westerlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Nick Gillekens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gillekens"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Laurent Lemoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Lemoine"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Ibrahima Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahima_Ba_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"},{"link_name":"OH Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Gertjan Martens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertjan_Martens"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"link_name":"Tubize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Tubize"}],"sub_title":"Top scorers","text":"As of 16 February 2018[18]5 goals (5 players)Erwin Hoffer (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Crysan (Cercle Brugge)\n Pierre Bourdin (Lierse)\n Mathieu Cornet (Roeselare)\n Christian Osaguona (Westerlo)4 goals (5 players)Guillaume François (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Nico Binst (Lierse)\n Mohamed El Gabbas (Lierse)\n Augusto Da Silva (Union SG)\n Maxime Annys (Westerlo)3 goals (14 players)Gianni Bruno (Cercle Brugge)\n Stephen Buyl (Cercle Brugge)\n Jérémy Taravel (Cercle Brugge)\n Andrei Camargo (Lierse)\n Aurélien Joachim (Lierse)\n Mathieu Maertens (OH Leuven)\n Davy Brouwers (Roeselare)\n Raphaël Lecomte (Roeselare)\n Thibaut Van Acker (Roeselare)\n Salomon Nirisarike (Tubize)\n Roman Ferber (Union SG)\n Mathias Fixelles (Union SG)\n Benjamin De Ceulaer (Westerlo)\n Daan Heymans (Westerlo)2 goals (19 players)Alexander Maes (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Kule Mbombo (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Lloyd Palun (Cercle Brugge)\n Héctor Rodas (Cercle Brugge)\n Frédéric Frans (Lierse)\n Mégan Laurent (Lierse)\n Elliott Moore (OH Leuven)\n Kenneth Schuermans (OH Leuven)\n Alessandro Cerigioni (Roeselare)\n Emile Samyn (Roeselare)\n Nermin Zolotić (Roeselare)\n Marco Weymans (Tubize)\n Christophe Bertjens (Union SG)\n Kenneth Houdret (Union SG)\n Gertjan Martens (Union SG)\n Pietro Perdichizzi (Union SG)\n Serge Tabekou (Union SG)\n Wouter Corstjens (Westerlo)\n Lukas Van Eenoo (Westerlo)1 goal (40 players)Jimmy De Jonghe (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Joren Dom (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Denis Prychynenko (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Arjan Swinkels (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Tom Van Hyfte (Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Benjamin Delacourt (Cercle Brugge)\n Jordy Gaspar (Cercle Brugge)\n Benjamin Lambot (Cercle Brugge)\n Wesley Vanbelle (Cercle Brugge)\n Christophe Vincent (Cercle Brugge)\n Sabir Bougrine (Lierse)\n Pierre Bourdin (Lierse)\n Othman Boussaid (Lierse)\n Brice Ntambwe (Lierse)\n Thomas Azevedo (OH Leuven)\n Simon Diedhiou (OH Leuven)\n Julien Gorius (OH Leuven)\n Samy Kehli (OH Leuven)\n Jovan Kostovski (OH Leuven)\n Jarno Libert (OH Leuven)\n Koen Persoons (OH Leuven)\n Derrick Tshimanga (OH Leuven)\n Tony Watt (OH Leuven)\n Saviour Godwin (Roeselare)\n Grégory Grisez (Roeselare)\n Maël Lépicier (Roeselare)\n Marko Maletić (Roeselare)\n Sandro Wieser (Roeselare)\n Ki-wook Hwang (Tubize)\n Emeric Dudouit (Tubize)\n Mohamed Kané (Tubize)\n Hugo Vidémont (Tubize)\n Simon Zenke (Tubize)\n Kevin Kis (Union SG)\n Héritier Luvumbu (Union SG)\n Thibault Peyre (Union SG)\n Maxime Biset (Westerlo)\n Daniel Christensen (Westerlo)\n Noël Soumah (Westerlo)\n Cédric Vangeel (Westerlo)1 own goal (7 players)Jan Van den Bergh (Beerschot Wilrijk, scored for Cercle Brugge)\n Isaac Koné (Cercle Brugge, scored for Beerschot Wilrijk)\n Dimitri Daeseleire (OH Leuven, scored for Westerlo)\n Nick Gillekens (OH Leuven, scored for Roeselare)\n Laurent Lemoine (Roeselare, scored for Union SG)\n Ibrahima Ba (Tubize, scored for OH Leuven)\n Gertjan Martens (Union SG, scored for Tubize)","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Number of teams by provinces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-noteunion_1-0"},{"link_name":"Stade Joseph Marien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Joseph_Marien"}],"text":"^ As part of the reform, the rules for obtaining a licence were changed, with clubs now required to have a stadium with a capacity of at least 8,000. As the Stade Joseph Marien has only a capacity of six thousand, Union will play one season in the King Baudouin Stadium while their home stadium is being expanded. This ruling was extended with one additional season as the Stade Joseph Marien was not fully refurbished yet at the start of the 2017–18 season and is now expected to be finalised by June 2018.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mathijssen verlaat Westerlo dan toch, T2 Pelic wordt T1\" [Mathijssen does leave Westerlo after all, assistant Pelić becomes head coach] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3006760","url_text":"\"Mathijssen verlaat Westerlo dan toch, T2 Pelic wordt T1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roeselare slachtoffert coach Arnauld Mercier na 5 speeldagen\" [Roeselare sacrifices coach Arnauld Mercier after 5 matchdays] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3064703","url_text":"\"Roeselare slachtoffert coach Arnauld Mercier na 5 speeldagen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Van Wijk begint aan derde ambtstermijn bij Roeselare\" [Van Wijk starts third term at Roeselare] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3074636","url_text":"\"Van Wijk begint aan derde ambtstermijn bij Roeselare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nigel Pearson nieuwe coach van OH Leuven\" [Nigel Pearson new coach of OH Leuven] (in Dutch). ohl.be. 2017-09-22. Archived from the original on 2017-09-23. Retrieved 2017-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095638/http://ohl.be/nl/heren/nieuws/bericht/10296/nigel-pearson-nieuwe-coach-van-oh-leuven","url_text":"\"Nigel Pearson nieuwe coach van OH Leuven\""},{"url":"http://ohl.be/nl/heren/nieuws/bericht/10296/nigel-pearson-nieuwe-coach-van-oh-leuven","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lierse en coach Vanderbiest zijn uit elkaar\" [Lierse and coach Vanderbiest have split up] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3078259","url_text":"\"Lierse en coach Vanderbiest zijn uit elkaar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lierse geeft 24-jarige William Still kans als hoofdcoach\" [Lierse gives 24-year old William Still a chance as head coach] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3080578","url_text":"\"Lierse geeft 24-jarige William Still kans als hoofdcoach\""}]},{"reference":"\"José Riga krijgt de bons bij Cercle Brugge\" [José Riga gets sacked at Cercle Brugge] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3082566","url_text":"\"José Riga krijgt de bons bij Cercle Brugge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vercauteren moet Cercle Brugge weer naar hoogste klasse loodsen\" [Vercauteren to guide Cercle Brugge back to the highest division] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3082594","url_text":"\"Vercauteren moet Cercle Brugge weer naar hoogste klasse loodsen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nieuwe coach moet Tubeke helpen in degradatiestrijd\" [New manager to help Tubeke in relegation battle] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3096732","url_text":"\"Nieuwe coach moet Tubeke helpen in degradatiestrijd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colpaert neemt over van Still bij Lierse: \"Maar er verandert niet veel\"\" [Colpaert takes over form Still at Lierse: \"But not much will change\"] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3107550","url_text":"\"Colpaert neemt over van Still bij Lierse: \"Maar er verandert niet veel\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Peeters keert na een jaar weer terug naar Westerlo\" [Bob Peeters returns to Westerlo after one year] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3109170","url_text":"\"Bob Peeters keert na een jaar weer terug naar Westerlo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samenwerking met Dennis van Wijk stopgezet\" [Cooperation with Dennis van Wijk cancelled] (in Dutch). ksvroeselare.be. 2018-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksvroeselare.be/samenwerking-met-dennis-van-wijk-beeindigd/","url_text":"\"Samenwerking met Dennis van Wijk stopgezet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Eupen-coach Condom gaat bij Roeselare aan de slag\" [Ex-Eupen-coach Condom starts working at Roeselare] (in Dutch). sporza.be. 2018-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3132747","url_text":"\"Ex-Eupen-coach Condom gaat bij Roeselare aan de slag\""}]},{"reference":"\"General terms Belgian competition\" (PDF). kbvb.be. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031127/http://static.belgianfootball.be/project/publiek/reglement/reglement_nl.pdf","url_text":"\"General terms Belgian competition\""},{"url":"http://static.belgianfootball.be/project/publiek/reglement/reglement_nl.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tubize - Beerschot Wilrijk afgelast; ondanks beperkte sneeuwlaag in het Stade Leburton\" [Tubize - Beerschot Wilrijk cancelled; in spite of only moderate snow at Stade Leburton] (in Dutch). proximus11.be. 10 December 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/nieuws/artikel/1816766/tubize-beerschot-wilrijk-afgelast-ondanks-beperkte-sneeuwlaag-in-het-stade-leburton","url_text":"\"Tubize - Beerschot Wilrijk afgelast; ondanks beperkte sneeuwlaag in het Stade Leburton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lierse is failliet, stamnummer 30 verdwijnt: \"Game over\"\" [Lierse bankrupt, matricule 30 disappears: \"Game over\"]. Retrieved 9 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3194363","url_text":"\"Lierse is failliet, stamnummer 30 verdwijnt: \"Game over\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pro League 2017/2018 - Season rules\". Scoresway. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032429/http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=season&id=11676&view=rules","url_text":"\"Pro League 2017/2018 - Season rules\""},{"url":"http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=season&id=11676&view=rules","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spelersstatistieken\". Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/statistieken","url_text":"\"Spelersstatistieken\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.admb.be/","external_links_name":"ADMB"},{"Link":"http://www.wadidegla.com/","external_links_name":"Wadi Degla"},{"Link":"http://www.euroshop.be/","external_links_name":"Euro Shop"},{"Link":"http://www.culture-formation.fr/","external_links_name":"Culture et Formation"},{"Link":"http://www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/uitslagen-klassement","external_links_name":"Belgian First Division B"},{"Link":"http://www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/uitslagen-klassement","external_links_name":"Belgian First Division B"},{"Link":"http://www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/uitslagen-klassement","external_links_name":"Belgian First Division B"},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3154055","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3154057","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/uitslagen-klassement","external_links_name":"Belgian First Division B"},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3006760","external_links_name":"\"Mathijssen verlaat Westerlo dan toch, T2 Pelic wordt T1\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3064703","external_links_name":"\"Roeselare slachtoffert coach Arnauld Mercier na 5 speeldagen\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3074636","external_links_name":"\"Van Wijk begint aan derde ambtstermijn bij Roeselare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095638/http://ohl.be/nl/heren/nieuws/bericht/10296/nigel-pearson-nieuwe-coach-van-oh-leuven","external_links_name":"\"Nigel Pearson nieuwe coach van OH Leuven\""},{"Link":"http://ohl.be/nl/heren/nieuws/bericht/10296/nigel-pearson-nieuwe-coach-van-oh-leuven","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3078259","external_links_name":"\"Lierse en coach Vanderbiest zijn uit elkaar\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3080578","external_links_name":"\"Lierse geeft 24-jarige William Still kans als hoofdcoach\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3082566","external_links_name":"\"José Riga krijgt de bons bij Cercle Brugge\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3082594","external_links_name":"\"Vercauteren moet Cercle Brugge weer naar hoogste klasse loodsen\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3096732","external_links_name":"\"Nieuwe coach moet Tubeke helpen in degradatiestrijd\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3107550","external_links_name":"\"Colpaert neemt over van Still bij Lierse: \"Maar er verandert niet veel\"\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3109170","external_links_name":"\"Bob Peeters keert na een jaar weer terug naar Westerlo\""},{"Link":"http://www.ksvroeselare.be/samenwerking-met-dennis-van-wijk-beeindigd/","external_links_name":"\"Samenwerking met Dennis van Wijk stopgezet\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3132747","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Eupen-coach Condom gaat bij Roeselare aan de slag\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031127/http://static.belgianfootball.be/project/publiek/reglement/reglement_nl.pdf","external_links_name":"\"General terms Belgian competition\""},{"Link":"http://static.belgianfootball.be/project/publiek/reglement/reglement_nl.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/nieuws/artikel/1816766/tubize-beerschot-wilrijk-afgelast-ondanks-beperkte-sneeuwlaag-in-het-stade-leburton","external_links_name":"\"Tubize - Beerschot Wilrijk afgelast; ondanks beperkte sneeuwlaag in het Stade Leburton\""},{"Link":"http://sporza.be/permalink/1.3194363","external_links_name":"\"Lierse is failliet, stamnummer 30 verdwijnt: \"Game over\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032429/http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=season&id=11676&view=rules","external_links_name":"\"Pro League 2017/2018 - Season rules\""},{"Link":"http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=season&id=11676&view=rules","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.proximus11.be/nl/proximus-league/statistieken","external_links_name":"\"Spelersstatistieken\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Triogue	River Triogue	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°08′11″N 7°17′32″W / 53.13646°N 7.29233°W / 53.13646; -7.29233This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "River Triogue" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The River Triogue (Irish: An Trióg) is a river that flows through the county of Laois in Ireland. It is a tributary of the River Barrow. It has its source in the Cullenagh Hills, south of Portlaoise. It enters the town of Portlaoise from the south, passing under Main Street and flows north before joining the River Barrow at Clonterry north east of Mountmellick. See also Rivers of Ireland References ^ "Barrow Owenass Triogue Water Management Unit Action Plan" (PDF). wfdireland.ie. Retrieved 21 March 2016. External links libraryireland.com vteRivers of IrelandListFlowing north Bann Bush Faughan Foyle Roe Flowing to the Irish Sea Avoca Boyne Broadmeadow Ward Castletown Dargle Glencullen Fane Glyde Dee Lagan Liffey Morell Rye Camac Poddle Dodder Mayne Naniken Newry Quoile Santry Shanganagh River Slaney Tolka Vartry Flowing to the Celtic Sea Bandon Blackwater Lee Mahon The Three Sisters Barrow Nore Suir Flowing to the Atlantic Ballisodare Caragh Clare Corrib Erne Eske Feale Inny Laune Ferta Maine Moy Robe Shannon Swilly Tributaries of the Shannon Abbey River Boyle River Brosna Deel Fergus Inny Maigue Mulkear River Nenagh River Suck River names in italics indicate rivers which are partially or wholly in Northern Ireland, with the rest being wholly in the Republic of Ireland 53°08′11″N 7°17′32″W / 53.13646°N 7.29233°W / 53.13646; -7.29233	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Laois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Laois"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"River Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Portlaoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlaoise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfdireland-1"},{"link_name":"Mountmellick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountmellick"}],"text":"The River Triogue (Irish: An Trióg) is a river that flows through the county of Laois in Ireland. It is a tributary of the River Barrow.It has its source in the Cullenagh Hills, south of Portlaoise.[1] It enters the town of Portlaoise from the south, passing under Main Street and flows north before joining the River Barrow at Clonterry north east of Mountmellick.","title":"River Triogue"}]	[]	[{"title":"Rivers of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland"}]	[{"reference":"\"Barrow Owenass Triogue Water Management Unit Action Plan\" (PDF). wfdireland.ie. Retrieved 21 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wfdireland.ie/docs/1_River%20Basin%20Management%20Plans%202009%20-%202015/SERBD%20RBMP%202010/Water%20Management%20Unit%20Action%20Plans/Barrow%20Owenass%20Triogue%20WMU%20Mar%202010.pdf","url_text":"\"Barrow Owenass Triogue Water Management Unit Action Plan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Triogue&params=53.13646_N_7.29233_W_type:river_region:IE","external_links_name":"53°08′11″N 7°17′32″W / 53.13646°N 7.29233°W / 53.13646; -7.29233"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22River+Triogue%22","external_links_name":"\"River Triogue\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22River+Triogue%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22River+Triogue%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22River+Triogue%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22River+Triogue%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22River+Triogue%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.wfdireland.ie/docs/1_River%20Basin%20Management%20Plans%202009%20-%202015/SERBD%20RBMP%202010/Water%20Management%20Unit%20Action%20Plans/Barrow%20Owenass%20Triogue%20WMU%20Mar%202010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Barrow Owenass Triogue Water Management Unit Action Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.libraryireland.com/Atlas/Queens.php","external_links_name":"libraryireland.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Triogue&params=53.13646_N_7.29233_W_type:river_region:IE","external_links_name":"53°08′11″N 7°17′32″W / 53.13646°N 7.29233°W / 53.13646; -7.29233"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_Hop	Sock hop	["1 History","2 Revival","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Dance event Sock hop at Shimer College, Illinois, in 1948 A sock hop or sox hop, often also called a record hop: 199 or just a hop, was an informal (but officially organized) dance event for teenagers in mid-20th-century North America, featuring popular music. History Sock hops were held as early as 1944 by the American Junior Red Cross to raise funds during World War II. They then became a fad among American teenagers in 1948. Sock hops were commonly held at high schools and other educational institutions, often in the school gymnasium or cafeteria. The term came about because dancers were required to remove their hard-soled shoes to protect the varnished floor of the gymnasium.: 200 The music at a sock hop was usually played from vinyl records, sometimes presented by a disc jockey.: 200 Occasionally there were live bands. In later years, "hops" became strongly associated with the 1950s and early rock and roll.: 200 "At the Hop", a song by Danny & the Juniors that debuted in 1957, names many popular and novelty dances and otherwise documented what occurred at a hop.: 199–200 In subsequent decades, with the widespread popularity of sneakers and other types of indoors-only footwear, the practice of removing shoes was dropped. The term then came to be applied more generally to any informal dance for teenagers. Revival The term caught on in England in the late 1980s during a British rockabilly revival, led by groups like The Stray Cats. "Life Begins at the Hop", a song celebrating sock hops, became the first charting single for XTC. Owl City song "Fireflies" makes reference to the sock hop in the second verse. See also Students removing their shoes for a sock hop. Sokkie - a similar idea in South Africa School dance - modern incarnation of sock hops, shoes typically being mandatory for safety purposes (to avoid slipping and falling, shoe theft, etc.) Prom - formal school dance in North American high schools, usually held for seniors (and sometimes juniors in a 'junior prom') at the end of the school year Social dance Bobby soxer References ^ a b c d e McBride, Tom; Nief, Ron (2014). The Mindset List of the Obscure: 74 Famously Forgotten Icons from A to Z. Sourcebooks. ISBN 9781402293474. ^ "Juniors to Hold Important Jobs in War Fund Drive". Evening Star. Washington, DC. 1944-02-27. p. 37. ^ "Teen-Agers". Life. 1948-12-20. p. 67. ^ Partridge, Eric (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 1811. ISBN 9780415259385. ^ Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2001). All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 425. ISBN 0879306270. External links Look up sock hop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Poch, Angela (January 18, 2019). "Everything You Wanted to Know About Sock Hops and Having Fun 50s Style". HalloweenCostumes.com. Retrieved 23 June 2020. Toothman, Jessika (25 July 2011). "How Sock Hops Worked". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 23 June 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shimer_College_Sox_Hop_1948.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shimer College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimer_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBride-1"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"}],"text":"Sock hop at Shimer College, Illinois, in 1948A sock hop or sox hop, often also called a record hop[1]: 199 or just a hop, was an informal (but officially organized) dance event for teenagers in mid-20th-century North America, featuring popular music.","title":"Sock hop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junior Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"teenagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"cafeteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeteria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBride-1"},{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBride-1"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBride-1"},{"link_name":"At the Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Hop"},{"link_name":"Danny & the Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_%26_the_Juniors"},{"link_name":"novelty dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBride-1"},{"link_name":"sneakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneakers_(footwear)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sock hops were held as early as 1944 by the American Junior Red Cross to raise funds during World War II.[2] They then became a fad among American teenagers in 1948.[3] Sock hops were commonly held at high schools and other educational institutions, often in the school gymnasium or cafeteria. The term came about because dancers were required to remove their hard-soled shoes to protect the varnished floor of the gymnasium.[1]: 200 The music at a sock hop was usually played from vinyl records, sometimes presented by a disc jockey.[1]: 200 Occasionally there were live bands.In later years, \"hops\" became strongly associated with the 1950s and early rock and roll.[1]: 200 \"At the Hop\", a song by Danny & the Juniors that debuted in 1957, names many popular and novelty dances and otherwise documented what occurred at a hop.[1]: 199–200 In subsequent decades, with the widespread popularity of sneakers and other types of indoors-only footwear, the practice of removing shoes was dropped. The term then came to be applied more generally to any informal dance for teenagers.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rockabilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly"},{"link_name":"revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_revival"},{"link_name":"The Stray Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stray_Cats"},{"link_name":"Life Begins at the Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Begins_at_the_Hop"},{"link_name":"XTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Owl City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_City"},{"link_name":"Fireflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireflies_(Owl_City_song)"}],"text":"The term caught on in England in the late 1980s during a British rockabilly revival, led by groups like The Stray Cats. \"Life Begins at the Hop\", a song celebrating sock hops, became the first charting single for XTC.[5] Owl City song \"Fireflies\" makes reference to the sock hop in the second verse.","title":"Revival"}]	[{"image_text":"Sock hop at Shimer College, Illinois, in 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shimer_College_Sox_Hop_1948.jpg/220px-Shimer_College_Sox_Hop_1948.jpg"},{"image_text":"Students removing their shoes for a sock hop.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shimer_College_Sox_Hop_shoes_1948.jpg/220px-Shimer_College_Sox_Hop_shoes_1948.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shimer_College_Sox_Hop_shoes_1948.jpg"},{"title":"Sokkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokkie"},{"title":"School dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_dance"},{"title":"Prom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom"},{"title":"Social dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dance"},{"title":"Bobby soxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_soxer_(music)"}]	[{"reference":"McBride, Tom; Nief, Ron (2014). The Mindset List of the Obscure: 74 Famously Forgotten Icons from A to Z. Sourcebooks. ISBN 9781402293474.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nVU8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT199","url_text":"The Mindset List of the Obscure: 74 Famously Forgotten Icons from A to Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402293474","url_text":"9781402293474"}]},{"reference":"\"Juniors to Hold Important Jobs in War Fund Drive\". Evening Star. Washington, DC. 1944-02-27. p. 37.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Star","url_text":"Evening Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Teen-Agers\". Life. 1948-12-20. p. 67.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iUoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA67","url_text":"\"Teen-Agers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)","url_text":"Life"}]},{"reference":"Partridge, Eric (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 1811. ISBN 9780415259385.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newpartridgedict00tomd_0","url_text":"The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415259385","url_text":"9780415259385"}]},{"reference":"Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2001). All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 425. ISBN 0879306270.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidedef00bogd","url_text":"All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidedef00bogd/page/425","url_text":"425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879306270","url_text":"0879306270"}]},{"reference":"Poch, Angela (January 18, 2019). \"Everything You Wanted to Know About Sock Hops and Having Fun 50s Style\". HalloweenCostumes.com. Retrieved 23 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.halloweencostumes.com/blog/p-1261-sock-hops-and-50s-style.aspx","url_text":"\"Everything You Wanted to Know About Sock Hops and Having Fun 50s Style\""}]},{"reference":"Toothman, Jessika (25 July 2011). \"How Sock Hops Worked\". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 23 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.howstuffworks.com/sock-hop2.htm","url_text":"\"How Sock Hops Worked\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nVU8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT199","external_links_name":"The Mindset List of the Obscure: 74 Famously Forgotten Icons from A to Z"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iUoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA67","external_links_name":"\"Teen-Agers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newpartridgedict00tomd_0","external_links_name":"The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidedef00bogd","external_links_name":"All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidedef00bogd/page/425","external_links_name":"425"},{"Link":"https://www.halloweencostumes.com/blog/p-1261-sock-hops-and-50s-style.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Everything You Wanted to Know About Sock Hops and Having Fun 50s Style\""},{"Link":"https://people.howstuffworks.com/sock-hop2.htm","external_links_name":"\"How Sock Hops Worked\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_national_rugby_league_team	New Zealand Māori rugby league team	["1 History","2 Jerseys","3 Players","3.1 2008 squad","3.2 2010 Squad","3.3 2013 squad","3.4 2014 Squad","3.5 2018 Squad","4 2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars","4.1 2019 squad","4.2 2020 squad","4.3 2021 squad","4.4 2022 squad","4.5 2023 squad","4.6 2024 Professional Player Pool","5 Coaches","6 Results","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Representative rugby league team made up of Māori players from New Zealand Not to be confused with Māori All Blacks. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "New Zealand Māori rugby league team" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) New Zealand MāoriTeam informationHead coachBen GardinerCaptainJoseph TapineTeam resultsFirst international Australia 24–14 Māori (Sydney, Australia; 1908)Biggest win Māori 64–4 Tokelau(Ericsson Stadium No.2, Auckland; 2006)Biggest defeat Māori 0–29 Great Britain (Auckland, New Zealand; 20 July 1910)World CupAppearances1 (first time in 2000)Best resultPool Stage New Zealand Māori rugby league team is a rugby league representative side made up of New Zealand Māori players. The side represents the New Zealand Māori Rugby league. Like its union counterpart, the rugby league team previously competed in international competitions. With some controversy, the team participated in the 2000 World Cup as Aotearoa Māori. The Super League International Board had agreed to give a place in their World Cup to the New Zealand Māori team as they attempted to gain allies during the Super League war. Despite that World Cup not taking place, the Rugby League International Federation repeated the offer for the 2000 World Cup when it replaced the Super League International Board following the end of the dispute. History New Zealand Maori pre–match huddle before their clash with the Indigenous Dreamtime team before the start of the 2008 World Cup A New Zealand Māori team first toured overseas in 1908 when they visited Australia. This tour was a success, and was followed by another tour to Australia in 1909 and to Great Britain in 1910. Wairangi Koopu takes on the Indigenous line The first game of international rugby league on New Zealand soil was between the Māori and the touring Great Britain Lions of 1910. A separate body, the Māori Rugby League Board of Control, was formed in 1934 to administer the game in Māori communities. This governing body was later renamed the Aotearoa Māori Rugby League and in 1992 it was registered as an incorporated society. The Māori have had a wonderful record of beating international touring teams over the years. In 1983 they visited Britain and a side containing future Kiwis stars like Hugh McGahan, Dean Bell and Clayton Friend proved too strong for the amateur opposition they played. For many years, the Māori have competed in the Pacific Cup alongside other teams with a strong presence of New Zealand–based players—Samoa, Tonga and the Cook Islands, so they thought it was right they should have the opportunity to follow these teams to the World Cup. The invitation to the Māori to take part in the 2000 World Cup came about as a result of promises made to them by the defunct Super League International Board at the height of the Super League war that tore the game apart in the southern hemisphere. The Māori team has participated in the Pacific Cup (since 1974), Super League's 1997 Oceania Cup, Papua New Guinea 50th Anniversary (1998), 2000 World Cup, World Sevens Qualification (2003) and Pacific Rim (2004) competitions. The Maori competed against Indigenous Dreamtime team on 26 October 2008 as the curtain raiser to the first match of the 2008 World Cup. The Māori team lost 34–26. In 2010, the Maori team played England at Mt. Smart Stadium in Auckland before the 2010 Rugby League Four Nations in New Zealand. After trailing 18–0 at halftime, the Maori came back to draw the match at 18–all. Maori Haka Meets Indigenous War Cry In October 2013, the side faced the touring Murri Rugby League Team in a two–game series. The Maori side, featuring NRL players Charlie Gubb, Sam Rapira and Bodene Thompson, won the first game 48–18 at Davies Park, Huntly. The second game was played at Puketawhero Park, Rotorua and was won by the Maori side, 32–16. In October 2014, the team will travel to Australia to play against the Queensland Maori team at Owen Park, Southport and the Murri Rugby League Team at BMD Kougari Oval, Wynnum. In 2018 they took part in the NRL Festival of Indigenous Rugby League held in Redfern Sydney against the First Nation Goannas, they were beat 22–16 in a thrilling finish. Jerseys Primary Primary1974-2007 Primary2008-present Alternative Alternative1974-2007 Alternative2008-present Players 2008 squad Main article: 2008 Rugby League World Cup New Zealand Māori 2008 squad Coaching staff 1 Bronx Goodwin – FB 2 Jordan Rapana – WG 3 Chase Stanley – CE 4 Karl Johnson – CE 5 Shaun Kenny-Dowall – WG 6 Arana Taumata – FE 7 Rangi Chase – HB 8 Weller Hauraki – PR 9 Ben Ellis (c) – HK 10 Sam McKendry – PR 11 Wairangi Koopu – SR 12 Craig Smith – SR 13 Lee Te Maari – LK 14 Charlie Herekotukutuku – FB, HB 15 Joseph Cahill 16 Phillip Kahui 17 James Tamou – PR 18 Kevin Proctor – SR Head coach Luke Goodwin Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2010 Squad New Zealand Māori 2010 squad Coaching staff 1 Kevin Locke – FB 2 Sandor Earl – WG 3 Timana Tahu – CE 4 Clinton Toopi (c) – CE 5 Kaine Manihera – WG 6 Arana Taumata – FE 7 Rangi Chase – HB 8 James Tamou – PR 9 Aaron Heremaia – HK 10 Russell Packer – PR 11 Weller Hauraki – SR 12 Justin Horo – SR 13 Bodene Thompson – LK 14 Jeremy Smith – FB, HB 15 Kevin Proctor – SR 16 Sam McKendry – PR 17 Lewis Brown – PR Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2013 squad Team Name Rohe 1. Zebastion Luisi, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Howick Hornets. 2. Thyme Nikau, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Howick Hornets 3. Hiwaroa Grant, Te Arawa (Bay of Plenty) – Taniwharau 4. Rusty Bristow, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Papakura Sea Eagles 5. Ryan Gordon, Tauranga Moana (Coastline) – Otumoetai Eels 6. Cruz Rauner, Taranaki (Taranaki) – Waitara Bears 7. Cody Walker, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Mount Albert Lions 8. Chris Fox, Waikato Maori (Waikato) – Taniwharau 9. Zach Tippins, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Mount Albert Lions 10. Jay Pukepuke, Te Waipounamu (Canterbury) – Halswell Hornets 11. Rulon Nutira, Te Waipounamu (Canterbury) – Hornby Panthers 12. Arden McCarthy, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Pt Chevalier Pirates 13. Dylan Moses, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Pt Chevalier Pirates 14. Chance Tauri, Te Awa Kairangi (Wellington) – Te Aroha Eels 15. Tama Kaha, Te Awa Kairangi (Manawatu) – Levin Wolves 16. Tony Tuia, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Howick Hornets 17. Dominic Bartells, Te Awa Kairangi (Wellington) – Wainuiomata Lions Coach: Darren Pirini, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) 2014 Squad New Zealand Māori 2014 squad Coaching staff 1 Steve Waetford – FB 2 Thyme Nikau – WG 3 Rusty Bristow – CE 4 Zebastian Luisi – CE 5 Tee Mahe – WG 6 Cody Walker – FE 7 Jody Henry – HB 8 Sam Rapira – PR 9 Kurt Kara – HK 10 Charlie Gubb – PR 11 Bodene Thompson – SR 12 Rulon Nutira – SR 13 Scott Jones – LK 14 Hamiora Mihaka 15 Tony Tuia 16 Jay Pukepuke 17 Kouma Samson Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2018 Squad New Zealand Māori 2018 squad Coaching staff 1 Kurtis Rowe – FB 2 Ozzy Tuwhangai – WG 3 Shane Kiel – CE 4 Jayden Horo (c) – CE 5 Waka Wanahi – WG 6 Jake Jackson – FE 7 Manaia Rudolph – HB 8 Spike Teo – PR 9 Brad Clark (c) – HK 10 Rulon Nutira – PR 11 Carne Doyle-Manga – SR 12 Jesse Malcom-Dinsdale – SR 13 Piki Rogers – LK 14 Reuben Taylor 15 Cowen Epere 16 Dayne Welsh 17 Maximillian Napa 18 Kyle Tuapuka 19 Reubenn Rennie Head coach Mark Horo Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars Main article: All Stars match The 2019 All Stars match was the eighth annual representative exhibition All Stars match of Australian rugby league. The match was played between the Indigenous All Stars and the Māori All Stars for the first time, the match was played in Victoria's AAMI Park. The Indigenous All Stars won 34–14 2019 squad Main article: 2019 All Stars match New Zealand Māori 2019 squad Coaching staff 1 Peta Hiku – FB 2 Dane Gagai – WG 3 Esan Marsters – CE 4 Dean Whare – CE 5 Jordan Kahu – WG 6 Kalyn Ponga – FE 7 Jahrome Hughes – HB 8 Jesse Bromwich – PR 9 Brandon Smith – HK 10 James Tamou – PR 11 Kevin Proctor – SR 12 Adam Blair (c) – SR 13 James Fisher-Harris – LK 14 Danny Levi – HK 15 Brad Takairangi – CE 16 Gerard Beale – CE 17 Tohu Harris – SR 18 Corey Harawira-Naera – SR 19 Kenny Bromwich – SR 20 Joseph Tapine – LK Head coach Stacey Jones Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2020 squad Main article: 2020 All Stars match New Zealand Māori 2020 squad Coaching staff 1 Kalyn Ponga – FB 2 Dallin Watene-Zelezniak (c) – WG 3 Esan Marsters – CE 4 Dylan Walker – CE 5 Bryson Goodwin – WG 6 Kodi Nikorima – FE 7 Jahrome Hughes – HB 8 Jesse Bromwich – PR 9 Brandon Smith – HK 10 Adam Blair (c) – PR 11 Kenny Bromwich – SR 12 Briton Nikora – SR 13 Corey Harawira-Naera – LK 14 Issac Luke – HK 15 Brad Takairangi – CE 16 Zane Tetevano – LK 17 Jordan Riki – PR 18 Kevin Proctor – SR 19 Malakai Watene-Zelezniak – WG 20 Pasami Saulo – PR Head coach David Kidwell Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2021 squad Main article: 2021 All Stars match New Zealand Māori 2021 squad Coaching staff 1 Charnze Nicoll-Klokstad – FB 2 Dallin Watene-Zelezniak (c) – WG 3 Joseph Manu – CE 4 Dylan Walker – CE 5 Patrick Herbert – WG 6 Jarome Luai – FE 7 Benji Marshall – HB 8 Russell Packer – PR 9 Jeremy Marshall-King – HK 10 James Fisher-Harris – PR 11 Briton Nikora – SR 12 Jordan Riki – SR 13 Joseph Tapine (c) – LK 14 Issac Luke – HK 15 Emry Pere – PR 16 Zane Musgrove – PR 17 Jackson Topine – SR 18 Esan Marsters – CE 20 Daejarn Asi – FE 22 Wiremu Greig – PR Head coach David Kidwell Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2022 squad Main article: 2022 All Stars match New Zealand Māori 2022 squad Coaching staff 1 Jordan Rapana – FB 2 Morgan Harper – WG 3 Dylan Walker – CE 4 Reimis Smith – CE 5 Patrick Herbert – WG 6 Chanel Harris-Tavita – FE 7 Kodi Nikorima (c) – HB 8 Joseph Tapine (c) – PR 9 Erin Clark – HK 10 James Fisher-Harris – PR 11 Kenny Bromwich – SR 12 Briton Nikora – SR 13 Jazz Tevaga – LK 14 Esan Marsters – CE 15 Royce Hunt – PR 16 TC Robati – SR 17 Kevin Proctor – SR 18 Tuku Hau Tapuha – PR 19 Jayden Nikorima – FE 20 Wiremu Greig – PR Head coach David Kidwell Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2023 squad Main article: 2023 All Stars match New Zealand Māori 2023 squad Coaching staff 1 Hayze Perham – FB 2 Morgan Harper – WG 3 Jesse Arthars – CE 4 Adam Pompey – CE 5 Jordan Rapana – WG 6 Zach Dockar-Clay – FE 7 Paul Turner – HB 8 James Fisher-Harris (c) – PR 9 Corey Harawira-Naera – HK 10 Royce Hunt – PR 11 Briton Nikora – SR 12 Jordan Riki – SR 13 Joseph Tapine (c) – LK 14 Zane Musgrove – CE 15 Leo Thompson – PR 16 Tukimihia Simpkins – SR 17 Austin Dias – SR 18 Sheldon Pitama – PR 19 Creedence Toia – FE 20 Preston Riki – PR Head coach Ben Gardiner Legend: (c) Captain(s) (vc) Vice-captain(s) 2024 Professional Player Pool NRL Jesse Arthars (Brisbane Broncos) Jordan Riki (Brisbane Broncos) Reece Walsh (Brisbane Broncos) Xavier Willison (Brisbane Broncos) Corey Harawira-Naera (Canberra Raiders) Sebastian Kris (Canberra Raiders) Danny Levi (Canberra Raiders) Trey Mooney (Canberra Raiders) Hohepa Puru (Canberra Raiders) Jordan Rapana (Canberra Raiders) Pasami Saulo (Canberra Raiders) Ethan Strange (Canberra Raiders) Joe Tapine (Canberra Raiders) Matt Timoko (Canberra Raiders) Hayze Perham (Canterbury Bulldogs) Zane Tetevano (Canterbury Bulldogs) Jackson Topine (Canterbury Bulldogs) Tuku Hau Tapuha (Cronulla Sharks) Mawene Hiroti (Cronulla Sharks) Royce Hunt (Cronulla Sharks) Briton Nikora (Cronulla Sharks) Jesse Bromwich (Dolphins) Kenny Bromwich (Dolphins) Jeremy Marshall-King (Dolphins) Kodi Nikorima (Dolphins) Valynce Te Whare (Dolphins) Erin Clark (Gold Coast Titans) Sosefo Fifita (Gold Coast Titans) Alofiana Khan-Pereira (Gold Coast Titans) Keenan Palasia (Gold Coast Titans) Nelson Asofa-Solomona (Melbourne Storm) Joe Chan (Melbourne Storm) Jack Howarth (rugby league) (Melbourne Storm) Jahrome Hughes (Melbourne Storm) Reimis Smith (Melbourne Storm) William Warbrick (Melbourne Storm) Dane Gagai (Newcastle Knights) Kalyn Ponga (Newcastle Knights) Leo Thompson (Newcastle Knights) Tohu Harris (New Zealand Warriors) Chanel Harris-Tavita (New Zealand Warriors) Te Maire Martin (New Zealand Warriors) Charnze Nicoll-Klokstad (New Zealand Warriors) Adam Pompey (New Zealand Warriors) Jazz Tevaga (New Zealand Warriors) Dylan Walker (New Zealand Warriors) Dallin Watene-Zelezniak (New Zealand Warriors) Valentine Holmes (North Queensland Cowboys) Jordan McLean (North Queensland Cowboys) Jamayne Taunoa-Brown (North Queensland Cowboys) Daejarn Asi (Parramatta Eels) Haze Dunster (Parramatta Eels) Wiremu Greig (Parramatta Eels) Morgan Harper (Parramatta Eels) Bailey Simonsson (Parramatta Eels) James Fisher-Harris (Penrith Panthers) Jarome Luai (Penrith Panthers) Jesse McLean (Penrith Panthers) Jacob Gagai (South Sydney Rabbitohs) Taane Milne (South Sydney Rabbitohs) Zach Dockar-Clay (Sydney Roosters) Joseph Manu (Sydney Roosters) Brandon Smith (Sydney Roosters) Jared Waerea-Hargreaves (Sydney Roosters) Starford To'a (Wests Tigers) Super League Jayden Nikorima (Catalan Dragons) Esan Marsters (Huddersfield Giants) Pita Hiku (Hull Kingston Rovers) James Bell (St Helens R.F.C.) Zane Musgrove (Warrington Wolves) Tiaki Chan (Wigan Warriors) Coaches Also see Category:New Zealand Māori rugby league team coaches Win percentage is rounded to one decimal place. Key G: Games played W: Matches won D: Matches drawn L: Matches lost Name From To G W D L Win% Notes Denis Lutge 1909 1909 George Paki 1922 1922 5 2 0 3 40 Jim Rukutai 1922 1937 11 5 0 6 45 Travers Hardwick 1956 1956 Andy Berryman 1983 1983 Mark Horo & Richard Bolton 1986 1988 Cameron Bell 1995 2000 10 5 0 5 50 Tawera Nikau 2004 2005 Dean Clark 2006 2006 Kevin Tamati 2006 2008 Luke Goodwin 2008 2008 2 0 0 2 0 Richie Blackmore 2010 2010 Stacey Jones 2019 2019 1 0 0 1 0 David Kidwell 2020 3 2 1 0 66 Results Year New Zealand Māori Winners Score Runners–Up 1908 Australia 24–14 New Zealand Māori 1910 Great Britain 29–0 New Zealand Māori 1922 New Zealand Māori 28–18 Auckland 1922 Sydney Metropolis 77–13 New Zealand Māori 1922 New South Wales seconds 31–14 New Zealand Māori 1922 New Zealand Māori 23–22 Queensland 1922 Toowoomba 26–6 New Zealand Māori 1922 Ipswich 20–3 New Zealand Māori 1922 Queensland 31–19 New Zealand Māori 1922 Sydney Metropolis 38–0 New Zealand Māori 1922 New Zealand Māori 25–15 New South Wales Country team 1956 New Zealand Māori 22–20 Metropolis (Sydney) 1956 Sydney 37–7 New Zealand Māori 1990 New Zealand Māori 24–13 Australian Aborigines 1992 New Zealand Māori 36–24 Australian Aborigines 1992 New Zealand Māori 44–12 Australian Aborigines 1997 Australian Aborigines 38–20 New Zealand Māori 1997 New Zealand Māori 46–10 Tonga 1997 New Zealand Māori 32–12 Fiji 1997 New Zealand Māori 34–6 Papua New Guinea 1997 New Zealand XIII 20–15 New Zealand Māori 2000 New Zealand Māori 17–16 Scotland 2000 Samoa 21–16 New Zealand Maori 2000 Ireland 30–16 New Zealand Māori 2002 New Zealand Māori 50–6 Tonga 2006 New Zealand Māori 64–4 Tokelau 2008 Indigenous Dreamtime 34–26 New Zealand Māori 2010 New Zealand Māori 18–18 England 2013 New Zealand Māori 40–18 Murri 2013 New Zealand Māori 32–16 Murri 2014 New Zealand Māori 46–22 Murri 2018 First Nation Goannas 22–16 New Zealand Māori 2019 Indigenous All Stars 34–14 New Zealand Māori 2020 New Zealand Māori 30–16 Indigenous All Stars 2021 New Zealand Māori 10–10 Indigenous All Stars 2022 New Zealand Māori 16–10 Indigenous All Stars See also New Zealand Māori women's rugby league team New Zealand national rugby league team New Zealand national rugby union team New Zealand Māori rugby union team New Zealand Māori cricket team References ^ a b c Wilson, Andy (26 October 2000). "Maori role-model army signal intent". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2009. ^ John Coffey; Bernie Wood (2008). 100 Years: Maori Rugby League, 1908-2008. New Zealand: Huia Publishers. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-86969-331-2. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ a b c Sarah Leberman; Chris Collins; Linda Trenberth (2005). Sport business management in Aotearoa/ New Zealand (2 ed.). Thomson Learning Nelson. p. 69. ISBN 9780170128964. Retrieved 11 October 2009. ^ "World Cup moved to end of season". BBC Sport. 4 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ Dawson, Cushla (14 June 2008). "NZ Maori name coaching staff for World Cup curtain raiser". Rugby League World Cup. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2008. ^ "England escapes with draw against Maori". ABC News. October 16, 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011. ^ "NITV". Facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "NZ Māori comeback victory". Maoritelevision.com. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "NZRL". Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2014-10-18. ^ Stanton, Tanisha (10 February 2018). "First Nation Goannas triumph over New Zealand Maori". NRL.com. Tanisha Stanton. Retrieved 10 February 2019. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2014-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links 100 years of Māori rugby league 1908 – 2008 Google Books vte Rugby league in New ZealandFederations New Zealand Rugby League Representative teams Men's ("Kiwis") Women's ("Kiwi Ferns") Junior Māori Residents New Zealand Kiwis Players Coaches Matches Zones Northern Auckland Counties-Manukau Upper Central Mid-Central Wellington Southern Districts Auckland (team) Bay of Plenty (team) Canterbury (team) Coastline (team) Gisborne Tairawhiti (team) Manawatu (team) Northland (team) Otago (team) Southland (team) Hawke's Bay (team) Taranaki (team) Tasman (team) Waikato (team) Wellington (team) West Coast (team) Australian competition teams New Zealand Warriors (NRL) Auckland Vulcans (defunct) Auckland Lions (defunct) Competitions NZRL Men's National Competition NZRL Women's National Tournament Rugby League Cup Bartercard Premiership (defunct) Bartercard Cup (defunct) Lion Red Cup (defunct) New Zealanddomestic seasons 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māori All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_All_Blacks"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"union counterpart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_All_Blacks"},{"link_name":"2000 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-maori26-10-00-1"},{"link_name":"Super League International Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_International_Board"},{"link_name":"Super League war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_war"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-maori26-10-00-1"},{"link_name":"Rugby League International Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation"},{"link_name":"2000 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-maori26-10-00-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Māori All Blacks.New Zealand Māori rugby league team is a rugby league representative side made up of New Zealand Māori players. The side represents the New Zealand Māori Rugby league. Like its union counterpart, the rugby league team previously competed in international competitions.With some controversy, the team participated in the 2000 World Cup as Aotearoa Māori.[1] The Super League International Board had agreed to give a place in their World Cup to the New Zealand Māori team as they attempted to gain allies during the Super League war.[1] Despite that World Cup not taking place, the Rugby League International Federation repeated the offer for the 2000 World Cup when it replaced the Super League International Board following the end of the dispute.[1]","title":"New Zealand Māori rugby league team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maori_team_2008_RLWC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Dreamtime team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"2008 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wairangi_Koopu_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"touring Great Britain Lions of 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_Great_Britain_Lions_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leberman-2005-p69-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leberman-2005-p69-3"},{"link_name":"Hugh McGahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_McGahan"},{"link_name":"Dean Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Bell"},{"link_name":"Clayton Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Friend"},{"link_name":"Super League International Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_International_Board"},{"link_name":"Super League war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_war"},{"link_name":"Pacific Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Cup"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Pacific_Cup"},{"link_name":"1997 Oceania Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Oceania_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Pacific_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leberman-2005-p69-3"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Dreamtime team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"2008 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rugby League Four Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Four_Nations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aboriginal_war_dance_meets_Maori_haka_2008_RLWC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murri Rugby League Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murri_Rugby_League_Team"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gubb"},{"link_name":"Sam Rapira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rapira"},{"link_name":"Bodene Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodene_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Huntly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntly,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Murri Rugby League Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murri_Rugby_League_Team"},{"link_name":"Wynnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnum,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"New Zealand Maori pre–match huddle before their clash with the Indigenous Dreamtime team before the start of the 2008 World CupA New Zealand Māori team first toured overseas in 1908 when they visited Australia. This tour was a success, and was followed by another tour to Australia in 1909 and to Great Britain in 1910.Wairangi Koopu takes on the Indigenous lineThe first game of international rugby league on New Zealand soil was between the Māori and the touring Great Britain Lions of 1910.[2]A separate body, the Māori Rugby League Board of Control, was formed in 1934 to administer the game in Māori communities.[3] This governing body was later renamed the Aotearoa Māori Rugby League and in 1992 it was registered as an incorporated society.[3]The Māori have had a wonderful record of beating international touring teams over the years. In 1983 they visited Britain and a side containing future Kiwis stars like Hugh McGahan, Dean Bell and Clayton Friend proved too strong for the amateur opposition they played. For many years, the Māori have competed in the Pacific Cup alongside other teams with a strong presence of New Zealand–based players—Samoa, Tonga and the Cook Islands, so they thought it was right they should have the opportunity to follow these teams to the World Cup. The invitation to the Māori to take part in the 2000 World Cup came about as a result of promises made to them by the defunct Super League International Board at the height of the Super League war that tore the game apart in the southern hemisphere.The Māori team has participated in the Pacific Cup (since 1974), Super League's 1997 Oceania Cup, Papua New Guinea 50th Anniversary (1998), 2000 World Cup, World Sevens Qualification (2003) and Pacific Rim (2004) competitions.[3]The Maori competed against Indigenous Dreamtime team on 26 October 2008 as the curtain raiser to the first match of the 2008 World Cup.[4][5] The Māori team lost 34–26.In 2010, the Maori team played England at Mt. Smart Stadium in Auckland before the 2010 Rugby League Four Nations in New Zealand. After trailing 18–0 at halftime, the Maori came back to draw the match at 18–all.[6]Maori Haka Meets Indigenous War CryIn October 2013, the side faced the touring Murri Rugby League Team in a two–game series. The Maori side, featuring NRL players Charlie Gubb, Sam Rapira and Bodene Thompson, won the first game 48–18 at Davies Park, Huntly. The second game was played at Puketawhero Park, Rotorua and was won by the Maori side, 32–16.[7][8][9]In October 2014, the team will travel to Australia to play against the Queensland Maori team at Owen Park, Southport and the Murri Rugby League Team at BMD Kougari Oval, Wynnum.In 2018 they took part in the NRL Festival of Indigenous Rugby League held in Redfern Sydney against the First Nation Goannas, they were beat 22–16 in a thrilling finish.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"PrimaryAlternative","title":"Jerseys"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008 squad","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010 Squad","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archived_copy-11"},{"link_name":"Zebastion Luisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebastian_Lucky_Luisi"}],"sub_title":"2013 squad","text":"[11]Team\nName Rohe1. Zebastion Luisi, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Howick Hornets.2. Thyme Nikau, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Howick Hornets3. Hiwaroa Grant, Te Arawa (Bay of Plenty) – Taniwharau4. Rusty Bristow, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Papakura Sea Eagles5. Ryan Gordon, Tauranga Moana (Coastline) – Otumoetai Eels6. Cruz Rauner, Taranaki (Taranaki) – Waitara Bears7. Cody Walker, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Mount Albert Lions8. Chris Fox, Waikato Maori (Waikato) – Taniwharau9. Zach Tippins, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Mount Albert Lions10. Jay Pukepuke, Te Waipounamu (Canterbury) – Halswell Hornets11. Rulon Nutira, Te Waipounamu (Canterbury) – Hornby Panthers12. Arden McCarthy, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Pt Chevalier Pirates13. Dylan Moses, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Pt Chevalier Pirates14. Chance Tauri, Te Awa Kairangi (Wellington) – Te Aroha Eels15. Tama Kaha, Te Awa Kairangi (Manawatu) – Levin Wolves16. Tony Tuia, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) – Howick Hornets17. Dominic Bartells, Te Awa Kairangi (Wellington) – Wainuiomata LionsCoach: Darren Pirini, Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland)","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014 Squad","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018 Squad","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Stars match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Stars_match"},{"link_name":"Indigenous All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_All-Stars_(rugby_league)"}],"text":"The 2019 All Stars match was the eighth annual representative exhibition All Stars match of Australian rugby league. The match was played between the Indigenous All Stars and the Māori All Stars for the first time, the match was played in Victoria's AAMI Park. The Indigenous All Stars won 34–14","title":"2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019 squad","title":"2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 squad","title":"2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021 squad","title":"2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022 squad","title":"2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023 squad","title":"2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesse Arthars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Arthars"},{"link_name":"Jordan Riki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Riki"},{"link_name":"Reece Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Xavier Willison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Willison"},{"link_name":"Corey Harawira-Naera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Harawira-Naera"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Kris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Kris"},{"link_name":"Danny Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Levi"},{"link_name":"Trey Mooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Mooney"},{"link_name":"Hohepa Puru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohepa_Puru"},{"link_name":"Jordan Rapana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Rapana"},{"link_name":"Pasami Saulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasami_Saulo"},{"link_name":"Ethan Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Strange"},{"link_name":"Joe Tapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Tapine"},{"link_name":"Matt Timoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Timoko"},{"link_name":"Hayze Perham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayze_Perham"},{"link_name":"Zane Tetevano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tetevano"},{"link_name":"Jackson Topine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Topine"},{"link_name":"Tuku Hau Tapuha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuku_Hau_Tapuha"},{"link_name":"Mawene Hiroti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawene_Hiroti"},{"link_name":"Royce Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Briton Nikora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briton_Nikora"},{"link_name":"Jesse Bromwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bromwich"},{"link_name":"Kenny Bromwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Bromwich"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Marshall-King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Marshall-King"},{"link_name":"Kodi Nikorima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_Nikorima"},{"link_name":"Valynce Te Whare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valynce_Te_Whare"},{"link_name":"Erin Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Clark"},{"link_name":"Sosefo Fifita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosefo_Fifita"},{"link_name":"Alofiana Khan-Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alofiana_Khan-Pereira"},{"link_name":"Keenan Palasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenan_Palasia"},{"link_name":"Nelson Asofa-Solomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Asofa-Solomona"},{"link_name":"Joe Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chan"},{"link_name":"Jack Howarth (rugby league)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Howarth_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Jahrome Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahrome_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Reimis Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reimis_Smith"},{"link_name":"William Warbrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Warbrick"},{"link_name":"Dane Gagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Gagai"},{"link_name":"Kalyn Ponga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyn_Ponga"},{"link_name":"Leo Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Tohu Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohu_Harris"},{"link_name":"Chanel Harris-Tavita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel_Harris-Tavita"},{"link_name":"Te Maire Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Maire_Martin"},{"link_name":"Charnze Nicoll-Klokstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charnze_Nicoll-Klokstad"},{"link_name":"Adam Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Pompey"},{"link_name":"Jazz Tevaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Tevaga"},{"link_name":"Dylan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Walker"},{"link_name":"Dallin Watene-Zelezniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallin_Watene-Zelezniak"},{"link_name":"Valentine Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Jordan McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_McLean"},{"link_name":"Jamayne Taunoa-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamayne_Taunoa-Brown"},{"link_name":"Daejarn Asi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daejarn_Asi"},{"link_name":"Haze Dunster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haze_Dunster"},{"link_name":"Wiremu Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiremu_Greig"},{"link_name":"Morgan Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Harper"},{"link_name":"Bailey Simonsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Simonsson"},{"link_name":"James Fisher-Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fisher-Harris"},{"link_name":"Jarome Luai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarome_Luai"},{"link_name":"Jesse McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_McLean"},{"link_name":"Jacob Gagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Gagai"},{"link_name":"Taane Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taane_Milne"},{"link_name":"Zach Dockar-Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Dockar-Clay"},{"link_name":"Joseph Manu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Manu"},{"link_name":"Brandon Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Smith_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Jared Waerea-Hargreaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Waerea-Hargreaves"},{"link_name":"Starford To'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starford_To%27a"},{"link_name":"Jayden Nikorima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayden_Nikorima"},{"link_name":"Esan Marsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esan_Marsters"},{"link_name":"Pita Hiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_Hiku"},{"link_name":"James Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bell_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Zane Musgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Musgrove"},{"link_name":"Tiaki Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaki_Chan"}],"sub_title":"2024 Professional Player Pool","text":"NRLJesse Arthars (Brisbane Broncos)\nJordan Riki (Brisbane Broncos)\nReece Walsh (Brisbane Broncos)\nXavier Willison (Brisbane Broncos)\nCorey Harawira-Naera (Canberra Raiders)\nSebastian Kris (Canberra Raiders)\nDanny Levi (Canberra Raiders)\nTrey Mooney (Canberra Raiders)\nHohepa Puru (Canberra Raiders)\nJordan Rapana (Canberra Raiders)\nPasami Saulo (Canberra Raiders)\nEthan Strange (Canberra Raiders)\nJoe Tapine (Canberra Raiders)\nMatt Timoko (Canberra Raiders)\nHayze Perham (Canterbury Bulldogs)\nZane Tetevano (Canterbury Bulldogs)\nJackson Topine (Canterbury Bulldogs)\nTuku Hau Tapuha (Cronulla Sharks)\nMawene Hiroti (Cronulla Sharks)\nRoyce Hunt (Cronulla Sharks)\nBriton Nikora (Cronulla Sharks)\nJesse Bromwich (Dolphins)\nKenny Bromwich (Dolphins)\nJeremy Marshall-King (Dolphins)\nKodi Nikorima (Dolphins)\nValynce Te Whare (Dolphins)\nErin Clark (Gold Coast Titans)\nSosefo Fifita (Gold Coast Titans)\nAlofiana Khan-Pereira (Gold Coast Titans)\nKeenan Palasia (Gold Coast Titans)\nNelson Asofa-Solomona (Melbourne Storm)\nJoe Chan (Melbourne Storm)\nJack Howarth (rugby league) (Melbourne Storm)\nJahrome Hughes (Melbourne Storm)\nReimis Smith (Melbourne Storm)\nWilliam Warbrick (Melbourne Storm)\nDane Gagai (Newcastle Knights)\nKalyn Ponga (Newcastle Knights)\nLeo Thompson (Newcastle Knights)\nTohu Harris (New Zealand Warriors)\nChanel Harris-Tavita (New Zealand Warriors)\nTe Maire Martin (New Zealand Warriors)\nCharnze Nicoll-Klokstad (New Zealand Warriors)\nAdam Pompey (New Zealand Warriors)\nJazz Tevaga (New Zealand Warriors)\nDylan Walker (New Zealand Warriors)\nDallin Watene-Zelezniak (New Zealand Warriors)\nValentine Holmes (North Queensland Cowboys)\nJordan McLean (North Queensland Cowboys)\nJamayne Taunoa-Brown (North Queensland Cowboys)\nDaejarn Asi (Parramatta Eels)\nHaze Dunster (Parramatta Eels)\nWiremu Greig (Parramatta Eels)\nMorgan Harper (Parramatta Eels)\nBailey Simonsson (Parramatta Eels)\nJames Fisher-Harris (Penrith Panthers)\nJarome Luai (Penrith Panthers)\nJesse McLean (Penrith Panthers)\nJacob Gagai (South Sydney Rabbitohs)\nTaane Milne (South Sydney Rabbitohs)\nZach Dockar-Clay (Sydney Roosters)\nJoseph Manu (Sydney Roosters)\nBrandon Smith (Sydney Roosters)\nJared Waerea-Hargreaves (Sydney Roosters)\nStarford To'a (Wests Tigers)Super LeagueJayden Nikorima (Catalan Dragons)\nEsan Marsters (Huddersfield Giants)\nPita Hiku (Hull Kingston Rovers)\nJames Bell (St Helens R.F.C.)\nZane Musgrove (Warrington Wolves)\nTiaki Chan (Wigan Warriors)","title":"2019 NRL Harvey Norman All–Stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:New Zealand Māori rugby league team coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_rugby_league_team_coaches"},{"link_name":"rounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Types_of_rounding"}],"text":"Also see Category:New Zealand Māori rugby league team coachesWin percentage is rounded to one decimal place.KeyG: Games played\nW: Matches won\nD: Matches drawn\nL: Matches lost","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]	[{"image_text":"New Zealand Maori pre–match huddle before their clash with the Indigenous Dreamtime team before the start of the 2008 World Cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Maori_team_2008_RLWC.jpg/350px-Maori_team_2008_RLWC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wairangi Koopu takes on the Indigenous line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wairangi_Koopu_2008.jpg/220px-Wairangi_Koopu_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maori Haka Meets Indigenous War Cry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aboriginal_war_dance_meets_Maori_haka_2008_RLWC.jpg/220px-Aboriginal_war_dance_meets_Maori_haka_2008_RLWC.jpg"}]	[{"title":"New Zealand Māori women's rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_women%27s_rugby_league_team"},{"title":"New Zealand national rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team"},{"title":"New Zealand national rugby union 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The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/story/0,3604,388109,00.html","url_text":"\"Maori role-model army signal intent\""}]},{"reference":"John Coffey; Bernie Wood (2008). 100 Years: Maori Rugby League, 1908-2008. New Zealand: Huia Publishers. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-86969-331-2. Retrieved 14 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nklWo8vw-iIC","url_text":"100 Years: Maori Rugby League, 1908-2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86969-331-2","url_text":"978-1-86969-331-2"}]},{"reference":"Sarah Leberman; Chris Collins; Linda Trenberth (2005). Sport business management in Aotearoa/ New Zealand (2 ed.). Thomson Learning Nelson. p. 69. ISBN 9780170128964. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encana	Encana	["1 Predecessor companies","1.1 PanCanadian Petroleum","1.2 Alberta Energy Company","2 History of Encana","2.1 Creation of the company","2.2 Morgan era, 2002–2005","2.3 Eresman era, 2006–2013","2.4 Suttles era, 2013–2020","3 Restructuring as Ovintiv","3.1 Assessments of Encana's demise","4 Leadership","4.1 President","4.2 Chairman of the Board","5 References"]	Canadian independent petroleum company This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Encana CorporationIndustryPetroleumPredecessorPanCanadian PetroleumAlberta Energy CompanyFounded5 April 2002 (2002-04-05)Defunct24 January 2020 (2020-01-24)FateRestructuredSuccessorOvintivHeadquartersThe Bow, Calgary, Alberta Encana Corporation was a Canadian independent petroleum company that existed from 2002 to 2020. The company, stylised as EnCana until 2010, was created by David P. O'Brien of PanCanadian Petroleum and Gwyn Morgan of the Alberta Energy Company through the merger of their companies. At the time of its creation Encana was the world's largest independent petroleum company by measure of its value, production, and reserves. Morgan ran the company from its inception through the end of 2005. During its early years, Encana established its reputation as Canada's flagship energy company and an icon of Western Canadian business. In September 2005 it became Canada's largest corporation by market capitalisation for a brief time. At the beginning of 2006, Morgan ceded the presidency to Randall K. Eresman. During the new president's first year, the company's profits were CAD 6.4 billion, which was the largest corporate profit in Canadian history. In 2009 Encana spun off its oil producing operations as Cenovus, thus becoming exclusively a natural gas producer. Eresman resigned abruptly in early 2013 and was replaced by the American Douglas J. Suttles. The new president streamlined the company's operations and shifted its focus to the United States. Suttles also oversaw the company's return to crude oil production via shale plays in the US. In October 2019, Suttles, who had moved from Calgary to Denver in 2018, announced the company would undergo a corporate restructuring that would see its residency moved to the United States and its name changed to Ovintiv. On 14 January 2020 shareholders voted 90 per cent in favor of the move, and on 24 January the restructuring was completed. Predecessor companies PanCanadian Petroleum Main article: PanCanadian Petroleum PanCanadian Petroleum was founded in 1971 through the merger of Canadian Pacific Oil and Gas and Central-Del Rio Oils. CPOG had been founded in 1958 by the Canadian Pacific Railway as a vehicle to produce petroleum on the land grants it had received in the nineteenth century. Central-Del Rio was a small independent producer run by oilman Neil McQueen, and the CPOG had acquired gradually a majority holding in the company. After the creation of PanCanadian, Canadian Pacific Limited remained the company's majority shareholder with approximately an 87 per cent stake. PanCanadian's freehold leases, which it inherited from the railway, gave it the largest reserves of any Canadian petroleum company. Alberta Energy Company Main article: Alberta Energy CompanyThe Alberta Energy Company was created in 1973 by the provincial government under premier Peter Lougheed as a mechanism for Albertans to invest in the Syncrude project. Initially, the company was half owned by the government and half owned by the public. The AEC also produced gas in the Suffield Block and in Primrose Lake. The government began in 1983 to reduce its equity in the company, and in April 1993 it sold off its remaining 36 per cent stake. In 1994, Gwyn Morgan assumed the presidency and led the company for the duration of its existence. As a fully public company, the AEC grew substantially in the 1990s and became Canada's largest producer of natural gas. History of Encana Creation of the company In April 2002, Pan Canadian Petroleum Ltd was spun out of Canadian Pacific Limited. It subsequently merged with Alberta Energy Corporation to form EnCana. Gwyn Morgan was named president and CEO. Morgan era, 2002–2005 On Wednesday, 14 September 2005, EnCana surpassed the Royal Bank of Canada to become Canada's largest corporation by market capitalisation, with a value of $51.841 billion. At a press conference on 25 October 2005, Morgan announced that he would retire from the presidency at the end of the year and that his replacement would be chief operating officer Randall K. Eresman. After his retirement, he would remain on the board. Eresman, a native of Medicine Hat, had begun working for the Alberta Energy Company as a summer student in 1978 and had joined it as an employee in 1980 while studying engineering at the University of Wyoming. When EnCana was created in 2002, Eresman was made president of its Onshore North America division, and in 2003 was made executive vice-president and chief operating officer. Morgan declared his trust in Eresman to lead the company, saying, "you don't put your life and your passion behind something unless you know that you have the right kind of person to carry it on." Eresman era, 2006–2013 In 2009, EnCana completed the corporate spin-off of Cenovus Energy, which held its oil business, representing one-third of its total production and reserves, and EnCana Corporation retaining the natural gas business. Investors favoured the split as it gave them the flexibility to choose between investing in oil, gas, or both.The Bow, Encana's former headquarters in Calgary, opened officially on 4 June 2013 In December 2012, Encana announced a US$2.1 billion joint venture with state-owned, Beijing-based PetroChina through which PetroChina received a 49.9% stake in Encana's Duvernay Formation acreage in Alberta. This was in line with the rules that "favor minority stakes over takeovers" since Prime Minister Stephen Harper's December 7, 2012 prohibition of purchases by state-owned enterprises seeking to invest in Canadian oil. By the end of 2012, Encana's staff had increased to 4,169 employees. Encana and Cenovus' headquarters, The Bow in Calgary, was completed in 2013, becoming the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto. The project, owned by H&R REIT, was announced as Encana's headquarters in 2006, prior to the Cenovus split. After the markets closed on Friday, 11 January 2013, Encana announced that Eresman had tendered his resignation that morning. Although he left the presidency, Eresman remained on the board until the end of February. Upon Eresman's resignation, company director Clayton H. Woitas was made interim president and put in charge of the search for a replacement. Eresman's departure from the company was cloaked in secrecy. After the weekend, Woitas told the media that "Randy was getting fatigued." Asked if the board tried to persuade Eresman to stay, Woitas responded that "it was time to move on with a fresh face representing Encana." In an article in the Calgary Herald, two anonymous analysts thought it likely that Eresman had been asked to resign. Suttles era, 2013–2020 In November 2013, the company cut its dividend, announced layoffs of 20% of its employees, closure of its office in Plano, Texas, and plans to sell assets and to found a separate company for its mineral rights and royalty interests across southern Alberta. It planned to invest 75% of its 2014 capital budget into 5 projects: Projects in the Montney Formation and the Duvernay Formation in Alberta, the San Juan Basin in New Mexico, Louisiana's Tuscaloosa Marine Shale, and the Denver-Julesburg Basin (DJ Basin) in northeast Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska. On Thursday, 15 March 2018, Suttles announced to the company's staff that he would be relocating to Denver. He stated the move was due to personal reasons. When asked by journalists whether the president's move was an indication the company also would move to the United States, spokesman Simon Scott said "the answer to that is, absolutely not." In November 2018, Encana completed a US$5.5 billion deal to acquire Newfield Exploration of Houston. Before the acquisition, around 60 percent of Encana's production was in Canada; after the acquisition its production became around 60 per cent American. Gwyn Morgan provided a written statement about the deal that read, "I'm deeply saddened that, as a result of the disastrous policies of the Trudeau government, what was once the largest Canadian-headquartered energy producer now sees both its CEO and the core of its asset base located in the U.S." In an editorial he wrote a two weeks later, he said that after stepping down as president in 2005, he "could never have imagined that, a dozen years later, the company would decide to export itself." Meanwhile Ted Morton assessed the purchase, saying, "Encana's announcement that it was acquiring Texas-based Newfield Exploration may be good news for the Calgary-based company, but it is not good news for Canada. It is the most recent chapter in an unfolding story of capital flight from the Canadian energy sector." Restructuring as Ovintiv In October 2019, the company announced plans to move its operations from Canada to Denver, where its CEO lived, and change its name to Ovintiv. To complete the restructuring, a new Canadian corporation called Ovintiv (corporation number 1185826-2) was created on 22 January 2020, which acquired all issued shares of Encana in a one-for-one stock swap for Ovintiv shares. On 24 January, Ovintiv was imported to Delaware under the Delaware General Corporation Law, thus concluding the move. Assessments of Encana's demise When the restructuring was announced in October 2019, the Financial Times solicited several reactions to the move. Tim Pickering, an asset manager in Calgary, stated that the announcement "highlights what we’ve known all along, that outside foreign investment is losing interest in the Canadian energy sector." Meanwhile, Martin Pelletier, a portfolio manager in Calgary, said that "risk is a critical factor when making capital-allocation decisions, and currently Canada is viewed as a high-risk region." In another article, Canadian Business quoted Jennifer Rowland, an analyst with Edward Jones, who said "I am not surprised at all by the move. Post the Newfield deal, 60 per cent of Encana’s production is in the U.S. and two of its key growth drivers are in the U.S. Plus CEO Suttles doesn’t live in Canada; he lives in Denver." A month after the announcement, Jeffrey Jones of the Globe and Mail questioned the claim that the company's troubles were caused solely by the federal government, and suggested that, rather, the company had been managed poorly since Suttles became president in 2013. During his tenure, Encana's share price had dropped 75 per cent, while share prices in Canadian Natural Resources had increased 10 percent and in Suncor 24 per cent. He wrote of Suttles, "almost all of his major decisions have made the company more American; unfortunately for investors, none have made them wealthier." In April 2021, a year after Encana restructured, the Globe and Mail published a lengthy investigation entitled "Who killed Encana?" In the piece, the authors interviewed the company's founders, Morgan and O'Brien, who disagreed with one another on the causes of the company's demise. Morgan laid the blame on the Liberal federal government, which he believed had created a climate hostile to energy investment. He also stated that if Encana had not spun off its oil business into Cenovus, the company "would still be in Canada." O'Brien, on the other hand, said "I don't think the government had anything to do with what happened to Encana, frankly." Rather, he believed the company's difficulties, and its migration to the United States, were the product of the U.S. shale revolution that began around 2008. On the question of the Cenovus split, he said both companies were hit by the revision in prices after 2008, and that "Cenovus has been terrible. Encana has been terrible." In the years after the company's restructuring, Suttles's compensation came under scrutiny vis-à-vis Encana's performance during his tenure as president. In January 2021, Kimmeridge Energy Management, a private equity firm that owned 2.4 per cent of Ovintiv, released a report on the company's poor performance. During Suttles's tenure, Encana's shareholder returns had been negative 85 per cent, while his compensation had risen from US$6.7 million in 2014 to US$12.6 million in 2019. Through his eight years as head of Encana, the company's shares decreased 58 per cent in value, while he was paid a total of US$104-million. David Milstead said, "it may not be the most colossal mismatch between executive compensation and company performance in Canadian history, but it's a contender." The Financial Post reported that, despite the decline in shareholder equity from US$5.29 billion to $3.84 billion during his presidency, "Suttles was consistently among the highest paid executives in the Canadian oil patch." Leadership President Gwyn Morgan, 5 April 2002 – 31 December 2005 Randall K. Eresman, 1 January 2006 – 11 January 2013 Clayton H. Woitas (interim), 11 January 2013 – 11 June 2013 Douglas J. Suttles, 11 June 2013 – 10 September 2019 Michael G. McAllister, 10 September 2019 – 24 January 2020 Chairman of the Board David P. O'Brien, 5 April 2002 – 24 July 2013 Clayton H. Woitas, 24 July 2013– 24 January 2020 References ^ "EnCana is No. 1 in Canada," Calgary Herald (15 September 2005), D1. ^ Dave Ebner, "EnCana CEO resigns," Globe and Mail (25 October 2005). ^ Haggett, Scott (November 30, 2009). "EnCana wraps up spinoff of its oil business". Reuters. ^ "EnCana proceeds with plan to split into two distinct and independent energy companies" (PDF) (Press release). Cenovus Energy. September 10, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2023. ^ Parkinson, David (December 9, 2009). "Cenovus spinoff gives investors a choice". ^ Jones, Jeffrey (December 13, 2012). "Encana, PetroChina take $2.2 billion stab at joint venture". Reuters. ^ "Encana, PetroChina form joint venture to develop natural gas in Alberta". Financial Post. December 13, 2012. ^ a b c "Encana laying off 20% of workers". CBC News. November 5, 2013. ^ "The Bow tower officially opens in Calgary". CBC News. June 4, 2013. ^ Parkinson, David (February 9, 2007). "H&R REIT to develop EnCana's new headquarters". Globe and Mail. ^ Carrie Tait, "Interim Encana CEO says Randy Eresman was tired, so he retired," Globe and Mail (15 January 2013). ^ Dan Healing, "Eresman exits Encana," Calgary Herald (12 January 2013), C1. ^ Dawson, Chester; McKinnon, Judy (November 5, 2013). "Encana to Cut Dividend, Jobs in Reorganization". The Wall Street Journal. ^ Jeffrey Jones, "Encana CEO decamps for Denver, Calgary headquarters remains," Globe and Mail (17 March 2018), B2. ^ Olivia Pulsinelli and Greg Avery, "Encana to buy Texas company in multibillion-dollar deal," Denver Business Journal (7 November 2018). ^ Kevin Orland, "Encana founder blames Trudeau," Toronto Star (6 November 2018), B3. ^ Gwyn Morgan, "The tragic Americanization of Encana," Financial Post (21 November 2018), FP9. ^ Ted Morton, "Another Canadian oil company flees Trudeau and Notley for the U.S." Whitecourt Star (28 November 2018), A12. ^ "Encana to Establish Corporate Domicile in the U.S." PR Newswire. October 31, 2019. ^ "Encana reveals Denver will be its new headquarters after leaving Calgary". CBC News. November 7, 2019. ^ Ovintiv, 2019 Annual Report, 8. ^ Jason Kirby, "Canadian oil producer Encana decamps for the US," Financial Times, (31 October 2019). ^ "Encana moving HQ from Calgary to the U.S., changing name to Ovintiv," Canadian Business, (31 October 2019). ^ Jeffrey Jones, "Encana's mess is of its own making," Globe and Mail (1 November 2019), B1. ^ Tim Kiladze and Jeffrey Jones, "Who killed Encana? Inside the mess that crushed Canada's energy icon," Globe and Mail (23 April 2021). ^ Scott Deveau, "Ovintiv, formerly Encana, faces Kimmeridge's proxy fight threat," Calgary Herald (15 January 2021), B3. ^ David Milstead, "The tale of Encana's $100-million man," Globe and Mail (6 April 2022), B10. ^ Geoffrey Morgan, "High-flying Encana got makeover under retiring CEO Doug Suttles; New name, new focus, new location," Financial Post (17 June 2021), FP6.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David P. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_P._O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"PanCanadian Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanCanadian_Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Gwyn Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Alberta Energy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Energy_Company"},{"link_name":"market capitalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization"},{"link_name":"Cenovus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenovus_Energy"},{"link_name":"Douglas J. Suttles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Suttles"},{"link_name":"restructuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restructuring"},{"link_name":"Ovintiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovintiv"}],"text":"Encana Corporation was a Canadian independent petroleum company that existed from 2002 to 2020. The company, stylised as EnCana until 2010, was created by David P. O'Brien of PanCanadian Petroleum and Gwyn Morgan of the Alberta Energy Company through the merger of their companies. At the time of its creation Encana was the world's largest independent petroleum company by measure of its value, production, and reserves. Morgan ran the company from its inception through the end of 2005. During its early years, Encana established its reputation as Canada's flagship energy company and an icon of Western Canadian business. In September 2005 it became Canada's largest corporation by market capitalisation for a brief time.At the beginning of 2006, Morgan ceded the presidency to Randall K. Eresman. During the new president's first year, the company's profits were CAD 6.4 billion, which was the largest corporate profit in Canadian history. In 2009 Encana spun off its oil producing operations as Cenovus, thus becoming exclusively a natural gas producer. Eresman resigned abruptly in early 2013 and was replaced by the American Douglas J. Suttles. The new president streamlined the company's operations and shifted its focus to the United States. Suttles also oversaw the company's return to crude oil production via shale plays in the US.In October 2019, Suttles, who had moved from Calgary to Denver in 2018, announced the company would undergo a corporate restructuring that would see its residency moved to the United States and its name changed to Ovintiv. On 14 January 2020 shareholders voted 90 per cent in favor of the move, and on 24 January the restructuring was completed.","title":"Encana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Predecessor companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Limited"}],"sub_title":"PanCanadian Petroleum","text":"PanCanadian Petroleum was founded in 1971 through the merger of Canadian Pacific Oil and Gas and Central-Del Rio Oils. CPOG had been founded in 1958 by the Canadian Pacific Railway as a vehicle to produce petroleum on the land grants it had received in the nineteenth century. Central-Del Rio was a small independent producer run by oilman Neil McQueen, and the CPOG had acquired gradually a majority holding in the company. After the creation of PanCanadian, Canadian Pacific Limited remained the company's majority shareholder with approximately an 87 per cent stake. 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The government began in 1983 to reduce its equity in the company, and in April 1993 it sold off its remaining 36 per cent stake. In 1994, Gwyn Morgan assumed the presidency and led the company for the duration of its existence. As a fully public company, the AEC grew substantially in the 1990s and became Canada's largest producer of natural gas.","title":"Predecessor companies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of Encana"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Creation of the company","text":"In April 2002, Pan Canadian Petroleum Ltd was spun out of Canadian Pacific Limited. It subsequently merged with Alberta Energy Corporation to form EnCana. Gwyn Morgan was named president and CEO.","title":"History of Encana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Morgan era, 2002–2005","text":"On Wednesday, 14 September 2005, EnCana surpassed the Royal Bank of Canada to become Canada's largest corporation by market capitalisation, with a value of $51.841 billion.[1]At a press conference on 25 October 2005, Morgan announced that he would retire from the presidency at the end of the year and that his replacement would be chief operating officer Randall K. Eresman. After his retirement, he would remain on the board. Eresman, a native of Medicine Hat, had begun working for the Alberta Energy Company as a summer student in 1978 and had joined it as an employee in 1980 while studying engineering at the University of Wyoming. When EnCana was created in 2002, Eresman was made president of its Onshore North America division, and in 2003 was made executive vice-president and chief operating officer. Morgan declared his trust in Eresman to lead the company, saying, \"you don't put your life and your passion behind something unless you know that you have the right kind of person to carry it on.\"[2]","title":"History of Encana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corporate spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_spin-off"},{"link_name":"Cenovus Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenovus_Energy"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spinoff-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceeds-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-choice-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bow_Tower_and_its_surroundings,_Calgary,_Canada;_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bow_(skyscraper)"},{"link_name":"PetroChina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetroChina"},{"link_name":"Duvernay Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvernay_Formation"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-8"},{"link_name":"The Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bow_(skyscraper)"},{"link_name":"tallest building in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officiallyopens-9"},{"link_name":"H&R REIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26R_REIT"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REIT-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Eresman era, 2006–2013","text":"In 2009, EnCana completed the corporate spin-off of Cenovus Energy, which held its oil business, representing one-third of its total production and reserves, and EnCana Corporation retaining the natural gas business.[3][4] Investors favoured the split as it gave them the flexibility to choose between investing in oil, gas, or both.[5]The Bow, Encana's former headquarters in Calgary, opened officially on 4 June 2013In December 2012, Encana announced a US$2.1 billion joint venture with state-owned, Beijing-based PetroChina through which PetroChina received a 49.9% stake in Encana's Duvernay Formation acreage in Alberta. This was in line with the rules that \"favor minority stakes over takeovers\" since Prime Minister Stephen Harper's December 7, 2012 prohibition of purchases by state-owned enterprises seeking to invest in Canadian oil.[6][7] By the end of 2012, Encana's staff had increased to 4,169 employees.[8]Encana and Cenovus' headquarters, The Bow in Calgary, was completed in 2013, becoming the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto.[9] The project, owned by H&R REIT, was announced as Encana's headquarters in 2006, prior to the Cenovus split.[10]After the markets closed on Friday, 11 January 2013, Encana announced that Eresman had tendered his resignation that morning. Although he left the presidency, Eresman remained on the board until the end of February. Upon Eresman's resignation, company director Clayton H. Woitas was made interim president and put in charge of the search for a replacement. Eresman's departure from the company was cloaked in secrecy. After the weekend, Woitas told the media that \"Randy was getting fatigued.\" Asked if the board tried to persuade Eresman to stay, Woitas responded that \"it was time to move on with a fresh face representing Encana.\"[11] In an article in the Calgary Herald, two anonymous analysts thought it likely that Eresman had been asked to resign.[12]","title":"History of Encana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plano, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-8"},{"link_name":"Montney Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montney_Formation"},{"link_name":"Duvernay Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvernay_Formation"},{"link_name":"San Juan Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Basin"},{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa Marine Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa_Marine_Shale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Newfield Exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfield_Exploration"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ted Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Morton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Suttles era, 2013–2020","text":"In November 2013, the company cut its dividend, announced layoffs of 20% of its employees, closure of its office in Plano, Texas, and plans to sell assets and to found a separate company for its mineral rights and royalty interests across southern Alberta.[8] It planned to invest 75% of its 2014 capital budget into 5 projects: Projects in the Montney Formation and the Duvernay Formation in Alberta, the San Juan Basin in New Mexico, Louisiana's Tuscaloosa Marine Shale, and the Denver-Julesburg Basin (DJ Basin) in northeast Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska.[8][13]On Thursday, 15 March 2018, Suttles announced to the company's staff that he would be relocating to Denver. He stated the move was due to personal reasons. When asked by journalists whether the president's move was an indication the company also would move to the United States, spokesman Simon Scott said \"the answer to that is, absolutely not.\"[14] In November 2018, Encana completed a US$5.5 billion deal to acquire Newfield Exploration of Houston. Before the acquisition, around 60 percent of Encana's production was in Canada; after the acquisition its production became around 60 per cent American.[15] Gwyn Morgan provided a written statement about the deal that read, \"I'm deeply saddened that, as a result of the disastrous policies of the Trudeau government, what was once the largest Canadian-headquartered energy producer now sees both its CEO and the core of its asset base located in the U.S.\"[16] In an editorial he wrote a two weeks later, he said that after stepping down as president in 2005, he \"could never have imagined that, a dozen years later, the company would decide to export itself.\"[17] Meanwhile Ted Morton assessed the purchase, saying, \"Encana's announcement that it was acquiring Texas-based Newfield Exploration may be good news for the Calgary-based company, but it is not good news for Canada. It is the most recent chapter in an unfolding story of capital flight from the Canadian energy sector.\"[18]","title":"History of Encana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-denver-20"},{"link_name":"stock swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_swap"},{"link_name":"Delaware General Corporation Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In October 2019, the company announced plans to move its operations from Canada to Denver, where its CEO lived, and change its name to Ovintiv.[19][20] To complete the restructuring, a new Canadian corporation called Ovintiv (corporation number 1185826-2) was created on 22 January 2020, which acquired all issued shares of Encana in a one-for-one stock swap for Ovintiv shares. On 24 January, Ovintiv was imported to Delaware under the Delaware General Corporation Law, thus concluding the move.[21]","title":"Restructuring as Ovintiv"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Canadian Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Business"},{"link_name":"Edward Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jones_Investments"},{"link_name":"Newfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfield_Exploration"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Canadian Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Natural_Resources"},{"link_name":"Suncor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncor_Energy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Assessments of Encana's demise","text":"When the restructuring was announced in October 2019, the Financial Times solicited several reactions to the move. Tim Pickering, an asset manager in Calgary, stated that the announcement \"highlights what we’ve known all along, that outside foreign investment is losing interest in the Canadian energy sector.\" Meanwhile, Martin Pelletier, a portfolio manager in Calgary, said that \"risk is a critical factor when making capital-allocation decisions, and currently Canada is viewed as a high-risk region.\"[22] In another article, Canadian Business quoted Jennifer Rowland, an analyst with Edward Jones, who said \"I am not surprised at all by the move. Post the Newfield deal, 60 per cent of Encana’s production is in the U.S. and two of its key growth drivers are in the U.S. Plus CEO Suttles doesn’t live in Canada; he lives in Denver.\"[23]A month after the announcement, Jeffrey Jones of the Globe and Mail questioned the claim that the company's troubles were caused solely by the federal government, and suggested that, rather, the company had been managed poorly since Suttles became president in 2013. During his tenure, Encana's share price had dropped 75 per cent, while share prices in Canadian Natural Resources had increased 10 percent and in Suncor 24 per cent. He wrote of Suttles, \"almost all of his major decisions have made the company more American; unfortunately for investors, none have made them wealthier.\"[24]In April 2021, a year after Encana restructured, the Globe and Mail published a lengthy investigation entitled \"Who killed Encana?\" In the piece, the authors interviewed the company's founders, Morgan and O'Brien, who disagreed with one another on the causes of the company's demise. Morgan laid the blame on the Liberal federal government, which he believed had created a climate hostile to energy investment. He also stated that if Encana had not spun off its oil business into Cenovus, the company \"would still be in Canada.\" O'Brien, on the other hand, said \"I don't think the government had anything to do with what happened to Encana, frankly.\" Rather, he believed the company's difficulties, and its migration to the United States, were the product of the U.S. shale revolution that began around 2008. On the question of the Cenovus split, he said both companies were hit by the revision in prices after 2008, and that \"Cenovus has been terrible. Encana has been terrible.\"[25]In the years after the company's restructuring, Suttles's compensation came under scrutiny vis-à-vis Encana's performance during his tenure as president. In January 2021, Kimmeridge Energy Management, a private equity firm that owned 2.4 per cent of Ovintiv, released a report on the company's poor performance. During Suttles's tenure, Encana's shareholder returns had been negative 85 per cent, while his compensation had risen from US$6.7 million in 2014 to US$12.6 million in 2019.[26] Through his eight years as head of Encana, the company's shares decreased 58 per cent in value, while he was paid a total of US$104-million. David Milstead said, \"it may not be the most colossal mismatch between executive compensation and company performance in Canadian history, but it's a contender.\"[27] The Financial Post reported that, despite the decline in shareholder equity from US$5.29 billion to $3.84 billion during his presidency, \"Suttles was consistently among the highest paid executives in the Canadian oil patch.\"[28]","title":"Restructuring as Ovintiv"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwyn Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Douglas J. Suttles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Suttles"}],"sub_title":"President","text":"Gwyn Morgan, 5 April 2002 – 31 December 2005\nRandall K. Eresman, 1 January 2006 – 11 January 2013\nClayton H. Woitas (interim), 11 January 2013 – 11 June 2013\nDouglas J. Suttles, 11 June 2013 – 10 September 2019\nMichael G. McAllister, 10 September 2019 – 24 January 2020","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David P. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_P._O%27Brien"}],"sub_title":"Chairman of the Board","text":"David P. O'Brien, 5 April 2002 – 24 July 2013\nClayton H. Woitas, 24 July 2013– 24 January 2020","title":"Leadership"}]	[{"image_text":"The Bow, Encana's former headquarters in Calgary, opened officially on 4 June 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bow_Tower_and_its_surroundings%2C_Calgary%2C_Canada%3B_2012.jpg/220px-Bow_Tower_and_its_surroundings%2C_Calgary%2C_Canada%3B_2012.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Haggett, Scott (November 30, 2009). \"EnCana wraps up spinoff of its oil business\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/encana-cenovus/encana-wraps-up-spinoff-of-its-oil-business-idUSN3025130420091130","url_text":"\"EnCana wraps up spinoff of its oil business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"EnCana proceeds with plan to split into two distinct and independent energy companies\" (PDF) (Press release). Cenovus Energy. September 10, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220119153237/https://www.cenovus.com/news/news-releases/2009/0910-split-proceeds.pdf","url_text":"\"EnCana proceeds with plan to split into two distinct and independent energy companies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenovus_Energy","url_text":"Cenovus Energy"},{"url":"https://www.cenovus.com/news/news-releases/2009/0910-split-proceeds.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parkinson, David (December 9, 2009). \"Cenovus spinoff gives investors a choice\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/investment-ideas/cenovus-spinoff-gives-investors-a-choice/article4311405/","url_text":"\"Cenovus spinoff gives investors a choice\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Jeffrey (December 13, 2012). \"Encana, PetroChina take $2.2 billion stab at joint venture\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-encana-petrochina/encana-petrochina-take-2-2-billion-stab-at-joint-venture-idUSBRE8BC1E020121214","url_text":"\"Encana, PetroChina take $2.2 billion stab at joint venture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Encana, PetroChina form joint venture to develop natural gas in Alberta\". Financial Post. December 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/encana-petrochina-form-joint-venture-to-develop-natural-gas-in-alberta","url_text":"\"Encana, PetroChina form joint venture to develop natural gas in Alberta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Post","url_text":"Financial Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Encana laying off 20% of workers\". CBC News. November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/encana-laying-off-20-of-workers-1.2415070","url_text":"\"Encana laying off 20% of workers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bow tower officially opens in Calgary\". CBC News. June 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/the-bow-tower-officially-opens-in-calgary-1.1355372","url_text":"\"The Bow tower officially opens in Calgary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"Parkinson, David (February 9, 2007). \"H&R REIT to develop EnCana's new headquarters\". Globe and Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/hr-reit-to-develop-encanas-new-headquarters/article1070462/","url_text":"\"H&R REIT to develop EnCana's new headquarters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Chester; McKinnon, Judy (November 5, 2013). \"Encana to Cut Dividend, Jobs in Reorganization\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/encana-cuts-dividend-jobs-in-reorganization-1383654875","url_text":"\"Encana to Cut Dividend, Jobs in Reorganization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Encana to Establish Corporate Domicile in the U.S.\" PR Newswire. October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/encana-to-establish-corporate-domicile-in-the-us-300948848.html","url_text":"\"Encana to Establish Corporate Domicile in the U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire","url_text":"PR Newswire"}]},{"reference":"\"Encana reveals Denver will be its new headquarters after leaving Calgary\". CBC News. November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/encana-reveals-denver-new-headquarters-after-leaving-calgary-1.5351575","url_text":"\"Encana reveals Denver will be its new headquarters after leaving Calgary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/encana-cenovus/encana-wraps-up-spinoff-of-its-oil-business-idUSN3025130420091130","external_links_name":"\"EnCana wraps up spinoff of its oil business\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220119153237/https://www.cenovus.com/news/news-releases/2009/0910-split-proceeds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"EnCana proceeds with plan to split into two distinct and independent energy companies\""},{"Link":"https://www.cenovus.com/news/news-releases/2009/0910-split-proceeds.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/investment-ideas/cenovus-spinoff-gives-investors-a-choice/article4311405/","external_links_name":"\"Cenovus spinoff gives investors a choice\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-encana-petrochina/encana-petrochina-take-2-2-billion-stab-at-joint-venture-idUSBRE8BC1E020121214","external_links_name":"\"Encana, PetroChina take $2.2 billion stab at joint venture\""},{"Link":"https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/encana-petrochina-form-joint-venture-to-develop-natural-gas-in-alberta","external_links_name":"\"Encana, PetroChina form joint venture to develop natural gas in Alberta\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/encana-laying-off-20-of-workers-1.2415070","external_links_name":"\"Encana laying off 20% of workers\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/the-bow-tower-officially-opens-in-calgary-1.1355372","external_links_name":"\"The Bow tower officially opens in Calgary\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/hr-reit-to-develop-encanas-new-headquarters/article1070462/","external_links_name":"\"H&R REIT to develop EnCana's new headquarters\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/encana-cuts-dividend-jobs-in-reorganization-1383654875","external_links_name":"\"Encana to Cut Dividend, Jobs in Reorganization\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/encana-to-establish-corporate-domicile-in-the-us-300948848.html","external_links_name":"\"Encana to Establish Corporate Domicile in the U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/encana-reveals-denver-new-headquarters-after-leaving-calgary-1.5351575","external_links_name":"\"Encana reveals Denver will be its new headquarters after leaving Calgary\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_President_Khajimba	Government of President Khajimba	["1 Composition","2 Formation","3 Changes","4 References","5 External links"]	Government of Abkhazia The Government of President Raul Khajimba was the Government of the Republic of Abkhazia from 2014 until 2020. Composition President Raul Khajimba25 September 2014 – 12 January 2020 Valery Bganba13 January – 24 April 2020 Vice President Vitali Gabnia25 September 2014 – 22 August 2018 Aslan Bartsits9 October 2019 – 12 January 2020 Head of the Presidential Administration Astamur Tania29 September 2014 – 6 May 2016 Dmitri ShambaMay 2016 Beslan Bartsits16 May 2016 – 5 August 2016 Dmitri Shamba5 August – 10 October 2016 Daur Arshba10 October 2016 – 24 April 2018 Beslan Bartsits25 April 2018 – 24 April 2020 Secretary of the Security Council Mukhamed Kilba28 October 2014 – 21 January 2020 Beslan Kvitsinia22 January 2020 – 28. července 2020 Head of the State Security Service Zurab Margania29 September 2014 – 12 May 2020 Cabinet leadership: Prime Minister Beslan Butba29 September 2014 – 16 March 2015 Shamil Adzynba16 – 20 March 2015 Artur Mikvabia20 March 2015 – 26 July 2016 Shamil Adzynba26 July – 5 August 2016 Beslan Bartsits5 August 2016 – 24 April 2018 Gennady Gagulia24 April – 8 September 2018 Daur Aršba9 – 18 September 2018 Valery Bganba18 September 2018 – 24 April 2020 First Vice Premier Shamil Adzynba15 October 2014 – 15 August 2016 Daur Arshba24 April 2018 – 20 January 2020 Vice Premier(s) Viktor Khilchevski15 October 2014 – 8 April 2015 Dmitri Serikov8 April 2015 – 30 April 2018 Djansukh Nanba30 April 2018 – 30 April 2020 Suren Kerselyan15 October 2014 – 8 April 2015 Beslan Eshba12 August 2016 – 23 January 2018 Roman Shoua30 April 2018 – 28 October 2019 Adgur Ardzinba28 October 2019 – 4 May 2020 Aslan Kobakhia16 August 2016 – 12 October 2017? Astamur Ketsba30 April 2018 – 28 October 2019 Chief of the Cabinet Staff Leila Dzyba22 October 2014 – 2015 Diana Pilia26 May 2015 – 10 February 2017 Zurab Marshania10 February – 4 September 2017 David Sangulia4 September 2017 – 22 July 2020 Ministers: Internal Affairs Raul Lolua15 October 2014 – 14 May 2015 Beslan Khagba14 May – 9 October 2015 Leonid Dzapshba9 October 2015 – 16 August 2016 Aslan Kobakhia16 August 2016 – 12 October 2017 Garri Arshba12 October 2017 – 2 December 2019 Levan Kvaratskhelia2 – 4 December 2019 Raul Smyr4 December 2019 – 30 April 2020 Healthsince 9 October 2019:Health and Social Security David Gunba15 – 28 October 2014 Andzor Goov28 October 2014 – 5 June 2017 Tamaz Tsakhnakia5 June 2017 – 29 April 2020 Foreign Affairs Viacheslav Chirikba17 October 2014 – 20 September 2016 Oleg Arshba – 4 September October 2016 Daur Kove4 October 2016 – 15 July 2020 Culture and the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage Elvira Arsalia15 October 2014 – 5 June 2020 Defence Mirab Kishmaria15 October 2014 – 1 June 2020 Education, Science, Sports and Youth Policysince 30 March 2015:Education and Science Adgur Kakoba15 October 2014 – 19 June 2020 Agriculture Rafik Otyrba15 October 2014 – 8 April 2015 Timur Eshba8 April 2015 – 24 August 2016 Daur Tarba24 August 2016–present Labour, Employment and Social Security Suren Kerselyan15 October 2014 – 23 August 2016 Ruslan Ajba23 August 2016 – 28 October 2019 Finance Amra Kvarandzia17 October 2014 – 12 August 2016 Dmitri Serikov12 August 2016 – 30 April 2018 Djansukh Nanba30 April 2018 – 28 April 2020 Economy Nikolai Achba15 October 2014 – 8 April 2015 Adgur Ardzinba8 April 2015 – 4 May 2020 Justice Marina Pilia17 October 2014 – 6 July 2020 Emergency Situations Lev Kvitsinia17 October 2014 – 29 April 2020 Energy, Transport and Communications Viktor Khilchevski15 October 2014 – 30 March 2015 Resorts and Tourism Avtandil Gartskia13 March 2015 – 28 October 2019 Taxes and Duties Rauf Tsimtsba8 April 2015 – 1 November 2016 Daur Kurmazia1 November 2016 – 30 April 2020 Demography and Repatriation Beslan Dbar31 October 2019 – 29 April 2020 Chairmen of State Committees: Repatriation Khrips Jopua21 October 2014 – 11 April 2015 Vadim Kharazia11 April 2015 – 28 October 2019 Ecology and the Environment Saveli Chitanava21 October 2014 – 28 October 2019 Resorts and Tourism Avtandil Gartskia31 October 2019 – 12 May 2020 Agriculture Amiran Kakalia31 October 2019 – 19 June 2020 Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision Erik Rshtuni23 October 2014 – 1 November 2016 Akhra Pachkoria1 November 2016 – 6 November 2019 Garik Samanba6 November 2019 – 27 May 2020 Customs Daur Kobakhia21 October 2014 – 28 October 2019 Guram Inapshba28 October 2019 – 22 July 2020 State Property Management and Privatisation Konstantin Katsia23 October 2014 – 30 August 2016 Vakhtang Pipia30 August 2016 – 22 July 2020 Youth Policysince 16 January 2020:Youth Policy and Sports Alias Avidzba11 April 2015 – 12 September 2017 Teimuraz Kvekveskiri12 September 2017 – 16 January 2020 Idris Kara-Osman-ogly16 – 30 January 2020 Mikhail Pikanin30 January – 21 May 2020 Physical Culture and Sports Bagrat Khutaba11 April 2015 – 16 January 2020 State Language Policy Nurbei Lomia5 September 2016 – 6 November 2019 Batal Khagush6 November 2019 – 19 June 2020 Statistics Kama Gogia6 November 2019 – 20 May 2020 Formation President Raul Khajimba and Vice President Vitali Gabnia were elected on 24 August 2014 after the resignation of previous President Alexander Ankvab, and sworn in on 25 September 2014. Khajimba had led the opposition during the May Revolution against Ankvab. After Ankvab's resignation on 1 June, Speaker of the People's Assembly of Abkhazia Valeri Bganba had been Acting President. During the election, Khajimba competed with State Security Service chairman Aslan Bzhania, Defence Minister Mirab Kishmaria and former Interior Minister Leonid Dzapshba. Vitali Gabnia was chairman of the veterans' movement Aruaa before his election. On 29 September, Khajimba appointed as prime minister fellow opposition leader Beslan Butba, who had already become Acting Vice Premier following Ankvab's resignation. Khajimba tasked Butba with the formation of the cabinet, which took place over the course of October. Also on 29 September, Khajimba appointed Zurab Margania as Chairman of the State Security Service and Astamur Tania as Head of the Presidential Administration. Margania had previously been deputy chairman, leading the Border Guard, and Tania had been appointed acting Head of the Presidential Administration following Ankvab's resignation. On 15 October, Khajimba approved the structure of the new cabinet. The decree scrapped one Vice Premier, one Ministry – Taxes and Duties, henceforth the State Tax Service – and two State Committees – Resorts and Tourism, merged into the Ministry of Economy, and Youth and Sport, merged into the Ministry of Education. It also created one new Ministry – Energy, Transport and Communications, created from the State Administration for Transport – and one new State Committee – Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision, created from the State Administration for Standards, Metrology and Certification. It also reconfirmed the Ministry of Emergency Situations, originally created on 21 July. Two Ministries and one State Committee that were expanded and one Ministry that wasn't were accordingly renamed: the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Youth Policy, the Ministry of Culture and the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage, the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security and the State Committee for Ecology and the Environment (previously and Nature). Also on 15 October, Khajimba appointed the new Vice Premiers and most Ministers, followed by the final four ministers on 17 October, three Heads of State Committees and a number of lower officials on 21 October and the final two Heads of State Committees on 23 October. Of the Cabinet members appointed by Ankvab, only Defence Minister Mirab Kishmaria (who was also a presidential candidate), Foreign Minister Viacheslav Chirikba, Repatriation State Committee Head Khrips Jopua and Property Management and Privatisation State Committee Head Konstantin Katsia retained their post. Moreover, Interior Minister Raul Lolua and Emergency Situations Minister Lev Kvitsinia, who had entered the government as Acting Ministers after Ankvab's resignation, were permanently appointed by Khajimba. The 2011 vice presidential candidate Shamil Adzynba was appointed First Vice Premier, former Vice Premier Viktor Khilchevski Vice Premier and Minister for Energy, Transport and Communications, Suren Kerselyan Vice Premier and Minister for Labour, Employment and Social Security, Rafik Otyrba Agriculture Minister, Nikolai Achba Economy Minister, Adgur Kakoba Minister for Education, Science, Sports and Youth Policy, Elvira Arsalia Minister for Culture and the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage, David Gunba Health Minister, Amra Kvarandzia Finance Minister, Marina Pilia Justice Minister, Saveli Chitanava Head of the State Committee for Ecology and Nature Conservation, Daur Kobakhia Head of the State Customs Committee and Erik Rshtuni Head of the State Committee for Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision. On 22 October, Khajimba appointed Leila Dzyba as the new Chief of the Cabinet Staff. On 28 October, he appointed Mukhamed Kilba as Secretary of the Security Council. Changes Shortly after his appointment, Health Minister David Gunba confessed to Prime Minister Butba and President Khajimba that he did not feel up to the task. On 28 October 2014, Khajimba appointed Andzor Goov in his stead. On 13 March, President Khajimba carved the Ministry for Resorts and Tourism out of the Ministry for Economy, and appointed Avtandil Gartskia as Minister, who had for some months been acting Security Council Secretary following the ouster of President Ankvab. On 16 March, President Khajimba dismissed Prime Minister Butba and appointed First Vice Premier Adzynba as acting prime minister. In a press conference afterwards, Butba said that he had made Khajimba aware of his intention to resign. He claimed that the Presidential Administration had taken over many of the responsibilities of the Prime Minister, creating a 'second government'. There had been rumors of Butba's resignation almost since the beginning of his term, explained variously by a power struggle between Butba and Khajimba and by Butba's supposed bad performance as prime minister. On 20 March, Khajimba appointed MP and former United Abkhazia Chairman Artur Mikvabia as Butba's successor. On 30 March, Khajimba approved the new cabinet structure, on 8 April he appointed Ministers and on 11 April Chairmen of the State Committees. The number of Vice Premiers was reduced from two to one, with Aquafon Deputy Director General of Operations Dmitri Serikov replacing Suren Kerselyan, who remained Labour Minister, and Viktor Khilchevski, who did not return as Minister, as the Ministry of Energy, Transport and Communications was abolished. The Ministry for Taxes and Duties was re-established and Rauf Tsimtsba, who had already been Minister under Alexander Ankvab, was re-appointed. The policy areas of Youth and Sport were transferred from the Ministry of Education and Science to two separate State Committees, headed by Alias Avidzba and Bagrat Khutaba, respectively. Finally, Rafik Otyrba was replaced as Agriculture Minister by former Gulripshi District Governor Timur Eshba, Nikolai Achba as Economy Minister by Adgur Ardzinba and Khrips Jopua as Repatriation State Committee chairman by Vadim Kharazia. In May, following two confrontations between police officers and members of the State Security Service, Interior Minister Raul Lolua handed in his resignation. It was accepted by President Khajimba on the evening of 14 May, and he appointed former Gagra District Prosecutor Beslan Khagba as Logua's successor. On 26 May, Khajimba appointed Diana Pilia as Head of the Cabinet Staff. On 9 October, Khajimba dismissed Interior Minister Khagba, and appointed Leonid Dzapshba, who had already held the post from 2010 to 2011 under President Sergei Bagapsh and who had scored a 3.4% fourth place in the 2014 presidential election. On 4 May 2016, Khajimba dismissed Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration Astamur Appba upon the latter's request. On 6 May, he accepted the resignation of Head of the Presidential Administration Astamur Tania. In the following days, Presidential Representative to the People's Assembly of Abkhazia Dmitri Shamba served as acting Head of the Presidential Administration. On 16 May, he appointed Gagra District Head Beslan Bartsits as Tania's successor, and on 7 June, First Vice President of the Chamber of Commerce Adgur Lushba as deputy Head. On 30 June, Prime Minister Mikvabia formally opened the new Treasury Department within the Ministry for Finance. Following a pending motion of no-confidence against him, the storming of the Interior Ministry by opposition activists and a failed referendum to bring about an early presidential election, Mikvabia announced his resignation as prime minister on 26 July 2016, accepted on the same day by Khajimba. In an interview with Caucasian Knot, Mikvabia stated that the strong unrest in society was being caused by the government's efforts to structurally improve the financial situation of Abkhazia through measures such as the introduction of VAT, that he did not want to work under conditions where society itself hindered development and that he hoped his resignation would defuse tensions. Khajimba appointed Adzynba as acting prime minister for the second time. On 5 August, Khajimba appointed newly appointed Presidential Administration Head Beslan Bartsits as the new prime minister. Bartsits in turn was temporarily succeeded by First Deputy Head Dmitri Shamba, until Vice Speaker of the People's Assembly Daur Arshba became his permanent replacement on 10 October. The structure of the new cabinet was only decreed on 5 September, one month after Bartsits's appointment, increasing the number of Vice Premiers from two to three, abolishing the post of First Vice Premier and introducing the State Committee for State Language Policy. Most appointments had already been made by that point. On 12 August, Beslan Eshba, who had held the same role in the Government of President Ankvab, was appointed Vice Premier, while Dmitri Serikov was re-appointed as Vice Premier and appointed as finance minister, replacing Amra Kvarandzia. On 15 August, outgoing First Vice Premier Shamil Adzynba gave an interview with Sputnik Abkhazia in which he declared that he had applied for resignation because a number of recent appointments directly contravened the Law on Language which required the use of Abkhaz by government officials. Adzynba's resignation was granted that evening by President Khajimba. On 16 August, MP and former State Customs Committee chairman under President Vladislav Ardzinba Aslan Kobakhia was appointed as the third Vice Premier and as Minister for Internal Affairs. Suspended outgoing Interior Minister Dzapzhba was appointed presidential advisor on law enforcement agencies instead. On 23 August, Pension Head Ruslan Ajba was appointed Labour Minister, replacing Suren Kerselyan, while the Ministers for Culture, Emergency Situations, Defence and Tourism were re-appointed. On 24 August, veteran politician Daur Tarba was appointed Agriculture Minister instead of Timur Eshba and the Ministers for Economy, Justice, Health and Education were re-appointed. On 30 August, the Chairmen of the State Committees for Youth and Sport were re-appointed, while former Vice Premier Vakhtang Pipia replaced Konstantin Katsia as Chairman of the State Committee for State Property. On 5 September, linguist Nurbei Lomia was appointed chairman of the new State Committee for State Language Policy. On 20 September, outgoing Foreign Minister Viacheslav Chirikba released a statement in which he announced his resignation because he was unable to continue in his post under the current circumstances. The presidential press service responded by claiming that Chirikba had not been re-appointed because he had failed to lead a delegation to Transnistria in early September. Chirikba refuted this in another statement in which he explained that he had not been able to lead the delegation due to an attack of hypertension and claimed that the decision to re-appoint him had already been made at that point and that he had originally submitted his resignation on 31 August after Khajimba had for more than a month refused to meet him to discuss foreign affairs. In a press conference one week later, Khajimba specified that Chirikba had not been active enough as foreign minister and that as head of the Ministry, he had to be held responsible for certain financial irregularities that had been uncovered by the Control Chamber. On 4 October, Khajimba appointed as Chirikba's successor Daur Kove, head of the Presidential Protocol Department and previously Deputy Foreign Minister. In the intervening period, Deputy Minister Oleg Arshba had served as acting Minister. On 1 November, Khajimba reappointed the Chairman of the State Committee for Ecology and appointed Akhra Pachkoria as Chairman of the State Committee for Standards instead of Erik Rshtuni and Daur Kurmazia as Tax Minister instead of Rauf Tsimtsba. On 5 November, the three-month deadline for appointing the new government formally expired. On 14 November, the Chairmen of the Customs and Repatriation State Committees were re-appointed. On 10 February 2017 the Chief of the Cabinet Staff Diana Pilia appointed as a new member of the Constitutional court, therefore her deputy Zurab Marshania temporarily assumed her place as a Chief of the Cabinet Staff. David Sangulia was appointed as a definite solution more than half-year later on 4 September. In June 2017 Health Minister Andzor Goov resigned and Tamaz Tsakhnakia became his successor on 5 June. On 12 September 2017 Teimuraz Kvekveskiri was appointed as a new Chairman of the Youth Policy State Committee. On 12 October 2017 President Khajimba appointed the new Interior Minister Garri Arshba. On 24 April 2018 President Khajimba made a decision to do major changes in his government and the first move was to issue a decree of appointment of the new Prime Minister Gennady Gagulia. The previous Prime Minister Beslan Bartsits returned to his position of the Head of the Presidential Administration. On 30 April of that year the Vice Premiers were changed (Astamur Ketsba and Roman Shoua) as well as one Minister. Djansukh Nanba was appointed as a new finance minister. On 22 August Vice President Vitali Gabnia resigned. His move was motivated by his desire to protect his honour and as a protest against injustice and against inaction of the justice in Abkhazia because of a recent case about a physical attack on him. His office remained vacant after his resignation. After a tragic event resulting in death of the Prime Minister Gennady Gagulia on 8 September 2018 First Vice Premier Daur Arshba was appointed as his temporary successor. On 18 September 2018 the proper Gagulia's successor was appointed: Valeri Bganba. On 21 September 2018 the Agriculture Minister Daur Tarba resigned. Since then no successor had been appointed. On 9 October 2019 President Raul Khajimba was sworn in as he had been re-elected on 8 September. He chose a new Vice President Aslan Bartsits. Next day Khajimba accepted resignation of the entire cabinet in wake of the elections. On 28 October 2019 President Khajimba issued a decree of government restructuring. Ministries of Resorts and Tourism, Labour, Employment and Social Security, and Agriculture were abolished. Social Security department was transferred to the Health Ministry and for the tourism and agriculture two new State Committees were created. But the State Committee for Repatriation was reformed as a Ministry and the State Committee for Ecology and the Environment was abolished. On the same day he re-appointed the people from his previous cabinet: his prime minister, First Vice Premier, Head of the Presidential Administration and some other ministers or chairmen of the State Committees. He appointed Guram Inapshba as a new head of the Customs State Committee. Three days later Beslan Dbar was appointed as a new head of newly created Demography and Repatriation Ministry and Avtandil Gartskia was appointed as a new head of the Tourism State Ministerm to continue his work in this department. On 6 November new heads of some State Committees were appointed: Garik Samanba as a head of the Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision State Committee, Batal Khagush as head of the State Language Policy Committee and Kama Gogia as a head of the Statistics Committee. As a result of the pressure from about 300 protesters, on 2 December 2019 Khajimba was forced to dismiss his Interior Minister Garri Arshba. According to Khajimba, the official reason from his dismissal were dissatisfactory results of investigation the case of a recent mass murder which enacted this political crisis. The Ministry was temporarily led by its Deputy Minister Levan Kvaratskhelia. Arshba's official successor became Raul Smyr two days later. On 12 January 2020 President Raul Khajimba resigned from his office as a result of the strong opposition protests taking place in Sukhum for several days after the results of the aforementioned presidential elections were nullified by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Abkhazia. The same day his Vice Prezident Aslan Bartsits filled his resignation as well. This meant the end of this government whose members were now in the roles of acting ministers, heads of the State Committees etc., until new government was appointed. The People's Assembly of Abkhazia appointed the Prime Minister Valery Bganba as an acting president who then left the majority of Khajimba's cabinet in their positions. He only merged the State Committees for the Youth Policy and for the Physical Culture and Sports. On 16 January 2020 Idris Kara-Osman-ogly became a new head of this merged State Committee. On 20 January 2020 Daur Arshba resigned from his position of the First Vice Premier. Two days later Bganba appointed Beslan Kvitsinia as an acting Secretary of the Security Council. On 30 January, after 2 weeks in the office, Idris Kara-Osman-ogly resigned from his position of the Chairman of the State Committee for the Youth Policy and Sports. His successor became Mikhail Pikanin On 24 April 2020 Aslan Bzhania, new president of the Republic of Abkhazia, was sworn in. 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Abkhazia Inform. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016. ^ Sharia, Vitali (27 September 2016). "Рауль Хаджимба: «Я покину президентский пост в октябре, но 2019 года»". Echo of the Caucasus. Retrieved 15 November 2016. ^ "Даур Кове назначен министром иностранных дел Абхазии". Apsnypress. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016. ^ "Между Абхазией и Науру подписан Договор о дружбе и сотрудничестве". Apsnypress. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016. ^ "Президент Республики Абхазия подписал указы о назначениях". Apsnypress. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ^ "Даур Курмазия назначен министром по налогам и сборам". Apsnypress. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ^ "5 НОЯБРЯ ИСТЕКАЕТ ОТВЕДЕННЫЙ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВОМ АБХАЗИИ СРОК УТВЕРЖДЕНИЯ СОСТАВА НОВОГО ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА". Abkhazia Inform. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016. ^ "Даур Кобахия назначен председателем ГТК Абхазии". Apsnypress. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016. ^ "Вадим Харазия назначен председателем Госкомитета Республики Абхазия по репатриации". Apsnypress. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016. ^ Давид Сангулия назначен руководителем аппарата Кабинета Министров Абхазии. Apsnypress. 4 September 2017. ^ УКАЗОМ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА ТАМАЗ ЦАХНАКИЯ НАЗНАЧЕН МИНИСТРОМ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ. President of Abkhazia. 5 June 2017. ^ Kvaratskhelia, Sariya. Теймураз Квеквескири возглавил Госкомитет по молодежной политике. Rambler.ru. 12 September 2017. ^ Гарри Аршба назначен новым главой МВД Абхазии. Rambler.ru. 12 October 2017. ^ Gennady Gagulia is appointed as Prime Minister of the Republic of Abkhazia. Apsnypress. 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. ^ Беслан Барциц назначен Руководителем Администрации Президента РА. Apsnypress. 25 April 2018. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. ^ Астамур Кецба назначен Вице-премьером Республики Абхазия Archived 13 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Apsnypress. 30 April 2018. ^ Роман Шоуа – Вице-премьер Республики Абхазия Archived 13 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Apsnypress. 30 April 2018. ^ Джансух Нанба назначен Вице-премьером, министром финансов Абхазии Archived 13 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Apsnypress. 30 April 2018. ^ Вице-президент Абхазии подал в отставку после удара бокалом по голове RBC. 22 August 2018. ^ На пост премьер-министра Абхазии назначен Даур Аршба. Kavkaz Uzel. 9 September 2018. ^ CVISHBA, L. Валерий Бганба назначен Премьер-министром Абхазии. Apsnypress. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. ^ ДАУР ТАРБА ПОДАЛ ЗАЯВЛЕНИЕ ОБ ОТСТАВКЕ С ДОЛЖНОСТИ МИНИСТРА СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА. Abkhazia Inform. 21 September 2018. ^ Вступивший в должность Президента Абхазии Рауль Хаджимба примет отставку Правительства. Apsnypress. 10 October 2019. ^ Подписан Указ об утверждении структуры Кабинета Министров Абхазии. Apsnypress. 28 October 2019. ^ Гурам Инапшба назначен председателем Государственного таможенного комитета Абхазии. Apsnypress. 28 October 2019. ^ Президент Абхазии подписал указы о назначениях министров. Apsnypress. 31 October 2019. ^ Подписаны указы о назначениях председателей госкомитетов Абхазии. Apsnypress. 31 October 2019. ^ Президент Абхазии назначил руководителей госкомитетов и Министерства просвещения. Apsnypress. 6 November 2019. ^ Экс-глава МВД Абхазии отверг причастность к убийству в Сухуме. RIA Novosti. 2. prosince 2019. ^ Рауль Хаджимба: результат расследования преступлений требует от меня принятия решений об отставке министра ВД и внесения в Парламент представления об освобождении генпрокурора. Apsnypress. 2 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. ^ Врио министра внутренних дел назначен Леван Кварацхелия. Apsnypress. 2 December 2019. ^ Раули Смыр возглавил Министерство внутренних дел Абхазии Archived 5 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Apsnypress. 4 December 2019. ^ Raul Khadzhimba resigned as President of Abkhazia. Apsnypress. 12 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13. January 2020. ^ Аслан Барциц сложил с себя полномочия вице-президента Абхазии. Apsnypress. 12 January 2020. ^ Идрис Кара-Осман-оглы назначен исполняющим обязанности председателя Госкомитета Абхазии по делам молодёжи и спорту. Apsnypress. 16 January 2020. ^ Абхазский вице-премьер Даур Аршба и глава ГСО Отари Берзения освобождены от занимаемых должностей. Ekho Kavkaza. 20 January 2020. ^ Беслан Квициния назначен исполняющим обязанности Секретаря Совбеза Абхазии. Apsnypress. 22 January 2020. ^ Бганба сменил и.о. главы Госкомспорта спустя две недели после назначения. Aiaaira. 30 January 2020. ^ ACHBA, Tamara. Президент Абхазии принял отставку Правительства. Apsnypress. 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28. April 2020. External links Government structure at the beginning of Beslan Butba's term as Prime Minister Government structure at the beginning of Artur Mikvabia's term as Prime Minister Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Government structure at the beginning of Beslan Bartsits's term as Prime Minister vte Cabinets of the Government of AbkhaziaGovernment of the Republic of Abkhazia Ardzinba (1994–2005) Bagapsh (2005–2011) Ankvab (2011–2014) Khajimba (2014–2020) Bzhania (2020–)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Government of the Republic of Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia"}],"text":"The Government of President Raul Khajimba was the Government of the Republic of Abkhazia from 2014 until 2020.","title":"Government of President Khajimba"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raul Khajimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Khajimba"},{"link_name":"Vitali Gabnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali_Gabnia"},{"link_name":"elected on 24 August 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazian_presidential_election,_2011"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ankvab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab"},{"link_name":"May Revolution against Ankvab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"People's Assembly of Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Valeri Bganba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Bganba"},{"link_name":"Aslan Bzhania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan_Bzhania"},{"link_name":"Mirab Kishmaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirab_Kishmaria"},{"link_name":"Leonid Dzapshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Dzapshba"},{"link_name":"Aruaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruaa"},{"link_name":"Beslan Butba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_Butba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13135-1"},{"link_name":"Zurab Margania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurab_Margania"},{"link_name":"Astamur Tania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astamur_Tania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13136-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13137-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agov2014101501-4"},{"link_name":"Mirab Kishmaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirab_Kishmaria"},{"link_name":"Viacheslav Chirikba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav_Chirikba"},{"link_name":"Khrips Jopua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrips_Jopua"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Katsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Katsia"},{"link_name":"Raul Lolua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Lolua"},{"link_name":"Lev Kvitsinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kvitsinia"},{"link_name":"Shamil Adzynba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamil_Adzynba"},{"link_name":"Viktor Khilchevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Khilchevski"},{"link_name":"Suren Kerselyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suren_Kerselyan"},{"link_name":"Rafik Otyrba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafik_Otyrba"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Achba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Achba"},{"link_name":"Adgur Kakoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adgur_Kakoba"},{"link_name":"Elvira Arsalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira_Arsalia"},{"link_name":"David Gunba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gunba"},{"link_name":"Amra Kvarandzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amra_Kvarandzia"},{"link_name":"Marina Pilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Pilia"},{"link_name":"Saveli Chitanava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saveli_Chitanava"},{"link_name":"Daur Kobakhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_Kobakhia"},{"link_name":"Erik Rshtuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Rshtuni"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13274-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13275-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13289-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13317-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13345-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13346-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13323-11"},{"link_name":"Mukhamed Kilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhamed_Kilba"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13363-12"}],"text":"President Raul Khajimba and Vice President Vitali Gabnia were elected on 24 August 2014 after the resignation of previous President Alexander Ankvab, and sworn in on 25 September 2014. Khajimba had led the opposition during the May Revolution against Ankvab. After Ankvab's resignation on 1 June, Speaker of the People's Assembly of Abkhazia Valeri Bganba had been Acting President. During the election, Khajimba competed with State Security Service chairman Aslan Bzhania, Defence Minister Mirab Kishmaria and former Interior Minister Leonid Dzapshba. Vitali Gabnia was chairman of the veterans' movement Aruaa before his election.On 29 September, Khajimba appointed as prime minister fellow opposition leader Beslan Butba, who had already become Acting Vice Premier following Ankvab's resignation.[1] Khajimba tasked Butba with the formation of the cabinet, which took place over the course of October. Also on 29 September, Khajimba appointed Zurab Margania as Chairman of the State Security Service and Astamur Tania as Head of the Presidential Administration. Margania had previously been deputy chairman, leading the Border Guard, and Tania had been appointed acting Head of the Presidential Administration following Ankvab's resignation.[2][3]On 15 October, Khajimba approved the structure of the new cabinet. The decree scrapped one Vice Premier, one Ministry – Taxes and Duties, henceforth the State Tax Service – and two State Committees – Resorts and Tourism, merged into the Ministry of Economy, and Youth and Sport, merged into the Ministry of Education. It also created one new Ministry – Energy, Transport and Communications, created from the State Administration for Transport – and one new State Committee – Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision, created from the State Administration for Standards, Metrology and Certification. It also reconfirmed the Ministry of Emergency Situations, originally created on 21 July. Two Ministries and one State Committee that were expanded and one Ministry that wasn't were accordingly renamed: the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Youth Policy, the Ministry of Culture and the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage, the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security and the State Committee for Ecology and the Environment (previously and Nature).[4]Also on 15 October, Khajimba appointed the new Vice Premiers and most Ministers, followed by the final four ministers on 17 October, three Heads of State Committees and a number of lower officials on 21 October and the final two Heads of State Committees on 23 October. Of the Cabinet members appointed by Ankvab, only Defence Minister Mirab Kishmaria (who was also a presidential candidate), Foreign Minister Viacheslav Chirikba, Repatriation State Committee Head Khrips Jopua and Property Management and Privatisation State Committee Head Konstantin Katsia retained their post. Moreover, Interior Minister Raul Lolua and Emergency Situations Minister Lev Kvitsinia, who had entered the government as Acting Ministers after Ankvab's resignation, were permanently appointed by Khajimba. The 2011 vice presidential candidate Shamil Adzynba was appointed First Vice Premier, former Vice Premier Viktor Khilchevski Vice Premier and Minister for Energy, Transport and Communications, Suren Kerselyan Vice Premier and Minister for Labour, Employment and Social Security, Rafik Otyrba Agriculture Minister, Nikolai Achba Economy Minister, Adgur Kakoba Minister for Education, Science, Sports and Youth Policy, Elvira Arsalia Minister for Culture and the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage, David Gunba Health Minister, Amra Kvarandzia Finance Minister, Marina Pilia Justice Minister, Saveli Chitanava Head of the State Committee for Ecology and Nature Conservation, Daur Kobakhia Head of the State Customs Committee and Erik Rshtuni Head of the State Committee for Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision.[5][6][7][8][9][10]On 22 October, Khajimba appointed Leila Dzyba as the new Chief of the Cabinet Staff.[11] On 28 October, he appointed Mukhamed Kilba as Secretary of the Security Council.[12]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Gunba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gunba"},{"link_name":"Andzor Goov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andzor_Goov"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress13362-13"},{"link_name":"Avtandil Gartskia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtandil_Gartskia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_sozdano-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_premer-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekho26904133-16"},{"link_name":"United Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Artur Mikvabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Mikvabia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_artur-17"},{"link_name":"Aquafon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquafon"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Serikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Serikov"},{"link_name":"Rauf Tsimtsba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauf_Tsimtsba"},{"link_name":"Alias Avidzba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_Avidzba"},{"link_name":"Bagrat Khutaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_Khutaba"},{"link_name":"Gulripshi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulripshi_District"},{"link_name":"Timur Eshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Eshba"},{"link_name":"Adgur Ardzinba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adgur_Ardzinba"},{"link_name":"Vadim Kharazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Kharazia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_utverzhdena-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_prezident-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_naznacheny-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekho27014292-21"},{"link_name":"Beslan Khagba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_Khagba"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_raul-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_beslan-23"},{"link_name":"Diana Pilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Pilia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_diana-24"},{"link_name":"Leonid Dzapshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Dzapshba"},{"link_name":"Sergei Bagapsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bagapsh"},{"link_name":"2014 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazian_presidential_election,_2014"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ainform2307-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_leonid-26"},{"link_name":"Astamur Appba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astamur_Appba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_astamur-27"},{"link_name":"Astamur Tania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astamur_Tania"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_raul-28"},{"link_name":"People's Assembly of Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Shamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shamba"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inform3749-29"},{"link_name":"Beslan Bartsits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_Bartsits"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_beslan-30"},{"link_name":"Adgur Lushba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adgur_Lushba"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_adgur-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_mikvabiya-32"},{"link_name":"referendum to bring about an early presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazian_early_presidential_elections_referendum,_2016"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_premer2-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_prezident2-34"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Knot"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uzel286486-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_prezident2-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_beslan2-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inform4323-37"},{"link_name":"Daur Arshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_Arshba"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_daur2-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inform4503-39"},{"link_name":"Beslan Eshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_Eshba"},{"link_name":"Government of President Ankvab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_President_Ankvab"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_beslan2-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apress_dmitriy-41"},{"link_name":"Sputnik Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency)"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inform4377-42"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Ardzinba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Ardzinba"},{"link_name":"Aslan Kobakhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan_Kobakhia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_vitse-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_leonid3-44"},{"link_name":"Ruslan Ajba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Ajba"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_podpisany-45"},{"link_name":"Daur Tarba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_Tarba"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_prezident3-46"},{"link_name":"Vakhtang Pipia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhtang_Pipia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_naznacheny-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inform4504-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa4565-49"},{"link_name":"Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inform4604-50"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekho28017091-51"},{"link_name":"Daur Kove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_Kove"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_daur_kove-52"},{"link_name":"Oleg Arshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleg_Arshba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_mezhdu-53"},{"link_name":"Akhra Pachkoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhra_Pachkoria"},{"link_name":"Daur Kurmazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_Kurmazia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_prezident-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_daur-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inform4794-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_daur_kobakhiya-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_vadim-58"},{"link_name":"Diana Pilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Pilia"},{"link_name":"Constitutional court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Zurab Marshania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zurab_Marshania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Sangulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Sangulia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Andzor Goov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andzor_Goov"},{"link_name":"Tamaz Tsakhnakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamaz_Tsakhnakia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Teimuraz Kvekveskiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teimuraz_Kvekveskiri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Garri Arshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garri_Arshba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Gennady Gagulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Gagulia"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Astamur Ketsba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astamur_Ketsba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Roman Shoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Shoua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Djansukh Nanba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djansukh_Nanba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Vitali Gabnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali_Gabnia"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Daur Arshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_Arshba"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Valeri Bganba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Bganba"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Daur Tarba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_Tarba"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Abkhazian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Aslan Bartsits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aslan_Bartsits&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Guram Inapshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guram_Inapshba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Beslan Dbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beslan_Dbar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Avtandil Gartskia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtandil_Gartskia"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Garik Samanba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garik_Samanba"},{"link_name":"Batal Khagush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batal_Khagush&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kama Gogia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kama_Gogia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Garri Arshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garri_Arshba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Levan Kvaratskhelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levan_Kvaratskhelia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Raul Smyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raul_Smyr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Aslan Bartsits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aslan_Bartsits&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"People's Assembly of Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Valery Bganba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Bganba"},{"link_name":"Idris Kara-Osman-ogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idris_Kara-Osman-ogly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Daur Arshba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_Arshba"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Beslan Kvitsinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beslan_Kvitsinia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Idris Kara-Osman-ogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idris_Kara-Osman-ogly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Pikanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Pikanin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Aslan Bzhania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan_Bzhania"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Shortly after his appointment, Health Minister David Gunba confessed to Prime Minister Butba and President Khajimba that he did not feel up to the task. On 28 October 2014, Khajimba appointed Andzor Goov in his stead.[13]\nOn 13 March, President Khajimba carved the Ministry for Resorts and Tourism out of the Ministry for Economy, and appointed Avtandil Gartskia as Minister, who had for some months been acting Security Council Secretary following the ouster of President Ankvab.[14]\nOn 16 March, President Khajimba dismissed Prime Minister Butba and appointed First Vice Premier Adzynba as acting prime minister.[15] In a press conference afterwards, Butba said that he had made Khajimba aware of his intention to resign. He claimed that the Presidential Administration had taken over many of the responsibilities of the Prime Minister, creating a 'second government'. There had been rumors of Butba's resignation almost since the beginning of his term, explained variously by a power struggle between Butba and Khajimba and by Butba's supposed bad performance as prime minister.[16]\nOn 20 March, Khajimba appointed MP and former United Abkhazia Chairman Artur Mikvabia as Butba's successor.[17]\nOn 30 March, Khajimba approved the new cabinet structure, on 8 April he appointed Ministers and on 11 April Chairmen of the State Committees. The number of Vice Premiers was reduced from two to one, with Aquafon Deputy Director General of Operations Dmitri Serikov replacing Suren Kerselyan, who remained Labour Minister, and Viktor Khilchevski, who did not return as Minister, as the Ministry of Energy, Transport and Communications was abolished. The Ministry for Taxes and Duties was re-established and Rauf Tsimtsba, who had already been Minister under Alexander Ankvab, was re-appointed. The policy areas of Youth and Sport were transferred from the Ministry of Education and Science to two separate State Committees, headed by Alias Avidzba and Bagrat Khutaba, respectively. Finally, Rafik Otyrba was replaced as Agriculture Minister by former Gulripshi District Governor Timur Eshba, Nikolai Achba as Economy Minister by Adgur Ardzinba and Khrips Jopua as Repatriation State Committee chairman by Vadim Kharazia.[18][19][20]\nIn May, following two confrontations between police officers and members of the State Security Service, Interior Minister Raul Lolua handed in his resignation.[21] It was accepted by President Khajimba on the evening of 14 May, and he appointed former Gagra District Prosecutor Beslan Khagba as Logua's successor.[22][23]\nOn 26 May, Khajimba appointed Diana Pilia as Head of the Cabinet Staff.[24]\nOn 9 October, Khajimba dismissed Interior Minister Khagba, and appointed Leonid Dzapshba, who had already held the post from 2010 to 2011 under President Sergei Bagapsh and who had scored a 3.4% fourth place in the 2014 presidential election.[25][26]\nOn 4 May 2016, Khajimba dismissed Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration Astamur Appba upon the latter's request.[27] On 6 May, he accepted the resignation of Head of the Presidential Administration Astamur Tania.[28] In the following days, Presidential Representative to the People's Assembly of Abkhazia Dmitri Shamba served as acting Head of the Presidential Administration.[29] On 16 May, he appointed Gagra District Head Beslan Bartsits as Tania's successor,[30] and on 7 June, First Vice President of the Chamber of Commerce Adgur Lushba as deputy Head.[31]\nOn 30 June, Prime Minister Mikvabia formally opened the new Treasury Department within the Ministry for Finance.[32]\nFollowing a pending motion of no-confidence against him, the storming of the Interior Ministry by opposition activists and a failed referendum to bring about an early presidential election, Mikvabia announced his resignation as prime minister on 26 July 2016, accepted on the same day by Khajimba.[33][34] In an interview with Caucasian Knot, Mikvabia stated that the strong unrest in society was being caused by the government's efforts to structurally improve the financial situation of Abkhazia through measures such as the introduction of VAT, that he did not want to work under conditions where society itself hindered development and that he hoped his resignation would defuse tensions.[35] Khajimba appointed Adzynba as acting prime minister for the second time.[34]\nOn 5 August, Khajimba appointed newly appointed Presidential Administration Head Beslan Bartsits as the new prime minister.[36] Bartsits in turn was temporarily succeeded by First Deputy Head Dmitri Shamba,[37] until Vice Speaker of the People's Assembly Daur Arshba became his permanent replacement on 10 October.[38]\nThe structure of the new cabinet was only decreed on 5 September, one month after Bartsits's appointment, increasing the number of Vice Premiers from two to three, abolishing the post of First Vice Premier and introducing the State Committee for State Language Policy.[39] Most appointments had already been made by that point.\nOn 12 August, Beslan Eshba, who had held the same role in the Government of President Ankvab, was appointed Vice Premier,[40] while Dmitri Serikov was re-appointed as Vice Premier and appointed as finance minister, replacing Amra Kvarandzia.[41]\nOn 15 August, outgoing First Vice Premier Shamil Adzynba gave an interview with Sputnik Abkhazia in which he declared that he had applied for resignation because a number of recent appointments directly contravened the Law on Language which required the use of Abkhaz by government officials.[citation needed] Adzynba's resignation was granted that evening by President Khajimba.[42]\nOn 16 August, MP and former State Customs Committee chairman under President Vladislav Ardzinba Aslan Kobakhia was appointed as the third Vice Premier and as Minister for Internal Affairs.[43] Suspended outgoing Interior Minister Dzapzhba was appointed presidential advisor on law enforcement agencies instead.[44]\nOn 23 August, Pension Head Ruslan Ajba was appointed Labour Minister, replacing Suren Kerselyan, while the Ministers for Culture, Emergency Situations, Defence and Tourism were re-appointed.[45]\nOn 24 August, veteran politician Daur Tarba was appointed Agriculture Minister instead of Timur Eshba and the Ministers for Economy, Justice, Health and Education were re-appointed.[46]\nOn 30 August, the Chairmen of the State Committees for Youth and Sport were re-appointed, while former Vice Premier Vakhtang Pipia replaced Konstantin Katsia as Chairman of the State Committee for State Property.[47]\nOn 5 September, linguist Nurbei Lomia was appointed chairman of the new State Committee for State Language Policy.[48]\nOn 20 September, outgoing Foreign Minister Viacheslav Chirikba released a statement in which he announced his resignation because he was unable to continue in his post under the current circumstances.[49] The presidential press service responded by claiming that Chirikba had not been re-appointed because he had failed to lead a delegation to Transnistria in early September.[50] Chirikba refuted this in another statement in which he explained that he had not been able to lead the delegation due to an attack of hypertension and claimed that the decision to re-appoint him had already been made at that point and that he had originally submitted his resignation on 31 August after Khajimba had for more than a month refused to meet him to discuss foreign affairs.[citation needed] In a press conference one week later, Khajimba specified that Chirikba had not been active enough as foreign minister and that as head of the Ministry, he had to be held responsible for certain financial irregularities that had been uncovered by the Control Chamber.[51] On 4 October, Khajimba appointed as Chirikba's successor Daur Kove, head of the Presidential Protocol Department and previously Deputy Foreign Minister.[52] In the intervening period, Deputy Minister Oleg Arshba had served as acting Minister.[53]\nOn 1 November, Khajimba reappointed the Chairman of the State Committee for Ecology and appointed Akhra Pachkoria as Chairman of the State Committee for Standards instead of Erik Rshtuni and Daur Kurmazia as Tax Minister instead of Rauf Tsimtsba.[54][55]\nOn 5 November, the three-month deadline for appointing the new government formally expired.[56] On 14 November, the Chairmen of the Customs and Repatriation State Committees were re-appointed.[57][58]\nOn 10 February 2017 the Chief of the Cabinet Staff Diana Pilia appointed as a new member of the Constitutional court, therefore her deputy Zurab Marshania temporarily assumed her place as a Chief of the Cabinet Staff. David Sangulia was appointed as a definite solution more than half-year later on 4 September.[59]\nIn June 2017 Health Minister Andzor Goov resigned and Tamaz Tsakhnakia became his successor on 5 June.[60]\nOn 12 September 2017 Teimuraz Kvekveskiri was appointed as a new Chairman of the Youth Policy State Committee.[61]\nOn 12 October 2017 President Khajimba appointed the new Interior Minister Garri Arshba.[62]\nOn 24 April 2018 President Khajimba made a decision to do major changes in his government and the first move was to issue a decree of appointment of the new Prime Minister Gennady Gagulia.[63] The previous Prime Minister Beslan Bartsits returned to his position of the Head of the Presidential Administration.[64]\nOn 30 April of that year the Vice Premiers were changed (Astamur Ketsba[65] and Roman Shoua[66]) as well as one Minister. Djansukh Nanba was appointed as a new finance minister.[67]\nOn 22 August Vice President Vitali Gabnia resigned. His move was motivated by his desire to protect his honour and as a protest against injustice and against inaction of the justice in Abkhazia because of a recent case about a physical attack on him.[68] His office remained vacant after his resignation.\nAfter a tragic event resulting in death of the Prime Minister Gennady Gagulia on 8 September 2018 First Vice Premier Daur Arshba was appointed as his temporary successor.[69] On 18 September 2018 the proper Gagulia's successor was appointed: Valeri Bganba.[70]\nOn 21 September 2018 the Agriculture Minister Daur Tarba resigned.[71] Since then no successor had been appointed.\nOn 9 October 2019 President Raul Khajimba was sworn in as he had been re-elected on 8 September. He chose a new Vice President Aslan Bartsits. Next day Khajimba accepted resignation of the entire cabinet in wake of the elections.[72]\nOn 28 October 2019 President Khajimba issued a decree of government restructuring. Ministries of Resorts and Tourism, Labour, Employment and Social Security, and Agriculture were abolished. Social Security department was transferred to the Health Ministry and for the tourism and agriculture two new State Committees were created. But the State Committee for Repatriation was reformed as a Ministry and the State Committee for Ecology and the Environment was abolished.[73] On the same day he re-appointed the people from his previous cabinet: his prime minister, First Vice Premier, Head of the Presidential Administration and some other ministers or chairmen of the State Committees. He appointed Guram Inapshba as a new head of the Customs State Committee.[74] Three days later Beslan Dbar was appointed as a new head of newly created Demography and Repatriation Ministry[75] and Avtandil Gartskia was appointed as a new head of the Tourism State Ministerm to continue his work in this department.[76] On 6 November new heads of some State Committees were appointed: Garik Samanba as a head of the Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision State Committee, Batal Khagush as head of the State Language Policy Committee and Kama Gogia as a head of the Statistics Committee.[77]\nAs a result of the pressure from about 300 protesters, on 2 December 2019 Khajimba was forced to dismiss his Interior Minister Garri Arshba.[78] According to Khajimba, the official reason from his dismissal were dissatisfactory results of investigation the case of a recent mass murder which enacted this political crisis.[79] The Ministry was temporarily led by its Deputy Minister Levan Kvaratskhelia.[80] Arshba's official successor became Raul Smyr two days later.[81]\nOn 12 January 2020 President Raul Khajimba resigned from his office as a result of the strong opposition protests taking place in Sukhum for several days after the results of the aforementioned presidential elections were nullified by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Abkhazia.[82] The same day his Vice Prezident Aslan Bartsits filled his resignation as well.[83] This meant the end of this government whose members were now in the roles of acting ministers, heads of the State Committees etc., until new government was appointed. The People's Assembly of Abkhazia appointed the Prime Minister Valery Bganba as an acting president who then left the majority of Khajimba's cabinet in their positions. He only merged the State Committees for the Youth Policy and for the Physical Culture and Sports. On 16 January 2020 Idris Kara-Osman-ogly became a new head of this merged State Committee.[84]\nOn 20 January 2020 Daur Arshba resigned from his position of the First Vice Premier.[85] Two days later Bganba appointed Beslan Kvitsinia as an acting Secretary of the Security Council.[86]\nOn 30 January, after 2 weeks in the office, Idris Kara-Osman-ogly resigned from his position of the Chairman of the State Committee for the Youth Policy and Sports. His successor became Mikhail Pikanin[87]\nOn 24 April 2020 Aslan Bzhania, new president of the Republic of Abkhazia, was sworn in. On that day he accepted the resignation of this cabinet.[88] The ministers continued their work until Bzhania appointed their successors.","title":"Changes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpeg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Беслан Бутба назначен премьер-министром Республики Абхазия\". Apsnypress. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113530/http://apsnypress.info/news/13135.html","url_text":"\"Беслан Бутба назначен премьер-министром Республики Абхазия\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsnypress","url_text":"Apsnypress"},{"url":"http://apsnypress.info/news/13135.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Зураб Маргания назначен председателем СГБ РА\". Apsnypress. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113224/http://apsnypress.info/news/13136.html","url_text":"\"Зураб Маргания назначен председателем СГБ РА\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsnypress","url_text":"Apsnypress"},{"url":"http://apsnypress.info/news/13136.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Астамур Тания назначенруководителемАдминистрации президента Республики Абхазия\". Apsnypress. 29 September 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secoo	Secoo	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Chinese e-commerce platform Not to be confused with Secom. For other uses, see Siku. Secoo Holding LtdType of businessPublicType of siteE-commerceAvailable inChinese, EnglishTraded asNasdaq: SECO (American depository receipts)Founded2008 (2008)HeadquartersBeijing, ChinaArea servedWorldwideFounder(s)Richard Rixue LiKey peopleRichard Rixue Li(Chairman and CEO)Federica Marchionni(Chief Strategy Officer and International CEO)IndustryInternet, online retailingRevenue CN¥5,387 million (US$783.6 million, 2018)Net income CN¥151.83 million (US$22 million, 2018)URLsecoo.comUsers27 million Secoo (Chinese: 寺库; pinyin: Siku) is an online to offline e-commerce platform and the largest online luxury retailer in China. History Secoo was launched as Secoo Jimai in 2008, by Richard Rixue Li. Secoo started out with second-hand luxury as its main product. The company hired a staff of jewellery and luxury goods appraisers to verify their products were genuine. By 2011, Li had 10 small shops in the provinces and opened his first flagship “Secoo” store in Beijing. In January 2011, Secoo website was launched. On July 19, 2011, Secoo got $10 million on investments from IDG Capital. In April 2012, Secoo closed a Series B found of funding, raising $30 million from IDG Capital Partners, Yintai Investments and Bertelsmann Asia Investments. In August 2013, the company raised more than $30 million in a Series C funding led by Vangoo Capital Partners, with IDG Capital Partners, Ventech Capital and Crehol Capital participating. Secoo's mobile app was launched in December 2013. In 2013, the company had shops in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Hong Kong. By 2014, Secoo became China's largest website for individuals buying and selling their luxury goods. In July 2014, the company raised $100 million in a Series D round of funding from the existing investors and China Media Capital, Ventech China, Crehol Meaningful Capital and Vangoo Investment Partners. In July 2015, the firm completed a $55 million Series E round of funding, led by Ping An Ventures, the venture investment arm of Ping An Insurance. Secoo incorporated representatives companies in the United States (2014) and in Italy (2015). In September 2015, during China Fashion Week, the firm presented its “Fashion+” vision that aimed to open China’ market to European fashion designers. In 2016, Secoo opened its first shop in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. On September 22, 2017, Secoo began trading on the NASDAQ exchange, after launching its IPO and raising about $140 million. In January 2018, Secoo signed a collaboration contract with Parkson Retail Group, a major Asian-based department store operator. In July, private equity firm L Catterton and JD.com, one of China's largest online retailers, announced they would invest $175 million in Secoo. JD.com aimed to become Secoo's domestic online retail partner, while L Catterton Asia, was set to provide industry expertise. Later in July 2018, the company appointed Federica Marchionni as its Chief Strategy Officer and International CEO. In November 2018, Secoo was among other leading Chinese retailers which de-listed Dolce & Gabbana items, following the firms’ controversial ads. In November 2019, the firm established partnerships with the Italian fashion retailer Luisa Via Roma and Prada. In June 2020, Qudian announced the purchase of $100 million-worth (or 28.9 percent) of Secoo's shares, making it the largest stockholder in the company. References ^ "Li Rixue". Businessoffashion.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved 2020-02-02. ^ a b Cometto, Maria Teresa (2018-07-31). "Marchionni (Secoo): per portare il lusso nel mondo serve essere italiani" . Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ a b "SECO:US". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ Smith, Tamsin (2019-10-01). "The BoF 500 2019: The 6 Chinese Figures Helping to Shape the Fashion Industry". JingDaily.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ a b c Erling, Johnny (2011-10-26). "Die bizarre Welt der reichen Chinesen" . Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ 校对, 杨梓铭 (2018-07-09). "寺库宣布获得L Cattertion Asia和京东1.75亿美元投资盘前涨逾10%" . The Beijing News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-06-30. ^ "When on-line shopping needs an off-line presence". China Network Television. 2014-07-31. Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2020-01-25 – via China Internet Information Center. ^ Wen, Wang (2011-08-15). "VCs approach luxury retailers". China Daily. Archived from the original on 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ "The Daily Start-Up: YouTube Co-Founders Tap Google Ventures In Latest Venture". The Wall Street Journal. 2012-03-30. Archived from the original on 2014-02-15. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ "Chinese Second-Hand Luxury Goods Retailer Secoo Completes Series C Round". chinamoneynetwork.com. 2013-07-07. Archived from the original on 2014-07-31. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ Cheung, Sonja (2012-12-19). "Secoo Raising Series C, Expected to Close North of $30M". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ a b "Secoo Holding Limited:Representing 4,250,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (prospectus)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2017-09-21. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ "人物：寺库李日学_科技时代_新浪网" . Sina Corp (in Chinese). 2013-12-24. Archived from the original on 2013-12-29. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ Griffith, Erin (2014-07-22). "Deals of the Day: Contigo, Griffin's Foods, Urban Compass". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ Cheung, Sonja (2014-07-24). "Secoo Bags Around $100M to Bring Fifth Avenue to China". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2020-01-25.(subscription required) ^ Millward, Steven (2014-08-05). "Luxury estore gets $100M funding to attack China's big-bucks couture fashion market". Tech in Asia. Archived from the original on 2014-08-18. Retrieved 2020-01-25. ^ a b Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Angela (2017-08-31). "Chinese luxury e-commerce platform Secoo files for 100 million IPO in the U.S." FashionUnited. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ Xiang, Nina (2015-07-12). "Inside China's Smart Money This Week: July 6–10". Forbes Asia. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ "寺库携海外设计师品牌亮相中国国际时装周2015DHUB" . People's Daily (in Chinese). 2015-10-29. Archived from the original on 2015-10-30. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ Said, Halim (2016-10-01). "Luxury goods heavyweight Secoo opens first Southeast Asian store in Forest City". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2016-10-02. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ "Secoo trades on Nasdaq after launching IPO". China Daily. 2017-09-23. Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ Flannery, Russell (2017-10-10). "China Online Retailer Secoo Plunges On Rival JD.com's Latest Luxury Push". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ Reyes, Mira (2018-01-23). "China's Secoo partners with Parkson Retail Group". S&P Global. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ 肖鹏 (2018-01-23). "寺库与百盛集团达成战略合作布局线下渠道" . Sina Corp (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ "L Catterton Asia, JD.com Invest $175 Million in Secoo". The Wall Street Journal. 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2020-01-26.(subscription required) ^ Lazazzera, Milena (2018-09-27). "Asian millennials ditch stigma attached to buying second-hand". Financial Times. Retrieved 2020-01-25.(subscription required) ^ Tao, Li; Chen, Celia (2018-07-09). "Chinese luxury retailer Secoo drives expansion via US$175m deal with JD.com, L Catterton". South China Morning Post. Shenzhen. Archived from the original on 2020-01-05. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ Ap, Tiffany (2018-07-23). "Secoo Names Federica Marchionni International CEO". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved 2020-01-26.(subscription required) ^ "Dolce & Gabbana scompare dall'e-commerce cinese" . la Repubblica (in Italian). 2018-11-22. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ "D&G: China shopping sites pull products in ad backlash". BBC News. 2019-11-23. Archived from the original on 2019-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ Ap, Tiffany (2019-05-07). "LuisaViaRoma Inks Partnership With Secoo". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved 2020-01-26.(subscription required) ^ Ap, Tiffany (2019-05-28). "Secoo to Sell Prada and Miu Miu Online". Women's Wear Daily. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2020-01-26.(subscription required) ^ Jiang, Yaling (2020-06-08). "Can Two Chinese Luxury E-Tailers Move The Needle By Teaming Up?". jingdaily.com. Archived from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-30. External links Official website Business data for Secoo Holding Limited: BloombergGoogleReutersSEC filingsYahoo! Companies portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secom"},{"link_name":"Siku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siku_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"寺库","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E5%BA%93"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"online to offline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_to_offline"},{"link_name":"luxury retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_goods"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Secom.For other uses, see Siku.Secoo (Chinese: 寺库; pinyin: Siku) is an online to offline e-commerce platform and the largest online luxury retailer in China.","title":"Secoo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welt-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welt-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welt-5"},{"link_name":"IDG Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDG_Capital"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bertelsmann Asia Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"mobile app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec-12"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ping An Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_An_Insurance"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fasionunited-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec-12"},{"link_name":"China Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Johor Bahru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fasionunited-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Parkson Retail Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkson"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"L Catterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Catterton"},{"link_name":"JD.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD.com"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Federica Marchionni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Marchionni"},{"link_name":"Chief Strategy Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corriere-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Dolce & Gabbana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Luisa Via Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Via_Roma"},{"link_name":"Prada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prada"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Qudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qudian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Secoo was launched as Secoo Jimai in 2008, by Richard Rixue Li.[5][6] Secoo started out with second-hand luxury as its main product. The company hired a staff of jewellery and luxury goods appraisers to verify their products were genuine.[7] By 2011, Li had 10 small shops in the provinces and opened his first flagship “Secoo” store in Beijing.[5] In January 2011, Secoo website was launched.[5]On July 19, 2011, Secoo got $10 million on investments from IDG Capital.[8] In April 2012, Secoo closed a Series B found of funding, raising $30 million from IDG Capital Partners, Yintai Investments and Bertelsmann Asia Investments.[9] In August 2013, the company raised more than $30 million in a Series C funding led by Vangoo Capital Partners, with IDG Capital Partners, Ventech Capital and Crehol Capital participating.[10][11]Secoo's mobile app was launched in December 2013.[12] In 2013, the company had shops in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Hong Kong.[13] By 2014, Secoo became China's largest website for individuals buying and selling their luxury goods.[citation needed] In July 2014, the company raised $100 million in a Series D round of funding from the existing investors and China Media Capital, Ventech China, Crehol Meaningful Capital and Vangoo Investment Partners.[14][15][16] In July 2015, the firm completed a $55 million Series E round of funding, led by Ping An Ventures, the venture investment arm of Ping An Insurance.[17][18] Secoo incorporated representatives companies in the United States (2014) and in Italy (2015).[12] In September 2015, during China Fashion Week, the firm presented its “Fashion+” vision that aimed to open China’ market to European fashion designers.[19] In 2016, Secoo opened its first shop in Johor Bahru, Malaysia.[20]On September 22, 2017, Secoo began trading on the NASDAQ exchange, after launching its IPO and raising about $140 million.[21][17][22]In January 2018, Secoo signed a collaboration contract with Parkson Retail Group, a major Asian-based department store operator.[23][24] In July, private equity firm L Catterton and JD.com, one of China's largest online retailers, announced they would invest $175 million in Secoo.[25][26] JD.com aimed to become Secoo's domestic online retail partner, while L Catterton Asia, was set to provide industry expertise.[27] Later in July 2018, the company appointed Federica Marchionni as its Chief Strategy Officer and International CEO.[2][28] In November 2018, Secoo was among other leading Chinese retailers which de-listed Dolce & Gabbana items, following the firms’ controversial ads.[29][30]In November 2019, the firm established partnerships with the Italian fashion retailer Luisa Via Roma and Prada.[31][32]In June 2020, Qudian announced the purchase of $100 million-worth (or 28.9 percent) of Secoo's shares, making it the largest stockholder in the company.[33]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Li Rixue\". Businessoffashion.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved 2020-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200202121908/https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/rixue-li","url_text":"\"Li Rixue\""},{"url":"https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/rixue-li","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cometto, Maria Teresa (2018-07-31). \"Marchionni (Secoo): per portare il lusso nel mondo serve essere italiani\" [Marchionni (Secoo): to bring luxury to the world you need to be Italian]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2020-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180801115327/https://www.corriere.it/economia/leconomia/18_luglio_31/marchionni-secoo-portare-lusso-mondo-serve-essere-italiani-1ebe1aa6-9489-11e8-8f77-2ea13bfc36ea.shtml","url_text":"\"Marchionni (Secoo): per portare il lusso nel mondo serve essere italiani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera","url_text":"Corriere della Sera"},{"url":"https://www.corriere.it/economia/leconomia/18_luglio_31/marchionni-secoo-portare-lusso-mondo-serve-essere-italiani-1ebe1aa6-9489-11e8-8f77-2ea13bfc36ea.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SECO:US\". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2020-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/SECO:US","url_text":"\"SECO:US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg L.P."}]},{"reference":"Smith, Tamsin (2019-10-01). \"The BoF 500 2019: The 6 Chinese Figures Helping to Shape the Fashion Industry\". JingDaily.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213163006/https://jingdaily.com/the-bof-500-2019-the-6-chinese-figures-helping-to-shape-the-fashion-industry/","url_text":"\"The BoF 500 2019: The 6 Chinese Figures Helping to Shape the Fashion Industry\""},{"url":"https://jingdaily.com/the-bof-500-2019-the-6-chinese-figures-helping-to-shape-the-fashion-industry/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erling, Johnny (2011-10-26). \"Die bizarre Welt der reichen Chinesen\" [The bizarre world of the rich Chinese]. Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. Retrieved 2020-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111025214430/https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article13680668/Die-bizarre-Welt-der-reichen-Chinesen.html","url_text":"\"Die bizarre Welt der reichen Chinesen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"},{"url":"https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article13680668/Die-bizarre-Welt-der-reichen-Chinesen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"校对, 杨梓铭 (2018-07-09). \"寺库宣布获得L Cattertion Asia和京东1.75亿美元投资盘前涨逾10%\" [Secoo announced 1.75 billion investments from L Catterton and JD.com]. The Beijing News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_CCNY_Lavender_football_team	1880 CCNY Lavender football team	["1 Schedule","2 References"]	American college football season 1880 CCNY Lavender footballConferenceIndependentRecord0–1Head coachNoneSeasons← 18781881 → 1880 college football records vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Princeton – 4 – 0 – 1 Yale – 4 – 0 – 1 Kentucky University – 2 – 0 – 0 Michigan – 1 – 0 – 0 Harvard – 2 – 2 – 2 Penn – 2 – 2 – 0 Rutgers – 2 – 2 – 0 Columbia – 1 – 2 – 0 Amherst – 0 – 1 – 1 Massachusetts – 0 – 1 – 1 Stevens – 1 – 4 – 0 Brown – 0 – 1 – 0 CCNY – 0 – 1 – 0 Philadelphia Crescent AC – 0 – 1 – 0 Toronto – 0 – 1 – 0 Centre – 0 – 2 – 0 The 1880 CCNY Lavender football team represented the City College of New York during the 1880 college football season. Schedule DateOpponentSiteResultNovember 2at StevensHoboken, NJL 0–2 References ^ "CCNY All-time Football Records". Retrieved October 9, 2019. vteCCNY Beavers footballVenues Lewisohn Stadium People Head coaches Seasons 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908–1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 This college football 1880s season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"1880 college football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_college_football_season"}],"text":"The 1880 CCNY Lavender football team represented the City College of New York during the 1880 college football season.","title":"1880 CCNY Lavender football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"[1]","title":"Schedule"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"CCNY All-time Football Records\". Retrieved October 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luckyshow.org/football/beavers.htm","url_text":"\"CCNY All-time Football Records\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.luckyshow.org/football/beavers.htm","external_links_name":"\"CCNY All-time Football Records\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1880_CCNY_Lavender_football_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_101_Forward_Control	Land Rover 101 Forward Control	["1 History","1.1 Replacement","2 Australia","3 Use in film","4 Custom Versions","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Light utility vehicle by Land Rover A civilian-owned 101 Forward Control or Land Rover 101FC Side view of a Land Rover 101FC Land Rover 101FC in radio van body configuration The 101 Forward Control or Land Rover 101FC was a light utility vehicle produced by Land Rover for the British Army. It was not available to the public off the production line, but was as military surplus. History The vehicle was primarily produced to meet the Army's requirement for a gun tractor, and was designed to tow a field gun (the L118 Light Gun) with a ton of ammunition and other equipment in the rear load space, giving it the alternative name of the Land Rover One Tonne. The vehicle was designed to be easily transported by air; the positioning of the 3.5 litre Rover V8 engine beneath and to the rear of the cab eliminates the bonnet at the front, making the vehicle more or less cuboid thus reducing unused space in transport aircraft. Of concern was the payload and limited stability, particularly when crossing an incline. The official name of 101 Forward Control is derived from the vehicle's 101-inch (2,565 mm) wheelbase, and the position of the driver, above and slightly in front of the front wheels which used a fairly large 9.00 × 16 inch tyre. To facilitate entry into the cab, the wheels carry a flange around the centre of the wheel with an embossed tread pattern as a step for the crew, named a wheel-step. This unusual feature was also used for many years on the Mercedes Unimog S404. Development of the 101FC started in 1967, with a design team led by Norman Busby (14 October 1931 – 30 June 2005). Production took place between 1972 and 1978. In common practice of the armed forces, many vehicles were not used for some years and it is not unheard of for military vehicle enthusiasts to pick up these vehicles after only a few thousand miles service. All the vehicles produced at the Land Rover factory at Lode Lane, Solihull were soft top ("rag top") General Service (GS) gun tractors, although later on many were rebuilt with hard-top ambulance bodies and as radio communication trucks. A rare variant is the electronic warfare Vampire body. It is thought that only 21 of these were produced and less than half of these survive today. One was destroyed in the Buncefield Oil Terminal Fire. The 101FC also served with the RAF Regiment. Two 101s were allocated to each Rapier Missile set up. The British RAF Rapier system used three Land Rovers in deployment: a 24V winch-fitted 101 Firing Unit Tractor (FUT) to tow the launch trailer, loaded with four Rapier missiles, guidance equipment and radio; a 12V winch-fitted 101 Tracking Radar Tractor (TRT) to tow the Blindfire Radar trailer, also loaded with four Rapier missiles and guidance equipment; and a 109 Land Rover to tow a reload trailer with 9 Rapier missiles and loaded with the unit's other supplies and kit. The 101FC also served in an ambulance role, with ambulance bodywork built by Marshall of Cambridge. The 101FC was manufactured in both left and right hand drive with either 12 or 24 volt electrical systems. Some 101FCs were produced with a PTO powered Nokken capstan winch mounted on the chassis at the centre of the vehicle, allowing winching from either the front or rear. Another variation on a small number of pre-production vehicles was the addition of a trailer with an axle driven from the PTO, creating a 6x6 vehicle, this adaptation was abandoned before full production when it was discovered that the trailer had a propensity to push the vehicle onto its side when driven over rough terrain. On 5 September 1979 an open 101FC of the Life Guards Regiment carried the coffin of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma from his funeral at Westminster Abbey to Waterloo Station Replacement By the late 1990s, the 101s were decommissioned by the MoD and were replaced with Defenders and Pinzgauer vehicles. Many 101s have entered into private ownership and there is a thriving owners club supporting these sourcing spares and providing technical support. The club also keeps a register of known surviving vehicles throughout the world. A prototype 101 was built based on a recovery vehicle. Only one of these is known to be in existence, at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, Warwickshire. Australia The Australian Army acquired fifty 101 vehicles, which were used to tow Rapier missile carriers. These 101s were disposed of and some of these remain in private hands. Use in film The 101FC as seen in when re-styled for the film Judge Dredd Thirty-one 101s were converted by Land Rover with styled bodyshells for the 1995 Sylvester Stallone film Judge Dredd. Land Rover is supposedly the world's only surviving vehicle manufacturer in 2139 when the film is set, and the green oval logo can be seen on the side of the vehicles, known as "City CABs". Several of these prop vehicles still exist in driveable condition and these can be seen at Land Rover events. Custom Versions During the 1990s Malcolm Whitbread of Whitbread Offroad 4x4 obtained four examples of the 101. Three were right-hand drive, one was left-hand drive. The right-hand drive examples were extensively modified for trails or rally use. Modifications included conversion to a coil spring suspension system based on the Range Rover configuration of the time. Disc brakes were also fitted. The left-hand drive example (UK registration GDP252V) was reconstructed with a hand-built custom chassis as a completely new vehicle. 15” wheels and power-assisted steering were included in the construction. GDP252V was the only left-hand drive Land Rover 101 Forward Control to be registered as a new vehicle. See also Jeep Forward Control UAZ-452 GAZ-66 References ^ a b Barden, Paul, ed. (June 1986). "Scoop! New Land Rover truck". TRUCK. London, UK: FF Publishing Ltd: 4. ^ a b c d e JANE's Military Vehicles and Ground Support Equipment, 1985, p. 300-301 ^ Talkingpix.com : Judge Dredd External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Land Rover 101 Forward Control. 101 Forward control Club and Register vteUK military vehiclesLight-weight Land Rover Land Rover 1/2 ton Lightweight Land Rover 101 Forward Control Snatch Land Rover ATMP (Supacat) Pinzgauer Wolf Load carriers Alvis Stalwart Bedford MK/MJ 4 ton Bedford RL Militant 10 ton MAN Logistics Support Vehicle Transporters "Mighty Antar" Scammell Commander Oshkosh M1070 Tracked vehicles without armament Oxford Tracked Carrier Beach ARV FV180 Combat Engineer Tractor FV104 Samaritan UK armoured fighting vehicles vteLand Rover, vehicle timeline, 1940s–present Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 Off-road vehicle Series I Series II Series III 101 FC Ninety & One Ten Defender Defender Subcompact SUV Range Rover Evoque Range Rover Evoque Compact SUV Freelander Freelander 2 Discovery Sport Range Rover Velar Mid-size SUV Discovery I Discovery II Discovery 3 Discovery 4 Discovery Range Rover Classic Range Rover Sport Range Rover Sport Range Rover Sport Full-size SUV Range Rover Range Rover Range Rover Range Rover	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_Rover_101_Forward_Control_2.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_Rover_101_-_geograph.org.uk_-_321220.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_Rover_101_Forward_Control.jpg"},{"link_name":"Land Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-truck86-1"}],"text":"Light utility vehicle by Land RoverA civilian-owned 101 Forward Control or Land Rover 101FCSide view of a Land Rover 101FCLand Rover 101FC in radio van body configurationThe 101 Forward Control or Land Rover 101FC was a light utility vehicle produced by Land Rover for the British Army. It was not available to the public off the production line,[1] but was as military surplus.","title":"Land Rover 101 Forward Control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gun tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_tractor"},{"link_name":"field gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_gun"},{"link_name":"L118 Light Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L118_Light_Gun"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"Rover V8 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_V8_engine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMV101-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-truck86-1"},{"link_name":"wheelbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbase"},{"link_name":"Unimog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimog"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMV101-2"},{"link_name":"Land Rover factory at Lode Lane, Solihull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solihull_plant"},{"link_name":"ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance"},{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Buncefield Oil Terminal Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Hertfordshire_Oil_Storage_Terminal_fire"},{"link_name":"RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Rapier Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapier_Missile"},{"link_name":"Marshall of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMV101-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMV101-2"},{"link_name":"PTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-off"},{"link_name":"capstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"Life Guards Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Guards_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Station"}],"text":"The vehicle was primarily produced to meet the Army's requirement for a gun tractor, and was designed to tow a field gun (the L118 Light Gun) with a ton of ammunition and other equipment in the rear load space, giving it the alternative name of the Land Rover One Tonne. 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Production took place between 1972 and 1978.[2] In common practice of the armed forces, many vehicles were not used for some years and it is not unheard of for military vehicle enthusiasts to pick up these vehicles after only a few thousand miles service. All the vehicles produced at the Land Rover factory at Lode Lane, Solihull were soft top (\"rag top\") General Service (GS) gun tractors, although later on many were rebuilt with hard-top ambulance bodies and as radio communication trucks. A rare variant is the electronic warfare Vampire body. It is thought that only 21 of these were produced and less than half of these survive today. One was destroyed in the Buncefield Oil Terminal Fire.The 101FC also served with the RAF Regiment. Two 101s were allocated to each Rapier Missile set up. 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Another variation on a small number of pre-production vehicles was the addition of a trailer with an axle driven from the PTO, creating a 6x6 vehicle, this adaptation was abandoned before full production when it was discovered that the trailer had a propensity to push the vehicle onto its side when driven over rough terrain.On 5 September 1979 an open 101FC of the Life Guards Regiment carried the coffin of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma from his funeral at Westminster Abbey to Waterloo Station","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MoD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Defender"},{"link_name":"Pinzgauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinzgauer_High_Mobility_All-Terrain_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Replacement","text":"By the late 1990s, the 101s were decommissioned by the MoD and were replaced with Defenders and Pinzgauer vehicles. Many 101s have entered into private ownership and there is a thriving owners club supporting these sourcing spares and providing technical support. The club also keeps a register of known surviving vehicles throughout the world.A prototype 101 was built based on a recovery vehicle. Only one of these is known to be in existence, at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, Warwickshire.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"Rapier missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapier_missile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMV101-2"}],"text":"The Australian Army acquired fifty 101 vehicles, which were used to tow Rapier missile carriers.[2] These 101s were disposed of and some of these remain in private hands.","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_Rover_JudgeDredd_FW_Control.JPG"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_(film)"},{"link_name":"Land Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 101FC as seen in when re-styled for the film Judge DreddThirty-one 101s were converted by Land Rover with styled bodyshells for the 1995 Sylvester Stallone film Judge Dredd. Land Rover is supposedly the world's only surviving vehicle manufacturer in 2139 when the film is set, and the green oval logo can be seen on the side of the vehicles, known as \"City CABs\".[3]\nSeveral of these prop vehicles still exist in driveable condition and these can be seen at Land Rover events.","title":"Use in film"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"During the 1990s Malcolm Whitbread of Whitbread Offroad 4x4 obtained four examples of the 101. Three were right-hand drive, one was left-hand drive. The right-hand drive examples were extensively modified for trails or rally use. Modifications included conversion to a coil spring suspension system based on the Range Rover configuration of the time. Disc brakes were also fitted. \nThe left-hand drive example (UK registration GDP252V) was reconstructed with a hand-built custom chassis as a completely new vehicle. 15” wheels and power-assisted steering were included in the construction. GDP252V was the only left-hand drive Land Rover 101 Forward Control to be registered as a new vehicle.","title":"Custom Versions"}]	[{"image_text":"A civilian-owned 101 Forward Control or Land Rover 101FC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Land_Rover_101_Forward_Control_2.jpeg/220px-Land_Rover_101_Forward_Control_2.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Side view of a Land Rover 101FC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Land_Rover_101_-_geograph.org.uk_-_321220.jpg/220px-Land_Rover_101_-_geograph.org.uk_-_321220.jpg"},{"image_text":"Land Rover 101FC in radio van body configuration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Land_Rover_101_Forward_Control.jpg/220px-Land_Rover_101_Forward_Control.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 101FC as seen in when re-styled for the film Judge Dredd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Land_Rover_JudgeDredd_FW_Control.JPG/220px-Land_Rover_JudgeDredd_FW_Control.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Jeep Forward Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Forward_Control"},{"title":"UAZ-452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAZ-452"},{"title":"GAZ-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-66"}]	[{"reference":"Barden, Paul, ed. (June 1986). \"Scoop! New Land Rover truck\". TRUCK. London, UK: FF Publishing Ltd: 4.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.talkingpix.co.uk/Reviews%20-%20Judge%20Dredd.html","external_links_name":"Talkingpix.com : Judge Dredd"},{"Link":"http://www.101club.org/","external_links_name":"101 Forward control Club and Register"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Latin_American_TV_channel)	Cartoon Network (Latin American TV channel)	["1 History","2 Programming","3 Services","3.1 Cartoon Network Mobile","4 Feed structure","5 Programming blocks","5.1 Toonami","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Television channel Cartoon NetworkCountryLatin America, Brazil and the CaribbeanHeadquartersAtlanta, Georgia, United StatesLocal headquarters:MexicoArgentinaColombiaChilePeruBrazilProgrammingLanguage(s)SpanishPortugueseEnglish (available in SAP with translated continuity)Picture format1080i HDTV(rescaled to 16:9 480i/576i for SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerWarner Bros. Discovery AmericasSister channelsCartoonitoTooncastDiscovery KidsAdult SwimHistoryLaunchedApril 30, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-04-30)LinksWebsitewww.cartoonnetworkla.com www.cartoonnetwork.com.mx www.cartoonnetwork.com.ar www.cartoonnetwork.com.br Cartoon Network is a Latin American pay television channel distributed by Warner Bros. Discovery for the Latin American audience, and the Caribbean. It is the Latin American version of the original Cartoon Network television channel in the United States. It is divided into five feeds, all originating from the Turner headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States; four are in Spanish (Mexico/Dominican Republic, Argentina/Paraguay/Uruguay/Ecuador, Chile/Peru, Colombia/Panamá/Venezuela/Central America), and the other is in Portuguese for Brazil. The feeds have different schedules. It primarily airs cartoons and animated programming, marketed towards children and teens. Operated in Argentina by Turner Broadcasting System Latin America, it began broadcasting on April 30, 1993. History Cartoon Network began broadcasting in Latin America on April 30, 1993, Although much is not known about its first broadcast in the region, its beginnings were similar to its U.S. counterpart, whose programming focused solely on the classic cartoons of the Turner Entertainment film library, made up of studios Hanna-Barbera, MGM, Warner Bros. and Fleischer Studios. Its programming and graphics used at that time were the same as the U.S. feed, with the difference that between 1993 and 1995, the Latin American feed was just a Spanish-language feed from the United States, which was broadcast exclusively to the region. It was not until 1996 that this feed became completely independent of the US feed, and this began to have its own programming with its own schedules, as well as new worldwide acquisitions for the channel. In 1996, it began broadcasting its first original series, beginning with Space Ghost Coast to Coast, an original reinvention of Hanna-Barbera's superhero, which gained the popularity of adult audiences. In addition, new original channel series were incorporated at that time, known as Cartoon Cartoons: Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, The Powerpuff Girls and Ed, Edd and Eddy, which became the channel's flagship series. In 2001, Cartoon Network made the first edition of Copa Toon, a soccer special featuring the cast of Space Ghost, whose theme was to interview several personalities from the world of sports and soccer, in addition to presenting a fictional tournament between the teams of the channel series. In that same year, it launched its new sister channel Boomerang, at that time, a new channel that would be dedicated solely to broadcast of classic Hanna-Barbera cartoons that no longer aired in the programming of the main channel due to the arrival of new series. This channel had already been launched in 2000 in the United States, and until then, it was also a block broadcast in the main channel. In January 2005, Cartoon Network introduced a new logo along with a new visual branding known as the "CN City", with a new slogan We know what you really like (Spanish: Sabemos lo que realmente te gusta; Portuguese: Nós sabemos do que você realmente gosta). and with this rebrand, Cartoon Network introduced new original series such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, besides new acquisitions and programming blocks. In October of the same year, the Adult Swim block was released in Latin America after 4 years of its original launch in the United States. The block debuted due to the popularity of the TV series Space Ghost Coast to Coast, one of the first programs of the channel aimed exclusively at this audience. In April 2008, Cartoon Network presented its new locally produced content, a new campaign with a new image and a complete redesign of its websites. After these changes, the Adult Swim block was removed from the channel due to Jim Samples resigning in 2007 and the Programming Manager Cindy Kerr also leaving being succeeded by Pablo Zuccarino. However, the block continued to be broadcast by I.Sat until December 2010; years later, the block returned to the same channel in April 2015 until April 2020, when this block was moved to Warner Channel. In June and August 2010, the channel began to use small idents with the logo in white and with the Toonix characters (similar to the Noods of the United States) originally promoting the 2010 Soccer World Cup. In September 2010, the Toonix era became official, using small ads and promotional campaigns similar to those used by the Noods era of Cartoon Network, from August 2008 to June 2010. On July 13, 2011, the Toonix era began airing in the 16:9 aspect ratio (panoramic) with the series Total Drama Island although it was only experimental. On January 8, 2012, the channel launched a new logo and visual identity. In March 2012, its high-definition simulcast was launched. However, the launch of the new feed could not take place, as its distribution was still under negotiation with other cable operators in the region. The network incorporated new age rating system notices, identifying the type of content and what type of viewers could watch. In April 2013, the channel began its 20th-anniversary celebrations. Several Turner channels joined in the celebration, including Warner, TruTV, I.Sat, Boomerang, TNT, TCM and Tooncast. With this, the channel's TV series were broadcast in those channels for that month. The celebration took place again in September, celebrating the 21st anniversary of the American signal, this time with the premiere of Teen Titans Go!. On January 23, 2014, the Panregional and South Atlantic feeds merged, causing the establishment of the Argentine schedule in the same feed being one of the two official times of the feed, along with the Colombian. On August 11, 2014, the channel began the "Check It 3.0" era branding (known in Latin America as "Cartoon Network Renewed") and, also, it changed its aspect ratio from 4:3 to 16:9 in all its feeds. Cartoon Network's HD feed was launched in Mexico on November 28, 2014, being Axtel the first cable operator to acquire the signal. It was an HD simulcast of the channel's Mexico feed. On June 1, 2015, the South Atlantic feed was separated from the Panregional feed, the latter being divided in two, leading to the creation of new independent feeds for the general public. These were the North Atlantic feed (available for Colombia, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean) and the Pacific feed (available for Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia); this was done for the purpose of launching new individual high-definition feeds throughout the region. On August 3, new bumpers were shown depicting children imitating their favourite characters; this event was named a sub-rebrand of the Check it 3.0 era listed as 3.5. For this purpose, the application CN blah! was launched. On January 11, 2016, the brand introduced a new graphic identity, the "Check it 4.0" era. On January 2, 2017, Cartoon Network began using the "Dimensional" era with new graphics in the ads of the programming blocks Ja, Ja, Ja/Ha, Ha, Ha (Brazil), Heroes (Héroes/Heróis) and Cine Cartoon, and the introduction of new bumpers and the premiere of Mighty Magiswords, and Justice League Action. The channel celebrated its 25th anniversary on April 30, 2018, so a block was created to commemorate it. The block "Que No Pare la Fiesta"/"Que Não Pare a Festa" was broadcast in April and September to commemorate the channel's 25th anniversary. On April 1, 2022, it introduced the "Redraw Your World" Era with new graphics and a new typeface. On November 7, 2023, it rebranded to the "Pastel" Era. Programming Main article: List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network (Latin America) The channel primarily airs shows and animated series, both original to Cartoon Network and others which have been acquired from outside networks. 10 of the 15 most popular shows among children aged 6-to-10 years old were broadcast by Cartoon Network Latin America, including The Powerpuff Girls, Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo and I Am Weasel. Older franchises like Scooby-Doo, Tom and Jerry and Looney Tunes were also broadcast, as well as popular global anime franchises like Pokémon and newest original series such as the Ben 10 franchise, Adventure Time, Regular Show, The Amazing World of Gumball, Steven Universe and The Powerpuff Girls reboot. Cartoon Network Latin America has also aired original productions and live-action series such as La CQ and Use Sua Voz. the channel's first original Mexican live-action series which premiered in 2012. In 2014, the channel acquired Digimon Fusion and Power Rangers Megaforce in a partnership with Saban Brands, and both series premiered on the channel in May 2014. Services Since 2007, the channel has offered different services. Cartoon Network Mobile Cartoon Network Mobile is a paid service for mobile phones, offering videos, wallpapers, games, screensavers, speech tones, ringtones and among other products. Feed structure All feeds are generated by central headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia and also broadcast both programming and continuity in English through SAP. Despite being under this umbrella, the Brazilian feed is treated by the company as an independent channel. Feed 1: Mexico and some parts of Caribbean and Central America: generated in Mexico City Feed 2: South Atlantic Feed: generated in Buenos Aires, encompasses Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay Feed 3: Brazil: generated in São Paulo Feed 4: North Atlantic Feed: generated in Bogotá, encompasses Colombia, Dominican Republic, Panamá, Venezuela and some parts of Central America and Caribbean Feed 5: South Pacific Feed: generated in Santiago, encompasses Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru Programming blocks JA JA JA/HA HA HA: A block that airs several comedy shows, including The Amazing World of Gumball, Apple & Onion, Craig of the Creek, Teen Titans Go! and We Bare Bears. Cine Cartoon: A block that airs full-length movies, both animated and live-action. It airs on weekends, with new movies premiering every Friday. Hora Cartoonito/Cartoonito Hour: A one-hour block that airs preschool shows from its newly launched sister channel Cartoonito like Masha and the Bear, Little Ellen, Lucas the Spider and Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go. Toonami On December 2, 2002, Cartoon Network premiered Toonami, replacing a similarly themed block, Talisman. Toonami aired shows that were already on the lineup, these being Gundam Wing and Pokémon, and served as the home of Inuyasha and Dragon Ball GT. Over the years, Toonami added shows such as Saint Seiya, and Yu Yu Hakusho, as well as the revamped version of Cyborg 009 and Captain Tsubasa. However, the block had to move to the late-night slots on CN Latin America, due to protests of violent scenes on the block. CN moved the block in November 2004. In 2005, Toonami had short-lived weekend schedules, which were later replaced by Adult Swim in Latin America. In March 2006, Toonami revamped its lineup to include more adult-oriented series, such as Love Hina, taking advantage of the schedule and the refusal of anime on Adult Swim, as well as to compete against anime channel Animax for new anime series. In June 2006, Toonami premiered anime movies in two monthly variations: Dragon Ball Theatricals (which had 17 different Dragon Ball movies), and Toonami Movies (general animated action movies). In 2007, Cartoon Network retired Toonami. The movies were no longer aired (with the exception of the Dragon Ball movies). After its cancellation in Latin America on April 2, 2007, the block's programming gradually vanished. In January 2010, the block Animaction was created, showing on Wednesday evenings. This block broadcast both action programming and anime programming before it was removed in April 2011. On August 18, 2020, Cartoon Network announced that the Toonami programming block was being revived in partnership with Crunchyroll. It was announced that Dragon Ball Super and Mob Psycho 100 would start airing in the one hour weeknight block. The new incarnation debuted on August 31. The block was removed on August 30, 2022. See also Cartoon Network portalAnimation portalLatin America portalTelevision portal Cartoon Network Cartoonito Boomerang Discovery Kids Tooncast References ^ "Cartoon Network LA con Hacemos Lo Que Queremospresentó su audaz propuesta multimedia". realtvnews.com.ar (in Spanish). August 8, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2019. ^ "Conozca el Nuevo Cartoon Network". Anime, Manga y TV (in Spanish). August 14, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2019. ^ "Transmision de Cartoon Network Latinoamerica en 16:9 06/07/2011". YouTube. July 13, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2019. ^ "Grandes Cambios en Cartoon Network para 2012". Anime, Manga y TV (in Spanish). November 25, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2019. ^ "Cartoon Network: Habla sobre Señal HD". foros.LatinOL.com (in Spanish). February 15, 2012. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2019. ^ "Cartoon Network Latin America And Brazil Rebrands And January 2017 Highlights". RegularCapital: Cartoon Network International News. January 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017. ^ Cartoon Networks LA - Compilado de bumpers (Era "Pastel") (Noviembre 2023), retrieved November 8, 2023 ^ "Digimon Fusion llega a Cartoon Network Latinoamérica en mayo". Anime, Manga y TV. March 24, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2019. ^ "Power Rangers: Megaforce llega a Cartoon Network Latinoamérica en mayo". Anime, Manga y TV. March 20, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2019. ^ S., Vaca (August 18, 2020). "Crunchyroll y Toonami se asocian para llevar más anime a Cartoon Network en Latinoamérica". Crunchyroll Latin America. Retrieved August 18, 2020. External links Official Latin American website Official Mexican-localised website Official Argentina-localised website Official Brazilian-localised website vteThe Cartoon Network, Inc.Channels (U.S.) Boomerang programming Cartoon Network programming Programs &blocks (U.S.) Adult Swim programming Cartoonito programming Checkered Past Toonami programming Internationalchannels Americas CanadaJV Latin America EMEA & Poland Africa & Middle East Arab World Hindi Central and Eastern Europe Bulgaria, CIS and SEE France, Wallonia and Switzerland Germany Israel (television block) Italy Netherlands and Flanders Nordic Poland Portugal Spain (via Boing) Turkey United Kingdom & Ireland Toonami Asia-Pacific Australia & New Zealand Toonami India HD+ Japan Pakistan Philippines South Korea Southeast Asia Boomerang Americas CanadaJV Latin America (via Tooncast) EMEA & Poland Africa (via Boing) Germany France, Wallonia and Switzerland Italy (via Boing) Spain (via Boing) United Kingdom & Ireland Asia-Pacific Australia India (via Pogo) South Korea Thailand Adult Swim Americas CanadaJV Latin America EMEA & Poland Africa France, Wallonia and Switzerland (via Warner TV Next) Germany (via Warner TV Comedy) Spain United Kingdom & Ireland Asia-Pacific Australia Cartoonito Americas Latin America EMEA & Poland Africa & Middle East Arab World Central and Eastern Europe France, Wallonia and Switzerland Italy Nordic Portugal Spain (via Boing) Turkey United Kingdom & Ireland Asia-Pacific Australia & New Zealand Japan Southeast Asia Studios Cartoon Network Studios CN LA Original Productions Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Williams Street Warner Bros. Animation Streaming Max Boomerang SVOD Albums Space Ghost's Musical Bar-B-Que Space Ghost's Surf & Turf Dexter's Laboratory: The Musical Time Machine Cartoon Medley The Powerpuff Girls albums Dexter's Laboratory: The Hip-Hop Experiment Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi The Music of Ooo Defunct Acme Hour Cartoon Cartoons Cartoon Planet DC Nation High Noon Toons Small World Tickle-U Toonami Jetstream See also History of Cartoon Network AKA Cartoon Network Cartoon Network Amazone Cartoon Network Hotel Cartoon Network Too Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc. Cartoon Orbit Children's programming on TBS and TNT Hall of Game Awards Hanna-Barbera List of video games List of presidents Boing CNX Discovery Family Discovery Kids Tiny TV Warner TV Serie Film Williams Street Records Notes Category Portal vteWarner Bros. Discovery AmericasUSA headquarters: Miami LATAM headquarters: Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Santiago, São Paulo, BogotáCanadaJV Animal Planet Adult Swim Boomerang Cartoon Network Cooking Channel Discovery Channel Discovery Science Discovery Velocity Food Network HGTV HBO Investigation Discovery Magnolia Network Oprah Winfrey Network Latin America, the Caribbean and Brazil Adult Swim Cartoon Network Cartoonito Cinemax Discovery Discovery Home & Health Discovery Kids Discovery Science Discovery Theater HD Discovery Turbo Discovery World HD Food Network Golf Channel HBO + 2 Brasil Caribbean Family Mundi Pop Signature Xtreme HGTV HTV ID Space TCM TLC TNT Novelas Series TNT Sports Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Tooncast Warner TV	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_channel"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Turner Broadcasting System Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System"}],"text":"Television channelCartoon Network is a Latin American pay television channel distributed by Warner Bros. Discovery for the Latin American audience, and the Caribbean. It is the Latin American version of the original Cartoon Network television channel in the United States. It is divided into five feeds, all originating from the Turner headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States; four are in Spanish (Mexico/Dominican Republic, Argentina/Paraguay/Uruguay/Ecuador, Chile/Peru, Colombia/Panamá/Venezuela/Central America), and the other is in Portuguese for Brazil. The feeds have different schedules.It primarily airs cartoons and animated programming, marketed towards children and teens. Operated in Argentina by Turner Broadcasting System Latin America, it began broadcasting on April 30, 1993.","title":"Cartoon Network (Latin American TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. counterpart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Hanna-Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Fleischer Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleischer_Studios"},{"link_name":"Space Ghost Coast to Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast"},{"link_name":"Dexter's Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter%27s_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Johnny Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Cow and Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_and_Chicken"},{"link_name":"I Am Weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Weasel"},{"link_name":"The Powerpuff Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls"},{"link_name":"Ed, Edd and Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed,_Edd_and_Eddy"},{"link_name":"Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s_Home_for_Imaginary_Friends"},{"link_name":"Space Ghost Coast to Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"I.Sat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.Sat"},{"link_name":"Warner Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Total Drama Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Drama_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_TV"},{"link_name":"TruTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TruTV_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"I.Sat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.Sat"},{"link_name":"Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(U.S._TV_network)"},{"link_name":"TCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies"},{"link_name":"Tooncast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooncast"},{"link_name":"Teen Titans Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Titans_Go!"},{"link_name":"Mighty Magiswords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Magiswords"},{"link_name":"Justice League Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Action"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Cartoon Network began broadcasting in Latin America on April 30, 1993, Although much is not known about its first broadcast in the region, its beginnings were similar to its U.S. counterpart, whose programming focused solely on the classic cartoons of the Turner Entertainment film library, made up of studios Hanna-Barbera, MGM, Warner Bros. and Fleischer Studios. Its programming and graphics used at that time were the same as the U.S. feed, with the difference that between 1993 and 1995, the Latin American feed was just a Spanish-language feed from the United States, which was broadcast exclusively to the region. It was not until 1996 that this feed became completely independent of the US feed, and this began to have its own programming with its own schedules, as well as new worldwide acquisitions for the channel.In 1996, it began broadcasting its first original series, beginning with Space Ghost Coast to Coast, an original reinvention of Hanna-Barbera's superhero, which gained the popularity of adult audiences. In addition, new original channel series were incorporated at that time, known as Cartoon Cartoons: Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, The Powerpuff Girls and Ed, Edd and Eddy, which became the channel's flagship series.In 2001, Cartoon Network made the first edition of Copa Toon, a soccer special featuring the cast of Space Ghost, whose theme was to interview several personalities from the world of sports and soccer, in addition to presenting a fictional tournament between the teams of the channel series. In that same year, it launched its new sister channel Boomerang, at that time, a new channel that would be dedicated solely to broadcast of classic Hanna-Barbera cartoons that no longer aired in the programming of the main channel due to the arrival of new series. This channel had already been launched in 2000 in the United States, and until then, it was also a block broadcast in the main channel.In January 2005, Cartoon Network introduced a new logo along with a new visual branding known as the \"CN City\", with a new slogan We know what you really like (Spanish: Sabemos lo que realmente te gusta; Portuguese: Nós sabemos do que você realmente gosta). and with this rebrand, Cartoon Network introduced new original series such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, besides new acquisitions and programming blocks. In October of the same year, the Adult Swim block was released in Latin America after 4 years of its original launch in the United States. The block debuted due to the popularity of the TV series Space Ghost Coast to Coast, one of the first programs of the channel aimed exclusively at this audience.In April 2008, Cartoon Network presented its new locally produced content, a new campaign with a new image and a complete redesign of its websites.[1] After these changes, the Adult Swim block was removed from the channel due to Jim Samples resigning in 2007 and the Programming Manager Cindy Kerr also leaving being succeeded by Pablo Zuccarino. However, the block continued to be broadcast by I.Sat until December 2010; years later, the block returned to the same channel in April 2015 until April 2020, when this block was moved to Warner Channel.In June and August 2010, the channel began to use small idents with the logo in white and with the Toonix characters (similar to the Noods of the United States) originally promoting the 2010 Soccer World Cup. In September 2010, the Toonix era became official, using small ads and promotional campaigns similar to those used by the Noods era of Cartoon Network, from August 2008 to June 2010.[2] On July 13, 2011, the Toonix era began airing in the 16:9 aspect ratio (panoramic) with the series Total Drama Island although it was only experimental.[3]On January 8, 2012, the channel launched a new logo and visual identity. In March 2012, its high-definition simulcast was launched.[4][5] However, the launch of the new feed could not take place, as its distribution was still under negotiation with other cable operators in the region.The network incorporated new age rating system notices, identifying the type of content and what type of viewers could watch. In April 2013, the channel began its 20th-anniversary celebrations. Several Turner channels joined in the celebration, including Warner, TruTV, I.Sat, Boomerang, TNT, TCM and Tooncast. With this, the channel's TV series were broadcast in those channels for that month. The celebration took place again in September, celebrating the 21st anniversary of the American signal, this time with the premiere of Teen Titans Go!.On January 23, 2014, the Panregional and South Atlantic feeds merged, causing the establishment of the Argentine schedule in the same feed being one of the two official times of the feed, along with the Colombian.On August 11, 2014, the channel began the \"Check It 3.0\" era branding (known in Latin America as \"Cartoon Network Renewed\") and, also, it changed its aspect ratio from 4:3 to 16:9 in all its feeds. Cartoon Network's HD feed was launched in Mexico on November 28, 2014, being Axtel the first cable operator to acquire the signal. It was an HD simulcast of the channel's Mexico feed.On June 1, 2015, the South Atlantic feed was separated from the Panregional feed, the latter being divided in two, leading to the creation of new independent feeds for the general public. These were the North Atlantic feed (available for Colombia, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean) and the Pacific feed (available for Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia); this was done for the purpose of launching new individual high-definition feeds throughout the region. On August 3, new bumpers were shown depicting children imitating their favourite characters; this event was named a sub-rebrand of the Check it 3.0 era listed as 3.5. For this purpose, the application CN blah! was launched.On January 11, 2016, the brand introduced a new graphic identity, the \"Check it 4.0\" era.On January 2, 2017, Cartoon Network began using the \"Dimensional\" era with new graphics in the ads of the programming blocks Ja, Ja, Ja/Ha, Ha, Ha (Brazil), Heroes (Héroes/Heróis) and Cine Cartoon, and the introduction of new bumpers and the premiere of Mighty Magiswords, and Justice League Action.[6]The channel celebrated its 25th anniversary on April 30, 2018, so a block was created to commemorate it. The block \"Que No Pare la Fiesta\"/\"Que Não Pare a Festa\" was broadcast in April and September to commemorate the channel's 25th anniversary.On April 1, 2022, it introduced the \"Redraw Your World\" Era with new graphics and a new typeface.On November 7, 2023, it rebranded to the \"Pastel\" Era.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Powerpuff Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls"},{"link_name":"Dexter's Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter%27s_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Cow and Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_and_Chicken"},{"link_name":"Johnny Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Bravo"},{"link_name":"I Am Weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Weasel"},{"link_name":"franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_franchise"},{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo"},{"link_name":"Tom and Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Ben 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_10_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Adventure Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Time"},{"link_name":"Regular Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Show"},{"link_name":"The Amazing World of Gumball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_World_of_Gumball"},{"link_name":"Steven Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Universe"},{"link_name":"The Powerpuff Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls_(2016_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"La CQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_CQ"},{"link_name":"Digimon Fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digimon_Fusion"},{"link_name":"Power Rangers Megaforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Rangers_Megaforce"},{"link_name":"Saban Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban_Brands"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The channel primarily airs shows and animated series, both original to Cartoon Network and others which have been acquired from outside networks.10 of the 15 most popular shows among children aged 6-to-10 years old were broadcast by Cartoon Network Latin America,[citation needed] including The Powerpuff Girls, Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo and I Am Weasel. Older franchises like Scooby-Doo, Tom and Jerry and Looney Tunes were also broadcast, as well as popular global anime franchises like Pokémon and newest original series such as the Ben 10 franchise, Adventure Time, Regular Show, The Amazing World of Gumball, Steven Universe and The Powerpuff Girls reboot. Cartoon Network Latin America has also aired original productions and live-action series such as La CQ and Use Sua Voz. the channel's first original Mexican live-action series which premiered in 2012. In 2014, the channel acquired Digimon Fusion and Power Rangers Megaforce in a partnership with Saban Brands, and both series premiered on the channel in May 2014.[8][9]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Since 2007, the channel has offered different services.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones"},{"link_name":"videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"wallpapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper"},{"link_name":"games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game"},{"link_name":"screensavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensaver"},{"link_name":"ringtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtone"}],"sub_title":"Cartoon Network Mobile","text":"Cartoon Network Mobile is a paid service for mobile phones, offering videos, wallpapers, games, screensavers, speech tones, ringtones and among other products.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Panamá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"}],"text":"All feeds are generated by central headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia and also broadcast both programming and continuity in English through SAP. Despite being under this umbrella, the Brazilian feed is treated by the company as an independent channel.Feed 1: Mexico and some parts of Caribbean and Central America: generated in Mexico City\nFeed 2: South Atlantic Feed: generated in Buenos Aires, encompasses Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay\nFeed 3: Brazil: generated in São Paulo\nFeed 4: North Atlantic Feed: generated in Bogotá, encompasses Colombia, Dominican Republic, Panamá, Venezuela and some parts of Central America and Caribbean\nFeed 5: South Pacific Feed: generated in Santiago, encompasses Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru","title":"Feed structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Amazing World of Gumball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_World_of_Gumball"},{"link_name":"Apple & Onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_%26_Onion"},{"link_name":"Craig of the Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_of_the_Creek"},{"link_name":"Teen Titans Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Titans_Go!"},{"link_name":"We Bare Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Bare_Bears"},{"link_name":"Cartoonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonito_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Masha and the Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masha_and_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"Little Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ellen"},{"link_name":"Lucas the Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_the_Spider"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends:_All_Engines_Go"}],"text":"JA JA JA/HA HA HA: A block that airs several comedy shows, including The Amazing World of Gumball, Apple & Onion, Craig of the Creek, Teen Titans Go! and We Bare Bears.\nCine Cartoon: A block that airs full-length movies, both animated and live-action. It airs on weekends, with new movies premiering every Friday.\nHora Cartoonito/Cartoonito Hour: A one-hour block that airs preschool shows from its newly launched sister channel Cartoonito like Masha and the Bear, Little Ellen, Lucas the Spider and Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go.","title":"Programming blocks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toonami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toonami"},{"link_name":"Gundam Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam_Wing"},{"link_name":"Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)"},{"link_name":"Inuyasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuyasha"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_GT"},{"link_name":"Saint Seiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Seiya"},{"link_name":"Yu Yu Hakusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Yu_Hakusho"},{"link_name":"Cyborg 009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_009"},{"link_name":"Captain Tsubasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Tsubasa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"Love Hina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Hina"},{"link_name":"Animax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax_(Latin_America)"},{"link_name":"Crunchyroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Super","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Super"},{"link_name":"Mob Psycho 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_Psycho_100"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Toonami","text":"On December 2, 2002, Cartoon Network premiered Toonami, replacing a similarly themed block, Talisman. Toonami aired shows that were already on the lineup, these being Gundam Wing and Pokémon, and served as the home of Inuyasha and Dragon Ball GT. Over the years, Toonami added shows such as Saint Seiya, and Yu Yu Hakusho, as well as the revamped version of Cyborg 009 and Captain Tsubasa. However, the block had to move to the late-night slots on CN Latin America, due to protests of violent scenes on the block.[citation needed] CN moved the block in November 2004.In 2005, Toonami had short-lived weekend schedules, which were later replaced by Adult Swim in Latin America.In March 2006, Toonami revamped its lineup to include more adult-oriented series, such as Love Hina, taking advantage of the schedule and the refusal of anime on Adult Swim, as well as to compete against anime channel Animax for new anime series. In June 2006, Toonami premiered anime movies in two monthly variations: Dragon Ball Theatricals (which had 17 different Dragon Ball movies), and Toonami Movies (general animated action movies).In 2007, Cartoon Network retired Toonami. The movies were no longer aired (with the exception of the Dragon Ball movies). After its cancellation in Latin America on April 2, 2007, the block's programming gradually vanished. In January 2010, the block Animaction was created, showing on Wednesday evenings. This block broadcast both action programming and anime programming before it was removed in April 2011.On August 18, 2020, Cartoon Network announced that the Toonami programming block was being revived in partnership with Crunchyroll. It was announced that Dragon Ball Super and Mob Psycho 100 would start airing in the one hour weeknight block. The new incarnation debuted on August 31.[10] The block was removed on August 30, 2022.","title":"Programming blocks"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cartoon Network portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cartoon_Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_disc.svg"},{"title":"Animation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Animation"},{"title":"Latin America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Latin_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"Television portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Television"},{"title":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"title":"Cartoonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonito_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"title":"Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"title":"Discovery Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Kids_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"title":"Tooncast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooncast"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cartoon Network LA con Hacemos Lo Que Queremospresentó su audaz propuesta multimedia\". realtvnews.com.ar (in Spanish). August 8, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193413/http://www.realtvnews.com.ar/new/noticias.php?id=3604","url_text":"\"Cartoon Network LA con Hacemos Lo Que Queremospresentó su audaz propuesta multimedia\""},{"url":"http://www.realtvnews.com.ar/new/noticias.php?id=3604","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conozca el Nuevo Cartoon Network\". Anime, Manga y TV (in Spanish). August 14, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anmtvla.com/2010/08/nuevo-cartoon-network.html","url_text":"\"Conozca el Nuevo Cartoon Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transmision de Cartoon Network Latinoamerica en 16:9 06/07/2011\". YouTube. July 13, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8o2Eg5DJgBg","url_text":"\"Transmision de Cartoon Network Latinoamerica en 16:9 06/07/2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grandes Cambios en Cartoon Network para 2012\". Anime, Manga y TV (in Spanish). November 25, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anmtvla.com/2011/11/novedades-en-cartoon-network-para-2012.html","url_text":"\"Grandes Cambios en Cartoon Network para 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cartoon Network: Habla sobre Señal HD\". foros.LatinOL.com (in Spanish). February 15, 2012. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924230431/http://foros.latinol.com/pa/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=5133","url_text":"\"Cartoon Network: Habla sobre Señal HD\""},{"url":"http://foros.latinol.com/pa/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=5133","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cartoon Network Latin America And Brazil Rebrands And January 2017 Highlights\". RegularCapital: Cartoon Network International News. January 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regularcapital.com/2017/01/cartoon-network-latin-america-and-brazil-rebrands-and-january-2017-highlights/","url_text":"\"Cartoon Network Latin America And Brazil Rebrands And January 2017 Highlights\""}]},{"reference":"Cartoon Networks LA - Compilado de bumpers (Era \"Pastel\") (Noviembre 2023), retrieved November 8, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EPQg5rX2BI","url_text":"Cartoon Networks LA - Compilado de bumpers (Era \"Pastel\") (Noviembre 2023)"}]},{"reference":"\"Digimon Fusion llega a Cartoon Network Latinoamérica en mayo\". Anime, Manga y TV. March 24, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anmtvla.com/2014/03/digimon-fusion-llega-cartoon-network.html#ixzz2xBk24OtI","url_text":"\"Digimon Fusion llega a Cartoon Network Latinoamérica en mayo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Power Rangers: Megaforce llega a Cartoon Network Latinoamérica en mayo\". Anime, Manga y TV. March 20, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anmtvla.com/2014/03/power-rangers-megaforce-llega-cartoon.html","url_text":"\"Power Rangers: Megaforce llega a Cartoon Network Latinoamérica en mayo\""}]},{"reference":"S., Vaca (August 18, 2020). \"Crunchyroll y Toonami se asocian para llevar más anime a Cartoon Network en Latinoamérica\". Crunchyroll Latin America. Retrieved August 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/es/anime-news/2020/08/18/crunchyroll-y-toonami-se-asocian-para-llevar-ms-anime-a-cartoon-network-en-latinoamrica?referrer=community_cr_twitter_news_la","url_text":"\"Crunchyroll y Toonami se asocian para llevar más anime a Cartoon Network en Latinoamérica\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cartoonnetworkla.com/","external_links_name":"www.cartoonnetworkla.com"},{"Link":"http://www.cartoonnetwork.com.mx/","external_links_name":"www.cartoonnetwork.com.mx"},{"Link":"http://www.cartoonnetwork.com.ar/","external_links_name":"www.cartoonnetwork.com.ar"},{"Link":"http://www.cartoonnetwork.com.br/","external_links_name":"www.cartoonnetwork.com.br"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193413/http://www.realtvnews.com.ar/new/noticias.php?id=3604","external_links_name":"\"Cartoon Network LA con Hacemos Lo Que Queremospresentó su audaz propuesta multimedia\""},{"Link":"http://www.realtvnews.com.ar/new/noticias.php?id=3604","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.anmtvla.com/2010/08/nuevo-cartoon-network.html","external_links_name":"\"Conozca el Nuevo Cartoon Network\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8o2Eg5DJgBg","external_links_name":"\"Transmision de Cartoon Network Latinoamerica en 16:9 06/07/2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.anmtvla.com/2011/11/novedades-en-cartoon-network-para-2012.html","external_links_name":"\"Grandes Cambios en Cartoon Network para 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924230431/http://foros.latinol.com/pa/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=5133","external_links_name":"\"Cartoon Network: Habla sobre Señal HD\""},{"Link":"http://foros.latinol.com/pa/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=5133","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.regularcapital.com/2017/01/cartoon-network-latin-america-and-brazil-rebrands-and-january-2017-highlights/","external_links_name":"\"Cartoon Network Latin America And Brazil Rebrands And January 2017 Highlights\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EPQg5rX2BI","external_links_name":"Cartoon Networks LA - Compilado de bumpers (Era \"Pastel\") (Noviembre 2023)"},{"Link":"http://www.anmtvla.com/2014/03/digimon-fusion-llega-cartoon-network.html#ixzz2xBk24OtI","external_links_name":"\"Digimon Fusion llega a Cartoon Network Latinoamérica en mayo\""},{"Link":"http://www.anmtvla.com/2014/03/power-rangers-megaforce-llega-cartoon.html","external_links_name":"\"Power Rangers: Megaforce llega a Cartoon Network Latinoamérica en mayo\""},{"Link":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/es/anime-news/2020/08/18/crunchyroll-y-toonami-se-asocian-para-llevar-ms-anime-a-cartoon-network-en-latinoamrica?referrer=community_cr_twitter_news_la","external_links_name":"\"Crunchyroll y Toonami se asocian para llevar más anime a Cartoon Network en Latinoamérica\""},{"Link":"http://www.cartoonnetworkla.com/","external_links_name":"Official Latin American website"},{"Link":"http://www.cartoonnetwork.com.mx/","external_links_name":"Official Mexican-localised website"},{"Link":"http://www.cartoonnetwork.com.ar/","external_links_name":"Official Argentina-localised website"},{"Link":"http://www.cartoonnetwork.com.br/","external_links_name":"Official Brazilian-localised website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino	Policastro Bussentino	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Tourism","4 Transport","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°04′00″N 15°31′00″E / 40.06667°N 15.51667°E / 40.06667; 15.51667Town in Campania, Italy Frazione in Campania, ItalyPolicastro BussentinoFrazionePolicastro BussentinoLocation of Policastro Bussentino in ItalyCoordinates: 40°04′00″N 15°31′00″E / 40.06667°N 15.51667°E / 40.06667; 15.51667Country ItalyRegion CampaniaProvinceSalerno (SA)ComuneSanta MarinaElevation4 m (13 ft)Population2011 • Total1,625DemonymPolicastresiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code84067Dialing code(+39) 0974 Gulf of Policastro. Defensive walls. Policastro Bussentino (or simply Policastro) is an Italian town and hamlet (frazione) of the municipality of Santa Marina (of which it is its seat) in the province of Salerno, Campania region. It is a former bishopric, now titular see, and has a population of 1,625. History The town was founded in Magna Graecia in 470 or 471 BC as Pyxus or Pixous (Ancient Greek: Πυξοῦς), by Micythus (Ancient Greek: Μίκυθος), the tyrant of Rhegion and Messena. It has been a Latin Rite bishopric twice, as Bussento (Latin: Buxentum) and as Policastro, and remains a Catholic titular see as "Capo della Foresta". During the fascist period, with the union of municipalities of Ispani and Santa Marina, Policastro became a hamlet of Capitello. Geography The town is located on the southern side of Cilento, not too far from the national park, in the middle of the Gulf of Policastro on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Situated by the estuary of river Bussento, it is 10 km far (north) from Sapri, 5 from Santa Marina, 4 from Scario (hamlet of San Giovanni a Piro), 25 from Marina di Camerota (hamlet of Camerota), and almost 90 from Salerno. The nearest villages by the sea are Capitello (hamlet of Ispani, far 2 km) and Villammare (hamlet of Vibonati, far 4 km). Tourism Policastro attracts visitors, especially in summer, due to the quality of its water, its rural surroundings and a good rail link and for camping. Transport The railway station is situated in the middle of the town, by the main line Rome-Naples-Reggio Calabria-Palermo/Catania. Regional trains run every hour. The town recently inaugurated (2006) as the final track of national road SS18, which runs from Salerno - Battipaglia - Paestum - Agropoli - Vallo della Lucania - Palinuro to Sapri. Policastro has another carriageway, a variation of SS 517 that reaches Padula and the A2 Motorway exit Padula-Buonabitacolo, via Sanza. See also Cilento Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Roman Catholic Diocese of Policastro Roman Catholic Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro List of ancient Greek cities Magna Graecia Santa Marina References ^ a b (in Italian) Infos on italia.indettaglio.it ^ (in Italian) "Pixunte" on the Italian Encyclopedia Treccani ^ Mogens Herman Hansen & Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 289. ^ GCatholic - former bishopric of Buxentum and titular see of Capo della Foresta ^ Naples-Salerno-Cosenza-Reggio Calabria External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Policastro. Gulf and town of Policastro (IT) Policastro on Cilento portal (IT) vteTowns, villages and zones of Cilentan Coast Torre Kernot Laura Paestum Licinella Mattine Agropoli Tresino Santa Maria San Marco Licosa Ogliastro Marina Case del Conte Agnone Cilento Mezzatorre Acciaroli Pioppi Marina di Casalvelino Velia Marina di Ascea Marina di Pisciotta Caprioli Palinuro Cape Palinuro Marina di Camerota Porto Infreschi Scario Policastro Bussentino Capitello Villammare Sapri Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA_-_Gulf_of_Policastro_-_Italy.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defensive_wall_Policastro_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"Santa Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marina,_Campania"},{"link_name":"province of Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Salerno"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itind-1"}],"text":"Town in Campania, ItalyFrazione in Campania, ItalyGulf of Policastro.Defensive walls.Policastro Bussentino (or simply Policastro) is an Italian town and hamlet (frazione) of the municipality of Santa Marina (of which it is its seat) in the province of Salerno, Campania region. It is a former bishopric, now titular see, and has a population of 1,625.[1]","title":"Policastro Bussentino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magna Graecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Micythus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micythus"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Rhegion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Messena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Latin Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_fascism"},{"link_name":"Ispani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispani"},{"link_name":"Santa Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marina,_Campania"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Capitello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitello"}],"text":"The town was founded in Magna Graecia in 470 or 471 BC as Pyxus or Pixous (Ancient Greek: Πυξοῦς), by Micythus (Ancient Greek: Μίκυθος), the tyrant of Rhegion and Messena.[2][3] It has been a Latin Rite bishopric twice, as Bussento (Latin: Buxentum) and as Policastro, and remains a Catholic titular see as \"Capo della Foresta\".[4]During the fascist period, with the union of municipalities of Ispani and Santa Marina, Policastro became a hamlet of Capitello.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cilento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilento"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilento_and_Vallo_di_Diano_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Policastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Policastro"},{"link_name":"Tyrrhenian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea"},{"link_name":"estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"Bussento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussento"},{"link_name":"Sapri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapri"},{"link_name":"Santa Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marina,_Campania"},{"link_name":"Scario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scario"},{"link_name":"San Giovanni a Piro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Piro"},{"link_name":"Marina di Camerota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_di_Camerota"},{"link_name":"Camerota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerota"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Ispani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispani"},{"link_name":"Vibonati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibonati"}],"text":"The town is located on the southern side of Cilento, not too far from the national park, in the middle of the Gulf of Policastro on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Situated by the estuary of river Bussento, it is 10 km far (north) from Sapri, 5 from Santa Marina, 4 from Scario (hamlet of San Giovanni a Piro), 25 from Marina di Camerota (hamlet of Camerota), and almost 90 from Salerno. The nearest villages by the sea are Capitello (hamlet of Ispani, far 2 km) and Villammare (hamlet of Vibonati, far 4 km).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"}],"text":"Policastro attracts visitors, especially in summer, due to the quality of its water, its rural surroundings and a good rail link and for camping.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania"},{"link_name":"trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Battipaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battipaglia"},{"link_name":"Paestum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paestum"},{"link_name":"Agropoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agropoli"},{"link_name":"Vallo della Lucania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallo_della_Lucania"},{"link_name":"Palinuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinuro"},{"link_name":"Sapri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapri"},{"link_name":"Padula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padula"},{"link_name":"A2 Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrada_A2_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Buonabitacolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buonabitacolo"},{"link_name":"Sanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanza,_Campania"}],"text":"The railway station is situated in the middle of the town, by the main line Rome-Naples-Reggio Calabria-Palermo/Catania. Regional trains run every hour.\nThe town recently inaugurated (2006) as the final track of national road SS18, which runs from Salerno - Battipaglia - Paestum - Agropoli - Vallo della Lucania - Palinuro to Sapri. Policastro has another carriageway, a variation of SS 517 that reaches Padula and the A2 Motorway[5] exit Padula-Buonabitacolo, via Sanza.","title":"Transport"}]	[{"image_text":"Gulf of Policastro.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/NASA_-_Gulf_of_Policastro_-_Italy.jpg/230px-NASA_-_Gulf_of_Policastro_-_Italy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Defensive walls.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Defensive_wall_Policastro_3.jpg/230px-Defensive_wall_Policastro_3.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Cilento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilento"},{"title":"Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilento_and_Vallo_di_Diano_National_Park"},{"title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Policastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Policastro"},{"title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Teggiano-Policastro"},{"title":"List of ancient Greek cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities"},{"title":"Magna Graecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia"},{"title":"Santa Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marina,_Campania"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Policastro_Bussentino&params=40_04_00_N_15_31_00_E_type:city_region:IT-72","external_links_name":"40°04′00″N 15°31′00″E / 40.06667°N 15.51667°E / 40.06667; 15.51667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Policastro_Bussentino&params=40_04_00_N_15_31_00_E_type:city_region:IT-72","external_links_name":"40°04′00″N 15°31′00″E / 40.06667°N 15.51667°E / 40.06667; 15.51667"},{"Link":"http://italia.indettaglio.it/ita/campania/salerno_santamarina_policastrobussentino.html","external_links_name":"Infos on italia.indettaglio.it"},{"Link":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pixunte_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27-Arte-Antica%29/","external_links_name":"\"Pixunte\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0395.htm","external_links_name":"GCatholic - former bishopric of Buxentum and titular see of Capo della Foresta"},{"Link":"http://www.golfonetwork.it/","external_links_name":"Gulf and town of Policastro"},{"Link":"http://www.cilentodoc.it/tab20_generalita/index.php?idst=2&f_idluogo=policastrobussentino","external_links_name":"Policastro on Cilento portal"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/259438065","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122395824","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122395824","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554892705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81035852","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libytheinae	Libytheinae	["1 Classification","2 References","3 External links"]	Subfamily of butterfly family Nymphalidae Libytheinae Libytheana carinenta, American snout Nettle tree (Libythea celtis), Bulgaria Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Subfamily: LibytheinaeBoisduval, 1833 Genera Libythea Fabricius, 1807 Libytheana Michener, 1943 The Libytheinae are a nymphalid subfamily known as snout butterflies, containing two valid genera and about ten species: six in Libythea and four in Libytheana. The common name refers to the thick labial palps (pedipalps) that look like a "snout" in this subfamily. In older literature, this group was recognized as the family Libytheidae. They are medium-sized and typically a drab brown. The front legs are reduced in length and the ventral hindwings are cryptically colored to help them blend in with their surroundings. While at rest, the members of this subfamily keep their wings tightly closed to resemble dead leaves. Classification Libytheinae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae: Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily Libytheinae Boisduval, 1833 Libythea Fabricius, 1807 Libytheana Michener, 1943 References ^ a b c Daniels, Jaret C. (2003). Butterflies of the Carolinas. Cambridge, MN: Adventure Publications, Inc. p. 12. ISBN 1-59193-007-3. ^ The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net Freitas, A. V. L., & Brown, K. S., Jr. (2004). Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Biology 53(3):363-383. Kawahara, A. Y. (2003). Rediscovery of Libythea collenettei Poulton & Riley (Nymphalidae: Libytheinae) in the Marquesas, and a description of the male. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57:81-85. Shields, O. (1984). A revised, annotated checklist of world Libytheidae. Journal for Research on the Lepidoptera 22: 264-266. External links Tree of Life: Libytheinae Libytheinae at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms Taxon identifiersLibytheinae Wikidata: Q876561 Wikispecies: Libytheinae AFD: Libytheinae BioLib: 51533 BugGuide: 12667 CoL: 93MXJ Fauna Europaea: 441763 Fauna Europaea (new): 7ba34063-acb6-4855-a0f8-6f5a370b66bc iNaturalist: 85868 ITIS: 694067 NCBI: 42279 Paleobiology Database: 245002 This Nymphalidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nymphalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidae"},{"link_name":"Libythea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libythea"},{"link_name":"Libytheana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libytheana"},{"link_name":"pedipalps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedipalp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniels-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniels-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniels-1"}],"text":"The Libytheinae are a nymphalid subfamily known as snout butterflies, containing two valid genera and about ten species: six in Libythea and four in Libytheana. The common name refers to the thick labial palps (pedipalps) that look like a \"snout\" in this subfamily. In older literature, this group was recognized as the family Libytheidae. They are medium-sized and typically a drab brown.[1] The front legs are reduced in length and the ventral hindwings are cryptically colored to help them blend in with their surroundings.[1] While at rest, the members of this subfamily keep their wings tightly closed to resemble dead leaves.[1]","title":"Libytheinae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nymphalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidae"},{"link_name":"Rafinesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque"},{"link_name":"Boisduval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Boisduval"},{"link_name":"Libythea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libythea"},{"link_name":"Fabricius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius"},{"link_name":"Libytheana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libytheana"},{"link_name":"Michener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D._Michener"}],"text":"Libytheinae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae:[2]Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815\nSubfamily Libytheinae Boisduval, 1833\nLibythea Fabricius, 1807\nLibytheana Michener, 1943","title":"Classification"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Daniels, Jaret C. (2003). Butterflies of the Carolinas. Cambridge, MN: Adventure Publications, Inc. p. 12. ISBN 1-59193-007-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59193-007-3","url_text":"1-59193-007-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220094143/http://www.nymphalidae.net/Classification/Higher_class.htm","external_links_name":"The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net"},{"Link":"http://tolweb.org/Libytheinae/12193","external_links_name":"Tree of Life: Libytheinae"},{"Link":"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/libytheinae/","external_links_name":"Libytheinae"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Libytheinae","external_links_name":"Libytheinae"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id51533","external_links_name":"51533"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/12667","external_links_name":"12667"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/93MXJ","external_links_name":"93MXJ"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:441763","external_links_name":"441763"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/7ba34063-acb6-4855-a0f8-6f5a370b66bc","external_links_name":"7ba34063-acb6-4855-a0f8-6f5a370b66bc"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/85868","external_links_name":"85868"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=694067","external_links_name":"694067"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=42279","external_links_name":"42279"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=245002","external_links_name":"245002"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libytheinae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Julius_Matthews	Jill Julius Matthews	["1 Selected works","2 References"]	Australian feminist historian Jill Julius MatthewsBorn1949 (age 74–75)Adelaide, South AustraliaOccupation(s)Social and gender historianAcademic backgroundAlma materUniversity of AdelaideThesisGood and Mad Women: A study of Gender Order in South Australia 1920–1970 (1978)Academic workInstitutionsAustralian National University Jill Julius Matthews (born 1949) is an Australian social and feminist historian. She is emeritus professor in the College of Arts and Social Sciences at the Australian National University. Matthews was born in Adelaide in 1949. She studied at Grange Primary School and then won a scholarship to Methodist Ladies College in Adelaide. She then went to the University of Adelaide where she began a law degree, changed to arts/law and graduated with a BA (hons) in 1970. While tutoring at Flinders University, Matthews began a PhD, supervised by Hugh Stretton, at the University of Adelaide. While completing her PhD she worked as part-time tutor and lecturer and a number of tertiary institutions in Adelaide. She rewrote her PhD thesis, which was published as Good and Mad Women: The Historical Construction of Femininity in Twentieth Century Australia by Allen & Unwin. In her 1987 review, British historian Catherine Hall considered it to be an "essential starting point for British readers into the rapidly extending world of Australian feminist history". Matthews was awarded a Nancy Keesing Fellowship by the State Library of New South Wales in 2004. Her 2005 book, Dance Hall and Picture Palace, won the prize for best monograph presented by the Film and History Association of Australia and New Zealand. It was also shortlisted for the Queensland Premier's Literary Award for History. Her papers are held in the Australian National University Archives. Selected works Matthews, Jill Julius (1984), Good and mad women. The historical construction of femininity in twentieth-century Australia, Allen & Unwin Australia, ISBN 978-0-86861-657-5 Matthews, Jill Julius, ed. (1997), Sex in public: Australian sexual cultures, Allen and Unwin, ISBN 978-1-86448-049-8 Matthews, Jill Julius (2005), Dance hall & picture palace: Sydney's romance with modernity, Currency Press, ISBN 978-0-86819-755-5 References ^ "Matthews, Jill Julius". The Australian Women's Register. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ a b c "Matthews, Jill Julius". The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ Hall, Catherine (March 1987). "Book Review: Good and Mad Women: The Historical Construction of Femininity in Twentieth Century Australia". Feminist Review. 25 (1): 113–114. doi:10.1057/fr.1987.13. ISSN 0141-7789. ^ "Jill Julius Matthews". AustLit: Discover Australian Stories. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ "Jill Matthews papers". The Australian Women's Register. Retrieved 14 January 2022. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Australia Academics CiNii People Australian Women's Register Trove 2 Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"Hugh Stretton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Stretton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Allen & Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin"},{"link_name":"Catherine Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"State Library of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Queensland Premier's Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Premier%27s_Literary_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Jill Julius Matthews (born 1949) is an Australian social and feminist historian. She is emeritus professor in the College of Arts and Social Sciences at the Australian National University.Matthews was born in Adelaide in 1949.[1] She studied at Grange Primary School and then won a scholarship to Methodist Ladies College in Adelaide. She then went to the University of Adelaide where she began a law degree, changed to arts/law and graduated with a BA (hons) in 1970.[2] While tutoring at Flinders University, Matthews began a PhD, supervised by Hugh Stretton, at the University of Adelaide. While completing her PhD she worked as part-time tutor and lecturer and a number of tertiary institutions in Adelaide.[2]She rewrote her PhD thesis, which was published as Good and Mad Women: The Historical Construction of Femininity in Twentieth Century Australia by Allen & Unwin. In her 1987 review, British historian Catherine Hall considered it to be an \"essential starting point for British readers into the rapidly extending world of Australian feminist history\".[3]Matthews was awarded a Nancy Keesing Fellowship by the State Library of New South Wales in 2004.[4] Her 2005 book, Dance Hall and Picture Palace, won the prize for best monograph presented by the Film and History Association of Australia and New Zealand. It was also shortlisted for the Queensland Premier's Literary Award for History.[2]Her papers are held in the Australian National University Archives.[5]","title":"Jill Julius Matthews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86861-657-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86861-657-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86448-049-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-049-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86819-755-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86819-755-5"}],"text":"Matthews, Jill Julius (1984), Good and mad women. The historical construction of femininity in twentieth-century Australia, Allen & Unwin Australia, ISBN 978-0-86861-657-5\nMatthews, Jill Julius, ed. (1997), Sex in public: Australian sexual cultures, Allen and Unwin, ISBN 978-1-86448-049-8\nMatthews, Jill Julius (2005), Dance hall & picture palace: Sydney's romance with modernity, Currency Press, ISBN 978-0-86819-755-5","title":"Selected works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Matthews, Jill Julius (1984), Good and mad women. The historical construction of femininity in twentieth-century Australia, Allen & Unwin Australia, ISBN 978-0-86861-657-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86861-657-5","url_text":"978-0-86861-657-5"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Jill Julius, ed. (1997), Sex in public: Australian sexual cultures, Allen and Unwin, ISBN 978-1-86448-049-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-049-8","url_text":"978-1-86448-049-8"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Jill Julius (2005), Dance hall & picture palace: Sydney's romance with modernity, Currency Press, ISBN 978-0-86819-755-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86819-755-5","url_text":"978-0-86819-755-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Matthews, Jill Julius\". The Australian Women's Register. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE5213b.htm","url_text":"\"Matthews, Jill Julius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matthews, Jill Julius\". The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0511b.htm","url_text":"\"Matthews, Jill Julius\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Catherine (March 1987). \"Book Review: Good and Mad Women: The Historical Construction of Femininity in Twentieth Century Australia\". Feminist Review. 25 (1): 113–114. doi:10.1057/fr.1987.13. ISSN 0141-7789.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Ffr.1987.13","url_text":"\"Book Review: Good and Mad Women: The Historical Construction of Femininity in Twentieth Century Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Ffr.1987.13","url_text":"10.1057/fr.1987.13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-7789","url_text":"0141-7789"}]},{"reference":"\"Jill Julius Matthews\". AustLit: Discover Australian Stories. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A69410","url_text":"\"Jill Julius Matthews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jill Matthews papers\". The Australian Women's Register. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Hospital	Horse Hospital	["1 History","2 The building","3 Major exhibitions","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°31′22″N 0°07′28″W / 51.5228°N 0.1244°W / 51.5228; -0.1244Grade listed building in London The Horse HospitalThe Horse Hospital, 2016Location within Greater LondonGeneral informationAddressColonnade, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1JDCountryEngland, United KingdomCoordinates51°31′22″N 0°07′28″W / 51.5228°N 0.1244°W / 51.5228; -0.1244Construction started1794Completed1797Design and constructionArchitect(s)James BurtonWebsitewww.thehorsehospital.com The Horse Hospital is a Grade II listed not for profit, independent arts venue at Colonnade, Bloomsbury, central London. Its curatorial focus is on counter-cultural histories, sub-cultures, outsiders and emerging artists. It organizes underground film screenings and exhibitions. Founded in 1992 by Roger K. Burton, the venue opened with Vive Le Punk!, a retrospective of Vivienne Westwood's punk designs in 1993. The building was originally built by James Burton in 1797 as stabling for cab drivers' sick horses. History Initially programmed by Burton and Ian White, the venue's reputation grew both in London and abroad. James B. L. Hollands later replaced White as curator. The artist, Tai Shani was the programmer from 2006 to 2016, followed by Sholto Dobie and Letitia Calin. In 1998, the Horse Hospital hosted the debut British exhibition by outsider artist / painter Joe Coleman which attracted a new audience. Subsequently, the venue played host to a variety of performers, musicians, artists, film makers and writers, including Dame Darcy, Anita Pallenberg, Iain Aitch, Jack Sargeant, Valie Export, Chris Carter, David Tibet, Helen Chadwick, Dennis Cooper, Nan Goldin, Morton Bartlett, Lydia Lunch, Bruce Bickford, Gee Vaucher and Crass, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Stewart Home, Jeremy Reed, Franko B, Ron Athey, Banksy, Marc Almond, Yvonne Rainer, Artūras Barysas and others. It has also been used by various record labels, publishing houses including Soft Skull Press, Verso, Serpent's Tail and Clear Cut Press. and journals such as Strange Attractor and Granta for special events, as well as a screening space for numerous film festivals including the Fashion in Film Festival, London International Animation Festival, London Porn Film Festival amongst others. The Horse Hospital houses and is supported by the Contemporary Wardrobe Collection, a fashion archive that specialises in post-war street fashion, sub-cultures and British design. The Chamber of Pop Culture is located there. Proud Camden has been located there since about 2008. In 2015 The Horse Hospital was listed with London Borough of Camden as a Community Asset and the site was selected for inclusion in the British Library’s UK Web Archive as a website of cultural importance. In 2019 it was announced that The Horse Hospital was at risk of closure after its landlord proposed a 333 per cent rent increase, from £30,000 to £130,000 annually from the beginning of 2020. At the start of January 2020 it secured an extension on its lease until 28 February. Eventually, according to The Horse Hospital's website, a new lease was secured until December 2024, with a rent increase of 33%. The building The building is Grade II listed. It was originally built by James Burton in 1797 as stabling for cab drivers' sick horses, the Horse Hospital is notable for its unique stone tiled floor. Access to both floors is by concrete moulded ramps, the upper floor ramp retains hardwood slats preventing the horses from slipping. It can be found at Colonnade, Bloomsbury, London. Major exhibitions 1993 Vive Le Punk!, Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren 1998 Original Sin, Joe Coleman 1998 Remote Control, Laurie Lipton 1998 Meet, Brian Griffin 1999 Car, Photographs by Peter Anderson 1999 Andre the Giant Has a Posse by Shepard Fairey 2000 Oh Lover Boy, Franko B 2000 The Situation At This Address Has Changed, Sculpture, Drawing, Painting Harry Forbes 2000 Transromantik, Cathy Ward and Eric Wright 2001 Two Es And A Viagra, Peter Rigby 2001 Beat 13!, Lucy McLauchlan, Tim Watkins, Al Murphy 2001 Gee Vaucher 2001 Hospital Brut, The Toxic art of Le Dernier Cri 2002 David Tibet and Steven Stapleton 2003 The Bogside Artists 2003 Unquiet Voices, English and American Visionary Art 1903 – 2003 2004 Heralding the Apocalypse, Barry Hale 2005 The 45th Annual Convention of the Middleman and the Cherry Brigade – Tai Shani 2006 Some Bizzare Exhibition, Stevo Pearce 2007 Visual Athletics Club, Edward Barber 2007 The Other Side of the Island David J Smith 2008 Miron Zownir – Radical Eye 2008 Sandow Birk – Dante's Inferno 2008 Sacred Pastures – Cathy Ward, Eric Wright and Norbert Kox 2008 Instead of wives, they shall have toads, Stephen Fowler 2008 30,000 Years of Cryptomnesia 2008 From Fear to Sanity – CND and the Art of Protest from 1958 to 1963 2009 The Impossible World of Stu Mead 2010 HOLOGRAPHY for Beginners, Ole Hagen 2010 Drag and Cinema, Cinema in Drag – Brice Dellsperger 2010 Ian Johnstone – The 23 Stab Wounds Of Julius Caesar 2010 Fake Food & Fast Cars: The Pop Couture of Kate Forbes 2011 Adrian Di Duca: Monstrorum Historia 2011 Edweard Muybridge: Muybridge's Revolver 2011 Ronny Long – My Life on Earth 1991–2002 2011 Every beautiful thing... The Michael Ho Chong Collection 2012 The Playgrounds of War – Gina Glover 2012 LFP: The Queen, The Chairman And I – Kurt Tong 2012 The Butcher Of Common Sense 2012 Bunti's Picture Show – Ian Ward 2012 Camouflage, Revolution, and Desire – drawing from movies 2013 Morton Bartlett 2013 Jacques Katmor & The 3rd Eye Group 2013 BASHA: the unsung hero of Polish poster art 2013 The Hobo Kings and Queens of Leanne Castillo 2014 A Goodly Company: Ethel Le Rossignol 2014 Walerian Borowczyk – Posters and Lithography 2014 The Opium Den: Jennifer Binnie 2014 Nick Abrahams – Lions & Tigers & Bears 2014 Alien Puma Space Train: The Visionary Work Of Daniel S. Christiansen 2014 Saturation 70 2014 Stephen Holman 2014 Stephen Dwoskin – Ha! Ha! 2015 The School Of The Damned Degree Show 2015 2015 Melinda Gebbie: What Is The Female Gaze? 2015 George Tobias: My Little Kingdom 2015: X-Ray Audio by Stephen Coates 2016 The Detroit Artists Workshop 2016 Punk in Translation: Burst City 2016 Plastique Fantastique: After London 2016 Welcome, Space Brothers: The Unarius Academy Of Science 2016 Destroy All Monsters 2016 Autopsia: Thanatopolis 2017 The Higher Powers Bible: From Genesis To Revelation, Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry and Peter Harris 2017 Cesca Dvorak: Dewy Guises 2017 Peace Love And Anarchy = Freedom And Fun Forever: exhibition of the squatted house, 64–65 Guildford Street 2018 Jakup Ferri: Muscle memory 2018 The Art of Magic 2018 Relating Narratives: A Common World of Women 2018 Cathy Ward: Sub Rosa 2018 Trigger Warning: Films of Tessa Hughes-Freeland 2019 Herve Guibert: Modesty or Immodesty 2019 Lunar Futurism: Costumes, Props & Ephemera from Andrzej Żuławski's 'On the Silver Globe' 2019 Lydia Lunch Presents: SO REAL IT HURTS 2019 Jenkin van Zyl: Oblivion Industry 2019 The Gutter Art of Stephen Varble: Genderqueer Performance Art in the 1970s, photographs by Greg Day 2019 Psychic Communities –_ Drift Fright: New Noveta residency References ^ a b Historic England. "The Horse Hospital (1271476)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 September 2016. ^ a b Basciano, Oliver (26 April 2019). "Alternative London porn festival changes location after protests". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. ^ "THE HORSE HOSPITAL". English Heritage. Retrieved 15 December 2015. ^ "The Contemporary Wardrobe by Roger Burton". Bryonesque. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2016. ^ Rose, Steve (2 February 2013). "This week's new film events". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. ^ Hodgkinson, Will. "Anita Pallenberg: more rock'n'roll than the Stones". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.thetimes.co.uk. ^ "Alexandro Jodorowsky & Pascale Montadon at The Horse Hospital – Soho to Hampstead – Time Out London". Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. ^ a b Guardian Staff (25 November 1999). "Stick 'em up". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. ^ Cooper, Leonie; Baird, Patric; Mitchell, Marc Rowlands & John (18 June 2010). "This week's new clubs". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. ^ Gómez, Edward M. (4 July 2020). "Fighting to Save a Fringe Landmark". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 20 October 2021. ^ "Arts space The Horse Hospital at risk after 333 per cent rent rise". Evening Standard. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "Rent rise puts future of arts space in doubt". Islington Tribune. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "Stop The Horse Hospital". The Horse Hospital. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ "The Horse Hospital: Independent Arts Venue". The Horse Hospital. Retrieved 20 October 2021. ^ "Original Sin". The Horse Hospital. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "Remote Control". The Horse Hospital. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "Stevo: Bizzare after all these years "Independent Online Edition, accessed 22 December 2007 ^ Lack, Jessica (18 July 2008). "Discovering the DIY way". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. ^ Aitch, Iain (8 August 2008). "Event preview: From Fear To Sanity, London". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. ^ Paphides, Pete (29 January 2015). "Bone music: the Soviet bootleg records pressed on x-rays". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. ^ "AutopsiA Thanatopolis". The Horse Hospital. Retrieved 18 December 2019. External links Official website "The real home of avant-garde" by Iain Aitch in the Evening Standard Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"not for profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-basciano-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roger K. 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Burton,[4] the venue opened with Vive Le Punk!, a retrospective of Vivienne Westwood's punk designs in 1993.[5]The building was originally built by James Burton in 1797 as stabling for cab drivers' sick horses.","title":"Horse Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James B. L. 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James B. L. Hollands later replaced White as curator. The artist, Tai Shani was the programmer from 2006 to 2016, followed by Sholto Dobie and Letitia Calin.In 1998, the Horse Hospital hosted the debut British exhibition by outsider artist / painter Joe Coleman which attracted a new audience. Subsequently, the venue played host to a variety of performers, musicians, artists, film makers and writers, including Dame Darcy, Anita Pallenberg,[6] Iain Aitch, Jack Sargeant, Valie Export, Chris Carter, David Tibet, Helen Chadwick, Dennis Cooper, Nan Goldin, Morton Bartlett, Lydia Lunch, Bruce Bickford, Gee Vaucher and Crass, Alejandro Jodorowsky,[7] Stewart Home, Jeremy Reed, Franko B, Ron Athey, Banksy, Marc Almond, Yvonne Rainer, Artūras Barysas and others.It has also been used by various record labels, publishing houses including Soft Skull Press, Verso, Serpent's Tail and Clear Cut Press. and journals such as Strange Attractor and Granta for special events, as well as a screening space for numerous film festivals including the Fashion in Film Festival, London International Animation Festival, London Porn Film Festival[2] amongst others.The Horse Hospital houses and is supported by the Contemporary Wardrobe Collection, a fashion archive that specialises in post-war street fashion, sub-cultures and British design. The Chamber of Pop Culture is located there.[8] Proud Camden has been located there since about 2008.[9]In 2015 The Horse Hospital was listed with London Borough of Camden as a Community Asset and the site was selected for inclusion in the British Library’s UK Web Archive as a website of cultural importance.In 2019 it was announced that The Horse Hospital was at risk of closure after its landlord proposed a 333 per cent rent increase, from £30,000 to £130,000 annually from the beginning of 2020.[10][11][12] At the start of January 2020 it secured an extension on its lease until 28 February.[13] Eventually, according to The Horse Hospital's website, a new lease was secured until December 2024, with a rent increase of 33%.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"James Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burton_(property_developer)"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury"}],"text":"The building is Grade II listed.[1] It was originally built by James Burton in 1797 as stabling for cab drivers' sick horses, the Horse Hospital is notable for its unique stone tiled floor. Access to both floors is by concrete moulded ramps, the upper floor ramp retains hardwood slats preventing the horses from slipping. 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Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Forbes_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cathy Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathy_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucy McLauchlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_McLauchlan"},{"link_name":"Tim Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gee Vaucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gee_Vaucher"},{"link_name":"Le Dernier Cri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Dernier_Cri"},{"link_name":"David Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tibet"},{"link_name":"Steven Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"Barry Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_Hale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tai 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Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Jacques Katmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Katmor"},{"link_name":"BASHA:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Baranowska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walerian Borowczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walerian_Borowczyk"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Binnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Naturists"},{"link_name":"Saturation 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_70"},{"link_name":"Stephen Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Holman"},{"link_name":"Stephen Dwoskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dwoskin"},{"link_name":"Melinda Gebbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Gebbie"},{"link_name":"Stephen Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Tuesday_Weld"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Plastique Fantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastique_Fantastique"},{"link_name":"Unarius Academy Of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Destroy All Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroy_All_Monsters_(band)"},{"link_name":"Autopsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry"},{"link_name":"Tessa Hughes-Freeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Hughes-Freeland"},{"link_name":"Herve Guibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herve_Guibert"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Żuławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski"},{"link_name":"Lydia Lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Lunch"},{"link_name":"Stephen Varble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Varble"}],"text":"1993 Vive Le Punk!, Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren\n1998 Original Sin, Joe Coleman[15]\n1998 Remote Control, Laurie Lipton[16]\n1998 Meet, Brian Griffin\n1999 Car, Photographs by Peter Anderson\n1999 Andre the Giant Has a Posse by Shepard Fairey[8]\n2000 Oh Lover Boy, Franko B\n2000 The Situation At This Address Has Changed, Sculpture, Drawing, Painting Harry Forbes\n2000 Transromantik, Cathy Ward and Eric Wright\n2001 Two Es And A Viagra, Peter Rigby\n2001 Beat 13!, Lucy McLauchlan, Tim Watkins, Al Murphy\n2001 Gee Vaucher\n2001 Hospital Brut, The Toxic art of Le Dernier Cri\n2002 David Tibet and Steven Stapleton\n2003 The Bogside Artists\n2003 Unquiet Voices, English and American Visionary Art 1903 – 2003\n2004 Heralding the Apocalypse, Barry Hale\n2005 The 45th Annual Convention of the Middleman and the Cherry Brigade – Tai Shani\n2006 Some Bizzare Exhibition, Stevo Pearce[17]\n2007 Visual Athletics Club, Edward Barber\n2007 The Other Side of the Island David J Smith\n2008 Miron Zownir – Radical Eye\n2008 Sandow Birk – Dante's Inferno\n2008 Sacred Pastures – Cathy Ward, Eric Wright and Norbert Kox\n2008 Instead of wives, they shall have toads, Stephen Fowler[18]\n2008 30,000 Years of Cryptomnesia\n2008 From Fear to Sanity – CND and the Art of Protest from 1958 to 1963[19]\n2009 The Impossible World of Stu Mead\n2010 HOLOGRAPHY for Beginners, Ole Hagen\n2010 Drag and Cinema, Cinema in Drag – Brice Dellsperger\n2010 Ian Johnstone – The 23 Stab Wounds Of Julius Caesar\n2010 Fake Food & Fast Cars: The Pop Couture of Kate Forbes\n2011 Adrian Di Duca: Monstrorum Historia\n2011 Edweard Muybridge: Muybridge's Revolver\n2011 Ronny Long – My Life on Earth 1991–2002\n2011 Every beautiful thing... The Michael Ho Chong Collection\n2012 The Playgrounds of War – Gina Glover\n2012 LFP: The Queen, The Chairman And I – Kurt Tong\n2012 The Butcher Of Common Sense\n2012 Bunti's Picture Show – Ian Ward\n2012 Camouflage, Revolution, and Desire – drawing from movies\n2013 Morton Bartlett\n2013 Jacques Katmor & The 3rd Eye Group\n2013 BASHA: the unsung hero of Polish poster art\n2013 The Hobo Kings and Queens of Leanne Castillo\n2014 A Goodly Company: Ethel Le Rossignol\n2014 Walerian Borowczyk – Posters and Lithography\n2014 The Opium Den: Jennifer Binnie\n2014 Nick Abrahams – Lions & Tigers & Bears\n2014 Alien Puma Space Train: The Visionary Work Of Daniel S. Christiansen\n2014 Saturation 70\n2014 Stephen Holman\n2014 Stephen Dwoskin – Ha! Ha!\n2015 The School Of The Damned Degree Show 2015\n2015 Melinda Gebbie: What Is The Female Gaze?\n2015 George Tobias: My Little Kingdom\n2015: X-Ray Audio by Stephen Coates[20]\n2016 The Detroit Artists Workshop\n2016 Punk in Translation: Burst City\n2016 Plastique Fantastique: After London\n2016 Welcome, Space Brothers: The Unarius Academy Of Science\n2016 Destroy All Monsters\n2016 Autopsia: Thanatopolis[21]\n2017 The Higher Powers Bible: From Genesis To Revelation, Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry and Peter Harris\n2017 Cesca Dvorak: Dewy Guises\n2017 Peace Love And Anarchy = Freedom And Fun Forever: exhibition of the squatted house, 64–65 Guildford Street\n2018 Jakup Ferri: Muscle memory\n2018 The Art of Magic\n2018 Relating Narratives: A Common World of Women\n2018 Cathy Ward: Sub Rosa\n2018 Trigger Warning: Films of Tessa Hughes-Freeland\n2019 Herve Guibert: Modesty or Immodesty\n2019 Lunar Futurism: Costumes, Props & Ephemera from Andrzej Żuławski's 'On the Silver Globe'\n2019 Lydia Lunch Presents: SO REAL IT HURTS\n2019 Jenkin van Zyl: Oblivion Industry\n2019 The Gutter Art of Stephen Varble: Genderqueer Performance Art in the 1970s, photographs by Greg Day\n2019 Psychic Communities –_ Drift Fright: New Noveta residency","title":"Major exhibitions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Historic England. \"The Horse Hospital (1271476)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1271476","url_text":"\"The Horse Hospital (1271476)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Basciano, Oliver (26 April 2019). \"Alternative London porn festival changes location after protests\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/apr/26/london-porn-festival-protests","url_text":"\"Alternative London porn festival changes location after protests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"THE HORSE HOSPITAL\". English Heritage. 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Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/02/this-weeks-new-film-events","url_text":"\"This week's new film events\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkinson, Will. \"Anita Pallenberg: more rock'n'roll than the Stones\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anita-pallenberg-more-rocknroll-than-the-stones-xfhzqgkfv","url_text":"\"Anita Pallenberg: more rock'n'roll than the Stones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandro Jodorowsky & Pascale Montadon at The Horse Hospital – Soho to Hampstead – Time Out London\". Archived from the original on 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191218105003/https://www.timeout.com/london/art/alexandro-jodorowsky-pascale-montadon","url_text":"\"Alexandro Jodorowsky & Pascale Montadon at The Horse Hospital – Soho to Hampstead – Time Out London\""},{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/london/art/alexandro-jodorowsky-pascale-montadon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guardian Staff (25 November 1999). \"Stick 'em up\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/1999/nov/25/artsfeatures6","url_text":"\"Stick 'em up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Leonie; Baird, Patric; Mitchell, Marc Rowlands & John (18 June 2010). \"This week's new clubs\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jun/19/clubs-boom-boom-club-liquidation","url_text":"\"This week's new clubs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Gómez, Edward M. (4 July 2020). \"Fighting to Save a Fringe Landmark\". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://hyperallergic.com/574512/fighting-to-save-horse-hospital-london/","url_text":"\"Fighting to Save a Fringe Landmark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arts space The Horse Hospital at risk after 333 per cent rent rise\". Evening Standard. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/arts/horse-hospital-closure-risk-campaign-a4265131.html","url_text":"\"Arts space The Horse Hospital at risk after 333 per cent rent rise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rent rise puts future of arts space in doubt\". Islington Tribune. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://islingtontribune.com/article/rent-rise-puts-future-of-arts-space-in-doubt","url_text":"\"Rent rise puts future of arts space in doubt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stop The Horse Hospital\". The Horse Hospital. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehorsehospital.com/stop-the-horse-hospital-from-closing","url_text":"\"Stop The Horse Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Horse Hospital: Independent Arts Venue\". The Horse Hospital. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehorsehospital.com/","url_text":"\"The Horse Hospital: Independent Arts Venue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Original Sin\". The Horse Hospital. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehorsehospital.com/archive/past/the-chamber-of-pop-culture-past/original-sin","url_text":"\"Original Sin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remote Control\". The Horse Hospital. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191218105002/https://www.thehorsehospital.com/archive/past/the-chamber-of-pop-culture-past/remote-control","url_text":"\"Remote Control\""},{"url":"https://www.thehorsehospital.com/archive/past/the-chamber-of-pop-culture-past/remote-control","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lack, Jessica (18 July 2008). \"Discovering the DIY way\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jul/19/guidefeatures.theguide","url_text":"\"Discovering the DIY way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Aitch, Iain (8 August 2008). \"Event preview: From Fear To Sanity, London\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2008/aug/09/londonlistings1","url_text":"\"Event preview: From Fear To Sanity, London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Paphides, Pete (29 January 2015). \"Bone music: the Soviet bootleg records pressed on x-rays\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/29/bone-music-soviet-bootleg-records-pressed-on-xrays","url_text":"\"Bone music: the Soviet bootleg records pressed on x-rays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"AutopsiA Thanatopolis\". The Horse Hospital. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bourne_(anatomist)	Geoffrey H. Bourne	["1 Bibliography","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	Australian-American anatomist and primatologist For other people named Geoffrey Bourne, see Geoffrey Bourne (disambiguation). Geoffrey H. BourneBorn17 November 1909Died19 July 1988(1988-07-19) (aged 78)NationalityAustralian-U.S.Alma materUniversity of Oxford D.Sc., 1935; Ph.D., 1943Known foradrenal gland histochemistry and cell biology primatologyScientific careerFieldsanatomy and primatologyInstitutionsYerkes National Primate Research Center Emory University Geoffrey Howard Bourne (17 November 1909 – 19 July 1988) was an Australian-American anatomist and primatologist. In particular, he studied the adrenal gland, conducting pioneering work in histochemistry. Bourne was director of Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University from 1962 until 1978. Prior to coming to Emory he had taught histology at the University of London and physiology at Oxford University. He received his doctorates from Oxford University (D.Sc., 1935; Ph.D., 1943) and was a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine. Bibliography (ed.) (1942) Cytology and Cell Physiology (1949) The Mammalian Adrenal Gland (1956) Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone (1957) Vitamin C in the Animal Cell (ed.) (1961) Physiological and Pathological Aging (1962) Structure and Function of Muscle (1970) Ape People (1974a) Non-Human Primates and Medical Research (1974b) Primate Odyssey (1975) The Gentle Giants: The Gorilla Story (ed.) (1977) Human and Veterinary Nutrition (ed.) (1988) Sociological and Medical Aspects of Nutrition Notes "Dr. Geoffrey Bourne". Nature. 231 (5297): 66. May 1971. Bibcode:1971Natur.231Q..66.. doi:10.1038/231066c0. PMID 4930483. "Geoffrey Bourne". Lancet. 2 (7687): 1369–1370. December 1970. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(70)92404-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 4098948. References ^ "Dr. Geoffrey Bourne, Anatomist; Primate Expert a Prolific Writer". nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 26 April 2019. External links Geoffrey Bourne, Encyclopædia Britannica Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about a biologist from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Bourne (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bourne_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"anatomist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomist"},{"link_name":"primatologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatologist"},{"link_name":"adrenal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland"},{"link_name":"histochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histochemistry"},{"link_name":"Yerkes National Primate Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkes_National_Primate_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Emory University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named Geoffrey Bourne, see Geoffrey Bourne (disambiguation).Geoffrey Howard Bourne (17 November 1909 – 19 July 1988) was an Australian-American anatomist and primatologist. In particular, he studied the adrenal gland, conducting pioneering work in histochemistry.Bourne was director of Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University from 1962 until 1978. Prior to coming to Emory he had taught histology at the University of London and physiology at Oxford University. He received his doctorates from Oxford University (D.Sc., 1935; Ph.D., 1943) and was a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine.[1]","title":"Geoffrey H. Bourne"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(ed.) (1942) Cytology and Cell Physiology\n(1949) The Mammalian Adrenal Gland\n(1956) Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone\n(1957) Vitamin C in the Animal Cell\n(ed.) (1961) Physiological and Pathological Aging\n(1962) Structure and Function of Muscle\n(1970) Ape People\n(1974a) Non-Human Primates and Medical Research\n(1974b) Primate Odyssey\n(1975) The Gentle Giants: The Gorilla Story\n(ed.) (1977) Human and Veterinary Nutrition\n(ed.) (1988) Sociological and Medical Aspects of Nutrition","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Dr. Geoffrey Bourne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F231066c0"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1971Natur.231Q..66.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Natur.231Q..66."},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/231066c0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F231066c0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4930483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4930483"},{"link_name":"Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/s0140-6736(70)92404-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2870%2992404-9"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0140-6736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4098948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4098948"}],"text":"\"Dr. Geoffrey Bourne\". Nature. 231 (5297): 66. May 1971. Bibcode:1971Natur.231Q..66.. doi:10.1038/231066c0. PMID 4930483.\n\"Geoffrey Bourne\". Lancet. 2 (7687): 1369–1370. December 1970. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(70)92404-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 4098948.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dr. Geoffrey Bourne\". Nature. 231 (5297): 66. May 1971. Bibcode:1971Natur.231Q..66.. doi:10.1038/231066c0. PMID 4930483.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F231066c0","url_text":"\"Dr. Geoffrey Bourne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Natur.231Q..66.","url_text":"1971Natur.231Q..66."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F231066c0","url_text":"10.1038/231066c0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4930483","url_text":"4930483"}]},{"reference":"\"Geoffrey Bourne\". Lancet. 2 (7687): 1369–1370. December 1970. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(70)92404-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 4098948.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet","url_text":"Lancet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2870%2992404-9","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(70)92404-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736","url_text":"0140-6736"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4098948","url_text":"4098948"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Geoffrey Bourne, Anatomist; Primate Expert a Prolific Writer\". nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/21/obituaries/dr-geoffrey-bourne-anatomist-primate-expert-a-prolific-writer.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Geoffrey Bourne, Anatomist; Primate Expert a Prolific Writer\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F231066c0","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Geoffrey Bourne\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Natur.231Q..66.","external_links_name":"1971Natur.231Q..66."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F231066c0","external_links_name":"10.1038/231066c0"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4930483","external_links_name":"4930483"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2870%2992404-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0140-6736(70)92404-9"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736","external_links_name":"0140-6736"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4098948","external_links_name":"4098948"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/21/obituaries/dr-geoffrey-bourne-anatomist-primate-expert-a-prolific-writer.html","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Geoffrey Bourne, Anatomist; Primate Expert a Prolific Writer\""},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015974/Geoffrey-Bourne","external_links_name":"Geoffrey Bourne"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110334467","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/120724873","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdjvpBjrfGghgkjRdPcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90112581","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118934967","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118934967","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118089099","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592426405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050492","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/42gkp9mn2bdl8vg","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434011","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20030127275&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068199465","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810638897405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118089099.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026746468","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_H._Bourne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chink_Martin	Chink Martin	["1 Career","2 References"]	American jazz musician Martin Abraham, better known as Chink Martin (June 10, 1886 in New Orleans – January 7, 1981 in New Orleans) was an American jazz tubist. Martin (second from right) on bass horn with Jack Laine's band in 1910 Career Martin played guitar in his youth before settling on tuba as his main instrument. He played with Papa Jack Laine's Reliance Brass Band around 1910, and worked in various other brass bands in the city in the 1910s. In 1923, he traveled to Chicago and played with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings with whom he made his first records. He also recorded guitar duets with Leon Roppolo, but these unfortunately were never issued. He returned to New Orleans with the Rhythm Kings in 1925, and made further recordings with them. He also played with the Halfway House Orchestra (with which he recorded on both tuba and string bass), the New Orleans Harmony Kings, and the New Orleans Swing Kings. In the 1930s, Martin worked as a staff musician at WSMB radio. He continued to play tuba for his entire career, though he also played and recorded on the double-bass (like many New Orleans tubists) from at least the 1920s onward. He played with dozens of noted New Orleans jazz musicians, appearing on record with Sharkey Bonano, Santo Pecora, Pete Fountain, Al Hirt, and others, and released one album under his own name on Southland Records in 1963. Martin's son, Martin "Little Chink" Abraham, is a jazz bassist. References Scott Yanow, Chink Martin at Allmusic Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaineBandBigShowTent.jpg"}],"text":"Martin Abraham, better known as Chink Martin (June 10, 1886 in New Orleans – January 7, 1981 in New Orleans) was an American jazz tubist.Martin (second from right) on bass horn with Jack Laine's band in 1910","title":"Chink Martin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papa Jack Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Jack_Laine"},{"link_name":"brass bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Rhythm Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Rhythm_Kings"},{"link_name":"Leon Roppolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Roppolo"},{"link_name":"Halfway House Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halfway_House_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Harmony Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_Harmony_Kings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Swing Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_Swing_Kings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WSMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWWL"},{"link_name":"New Orleans jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland"},{"link_name":"Sharkey Bonano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharkey_Bonano"},{"link_name":"Santo Pecora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Pecora"},{"link_name":"Pete Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Al Hirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hirt"},{"link_name":"Southland Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Records"},{"link_name":"Martin \"Little Chink\" Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_%22Little_Chink%22_Abraham&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Martin played guitar in his youth before settling on tuba as his main instrument. He played with Papa Jack Laine's Reliance Brass Band around 1910, and worked in various other brass bands in the city in the 1910s. In 1923, he traveled to Chicago and played with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings with whom he made his first records. He also recorded guitar duets with Leon Roppolo, but these unfortunately were never issued. He returned to New Orleans with the Rhythm Kings in 1925, and made further recordings with them. He also played with the Halfway House Orchestra (with which he recorded on both tuba and string bass), the New Orleans Harmony Kings, and the New Orleans Swing Kings. In the 1930s, Martin worked as a staff musician at WSMB radio. He continued to play tuba for his entire career, though he also played and recorded on the double-bass (like many New Orleans tubists) from at least the 1920s onward. He played with dozens of noted New Orleans jazz musicians, appearing on record with Sharkey Bonano, Santo Pecora, Pete Fountain, Al Hirt, and others, and released one album under his own name on Southland Records in 1963.Martin's son, Martin \"Little Chink\" Abraham, is a jazz bassist.","title":"Career"}]	[{"image_text":"Martin (second from right) on bass horn with Jack Laine's band in 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LaineBandBigShowTent.jpg/220px-LaineBandBigShowTent.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p9121/biography","external_links_name":"Chink Martin"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000049005145","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39125485","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgDRXgcQx3jtjgbFjpyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139377293","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139377293","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006030393","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b39ff40d-c4b7-47ec-bc7d-5005c770ce87","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(disambiguation)	Lakshmi (disambiguation)	["1 Film and TV","2 People","3 Other","4 See also"]	Look up Lakshmi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lakshmi is one of the major Goddess in Hinduism may also refer to: Goddess Lakshmi Film and TV Lakshmi (1977 film), a 1977 Malayalam-language film Lakshmi (1982 film), a 1982 Hindi-language film Lakshmi (2006 film), a film released in 2006 starring Venkatesh Lakshmi (2013 film), a 2013 Kannada film directed by Raghava Loki Lakshmi (2014 film), a 2014 Hindi film directed by Nagesh Kukunoor Lakshmi (2018 film), a 2018 Indian Tamil-language film directed by A. L. Vijay Laxmii, 2020 Indian horror-comedy film by Raghava Lawrence Lakshmi Narasimha, a film released in 2004 starring Balakrishna Lakshmi (2006 TV series) Lakshmi (2024 TV series) People Lakshmi (actress) (born 1952), Indian actress Lakshmi (writer) (1921–1987), Indian writer Laxmi Agarwal (born 1990), Indian acid attack survivor and activist Laxmikant Berde (1954–2004), actor Lakshmi Kant Jha (1913–1988), Indian bureaucrat and diplomat Lakshmi Menon (model) (born 1981), model Lakshmi Menon (actress) (born 1996), actress Lakshmi Mittal (born 1950), businessman Lakshmi Narayanan (born 1953), of Cognizant Technology Solutions Lakshmi Panabaka, politician Lakshmi Persaud (born 1939), novelist Lakshmi Pratury, of The INK Conference Lakshmi Rai, actress Lakshmi Sahgal (1914–2012), lieutenant in the Indian National Army Lakshmi Shankar (1926–2013), classical vocalist Lakshmi Singh, NPR Newscaster Lakshmi Tatma (born 2005), born in 2005 with eight limbs Lakshamilavan (1899–1961), Thai princess N. P. Jhansi Lakshmi (1941–2011), politician from Andhra Pradesh Padma Lakshmi (born 1970), model Lakshmy Ramakrishnan (born 1970), Tamil actress Rani Lakshmibai, queen of the Jhansi, leading figure of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 Sri Lakshmi (actress), Indian Telugu-language comic actress Other Lakshmi Mills, a cloth and textile yarn manufacturer Lakshmi Machine Works, owned by Lakshmi Mills Lakshmi Planum, a feature of the planet Venus TVS Matriculation Higher Secondary School, formerly known as TVS Lakshmi School See also All pages with titles containing Lakshmi Mahalakshmi (disambiguation) Lakmé, an opera by Léo Delibes whose title is the French form of Lakshmi Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lakshmi.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"}],"text":"Look up Lakshmi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Lakshmi is one of the major Goddess in Hinduism may also refer to: Goddess Lakshmi","title":"Lakshmi (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakshmi (1977 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi (1982 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi (2006 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi (2013 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi (2014 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi (2018 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Laxmii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmii"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi (2006 TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi (2024 TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(2024_TV_series)"}],"text":"Lakshmi (1977 film), a 1977 Malayalam-language film\nLakshmi (1982 film), a 1982 Hindi-language film\nLakshmi (2006 film), a film released in 2006 starring Venkatesh\nLakshmi (2013 film), a 2013 Kannada film directed by Raghava Loki\nLakshmi (2014 film), a 2014 Hindi film directed by Nagesh Kukunoor\nLakshmi (2018 film), a 2018 Indian Tamil-language film directed by A. L. Vijay\nLaxmii, 2020 Indian horror-comedy film by Raghava Lawrence\nLakshmi Narasimha, a film released in 2004 starring Balakrishna\nLakshmi (2006 TV series)\nLakshmi (2024 TV series)","title":"Film and TV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakshmi (actress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi (writer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Laxmi Agarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmi_Agarwal"},{"link_name":"Laxmikant Berde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmikant_Berde"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Kant Jha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Kant_Jha"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Menon (model)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Menon_(model)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Menon (actress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Menon_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Mittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayanan"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Panabaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Panabaka"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Persaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Persaud"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Pratury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Pratury"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Rai"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Sahgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Singh"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Tatma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Tatma"},{"link_name":"Lakshamilavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshamilavan"},{"link_name":"N. P. Jhansi Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._P._Jhansi_Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Padma Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Lakshmy Ramakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmy_Ramakrishnan"},{"link_name":"Rani Lakshmibai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai"},{"link_name":"Sri Lakshmi (actress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lakshmi_(actress)"}],"text":"Lakshmi (actress) (born 1952), Indian actress\nLakshmi (writer) (1921–1987), Indian writer\nLaxmi Agarwal (born 1990), Indian acid attack survivor and activist\nLaxmikant Berde (1954–2004), actor\nLakshmi Kant Jha (1913–1988), Indian bureaucrat and diplomat\nLakshmi Menon (model) (born 1981), model\nLakshmi Menon (actress) (born 1996), actress\nLakshmi Mittal (born 1950), businessman\nLakshmi Narayanan (born 1953), of Cognizant Technology Solutions\nLakshmi Panabaka, politician\nLakshmi Persaud (born 1939), novelist\nLakshmi Pratury, of The INK Conference\nLakshmi Rai, actress\nLakshmi Sahgal (1914–2012), lieutenant in the Indian National Army\nLakshmi Shankar (1926–2013), classical vocalist\nLakshmi Singh, NPR Newscaster\nLakshmi Tatma (born 2005), born in 2005 with eight limbs\nLakshamilavan (1899–1961), Thai princess\nN. P. Jhansi Lakshmi (1941–2011), politician from Andhra Pradesh\nPadma Lakshmi (born 1970), model\nLakshmy Ramakrishnan (born 1970), Tamil actress\nRani Lakshmibai, queen of the Jhansi, leading figure of the Indian Rebellion of 1857\nSri Lakshmi (actress), Indian Telugu-language comic actress","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakshmi Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Mills"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Machine Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Machine_Works"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Planum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Planum"},{"link_name":"TVS Matriculation Higher Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVS_Matriculation_Higher_Secondary_School"}],"text":"Lakshmi Mills, a cloth and textile yarn manufacturer\nLakshmi Machine Works, owned by Lakshmi Mills\nLakshmi Planum, a feature of the planet Venus\nTVS Matriculation Higher Secondary School, formerly known as TVS Lakshmi School","title":"Other"}]	[]	[{"title":"All pages with titles containing Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Lakshmi%22"},{"title":"Mahalakshmi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalakshmi_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Lakmé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakm%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lakshmi_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lakshmi_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection_(film)	Affection (film)	["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]	1972 film AffectionFilm posterDirected byLudmil StaikovWritten byAlexander KarasimeonovKonstantin PavlovStarringVioleta DonevaCinematographyBoris YanakievRelease date 8 December 1972 (1972-12-08) Running time90 minutesCountryBulgariaLanguageBulgarian Affection (Bulgarian: Обич, translit. Obich) is a 1972 Bulgarian drama film directed by Ludmil Staikov. It was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Golden Prize. Cast Violeta Doneva as Maria Nevena Kokanova as Irina Stefan Danailov as Nikolay Banko Bankov as Petrov, zhurnalist Nikolai Binev as Upravitelyat Ivan Kondov as Bashtata Katya Dineva as Maykata Andrey Chaprazov as Arhitekt Stanimirov Svetozar Nedelchev as Manasiev Anton Karastojanow as Kostov Vasil Popiliev as Nelegalniyat Dobri Dobrew as Lekaryat Lidiya Aleksandrova as Meditzinskata sestra References ^ "8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012. External links Affection at IMDb vteMoscow International Film Festival Main Award1959–1967Grand Prix Fate of a Man (1959) The Naked Island – Clear Skies (1961) 8+1⁄2 (1963) War and Peace – Twenty Hours (1965) The Journalist – Father (1967) 1969–1987Golden Prize Lucía – Serafino – We'll Live Till Monday (1969) Confessions of a Police Captain – Live Today, Die Tomorrow! – The White Bird Marked with Black (1971) That Sweet Word: Liberty! – Affection (1973) The Promised Land – Dersu Uzala – We All Loved Each Other So Much (1975) The Fifth Seal – El puente – Mimino (1977) Christ Stopped at Eboli – Siete días de enero – Camera Buff (1979) O Homem que Virou Suco – The Abandoned Field: Free Fire Zone – Teheran 43 (1981) Amok – Alsino and the Condor – Vassa (1983) Come and See – A Soldier's Story – The Descent of the Nine (1985) Intervista (1987) 1989–present Golden St. George The Icicle Thief (1989) Spotted Dog Running at the Edge of the Sea (1991) Me Ivan, You Abraham (1993) (No award in 1995) Marvin's Room (1997) Will to Live (1999) Life as a Fatal Sexually Transmitted Disease (2000) The Believer (2001) Resurrection (2002) The End of a Mystery (2003) Our Own (2004) Dreaming of Space (2005) About Sara (2006) Travelling with Pets (2007) As Simple as That (2008) Pete on the Way to Heaven (2009) Hermano (2010) Las olas (2011) Junkhearts (2012) Particle (2013) My Man (2014) Losers (2015) Daughter (2016) Yuan Shang (2017) The Lord Eagle (2018) The Secret of A Leader (2019) A Siege Diary (2020) Dogpoopgirl (2021) No Prior Appointment (2022) Tres Hermanos (2023) Shame (2024) This article related to a Bulgarian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"translit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Ludmil Staikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmil_Staikov"},{"link_name":"8th Moscow International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscow1973-1"}],"text":"Affection (Bulgarian: Обич, translit. Obich) is a 1972 Bulgarian drama film directed by Ludmil Staikov. It was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Golden Prize.[1]","title":"Affection (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Violeta Doneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Doneva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nevena Kokanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevena_Kokanova"},{"link_name":"Stefan Danailov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Danailov"},{"link_name":"Banko Bankov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banko_Bankov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Binev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Binev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kondov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kondov"},{"link_name":"Katya Dineva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katya_Dineva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrey Chaprazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Chaprazov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Svetozar Nedelchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svetozar_Nedelchev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anton Karastojanow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Karastojanow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vasil Popiliev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasil_Popiliev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dobri Dobrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobri_Dobrew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lidiya Aleksandrova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lidiya_Aleksandrova&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Violeta Doneva as Maria\nNevena Kokanova as Irina\nStefan Danailov as Nikolay\nBanko Bankov as Petrov, zhurnalist\nNikolai Binev as Upravitelyat\nIvan Kondov as Bashtata\nKatya Dineva as Maykata\nAndrey Chaprazov as Arhitekt Stanimirov\nSvetozar Nedelchev as Manasiev\nAnton Karastojanow as Kostov\nVasil Popiliev as Nelegalniyat\nDobri Dobrew as Lekaryat\nLidiya Aleksandrova as Meditzinskata sestra","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)\". MIFF. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194922/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973","url_text":"\"8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)\""},{"url":"http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194922/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973","external_links_name":"\"8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)\""},{"Link":"http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0307258/","external_links_name":"Affection"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affection_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holey_fiber	Photonic-crystal fiber	["1 Description","2 Construction","3 Modes of operation","4 History","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals SEM micrographs of a photonic-crystal fiber produced at US Naval Research Laboratory. (left) The diameter of the solid core at the center of the fiber is 5 μm, while (right) the diameter of the holes is 4 μm Diagram of a photonic crystal fiber in perspective and cross-sectional views. A solid-core fiber is shown with a periodic air hole cladding and a solid blue coating. Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals. It was first explored in 1996 at University of Bath, UK. Because of its ability to confine light in hollow cores or with confinement characteristics not possible in conventional optical fiber, PCF is now finding applications in fiber-optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high-power transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas. More specific categories of PCF include photonic-bandgap fiber (PCFs that confine light by band gap effects), holey fiber (PCFs using air holes in their cross-sections), hole-assisted fiber (PCFs guiding light by a conventional higher-index core modified by the presence of air holes), and Bragg fiber (photonic-bandgap fiber formed by concentric rings of multilayer film). Photonic crystal fibers may be considered a subgroup of a more general class of microstructured optical fibers, where light is guided by structural modifications, and not only by refractive index differences. Hollow-core fibers are a related type of optical fiber which bears some resemblance to holey optical fiber. Description Optical fibers have evolved into many forms since the practical breakthroughs that saw their wider introduction in the 1970s as conventional step index fibers and later as single material fibers where propagation was defined by an effective air cladding structure. In general, regular structured fibers such as photonic crystal fibers, have a cross-section (normally uniform along the fiber length) consisting of one, two or more materials, most commonly arranged periodically over much of the cross-section. This zone is known as the "cladding" and surrounds a core (or several cores) where light is confined. For example, the fibers first demonstrated by Philip Russell consisted of a hexagonal lattice of air holes in a silica fiber, with a solid or hollow core at the center where light is guided. Other arrangements include concentric rings of two or more materials, first proposed as "Bragg fibers" by Yeh and Yariv, bow-tie, panda, and elliptical hole structures (used to achieve higher birefringence due to irregularity in the relative refractive index), spiral designs which allow for better control over optical properties as individual parameters can be changed. (Note: PCFs and, in particular, Bragg fibers, should not be confused with fiber Bragg gratings, which consist of a periodic refractive index or structural variation along the fiber axis, as opposed to variations in the transverse directions as in PCF. Both PCFs and fiber Bragg gratings employ Bragg diffraction phenomena, albeit in different directions.) The lowest reported attenuation of solid core photonic crystal fiber is 0.37 dB/km, and for hollow core is 1.2 dB/km. Construction Generally, such fibers are constructed by the same methods as other optical fibers: first, one constructs a "preform" on the scale of centimeters in size, and then heats the preform and draws it down to a much smaller diameter (often nearly as small as a human hair), shrinking the preform cross section but (usually) maintaining the same features. In this way, kilometers of fiber can be produced from a single preform. Air holes are most commonly created by gathering hollow rods into a bundle, and heating the bundle to fuse it into a single rod with ordered holes before drawing, although drilling/milling was used to produce the first aperiodic designs. This formed the subsequent basis for producing the first soft glass and polymer structured fibers. Most photonic crystal fibers have been fabricated in silica glass, but other glasses have also been used to obtain particular optical properties (such as high optical non-linearity). There is also a growing interest in making them from polymer, where a wide variety of structures have been explored, including graded index structures, ring structured fibers and hollow core fibers. These polymer fibers have been termed "MPOF", short for microstructured polymer optical fibers. A combination of a polymer and a chalcogenide glass was used by Temelkuran et al. in 2002 for 10.6 μm wavelengths (where silica is not transparent). Modes of operation Diagram in cross-sectional view of two types of photonic crystal fibers: index guide (left) and photonic bandgap (right). Photonic crystal fibers can be divided into two modes of operation, according to their mechanism for confinement: index guiding and photonic bandgap. Index guiding photonic crystal fibers are characterized by a core with a higher average refractive index than that of the cladding. The simplest way to accomplish this is to maintain a solid core, surrounded by a cladding region of the same material but interspersed with air holes, as the refractive index of the air will necessarily lower the average refractive index of the cladding. These photonic crystal fibers operate on the same index-guiding principle as conventional optical fiber—however, they can have a much higher effective refractive index contrast between core and cladding, and therefore can have much stronger confinement for applications in nonlinear optical devices, polarization-maintaining fibers. Alternatively, they can also be made with much lower effective index contrast. Alternatively, one can create a photonic bandgap photonic crystal fiber, in which the light is confined by a photonic bandgap created by the microstructured cladding—such a bandgap, properly designed, can confine light in a lower-index core and even a hollow (air) core. Bandgap fibers with hollow cores can potentially circumvent limits imposed by available materials, for example to create fibers that guide light in wavelengths for which transparent materials are not available (because the light is primarily in the air, not in the solid materials). Another potential advantage of a hollow core is that one can dynamically introduce materials into the core, such as a gas that is to be analyzed for the presence of some substance. PCF can also be modified by coating the holes with sol-gels of similar or different index material to enhance the transmittance of light. History The term "photonic-crystal fiber" was coined by Philip Russell in 1995–1997 (he states (2003) that the idea dates to unpublished work in 1991). See also Fiber Bragg grating Fiber optics Gradient index optics Leaky mode Optical communication Optical medium Photonic crystal Subwavelength-diameter optical fiber References ^ https://spie.org/news/photonics-focus/julyaug-2022/speeding-light-with-hollow-core-fibers?SSO=1 ^ Kapron, F. P. (1970). "Radiation Losses in Glass Optical Waveguides". Applied Physics Letters. 17 (10): 423. Bibcode:1970ApPhL..17..423K. doi:10.1063/1.1653255. ^ Keck, D.B. (1973). "On the ultimate lower limit of attenuation in glass optical waveguides". Applied Physics Letters. 22 (7): 307. Bibcode:1973ApPhL..22..307K. doi:10.1063/1.1654649. ^ Kaiser P.V., Astle H.W., (1974), Bell Syst. Tech. J., 53, 1021–1039 ^ J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, "All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding," Opt. Lett. 21, 1547-1549 (1996) ^ doi:10.1126/science.282.5393.1476. ^ P. Yeh, A. Yariv, and E. Marom, "Theory of Bragg fiber," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 1196–1201 (1978) ^ Agrawal, Arti (February 2013). "Stacking the Equiangular Spiral". IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 25 (3): 291–294. Bibcode:2013IPTL...25..291A. doi:10.1109/LPT.2012.2236309. S2CID 30334079 – via IEEE. ^ Tajima K, Zhou J, Nakajima K, Sato K (2004). "Ultralow Loss and Long Length Photonic Crystal Fiber" Journal of Lightwave Technology". Journal of Lightwave Technology. 22 (1): 7–10. Bibcode:2004JLwT...22....7T. doi:10.1109/JLT.2003.822143. S2CID 8045306. ^ P. Roberts, F. Couny, H. Sabert, B. Mangan, D. Williams, L. Farr, M. Mason, A. Tomlinson, T. Birks, J. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, "Ultimate low loss of hollow-core photonic crystal fibres," Opt. Express 13, 236-244 (2005) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-1-236 ^ Canning J, Buckley E, Lyttikainen K, Ryan T (2002). "Wavelength dependent leakage in a Fresnel-based air–silica structured optical fibre". Optics Communications. 205 (1–3): 95–99. Bibcode:2002OptCo.205...95C. doi:10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01305-6. ^ Martijn A. van Eijkelenborg, Maryanne C. J. Large, Alexander Argyros, Joseph Zagari, Steven Manos, Nader A. Issa, Ian Bassett, Simon Fleming, Ross C. McPhedran, C. Martijn de Sterke, and Nicolae A.P. Nicorovici, "Microstructured polymer optical fibre," Opt. Express 9, 319-327 (2001) ^ Temelkuran, Burak; Hart, Shandon D.; Benoit, Gilles; Joannopoulos, John D.; Fink, Yoel (2002). "Wavelength-scalable hollow optical fibres with large photonic bandgaps for CO2 laser transmission". Nature. 420 (6916): 650–653. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..650T. doi:10.1038/nature01275. PMID 12478288. S2CID 4326376. Further reading T. A. Birks, P. J. Roberts, P. St. J. Russell, D. M. Atkin and T. J. Shepherd, "Full 2-D photonic bandgaps in silica/air structures" Electronic Letters 31, 1941-1942 (1995). (First reported PCF proposal) P. St. J. Russell, "Photonic crystal fibers," Science 299, 358–362 (2003). (Review article.) P. St. J. Russell, "Photonic crystal fibers", J. Lightwave. Technol., 24 (12), 4729–4749 (2006). (Review article.) F. Zolla, G. Renversez, A. Nicolet, B. Kuhlmey, S. Guenneau, D. Felbacq, "Foundations of Photonic Crystal Fibres" (Imperial College Press, London, 2005). ISBN 1-86094-507-4. R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St.J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, "Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air," Science, vol. 285, no. 5433, pp. 1537–1539, Sep. 1999. A. Bjarklev, J. Broeng, and A. S. Bjarklev, "Photonic crystal fibres" (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 2003). ISBN 1-4020-7610-X. J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, S. Coen, "Supercontinuum Generation in Photonic Crystal Fiber," Reviews of Modern Physics 78, 1135 (2006). External links Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials (CPPM), University of Bath Group of Prof. Philip St. John Russell at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light in Erlangen with some introductory material, reviews and information about current research. Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology on photonic crystal fibers, with many references Steven G. Johnson, Photonic-crystal and microstructured fiber tutorials (2005). Philip Russell: Photonic Crystal Fibers, Historical account in: IEEE LEOS Newsletter, October 2007 John D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, Joshua N. Winn, and Robert D. Meade, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, second edition (Princeton, 2008), chapter 9. (Readable online.) Philip Russell plenary presentation: Emerging Applications of Photonic Crystal Fibers SPIE Newsroom	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photonic-crystal-fiber-from-NRL.jpg"},{"link_name":"SEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope"},{"link_name":"US Naval Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photonic-crystal_fiber.jpg"},{"link_name":"optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"photonic crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal"},{"link_name":"fiber-optic communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication"},{"link_name":"fiber lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_laser"},{"link_name":"microstructured optical fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstructured_optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"SEM micrographs of a photonic-crystal fiber produced at US Naval Research Laboratory. (left) The diameter of the solid core at the center of the fiber is 5 μm, while (right) the diameter of the holes is 4 μmDiagram of a photonic crystal fiber in perspective and cross-sectional views. A solid-core fiber is shown with a periodic air hole cladding and a solid blue coating.Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals. It was first explored in 1996 at University of Bath, UK. Because of its ability to confine light in hollow cores or with confinement characteristics not possible in conventional optical fiber, PCF is now finding applications in fiber-optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high-power transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas. More specific categories of PCF include photonic-bandgap fiber (PCFs that confine light by band gap effects), holey fiber (PCFs using air holes in their cross-sections), hole-assisted fiber (PCFs guiding light by a conventional higher-index core modified by the presence of air holes), and Bragg fiber (photonic-bandgap fiber formed by concentric rings of multilayer film). Photonic crystal fibers may be considered a subgroup of a more general class of microstructured optical fibers, where light is guided by structural modifications, and not only by refractive index differences. Hollow-core fibers are a related type of optical fiber which bears some resemblance to holey optical fiber.[1]","title":"Photonic-crystal fiber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Philip Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Russell_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"birefringence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence"},{"link_name":"relative refractive index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Definition"},{"link_name":"spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"fiber Bragg gratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_Bragg_grating"},{"link_name":"refractive index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index"},{"link_name":"Bragg diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg_diffraction"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Optical fibers have evolved into many forms since the practical breakthroughs that saw their wider introduction in the 1970s as conventional step index fibers[2][3] and later as single material fibers where propagation was defined by an effective air cladding structure.[4]In general, regular structured fibers such as photonic crystal fibers, have a cross-section (normally uniform along the fiber length) consisting of one, two or more materials, most commonly arranged periodically over much of the cross-section. This zone is known as the \"cladding\" and surrounds a core (or several cores) where light is confined. For example, the fibers first demonstrated by Philip Russell consisted of a hexagonal lattice of air holes in a silica fiber, with a solid[5] or hollow[6] core at the center where light is guided. Other arrangements include concentric rings of two or more materials, first proposed as \"Bragg fibers\" by Yeh and Yariv,[7] bow-tie, panda, and elliptical hole structures (used to achieve higher birefringence due to irregularity in the relative refractive index), spiral[8] designs which allow for better control over optical properties as individual parameters can be changed.(Note: PCFs and, in particular, Bragg fibers, should not be confused with fiber Bragg gratings, which consist of a periodic refractive index or structural variation along the fiber axis, as opposed to variations in the transverse directions as in PCF. Both PCFs and fiber Bragg gratings employ Bragg diffraction phenomena, albeit in different directions.)The lowest reported attenuation of solid core photonic crystal fiber is 0.37 dB/km,[9] and for hollow core is 1.2 dB/km.[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"preform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber#Preform"},{"link_name":"draws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"silica glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica_glass"},{"link_name":"polymer optical fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"chalcogenide glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenide_glass"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"μm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9Cm"}],"text":"Generally, such fibers are constructed by the same methods as other optical fibers: first, one constructs a \"preform\" on the scale of centimeters in size, and then heats the preform and draws it down to a much smaller diameter (often nearly as small as a human hair), shrinking the preform cross section but (usually) maintaining the same features. In this way, kilometers of fiber can be produced from a single preform. Air holes are most commonly created by gathering hollow rods into a bundle, and heating the bundle to fuse it into a single rod with ordered holes before drawing, although drilling/milling was used to produce the first aperiodic designs.[11] This formed the subsequent basis for producing the first soft glass and polymer structured fibers.Most photonic crystal fibers have been fabricated in silica glass, but other glasses have also been used to obtain particular optical properties (such as high optical non-linearity). There is also a growing interest in making them from polymer, where a wide variety of structures have been explored, including graded index structures, ring structured fibers and hollow core fibers. These polymer fibers have been termed \"MPOF\", short for microstructured polymer optical fibers.[12] A combination of a polymer and a chalcogenide glass was used by Temelkuran et al.[13] in 2002 for 10.6 μm wavelengths (where silica is not transparent).","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photonic_Crystal_Fibers_Diagram_(index_guide_and_photonic_bandgap).jpg"},{"link_name":"index-guiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection"},{"link_name":"refractive index contrast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index_contrast"},{"link_name":"polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)"}],"text":"Diagram in cross-sectional view of two types of photonic crystal fibers: index guide (left) and photonic bandgap (right).Photonic crystal fibers can be divided into two modes of operation, according to their mechanism for confinement: index guiding and photonic bandgap.Index guiding photonic crystal fibers are characterized by a core with a higher average refractive index than that of the cladding. The simplest way to accomplish this is to maintain a solid core, surrounded by a cladding region of the same material but interspersed with air holes, as the refractive index of the air will necessarily lower the average refractive index of the cladding. These photonic crystal fibers operate on the same index-guiding principle as conventional optical fiber—however, they can have a much higher effective refractive index contrast between core and cladding, and therefore can have much stronger confinement for applications in nonlinear optical devices, polarization-maintaining fibers. Alternatively, they can also be made with much lower effective index contrast.Alternatively, one can create a photonic bandgap photonic crystal fiber, in which the light is confined by a photonic bandgap created by the microstructured cladding—such a bandgap, properly designed, can confine light in a lower-index core and even a hollow (air) core. Bandgap fibers with hollow cores can potentially circumvent limits imposed by available materials, for example to create fibers that guide light in wavelengths for which transparent materials are not available (because the light is primarily in the air, not in the solid materials). Another potential advantage of a hollow core is that one can dynamically introduce materials into the core, such as a gas that is to be analyzed for the presence of some substance. PCF can also be modified by coating the holes with sol-gels of similar or different index material to enhance the transmittance of light.","title":"Modes of operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Russell_(physicist)"}],"text":"The term \"photonic-crystal fiber\" was coined by Philip Russell in 1995–1997 (he states (2003) that the idea dates to unpublished work in 1991).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86094-507-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86094-507-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4020-7610-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-7610-X"}],"text":"T. A. Birks, P. J. Roberts, P. St. J. Russell, D. M. Atkin and T. J. Shepherd, \"Full 2-D photonic bandgaps in silica/air structures\" Electronic Letters 31, 1941-1942 (1995). (First reported PCF proposal)\nP. St. J. Russell, \"Photonic crystal fibers,\" Science 299, 358–362 (2003). (Review article.)\nP. St. J. Russell, \"Photonic crystal fibers\", J. Lightwave. Technol., 24 (12), 4729–4749 (2006). (Review article.)\nF. Zolla, G. Renversez, A. Nicolet, B. Kuhlmey, S. Guenneau, D. Felbacq, \"Foundations of Photonic Crystal Fibres\" (Imperial College Press, London, 2005). ISBN 1-86094-507-4.\nR. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St.J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, \"Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,\" Science, vol. 285, no. 5433, pp. 1537–1539, Sep. 1999.\nA. Bjarklev, J. Broeng, and A. S. Bjarklev, \"Photonic crystal fibres\" (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 2003). ISBN 1-4020-7610-X.\nJ. M. Dudley, G. Genty, S. Coen, \"Supercontinuum Generation in Photonic Crystal Fiber,\" Reviews of Modern Physics 78, 1135 (2006).","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"SEM micrographs of a photonic-crystal fiber produced at US Naval Research Laboratory. (left) The diameter of the solid core at the center of the fiber is 5 μm, while (right) the diameter of the holes is 4 μm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Photonic-crystal-fiber-from-NRL.jpg/350px-Photonic-crystal-fiber-from-NRL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diagram of a photonic crystal fiber in perspective and cross-sectional views. A solid-core fiber is shown with a periodic air hole cladding and a solid blue coating.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Photonic-crystal_fiber.jpg/500px-Photonic-crystal_fiber.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diagram in cross-sectional view of two types of photonic crystal fibers: index guide (left) and photonic bandgap (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Photonic_Crystal_Fibers_Diagram_%28index_guide_and_photonic_bandgap%29.jpg/451px-Photonic_Crystal_Fibers_Diagram_%28index_guide_and_photonic_bandgap%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Fiber Bragg grating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_Bragg_grating"},{"title":"Fiber optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optics"},{"title":"Gradient index optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_index_optics"},{"title":"Leaky mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_mode"},{"title":"Optical communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication"},{"title":"Optical medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_medium"},{"title":"Photonic crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal"},{"title":"Subwavelength-diameter optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subwavelength-diameter_optical_fiber"}]	[{"reference":"Kapron, F. P. (1970). \"Radiation Losses in Glass Optical Waveguides\". Applied Physics Letters. 17 (10): 423. Bibcode:1970ApPhL..17..423K. doi:10.1063/1.1653255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApPhL..17..423K","url_text":"1970ApPhL..17..423K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1653255","url_text":"10.1063/1.1653255"}]},{"reference":"Keck, D.B. (1973). \"On the ultimate lower limit of attenuation in glass optical waveguides\". Applied Physics Letters. 22 (7): 307. Bibcode:1973ApPhL..22..307K. doi:10.1063/1.1654649.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ApPhL..22..307K","url_text":"1973ApPhL..22..307K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1654649","url_text":"10.1063/1.1654649"}]},{"reference":"Agrawal, Arti (February 2013). \"Stacking the Equiangular Spiral\". IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 25 (3): 291–294. Bibcode:2013IPTL...25..291A. doi:10.1109/LPT.2012.2236309. S2CID 30334079 – via IEEE.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FLPT.2012.2236309","url_text":"\"Stacking the Equiangular Spiral\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IPTL...25..291A","url_text":"2013IPTL...25..291A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FLPT.2012.2236309","url_text":"10.1109/LPT.2012.2236309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30334079","url_text":"30334079"}]},{"reference":"Tajima K, Zhou J, Nakajima K, Sato K (2004). \"Ultralow Loss and Long Length Photonic Crystal Fiber\" Journal of Lightwave Technology\". Journal of Lightwave Technology. 22 (1): 7–10. Bibcode:2004JLwT...22....7T. doi:10.1109/JLT.2003.822143. S2CID 8045306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JLwT...22....7T","url_text":"2004JLwT...22....7T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJLT.2003.822143","url_text":"10.1109/JLT.2003.822143"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8045306","url_text":"8045306"}]},{"reference":"Canning J, Buckley E, Lyttikainen K, Ryan T (2002). \"Wavelength dependent leakage in a Fresnel-based air–silica structured optical fibre\". Optics Communications. 205 (1–3): 95–99. Bibcode:2002OptCo.205...95C. doi:10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01305-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002OptCo.205...95C","url_text":"2002OptCo.205...95C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0030-4018%2802%2901305-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01305-6"}]},{"reference":"Temelkuran, Burak; Hart, Shandon D.; Benoit, Gilles; Joannopoulos, John D.; Fink, Yoel (2002). \"Wavelength-scalable hollow optical fibres with large photonic bandgaps for CO2 laser transmission\". Nature. 420 (6916): 650–653. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..650T. doi:10.1038/nature01275. PMID 12478288. S2CID 4326376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.420..650T","url_text":"2002Natur.420..650T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01275","url_text":"10.1038/nature01275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12478288","url_text":"12478288"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4326376","url_text":"4326376"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://spie.org/news/photonics-focus/julyaug-2022/speeding-light-with-hollow-core-fibers?SSO=1","external_links_name":"https://spie.org/news/photonics-focus/julyaug-2022/speeding-light-with-hollow-core-fibers?SSO=1"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApPhL..17..423K","external_links_name":"1970ApPhL..17..423K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1653255","external_links_name":"10.1063/1.1653255"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ApPhL..22..307K","external_links_name":"1973ApPhL..22..307K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1654649","external_links_name":"10.1063/1.1654649"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5393.1476","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.282.5393.1476"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FLPT.2012.2236309","external_links_name":"\"Stacking the Equiangular Spiral\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IPTL...25..291A","external_links_name":"2013IPTL...25..291A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FLPT.2012.2236309","external_links_name":"10.1109/LPT.2012.2236309"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30334079","external_links_name":"30334079"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JLwT...22....7T","external_links_name":"2004JLwT...22....7T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJLT.2003.822143","external_links_name":"10.1109/JLT.2003.822143"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8045306","external_links_name":"8045306"},{"Link":"http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-1-236","external_links_name":"http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-1-236"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002OptCo.205...95C","external_links_name":"2002OptCo.205...95C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0030-4018%2802%2901305-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01305-6"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.420..650T","external_links_name":"2002Natur.420..650T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01275","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature01275"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12478288","external_links_name":"12478288"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4326376","external_links_name":"4326376"},{"Link":"http://www.bath.ac.uk/research/centres/cppm/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.pcfiber.com/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.rp-photonics.com/photonic_crystal_fibers.html","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology on photonic crystal fibers"},{"Link":"http://ab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial","external_links_name":"Photonic-crystal and microstructured fiber tutorials"},{"Link":"https://www.mpl.mpg.de/fileadmin/russel/Research_papers/2007_Russell.pdf","external_links_name":"Philip Russell: Photonic Crystal Fibers, Historical account in: IEEE LEOS Newsletter, October 2007"},{"Link":"http://ab-initio.mit.edu/book","external_links_name":"Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light"},{"Link":"http://spie.org/newsroom/technical-articles/videos/pw16_plenaries-landing/pw16_plenary_russell","external_links_name":"Philip Russell plenary presentation: Emerging Applications of Photonic Crystal Fibers"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unktaheela	Unktaheela	["1 Discovery and naming","2 Description","3 Classification","4 References"]	Genus of polycotylid plesiosaurs UnktaheelaTemporal range: Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian), 80.57–80.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Diagram of a restored skull Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Superorder: †Sauropterygia Order: †Plesiosauria Family: †Polycotylidae Clade: †Dolichorhynchia Genus: †Unktaheela Species: †U. specta Binomial name †Unktaheela spectaClark, O'Keefe & Slack, 2023 Unktaheela is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous Sharon Springs Formation of the United States. The genus contains a single species, U. specta, known from two partial skeletons. Unktaheela represents the smallest known polycotylid. Discovery and naming HolotypeParatypeclass=notpageimage\| Unktaheela type localities in Wyoming (holotype) and South Dakota (paratype) The Unktaheela fossil material was discovered in sediments of the Sharon Springs Formation (Baculites obtusus zone) in the United States. The holotype specimen, UCM 35059, was found near Redbird in Niobrara County, Wyoming, and it consists of a skull with mandible and a nearly complete series of cervical, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, a partial series of dorsal vertebrae, partial pectoral and pelvic girdles, and elements of all the paddle limbs. The paratype specimen, SDSM 142501, was found near Buffalo Gap in Fall River County, South Dakota, and it consists of a complete skull, broken mandible, and five fragmentary remains of the postcrania that remain unidentified. In 1996, Kenneth Carpenter described specimen UCM 35059 as belonging to a juvenile individual of the related Dolichorhynchops osborni. In 2023, Robert O. Clark, F. Robin O'Keefe, and Sara E. Slack described Unktaheela specta as a new genus and species of polycotylid based on these fossil remains. The generic name, "Unktaheela", references Unhcegila, a legendary Lakota horned water serpent known for its keen eyes. The specific name "specta" is derived from the Latin word "spectare", meaning "to see," in reference to the hypothesized visual adaptations and morphology of the orbital. Description Unktaheela was a very small polycotylid that, when mature, had some characteristics that might be expected of ontogenetically young individuals. The holotype skull is 44.4 centimetres (17.5 in) long, and the paratype skull is 43 centimetres (17 in) long. These lengths are smaller than any other known mature polycotylid skull, and are comparable to the size of juvenile skulls of Dolichorhynchops and Mauriciosaurus. Unktaheela was approximately 2.3–2.6 metres (7.5–8.5 ft) long. Adult individuals of other small polycotylids such as Dolichorhynchops and Scalamagnus were closer to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length. The skull of Unktaheela has unusually large orbits, a feature commonly associated with juvenile animals. However, many anatomical characteristics of the known specimens indicate that they belonged to fully grown individuals. For example, many bones are fused in the specimens that are typically unfused in juvenile plesiosaurs. The humeri are wide, as opposed to the narrow form seen in juveniles. Unktaheela had at least 26 maxillary teeth. In comparison, adult individuals of Dolichorhynchops had at least 22, while juveniles have 13–14. Classification Clark, O'Keefe & Slack (2023) recovered Unktaheela as a polycotylid member of the plesiosaur clade Leptocleidia, as the sister taxon to the clade formed by Martinectes and an unnamed polycotyline from the Niobrara Formation. These species, together with Dolichorhynchops spp. (D. osborni and D. herschelensis), form the clade Dolichorhynchia within the Polycotylinae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below: Leptocleidia Brancasaurus Vectocleidus Leptocleididae Polycotylidae Edgarosaurus Palmulasaurus Pahasapasaurus Occultonectia Manemergus Thililua Polycotylinae Eopolycotylus Polycotylus latipinnis Scalamagnus Trinacromerum bentonianum Dolichorhynchia Dolichorhynchops osborni Dolichorhynchops herschelensis Martinectes ROM 29010 (Niobrara polycotyline) Unktaheela References ^ a b c d Clark, Robert O.; O'Keefe, F. Robin; Slack, Sara E. (2023-12-24). "A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops". Cretaceous Research: 105812. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812. ISSN 0195-6671. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth (1996-09-27). "A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior, North America" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen: 259–287. doi:10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259. ^ Sato, Tamaki; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Tirabasso, Alex; Bloskie, Paul (2011-03-17). "Braincase of a polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Manitoba, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 313–329. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550358. ISSN 0272-4634. vteSauropterygia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Subclass: Diapsida Clade: Neodiapsida Sauropsida see Sauropsida Sauropterygia see below↓ SauropterygiaSauropterygia Alexeyisaurus Atopodentatus Palatodonta? Pomolispondylus? Hanosaurus? Helveticosauridae? Eusaurosphargis? Helveticosaurus Saurosphargidae? Hemilopas? Largocephalosaurus Prosaurosphargis Saurosphargis Sinosaurosphargis Stauromatodon? Placodontia Paraplacodus Pararcus Placodus Cyamodontoidea Cyamodus Glyphoderma Henodus Macroplacus Parahenodus Placochelys Protenodontosaurus Psephochelys Psephoderma Psephosauriscus Psephosaurus Sinocyamodus Eosauropterygia see below↓ EosauropterygiaEosauropterygia Corosaurus Cymatosaurus Pachypleurosauria Anarosaurus Chusaurus Dactylosaurus Dawazisaurus? Diandongosaurus Dianmeisaurus Dianopachysaurus Hanosaurus? Honghesaurus Keichousaurus Luopingosaurus Majiashanosaurus Neusticosaurus Odoiporosaurus Prosantosaurus Panzhousaurus Qianxisaurus Serpianosaurus Wumengosaurus Nothosauroidea Brevicaudosaurus Hispaniasaurus? Sanchiaosaurus Simosauridae Paludidraco Simosaurus Nothosauridae Ceresiosaurus Germanosaurus Lariosaurus Metanothosaurus Nothosaurus Proneusticosaurus Silvestrosaurus Pistosauroidea Augustasaurus Bobosaurus Chinchenia Kwangsisaurus Pistosaurus Tanaisosaurus Wangosaurus Yunguisaurus Plesiosauria see below↓ PlesiosauriaPlesiosauria Anningasaura Bathyspondylus Bobosaurus? Lindwurmia Sinopliosaurus Termatosaurus? Rhomaleosauridae Anningasaura? Archaeonectrus Atychodracon Avalonnectes Bishanopliosaurus? Borealonectes Eurycleidus Lindwurmia? Macroplata Maresaurus Meyerasaurus Rhomaleosaurus Sthenarosaurus Stratesaurus Thaumatodracon Yuzhoupliosaurus? Pliosauridae Anguanax Arminisaurus Attenborosaurus Cryonectes Hauffiosaurus Marmornectes Pachycostasaurus Rhaeticosaurus Thalassiodracon Thalassophonea Eardasaurus Gallardosaurus Liopleurodon Lorrainosaurus Megalneusaurus Peloneustes "Pliosaurus" andrewsi Pliosaurus Simolestes Brachaucheninae Acostasaurus Brachauchenius Eiectus Kronosaurus Luskhan Makhaira Megacephalosaurus Monquirasaurus Polyptychodon Sachicasaurus Stenorhynchosaurus Plesiosauroidea Eoplesiosaurus Eretmosaurus Franconiasaurus Leurospondylus Plesiopharos Plesiopterys Plesiosaurus Westphaliasaurus Microcleididae Hydrorion Lusonectes Microcleidus Occitanosaurus Seeleyosaurus Cryptoclidia see below↓ CryptoclidiaCryptoclididae Opallionectes Colymbosaurinae Abyssosaurus Colymbosaurus Djupedalia Pantosaurus Spitrasaurus Cryptoclidinae Cryptoclidus Kimmerosaurus Ophthalmothule Tatenectes Muraenosaurinae Muraenosaurus Picrocleidus Tricleidus? Vinialesaurus XenopsariaLeptocleidia Hastanectes? Nichollssaura? Leptocleididae Brancasaurus Hastanectes? Leptocleidus Nichollssaura? Umoonasaurus? Vectocleidus Polycotylidae Edgarosaurus Manemergus Thililua Palmulasaurinae Pahasapasaurus? Palmulasaurus Occultonectia Plesiopleurodon Sulcusuchus Polycotylinae Eopolycotylus Georgiasaurus Mauriciosaurus Polycotylus Scalamagnus Serpentisuchops Trinacromerum Dolichorhynchia Dolichorhynchops Martinectes Unktaheela Elasmosauridae Callawayasaurus Cimoliasaurus Eromangasaurus Goniosaurus Jucha Lagenanectes Leivanectes Mauisaurus Ogmodirus Orophosaurus Plesioelasmosaurus Scanisaurus Wapuskanectes Woolungasaurus Euelasmosaurida Cardiocorax Libonectes Thalassomedon Elasmosaurinae Albertonectes Elasmosaurus Fluvionectes Hydrotherosaurus? Nakonanectes Styxosaurus Terminonatator Weddellonectia Aphrosaurus Chubutinectes Futabasaurus Fresnosaurus? Hydrotherosaurus? Kawanectes Marambionectes Morenosaurus Tuarangisaurus Vegasaurus Zarafasaura? Aristonectinae Alexandronectes Aristonectes Kaiwhekea Morturneria Wunyelfia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"polycotylid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycotylid"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Sharon Springs Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Springs_Formation"},{"link_name":"single species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"}],"text":"Unktaheela is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous Sharon Springs Formation of the United States. The genus contains a single species, U. specta, known from two partial skeletons. Unktaheela represents the smallest known polycotylid.","title":"Unktaheela"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"type localities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Sharon Springs Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Springs_Formation"},{"link_name":"Baculites obtusus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculites_obtusus"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"UCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Redbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redbird,_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niobrara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara_County"},{"link_name":"cervical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"sacral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"caudal vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"dorsal vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"pectoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_girdle"},{"link_name":"pelvic girdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis"},{"link_name":"paratype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratype"},{"link_name":"SDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_School_of_Mines_and_Technology#Museum_of_Geology"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Gap,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Fall River County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_River_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unktaheela-1"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Dolichorhynchops osborni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichorhynchops_osborni"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carpenter1996-2"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Unhcegila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unhcegila"},{"link_name":"Lakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_people"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unktaheela-1"}],"text":"HolotypeParatypeclass=notpageimage\| Unktaheela type localities in Wyoming (holotype) and South Dakota (paratype)The Unktaheela fossil material was discovered in sediments of the Sharon Springs Formation (Baculites obtusus zone) in the United States. The holotype specimen, UCM 35059, was found near Redbird in Niobrara County, Wyoming, and it consists of a skull with mandible and a nearly complete series of cervical, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, a partial series of dorsal vertebrae, partial pectoral and pelvic girdles, and elements of all the paddle limbs. The paratype specimen, SDSM 142501, was found near Buffalo Gap in Fall River County, South Dakota, and it consists of a complete skull, broken mandible, and five fragmentary remains of the postcrania that remain unidentified.[1]In 1996, Kenneth Carpenter described specimen UCM 35059 as belonging to a juvenile individual of the related Dolichorhynchops osborni.[2]In 2023, Robert O. Clark, F. Robin O'Keefe, and Sara E. Slack described Unktaheela specta as a new genus and species of polycotylid based on these fossil remains. The generic name, \"Unktaheela\", references Unhcegila, a legendary Lakota horned water serpent known for its keen eyes. The specific name \"specta\" is derived from the Latin word \"spectare\", meaning \"to see,\" in reference to the hypothesized visual adaptations and morphology of the orbital.[1]","title":"Discovery and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mauriciosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauriciosaurus"},{"link_name":"Scalamagnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalamagnus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unktaheela-1"}],"text":"Unktaheela was a very small polycotylid that, when mature, had some characteristics that might be expected of ontogenetically young individuals. The holotype skull is 44.4 centimetres (17.5 in) long, and the paratype skull is 43 centimetres (17 in) long. These lengths are smaller than any other known mature polycotylid skull, and are comparable to the size of juvenile skulls of Dolichorhynchops and Mauriciosaurus. Unktaheela was approximately 2.3–2.6 metres (7.5–8.5 ft) long. Adult individuals of other small polycotylids such as Dolichorhynchops and Scalamagnus were closer to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length. The skull of Unktaheela has unusually large orbits, a feature commonly associated with juvenile animals. However, many anatomical characteristics of the known specimens indicate that they belonged to fully grown individuals. For example, many bones are fused in the specimens that are typically unfused in juvenile plesiosaurs. \nThe humeri are wide, as opposed to the narrow form seen in juveniles. Unktaheela had at least 26 maxillary teeth. In comparison, adult individuals of Dolichorhynchops had at least 22, while juveniles have 13–14.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polycotylid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycotylid"},{"link_name":"Leptocleidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocleidia"},{"link_name":"sister taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_taxon"},{"link_name":"Martinectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinectes"},{"link_name":"Niobrara Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara_Formation"},{"link_name":"Dolichorhynchops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichorhynchops"},{"link_name":"Dolichorhynchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichorhynchia"},{"link_name":"Polycotylinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycotylinae"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic analyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_analyses"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unktaheela-1"},{"link_name":"Leptocleidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocleidia"},{"link_name":"Brancasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancasaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brancasaurus_brancai.png"},{"link_name":"Vectocleidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectocleidus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vectocleidus_pastorum.png"},{"link_name":"Leptocleididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocleididae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leptocleidus_capensis.png"},{"link_name":"Polycotylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycotylidae"},{"link_name":"Edgarosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgarosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgarosaurus_muddi.png"},{"link_name":"Palmulasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmulasaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmulasaurus_quadratus.png"},{"link_name":"Pahasapasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahasapasaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pahasapasaurus_haasi.png"},{"link_name":"Occultonectia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultonectia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulcusuchus_erraini.png"},{"link_name":"Manemergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manemergus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manemergus_anguirostris.png"},{"link_name":"Thililua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thililua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thililua_longicollis.png"},{"link_name":"Polycotylinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycotylinae"},{"link_name":"Eopolycotylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eopolycotylus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eopolycotylus_rankini.png"},{"link_name":"Polycotylus latipinnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycotylus_latipinnis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polycotylus_latipinnis.png"},{"link_name":"Scalamagnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalamagnus"},{"link_name":"Trinacromerum bentonianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinacromerum_bentonianum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trinacromerum_bentonianum.png"},{"link_name":"Dolichorhynchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichorhynchia"},{"link_name":"Dolichorhynchops osborni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichorhynchops_osborni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolichorhynchops_osborni.png"},{"link_name":"Dolichorhynchops herschelensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichorhynchops_herschelensis"},{"link_name":"Martinectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinectes"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"Niobrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara_Formation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SatoEtAl2011-3"}],"text":"Clark, O'Keefe & Slack (2023) recovered Unktaheela as a polycotylid member of the plesiosaur clade Leptocleidia, as the sister taxon to the clade formed by Martinectes and an unnamed polycotyline from the Niobrara Formation. These species, together with Dolichorhynchops spp. (D. osborni and D. herschelensis), form the clade Dolichorhynchia within the Polycotylinae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:[1]Leptocleidia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrancasaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVectocleidus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLeptocleididae \n\n\n\n\n\nPolycotylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEdgarosaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPalmulasaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPahasapasaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOccultonectia \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nManemergus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThililua \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPolycotylinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEopolycotylus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPolycotylus latipinnis \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScalamagnus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTrinacromerum bentonianum \n\n\n\n\n\nDolichorhynchia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDolichorhynchops osborni \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDolichorhynchops herschelensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMartinectes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nROM 29010 (Niobrara polycotyline)[3]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUnktaheela","title":"Classification"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Clark, Robert O.; O'Keefe, F. Robin; Slack, Sara E. (2023-12-24). \"A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops\". Cretaceous Research: 105812. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812. ISSN 0195-6671.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123003403","url_text":"\"A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous_Research","url_text":"Cretaceous Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2023.105812","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671","url_text":"0195-6671"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Kenneth (1996-09-27). \"A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior, North America\" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen: 259–287. doi:10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259.","urls":[{"url":"https://doc.rero.ch/record/15069/files/PAL_E2225.pdf","url_text":"\"A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior, North America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fnjgpa%2F201%2F1996%2F259","url_text":"10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259"}]},{"reference":"Sato, Tamaki; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Tirabasso, Alex; Bloskie, Paul (2011-03-17). \"Braincase of a polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Manitoba, Canada\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 313–329. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550358. ISSN 0272-4634.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology","url_text":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2011.550358","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2011.550358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123003403","external_links_name":"\"A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2023.105812","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671","external_links_name":"0195-6671"},{"Link":"https://doc.rero.ch/record/15069/files/PAL_E2225.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior, North America\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fnjgpa%2F201%2F1996%2F259","external_links_name":"10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2011.550358","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2011.550358"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","external_links_name":"0272-4634"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jnestorius/2012#Template:Dictionaries_of_English	User talk:Jnestorius/2012	["1 Civil parish of St Jude","2 Disambiguation pages","3 Template:Athletics events","4 Category:Athletics (track and field) in the United States","5 Baronies templates","6 Road names","7 A beer for you!","8 1.5 billion viewers?","9 The Liberties, Dublin","10 Right- and left-hand traffic","11 Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics","12 Template:Dictionaries of English","13 Howler (error)","14 Rogue Article, or not?","15 MfD nomination of User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1"]	Civil parish of St Jude I was doing some work on the Castleknock article, putting in the civil parishes. I went to the Logainm source to confirm my source when I saw a reference to the parish of St Jude. It listed 6 townlands. I cross-checked the townlands in the OSI archive maps source. They are listed all right, but attributed to the parish of St James. How can this be? Was St. James split after the creation of the 1829 maps? Thanks, Laurel Lodged (talk) 21:10, 31 January 2012 (UTC) Nice work. Thanks for your labours. So must all 6 townlands of St Jude's be attributed to Castleknock or only some of them? Laurel Lodged (talk) 23:20, 1 February 2012 (UTC) According to logainm, all 6 townlands are entirely in Uppercross. Logainm states St Jude's is in Uppercross, Dublin City, and Castleknock. So the parts of St. Judes that are in Dublin City and Castleknock are not in any townland. Most of Dublin City was never assigned to townlands by the Ordnance Survey, so that makes sense. What about Castleknock? That I'm not sure about. Dublin Baronies Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c.96) includes in Castleknock: That part of St. James's, north of the River Liffey, situated without the Municipal Boundaries of the City of Dublin Boundaries, and including 3a. 0r. 10p., at the Great Eastern entrance to the Phoenix Park, lately transferred from the County of the City of Dublin to the County of Dublin So that provides land in the St. James's+Castleknock not in any townland; some of which may have been moved to St Jude's+Castleknock. But I don't know which part was moved. Following the green parish boundary line on the 6-inch OSI map (which predates the change) the relevant portion of St James' includes the eastern part of Phoenix Park plus the area between Conyngham Rd and the river. Some of the latter is shown as townlands (Liffeybank 4a1r14p and Longmeadows 45a0r25p) in the 6-inch 1830s map, but not in the 25-inch 1890s map. Longmeadows is in logainm, but not Liffeybank. Logainm says Longmeadows is in St James's, not St Judes; it also puts St. James' (part of Phoenix Park) there. I can't make out the parish boundaries on the 25-inch map. jnestorius(talk) 11:52, 2 February 2012 (UTC) Disambiguation pages Where's the rule that other projects can't watch disambig pages? There are currently 118 disambig pages being watch by the middle-earth project GimliDotNet (talk) 21:13, 31 January 2012 (UTC) Uh...ok, happy watching. jnestorius(talk) 21:26, 1 February 2012 (UTC) Template:Athletics events Moved to Template talk:Athletics events#weight throw over the bar jnestorius(talk) 19:08, 24 March 2012 (UTC) Category:Athletics (track and field) in the United States Thank you for reverting Tsuchiya Hikaru; despite lots of warnings and multiple blocks, he persists in playing around with categories and emptying them randomly. He's even gotten into it at the Bosnian Wikipedia! Nyttend (talk) 01:34, 25 March 2012 (UTC) Baronies templates Hello Joesty. I built a County Clare baronies template a couple of years ago but, following the example of Template:County Mayo, I have now included the Clare baronies within Template:County Clare. I intend to nominate for deletion the Clare baronies template that I created, based on its redundancy. I poked around a bit and see that you made a few barony templates yourself some time ago; indeed, I assume I copied my design from your precedents. What do you think of incorporating your barony lists within the relevant county templates (compare Template:County Mayo) and getting rid of the barony templates altogether? It seems sensible to me, and tidier, but maybe I am overlooking a good reason for retaining them. One outcome of having baronies listed in two templates is that the barony articles for County Mayo have the baronies listed twice in templates at the bottom of the article (i.e. Burrishoole, Carra, Clanmorris, Costello, Erris, Gallen, Kilmaine, Murrisk, and Tirawley). There are eight Ireland barony templates at the moment and two of them, Clare and Mayo, have the baronies already incorporated within their respective county templates, Template:County Clare and Template:County Mayo. Thus, there would be a little work needed to transfer the names of baronies into the six remaining county templates; to update the articles that link to the barony templates to point instead to the county templates; and to nominate all eight barony templates for deletion. We could take take three baronies each and split the task if you like, or I could plod through all six at my convenience. Let me know what you think. By the way, who is Joesty Nestorius? Since I saw the name a few years ago, it has rung a phantom bell or caused some kind of echo in my brain, but I can't put my finger on it. — O'Dea (talk) 21:36, 2 April 2012 (UTC) No objection to merging the templates. The maps currently on the barony template are useful and should instead be put directly into the barony articles. I think a discussion of Category:Ireland county templates is needed at WP:IMOS. I think {{Irish county navigation box}} was intended to be a standard format but I don't think it's used much. Different counties include different types of place. I am very much against giant templates that are just a dump of every article in a Category subtree (Category:Geography of County Mayo etc in this case). Navigation templates are meant to aid navigation. Reproducing the same information as a Category page seems to me to be of no use to the reader. Cluttering up a template with every crossroads and townland in the county that happens to have an article is embarrassing. Joesty or Joestij is an Afrikaner name. Or not. jnestorius(talk) 13:16, 3 April 2012 (UTC) Road names I was meant to get back to about road names RNNN (Ireland), as far as I can make out its consistency. I came across this disam page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N18 which shows the various countries and the style of name used in the titles. In this case it was the N routes. Murry1975 (talk) 15:29, 10 May 2012 (UTC) That doesn't prove much. The place to ask is Wikipedia:WikiProject Highways. jnestorius(talk) 15:44, 10 May 2012 (UTC) So did you ask? It was your qeustion on a road article awhile back. Murry1975 (talk) 17:51, 10 May 2012 (UTC) A beer for you! Thanks for a great work on Ylipe. Cheers, — Racconish Tk 19:04, 2 June 2012 (UTC) 1.5 billion viewers? The original source for all the claims that "Aloha from Hawaii" was broadcast to 1-1.5 billion viewers is a vague estimate given by Billboard, 16 December 1972, p.18, stating that Elvis Presley's historic satellite-live television concert, originating Jan. 14 from the Honolulu International Center Arena, is expected to reach a global audience of 1.5 billion viewers. These viewing figures must be called an Elvis myth promoted by Colonel Parker, especially at a time when Elvis did no longer have as many number-one hits on the charts as he had in his younger years (his last Top Ten hit on the US charts was "Burning Love" in October/November 1972). Onefortyone (talk) 18:51, 10 July 2012 (UTC) The Liberties, Dublin What is the reasoning behind your requesting so many page numbers in the above article - do you doubt the references provided? To the best of my knowledge they are all valid, and anyone with a copy of the book or a PDF should have no trouble finding the information. I have edited thousands of articles, but have never come across this degree of questioning. Hohenloh + 13:33, 19 July 2012 (UTC) See WP:Page numbers. A request for page numbers should not be interpreted as meaning: "I don't believe this: give me the page number or I'll assume you're wrong". It means "these references are not user-friendly, please improve them". If, as you claim, it's no trouble to find the information then it should be no trouble to add the page number to the reference. Adding page numbers for inline references helps counteract reference-drift, where a reference-tag originally attached to one statement ends up spuriously referencing one or more unrelated statements after intervening editors amend the substantive text without paying attention to the references. jnestorius(talk) 15:16, 19 July 2012 (UTC) Right- and left-hand traffic Hi, Jnestorius. The title of the subject article is under discussion again. I am alerting you because you participated in a previous discussion on the matter. —Scheinwerfermann T·C01:33, 14 August 2012 (UTC) Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics Hi, Jnestorius. FYI: A newer editor appears to have a question about information you added to the above article. See Talk:Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon#Alleged protests about the last couple of miles. Cheers! Location (talk) 18:33, 28 August 2012 (UTC) Template:Dictionaries of English Thanks for your work on Template:Dictionaries of English. i had simply tried to rescue a completely useless template from oblivion. i like your improvements. I am not a particular expert on dictionaries, basing it mostly on my laypersons knowledge (i do own the OED and AHD, and a couple of others)Mercurywoodrose (talk) 07:51, 3 September 2012 (UTC) Howler (error) Please visit Howler (error) talk page to deal with your issues. JonRichfield (talk) 06:39, 29 October 2012 (UTC) Rogue Article, or not? Do you have any views on Gatton, Surrey whether it is worthy of its own article? Consider: we already have Gatton (UK Parliament constituency) for when it was a famed Rotten Borough. MfD nomination of User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1 User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1 and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1 during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. 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proposal 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jnestorius/Ireland_national_football_team_(IFA)_proposal_1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jnestorius/2012&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jnestorius/Ireland_national_football_team_(IFA)_proposal_1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MfD"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/User:Jnestorius/Ireland_national_football_team_(IFA)_proposal_1"},{"link_name":"sign your comments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SIG"},{"link_name":"User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jnestorius/Ireland_national_football_team_(IFA)_proposal_1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Magioladitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Magioladitis"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Magioladitis"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Civil parish of St Jude[edit]I was doing some work on the Castleknock article, putting in the civil parishes. I went to the Logainm source to confirm my source when I saw a reference to the parish of St Jude. It listed 6 townlands. I cross-checked the townlands in the OSI archive maps source. They are listed all right, but attributed to the parish of St James. How can this be? Was St. James split after the creation of the 1829 maps? Thanks, Laurel Lodged (talk) 21:10, 31 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]Nice work. Thanks for your labours. So must all 6 townlands of St Jude's be attributed to Castleknock or only some of them? Laurel Lodged (talk) 23:20, 1 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]\nAccording to logainm, all 6 townlands are entirely in Uppercross. Logainm states St Jude's is in Uppercross, Dublin City, and Castleknock. So the parts of St. Judes that are in Dublin City and Castleknock are not in any townland. Most of Dublin City was never assigned to townlands by the Ordnance Survey, so that makes sense. What about Castleknock? That I'm not sure about. Dublin Baronies Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c.96) includes in Castleknock:\nThat part of St. James's, north of the River Liffey, situated without the Municipal Boundaries of the City of Dublin Boundaries, and including 3a. 0r. 10p., at the Great Eastern entrance to the Phoenix Park, lately transferred from the County of the City of Dublin to the County of Dublin\nSo that provides land in the St. James's+Castleknock not in any townland; some of which may have been moved to St Jude's+Castleknock. But I don't know which part was moved. Following the green parish boundary line on the 6-inch OSI map (which predates the change) the relevant portion of St James' includes the eastern part of Phoenix Park plus the area between Conyngham Rd and the river. Some of the latter is shown as townlands (Liffeybank 4a1r14p and Longmeadows 45a0r25p) in the 6-inch 1830s map, but not in the 25-inch 1890s map. Longmeadows is in logainm, but not Liffeybank. Logainm says Longmeadows is in St James's, not St Judes; it also puts St. James' (part of Phoenix Park) there. I can't make out the parish boundaries on the 25-inch map.\njnestorius(talk) 11:52, 2 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation pages[edit]Where's the rule that other projects can't watch disambig pages? There are currently 118 disambig pages being watch by the middle-earth project GimliDotNet (talk) 21:13, 31 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]Uh...ok, happy watching. jnestorius(talk) 21:26, 1 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]Template:Athletics events[edit]Moved to Template talk:Athletics events#weight throw over the bar jnestorius(talk) 19:08, 24 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]Category:Athletics (track and field) in the United States[edit]Thank you for reverting Tsuchiya Hikaru; despite lots of warnings and multiple blocks, he persists in playing around with categories and emptying them randomly. He's even gotten into it at the Bosnian Wikipedia! Nyttend (talk) 01:34, 25 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]Baronies templates[edit]Hello Joesty. I built a County Clare baronies template a couple of years ago but, following the example of Template:County Mayo, I have now included the Clare baronies within Template:County Clare. I intend to nominate for deletion the Clare baronies template that I created, based on its redundancy.I poked around a bit and see that you made a few barony templates yourself some time ago; indeed, I assume I copied my design from your precedents. What do you think of incorporating your barony lists within the relevant county templates (compare Template:County Mayo) and getting rid of the barony templates altogether? It seems sensible to me, and tidier, but maybe I am overlooking a good reason for retaining them.One outcome of having baronies listed in two templates is that the barony articles for County Mayo have the baronies listed twice in templates at the bottom of the article (i.e. Burrishoole, Carra, Clanmorris, Costello, Erris, Gallen, Kilmaine, Murrisk, and Tirawley).There are eight Ireland barony templates at the moment and two of them, Clare and Mayo, have the baronies already incorporated within their respective county templates, Template:County Clare and Template:County Mayo. Thus, there would be a little work needed to transfer the names of baronies into the six remaining county templates; to update the articles that link to the barony templates to point instead to the county templates; and to nominate all eight barony templates for deletion. We could take take three baronies each and split the task if you like, or I could plod through all six at my convenience.Let me know what you think.By the way, who is Joesty Nestorius? Since I saw the name a few years ago, it has rung a phantom bell or caused some kind of echo in my brain, but I can't put my finger on it. — O'Dea (talk) 21:36, 2 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]No objection to merging the templates. The maps currently on the barony template are useful and should instead be put directly into the barony articles. I think a discussion of Category:Ireland county templates is needed at WP:IMOS. I think {{Irish county navigation box}} was intended to be a standard format but I don't think it's used much. Different counties include different types of place. I am very much against giant templates that are just a dump of every article in a Category subtree (Category:Geography of County Mayo etc in this case). Navigation templates are meant to aid navigation. Reproducing the same information as a Category page seems to me to be of no use to the reader. Cluttering up a template with every crossroads and townland in the county that happens to have an article is embarrassing.Joesty or Joestij is an Afrikaner name. Or not. jnestorius(talk) 13:16, 3 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]Road names[edit]I was meant to get back to about road names RNNN (Ireland), as far as I can make out its consistency. I came across this disam page\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N18 which shows the various countries and the style of name used in the titles. In this case it was the N routes. Murry1975 (talk) 15:29, 10 May 2012 (UTC)[reply]That doesn't prove much. The place to ask is Wikipedia:WikiProject Highways. jnestorius(talk) 15:44, 10 May 2012 (UTC)[reply]So did you ask? It was your qeustion on a road article awhile back. Murry1975 (talk) 17:51, 10 May 2012 (UTC)[reply]A beer for you![edit]1.5 billion viewers?[edit]The original source for all the claims that \"Aloha from Hawaii\" was broadcast to 1-1.5 billion viewers is a vague estimate given by Billboard, 16 December 1972, p.18, stating thatElvis Presley's historic satellite-live television concert, originating Jan. 14 from the Honolulu International Center Arena, is expected to reach a global audience of 1.5 billion viewers.These viewing figures must be called an Elvis myth promoted by Colonel Parker, especially at a time when Elvis did no longer have as many number-one hits on the charts as he had in his younger years (his last Top Ten hit on the US charts was \"Burning Love\" in October/November 1972). Onefortyone (talk) 18:51, 10 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]The Liberties, Dublin[edit]What is the reasoning behind your requesting so many page numbers in the above article - do you doubt the references provided? To the best of my knowledge they are all valid, and anyone with a copy of the book or a PDF should have no trouble finding the information. I have edited thousands of articles, but have never come across this degree of questioning. Hohenloh + 13:33, 19 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]See WP:Page numbers. A request for page numbers should not be interpreted as meaning: \"I don't believe this: give me the page number or I'll assume you're wrong\". It means \"these references are not user-friendly, please improve them\". If, as you claim, it's no trouble to find the information then it should be no trouble to add the page number to the reference. Adding page numbers for inline references helps counteract reference-drift, where a reference-tag originally attached to one statement ends up spuriously referencing one or more unrelated statements after intervening editors amend the substantive text without paying attention to the references. jnestorius(talk) 15:16, 19 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]Right- and left-hand traffic[edit]Hi, Jnestorius. The title of the subject article is under discussion again. I am alerting you because you participated in a previous discussion on the matter. —Scheinwerfermann T·C01:33, 14 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics[edit]Hi, Jnestorius. FYI: A newer editor appears to have a question about information you added to the above article. See Talk:Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon#Alleged protests about the last couple of miles. Cheers! Location (talk) 18:33, 28 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Template:Dictionaries of English[edit]Thanks for your work on Template:Dictionaries of English. i had simply tried to rescue a completely useless template from oblivion. i like your improvements. I am not a particular expert on dictionaries, basing it mostly on my laypersons knowledge (i do own the OED and AHD, and a couple of others)Mercurywoodrose (talk) 07:51, 3 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]Howler (error)[edit]Please visit Howler (error) talk page to deal with your issues. JonRichfield (talk) 06:39, 29 October 2012 (UTC)[reply]Rogue Article, or not?[edit]Do you have any views on Gatton, Surrey whether it is worthy of its own article?\nConsider: we already have Gatton (UK Parliament constituency) for when it was a famed Rotten Borough.MfD nomination of User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1[edit]User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1 and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of User:Jnestorius/Ireland national football team (IFA) proposal 1 during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Magioladitis (talk) 17:51, 8 December 2012 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Jnestorius/2012"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://logainm.ie/1411066.aspx","external_links_name":"St Jude's"},{"Link":"http://books.google.com/books?id=-CMPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA662","external_links_name":"Dublin Baronies Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c.96)"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/57168.aspx","external_links_name":"Longmeadows is in St James's"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/57197.aspx","external_links_name":"St. James' (part of Phoenix Park)"},{"Link":"https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1734766","external_links_name":"Bosnian Wikipedia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N18","external_links_name":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N18"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Pague	Dustin Pague	["1 Background","2 Professional boxing career","3 Mixed martial arts career","3.1 Early career","3.2 The Ultimate Fighter","3.3 Ultimate Fighting Championship","3.4 Post-UFC career","4 Championships and accomplishments","4.1 Mixed martial arts","5 Personal life","6 Bare knuckle record","7 Professional boxing record","8 Mixed martial arts record","9 Amateur mixed martial arts record","10 References","11 External links"]	American mixed martial arts fighter Dustin PagueBornDustin William Pague (1987-08-05) August 5, 1987 (age 36)Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United StatesNationalityAmericanOther namesThe DiscipleStatisticsWeight(s)147 lb (67 kg; 10.5 st)Height5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Reach74.5 in (189 cm)StanceOrthodox Boxing recordTotal fights1Wins1Wins by KO0Losses0 Websitewww.dustinpague.com Dustin Pague - MMABorn (1987-08-05) August 5, 1987 (age 36)Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United StatesOther namesThe DiscipleNationalityAmericanHeight5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Weight136 lb (62 kg; 9.7 st)DivisionLightweight (2006–2008) Featherweight (2008–2010) Bantamweight (2011–present)Reach74.5 in (189 cm)Fighting out ofHarrisburg, Pennsylvania, United StatesTeamUnrivaled AthleticsYears active2006–presentMixed martial arts recordTotal23Wins12By knockout3By submission9Losses11By knockout4By submission3By decision4 WebsiteOfficial WebsiteMixed martial arts record from Sherdog Dustin William Pague (born August 5, 1987) is a former American mixed martial artist who most recently fought in the Bantamweight division of the UFC. He was a competitor on Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller, and has formerly competed as a Lightweight and Featherweight. Pague is currently a professional boxer after announcing his switch from MMA in January 2016. He most recently competed as a bare-knuckle boxer in Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship. Background Pague began boxing when he was 15 years old and graduated from Central Dauphin East High School, then attended Harrisburg Area Community College but transferred before eventually earning a degree. Six months after viewing a video of a UFC event, Pague began his amateur career. After suffering a series of back injuries throughout his MMA career, Pague decided to make the transition to professional boxing as a way to continue fighting and reduce the daily strain he was putting on his back. Professional boxing career Pague won his professional boxing debut on April 19, 2016, by unanimous decision over Rafael Davis. Mixed martial arts career Early career In late 2008, Pague made the decision to turn professional after a successful 7–4 amateur career. Pague's pro debut took place on October 11, 2008, against Jon Owens. The fight was contested at Featherweight instead of Lightweight, where Pague spent the entirety of his amateur career. Pague lost the fight via KO in only 18 seconds. Two months after the loss, Pague returned against John Myers. He won the fight via kimura submission in round one. Pague built up a five-fight win streak before losing three straight fights to future TUF contestant Jeff Lentz, WEC veteran Anthony Leone, and longtime UFC veteran Din Thomas. He built up another winning streak that earned him a title shot for the vacant Ring of Combat Bantamweight Championship. The fight marked the first time Pague fought at Bantamweight. He fought Steve De Angelis, defeating him via knockout in the second round. Pague co-owns and operates his own gym, Disciple MMA. He also trains at the TapouT Ranch owned by Donald Cerrone. The Ultimate Fighter In 2011, Pague had signed with the UFC to compete on The Ultimate Fighter: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller. In the first episode, Pague fought Tateki Matsuda and won via majority decision (19-19, 20-18, 20-18) after two close rounds. The win gained Pague entry into the Ultimate Fighter house. He was selected as a part of Team Mayhem. Pague next fought against Team Bisping's top Bantamweight pick, Louis Gaudinot. Pague won the fight in the second round via submission (rear-naked choke) to get into the semi-finals. The fight also won Pague and Gaudinot an additional $25,000 for the fan voted "Fight of the Season". In the semi-finals Pague fought and lost to T.J. Dillashaw. Dillashaw controlled Pague on the ground throughout three rounds while landing heavy ground and pound en route to a unanimous decision. Ultimate Fighting Championship Pague officially made his UFC debut on December 3, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 14 Finale losing to John Albert via TKO in the first round. Pague was dropped by a combination from Albert in the opening moments, and then was put in the giftwrap position while getting hit with heavy ground and pound causing the referee to intervene. Pague captured his first UFC win after defeating Jared Papazian on June 8, 2012 at UFC on FX 3. Pague won the fight via submission (rear-naked choke) in the first round. Two weeks after his win over Papazian and with six days notice, Pague fought Ken Stone at UFC on FX 4 on June 22, 2012, replacing an injured Francisco Rivera. Pague was defeated via split decision. Pague faced promotional newcomer Chico Camus on August 11, 2012, at UFC 150. Pague lost via unanimous decision (29-28, 30-27, 29-28). Pague faced Yves Jabouin on June 15, 2013, at UFC 161. He lost the back-and-forth fight via split decision. Pague faced promotional newcomer Kyoji Horiguchi on October 19, 2013 at UFC 166. Despite controlling Horiguchi for the first round, Pague lost via TKO in the second round. On April 23, 2014, Pague was released from his UFC contract following a four-fight losing streak in the promotion. Post-UFC career In his first post-UFC fight, Pague faced D'Juan Owens at The Victorium: Episode 3 on July 12, 2014. He lost the fight via rear-naked choke. Championships and accomplishments Mixed martial arts Ring of Combat ROC Bantamweight Championship (One time) Ultimate Fighting Championship Fight of the Season (The Ultimate Fighter 14) Personal life Pague is a devoted Christian and has the word "Forgiven" tattooed across his chest. Bare knuckle record Professional record breakdown 4 matches 3 wins 1 loss By knockout 2 0 By decision 1 0 By disqualification 0 1 Draws 0 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Win 3–1 Joe Elmore Decision (unanimous) BKFC 51: Salem September 30, 2023 5 2:00 Salem, Virginia, United States Win 2–1 Wade Johnson TKO BKFC 42: Greenville May 12, 2023 2 1:38 Greenville, South Carolina, United States Win 1–1 Eddie Hoch KO (punch) BKFC Fight Night: New York 2 March 12, 2022 1 0:45 Salamanca, New York, United States Loss 0–1 Jake Young DQ (repeated illegal ground strikes) BKFC Fight Night: New York November 6, 2021 1 0:57 Salamanca, New York, United States Professional boxing record 1 Win (0 knockouts, 1 decisions), 0 Losses, 0 Draws, 0 No Contests Res. Record Opponent Type Rd., Time Date Location Notes Win 1-0 Rafael Davis UD 4 2016-04-19 Sands Bethlehem Event Center, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Debut. Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 23 matches 12 wins 11 losses By knockout 3 4 By submission 9 3 By decision 0 4 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Loss 12–11 Anthony Morgan Submission (rear-naked choke) World Cagefighting Championships 14 September 4, 2015 2 2:41 Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, United States Lightweight bout. Win 12–10 Charlie Gathers Submission (rear-naked choke) World Cagefighting Championships 13 March 20, 2015 1 1:52 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States Loss 11–10 D'Juan Owens Submission (rear-naked choke) The Victorium: Episode 3 July 12, 2014 3 2:52 Hayes, Virginia, United States Loss 11–9 Kyoji Horiguchi TKO (punches) UFC 166 October 19, 2013 2 3:51 Houston, Texas, United States Loss 11–8 Yves Jabouin Decision (split) UFC 161 June 15, 2013 3 5:00 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Loss 11–7 Chico Camus Decision (unanimous) UFC 150 August 11, 2012 3 5:00 Denver, Colorado, United States Loss 11–6 Ken Stone Decision (split) UFC on FX: Maynard vs. Guida June 22, 2012 3 5:00 Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States Win 11–5 Jared Papazian Submission (rear-naked choke) UFC on FX: Johnson vs. McCall June 8, 2012 1 3:21 Sunrise, Florida, United States Loss 10–5 John Albert TKO (punches) The Ultimate Fighter 14 Finale December 3, 2011 1 1:09 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Win 10–4 Steve De Angelis KO (punch) Ring of Combat 34 February 4, 2011 2 0:25 Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States Won the vacant ROC Bantamweight Championship. Win 9–4 Bret Thomas Submission (punches) Shogun Fights 3 November 13, 2010 1 2:52 Baltimore, Maryland, United States Win 8–4 Dustin Caplinger TKO (punches) Fight Night in the Cage 1 September 10, 2010 1 2:19 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States Win 7–4 Scott Heckman Submission (rear-naked choke) Xtreme Caged Combat 2 July 16, 2010 3 0:42 Feasterville, Pennsylvania, United States Win 6–4 Justin Hickey Technical Submission (rear-naked choke) Ultimate Warrior Challenge 8 May 22, 2010 1 0:54 Fairfax, Virginia, United States Loss 5–4 Din Thomas TKO (doctor stoppage) World Extreme Fighting 41 January 8, 2010 2 2:14 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Loss 5–3 Anthony Leone Submission (choke) PA Fighting Championships 1 November 6, 2009 2 4:58 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States Loss 5–2 Jeff Lentz Decision (unanimous) The Arena Assault 1 August 21, 2009 3 5:00 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States Win 5–1 Joel Roberts TKO (punches) Inkosi Promotions 1 July 11, 2009 3 3:14 Bushkill, Pennsylvania, United States Win 4–1 Will Childs Submission (armbar) The Smoky Mountain Brawl May 9, 2009 1 1:47 Asheville, North Carolina, United States Win 3–1 Biff Walizer Submission (rear-naked choke) Respect Is Earned 2 April 30, 2009 3 3:03 Oaks, Pennsylvania, United States Win 2–1 Charles Cooper Submission (ankle lock) Southern Fight League 2 March 28, 2009 1 0:45 Greenville, North Carolina, United States Win 1–1 John Myers Submission (triangle choke) Southern Fight League 1 December 7, 2008 1 1:05 Greenville, North Carolina, United States Loss 0–1 Jon Owens KO (punch) The Carolina Crown October 11, 2008 1 0:18 Raleigh, North Carolina, United States Amateur mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 11 matches 7 wins 4 losses By knockout 1 0 By submission 6 1 By decision 0 2 By disqualification 0 1 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Win 7–4 Joey Ponce Submission (triangle choke) Valhalla MMA 8 September 6, 2008 1 1:20 Richmond, Virginia, United States Win 6–4 Don Torrenti Submission (armbar) Valhalla MMA 7 August 9, 2008 1 0:26 Sterling, Virginia, United States Win 5–4 Justin Dalton Submission (rear-naked choke) Total Cage Combat: Retaliation June 14, 2008 1 0:43 Richmond, Virginia, United States Loss 4–4 Khris Gonzalez Decision (unanimous) Valhalla MMA 4 January 19, 2008 3 5:00 Richmond, Virginia, United States For the Valhalla Amateur Lightweight Championship. Win 4–3 Doug Hunsucker Submission (rear-naked choke) Valhalla MMA 3: Domination November 10, 2007 3 1:38 Fort Lee, Virginia, United States Loss 3–3 Luiz Rodrigues Decision (unanimous) Valhalla MMA 2 September 1, 2007 3 5:00 Virginia, United States For the Valhalla Amateur Lightweight Championship. Win 3–2 Joey Allen TKO (punches) Combat Sports Challenge 19 March 24, 2007 1 0:34 United States Win 2–2 Doug Hunsucker Submission (rear-naked choke) CSC 17: River City Rumble 4 September 30, 2006 2 N/A Mechanicsville, Virginia, United States Loss 1–2 Jared Weiner Submission (rear-naked choke) CSC 15: East Coast Brawl 6 June 17, 2006 1 1:52 Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States Loss 1–1 Siyam Yousefi Disqualification CSC 14: River City Rumble 3 April 29, 2006 1 N/A Mechanicsville, Virginia, United States Win 1–0 Zac Allen Submission (triangle choke) CSC 12: River City Rumble 2 February 18, 2006 1 3:09 Mechanicsville, Virginia, United States Amateur debut. References ^ "Dustin Pague". BKFC. Retrieved 2024-03-19. ^ "Dustin Pague Ultimate Fighter pictures, bio, news". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-24. ^ "BoxRec: Rafael Davis". boxrec.com. Retrieved May 14, 2019. ^ a b "Dustin Pague MMA.tv". MMA.tv. 2011-10-12. ^ "Fight Finder". Sherdog.com. 2011-10-12. ^ "Disciple MMA Academy". disciplemmaacademy.com. 2011-10-12. ^ "Dustin Pague Official Website". DustinPague.com. 2011-10-12. ^ ""The Ultimate Fighter 14" cast unveiled with 32 bantamweights and featherweights". MMAJunkie.com. 2011-08-22. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. ^ "Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller'". MMAJunkie.com. 2011-09-21. Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. ^ "Episode No. 2 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller'". MMAJunkie.com. 2011-09-28. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. ^ a b "Episode No. 4 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller'". MMAJunkie.com. 2011-10-12. Archived from the original on 2011-10-16. ^ "Pague-Papazian slated for UFC on FX 3". mmajunkie.com. March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012. ^ "Dustin Pague in for injured Francisco Rivera meets Ken Stone at UFC on FX 4". mmajunkie.com. June 15, 2012. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. ^ Kelly, Jason (July 24, 2012). "Chico Camus vs. Dustin Pague slated for UFC 150". mmadiehards.com. ^ Staff (April 3, 2013). "Dustin Pague vs. Yves Jabouin joins UFC 161 lineup". mmajunkie.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013. ^ Staff (2013-09-13). "Kyoji Horiguchi UFC Bound – Faces Dustin Pague At UFC 166". asianmma.com. Archived from the original on 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2013-09-13. ^ "UFC Cuts Ties With TUF Alum Dustin Pague". fightline.com. April 24, 2014. ^ "Beyond the Octagon: UFC vet Nam Phan rebounds, plus Akihiro Gono, Hideo Tokoro, and more". bloodyelbow.com. July 15, 2014. ^ "Mike Tyson Professional boxing record". BoxRec.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2016-06-01. ^ "Ring of Combat XXXIV Official Results". mixedmartialarts.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014. ^ "Valhalla MMA 4 Official Results". mixedmartialarts.com. January 19, 2008. External links Official UFC Profile Dustin Pague on X Professional MMA record for Dustin Pague from Sherdog	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist"},{"link_name":"Bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantamweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Spike TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_TV"},{"link_name":"The Ultimate Fighter: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:_Team_Bisping_vs._Team_Miller"},{"link_name":"Lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"Featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"bare-knuckle boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxer"},{"link_name":"Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_Knuckle_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Dustin William Pague (born August 5, 1987) is a former American mixed martial artist who most recently fought in the Bantamweight division of the UFC. He was a competitor on Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller, and has formerly competed as a Lightweight and Featherweight.Pague is currently a professional boxer after announcing his switch from MMA in January 2016. He most recently competed as a bare-knuckle boxer in Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship.[1]","title":"Dustin Pague"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Central Dauphin East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Dauphin_East_High_School"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg Area Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Area_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Pague began boxing when he was 15 years old and graduated from Central Dauphin East High School, then attended Harrisburg Area Community College but transferred before eventually earning a degree. Six months after viewing a video of a UFC event, Pague began his amateur career.[2]After suffering a series of back injuries throughout his MMA career, Pague decided to make the transition to professional boxing as a way to continue fighting and reduce the daily strain he was putting on his back.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pague won his professional boxing debut on April 19, 2016, by unanimous decision over Rafael Davis.[3]","title":"Professional boxing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMA.tv-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMA.tv-4"},{"link_name":"kimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimura_lock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherdog-5"},{"link_name":"TUF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Jeff Lentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Lentz"},{"link_name":"WEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Extreme_Cagefighting"},{"link_name":"Anthony Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Leone_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"Din Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din_Thomas"},{"link_name":"knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Donald Cerrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cerrone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"In late 2008, Pague made the decision to turn professional after a successful 7–4 amateur career.[4] Pague's pro debut took place on October 11, 2008, against Jon Owens. The fight was contested at Featherweight instead of Lightweight, where Pague spent the entirety of his amateur career.[4] Pague lost the fight via KO in only 18 seconds. Two months after the loss, Pague returned against John Myers. He won the fight via kimura submission in round one.[5]Pague built up a five-fight win streak before losing three straight fights to future TUF contestant Jeff Lentz, WEC veteran Anthony Leone, and longtime UFC veteran Din Thomas.He built up another winning streak that earned him a title shot for the vacant Ring of Combat Bantamweight Championship. The fight marked the first time Pague fought at Bantamweight. He fought Steve De Angelis, defeating him via knockout in the second round.Pague co-owns and operates his own gym, Disciple MMA.[6] He also trains at the TapouT Ranch owned by Donald Cerrone.[7]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ultimate Fighter: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:_Team_Bisping_vs._Team_Miller"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Louis Gaudinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gaudinot"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Episode_4-11"},{"link_name":"T.J. Dillashaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.J._Dillashaw"}],"sub_title":"The Ultimate Fighter","text":"In 2011, Pague had signed with the UFC to compete on The Ultimate Fighter: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller.[8] In the first episode, Pague fought Tateki Matsuda and won via majority decision (19-19, 20-18, 20-18) after two close rounds.[9] The win gained Pague entry into the Ultimate Fighter house. He was selected as a part of Team Mayhem.[10]Pague next fought against Team Bisping's top Bantamweight pick, Louis Gaudinot. Pague won the fight in the second round via submission (rear-naked choke) to get into the semi-finals.[11] The fight also won Pague and Gaudinot an additional $25,000 for the fan voted \"Fight of the Season\".In the semi-finals Pague fought and lost to T.J. Dillashaw. Dillashaw controlled Pague on the ground throughout three rounds while landing heavy ground and pound en route to a unanimous decision.","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ultimate Fighter 14 Finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter_14_Finale"},{"link_name":"John Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Albert_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"UFC on FX 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_on_FX:_Johnson_vs._McCall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ken Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Stone_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"UFC on FX 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_on_FX_4"},{"link_name":"Francisco Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rivera_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chico Camus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Camus"},{"link_name":"UFC 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_150"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yves Jabouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Jabouin"},{"link_name":"UFC 161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_161"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kyoji Horiguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoji_Horiguchi"},{"link_name":"UFC 166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_166"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","text":"Pague officially made his UFC debut on December 3, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 14 Finale losing to John Albert via TKO in the first round. Pague was dropped by a combination from Albert in the opening moments, and then was put in the giftwrap position while getting hit with heavy ground and pound causing the referee to intervene.Pague captured his first UFC win after defeating Jared Papazian on June 8, 2012 at UFC on FX 3.[12] Pague won the fight via submission (rear-naked choke) in the first round.Two weeks after his win over Papazian and with six days notice, Pague fought Ken Stone at UFC on FX 4 on June 22, 2012, replacing an injured Francisco Rivera.[13] Pague was defeated via split decision.Pague faced promotional newcomer Chico Camus on August 11, 2012, at UFC 150.[14] Pague lost via unanimous decision (29-28, 30-27, 29-28).Pague faced Yves Jabouin on June 15, 2013, at UFC 161.[15] He lost the back-and-forth fight via split decision.Pague faced promotional newcomer Kyoji Horiguchi on October 19, 2013 at UFC 166.[16] Despite controlling Horiguchi for the first round, Pague lost via TKO in the second round.On April 23, 2014, Pague was released from his UFC contract following a four-fight losing streak in the promotion.[17]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Post-UFC career","text":"In his first post-UFC fight, Pague faced D'Juan Owens at The Victorium: Episode 3 on July 12, 2014. He lost the fight via rear-naked choke.[18]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"The Ultimate Fighter 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter_14"}],"sub_title":"Mixed martial arts","text":"Ring of Combat\nROC Bantamweight Championship (One time)\nUltimate Fighting Championship\nFight of the Season (The Ultimate Fighter 14)","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Episode_4-11"}],"text":"Pague is a devoted Christian and has the word \"Forgiven\" tattooed across his chest.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bare knuckle record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Amateur mixed martial arts record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dustin Pague\". BKFC. Retrieved 2024-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bkfc.com/fighters/dustin-pague:1c14a414-911c-4ff4-ad9b-1e5b5952e301","url_text":"\"Dustin Pague\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dustin Pague Ultimate Fighter pictures, bio, news\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193056/http://web.poptower.com/dustin-pague-ultimate-fighter.htm","url_text":"\"Dustin Pague Ultimate Fighter pictures, bio, news\""},{"url":"http://web.poptower.com/dustin-pague-ultimate-fighter.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BoxRec: Rafael Davis\". boxrec.com. Retrieved May 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://boxrec.com/en/boxer/750853","url_text":"\"BoxRec: Rafael Davis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dustin Pague MMA.tv\". MMA.tv. 2011-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mixedmartialarts.com/f/3995B507C9766AC0/Dustin-Pague/","url_text":"\"Dustin Pague MMA.tv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fight Finder\". Sherdog.com. 2011-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Dustin-Pague-39781","url_text":"\"Fight Finder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disciple MMA Academy\". disciplemmaacademy.com. 2011-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.disciplemmaacademy.com/","url_text":"\"Disciple MMA Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dustin Pague Official Website\". DustinPague.com. 2011-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dustinpague.com/","url_text":"\"Dustin Pague Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Ultimate Fighter 14\" cast unveiled with 32 bantamweights and featherweights\". MMAJunkie.com. 2011-08-22. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111028071725/http://mmajunkie.com/news/24909/the-ultimate-fighter-14-cast-unveiled-with-32-bantamweights-and-featherweights.mma","url_text":"\"\"The Ultimate Fighter 14\" cast unveiled with 32 bantamweights and featherweights\""},{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/news/24909/the-ultimate-fighter-14-cast-unveiled-with-32-bantamweights-and-featherweights.mma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller'\". MMAJunkie.com. 2011-09-21. Archived from the original on 2011-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111025001836/http://mmajunkie.com/news/25327/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-14-team-bisping-vs-team-miller.mma","url_text":"\"Episode No. 1 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller'\""},{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/news/25327/episode-no-1-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-14-team-bisping-vs-team-miller.mma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Episode No. 2 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller'\". MMAJunkie.com. 2011-09-28. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001090049/http://mmajunkie.com/news/25436/episode-no-2-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-14-team-bisping-vs-team-miller.mma","url_text":"\"Episode No. 2 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller'\""},{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/news/25436/episode-no-2-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-14-team-bisping-vs-team-miller.mma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Episode No. 4 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 14: Team Bisping vs. Team Miller'\". MMAJunkie.com. 2011-10-12. 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Retrieved March 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324222104/http://mmajunkie.com/news/27911/johnson-mccall-rematch-pague-papazian-slated-for-ufc-on-fx-3.mma","url_text":"\"Pague-Papazian slated for UFC on FX 3\""},{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/news/27911/johnson-mccall-rematch-pague-papazian-slated-for-ufc-on-fx-3.mma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dustin Pague in for injured Francisco Rivera meets Ken Stone at UFC on FX 4\". mmajunkie.com. June 15, 2012. 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Retrieved April 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130406072421/http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/04/dustin-pague-vs-yves-jabouin-joins-ufc-161-lineup","url_text":"\"Dustin Pague vs. Yves Jabouin joins UFC 161 lineup\""},{"url":"http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/04/dustin-pague-vs-yves-jabouin-joins-ufc-161-lineup","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (2013-09-13). \"Kyoji Horiguchi UFC Bound – Faces Dustin Pague At UFC 166\". asianmma.com. Archived from the original on 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2013-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130920080945/http://www.asianmma.com/?p=7415","url_text":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi UFC Bound – Faces Dustin Pague At UFC 166\""},{"url":"http://www.asianmma.com/?p=7415","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UFC Cuts Ties With TUF Alum Dustin Pague\". fightline.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidulv_Risan	Leidulv Risan	["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	Leidulv Risan (born 1948) is a Norwegian screenwriter, film director and professor at The Norwegian Filmschool at Lillehammer. Since 2005 he has been the leader for the screenwriting program at the Film School. Risan is educated at Dramatiska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. After his feature film debut as director in 1981 with Martin (The Execution) he has become one of the most experienced persons in the Norwegian film industry, and directed two of the biggest Norwegian productions in the 90s, The Warrior's Heart and The Sunset Boys a.k.a. Waiting for Sunset. The Warrior's Heart was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. In 2000s he has mainly written and directed TV series. Filmography Bryllupet (2000) References ^ "Festival de Cannes: The Warrior's Heart". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-17. External links Leidulv Risan at IMDb Authority control databases VIAF WorldCat This article about a Norwegian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leidulv Risan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryllupet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryllupet"}],"text":"Bryllupet (2000)","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: The Warrior's Heart\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/34/year/1992.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: The Warrior's Heart\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/34/year/1992.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: The Warrior's Heart\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0728189/","external_links_name":"Leidulv Risan"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3109153472517945360009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhVPRRmgC8QYMdyt8Hmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leidulv_Risan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne_province	Edirne Province	["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Districts","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°07′12″N 26°31′14″E / 41.12000°N 26.52056°E / 41.12000; 26.52056This article is about the province of the Republic of Turkey. For the province of the late Ottoman Empire, see Adrianople Vilayet. Province of Turkey Province in TurkeyEdirne Province Edirne iliProvinceSelimiye Mosque in EdirneLocation of the province within TurkeyCountryTurkeySeatEdirneGovernment • GovernorYunus SezerArea6,145 km2 (2,373 sq mi)Population (2022)414,714 • Density67/km2 (170/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Area code0284Websitewww.edirne.gov.tr Edirne Province (Turkish: Edirne ili) is a Turkish province located in East Thrace. Part of European Turkey, it is one of only three provinces located entirely within continental Europe. Its area is 6,145 km2, and its population is 414,714 (2022). Edirne Province is bordered by Tekirdağ Province and Kırklareli Province to the east, and the Gallipoli peninsula of Çanakkale Province to the south-east. It shares international borders with Bulgaria (Haskovo and Yambol Provinces) to the north and Greece (Eastern Macedonia and Thrace) to the west. Edirne is the capital of the province, and the largest city. It is the only province of Turkey that borders Greece. History Edirne, capital of the province, is notable for serving as the third capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1363 to 1453. Edirne province was included in the Second Inspectorate General which was created on the 19 February 1934 and extended over the provinces of Edirne, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ. It was ruled by an Inspector General, who had wide-ranging authorities over civilian, military and educational matters. The office of the Inspectorate-General was abandoned in 1948 but the legal framework of the Inspectorate-Generals was only abolished in 1952, under the Government of the Democrat Party. Until the reign of Selim I, there were remnant populations of so-called Tengri Turks in the province of Edirne who adhered to the ancient beliefs of Tengrism. It is assumed that it was a group of nomadic Yörüks. Demographics Selimiye Mosque is situated in Edirne Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1927150,840— 1940251,373+4.01%1950221,268−1.27%1960276,479+2.25%1970316,425+1.36%1980363,286+1.39%1990404,599+1.08%2000402,606−0.05%2010390,428−0.31%2018411,528+0.66%source: Districts Edirne districts Edirne province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold): Edirne Enez Havsa İpsala Keşan Lalapaşa Meriç Süloğlu Uzunköprü Gallery Church of Saint John the Baptist in Uzunköprü. Selimiye Mosque See also Edirne Vilayet List of populated places in Edirne Province References ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023. ^ Cagaptay, Soner (2006). Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey; Who is a Turk. Routledge. p. 47. ^ Pekesen, Berna (16 December 2019). Florian, Riedler; Kravietz, Birgit (eds.). The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 423–424. ISBN 978-3-11-063908-7. ^ Bayir, Derya (2016-04-22). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8. ^ Bozarslan, Hamit (2008-04-17). Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat; Kunt, I. Metin (eds.). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3. ^ "Osmanlı'da Tengri İnancının Kalıntıları ve Kendi Kanını Akıtan Türkler". April 2020. ^ Genel Nüfus Sayımları ^ tuik External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edirne Province. Edirne governor's official website (in Turkish) Edirne municipality's official website (in Turkish) Pictures of the capital of this province with its many great mosques Edirne Weather Forecast Information vteEdirne Province of TurkeyDistricts Edirne Enez Havsa İpsala Keşan Lalapaşa Meriç Süloğlu Uzunköprü Districts of EdirneList of provinces by regionIstanbul Istanbul West Marmara Balıkesir Çanakkale Edirne Kırklareli Tekirdağ Aegean Afyonkarahisar Aydın Denizli İzmir Kütahya Manisa Muğla Uşak East Marmara Bilecik Bolu Bursa Düzce Eskişehir Kocaeli Sakarya Yalova West Anatolia Ankara Karaman Konya Mediterranean Adana Antalya Burdur Hatay Isparta Kahramanmaraş Mersin Osmaniye Central Anatolia Aksaray Kayseri Kırıkkale Kırşehir Nevşehir Niğde Sivas Yozgat West Black Sea Amasya Bartın Çankırı Çorum Karabük Kastamonu Samsun Sinop Tokat Zonguldak East Black Sea Artvin Giresun Gümüşhane Ordu Rize Trabzon Northeast Anatolia Ağrı Ardahan Bayburt Erzincan Erzurum Iğdır Kars Central East Anatolia Bingöl Bitlis Elazığ Hakkâri Malatya Muş Tunceli Van Southeast Anatolia Adıyaman Batman Diyarbakır Gaziantep Kilis Mardin Siirt Şanlıurfa Şırnak Metropolitan municipalities are bolded. vteProvinces of Turkey Adana Adıyaman Afyonkarahisar Ağrı Aksaray Amasya Ankara Antalya Ardahan Artvin Aydın Balıkesir Bartın Batman Bayburt Bilecik Bingöl Bitlis Bolu Burdur Bursa Çanakkale Çankırı Çorum Denizli Diyarbakır Düzce Edirne Elazığ Erzincan Erzurum Eskişehir Gaziantep Giresun Gümüşhane Hakkâri Hatay Iğdır Isparta İstanbul İzmir Kahramanmaraş Karabük Karaman Kars Kastamonu Kayseri Kilis Kırıkkale Kırklareli Kırşehir Kocaeli Konya Kütahya Malatya Manisa Mardin Mersin Muğla Muş Nevşehir Niğde Ordu Osmaniye Rize Sakarya Samsun Siirt Sinop Sivas Şanlıurfa Şırnak Tekirdağ Tokat Trabzon Tunceli Uşak Van Yalova Yozgat Zonguldak Metropolitan municipalities are bolded. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA 41°07′12″N 26°31′14″E / 41.12000°N 26.52056°E / 41.12000; 26.52056 This geographical article about a location in Edirne Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrianople Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"East Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-1"},{"link_name":"Tekirdağ Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"Kırklareli Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"Çanakkale Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Haskovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskovo_Province"},{"link_name":"Yambol Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambol_Province"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Eastern Macedonia and Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"}],"text":"This article is about the province of the Republic of Turkey. For the province of the late Ottoman Empire, see Adrianople Vilayet.Province of TurkeyProvince in TurkeyEdirne Province (Turkish: Edirne ili) is a Turkish province located in East Thrace. Part of European Turkey, it is one of only three provinces located entirely within continental Europe. Its area is 6,145 km2,[2] and its population is 414,714 (2022).[1] Edirne Province is bordered by Tekirdağ Province and Kırklareli Province to the east, and the Gallipoli peninsula of Çanakkale Province to the south-east. It shares international borders with Bulgaria (Haskovo and Yambol Provinces) to the north and Greece (Eastern Macedonia and Thrace) to the west. Edirne is the capital of the province, and the largest city. It is the only province of Turkey that borders Greece.","title":"Edirne Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Inspectorate General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Inspectorate_General_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Çanakkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province"},{"link_name":"Kırklareli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province"},{"link_name":"Tekirdağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Inspector General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_general"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-5"},{"link_name":"Inspectorate-Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspectorates-General_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Democrat Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946%E2%80%931961)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Tengri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Tengrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism"},{"link_name":"Yörüks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Edirne, capital of the province, is notable for serving as the third capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1363 to 1453.Edirne province was included in the Second Inspectorate General which was created on the 19 February 1934 and extended over the provinces of Edirne, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ.[3] It was ruled by an Inspector General, who had wide-ranging authorities over civilian, military and educational matters.[4] The office of the Inspectorate-General was abandoned in 1948[5] but the legal framework of the Inspectorate-Generals was only abolished in 1952, under the Government of the Democrat Party.[6]Until the reign of Selim I, there were remnant populations of so-called Tengri Turks in the province of Edirne who adhered to the ancient beliefs of Tengrism. It is assumed that it was a group of nomadic Yörüks.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selimiye_Mosque_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"}],"text":"Selimiye Mosque is situated in Edirne","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edirne_districts.png"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne_District"},{"link_name":"Enez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez_District"},{"link_name":"Havsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havsa_District"},{"link_name":"İpsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0psala_District"},{"link_name":"Keşan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fan_District"},{"link_name":"Lalapaşa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalapa%C5%9Fa_District"},{"link_name":"Meriç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri%C3%A7_District"},{"link_name":"Süloğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClo%C4%9Flu_District"},{"link_name":"Uzunköprü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_District"}],"text":"Edirne districtsEdirne province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):Edirne\nEnez\nHavsa\nİpsala\nKeşan\nLalapaşa\nMeriç\nSüloğlu\nUzunköprü","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist,_Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Uzunköprü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-Turquia-Edirne-0006_(37184674376).jpg"}],"text":"Church of Saint John the Baptist in Uzunköprü.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSelimiye Mosque","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Selimiye Mosque is situated in Edirne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Selimiye_Mosque_3.JPG/220px-Selimiye_Mosque_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Edirne districts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edirne_districts.png/320px-Edirne_districts.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png"},{"image_text":"Districts of Edirne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edirne_districts.png/100px-Edirne_districts.png"}]	[{"title":"Edirne Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne_Vilayet"},{"title":"List of populated places in Edirne Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Edirne_Province"}]	[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx","url_text":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\""}]},{"reference":"Cagaptay, Soner (2006). Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey; Who is a Turk. Routledge. p. 47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pekesen, Berna (16 December 2019). Florian, Riedler; Kravietz, Birgit (eds.). The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 423–424. ISBN 978-3-11-063908-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063908-7","url_text":"978-3-11-063908-7"}]},{"reference":"Bayir, Derya (2016-04-22). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09579-8","url_text":"978-1-317-09579-8"}]},{"reference":"Bozarslan, Hamit (2008-04-17). Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat; Kunt, I. Metin (eds.). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3","url_text":"978-0-521-62096-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Osmanlı'da Tengri İnancının Kalıntıları ve Kendi Kanını Akıtan Türkler\". April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkcemalumatlar.com/2020/04/01/osmanlida-tengri-inancinin-kalintilari-ve-kendi-kanini-akitan-turkler/","url_text":"\"Osmanlı'da Tengri İnancının Kalıntıları ve Kendi Kanını Akıtan Türkler\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edirne_Province&params=41_07_12_N_26_31_14_E_region:TR-22_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"41°07′12″N 26°31′14″E / 41.12000°N 26.52056°E / 41.12000; 26.52056"},{"Link":"http://www.edirne.gov.tr/","external_links_name":"www.edirne.gov.tr"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\""},{"Link":"https://turkcemalumatlar.com/2020/04/01/osmanlida-tengri-inancinin-kalintilari-ve-kendi-kanini-akitan-turkler/","external_links_name":"\"Osmanlı'da Tengri İnancının Kalıntıları ve Kendi Kanını Akıtan Türkler\""},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/nufusmenuapp/menu.zul","external_links_name":"Genel Nüfus Sayımları"},{"Link":"https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/yordambt/yordam.php","external_links_name":"tuik"},{"Link":"http://www.edirne.gov.tr/","external_links_name":"Edirne governor's official website"},{"Link":"http://www.edirne.bel.tr/","external_links_name":"Edirne municipality's official website"},{"Link":"http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/edirne_turkey","external_links_name":"Pictures of the capital of this province with its many great mosques"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051212185317/http://turkeyforecast.com/weather/edirne/","external_links_name":"Edirne Weather Forecast Information"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/79145542394996640907","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4801726-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/1808c073-6e0b-4997-a4f1-989c823d7155","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10036766","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edirne_Province&params=41_07_12_N_26_31_14_E_region:TR-22_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"41°07′12″N 26°31′14″E / 41.12000°N 26.52056°E / 41.12000; 26.52056"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edirne_Province&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cities_of_Refuge_Network	International Cities of Refuge Network	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	International organization for writers in exile International Cities of Refuge NetworkICORN's logo.Formation1993FoundersSalman Rushdie, Helge LundeTypeNon-profitExecutive DirectorHelge LundeWebsiteicorn.org The International Cities of Refuge Network (ICORN) is an independent organisation of cities and regions which offers shelter to writers, journalists and artists at risk of persecution, with the goal of advancing freedom of expression. History It is a successor organization to the Cities of Asylum Network (INCA) established in 1993 by the International Parliament of Writers (IPW) in response to the assassination of writers in Algeria. After the dissolution of IPW in 2003, its activities were continued by the ICORN Administration Center established in Stavanger, Norway, in June 2006 at the Stavanger Cultural Center, Sølvberget. One of the founders was Peter Ripken, who had also been a founding member of the Society for the Promotion of Literature from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Arab World, later LitProm, in Frankfurt, Germany. In 2010 ICORN became an independent organization, and in 2014 it voted to expand their support to artists and musicians. As of 2022, more than 70 cities have agreed to offer this kind of refuge. Since 2021, ICORN has been part of the Mayor Paweł Adamowicz Award, organised by the European Committee of the Regions. The Award is in honour of the long- serving mayor of Gdansk Paweł Adamowicz who was assassinated in 2019. References ^ a b c "ICORN international cities of refuge network \| The International Cities of Refuge Network is an association of cities around the world dedicated to the value of Freedom of Exp". icorn.org. Retrieved 2019-06-06. ^ "ICORN" Archived 2015-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, Eurozine ^ "Protecting Freedom of Expression: Interview with ICORN's Helge Lunde \| Sampsonia Way Magazine". Retrieved 2019-06-06. ^ "Peter Ripken: A Life in Literature". VOA. 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2023-07-18. ^ a b "Nominations open for Mayor Paweł Adamowicz Award". cor.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-06-29. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Cities of Refuge Network. Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freedom of expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The International Cities of Refuge Network (ICORN) is an independent organisation of cities and regions which offers shelter to writers, journalists and artists at risk of persecution, with the goal of advancing freedom of expression.[1][2][3]","title":"International Cities of Refuge Network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"LitProm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LitProm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"It is a successor organization to the Cities of Asylum Network (INCA) established in 1993 by the International Parliament of Writers (IPW) in response to the assassination of writers in Algeria. After the dissolution of IPW in 2003, its activities were continued by the ICORN Administration Center established in Stavanger, Norway, in June 2006 at the Stavanger Cultural Center, Sølvberget. One of the founders was Peter Ripken, who had also been a founding member of the Society for the Promotion of Literature from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Arab World, later LitProm, in Frankfurt, Germany.[4]In 2010 ICORN became an independent organization, and in 2014 it voted to expand their support to artists and musicians.[1]As of 2022, more than 70 cities have agreed to offer this kind of refuge.[1]Since 2021, ICORN has been part of the Mayor Paweł Adamowicz Award, organised by the European Committee of the Regions. [5] The Award is in honour of the long- serving mayor of Gdansk Paweł Adamowicz who was assassinated in 2019.[5]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"ICORN international cities of refuge network \| The International Cities of Refuge Network is an association of cities around the world dedicated to the value of Freedom of Exp\". icorn.org. Retrieved 2019-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://icorn.org/","url_text":"\"ICORN international cities of refuge network \| The International Cities of Refuge Network is an association of cities around the world dedicated to the value of Freedom of Exp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protecting Freedom of Expression: Interview with ICORN's Helge Lunde \| Sampsonia Way Magazine\". Retrieved 2019-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sampsoniaway.org/blog/2010/08/19/protecting-freedom-of-expression-interview-with-icorns-helge-lunde/","url_text":"\"Protecting Freedom of Expression: Interview with ICORN's Helge Lunde \| Sampsonia Way Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Ripken: A Life in Literature\". VOA. 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2023-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/people-in-america-peter-ripkin/3738588.html","url_text":"\"Peter Ripken: A Life in Literature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations open for Mayor Paweł Adamowicz Award\". cor.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://cor.europa.eu/it/news/Pages/-MPAA-launching-second-edition.aspx","url_text":"\"Nominations open for Mayor Paweł Adamowicz Award\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://icorn.org/","external_links_name":"icorn.org"},{"Link":"https://icorn.org/","external_links_name":"\"ICORN international cities of refuge network \| The International Cities of Refuge Network is an association of cities around the world dedicated to the value of Freedom of Exp\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurozine.com/associates/icorn.html","external_links_name":"\"ICORN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150928234615/http://www.eurozine.com/associates/icorn.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sampsoniaway.org/blog/2010/08/19/protecting-freedom-of-expression-interview-with-icorns-helge-lunde/","external_links_name":"\"Protecting Freedom of Expression: Interview with ICORN's Helge Lunde \| Sampsonia Way Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/people-in-america-peter-ripkin/3738588.html","external_links_name":"\"Peter Ripken: A Life in Literature\""},{"Link":"https://cor.europa.eu/it/news/Pages/-MPAA-launching-second-edition.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Nominations open for Mayor Paweł Adamowicz Award\""},{"Link":"http://icorn.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1254145857123222922777","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1085837408","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Divizia_A	2005–06 Divizia A	["1 Team changes","1.1 Relegated","1.2 Promoted","1.3 Venues","1.4 Personnel and kits","2 League table","2.1 Positions by round","2.2 Results","3 Attendances","4 Top goalscorers","5 Champion squad","6 See also","7 References"]	88th season of top-tier football league in Romania Football league seasonDivizia ASeason2005–06ChampionsSteaua BucureștiRelegatedBacăuSportul Studențesc BucureștiChampions LeagueSteaua BucureștiUEFA CupRapid BucureștiDinamo BucureștiIntertoto CupFarul ConstanțaMatches played240Goals scored553 (2.3 per match)Top goalscorerIonuț Mazilu (22)Biggest home winDinamo 6–0 BacăuBiggest away winArgeș 0–5 OțelulHighest scoringDinamo 4–5 SportulLongest winning runSportul (6)Longest unbeaten runRapid (15)Longest losing runBacău (13)← 2004–05 2006–07 → The 2005–06 Divizia A was the eighty-eighth season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania. The Season began in August 2005 and ended in June 2006. Steaua București became champions on 7 June, 2006. Team changes Relegated The teams that were relegated to the Divizia B at the end of the previous season: Apulum Alba Iulia Brașov Universitatea Craiova Promoted The teams that were promoted from the Divizia B at the beginning of the season: Vaslui Pandurii Târgu Jiu Jiul Petroșani Venues Politehnica Timișoara Steaua București Rapid București FCM Bacău Dan Păltinișanu Steaua Giulești-Valentin Stănescu Municipal Capacity: 32,972 Capacity: 28,365 Capacity: 19,100 Capacity: 17,500 Farul Constanța Jiul Petroșani Dinamo București Argeș Pitești Farul Jiul Dinamo Nicolae Dobrin Capacity: 15,520 Capacity: 15,500 Capacity: 15,032 Capacity: 15,000 Național București BucharestArgeșBacăuCFRFarulGloriaJiulOțelulPanduriiPoli IașiPoli TimișoaraVasluiBucharest teamsDinamoNaționalRapidSportulSteaua2005–06 Divizia A (Romania) DinamoNaționalRapidSportulSteauaclass=notpageimage\| Location of Bucharest teams. Oțelul Galați Cotroceni Oțelul Capacity: 14,542 Capacity: 13,500 Politehnica Iași Sportul Studențesc Emil Alexandrescu Regie Capacity: 11,390 Capacity: 10,020 CFR Cluj FC Vaslui Pandurii Târgu Jiu Gloria Bistrița CFR Municipal Tudor Vladimirescu Gloria Capacity: 10,000 Capacity: 9,240 Capacity: 9,200 Capacity: 7,800 Personnel and kits Team Head coach Captain Kit manufacturer Shirt Sponsor Argeș Pitești Vasile Stan Alin Chița Erreà Pic CFR Cluj Dorinel Munteanu Vasile Jula Erreà EnergoBit, Opel Ecomax Dinamo București Florin Marin Florentin Petre Lotto Omniasig Farul Constanța Momčilo Vukotić Ion Barbu Lotto SNC FCM Bacău Cristian Popovici Daniel David Erreà Letea Gloria Bistrița Ioan Sabău Sandu Negrean Erreà Rombat Jiul Petroșani Aurel Șunda Cornel Mihart Nike Atomis Național București Cristiano Bergodi Ovidiu Burcă Nike top birotic Oțelul Galați Petre Grigoraș Viorel Tănase Lotto Mittal Steel Pandurii Târgu Jiu Nicolae Ungureanu Cătălin Trofin Lotto USMO Politehnica Iași Ionuț Popa Bogdan Onuț Umbro Iulius Mall Politehnica Timișoara Iosif Rotariu Ovidiu Petre Converse Balkan Petroleum Rapid București Răzvan Lucescu Vasile Maftei Lotto Lukoil Sportul Studențesc Gheorghe Mulțescu Tiberiu Bălan Lotto — Steaua București Cosmin Olăroiu Mirel Rădoi Nike RAFO Vaslui Mircea Rednic Marius Croitoru Umbro Racova League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Steaua București (C) 30 19 7 4 49 16 +33 64 Qualification to Champions League second qualifying round 2 Rapid București 30 17 8 5 47 23 +24 59 Qualification to UEFA Cup first qualifying round 3 Dinamo București 30 17 5 8 56 32 +24 56 4 Sportul Studențesc București (R) 30 17 5 8 54 35 +19 55 Relegation to Liga II 5 CFR Cluj 30 14 8 8 36 27 +9 50 6 Național București 30 13 7 10 32 37 −5 46 7 Farul Constanța 30 14 3 13 39 38 +1 45 Qualification to Intertoto Cup first round 8 Politehnica Timișoara 30 10 10 10 34 31 +3 40 9 Oțelul Galați 30 10 9 11 35 37 −2 39 10 Gloria Bistrița 30 11 6 13 27 34 −7 39 11 Politehnica Iași 30 11 6 13 28 31 −3 39 12 Argeș Pitești 30 8 8 14 27 37 −10 32 13 Jiul Petroșani 30 7 9 14 28 39 −11 30 14 Vaslui 30 6 11 13 23 37 −14 29 15 Pandurii Târgu Jiu 30 6 7 17 22 44 −22 25 Spared from relegation 16 Bacău (R) 30 3 5 22 16 55 −39 14 Relegation to Liga II Source: LPF (in Romanian)Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes: ^ a b DIN 4-5 SPO; SPO 0-2 DIN ^ a b Sportul Studențesc was denied the right to participate for next season of Liga I because it failed to meet the licensing requirements, therefore Pandurii Lignitul Târgu Jiu (15th place) was spared from relegation. ^ a b c OȚE: 8 pts; GLO: 5 pts; POL: 2 pts Positions by round Team ╲ Round123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930Argeș Pitești11128998687858646768899999101112121212Bacău127116811111111131414141414141515151515161616161616161616CFR Cluj8115744345633465575456655556755Dinamo București113322222111121111111222444433Farul Constanța4422334333710878899988768665567Gloria Bistrița3391114131415141111111111111111111111111111109999910Jiul Petroșani141414141314131212121213121213131213121212121213131314131413Oțelul Galați1581212121212141314151515151515141213141313131212121110109Pandurii Târgu Jiu101516161616151315151312131312121314141314141515151515151515Politehnica Iași161613131191010101010991010101010101010101011111010111111Național București594465558485753447774586877676Rapid București651010107976747597654333333233222Sportul Studențesc București91065567645961089986545444322344Steaua București721111111222212222222111111111Politehnica Timișoara2678710899964334333667877788888Vaslui131315151515161616161616161616161616161616151414141413141314Source: LT (in Romanian) Results Home \ Away ARG BAC CFR DIN FAR GBI JIU OȚE PAN PIA NAT RAP SPO STE TIM VAS Argeș Pitești — 0–0 0–1 0–1 1–2 2–0 2–1 0–5 0–1 3–0 2–3 1–1 2–2 0–1 1–1 1–0 Bacău 3–2 — 0–2 0–1 1–1 1–2 1–2 0–4 1–0 0–1 2–2 0–1 1–2 0–2 1–0 0–2 CFR Cluj 2–2 4–0 — 1–0 3–0 0–0 0–0 0–1 1–2 0–0 0–0 1–3 0–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 Dinamo București 1–2 6–0 5–0 — 0–1 3–1 1–1 0–3 3–0 1–1 2–1 5–2 4–5 1–1 1–0 1–2 Farul Constanța 2–0 2–0 1–2 0–1 — 3–0 1–0 0–1 1–0 1–0 4–0 1–2 2–2 1–4 4–2 2–1 Gloria Bistrița 1–0 2–1 1–2 1–2 1–0 — 0–0 0–0 4–0 1–0 0–2 2–1 2–0 1–0 1–1 1–1 Jiul Petroșani 0–1 2–0 5–1 1–3 3–1 0–2 — 0–3 1–1 0–2 2–0 3–0 1–3 1–2 1–1 0–0 Oțelul Galați 0–1 0–0 0–1 1–4 0–1 1–0 0–0 — 1–1 0–0 2–0 3–3 2–3 0–3 0–2 1–1 Pandurii Târgu Jiu 1–0 2–1 0–1 0–2 1–2 2–1 1–1 2–2 — 0–1 1–1 0–0 0–1 1–2 3–2 0–0 Politehnica Iași 3–2 4–0 1–0 0–2 3–1 1–1 2–0 0–1 1–0 — 2–3 1–4 1–0 0–1 0–1 1–0 Național București 0–1 1–0 0–4 2–0 1–0 2–0 1–1 3–2 3–2 1–1 — 1–0 2–1 0–0 1–0 0–1 Rapid București 1–1 2–1 1–0 3–0 0–0 1–0 3–0 4–0 3–0 1–0 1–0 — 3–0 0–0 0–0 1–1 Sportul Studențesc București 1–0 2–1 1–1 0–2 3–1 2–1 4–0 4–0 4–0 2–1 0–1 1–0 — 1–2 3–1 3–0 Steaua București 0–0 1–0 2–0 2–2 3–0 0–1 1–0 4–0 1–0 1–0 4–0 0–2 4–1 — 2–1 2–2 Politehnica Timișoara 0–0 2–0 2–2 0–0 3–2 4–0 1–0 0–2 1–0 3–0 2–1 1–3 0–0 0–0 — 2–0 Vaslui 3–0 1–1 0–3 1–2 0–2 2–0 1–2 0–0 2–1 1–1 0–0 0–1 0–3 0–4 1–1 — Source: LT (in Romanian)Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Attendances Pos Team Total High Low Average Change 1 Politehnica Timișoara 220,000 32,000 3,000 14,666 −18.5%† 2 Steaua București 130,000 25,000 0 8,666 −42.7%7,9 3 FC Vaslui 122,500 10,000 4,000 8,166 n/a1 4 Politehnica Iași 101,500 13,000 4,000 6,766 −22.5%† 5 Jiul Petroșani 97,500 17,000 3,500 6,500 n/a1 6 Rapid București 97,000 16,000 0 6,466 −18.5%11 7 Pandurii Târgu Jiu 95,500 15,000 1,500 6,366 n/a1 8 CFR Cluj 81,800 12,000 300 5,453 −19.8%5 9 Dinamo București 74,500 12,000 0 4,966 −2.6%6,10 10 Sportul Studențesc București 65,300 15,000 500 4,353 +40.7%† 11 Oțelul Galați 64,400 16,000 400 4,293 +12.2%3 12 Farul Constanța 50,500 13,000 200 3,366 −29.8%† 13 Argeș Pitești 47,200 7,000 0 3,146 −35.3%2,8 14 Gloria Bistrița 42,100 10,000 300 2,806 +40.3%4 15 Național București 33,550 10,000 200 2,236 −16.1%† 16 FCM Bacău 31,050 13,000 200 2,070 −18.6%† League total 1,354,400 32,000 0 5,643 −14.0%† Updated to games played on 27 August 2019Source: League matches: Divizia A 2005/2006Notes:1: Played last season in Divizia B.2: Argeș Pitești played 13 matches out of their stadium.3: Oțelul Galați played 8 matches out of their stadium.4: Gloria Bistrița played 2 matches out of their stadium.5: CFR Cluj played 3 matches out of their stadium.6: Dinamo București played 1 match out of their stadium.7: Steaua București played 8 matches out of their stadium.8: Argeș Pitești played 1 game behind closed doors.9: Steaua București played 4 games behind closed doors.10: Dinamo București played 2 games behind closed doors.11: Rapid București played 3 games behind closed doors. Top goalscorers Rank Player Club Goals 1 Ionuț Mazilu Sportul Studențesc 22 2 Nicolae Dică Steaua București 15 3 Viorel Moldovan Politehnica Timișoara / Rapid București 14 4 Claudiu Niculescu Dinamo București 12 Tiberiu Bălan Sportul Studențesc 6 Ciprian Tănasă Argeș Pitești 11 7 Alexandru Bălțoi Dinamo București / Oțelul Galați 10 Ștefan Grigorie Dinamo București 9 Ionuț Bâlbă Politehnica Iași 9 Ianis Zicu Dinamo București Champion squad Steaua București Goalkeepers: Carlos Fernandes (13 / 0); Cornel Cernea (2 / 0); Vasil Khamutowski (15 / 0). Defenders: Eugen Baciu (9 / 0); Daniel Bălan (6 / 0); Florentin Dumitru (7 / 0); Sorin Ghionea (26 / 0); Dorin Goian (23 / 2); Petre Marin (14 / 0); Mihai Neșu (19 / 0); George Ogăraru (28 / 1). Midfielders: Gabriel Boștină (27 / 4); Florin Lovin (23 / 1); Bănel Nicoliță (29 / 7); Daniel Oprița (24 / 1); Sorin Paraschiv (26 / 3); Mirel Rădoi (24 / 4); Răzvan Ochiroșii (1 / 0). Forwards: Andrei Cristea (24 / 3); Vasilică Cristocea (14 / 2); Nicolae Dică (29 / 15); Laurențiu Diniță (8 / 0); Victoraș Iacob (22 / 5). (league appearances and goals listed in brackets) Manager: Oleh Protasov / Cosmin Olăroiu. See also 2005–06 in Romanian football References ^ 2005–06 Divizia A ^ "Top Scorers". www.romaniansoccer.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 14 May 2021. ^ "Top Scorers". www.worldfootball.net (in Romanian). Retrieved 14 May 2021. ^ "Romania National Champions". RomanianSoccer. Retrieved 14 May 2021. vteLiga I seasons 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte2005–06 in Romanian football « 2004–05 2006–07 » Club footballDomestic leagues Divizia A Divizia B Divizia C Divizia D Women's Liga I Domestic cups Cupa României (Final) Supercupa României European Champions League UEFA Cup Other Transfers Foreign players Club seasonsDivizia A Argeș Bacău CFR Cluj Dinamo Farul Gloria Jiul Național Oțelul Pandurii Poli Iași Poli Timișoara Rapid Sportul Steaua Vaslui Divizia B Bihor International competitions 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 2006 UEFA Euro U-21 qualification 2006 UEFA Euro U-19 qualification 2006 UEFA Euro U-17 qualification vte2005–06 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia '05 '06 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '05 '06 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia '05 '06 Faroe Islands '05 '06 Finland '05 '06 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '05 '06 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '05 '06 Latvia '05 '06 Lithuania '05 '06 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '05 '06 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '05 '06 Romania Russia '05 '06 San Marino Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '05 '06 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '05 '06 Finland '05 '06 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '05 '06 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '05 '06 Latvia '05 '06 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '05 '06 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '05 '06 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '05 '06 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Finland '05 '06 France Germany Iceland '05 '06 Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland '05 '06 Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League (Qualifying rounds, Group stage, Knockout stage, Final) UEFA Cup (Qualifying, First round, Group stage, Final phase, Final) Intertoto Cup Super Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divizia A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_I"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Steaua București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2005–06 Divizia A was the eighty-eighth season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania. The Season began in August 2005 and ended in June 2006. Steaua București became champions on 7 June, 2006.","title":"2005–06 Divizia A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divizia B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divizia_B"},{"link_name":"Apulum Alba Iulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulum_Alba_Iulia"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bra%C8%99ov_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Universitatea Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Universitatea_Craiova"}],"sub_title":"Relegated","text":"The teams that were relegated to the Divizia B at the end of the previous season:Apulum Alba Iulia\nBrașov\nUniversitatea Craiova","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divizia B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divizia_B"},{"link_name":"Vaslui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaslui"},{"link_name":"Pandurii Târgu Jiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurii_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu"},{"link_name":"Jiul Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiul_Petro%C8%99ani"}],"sub_title":"Promoted","text":"The teams that were promoted from the Divizia B at the beginning of the season:Vaslui\nPandurii Târgu Jiu\nJiul Petroșani","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Venues","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personnel and kits","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_DIN0.42201371790004_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_DIN0.42201371790004_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_R10.42201371790004_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_R10.42201371790004_3-1"},{"link_name":"Sportul Studențesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportul_Studen%C8%9Besc"},{"link_name":"Liga I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Liga_I"},{"link_name":"Pandurii Lignitul Târgu Jiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurii_Lignitul_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_O%C8%9AE0.42201371790004_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_O%C8%9AE0.42201371790004_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_O%C8%9AE0.42201371790004_4-2"}],"text":"Source: LPF (in Romanian)Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ a b DIN 4-5 SPO; SPO 0-2 DIN\n\n^ a b Sportul Studențesc was denied the right to participate for next season of Liga I because it failed to meet the licensing requirements, therefore Pandurii Lignitul Târgu Jiu (15th place) was spared from relegation.\n\n^ a b c OȚE: 8 pts; GLO: 5 pts; POL: 2 pts","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argeș Pitești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Arge%C8%99_Pite%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bacău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"CFR Cluj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFR_Cluj"},{"link_name":"Dinamo București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Farul Constanța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Farul_Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Gloria Bistrița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Gloria_Bistri%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Jiul Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Jiul_Petro%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"Oțelul Galați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_O%C8%9Belul_Gala%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Pandurii Târgu Jiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Pandurii_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu"},{"link_name":"Politehnica Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Politehnica_Ia%C8%99i_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Național București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Na%C8%9Bional_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Rapid București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rapid_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Sportul Studențesc București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sportul_Studen%C8%9Besc_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Steaua București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Politehnica Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCU_Politehnica_Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Vaslui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaslui"},{"link_name":"LT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.labtof.ro/"}],"sub_title":"Positions by round","text":"Team ╲ Round123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930Argeș Pitești11128998687858646768899999101112121212Bacău127116811111111131414141414141515151515161616161616161616CFR Cluj8115744345633465575456655556755Dinamo București113322222111121111111222444433Farul Constanța4422334333710878899988768665567Gloria Bistrița3391114131415141111111111111111111111111111109999910Jiul Petroșani141414141314131212121213121213131213121212121213131314131413Oțelul Galați1581212121212141314151515151515141213141313131212121110109Pandurii Târgu Jiu101516161616151315151312131312121314141314141515151515151515Politehnica Iași161613131191010101010991010101010101010101011111010111111Național București594465558485753447774586877676Rapid București651010107976747597654333333233222Sportul Studențesc București91065567645961089986545444322344Steaua București721111111222212222222111111111Politehnica Timișoara2678710899964334333667877788888Vaslui131315151515161616161616161616161616161616151414141413141314Source: LT (in Romanian)","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Arge%C8%99_Pite%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"BAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"CFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFR_Cluj"},{"link_name":"DIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"FAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Farul_Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"GBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Gloria_Bistri%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"JIU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Jiul_Petro%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"OȚE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_O%C8%9Belul_Gala%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"PAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Pandurii_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu"},{"link_name":"PIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Politehnica_Ia%C8%99i_(1945)"},{"link_name":"NAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Na%C8%9Bional_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"RAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rapid_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"SPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sportul_Studen%C8%9Besc_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"STE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"TIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCU_Politehnica_Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"VAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaslui"},{"link_name":"Argeș Pitești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Arge%C8%99_Pite%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bacău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"CFR Cluj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFR_Cluj"},{"link_name":"Dinamo București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"1–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Farul Constanța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Farul_Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Gloria Bistrița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Gloria_Bistri%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Jiul Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Jiul_Petro%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"Oțelul Galați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_O%C8%9Belul_Gala%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Pandurii Târgu Jiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Pandurii_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu"},{"link_name":"Politehnica Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Politehnica_Ia%C8%99i_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Național București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Na%C8%9Bional_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Rapid București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rapid_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Sportul Studențesc București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sportul_Studen%C8%9Besc_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Steaua București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"2–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Politehnica Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCU_Politehnica_Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Vaslui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaslui"},{"link_name":"LT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.labtof.ro/"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nARG\n\nBAC\n\nCFR\n\nDIN\n\nFAR\n\nGBI\n\nJIU\n\nOȚE\n\nPAN\n\nPIA\n\nNAT\n\nRAP\n\nSPO\n\nSTE\n\nTIM\n\nVAS\n\n\nArgeș Pitești\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–5\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nBacău\n\n3–2\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–4\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n\nCFR Cluj\n\n2–2\n\n4–0\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nDinamo București\n\n1–2\n\n6–0\n\n5–0\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n5–2\n\n4–5\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n\nFarul Constanța\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–4\n\n4–2\n\n2–1\n\n\nGloria Bistrița\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nJiul Petroșani\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n5–1\n\n1–3\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nOțelul Galați\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–3\n\n2–3\n\n0–3\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n\nPandurii Târgu Jiu\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nPolitehnica Iași\n\n3–2\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n2–3\n\n1–4\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nNațional București\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–4\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nRapid București\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nSportul Studențesc București\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nSteaua București\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–2\n\n4–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n\nPolitehnica Timișoara\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n\nVaslui\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\nSource: LT (in Romanian)Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League matches: Divizia A 2005/2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.romaniansoccer.ro/divizia_a/2005_06/2005_06.shtml"}],"text":"Updated to games played on 27 August 2019Source: League matches: Divizia A 2005/2006Notes:1: Played last season in Divizia B.2: Argeș Pitești played 13 matches out of their stadium.3: Oțelul Galați played 8 matches out of their stadium.4: Gloria Bistrița played 2 matches out of their stadium.5: CFR Cluj played 3 matches out of their stadium.6: Dinamo București played 1 match out of their stadium.7: Steaua București played 8 matches out of their stadium.8: Argeș Pitești played 1 game behind closed doors.9: Steaua București played 4 games behind closed doors.10: Dinamo București played 2 games behind closed doors.11: Rapid București played 3 games behind closed doors.","title":"Attendances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top goalscorers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Champion squad"}]	[]	[{"title":"2005–06 in Romanian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_Romanian_football"}]	[{"reference":"\"Top Scorers\". www.romaniansoccer.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/topscorers.shtml","url_text":"\"Top Scorers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Scorers\". www.worldfootball.net (in Romanian). Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/goalgetter/rom-liga-1-2005-2006/","url_text":"\"Top Scorers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romania National Champions\". RomanianSoccer. Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/champions.shtml","url_text":"\"Romania National Champions\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.labtof.ro/","external_links_name":"LT"},{"Link":"http://www.labtof.ro/","external_links_name":"LT"},{"Link":"https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/divizia_a/2005_06/2005_06.shtml","external_links_name":"League matches: Divizia A 2005/2006"},{"Link":"http://www.romaniansoccer.ro/divizia_a/tables/2005_06.shtml","external_links_name":"2005–06 Divizia A"},{"Link":"http://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/topscorers.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Top Scorers\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/goalgetter/rom-liga-1-2005-2006/","external_links_name":"\"Top Scorers\""},{"Link":"https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/champions.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Romania National Champions\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Prieto_(Chilean_actor)	Antonio Prieto (Chilean singer)	["1 Partial filmography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Chilean actor This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Antonio Prieto" Chilean singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Espinoza and the second or maternal family name is Prieto. Antonio PrietoBornJuan Antonio Espinoza Prieto(1926-05-26)26 May 1926Iquique, ChileDied14 July 2011(2011-07-14) (aged 85)Santiago de ChileOccupation(s)Actor, singerYears active1954–68 Juan Antonio Espinoza Prieto (26 May 1926 – 14 July 2011) was a Chilean singer and actor. Also a popular singer, he scored an international 1961 hit with "La novia", mostly known in English-speaking countries as "The Wedding". In 1995 a 20 Greatest Hits CD was released, which included such hits as "La novia" and "El milagro". He also made a very popular Spanish version of a song from the Italian singer Domenico Modugno. Prieto also sang a popular ballad, "Juan Bobo", in homage to the popular Juan Bobo of Puerto Rican folklore. Partial filmography Juan Mondiola (1950) The Two Little Rascals (1961) La novia (1961) La boda (1964) El tímido (1965) La industria del matrimonio (1965) - (segment "Romántico") De profesión, sospechosos (1966) - Joaquin Frias Eroe vagabondo (1966) See also Nino Bravo Lucho Gatica References ^ Ulloa, Eric; Ponce, David (July 14, 2011). "La música está de duelo: Muere Antonio Prieto, quien inmortalizó "La Novia"" (in Spanish). Emol. Retrieved March 13, 2014. ^ Musica Fusion, Juan Bobo Retrieved 2013-05-29 External links Media related to Antonio Prieto at Wikimedia Commons Antonio Prieto at IMDb vteFundamental figures of Chilean music 1987 José Goles 1988 Luis Aguirre Pinto 1989 Francisco Flores del Campo 1990 Vicente Bianchi 1991 Donato Román y Ester Soré 1992 Valentín Trujillo 1993 Margot Loyola 1994 Gabriela Pizarro 1995 Antonio Prieto 1996 Dúo Rey-Silva 1997 Los Jaivas 1998 Hernán "Nano" Núñez 1999 Sonia y Myriam 2000 Fernando Rosas 2001 Luis Advis 2002 Los Ángeles Negros 2003 Isabel y Ángel Parra 2004 Patricio Manns 2005 Lucho Gatica 2006 Buddy Richard 2007 Silvia Infantas 2008 Los Huasos Quincheros 2009 Palmenia Pizarro 2010 Tito Fernández 2011 Cecilia Pantoja 2012 Calatambo Albarracín 2013 Fernando García 2014 Roberto Lecaros 2015 Gastón Guzmán 2016 Willy Bascuñán 2017 Quilapayún 2018 Jorge González 2019 Carmen Barros 2020 Eduardo Gatti 2021 José Alfredo Fuentes 2022 Ginette Acevedo and Julio Zegers 2023 Myriam Hernández and La Sonora de Tommy Rey Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Spain Argentina United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC This article about an actor from Chile is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Chilean singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"La novia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_novia"},{"link_name":"Domenico Modugno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Modugno"},{"link_name":"Juan Bobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bobo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Espinoza and the second or maternal family name is Prieto.Juan Antonio Espinoza Prieto (26 May 1926 – 14 July 2011)[1] was a Chilean singer and actor.Also a popular singer, he scored an international 1961 hit with \"La novia\", mostly known in English-speaking countries as \"The Wedding\". In 1995 a 20 Greatest Hits CD was released, which included such hits as \"La novia\" and \"El milagro\". He also made a very popular Spanish version of a song from the Italian singer Domenico Modugno.Prieto also sang a popular ballad, \"Juan Bobo\", in homage to the popular Juan Bobo of Puerto Rican folklore.[2][unreliable source?]","title":"Antonio Prieto (Chilean singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Mondiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mondiola"},{"link_name":"The Two Little Rascals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Little_Rascals"},{"link_name":"La industria del matrimonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_industria_del_matrimonio"},{"link_name":"De profesión, sospechosos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_profesi%C3%B3n,_sospechosos"}],"text":"Juan Mondiola (1950)\nThe Two Little Rascals (1961)\nLa novia (1961)\nLa boda (1964)\nEl tímido (1965)\nLa industria del matrimonio (1965) - (segment \"Romántico\")\nDe profesión, sospechosos (1966) - Joaquin Frias\nEroe vagabondo (1966)","title":"Partial filmography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Nino Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Bravo"},{"title":"Lucho Gatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucho_Gatica"}]	[{"reference":"Ulloa, Eric; Ponce, David (July 14, 2011). \"La música está de duelo: Muere Antonio Prieto, quien inmortalizó \"La Novia\"\" (in Spanish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkasan	Makkasan	["1 Naming and history","2 Places","3 References"]	Coordinates: 13°45′21.57″N 100°32′32.64″E / 13.7559917°N 100.5424000°E / 13.7559917; 100.5424000Khwaeng in ThailandMakkasan มักกะสันKhwaengMakkasan Interchange in the Makkasan neighbourhood at nightLocation in Ratchathewi DistrictCountry ThailandProvinceBangkokKhetRatchathewiArea • Total2.283 km2 (0.881 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total15,815Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)Postal code10400TIS 1099103704 Makkasan (Thai: มักกะสัน, pronounced ) is the name of an intersection and the surrounding neighbourhood in Bangkok's Ratchathewi district. It is one of the 180 sub-districts in Bangkok. Makkasan Intersection is divided into two closely located intersections. One is the meeting point of Ratchaprarop Road, Chaturathit Road, Si Ayutthaya Road, and Soi Ratchaprarop 10 or Soi Mo Leng, and is known variously as Makkasan, Mo Leng or Ratchaprarop Intersection. The other is the intersection of Ratchaprarop Road and Nikhom Makkasan Road, named Nikhom Makkasan intersection. The area is considered one of the most prone to traffic jams in Bangkok, especially during rush hour. Makkasan is not far from major shopping districts and Bangkok's traffic centers, such as Pratunam or Victory Monument. Naming and history The name of the intersection refers to the Makkasan people, who historically lived in the area. The Makkasan people are Muslims that migrated from Sulawesi, Indonesia to Siam in the Ayutthaya period towards the end of King Narai's reign, with the name "Makkasan" coming from the city of Makassar, now the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. The Makkasan were known by the Siamese of the time as Khaek Makkasan (แขกมักกะสัน); the Thai word khaek literally means guest and generally refers to non-Western foreigners (the term farang is used for Westerners), mostly Muslims, Hindus or Indians from the Middle East and the Malay Peninsula. The records of Claude de Forbin, a French naval admiral who lived in Ayutthaya at the time, states that the Makkasan rebelled on July 14, 1686, and were suppressed with harsh measures by the Ayutthaya rulers with the aid of foreign aristocrats such as Constantine Phaulkon. The incident was called "Makkasan Rebellion" (กบฏมักกะสัน, ขบถมักกะสัน). The appearance of the Makkasan was compared to Yakshas by the Siamese, giving rise to the Thai term yak makkasan (ยักษ์มักกะสัน), meaning a cruel person. When King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) established the Rattanakosin Kingdom in today's Bangkok in 1782, he allowed Makkasan people from Ayutthaya to settle in this area, leading to the area being named after them. Many places in the area also bear the name, such as Makkasan Station, the biggest rapid transit station on the Airport Rail Link, Makkasan railway station, a class 1 railway station which also includes a depot of the same name, Bueng Makkasan, a large artificial lake in the center of Bangkok built in 1931 by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT), and the Makkasan Interchange, part of the Chaloem Maha Nakhon Expressway and the Sirat Expressway. Places Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) Bangkok Doll Museum Soi Ratchataphan (also known as Soi Mo Leng) References ^ Administrative Strategy Division, Strategy and Evaluation Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (2021). สถิติกรุงเทพมหานครประจำปี 2563 (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 27 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "เย็นวันพุธ 'แยกมักกะสัน'รถมากเคลื่อนตัวช้า การจราจรติดขัด แนะเช็กเส้นทาง". Thairath (in Thai). 2015-04-29. ^ Royal Institute Dictionary. "แขก". Sanook (in Thai). ^ Royal Institute Dictionary. "ยักษ์มักกะสัน". Sanook (in Thai). ^ ""บึงมักกะสัน"พ่อฝากไว้...ช่วยฟอกไตคนกรุง". Komchadluek (in Thai). 2016-10-23. ^ "วันนี้เมื่อวันวาน...ทางด่วนสายแรกของไทย". Nation TV (in Thai). 2015-10-29. 13°45′21.57″N 100°32′32.64″E / 13.7559917°N 100.5424000°E / 13.7559917; 100.5424000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[mák.kā.sǎn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Ratchathewi district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchathewi_district"},{"link_name":"sub-districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaeng"},{"link_name":"Si Ayutthaya Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Ayutthaya_Road"},{"link_name":"Soi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soi"},{"link_name":"rush hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pratunam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratunam"},{"link_name":"Victory Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Bangkok)"}],"text":"Khwaeng in ThailandMakkasan (Thai: มักกะสัน, pronounced [mák.kā.sǎn]) is the name of an intersection and the surrounding neighbourhood in Bangkok's Ratchathewi district. It is one of the 180 sub-districts in Bangkok. Makkasan Intersection is divided into two closely located intersections. One is the meeting point of Ratchaprarop Road, Chaturathit Road, Si Ayutthaya Road, and Soi Ratchaprarop 10 or Soi Mo Leng, and is known variously as Makkasan, Mo Leng or Ratchaprarop Intersection. The other is the intersection of Ratchaprarop Road and Nikhom Makkasan Road, named Nikhom Makkasan intersection. The area is considered one of the most prone to traffic jams in Bangkok, especially during rush hour.[2] Makkasan is not far from major shopping districts and Bangkok's traffic centers, such as Pratunam or Victory Monument.","title":"Makkasan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Ayutthaya period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_period"},{"link_name":"Narai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narai"},{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar"},{"link_name":"South Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"farang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farang"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Claude de Forbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Forbin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Constantine Phaulkon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Phaulkon"},{"link_name":"Makkasan Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_revolt_of_1686"},{"link_name":"Yakshas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaksha#Yakshas_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"ยักษ์มักกะสัน","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Phutthayotfa Chulalok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phutthayotfa_Chulalok"},{"link_name":"Rattanakosin Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)"},{"link_name":"Makkasan Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkasan_Station"},{"link_name":"Airport Rail Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_Rail_Link_(Bangkok)"},{"link_name":"Makkasan railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkasan_railway_station"},{"link_name":"depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_power_depot"},{"link_name":"artificial lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_lake"},{"link_name":"State Railway of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The name of the intersection refers to the Makkasan people, who historically lived in the area. The Makkasan people are Muslims that migrated from Sulawesi, Indonesia to Siam in the Ayutthaya period towards the end of King Narai's reign, with the name \"Makkasan\" coming from the city of Makassar, now the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. The Makkasan were known by the Siamese of the time as Khaek Makkasan (แขกมักกะสัน); the Thai word khaek literally means guest and generally refers to non-Western foreigners (the term farang is used for Westerners), mostly Muslims, Hindus or Indians from the Middle East and the Malay Peninsula.[3]The records of Claude de Forbin, a French naval admiral who lived in Ayutthaya at the time, states that the Makkasan rebelled on July 14, 1686, and were suppressed with harsh measures by the Ayutthaya rulers with the aid of foreign aristocrats such as Constantine Phaulkon. The incident was called \"Makkasan Rebellion\" (กบฏมักกะสัน, ขบถมักกะสัน). The appearance of the Makkasan was compared to Yakshas by the Siamese, giving rise to the Thai term yak makkasan (ยักษ์มักกะสัน), meaning a cruel person.[4]When King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) established the Rattanakosin Kingdom in today's Bangkok in 1782, he allowed Makkasan people from Ayutthaya to settle in this area, leading to the area being named after them. Many places in the area also bear the name, such as Makkasan Station, the biggest rapid transit station on the Airport Rail Link, Makkasan railway station, a class 1 railway station which also includes a depot of the same name, Bueng Makkasan, a large artificial lake in the center of Bangkok built in 1931 by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT), and the Makkasan Interchange, part of the Chaloem Maha Nakhon Expressway and the Sirat Expressway.[5][6]","title":"Naming and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tourism Authority of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Authority_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Bangkok Doll Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Doll_Museum"}],"text":"Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT)\nBangkok Doll Museum\nSoi Ratchataphan (also known as Soi Mo Leng)","title":"Places"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Administrative Strategy Division, Strategy and Evaluation Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (2021). สถิติกรุงเทพมหานครประจำปี 2563 [Bangkok Statistics 2020] (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://webportal.bangkok.go.th/upload/user/00000130/BMA_STATISTICS%202563/ebook%2063.pdf","url_text":"สถิติกรุงเทพมหานครประจำปี 2563"}]},{"reference":"\"เย็นวันพุธ 'แยกมักกะสัน'รถมากเคลื่อนตัวช้า การจราจรติดขัด แนะเช็กเส้นทาง\". Thairath (in Thai). 2015-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thairath.co.th/content/495992","url_text":"\"เย็นวันพุธ 'แยกมักกะสัน'รถมากเคลื่อนตัวช้า การจราจรติดขัด แนะเช็กเส้นทาง\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thairath","url_text":"Thairath"}]},{"reference":"Royal Institute Dictionary. \"แขก\". Sanook (in Thai).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_Dictionary","url_text":"Royal Institute Dictionary"},{"url":"https://dictionary.sanook.com/search/dict-th-th-royal-institute/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%81","url_text":"\"แขก\""}]},{"reference":"Royal Institute Dictionary. \"ยักษ์มักกะสัน\". Sanook (in Thai).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanook.com/dictionary/dict/dict-th-th-royal-institute/search/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99/","url_text":"\"ยักษ์มักกะสัน\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"บึงมักกะสัน\"พ่อฝากไว้...ช่วยฟอกไตคนกรุง\". Komchadluek (in Thai). 2016-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.komchadluek.net/news/agricultural/246672","url_text":"\"\"บึงมักกะสัน\"พ่อฝากไว้...ช่วยฟอกไตคนกรุง\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komchadluek","url_text":"Komchadluek"}]},{"reference":"\"วันนี้เมื่อวันวาน...ทางด่วนสายแรกของไทย\". Nation TV (in Thai). 2015-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationtv.tv/main/content/378476312/","url_text":"\"วันนี้เมื่อวันวาน...ทางด่วนสายแรกของไทย\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_TV_(Thailand)","url_text":"Nation TV"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Makkasan&params=13_45_21.57_N_100_32_32.64_E_","external_links_name":"13°45′21.57″N 100°32′32.64″E / 13.7559917°N 100.5424000°E / 13.7559917; 100.5424000"},{"Link":"https://webportal.bangkok.go.th/upload/user/00000130/BMA_STATISTICS%202563/ebook%2063.pdf","external_links_name":"สถิติกรุงเทพมหานครประจำปี 2563"},{"Link":"https://www.thairath.co.th/content/495992","external_links_name":"\"เย็นวันพุธ 'แยกมักกะสัน'รถมากเคลื่อนตัวช้า การจราจรติดขัด แนะเช็กเส้นทาง\""},{"Link":"https://dictionary.sanook.com/search/dict-th-th-royal-institute/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%81","external_links_name":"\"แขก\""},{"Link":"https://www.sanook.com/dictionary/dict/dict-th-th-royal-institute/search/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99/","external_links_name":"\"ยักษ์มักกะสัน\""},{"Link":"http://www.komchadluek.net/news/agricultural/246672","external_links_name":"\"\"บึงมักกะสัน\"พ่อฝากไว้...ช่วยฟอกไตคนกรุง\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationtv.tv/main/content/378476312/","external_links_name":"\"วันนี้เมื่อวันวาน...ทางด่วนสายแรกของไทย\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Makkasan&params=13_45_21.57_N_100_32_32.64_E_","external_links_name":"13°45′21.57″N 100°32′32.64″E / 13.7559917°N 100.5424000°E / 13.7559917; 100.5424000"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADas_J%C3%A1come	Elías Jácome	["1 References"]	Ecuadorian football referee Elías JácomeFull name Elías Jácome GuerreroBorn (1945-11-02)2 November 1945EcuadorDied 27 July 1999(1999-07-27) (aged 53)EcuadorOther occupation EngineerDomesticYears League Role Serie A RefereeInternationalYears League Role1980-1999 FIFA Referee In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Jácome and the second or maternal family name is Guerrero. Elías Jácome Guerrero (2 November 1945 – 26 July 1999) was the first Ecuadorian football referee to participate in a FIFA World Cup. He supervised the Spain versus South Korea match (3-1) during the 1990 FIFA World Cup held in Italy. References Profile Article by FEF This biographical article related to an Ecuadorian footballer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1990 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Jácome and the second or maternal family name is Guerrero.Elías Jácome Guerrero (2 November 1945 – 26 July 1999) was the first Ecuadorian football referee to participate in a FIFA World Cup. He supervised the Spain versus South Korea match (3-1) during the 1990 FIFA World Cup held in Italy.","title":"Elías Jácome"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135322/http://www.weltfussball.de/schiedsrichter_profil.php?id=28598","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.ecuafutbol.org/UI/detalle.aspx?seccion=1&categserie=7&nivel=0&subnivel=0&id=14348&tabla=N","external_links_name":"Article by FEF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El%C3%ADas_J%C3%A1come&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brierley_Hill_(UK_Parliament_constituency)	Brierley Hill (UK Parliament constituency)	["1 History","2 Boundaries","3 Members of Parliament","4 Elections","4.1 Elections in the 1950s","4.2 Elections in the 1960s","4.3 Elections in the 1970s","5 See also","6 References"]	Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1950–1974 Brierley HillFormer County constituencyfor the House of Commons1950–February 1974SeatsoneCreated fromCannock and KingswinfordReplaced byDudley West, Wolverhampton South West, South West Staffordshire & Halesowen and Stourbridge Brierley Hill parliamentary constituency was located in the West Midlands of England. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system. History The constituency was created for the 1950 general election, and abolished for the February 1974 general election. Boundaries The seat was named after a town in the historic county of Staffordshire in the West Midlands of England. It consisted of four local government areas, the Urban Districts of Amblecote, Brierley Hill, and Tettenhall as well as the Rural District of Seisdon, as they existed in 1948. Before 1950 much of the area (Amblecote and Brierley Hill) had been part of the Kingswinford constituency. The rest (Tettenhall and Seisdon) were part of Cannock constituency. In the redistribution which took effect in early 1974, this constituency was abolished. There had been changes in local government arrangements since 1950, so most of the area of the old seat had been divided between the County Boroughs of Dudley and Wolverhampton. The Brierley Hill ward of Dudley became part of the Dudley West constituency, whereas the Tettenhall Regis and Tettenhall Wightwick wards of Wolverhampton were part of the Wolverhampton South West seat. Seisdon became part of the South West Staffordshire division. Most of Amblecote had been included in the Worcestershire Municipal Borough of Stourbridge, so it became part of the Halesowen and Stourbridge parliamentary constituency. Members of Parliament Election Member Party Notes 1950 Charles Simmons Labour 1959 John Talbot Conservative Died January 1967 1967 by-election Fergus Montgomery Conservative Feb 1974 constituency abolished Elections Elections in the 1950s General election 1950: Brierley Hill Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Charles Simmons 24,302 50.32 Conservative Rolf Dudley-Williams 19,665 40.72 Liberal Thomas Patrick Hanley 4,329 8.96 Majority 4,637 9.60 Turnout 48,296 85.45 Labour win (new seat) General election 1951: Brierley Hill Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Charles Simmons 25,510 52.36 Conservative John Dalley 23,212 47.64 Majority 2,298 4.72 Turnout 48,722 85.00 Labour hold Swing General election 1955: Brierley Hill Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Charles Simmons 25,013 50.97 Conservative W Howard Green 24,064 49.03 Majority 949 1.93 Turnout 49,077 78.93 Labour hold Swing General election 1959: Brierley Hill Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative J. E. Talbot 31,202 53.55 Labour Charles Simmons 27,069 46.45 Majority 4,133 7.10 N/A Turnout 58,271 81.89 Conservative gain from Labour Swing Elections in the 1960s General election 1964: Brierley Hill Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative J. E. Talbot 33,370 52.01 Labour Peter Archer 28,968 45.15 Independent William Brown 1,820 2.84 New Majority 4,402 6.86 Turnout 64,158 79.98 Conservative hold Swing Anti-Common Market General election 1966: Brierley Hill Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative J. E. Talbot 34,026 51.18 Labour Katharine C Rogers 32,459 48.82 Majority 1,567 2.36 Turnout 66,485 78.95 Conservative hold Swing 1967 Brierley Hill by-election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Fergus Montgomery 31,371 53.75 +2.57 Labour Derek Forwood 21,151 36.24 -12.58 Liberal Michael Steed 4,536 7.77 New All Party Alliance John Creasey 1,305 2.24 New Majority 10,220 17.51 Turnout 58,363 Conservative hold Swing Elections in the 1970s General election 1970: Brierley Hill Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Fergus Montgomery 43,440 60.63 Labour Thomas Pritchard 28,203 39.37 Majority 15,237 21.27 Turnout 71,643 73.29 Conservative hold Swing See also List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies References ^ British parliamentary election results, 1950-1973 by FWS Craig ^ British parliamentary election results, 1950-1973 by FWS Craig ^ British parliamentary election results, 1950-1973 by FWS Craig ^ F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1950-1973; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1973 ^ F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1950-1973; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1973 ^ British parliamentary election results, 1950-1973 by FWS Craig ^ "1967 By Election Results". Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2015. ^ British parliamentary election results, 1950-1973 by FWS Craig Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972) British Parliamentary Election Results 1950-1973, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Research Services 1983) Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume IV 1945-1979, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1981) Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "B" (part 5)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"}],"text":"Brierley Hill parliamentary constituency was located in the West Midlands of England. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.","title":"Brierley Hill (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1950 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"February 1974 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"The constituency was created for the 1950 general election, and abolished for the February 1974 general election.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Urban Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Amblecote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblecote"},{"link_name":"Brierley Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brierley_Hill"},{"link_name":"Tettenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettenhall"},{"link_name":"Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Seisdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seisdon_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Kingswinford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingswinford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cannock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"County Boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Dudley West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Tettenhall Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettenhall_Regis"},{"link_name":"Tettenhall Wightwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettenhall_Wightwick"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South West Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Staffordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Municipal Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough"},{"link_name":"Stourbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourbridge"},{"link_name":"Halesowen and Stourbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halesowen_and_Stourbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"The seat was named after a town in the historic county of Staffordshire in the West Midlands of England.It consisted of four local government areas, the Urban Districts of Amblecote, Brierley Hill, and Tettenhall as well as the Rural District of Seisdon, as they existed in 1948.Before 1950 much of the area (Amblecote and Brierley Hill) had been part of the Kingswinford constituency. The rest (Tettenhall and Seisdon) were part of Cannock constituency.In the redistribution which took effect in early 1974, this constituency was abolished. There had been changes in local government arrangements since 1950, so most of the area of the old seat had been divided between the County Boroughs of Dudley and Wolverhampton. The Brierley Hill ward of Dudley became part of the Dudley West constituency, whereas the Tettenhall Regis and Tettenhall Wightwick wards of Wolverhampton were part of the Wolverhampton South West seat. Seisdon became part of the South West Staffordshire division. Most of Amblecote had been included in the Worcestershire Municipal Borough of Stourbridge, so it became part of the Halesowen and Stourbridge parliamentary constituency.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1950s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1960s","text":"Anti-Common Market","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1970s","title":"Elections"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"}]	[{"reference":"\"1967 By Election Results\". Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329035318/http://by-elections.co.uk/67.html","url_text":"\"1967 By Election Results\""},{"url":"http://by-elections.co.uk/67.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329035318/http://by-elections.co.uk/67.html","external_links_name":"\"1967 By Election Results\""},{"Link":"http://by-elections.co.uk/67.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Bcommons5.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"B\" (part 5)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Petukhov_(writer)	Yuri Petukhov (writer)	["1 Biography","2 Publishing activity","3 Reception","4 Historical, political and philological views","5 Petukhov and religion","6 Encyclopedia of Beings from Space","7 Star Revenge","7.1 Plot","7.2 Influence","8 Judicial prohibitions of Petukhov's works","9 References","10 External links"]	Russian writer (1951–2009) For the footballer, see Yuri Aleksandrovich Petukhov. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: the article does not use standard English constructions. Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Юрий ПетуховYu. D. Petukhov at ММКВЯ–2008BornЮрий Дмитриевич Петухов(1951-05-17)May 17, 1951Moscow, USSRDiedFebruary 1, 2009(2009-02-01) (aged 57)OccupationProsaist, publisherLanguageRussianNationalityRussianPeriod1983–2009GenreSci-fi, volkshistoryWebsitejuri-petuchov.ru Yuri Dmitrievich Petukhov (Russian: Ю́рий Дми́триевич Петухо́в) (May 17, 1951 – February 1, 2009) Russian sci-fi writer, philosopher, publisher, non-academic explorer in world history and philology. Biography Petukhov was born in Moscow. From 1969 to 1971, he served in the Soviet army in Hungary. From 1972 to 1985, he worked in a military-related scientific institute. In 1983 he published his first book (in the realistic genre, about life of motor-rifle troops) Two Springs from Now (Russian: «Через две весны»). In 1990 and 1991, he published the novels Massacre (Russian: «Бойня») and Satanic Potion (Russian: «Сатанинское Зелье»), which by his own words opened a "new genre" of Russian literature—"super-new black wave" or "literature of sverkhrealism". In August 1991, he stated that World War III has happened and new world partition is going on. In his autobiographical essay "Black House" (Russian: «Чёрный дом», 1994) he gives his evidence of the events of the autumn of 1993 in Moscow, how he was marching through Krymsky Bridge to Moscow City Hall, moved to Ostankino TV center and got there under severe shooting, and saw crowds admiring the White House shelling which was shocking for him. In his opinion, march of October 3 was Russian people's uprising against Anglo-American colonial regime, but the victory was lost due to indecision of White House defenders' leaders.This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013) Petukhov died in February 2009 when visiting his parents' graves. Publishing activity This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2013) Most of well-known Petukhov's editions of the 1990s were published in his own publishing house "Metagalaktika". Bondarenko remembers that all his author's fee and publisher's profit he spent on publishing newspapers and magazines. Petukhov published: Newspaper "Voice of the Universe" (Russian: Голос Вселенной), subtitled as "Information-publicistic and literary independent newspaper: press organ of non-governmental transcendental spheres" (Russian: Информационно-публицистическая и литературно-художественная газета: Печатный орган внеправительственных трансцендентных сфер). Most materials in the newspaper were thus not subscribed. "Voice of the Universe" is ironically mentioned in humorous book "Остров Русь 2, или Принцесса Леокады" (2009) by Stanislav and Yuliy Burkin as reading of father of main characters, who was turned on everything anomal. Russian English Вера в добрых инопланетян — это детские грезы вымирающего Человечества <…> Демоны Ада, являющиеся нам в обличии пришельцев, несут Страх, Ужас и Горе. Их сущность — Зло. Их пришествие — Сумерки Человечества и Предвестие Скорого КонцаАртур Скандлер, философ, XX век Believing in kind aliens is a childish dream of extincting Humanity Daemons of the Hell, appearing to us in appearance of aliens, bring Horror, Fear and Grieve. Their essence is Evil. Their advent is the Twilight of Humanity and the Presage of the Soon End Arthur Scundler, philosopher, 20th century Magazine "Adventures, fantastics" (Russian: Приключения, фантастика), many separate books (all this mostly written by himself). Logo of this magazine could be seen on most editions of Petukhov (pictured). In 1990s Petukhov's editions were rather widespread and well-sold. Reception In 1991, critic Vladimir Gopman in his article Cat at TV-set, or "Poor Men's" Fantastics (Russian: Кот перед телевизором, или Фантастика «для бедных») compared reader of Petukhov and some other writers who appeared in Soviet Union at this time with the eponymous Cat which is not very selective in art. He attested Petukhov as able promoter but bad writer, and his publicistics he connected with chauvinistic Soviet groups. Vl. Gakov's "Encyclopedia of Fantastics" says: "Petukhov has become known mainly not for his multiple novels and stories, which have no special literature merits, but for Petukhov's pathological desire to make espatage on public with obtrusive propaganda of own 'geniality': multiple interviews with himself, advertising posters and pamphlets, declarations in press." Writers V. Bondarenkoru and V. Lichutin, on other side, estimate Petukhov highly. Historical, political and philological views Petukhov developed a theory of pseudohistory (Russian: фолк-хистори) and pseudophilology, which stated that all real people are come from Ruses and all languages are developed from Russian. His best known work on this topic is 3-volumed History of Ruses (Russian: История русов). The whole series of books about what he called "true history" (Russian: Подлинная история) was published by his own publishing house Metagalaktika. Petukhov stated that all best-known historical science is nothing but result of geopolitical ambitions and "town fantasies" of Romano-German historists. As an example of his views, he said that the Mongol conquest was nothing but a great myth created by Catholic priests; Mongolian Horde were just kind of Cossacks returning from East, and Batu Khan was Alexandr Nevsky. Petukhov stated that Europe and America were created by Russians and should be repossessed. All Soviet and Russian leaders, except Stalin, were according to him traitors and degenerates; in a last work of him New World Order (Russian: Новый мировой порядок) he accused America of starting World War III by exploding Chernobyl and forecasted to Russia a victory in the final battle. Petukhov turned to the etymology proposed by Max Müller, who derived the term "Aryans" from the Slavic "orati", meaning "to plow". Petukhov ignored later evidence of the fallacy of this etymology. At the same time, under the influence of the ideas of one of the founders of Russian neo-paganism, Alexey Dobrovolsky (Dobroslav), who did not have a higher education, Petukhov derived the root "ar" from "yar", "yary". Petukhov and religion Yuri Petukhov declared himself to be Orthodoxal Christian, but in his books there are many neo-pagan and ufological motives. For example, he said that Jesus Christ was born in family of Ruses to whom Jerusalem used to belong. Brochure "Devil and his present lying miracles and lying prophets" (ca. 1993), published by Danilov monastery under blessing of Alexy II, editions of Petukhov (newspaper Voice of the Universe, libraries of Galaktika and Metagalaktika, book Prediction etc.) are described as containing blasphemy and falsifications, inacceptable and leading believers who will read them into hell. Encyclopedia of Beings from Space The Encyclopedia of Beings from Space (Russian: Энциклопедия космических существ) included dozens of pictures of different monsters, which appeared in newspaper Voice of the Universe in 1991; each picture was accompanied by text displaying characteristics of the monster. Star Revenge The pentalogy Star Revenge (Russian: «Звёздная месть», 1990–1995) is the best known of Petukhov's works. It is set primarily in the 25th to 33rd centuries. This book, as example of "patriotic" fiction, contains much of politic suggestions. Plot Angel of Revenge («Ангел Возмездия», «Система», 1990) Cover of first editionMain character, space desanter Ivan, suddenly remembers how his parents were killed by non-humanoids, and he as baby was left in rescue boat into open space. Ivan wants revenge and finds way to that place, but can do nothing to superpowered aliens; escaping in last moment, he knows that invasion on the Earth is prepared. Rebel of Ghouls («Бунт вурдалаков», «Пристанище», 1993) Being back, Ivan tries to warn government, but he is not listened at. Some time after he is sent to some planet to rescue earthlings-hostages. It appeared that people of the 33rd century made there a polygon beyond time and space; they created monsters—leshys, undeads etc. They didn't know that there were really such beings. Monsters from hell got to the polygon, killed half of people and turned others into living source of biomass. The polygon was closed, turned into Refuge (Russian: Пристанище) and sent into past—to 25th century. Monsters wanted to get to the Earth, where they already have supporters – as members of government, who have sent Ivan to death. Ivan succeeded to get out from Refuge; now he knew that the invasion can happen any moment from two directions – from System or from Refuge. Immersion into Darkness («Погружение во мрак», «Каторга», 1994) Ivan decided to fight on his own and gathers a crew. Ivan goes to underwater servitude on planet Girgea to rescue his friend—former space desanter and chief of a band Goog Hlodrick the Wild. He and his friends meet different strange races–"before-exploders" (bodyless supercivilizations of universe which was before Big Bang), troggs etc. It appears that Earth is already governed by banditic syndicates and satanic sects, some of which has relations to invaders. Invasion from Hell («Вторжение из ада», «Вторжение», 1995) Ivan and his friends are up to overthrow malicious government of Earth. Alpha-corpus of space desant takes their side, great war shocks all the world, Antarctic continent is beaten through to destroy shelter of rich rascals. They take power over Great Russia and whole world, but too late—traitors have called back all the outer armed forces for renovation to open road for invaders. But main struck is from underearth—hordes of satanoids and diabloids (mutated members of satanic sects controlled by aliens) creep out, destroy everything and kill everybody. Ivan accuses himself that humanity is destroyed from his wrongs, and in Khram in Moscow (associated with Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, it's the only place which is protected from invaders by supernatural force) he commits suicide. Sword of Pantocrator («Меч Вседержителя», «Армагеддон», 1995) All people of Earth are arisen from death by "infernofields" for endless torture and serving as blood and flesh fabrics for monsters. Last centers of resistance in space can do nothing but continue their hopeless struggle. Ivan goes to hell but is taken from there by a light ray. He sees Archangel Michael and then God (in image of grey-eyed fair-haired men, which is prototypic appearance of Petukhov's Ruses). God tells him that a "chain of worlds" has been before – each world was created good with some beings having soul (in Ivan's world, they were Ruses) and some not, but afterwards by freedom of will evil appeared and by cunning way took the upper hand so that the world turned into hell-like place; after that world was destroyed by "Big Bang", but some evil forces can stay alive and get into future and another worlds. He says that Ivan has no guilt except suicide, and as the last Rus Ivan is sent to be "Pantocrator's sword". Ivan is arisen from death in Khram and joins to his friends for a while. Then he goes into Axial dimension (a road connecting worlds and places where one must struggle with phantoms of his memory) and finds road into Old World – place out of time which bourned everything else, "New worlds". Mag lived 3000 years before tells him (Petukhov's version of) world history: how Proto-Ruses came from Hyperborea and learned soulless protanthrops to be humans, and how then among them God's space rays introduced to be born Ruses – people who created all the civilization but by traitors and false historians came into forgottenness and decay. Ivan gets power of all Ruses ever lived. Additionally, mag learns him how to travel by time. The learning in Old World happens beyond time but Ivan must see all his friends dying. Afterwards, he comes out, and with his power destroys parasites from all Earth's history, so that the invasion have never happened. Influence The author's Encyclopedia of Star Revenge wasn't finished or published. The 1993 song Звёздная месть by group Железный поток was loosely based on themes from the novel. The 2010 amateur film "Зоряна помста" (Ukrainian for "Star Revenge") by study "УПВ Арт Груп" (Kyiv) has minor connections with Petukhov's plot, it mostly parodies Western sci-fi action films (including Star Wars, Dune and Tremors). Judicial prohibitions of Petukhov's works On July 20, 2006, a Prosecutor's Office of Central District of Volgograd initiated a comprehensive examination of Petukhov's works by group of psychologists, politologists and linguists. They concluded that the texts promotes the ideas of racial, national and religiuous animosity,cult of force and violence, xenophobia. В прокуратуру Москвы были направлены материалы на предмет наличия состава преступления. February 5, 2007 Perovsky court of Moscow made a precedent of prohibition of artistic books. Law "About defence to extremistic activity" (Russian: «О противодействии экстремистской деятельности») was applied to Petukhov's books. Books "World War IV" («Четвертая Мировая») and "Genocide" («Геноцид») confirmed to be extremistic,prohibited and due to be taken out and be destroyed. Petukhov filed a cassation to a higher instance. References ^ Hooker, Mark T. (1996). The Military Uses of Literature: Fiction and the Armed Forces in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275955632. ^ a b Газета Русский Курьер :: Допрорицался ^ Петухов, Ю. Д. (2000). Черный дом. М.: Метагалактика. ISBN 5-85141-024-8. ^ a b Vladimir Grigorievich Bondarenko . Necrologue ^ a b Диавол и его нынешние лжечудеса и лжепророки. М.: Даниловский благовестник. (in Russian) ^ Fake quote of fictional author, which appeared on front page of "Voice of the Universe" № 8—9, 1991, and futurely was mistakenly requoted by some anti-ufological publications. ^ Гопман, Владимир (1991). Кот перед телевизором, или Фантастика "для бедных". Столица, № 11–12 (in Russian). М. pp. 120–121. ^ ПЕТУХОВ, Юрий Дмитриевич \| ФАНТАСТИКА 3000 ^ Бондаренко, В. Г. (February 18, 2009). Русский подвижник. Завтра, №8 (in Russian). ^ Личутин, В. В. (October 10, 2007). Футуролог. Завтра, №41 (in Russian). ^ D. Yu. Polinichenko (2010). "Political mythologems of folk linguistics" (PDF). Политическая лингвистика, № 4(34) (in Russian). Krasnodar. ^ Alan J.K. Sanders (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. p. 627. ISBN 9780810874527. ^ Walter Laqueur (2011). Harvest of a Decade: Disraelia and Other Essays. Transaction Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 9781412845557. ^ Schnirelmann, Victor (2015). Aryan myth in the modern world (in Russian). New literary review. ISBN 9785444804223. ^ Вячеслав Алексеев. "Русское неоязычество" (PDF). Центр апологетических исследований. p. 5. ^ Яков Шустов (February 9, 2006). "Имперская эпоха российского Политиздата". Русская цивилизация /portal "Russian civilization"/. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. ^ "Волгоградская прокуратура обратилась в суд с жалобой на произведения Юрия Петухова". Regnum. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2010. ^ Прокуратура оценила творчество Юрия Петухова. В Волгограде требуют запретить книги московского писателя ^ Волгоградская прокуратура обратилась в суд с жалобой на произведения Юрия Петухова ^ "Московский суд запрещает фантастику – за экстремизм". March 9, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. External links Russian Wikiquote has quotations related to: Петухов, Юрий Дмитриевич vte Slavic Native Faith (Rodnoverie) — people and organizationsBosnia Praskozorje PolandEarly Zadruga Jan Stachniuk — Stoignev Władysław Kołodziej Zdzisław Harlender — Lyubomir New Rodzima Wiara Stanisław Potrzebowski Native Polish Church Rodnover Confederation Russiaand RussiandiasporaEarly(émigrés and USSR) Alexey Dobrovolsky — Dobroslav Valery Yemelyanov — Velemir Sergey Paramonov Newby organization Veles circle Ilya Cherkasov — Veleslav Thesaurus Concept of Public Security "Dead Water" Circle of Pagan Tradition (KYaT) Alexey Dobrovolsky — Dobroslav Valery Yemelyanov — Velemir Russian Religion Siberian Veche Union of Slavic Communities of the Slavic Native Faith (SSO SRV) PeterburgianVedism Viktor Bezverkhy — Ostromysl Ynglism and adjacent Ynglism Russian Social Movement "Renaissance. Golden Age" Nikolai Levashov Newindependents Alexander Asov — Bus Kresen Mikhail Zadornov Yury Petukhov Writers Yuri Nikitin Slovakia Miroslav Švický — Žiarislav Ukraineand UkrainiandiasporaEarly Bohdan Ihor Antonych Volodymyr Shaian Native Ukrainian National Faith New Halyna Lozko — Zoreslava Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuri Aleksandrovich Petukhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Aleksandrovich_Petukhov"},{"link_name":"world history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"}],"text":"For the footballer, see Yuri Aleksandrovich Petukhov.Yuri Dmitrievich Petukhov (Russian: Ю́рий Дми́триевич Петухо́в) (May 17, 1951 – February 1, 2009) Russian sci-fi writer, philosopher, publisher, non-academic explorer in world history and philology.","title":"Yuri Petukhov (writer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_army"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"rifle troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_troops"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooker-1"},{"link_name":"Russian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature"},{"link_name":"sverkhrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85-"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruscourier.ru-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"events of the autumn of 1993 in Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"Krymsky Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymsky_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Moscow City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"march of October 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Events_of_October_3-4,_1993_in_Moscow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_3_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_1993_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nec-4"}],"text":"Petukhov was born in Moscow. From 1969 to 1971, he served in the Soviet army in Hungary. From 1972 to 1985, he worked in a military-related scientific institute. In 1983 he published his first book (in the realistic genre, about life of motor-rifle troops) Two Springs from Now (Russian: «Через две весны»).[1]In 1990 and 1991, he published the novels Massacre (Russian: «Бойня») and Satanic Potion (Russian: «Сатанинское Зелье»), which by his own words opened a \"new genre\" of Russian literature—\"super-new black wave\" or \"literature of sverkhrealism\". In August 1991, he stated that World War III has happened and new world partition is going on.[2]In his autobiographical essay \"Black House\" (Russian: «Чёрный дом», 1994)[3] he gives his evidence of the events of the autumn of 1993 in Moscow, how he was marching through Krymsky Bridge to Moscow City Hall, moved to Ostankino TV center and got there under severe shooting, and saw crowds admiring the White House shelling which was shocking for him. In his opinion, march of October 3 [ru] was Russian people's uprising against Anglo-American colonial regime, but the victory was lost due to indecision of White House defenders' leaders.Petukhov died in February 2009 when visiting his parents' graves.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nec-4"},{"link_name":"Yuliy Burkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuliy_Burkin"}],"text":"Most of well-known Petukhov's editions of the 1990s were published in his own publishing house \"Metagalaktika\". Bondarenko remembers that all his author's fee and publisher's profit he spent on publishing newspapers and magazines.[4] Petukhov published:Newspaper \"Voice of the Universe\" (Russian: Голос Вселенной), subtitled as \"Information-publicistic and literary independent newspaper: press organ of non-governmental transcendental spheres\" (Russian: Информационно-публицистическая и литературно-художественная газета: Печатный орган внеправительственных трансцендентных сфер). Most materials in the newspaper were thus not subscribed. \"Voice of the Universe\" is ironically mentioned in humorous book \"Остров Русь 2, или Принцесса Леокады\" (2009) by Stanislav and Yuliy Burkin as reading of father of main characters, who was turned on everything anomal.Magazine \"Adventures, fantastics\" (Russian: Приключения, фантастика), many separate books (all this mostly written by himself). Logo of this magazine could be seen on most editions of Petukhov (pictured).In 1990s Petukhov's editions were rather widespread and well-sold.","title":"Publishing activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"this time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroyka"},{"link_name":"Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisement"},{"link_name":"chauvinistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vl. Gakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Gakov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"V. Bondarenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Grigorievich_Bondarenko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"V. Lichutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lichutin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 1991, critic Vladimir Gopman in his article Cat at TV-set, or \"Poor Men's\" Fantastics (Russian: Кот перед телевизором, или Фантастика «для бедных») compared reader of Petukhov and some other writers who appeared in Soviet Union at this time with the eponymous Cat which is not very selective in art. He attested Petukhov as able promoter but bad writer, and his publicistics he connected with chauvinistic Soviet groups.[7]Vl. Gakov's \"Encyclopedia of Fantastics\" says: \"Petukhov has become known mainly not for his multiple novels and stories, which have no special literature merits, but for Petukhov's pathological desire to make espatage on public with obtrusive propaganda of own 'geniality': multiple interviews with himself, advertising posters and pamphlets, declarations in press.\"[8]\nWriters V. Bondarenkoru[9] and V. Lichutin, on other side, estimate Petukhov highly.[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Ruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_people"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"Mongol conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Batu Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Khan"},{"link_name":"Alexandr Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin"},{"link_name":"degenerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degeneration_(medical)"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III"},{"link_name":"exploding Chernobyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Max Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Alexey Dobrovolsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Dobrovolsky"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Petukhov developed a theory of pseudohistory (Russian: фолк-хистори) and pseudophilology, which stated that all real people are come from Ruses and all languages are developed from Russian. His best known work on this topic is 3-volumed History of Ruses (Russian: История русов). The whole series of books about what he called \"true history\" (Russian: Подлинная история) was published by his own publishing house Metagalaktika. Petukhov stated that all best-known historical science is nothing but result of geopolitical ambitions and \"town fantasies\" of Romano-German historists.[11]As an example of his views, he said[where?] that the Mongol conquest was nothing but a great myth created by Catholic priests; Mongolian Horde were just kind of Cossacks returning from East, and Batu Khan was Alexandr Nevsky.[12] Petukhov stated that Europe and America were created by Russians and should be repossessed. All Soviet and Russian leaders, except Stalin, were according to him traitors and degenerates; in a last work of him New World Order (Russian: Новый мировой порядок) he accused America of starting World War III by exploding Chernobyl and forecasted to Russia a victory in the final battle.[13]Petukhov turned to the etymology proposed by Max Müller, who derived the term \"Aryans\" from the Slavic \"orati\", meaning \"to plow\". Petukhov ignored later evidence of the fallacy of this etymology. At the same time, under the influence of the ideas of one of the founders of Russian neo-paganism, Alexey Dobrovolsky (Dobroslav), who did not have a higher education, Petukhov derived the root \"ar\" from \"yar\", \"yary\".[14]","title":"Historical, political and philological views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodoxal Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"neo-pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-paganism"},{"link_name":"ufological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufology"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Danilov monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilov_monastery"},{"link_name":"Alexy II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dm-5"},{"link_name":"blasphemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy"},{"link_name":"falsifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"}],"text":"Yuri Petukhov declared himself to be Orthodoxal Christian, but in his books there are many neo-pagan and ufological motives. For example, he said that Jesus Christ was born in family of Ruses to whom Jerusalem used to belong.[15] Brochure \"Devil and his present lying miracles and lying prophets\" (ca. 1993), published by Danilov monastery under blessing of Alexy II,[5] editions of Petukhov (newspaper Voice of the Universe, libraries of Galaktika and Metagalaktika, book Prediction etc.) are described as containing blasphemy and falsifications, inacceptable and leading believers who will read them into hell.","title":"Petukhov and religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Encyclopedia of Beings from Space (Russian: Энциклопедия космических существ) included dozens of pictures of different monsters, which appeared in newspaper Voice of the Universe in 1991; each picture was accompanied by text displaying characteristics of the monster.","title":"Encyclopedia of Beings from Space"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"politic suggestions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The pentalogy Star Revenge (Russian: «Звёздная месть», 1990–1995) is the best known of Petukhov's works. It is set primarily in the 25th to 33rd centuries. This book, as example of \"patriotic\" fiction, contains much of politic suggestions.[16]","title":"Star Revenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Venjance_Stellare.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Ivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_(name)"},{"link_name":"leshys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leshy"},{"link_name":"undeads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead"},{"link_name":"hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"servitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_servitude"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Christ the Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour"},{"link_name":"hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"freedom of will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_will"},{"link_name":"Pantocrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantocrator"},{"link_name":"sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"Mag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi"},{"link_name":"Hyperborea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperborea"}],"sub_title":"Plot","text":"Angel of Revenge («Ангел Возмездия», «Система», 1990)\nCover of first editionMain character, space desanter Ivan, suddenly remembers how his parents were killed by non-humanoids, and he as baby was left in rescue boat into open space. Ivan wants revenge and finds way to that place, but can do nothing to superpowered aliens; escaping in last moment, he knows that invasion on the Earth is prepared.\nRebel of Ghouls («Бунт вурдалаков», «Пристанище», 1993)\nBeing back, Ivan tries to warn government, but he is not listened at. Some time after he is sent to some planet to rescue earthlings-hostages. It appeared that people of the 33rd century made there a polygon beyond time and space; they created monsters—leshys, undeads etc. They didn't know that there were really such beings. Monsters from hell got to the polygon, killed half of people and turned others into living source of biomass. The polygon was closed, turned into Refuge (Russian: Пристанище) and sent into past—to 25th century. Monsters wanted to get to the Earth, where they already have supporters – as members of government, who have sent Ivan to death. Ivan succeeded to get out from Refuge; now he knew that the invasion can happen any moment from two directions – from System or from Refuge.\nImmersion into Darkness («Погружение во мрак», «Каторга», 1994)\nIvan decided to fight on his own and gathers a crew. Ivan goes to underwater servitude on planet Girgea to rescue his friend—former space desanter and chief of a band Goog Hlodrick the Wild. He and his friends meet different strange races–\"before-exploders\" (bodyless supercivilizations of universe which was before Big Bang), troggs etc. It appears that Earth is already governed by banditic syndicates and satanic sects, some of which has relations to invaders.\nInvasion from Hell («Вторжение из ада», «Вторжение», 1995)\nIvan and his friends are up to overthrow malicious government of Earth. Alpha-corpus of space desant takes their side, great war shocks all the world, Antarctic continent is beaten through to destroy shelter of rich rascals. They take power over Great Russia and whole world, but too late—traitors have called back all the outer armed forces for renovation to open road for invaders. But main struck is from underearth—hordes of satanoids and diabloids (mutated members of satanic sects controlled by aliens) creep out, destroy everything and kill everybody. Ivan accuses himself that humanity is destroyed from his wrongs, and in Khram in Moscow (associated with Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, it's the only place which is protected from invaders by supernatural force) he commits suicide.\nSword of Pantocrator («Меч Вседержителя», «Армагеддон», 1995)\nAll people of Earth are arisen from death by \"infernofields\" for endless torture and serving as blood and flesh fabrics for monsters. Last centers of resistance in space can do nothing but continue their hopeless struggle. Ivan goes to hell but is taken from there by a light ray. He sees Archangel Michael and then God (in image of grey-eyed fair-haired men, which is prototypic appearance of Petukhov's Ruses). God tells him that a \"chain of worlds\" has been before – each world was created good with some beings having soul (in Ivan's world, they were Ruses) and some not, but afterwards by freedom of will evil appeared and by cunning way took the upper hand so that the world turned into hell-like place; after that world was destroyed by \"Big Bang\", but some evil forces can stay alive and get into future and another worlds. He says that Ivan has no guilt except suicide, and as the last Rus Ivan is sent to be \"Pantocrator's sword\". Ivan is arisen from death in Khram and joins to his friends for a while. Then he goes into Axial dimension (a road connecting worlds and places where one must struggle with phantoms of his memory) and finds road into Old World – place out of time which bourned everything else, \"New worlds\". Mag lived 3000 years before tells him (Petukhov's version of) world history: how Proto-Ruses came from Hyperborea and learned soulless protanthrops to be humans, and how then among them God's space rays introduced to be born Ruses – people who created all the civilization but by traitors and false historians came into forgottenness and decay. Ivan gets power of all Ruses ever lived. Additionally, mag learns him how to travel by time. The learning in Old World happens beyond time but Ivan must see all his friends dying. Afterwards, he comes out, and with his power destroys parasites from all Earth's history, so that the invasion have never happened.","title":"Star Revenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Железный поток","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"amateur film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_film"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"parodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"action films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Tremors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremors_(1990_film)"}],"sub_title":"Influence","text":"The author's Encyclopedia of Star Revenge wasn't finished or published. The 1993 song Звёздная месть by group Железный поток was loosely based on themes from the novel. The 2010 amateur film \"Зоряна помста\" (Ukrainian for \"Star Revenge\") by study \"УПВ Арт Груп\" (Kyiv) has minor connections with Petukhov's plot, it mostly parodies Western sci-fi action films (including Star Wars, Dune and Tremors).","title":"Star Revenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"},{"link_name":"racial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"religiuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_dissent"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"xenophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruscourier.ru-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"extremistic activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism"},{"link_name":"cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"On July 20, 2006, a Prosecutor's Office of Central District of Volgograd initiated a comprehensive examination of Petukhov's works by group of psychologists, politologists and linguists. They concluded that the texts promotes the ideas of racial, national and religiuous animosity,cult of force and violence, xenophobia.[2] В прокуратуру Москвы были направлены материалы на предмет наличия состава преступления.[17][18][19]February 5, 2007 Perovsky court of Moscow made a precedent of prohibition of artistic books. Law \"About defence to extremistic activity\" (Russian: «О противодействии экстремистской деятельности») was applied to Petukhov's books. Books \"World War IV\" («Четвертая Мировая») and \"Genocide\" («Геноцид») confirmed to be extremistic,prohibited and due to be taken out and be destroyed.Petukhov filed a cassation to a higher instance.[20]","title":"Judicial prohibitions of Petukhov's works"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of first edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/La_Venjance_Stellare.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hooker, Mark T. (1996). The Military Uses of Literature: Fiction and the Armed Forces in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275955632.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jbByTjTUNVkC&q=two+springs+from+now&pg=PR9","url_text":"The Military Uses of Literature: Fiction and the Armed Forces in the Soviet Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275955632","url_text":"9780275955632"}]},{"reference":"Петухов, Ю. Д. (2000). Черный дом. М.: Метагалактика. ISBN 5-85141-024-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85141-024-8","url_text":"5-85141-024-8"}]},{"reference":"Гопман, Владимир (1991). Кот перед телевизором, или Фантастика \"для бедных\". Столица, № 11–12 (in Russian). М. pp. 120–121.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fandom.ru/about_fan/gopman_05.htm","url_text":"Кот перед телевизором, или Фантастика \"для бедных\""}]},{"reference":"Бондаренко, В. Г. (February 18, 2009). Русский подвижник. Завтра, №8 (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"http://zavtra.ru/content/view/2009-02-1872","url_text":"Русский подвижник"},{"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)","url_text":"Завтра"}]},{"reference":"Личутин, В. В. (October 10, 2007). Футуролог. Завтра, №41 (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"http://zavtra.ru/content/view/2007-10-1042","url_text":"Футуролог"},{"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)","url_text":"Завтра"}]},{"reference":"D. Yu. Polinichenko (2010). \"Political mythologems of folk linguistics\" (PDF). Политическая лингвистика, № 4(34) (in Russian). Krasnodar.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.uspu.ru/i/inst/ling/ling34/ling34_31.pdf","url_text":"\"Political mythologems of folk linguistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar","url_text":"Krasnodar"}]},{"reference":"Alan J.K. Sanders (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. p. 627. ISBN 9780810874527.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&q=yury+petukhov&pg=PA627","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Mongolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874527","url_text":"9780810874527"}]},{"reference":"Walter Laqueur (2011). Harvest of a Decade: Disraelia and Other Essays. Transaction Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 9781412845557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Laqueur","url_text":"Walter Laqueur"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ImPUCzPfYjkC&q=yury+petukhov&pg=PA96","url_text":"Harvest of a Decade: Disraelia and Other Essays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers","url_text":"Transaction Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412845557","url_text":"9781412845557"}]},{"reference":"Schnirelmann, Victor (2015). Aryan myth in the modern world (in Russian). New literary review. ISBN 9785444804223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann","url_text":"Schnirelmann, Victor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa8qCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Aryan myth in the modern world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785444804223","url_text":"9785444804223"}]},{"reference":"Вячеслав Алексеев. \"Русское неоязычество\" (PDF). Центр апологетических исследований. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apologetika.ru/pdfs/c096.pdf","url_text":"\"Русское неоязычество\""}]},{"reference":"Яков Шустов (February 9, 2006). \"Имперская эпоха российского Политиздата\". Русская цивилизация /portal \"Russian civilization\"/. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141847/http://www.rustrana.ru/article.php?nid=18516","url_text":"\"Имперская эпоха российского Политиздата\""},{"url":"http://www.rustrana.ru/article.php?nid=18516","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Волгоградская прокуратура обратилась в суд с жалобой на произведения Юрия Петухова\". Regnum. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212205/http://www.regnum.ru/news/676550.html","url_text":"\"Волгоградская прокуратура обратилась в суд с жалобой на произведения Юрия Петухова\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REGNUM_News_Agency","url_text":"Regnum"},{"url":"http://www.regnum.ru/news/676550.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Московский суд запрещает фантастику – за экстремизм\". March 9, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema	Battle of Cynossema	["1 Prelude","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Sources"]	Coordinates: 40°08′33″N 26°23′16″E / 40.142369°N 26.38775°E / 40.142369; 26.38775Naval battle during the Second Peloponnesian War (411 BC) Battle of CynossemaPart of the Second Peloponnesian WarDate411 BCLocationOff Cynossema, in the Thracian Chersonese(modern-day Kilitbahir, Eceabat, Çanakkale, Turkey)40°08′33″N 26°23′16″E / 40.142369°N 26.38775°E / 40.142369; 26.38775Result Athenian victoryBelligerents Athens and allies Sparta and alliesCommanders and leaders Thrasyllus,Thrasybulus MindarusStrength 76 ships 86 shipsCasualties and losses 15 ships 21 shipsCynossemaclass=notpageimage\| Greece vtePeloponnesian War Sybota Potidaea Spartolos Rhium Naupactus Plataea 1st Mytilene Tanagra Aetolia Olpae Idomene Pylos Sphacteria Megara Delium Amphipolis Mantinea Hysiae Orneae Melos Sicilian Expedition Syme Eretria Cynossema Abydos Cyzicus Notium 2nd Mytilene Arginusae Aegospotami The naval Battle of Cynossema (Ancient Greek: Κυνὸς σῆμα) took place in 411 BC during the Second Peloponnesian War. In the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus, although initially thrown on the defensive by a numerically superior Spartan fleet, won a narrow victory. This victory had an impact out of proportion to its tactical significance, coming when Athens' traditional democratic government had been replaced by an oligarchy and an Athenian defeat could have ended the war. The newly confident Athenian fleet proceeded to win two more victories in the Hellespont in quick succession, the second being the dramatic rout at Cyzicus, which ended the immediate Spartan threat to Athens' Black Sea lifeline. Prelude In the wake of Athens' defeat in the Sicilian Expedition in 413, a small Spartan fleet commanded by Chalcideus, who was advised and assisted by Alcibiades, succeeded in bringing a number of critical Ionian cities into revolt from the Athenian Empire. After the revolt of the critical city of Miletus, the Persian satrap Tissaphernes concluded an alliance against Athens with Sparta. The Spartans remained unwilling to challenge the Athenians at sea, and an Athenian fleet succeeded in recapturing several cities and besieging Chios during the later months of 412 BC. In 411 BC, however, further rebellions at Rhodes and Euboea, and the capture of Abydos and Lampsacus on the Hellespont by a Peloponnesian army that had marched there overland, forced the Athenians to disperse their forces to meet these various threats. The Spartan fleet could now move freely in the Aegean, and took advantage of its newfound superiority by lifting the blockade of Chios and bottling up the Athenians' Aegean fleet at Samos. By withdrawing their ships from the Hellespont to Samos, the Athenians were able to reestablish their naval superiority in the Aegean, but in doing so they opened the door for Sparta to shift the theater of war. Accordingly, in late July, the Spartan commander Clearchus made an attempt to slip 40 ships past the Athenian fleet to the Hellespont. These were turned back by a storm, but shortly afterwards 10 ships under the Megarian general Helixus reached the Hellespont, where they triggered revolts in Byzantium, Chalcedon and other important cities. Several months later, the new Spartan navarch Mindarus, deciding that the promises of support made by Pharnabazus, the Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, were more promising than those of Tissaphernes in Ionia, slipped his entire fleet past the Athenians. He joined up with the Peloponnesian ships already operating in the Hellespont and established his base at Abydos, forcing the small Athenian fleet at Sestos to flee, with losses, to Imbros and Lemnos. Battle With a substantial Peloponnesian fleet operating in the Hellespont, the crucial trade route through which Athens' grain supply passed, the Athenian fleet had little choice but to pursue Mindarus. Accordingly, Thrasybulus, assuming overall command, led the fleet to Elaeus on the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula, where the Athenians spent five days preparing to challenge the 86 Spartan ships at Abydos with their 76 ships. The Athenian fleet sailed in column into the Hellespont, following the northern shore, while the Spartans put out from Abydos on the southern shore. When the Athenian left had rounded the point of Cynossema, the Spartans attacked, planning to outflank the Athenian right and trap the fleet in the Hellespont while driving the center aground on Cynossema. The Athenian center was quickly driven aground, and the left under Thrasyllus, beset by Syracusan ships and unable to see the rest of the fleet around the sharp point, was unable to come to its aid. Thrasybulus on the right, meanwhile, was able to avoid encirclement by extending his line westward, but in doing so lost touch with the center. With the Athenians divided and a substantial portion of their fleet incapacitated, a Spartan victory seemed assured. At this critical juncture, however, the Peloponnesian line began to fall into disorder as ships broke line to pursue individual Athenian vessels. Seeing this, Thrasybulus turned his ships abruptly and attacked the Spartan left. After routing these ships, the Athenian right bore down on the Peloponnesian center, and, catching them in a state of disorganization, quickly routed them as well. The Syracusans on the right, seeing the rest of their fleet in flight, abandoned their attack on the Athenian left and fled as well. The narrowness of the straits, which ensured that the Peloponnesians had only a short way to go to safety, limited the damage the Athenians could inflict, but by day's end they had captured 21 Spartan ships to the 15 of theirs that the Spartans had taken in the early fighting. The Athenians set up a trophy on Cynossema and put in at Sestos, while the Peloponnesians made their way back to Abydos. Aftermath In the days after the battle, the Athenians refitted their ships at Sestos and dispatched a small detachment to Cyzicus, recapturing that town and seizing 8 triremes encountered along the way. A trireme was dispatched to Athens, where the unexpected good news restored the people's confidence in the war effort. Historian Donald Kagan has emphasized the effect this victory had on the Athenians. Forced to fight on terms chosen by their enemies, at a time when the city lacked the resources to build another fleet, the Athenians could have lost the war on that day at Cynossema. Instead, they won a victory that allowed them to continue fighting, with victory still seeming possible. References ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.14-17 ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.17-18 ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 340-354 ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 359 ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 387 ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.80. Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 394 provides the late July date. ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.99 ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.101-103 ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 404 ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.103 ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.104 ^ a b Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.105 ^ a b Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.106 ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 8.107 ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 406 Sources Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War (Penguin Books, 2003). ISBN 0-670-03211-5 Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War . 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(Ancient Greek: Κυνὸς σῆμα) took place in 411 BC during the Second Peloponnesian War. In the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus, although initially thrown on the defensive by a numerically superior Spartan fleet, won a narrow victory. This victory had an impact out of proportion to its tactical significance, coming when Athens' traditional democratic government had been replaced by an oligarchy and an Athenian defeat could have ended the war. The newly confident Athenian fleet proceeded to win two more victories in the Hellespont in quick succession, the second being the dramatic rout at Cyzicus, which ended the immediate Spartan threat to Athens' Black Sea lifeline.","title":"Battle of Cynossema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sicilian Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Chalcideus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chalcideus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alcibiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades"},{"link_name":"Ionian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia"},{"link_name":"Athenian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"satrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap"},{"link_name":"Tissaphernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissaphernes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Euboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea"},{"link_name":"Abydos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos,_Hellespont"},{"link_name":"Lampsacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampsacus"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"navarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarch"},{"link_name":"Mindarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindarus"},{"link_name":"Pharnabazus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharnabazus_(5th_century_BC)"},{"link_name":"Hellespontine Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia"},{"link_name":"Tissaphernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissaphernes"},{"link_name":"Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestos"},{"link_name":"Imbros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbros"},{"link_name":"Lemnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In the wake of Athens' defeat in the Sicilian Expedition in 413, a small Spartan fleet commanded by Chalcideus, who was advised and assisted by Alcibiades, succeeded in bringing a number of critical Ionian cities into revolt from the Athenian Empire.[1] After the revolt of the critical city of Miletus, the Persian satrap Tissaphernes concluded an alliance against Athens with Sparta.[2] The Spartans remained unwilling to challenge the Athenians at sea, and an Athenian fleet succeeded in recapturing several cities and besieging Chios during the later months of 412 BC.[3] In 411 BC, however, further rebellions at Rhodes and Euboea, and the capture of Abydos and Lampsacus on the Hellespont by a Peloponnesian army that had marched there overland, forced the Athenians to disperse their forces to meet these various threats. The Spartan fleet could now move freely in the Aegean, and took advantage of its newfound superiority by lifting the blockade of Chios and bottling up the Athenians' Aegean fleet at Samos.[4]By withdrawing their ships from the Hellespont to Samos, the Athenians were able to reestablish their naval superiority in the Aegean,[5] but in doing so they opened the door for Sparta to shift the theater of war. Accordingly, in late July, the Spartan commander Clearchus made an attempt to slip 40 ships past the Athenian fleet to the Hellespont. These were turned back by a storm, but shortly afterwards 10 ships under the Megarian general Helixus reached the Hellespont, where they triggered revolts in Byzantium, Chalcedon and other important cities.[6] Several months later, the new Spartan navarch Mindarus, deciding that the promises of support made by Pharnabazus, the Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, were more promising than those of Tissaphernes in Ionia,[7] slipped his entire fleet past the Athenians. He joined up with the Peloponnesian ships already operating in the Hellespont and established his base at Abydos, forcing the small Athenian fleet at Sestos to flee, with losses, to Imbros and Lemnos.[8]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Thrasybulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasybulus"},{"link_name":"Elaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Thrasyllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasyllus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-13"}],"text":"With a substantial Peloponnesian fleet operating in the Hellespont, the crucial trade route through which Athens' grain supply passed, the Athenian fleet had little choice but to pursue Mindarus.[9] Accordingly, Thrasybulus, assuming overall command, led the fleet to Elaeus on the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula, where the Athenians spent five days preparing to challenge the 86 Spartan ships at Abydos with their 76 ships.[10] The Athenian fleet sailed in column into the Hellespont, following the northern shore, while the Spartans put out from Abydos on the southern shore. When the Athenian left had rounded the point of Cynossema, the Spartans attacked, planning to outflank the Athenian right and trap the fleet in the Hellespont while driving the center aground on Cynossema.[11] The Athenian center was quickly driven aground, and the left under Thrasyllus, beset by Syracusan ships and unable to see the rest of the fleet around the sharp point, was unable to come to its aid. Thrasybulus on the right, meanwhile, was able to avoid encirclement by extending his line westward, but in doing so lost touch with the center. With the Athenians divided and a substantial portion of their fleet incapacitated, a Spartan victory seemed assured.[12]At this critical juncture, however, the Peloponnesian line began to fall into disorder as ships broke line to pursue individual Athenian vessels. Seeing this, Thrasybulus turned his ships abruptly and attacked the Spartan left. After routing these ships, the Athenian right bore down on the Peloponnesian center, and, catching them in a state of disorganization, quickly routed them as well. The Syracusans on the right, seeing the rest of their fleet in flight, abandoned their attack on the Athenian left and fled as well.[12] The narrowness of the straits, which ensured that the Peloponnesians had only a short way to go to safety, limited the damage the Athenians could inflict, but by day's end they had captured 21 Spartan ships to the 15 of theirs that the Spartans had taken in the early fighting. The Athenians set up a trophy on Cynossema and put in at Sestos, while the Peloponnesians made their way back to Abydos.[13]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"trireme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trireme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-13"},{"link_name":"Donald Kagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kagan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In the days after the battle, the Athenians refitted their ships at Sestos and dispatched a small detachment to Cyzicus, recapturing that town and seizing 8 triremes encountered along the way.[14] A trireme was dispatched to Athens, where the unexpected good news restored the people's confidence in the war effort.[13] Historian Donald Kagan has emphasized the effect this victory had on the Athenians. Forced to fight on terms chosen by their enemies, at a time when the city lacked the resources to build another fleet, the Athenians could have lost the war on that day at Cynossema. Instead, they won a victory that allowed them to continue fighting, with victory still seeming possible.[15]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kagan, Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kagan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-670-03211-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03211-5"},{"link_name":"Thucydides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides"},{"link_name":"History of the Peloponnesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War"},{"link_name":"Richard Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crawley"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring"},{"link_name":"Ancient seafaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history"},{"link_name":"Vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels"},{"link_name":"Types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft"},{"link_name":"Balangay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangay"},{"link_name":"Bangka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Coracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracle"},{"link_name":"Dhow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow"},{"link_name":"Dragon 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museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum"},{"link_name":"Grand Egyptian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum"},{"link_name":"Museum of Ancient Seafaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring"},{"link_name":"Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)"},{"link_name":"Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)"},{"link_name":"Ark of bulrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes"},{"link_name":"Flood myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flood_myths"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative"},{"link_name":"Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"The Histories (Herodotus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)"},{"link_name":"On the Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)"},{"link_name":"Argonautica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautica"},{"link_name":"The Histories (Polybius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"link_name":"Tākitimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu"}],"text":"Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War (Penguin Books, 2003). ISBN 0-670-03211-5\nThucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War . Translated by Richard Crawley – via Wikisource.vteAncient seafaringVesselsTypes\nBalangay\nBangka\nCoracle\nDhow\nDragon boat\nDugout canoe\nGalley\nPenteconter\nKunlun ship\nLiburna\nLongship\nMultihull\nNavis lusoria\nObelisk ship\nOutriggers\nSingle-outrigger\nCatamaran\nTrimaran\nPolyremes\nBireme\nOared warships\nTrireme\nQuadrireme\nQuinquereme\nHexareme\nTessarakonteres\nRaft\nReed boat\nSailing ship\nTomol\nPropulsion\nPaddling\nSailing\nTowing\nPoling \nComponents\nAnchor\nBow\nCabin\nDeck\nFigurehead\nHull\nPlanking\nKeel\nMast\nOar\nPaddle\nRope\nRudder\nSteering oar\nSail\nSail components\nStem\nSternpost\nStrake\nTiller\nConstruction\nBoat building\nCareening\nCarvel built\nClinker built\nMortise and tenon\nLashed-lug\nSewn-plank\nShipbuilding\nBy region:\nEgypt\nRigging\nCrab claw\nFore-and-aft\nLateen\nSettee\nTanja\nTriangular sail\nJunk\nMast-aft\nSpritsail\nSquare\nArmaments\nBallista\nCatapult\nCorvus\nDolphin\nHarpax\nRam\nSambuca\nNavigation, and ports and harborsNavigation\nCelestial\nCharts\nPortolan chart\nRutter (nautical)\nCoastal\nLighthouses\nHistory\nPiloting\nPilot boat\nMaritime pilot\nBy region:\nInuit\nMicronesian\nPolynesia\nPorts andharbors\nAden\nAdulis\nAlexandria\nArikamedu (Podouke)\nArsinoe\nAvalites\nBarbarikon\nBarygaza\nBasra\nBerenice Troglodytica\nCanopus\nChittagong\nEssina\nGiao Chỉ\nGodavaya\nGuangzhou (Canton)\nJambukola\nJeddah\nKaveri Poompattinam\nKedah (Kadaram)\nKorkai\nLothal\nManthai\nMadurai\nMalao\nMyos Hormos\nMartaban\nMueang Phra Rot\nMuscat\nMuziris\nÓc Eo (Cattigara)\nOpone\nOstia Antica\nPalembang\nPiraeus\nProsphorion\nPtolemais Theron\nQandala\nQuilon\nRhacotis\nSarapion\nSatingpra\nSidon\nSocotra\nSounagoura\nTrincomalee\nTulum\nTyndis\nTyre\nWadi al-Jarf\nZanzibar\nHistoryPrehistory\nTimeline\nBritain\nOceania\nRemote\nNear\nUbaid period\nCivilizations\nAncient Egypt\nOld Kingdom\nAustronesia\nPhilippines\nSa Huỳnh\nLapita\nMicronesia\nLangkasuka\nKedah\nChampa\nKutai\nTarumanagara\nKalingga\nSrivijaya\nSunda\nPolynesia\nMinoan\nIndus Valley\nTamilakam\nChola\nChera\nPandya\nSomalia\nMaya\nNuragic\nMycenaean\nPhoenicia\nOlmecs\nCarthage\nGreece\nArchaic\nClassical\nAchaemenid\nNabatea\nAksum\nRome\nMigration andexploration\nAustronesian Expansion\nGreeks in pre-Roman Gaul\nOcean exploration\nPhoenician maritime expansion\nSardinia\nCircumnavigation of Africa\nPytheas' voyage to Britain\nRoman circumnavigation of Britain\nTimeline\nMilitaryNavies\nEgyptian\nAchaemenid\nGreek\nRoman\nBattles\nMediterranean: Alashiya\nNile Delta\nSalamis\nArtemisium\nEurymedon\nNaupactus\nOlpae\nSyracuse\nCynossema\nArginusae\nMytilene\nHellespont\nEchinades\nSalamis II\nMylae\nCape Hermaeum\nEcnomus\nDrepana\nAegates\nLake Trasimene\nChios\nMyonessus\nNile\nNaulochus\nMycale\nActium\n\nBoarding\nGrappling\nIncendiaries\nOared vessels\nSailing ships\nGreek navy\nRamming\nBy region\nIndia\nOdisha\nJapan\nRome\nSouth America\nRafts\nEconomy and trade\nWhaling\nFishing\nIndus–Mesopotamia relations\nMeluhha\nMaritime Jade Route\nTin\nSpice trade\nIron Age Britain\nSa Huynh-Kalanay\nIncense trade\nMaritime Silk Road\nPeriplus of the Erythraean Sea\nMaya\nEgypt\nGreece\nshipping\nRome\nIndo-Roman\nPiracy\nHistory\nMediterranean piracy\nAmeinias the Phocian\nCilician pirates\nJewish pirates\nKidnapping of Julius Caesar\nPompey's campaign against the pirates\nResearch and educationScholarsHistorians\nDavid Blackman\nLionel Casson\nFik Meijer\nJohn Sinclair Morrison\nWilliam L. Rodgers\nChester G. Starr\nArchaeologists\nGeorge Bass\nJean-Yves Empereur\nBoris Rankov\nJ. Richard Steffy\nPeter Throckmorton\nShelley Wachsmann\nTopicsand theories\nCoastal defence and fortification\nGrave goods\nLighthouses\nAlexandria\nMarine art\nMarine navigation\nMaritime archaeology\nNaval warfare\nMaritime temples\nTemple of Isthmia\nTemple of Poseidon, Sounion\nSamothrace temple complex\nNusantao network\nPhoenician discovery of America\nPre-Columbian theories\nSea Peoples\nShipbuilding\nShell middens\nShip burial\nTacking\nThalassocracy\nUnderwater archaeology\nUnderwater exploration\nWrecksand relics\nEarliest:\nPesse canoe\nDufuna canoe\nAbydos\nMoor Sand\nDokos\nKhufu ship\nDover Bronze Age Boat\nUluburun\nCape Gelidonya\nRochelongue\nHjortspring\nAustronesia\nPontian boat\nButuan boats\nBlack Sea‎\nSinop D\nMarsala\nGreek:\nAshkelon\nKyrenia\nLeontophoros\nSyracusia\nPhoenician:\nGozo\nBajo de la Campana\nPunic:\nMarsala Punic shipwreck\nRoman:\nAlkedo\nArles Rhône 3\nBlackfriars I\nCaligula's Giant Ship\nDe Meern ships\nIsis\nMadrague de Giens\nNemi ships\nMarausa\nYassi Ada\nLists:\nOldest surviving\nMuseum ships\nSurviving ancient ships\nSites\nH3\nExperimentalarchaeology\nHeyerdahl expeditions\nKon-Tiki\nRa and Ra II\nAustronesian replicas\nHōkūleʻa\nSarimanok\nTe Au o Tonga\nHawaiʻiloa\nSamudra Raksa\nAlingano Maisu\nSaina\nBalangay Voyage\nFaʻafaite\nGaualofa\nMarumaru Atua\nAotearoa One\nMediterranean\nOlympias\nRegina\nPhoenician Ship Expedition\nViking replicas\nViking\nOthers\nVital Alsar\nIvlia\nAbora\nViracocha\nTangaroa\nInstitutes and conferences\nAdvisory Council on Underwater Archaeology\nArchaeological Institute of America\nEuropean Association of Archaeologists\nInstitute of Nautical Archaeology\nInternational Congress of Maritime Museums\nNautical Archaeology Society\nRPM Nautical Foundation\nSea Research Society\nSociety for American Archaeology\nMuseums andmemorials\nBodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology\nGiza Solar boat museum\nGrand Egyptian Museum\nAncient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle\nMuseum of Ancient Seafaring\nMuseum of Ancient Ships, Pisa\nNational Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology\nViking ship museums:\nOslo\nRoskilde\nLegend and literature\nLegend:\nArk of bulrushes\nFlood myths\nGenesis\nGilgamesh\nGreek\nLiterature:\nOdyssey\nThe Histories (Herodotus)\nOn the Ocean\nArgonautica\nThe Histories (Polybius)\nMetamorphoses\nGeography\nAeneid\nTākitimu","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War . Translated by Richard Crawley – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides","url_text":"Thucydides"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War","url_text":"History of the Peloponnesian War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crawley","url_text":"Richard Crawley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cynossema&params=40.142369_N_26.38775_E_","external_links_name":"40°08′33″N 26°23′16″E / 40.142369°N 26.38775°E / 40.142369; 26.38775"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cynossema&params=40.142369_N_26.38775_E_","external_links_name":"40°08′33″N 26°23′16″E / 40.142369°N 26.38775°E / 40.142369; 26.38775"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War","external_links_name":"History of the Peloponnesian War"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Williscroft	Gregory Williscroft	["1 References","2 External links"]	Canadian volleyball player Gregory WilliscroftPersonal informationNationalityCanadianBorn (1966-02-10) 10 February 1966 (age 58)Townsville, Queensland, AustraliaHome townCalgary, AlbertaSportSportVolleyball Gregory Williscroft (born 10 February 1966) is a Canadian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics. References ^ "Canadian Olympic Committee profile". Canadian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Gregory Williscroft Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2019. External links Gregory Williscroft at Olympedia This biographical article relating to volleyball in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"men's tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-2"}],"text":"Gregory Williscroft (born 10 February 1966) is a Canadian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.[2]","title":"Gregory Williscroft"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Canadian Olympic Committee profile\". Canadian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympic.ca/team-canada/greg-williscroft/","url_text":"\"Canadian Olympic Committee profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"Canadian Olympic Committee"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Gregory Williscroft Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418051852/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wi/gregory-williscroft-1.html","url_text":"\"Gregory Williscroft Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wi/gregory-williscroft-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://olympic.ca/team-canada/greg-williscroft/","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Olympic Committee profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418051852/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wi/gregory-williscroft-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Gregory Williscroft Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wi/gregory-williscroft-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/52125","external_links_name":"Gregory Williscroft"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61677086#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Williscroft&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_John	Bob John	["1 Honours","1.1 As a player","2 References"]	Welsh football player and manager Bob JohnPersonal informationFull name Robert Frederick JohnDate of birth 3 February 1899Place of birth Barry, WalesDate of death 17 July 1982(1982-07-17) (aged 83)Place of death Barry, WalesHeight 5 ft 7+1⁄2 in (1.71 m)Position(s) Left half, left backSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls) Barry Town Caerphilly 1922–1937 Arsenal 421 (12)International career1923–1936 Wales 15 (0)Managerial career1950 Torquay United Club domestic league appearances and goals Robert Frederick John (3 February 1899 – 17 July 1982) was a Welsh football player and coach. Born in Barry, John played for Barry Town and Caerphilly, before joining English club Arsenal, who signed him, against stiff competition, in January 1922 for a fee of £750. John made his Arsenal first-team debut on 28 October 1922 in a 2–1 defeat at home to Newcastle United and quickly became a regular, succeeding Tom Whittaker at left half. His ability was such that soon after he made his debut for the Welsh national side, against Scotland on 17 March 1923; it was the first of fifteen caps. John was displaced from the Arsenal side in 1923–24 thanks to competition from Billy Blyth and Andrew Young, but after being switched to left back to cover for Andy Kennedy, he was a near ever-present in 1924–25. Eventually however, John was switched back to left half, and this time he remained a first-team regular. A prodigious ball-winner and noted passer of the ball, John reached (but lost) the FA Cup Final with Arsenal in 1926–27, after a mistake by his compatriot and close friend Dan Lewis; it was John who consoled Lewis after the final whistle, assuring him he would get another chance to a win a medal (although Lewis never did). He played in Arsenal's 2–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday in the Charity Shield at Stamford Bridge in October 1930. John remained in the Arsenal side through the first half of the 1930s, despite competition from Charlie Jones. He finally won some silverware with an FA Cup win in 1930, followed by three First Division titles, in 1930–31, 1932–33 and 1933–34, as well as the FA Charity Shield in 1933 and 1934. John also scored Arsenal's only goal of the 1932 FA Cup final, in which Arsenal were controversially beaten by Newcastle United. By this time he was one of the senior members of the Arsenal squad, and mentored many of the club's younger new arrivals, such as Alex James. Although John played for Arsenal until his retirement in 1938, for the final three years of his career he was mainly a reserve player, having lost his place to Wilf Copping, and thus missed out on a medal in the Gunners' League win of 1934–35. Nevertheless, he played 470 times for the club in total, the most of any of Arsenal's pre-World War II players; as of 2006 he is tenth in the club's all-time appearances table. On retiring in 1938, John joined the coaching staff at West Ham United. He later joined Torquay United as trainer, working under his former Highbury teammate Jack Butler, but when Butler left for Crystal Palace in May 1947, John followed, again as trainer. In 1949 he was appointed trainer-coach at Cardiff City, a position he held until March 1950 when he was appointed manager of Torquay United. He had an unsuccessful spell as manager at Plainmoor, winning only 7 of the 28 games he was in charge for and left his post in November 1950. He finished his football career as a scout for Cardiff City. He died in Barry in 1982, at the age of 83. In 2008, his descendants loaned his shirts from the 1927, 1930 and 1932 FA Cup Finals to the Arsenal FC Museum. Honours As a player Arsenal Football League First Division: 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34 FA Cup winner: 1929–30; runner-up: 1926–27, 1931–32 FA Charity Shield: 1930, 1933, 1934 References Harris, Jeff (1995). Hogg, Tony (ed.). Arsenal Who's Who. Independent UK Sports. ISBN 1-899429-03-4. ^ Achates (20 August 1923). "Prospects of the clubs in the First Division of the League. Arsenal". Athletic News. Manchester. p. 5. ^ "Fortune smiles on the Arsenal". Sheffield Independent. 8 October 1930. p. 10. Retrieved 22 March 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "1933/34 F.A. Charity Shield". footballsite.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ "1934/35 F.A. Charity Shield". footballsite.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ "FA Cup Final shirts loaned to Arsenal Museum". Arsenal.com. vteTorquay United F.C. – managers Evans (1921–24) Raymond (1924–25) Mackrill (1925–29) Womack (1929–32) F. Brown (1932–38) Steward (1938–40) B. Butler (1945–46) J. Butler (1946–47) McNeil (1947–50) John (1950) Massie (1950–51) Webber (1951–65) O'Farrell (1965–68) A. Brown (1969–71) Edwards (1971–73) Musgrove (1973–76) O'Farrell (1976–77) Green (1977–81) O'Farrell (1981–82) Rioch (1982–84) Webb (1984–85) Sims (1985) Morgan (1985–87) Knowles (1987–89) Smith (1989–91) Impey (1991) Saunders (1991–92) Golac (1992) Compton (1992–93) Warnock (1993) O'Riordan (1993–95) May (1995–96) Hodges (1996–98) Saunders (1998–2001) Lee (2001) McFarland (2001–02) Rosenior (2002–06) Cornforth (2006) Atkins (2006) Kubik (2006–07) Curle (2007) Rosenior (2007) Buckle (2007–11) Ling (2011–13) Knill (2013–14) Hargreaves (2014–15) Cox (2015) Nicholson (2015–17) Owers (2017–18) Johnson (2018–24) Wotton (2024–)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Barry Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tom Whittaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Whittaker_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Welsh national side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1923–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Billy Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Blyth"},{"link_name":"Andrew Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Young_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"left back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_back"},{"link_name":"Andy Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Kennedy_(footballer_born_1897)"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup_Final_1927"},{"link_name":"1926–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Dan Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lewis_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune-2"},{"link_name":"Charlie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Jones_(footballer_born_1899)"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1930–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1932–33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%E2%80%9333_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1933–34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1932 FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alex James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_James_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Wilf Copping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilf_Copping"},{"link_name":"1934–35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jack Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Butler_(footballer,_born_1894)"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Plainmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainmoor"},{"link_name":"Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Robert Frederick John (3 February 1899 – 17 July 1982) was a Welsh football player and coach.Born in Barry, John played for Barry Town and Caerphilly, before joining English club Arsenal, who signed him, against stiff competition, in January 1922 for a fee of £750. John made his Arsenal first-team debut on 28 October 1922 in a 2–1 defeat at home to Newcastle United and quickly became a regular, succeeding Tom Whittaker at left half. His ability was such that soon after he made his debut for the Welsh national side, against Scotland on 17 March 1923; it was the first of fifteen caps.John was displaced from the Arsenal side in 1923–24 thanks to competition from Billy Blyth and Andrew Young, but after being switched to left back to cover for Andy Kennedy, he was a near ever-present in 1924–25. Eventually however, John was switched back to left half, and this time he remained a first-team regular. A prodigious ball-winner and noted passer of the ball, John reached (but lost) the FA Cup Final with Arsenal in 1926–27, after a mistake by his compatriot and close friend Dan Lewis; it was John who consoled Lewis after the final whistle, assuring him he would get another chance to a win a medal (although Lewis never did). He played in Arsenal's 2–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday in the Charity Shield at Stamford Bridge in October 1930.[2]John remained in the Arsenal side through the first half of the 1930s, despite competition from Charlie Jones. He finally won some silverware with an FA Cup win in 1930, followed by three First Division titles, in 1930–31, 1932–33 and 1933–34, as well as the FA Charity Shield in 1933 and 1934.[3][4] John also scored Arsenal's only goal of the 1932 FA Cup final, in which Arsenal were controversially beaten by Newcastle United. By this time he was one of the senior members of the Arsenal squad, and mentored many of the club's younger new arrivals, such as Alex James.Although John played for Arsenal until his retirement in 1938, for the final three years of his career he was mainly a reserve player, having lost his place to Wilf Copping, and thus missed out on a medal in the Gunners' League win of 1934–35. Nevertheless, he played 470 times for the club in total, the most of any of Arsenal's pre-World War II players; as of 2006 he is tenth in the club's all-time appearances table.On retiring in 1938, John joined the coaching staff at West Ham United. He later joined Torquay United as trainer, working under his former Highbury teammate Jack Butler, but when Butler left for Crystal Palace in May 1947, John followed, again as trainer. In 1949 he was appointed trainer-coach at Cardiff City, a position he held until March 1950 when he was appointed manager of Torquay United. He had an unsuccessful spell as manager at Plainmoor, winning only 7 of the 28 games he was in charge for and left his post in November 1950.He finished his football career as a scout for Cardiff City. He died in Barry in 1982, at the age of 83. In 2008, his descendants loaned his shirts from the 1927, 1930 and 1932 FA Cup Finals to the Arsenal FC Museum.[5]","title":"Bob John"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1930–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1932–33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%E2%80%9333_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1933–34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1929–30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1926–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1931–32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%E2%80%9332_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_FA_Charity_Shield"}],"sub_title":"As a player","text":"ArsenalFootball League First Division: 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34\nFA Cup winner: 1929–30; runner-up: 1926–27, 1931–32\nFA Charity Shield: 1930, 1933, 1934","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Harris, Jeff (1995). Hogg, Tony (ed.). Arsenal Who's Who. Independent UK Sports. ISBN 1-899429-03-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899429-03-4","url_text":"1-899429-03-4"}]},{"reference":"Achates (20 August 1923). \"Prospects of the clubs in the First Division of the League. Arsenal\". Athletic News. Manchester. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fortune smiles on the Arsenal\". Sheffield Independent. 8 October 1930. p. 10. Retrieved 22 March 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001464/19301009/309/0010","url_text":"\"Fortune smiles on the Arsenal\""}]},{"reference":"\"1933/34 F.A. Charity Shield\". footballsite.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1933-34CharityShield.htm","url_text":"\"1933/34 F.A. Charity Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"1934/35 F.A. Charity Shield\". footballsite.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1934-35CharityShield.htm","url_text":"\"1934/35 F.A. Charity Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"FA Cup Final shirts loaned to Arsenal Museum\". Arsenal.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/fa-cup-final-shirts-loaned-to-arsenal-museum","url_text":"\"FA Cup Final shirts loaned to Arsenal Museum\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001464/19301009/309/0010","external_links_name":"\"Fortune smiles on the Arsenal\""},{"Link":"https://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1933-34CharityShield.htm","external_links_name":"\"1933/34 F.A. Charity Shield\""},{"Link":"https://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1934-35CharityShield.htm","external_links_name":"\"1934/35 F.A. Charity Shield\""},{"Link":"http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/fa-cup-final-shirts-loaned-to-arsenal-museum","external_links_name":"\"FA Cup Final shirts loaned to Arsenal Museum\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann%E2%80%93Cayley_algebra	Grassmann–Cayley algebra	["1 References","2 External links"]	See also: Geometric algebra In mathematics, a Grassmann–Cayley algebra is the exterior algebra with an additional product, which may be called the shuffle product or the regressive product. It is the most general structure in which projective properties are expressed in a coordinate-free way. The technique is based on work by German mathematician Hermann Grassmann on exterior algebra, and subsequently by British mathematician Arthur Cayley's work on matrices and linear algebra. It is a form of modeling algebra for use in projective geometry. The technique uses subspaces as basic elements of computation, a formalism which allows the translation of synthetic geometric statements into invariant algebraic statements. This can create a useful framework for the modeling of conics and quadrics among other forms, and in tensor mathematics. It also has a number of applications in robotics, particularly for the kinematical analysis of manipulators. References ^ Perwass, Christian (2009), Geometric algebra with applications in engineering, Geometry and Computing, vol. 4, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 115, Bibcode:2009gaae.book.....P, ISBN 978-3-540-89067-6, MR 2723749 ^ Hongbo Li; Olver, Peter J. (2004), Computer Algebra and Geometric Algebra with Applications: 6th International Workshop, IWMM 2004, GIAE 2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3519, Springer, ISBN 9783540262961 External links Geometric Algebra FAQ This linear algebra-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This geometry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geometric algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_algebra"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"exterior algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_algebra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hermann Grassmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Grassmann"},{"link_name":"exterior algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_algebra"},{"link_name":"Arthur Cayley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cayley"},{"link_name":"matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"linear algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"projective geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_geometry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"subspaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_subspace"},{"link_name":"invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"conics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic"},{"link_name":"quadrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadric"},{"link_name":"tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"kinematical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics"}],"text":"See also: Geometric algebraIn mathematics, a Grassmann–Cayley algebra is the exterior algebra with an additional product, which may be called the shuffle product or the regressive product.[1] \nIt is the most general structure in which projective properties are expressed in a coordinate-free way.[2]\nThe technique is based on work by German mathematician Hermann Grassmann on exterior algebra, and subsequently by British mathematician Arthur Cayley's work on matrices and linear algebra.\nIt is a form of modeling algebra for use in projective geometry.[citation needed]The technique uses subspaces as basic elements of computation, a formalism which allows the translation of synthetic geometric statements into invariant algebraic statements. This can create a useful framework for the modeling of conics and quadrics among other forms, and in tensor mathematics. It also has a number of applications in robotics, particularly for the kinematical analysis of manipulators.","title":"Grassmann–Cayley algebra"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Perwass, Christian (2009), Geometric algebra with applications in engineering, Geometry and Computing, vol. 4, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 115, Bibcode:2009gaae.book.....P, ISBN 978-3-540-89067-6, MR 2723749","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8IOypFqEkPMC&pg=PA115","url_text":"Geometric algebra with applications in engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009gaae.book.....P","url_text":"2009gaae.book.....P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-89067-6","url_text":"978-3-540-89067-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2723749","url_text":"2723749"}]},{"reference":"Hongbo Li; Olver, Peter J. (2004), Computer Algebra and Geometric Algebra with Applications: 6th International Workshop, IWMM 2004, GIAE 2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3519, Springer, ISBN 9783540262961","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q68fUw31mrkC&pg=PA387","url_text":"Computer Algebra and Geometric Algebra with Applications: 6th International Workshop, IWMM 2004, GIAE 2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540262961","url_text":"9783540262961"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8IOypFqEkPMC&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"Geometric algebra with applications in engineering"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009gaae.book.....P","external_links_name":"2009gaae.book.....P"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2723749","external_links_name":"2723749"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q68fUw31mrkC&pg=PA387","external_links_name":"Computer Algebra and Geometric Algebra with Applications: 6th International Workshop, IWMM 2004, GIAE 2004"},{"Link":"https://staff.science.uva.nl/l.dorst/clifford/faq.html","external_links_name":"Geometric Algebra FAQ"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grassmann%E2%80%93Cayley_algebra&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grassmann%E2%80%93Cayley_algebra&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_New_York_(TV_series)	I Love New York (TV series)	["1 Spinoffs","1.1 I Love Money","1.2 New York Goes to Hollywood","1.3 Real Chance of Love","1.4 New York Goes to Work","1.5 Frank the Entertainer... in a Basement Affair","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	For other uses, see I Love New York (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "I Love New York" TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American TV series or program I Love New YorkCreated byCris AbregoMark CroninStarringTiffany PollardMichelle PattersonMauricio "Chamo" Sanchez (Season one)Country of originUnited StatesNo. of seasons2No. of episodes25ProductionExecutive producersCris AbregoMark CroninBen SamekRunning time60 minutes (including commercials)Original releaseNetworkVH1ReleaseJanuary 8, 2007 (2007-01-08) –January 6, 2008 (2008-01-06) I Love New York is a reality television series featuring Tiffany "New York" Pollard on a quest to find her true love. The series first aired on VH1 as a spin off to Flavor of Love, another relationship competition series, which featured Pollard as a finalist in two consecutive seasons. The winner of the show's first season, Tango (Patrick S. Hunter), failed to deliver as New York's soul mate. When the second season aired, Tailor Made (George Weisgerber) was revealed as New York's chosen flame. (Weisgerber and Pollard later separated during the taping of New York Goes to Hollywood.) In addition to Pollard, a host of other individuals from Flavor of Love, including "Sister" Patterson (Pollard's mother), appeared on the show to help Pollard choose the right man. Mauricio Sanchez played New York's assistant, "Chamo," during the first season. The production of a second season of I Love New York was first announced during a commercial break for the April 29, 2007, episode of Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School. After I Love New York was wrapped up for season one, the house was used for another VH1 show, Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School. On October 22, 2020, a reunion special titled I Love New York: Reunited was announced which premiered on November 23, 2020. Season Season premiere Season finale Reunion show Winner Runner-up Number of contestants Number of episodes 1 January 8, 2007(4.426M viewers) April 2, 2007(4.8M viewers) April 15, 2007(5.01M viewers) Patrick Hunter"Tango" Kamal Givens"Chance" 20 12 2 October 8, 2007 December 17, 2007(5.4M viewers) January 6, 2008(4.86M viewers) George Weisgerber"Tailor Made" Ezra Masters"Buddha" 20 13 Spinoffs I Love Money A large number of contestants from Flavor of Love, Rock of Love, and I Love New York are brought together in a mansion in Mexico to compete in a co-ed battle of mental and physical challenges to win $250,000. I Love Money was filmed from February to March 2008, with the season premiere on July 6, 2008. New York Goes to Hollywood New York Goes to Hollywood began on August 4, 2008, and consisted of ten 30-minute episodes. The show starred New York as she went throughout Hollywood trying to find an acting job. To focus on her new mission, New York has to put her last conquest, Tailor Made, on the backburner as she tries to take on Tinseltown. At the end of the series, Pollard decided to keep auditioning for film work, stating she would continue to document her career search in "New York Goes to Hollywood: Part 2"; if her film career doesn't pan out, she has mentioned a possible return to reality-television dating with an "I Love New York 3." Real Chance of Love Brothers Ahmad (Real) and Kamal (Chance) Givens did not win I Love New York, but they were given a second chance in the spin-off Real Chance of Love, which premiered October 20, 2008. On the show, the horse-breeding, music-producing entertainer brothers (known as the Stallionaires) were the stars of their own reality dating competition. Seventeen female contestants participated in the show and taking part in various challenges. Each week, women are eliminated until the final episode, where Ahmad selected "Corn Fed" and Kamal selected no one. A second season has been confirmed by Vh1 and casting began in March 2009. The season premiered on August 3, 2009 and the finale was on October 26, 2009. On the second-season finale Ahmad selected "Doll" and Kamal selected "Hot Wingz". New York Goes to Work New York Goes to Work premiered on May 4, 2009. The reality show followed New York as she searched for a regular job. After the finale, viewers were asked to vote on what she should do next. The choices were: I Love New York 3, Take a vacation, or find a real job. America voted for I Love New York 3. Frank the Entertainer... in a Basement Affair A casting call was issued for a VH1 reality dating show starring Frank Maresca (The Entertainer). The show was tentatively entitled The Entertainer of Love but it was revealed on the VH1 Blog that the show was going to be called Frank the Entertainer... in a Basement Affair. The show premiered January 3, 2010. See also Television portalUnited States portal The Bachelorette (2003) A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila (2007) Transamerican Love Story (2008) References ^ "VH1's Tiffany "New York" Pollard Returns for "I Love New York: Reunited" Hosted by Vivica A. Fox Airing Monday, November 23rd at 8:00pm ET/PT". The Futon Critic. October 22, 2020. ^ "'Jump In!' Tops Cable Ratings". Associated Press. 18 January 2007. ^ Reynolds, Mike (6 April 2007). "Viewers Love VH1's New York; Flavor of Love Spinoff Draws Series-Best 4.8M Viewers". Multichannel News. Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ Crupi, Anthony (17 April 2007). "USA Tops Weekly Ratings Race". NEWS - CABLETV. Mediaweek. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ Nordyke, Kimberly; Gough, Paul J. (19 December 2007). "Showtime's 'Dexter' on fire". The Hollywood Reporter. 402: 6. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ Crupi, Anthony (8 January 2008). "USA Rings In New Year With Ratings Win". NEWS - CABLETV. Mediaweek. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ "New York Goes to Work, Comes Back to VH1". VH1. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved March 27, 2009. ^ "Entertainer of Love casting". vh1.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved June 24, 2009. ^ "Frank The Entertainer In A Basement Affair » All Episodes". Archived from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2010-01-06. External links I Love New York at IMDb vteThe Surreal Life franchiseThe Surreal Life The Surreal Life (2004–06) Strange Love (2005) My Fair Brady (2005–08) The Surreal Life: Fame Games (2007) ...of LoveFlavor of Love Flavor of Love (2006) Flavor of Love 2 (2006) Flavor of Love 3 (2008) I Love New York I Love New York (2007) I Love New York 2 (2007–08) New York Goes to Hollywood (2008) New York Goes to Work (2009) Frank the Entertainer in a Basement Affair (2010) Rock of Love Rock of Love (2007) Rock of Love 2 (2008) Rock of Love Bus (2009) Daisy of Love (2009) Megan Wants a Millionaire (2009) Bret Michaels: Life as I Know It (2010) Real Chance of Love Real Chance of Love (2008–09) Real Chance of Love 2 (2009) Real and Chance: The Legend Hunters (2010) For the Love of Ray J For the Love of Ray J (2009) For the Love of Ray J 2 (2009–10) Brandy & Ray J: A Family Business (2010–11) Related Charm School (2007–09) I Love Money (2008–10) Ochocinco: The Ultimate Catch (2010) vteVH1 original programmingCurrent Infamy: When Fame Turns Deadly (since 2021) My True Crime Story (since 2021) Nick Cannon Presents: Wild 'n Out (since 2005) Celebrity Squares (since 2023) The Impact: New York (since 2024) The Impact: Atlanta (since 2024) Former2000s debuts America's Most Smartest Model (2007) Breaking Bonaduce (2005–06) Brooke Knows Best (2008–09) But Can They Sing? (2005) Celebracadabra (2008) Celebrity Fit Club (2005–10) Celebrity Paranormal Project (2006) Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew (2008–12) Charm School (2007–09) The Cho Show (2008) Confessions of a Teen Idol (2009) Daisy of Love (2009) Dice: Undisputed (2007) Eddie Griffin: Going For Broke (2009) The Fabulous Life of... (2003–13) Flavor of Love (2006–08) For the Love of Ray J (2009–10) Free Radio (2008–09) Glam God with Vivica A. Fox (2008) Hey Joel (2003) Hogan Knows Best (2005–07) I Hate My 30's (2007) I Know My Kid's a Star (2008) I Love Money (2008–10) I Love New York (2007–08) I Want to Work for Diddy (2008–10) Kept (2005) Megan Wants a Millionaire (2009) Ego Trip's Miss Rap Supreme (2008) Ego Trip's The (White) Rapper Show (2007) My Antonio (2009) My Fair Brady (2005–08) New York Goes to Hollywood (2008) New York Goes to Work (2009) The Pick-up Artist (2007–08) Real Chance of Love (2008–09) Rock of Love with Bret Michaels (2007–09) The Salt-N-Pepa Show (2007–08) Scott Baio Is 45...and Single (2007) Scott Baio Is 46...and Pregnant (2008) Scream Queens (2008–10) Sex Rehab with Dr. Drew (2009) So Notorious (2006) Celebrity Rehab Presents Sober House (2009–10) Strange Love (2005) The Surreal Life (2004–06; 2022) The Surreal Life: Fame Games (2007) Surviving Nugent (2003–04) The T.O. Show (2009–11) Tool Academy (2009–10) Tough Love (2009–13) VH1 ILL-ustrated (2003–04) ¡Viva Hollywood! (2008) 2010s debuts America's Next Top Model (2016–18) The Amber Rose Show (2016) Atlanta Exes (2014) Audrina (2011) Baller Wives (2017) Barely Famous (2015–16) Basketball Wives LA (2011–16) Big Ang (2012) Black Ink Crew: Chicago (2015–22) Brandy & Ray J: A Family Business (2010–11) The Breaks (2017) Bret Michaels: Life as I Know It (2010) Candidly Nicole (2014–15) Chrissy & Mr. Jones (2012–13) Couples Therapy (2012–15) Cartel Crew (2019—2021) Dad Camp (2010) Dating Naked (2014–16) Daytime Divas (2017) Family Therapy with Dr. Jenn (2016) Fantasia for Real (2010) Frank the Entertainer in a Basement Affair (2010) Family Reunion: Love & Hip Hop Edition (2021—2023) Girls Cruise (2019) The Gossip Game (2013) Hindsight (2015) Hit the Floor (2013–16) Hip Hop Squares (2017–19) Hollywood Exes (2012–14) K. Michelle: My Life (2014–17) Leave It to Stevie (2016–18) Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood (2014–19) Love & Hip Hop: New York (2011–20) Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (2012—22) Love & Listings (2019–20) Mario Lopez: Saved by the Baby (2010–11) Martha & Snoop's Potluck Dinner Party (2016–20) Miami Monkey (2013) My Big Friggin' Wedding (2010) Mob Wives (2011–16) Mob Wives Chicago (2012) Mob Wives: The Sit Down (2012) Money Hungry (2010) Ochocinco: The Ultimate Catch (2010) The OCD Project (2010) Real and Chance: The Legend Hunters (2010) Remy & Papoose: Meet the Mackies (2018) RuPaul's Drag Race (2016–22) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (2016–20) RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked (2018-2022) Scared Famous (2017) Scream: Resurrection (2019) Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood (2016) This Is Hot 97 (2014) T.I. & Tiny: The Family Hustle (2011–17) T.I. & Tiny: Friends & Family Hustle (2018–20) Ton of Cash (2011) VH1 Live! (2016) What Chilli Wants (2010–11) The X-Life (2011) You're Cut Off! (2010–11) 2020s debuts VH1 Couples Retreat (2021) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars: Untucked (2020) RuPaul's Drag Race: Vegas Revue (2020) RuPaul's Secret Celebrity Drag Race (2020–22) Shaunie & Keion's Destination "I Do" (2022) Black Ink Crew (2013—2023) Black Ink Crew: Los Angeles (2019—2023) Basketball Wives (2010—2024) Love & Hip Hop: Miami (2018—2024) Upcoming Love & Hip Hop: Houston (2024) Love & Hip Hop: Detroit (TBA) Love & Hip Hop: Chicago (TBA) Love & Hip Hop: New Orleans (TBA)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Love New York (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_New_York_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Tiffany \"New York\" Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Pollard"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"spin off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Flavor of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_of_Love"},{"link_name":"relationship competition series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television#Dating-based_competition"},{"link_name":"New York Goes to Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Goes_to_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"\"Sister\" Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Rothschild-Patterson"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_of_Love_Girls:_Charm_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see I Love New York (disambiguation).American TV series or programI Love New York is a reality television series featuring Tiffany \"New York\" Pollard on a quest to find her true love. The series first aired on VH1 as a spin off to Flavor of Love, another relationship competition series, which featured Pollard as a finalist in two consecutive seasons.The winner of the show's first season, Tango (Patrick S. Hunter), failed to deliver as New York's soul mate. When the second season aired, Tailor Made (George Weisgerber) was revealed as New York's chosen flame. (Weisgerber and Pollard later separated during the taping of New York Goes to Hollywood.)In addition to Pollard, a host of other individuals from Flavor of Love, including \"Sister\" Patterson (Pollard's mother), appeared on the show to help Pollard choose the right man. Mauricio Sanchez played New York's assistant, \"Chamo,\" during the first season.The production of a second season of I Love New York was first announced during a commercial break for the April 29, 2007, episode of Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School. After I Love New York was wrapped up for season one, the house was used for another VH1 show, Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School.On October 22, 2020, a reunion special titled I Love New York: Reunited was announced which premiered on November 23, 2020.[1]","title":"I Love New York (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spinoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flavor of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Rock of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"I Love Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Money"}],"sub_title":"I Love Money","text":"A large number of contestants from Flavor of Love, Rock of Love, and I Love New York are brought together in a mansion in Mexico to compete in a co-ed battle of mental and physical challenges to win $250,000. I Love Money was filmed from February to March 2008, with the season premiere on July 6, 2008.","title":"Spinoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Goes to Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Goes_to_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Tinseltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tinseltown"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"New York Goes to Hollywood","text":"New York Goes to Hollywood began on August 4, 2008, and consisted of ten 30-minute episodes. The show starred New York as she went throughout Hollywood trying to find an acting job. To focus on her new mission, New York has to put her last conquest, Tailor Made, on the backburner as she tries to take on Tinseltown. At the end of the series, Pollard decided to keep auditioning for film work, stating she would continue to document her career search in \"New York Goes to Hollywood: Part 2\"; if her film career doesn't pan out, she has mentioned a possible return to reality-television dating with an \"I Love New York 3.\"[citation needed]","title":"Spinoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Chance of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Chance_of_Love"}],"sub_title":"Real Chance of Love","text":"Brothers Ahmad (Real) and Kamal (Chance) Givens did not win I Love New York, but they were given a second chance in the spin-off Real Chance of Love, which premiered October 20, 2008. On the show, the horse-breeding, music-producing entertainer brothers (known as the Stallionaires) were the stars of their own reality dating competition. Seventeen female contestants participated in the show and taking part in various challenges. Each week, women are eliminated until the final episode, where Ahmad selected \"Corn Fed\" and Kamal selected no one. A second season has been confirmed by Vh1 and casting began in March 2009. The season premiered on August 3, 2009 and the finale was on October 26, 2009. On the second-season finale Ahmad selected \"Doll\" and Kamal selected \"Hot Wingz\".","title":"Spinoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"New York Goes to Work","text":"New York Goes to Work premiered on May 4, 2009.[7] The reality show followed New York as she searched for a regular job. After the finale, viewers were asked to vote on what she should do next. The choices were: I Love New York 3, Take a vacation, or find a real job. America voted for I Love New York 3.","title":"Spinoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Frank the Entertainer... in a Basement Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_the_Entertainer..._in_a_Basement_Affair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epguide-9"}],"sub_title":"Frank the Entertainer... in a Basement Affair","text":"A casting call was issued for a VH1 reality dating show starring Frank Maresca (The Entertainer). The show was tentatively entitled The Entertainer of Love[8] but it was revealed on the VH1 Blog that the show was going to be called Frank the Entertainer... in a Basement Affair. The show premiered January 3, 2010.[9]","title":"Spinoffs"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"Television portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Television"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"The Bachelorette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bachelorette_(American_TV_series)"},{"title":"A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Shot_at_Love_with_Tila_Tequila"},{"title":"Transamerican Love Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transamerican_Love_Story"}]	[{"reference":"\"VH1's Tiffany \"New York\" Pollard Returns for \"I Love New York: Reunited\" Hosted by Vivica A. Fox Airing Monday, November 23rd at 8:00pm ET/PT\". The Futon Critic. October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2020/10/22/vh1s-tiffany-new-york-pollard-returns-for-i-love-new-york-reunited-hosted-by-vivica-a-fox-airing-monday-november-23rd-at-800pm-et-pt-596103/20201022vh101/","url_text":"\"VH1's Tiffany \"New York\" Pollard Returns for \"I Love New York: Reunited\" Hosted by Vivica A. Fox Airing Monday, November 23rd at 8:00pm ET/PT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"\"'Jump In!' Tops Cable Ratings\". Associated Press. 18 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Mike (6 April 2007). \"Viewers Love VH1's New York; Flavor of Love Spinoff Draws Series-Best 4.8M Viewers\". Multichannel News. Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100606053806/http://www.multichannel.com/article/128548-Viewers_Love_VH1_s_New_York.php","url_text":"\"Viewers Love VH1's New York; Flavor of Love Spinoff Draws Series-Best 4.8M Viewers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_News","url_text":"Multichannel News"},{"url":"http://multichannel.com/article/128548-Viewers_Love_VH1_s_New_York.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crupi, Anthony (17 April 2007). \"USA Tops Weekly Ratings Race\". NEWS - CABLETV. Mediaweek. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003572583","url_text":"\"USA Tops Weekly Ratings Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaweek_(American_magazine)","url_text":"Mediaweek"}]},{"reference":"Nordyke, Kimberly; Gough, Paul J. (19 December 2007). \"Showtime's 'Dexter' on fire\". The Hollywood Reporter. 402: 6. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905203349/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/news/e3i5d843c633b3a4760ee9785fa0b974ceb","url_text":"\"Showtime's 'Dexter' on fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"http://hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/news/e3i5d843c633b3a4760ee9785fa0b974ceb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crupi, Anthony (8 January 2008). \"USA Rings In New Year With Ratings Win\". NEWS - CABLETV. Mediaweek. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://mediaweek.com/mw/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003694084","url_text":"\"USA Rings In New Year With Ratings Win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaweek_(American_magazine)","url_text":"Mediaweek"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Goes to Work, Comes Back to VH1\". VH1. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved March 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090328212406/http://blog.vh1.com/2009-03-27/new-york-goes-to-work-comes-back-to-vh1/","url_text":"\"New York Goes to Work, Comes Back to VH1\""},{"url":"http://blog.vh1.com/2009-03-27/new-york-goes-to-work-comes-back-to-vh1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainer of Love casting\". vh1.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved June 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090626101446/http://blog.vh1.com/2009-06-23/the-entertainer-of-love-now-casting/","url_text":"\"Entertainer of Love casting\""},{"url":"http://blog.vh1.com/2009-06-23/the-entertainer-of-love-now-casting/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank The Entertainer In A Basement Affair » All Episodes\". Archived from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2010-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091223063452/http://www.vh1.com/shows/frank_the_entertainer_in_a_basement_affair/episodes.jhtml","url_text":"\"Frank The Entertainer In A Basement Affair » All Episodes\""},{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/shows/frank_the_entertainer_in_a_basement_affair/episodes.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22I+Love+New+York%22+TV+series","external_links_name":"\"I Love New York\" TV series"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22I+Love+New+York%22+TV+series+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22I+Love+New+York%22+TV+series&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22I+Love+New+York%22+TV+series+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22I+Love+New+York%22+TV+series","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22I+Love+New+York%22+TV+series&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2020/10/22/vh1s-tiffany-new-york-pollard-returns-for-i-love-new-york-reunited-hosted-by-vivica-a-fox-airing-monday-november-23rd-at-800pm-et-pt-596103/20201022vh101/","external_links_name":"\"VH1's Tiffany \"New York\" Pollard Returns for \"I Love New York: Reunited\" Hosted by Vivica A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kroaz_Du_(Black_Cross)	Kroaz Du	["1 Origins","2 Late Medieval usage","3 Later use","4 Similarity to other flags","5 References","6 External links"]	Flag of Brittany Kroaz Du The Kroaz Du (Black Cross, French: Croix Noire) is a flag of Brittany, used as an emblem of the independent duchy in the late Middle Ages. In the Breton language, kroaz means cross and du means black. Origins Banner attributed to Breton and French Knights at the Combat of the Thirty in 1351, during the Breton civil war. A medieval version of the Kroaz Du There is uncertainty about the chronology of its origins. It clearly evolved from the flags of the Crusaders and some evidence shows that the black and white colors were taken from the ermine spots that formed the coat of arms of the dukes of Brittany (adopted early in the 14th century and also used as a standard called the plain ermine flag). It is widely known that the warriors of the First Crusade used the emblem of the red cross (later known as the St George's Cross). Banners with crosses of distinct colors by nation were first used by Crusaders from about 1188. However, very few Breton barons joined that Third Crusade, so it is more probable that the earliest Kroaz Du was given to Peter I, Duke of Brittany by Pope Gregory IX in 1236 or 1237. Late Medieval usage A contemporary illustration of the Breton warship Cordelière and the English warship Regent ablaze at the Battle of St Mathieu on 10 August 1512. Both are flying banderoles: the Breton Kroaz Du and the English flag of St George. The side of the Cordelière is adorned with shields bearing the ducal coat of arms. The black cross standard became widely used as the emblem of the Breton soldiers and as the flag for the ships from the end of the Hundred Years' War in the 15th century. Belligerent armies then identified themselves with flags inherited from the Crusades: red cross on white for the English, white cross on blue or red for the French, black cross on white for the Bretons. It was often combined with the ducal coat of arms, hence a flag with ermine spots in each quarter. Some miniatures of the 15th century depict events of the previous century (at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War) by representing Breton knights with the black cross, but it is not really known if the Bretons fought under this emblem during that century. Later use The Kroaz du was the flag representing Brittany on nautical charts of the 16th century. After annexation of 1532, there was never any treaty of union, the admiralty of Brittany kept using the black cross flag for Breton ships (with a modified design). It also remained the basis for the flags of Nantes and temporarily for those of Saint-Malo and Brest. The black cross was largely forgotten after the French Revolution, but some Catholic groups and scouts used it again at the end of the 19th century. This flag has been largely replaced by the Gwenn ha du during the 20th century. The latter is used by moderate nationalists and the general public, including the regional administration. The Kroaz du has been revived since the late 1990s and was briefly regarded as an emblem of right-wing Breton nationalists (like Adsav), but it is now more and more popular. On the basis of medieval miniatures, a version of the flag was adopted as the emblem of the town of Guérande in 1999. It was also used to create the new flag of Saint-Nazaire in 2008. Similarity to other flags Cornish flag of St. Piran This flag is an exact negative of the flag of Cornwall, sometimes known as Saint Piran's Flag. The connections between Cornwall and Brittany are well documented but the historical links between the two flags, if any exist, are unknown. The United Baltic Duchy flag is similar in appearance but is a Nordic Cross, rather than an equilateral cross. References Les drapeaux bretons de 1188 à nos jours (English: The Breton flags, from 1188 until now) by Philippe Rault, published by Coop Breizh (in French), (1998) ISBN 2-84346-034-4 Guide des drapeaux bretons et celtes (English: Guide of Breton and Celtic flags) by Divi Kervella and Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez, published by Yoran Embanner (in French), (2008) ISBN 978-2-916579-12-2 ^ "Chapitre III, partie III, pages originales de 50 à 52 (Moins de 4 minutes de lecture) :: Bretagne-culture-histoire". ^ emblemes.free.fr Drapeaux de Saint-Nazaire (in French) External links Bannieloù Breizh, the vexillological and heraldic Society of Brittany (in English) http://www.nationalflaggen.de/flags-of-the-world/flags/fr-bz-du.html	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Breton language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"}],"text":"Kroaz DuThe Kroaz Du (Black Cross, French: Croix Noire) is a flag of Brittany, used as an emblem of the independent duchy in the late Middle Ages. In the Breton language, kroaz means cross and du means black.","title":"Kroaz Du"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Breton_French.svg"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_people"},{"link_name":"Combat of the Thirty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_of_the_Thirty"},{"link_name":"Breton civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_civil_war"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breton_Army_Flag_and_Ensign_(14th-16th_Centuries).svg"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"ermine spots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"dukes of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"St George's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade"},{"link_name":"Third Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Peter I, Duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX"}],"text":"Banner attributed to Breton and French Knights at the Combat of the Thirty in 1351, during the Breton civil war.A medieval version of the Kroaz DuThere is uncertainty about the chronology of its origins. It clearly evolved from the flags of the Crusaders and some evidence shows that the black and white colors were taken from the ermine spots that formed the coat of arms of the dukes of Brittany (adopted early in the 14th century and also used as a standard called the plain ermine flag).It is widely known that the warriors of the First Crusade used the emblem of the red cross (later known as the St George's Cross). Banners with crosses of distinct colors by nation were first used by Crusaders from about 1188. However, very few Breton barons joined that Third Crusade, so it is more probable that the earliest Kroaz Du was given to Peter I, Duke of Brittany by Pope Gregory IX in 1236 or 1237.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cordeliere_and_Regent.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of St Mathieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mathieu"},{"link_name":"banderoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banderole"},{"link_name":"flag of St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_St_George"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"ermine spots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Bretons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_people"}],"text":"A contemporary illustration of the Breton warship Cordelière and the English warship Regent ablaze at the Battle of St Mathieu on 10 August 1512. Both are flying banderoles: the Breton Kroaz Du and the English flag of St George. The side of the Cordelière is adorned with shields bearing the ducal coat of arms.The black cross standard became widely used as the emblem of the Breton soldiers and as the flag for the ships from the end of the Hundred Years' War in the 15th century. Belligerent armies then identified themselves with flags inherited from the Crusades: red cross on white for the English, white cross on blue or red for the French, black cross on white for the Bretons.It was often combined with the ducal coat of arms, hence a flag with ermine spots in each quarter.Some miniatures of the 15th century depict events of the previous century (at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War) by representing Breton knights with the black cross, but it is not really known if the Bretons fought under this emblem during that century.","title":"Late Medieval usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Saint-Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Gwenn ha du","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Adsav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsav"},{"link_name":"Guérande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rande"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nazaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nazaire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Kroaz du was the flag representing Brittany on nautical charts of the 16th century. After annexation of 1532, there was never any treaty of union,[1] the admiralty of Brittany kept using the black cross flag for Breton ships (with a modified design).It also remained the basis for the flags of Nantes and temporarily for those of Saint-Malo and Brest.The black cross was largely forgotten after the French Revolution, but some Catholic groups and scouts used it again at the end of the 19th century.This flag has been largely replaced by the Gwenn ha du during the 20th century. The latter is used by moderate nationalists and the general public, including the regional administration.The Kroaz du has been revived since the late 1990s and was briefly regarded as an emblem of right-wing Breton nationalists (like Adsav), but it is now more and more popular. On the basis of medieval miniatures, a version of the flag was adopted as the emblem of the town of Guérande in 1999. It was also used to create the new flag of Saint-Nazaire in 2008.[2]","title":"Later use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cornwall.svg"},{"link_name":"negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)"},{"link_name":"flag of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Piran%27s_Flag"},{"link_name":"United Baltic Duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy"},{"link_name":"Nordic Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag"}],"text":"Cornish flag of St. PiranThis flag is an exact negative of the flag of Cornwall, sometimes known as Saint Piran's Flag. The connections between Cornwall and Brittany are well documented but the historical links between the two flags, if any exist, are unknown.The United Baltic Duchy flag is similar in appearance but is a Nordic Cross, rather than an equilateral cross.","title":"Similarity to other flags"}]	[{"image_text":"Kroaz Du","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg/200px-Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Banner attributed to Breton and French Knights at the Combat of the Thirty in 1351, during the Breton civil war.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Banner_of_the_Breton_French.svg/200px-Banner_of_the_Breton_French.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A medieval version of the Kroaz Du","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Breton_Army_Flag_and_Ensign_%2814th-16th_Centuries%29.svg/200px-Breton_Army_Flag_and_Ensign_%2814th-16th_Centuries%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A contemporary illustration of the Breton warship Cordelière and the English warship Regent ablaze at the Battle of St Mathieu on 10 August 1512. Both are flying banderoles: the Breton Kroaz Du and the English flag of St George. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_nuthatch	White-browed nuthatch	["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Ecology and behavior","3.1 Vocalizations","3.2 Food","3.3 Breeding","4 Distribution and habitat","5 Status and threats","6 References"]	Species of bird White-browed nuthatch Conservation status Endangered (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae Genus: Sitta Species: S. victoriae Binomial name Sitta victoriaeRippon, 1904 White-browed nuthatch range Synonyms Sitta himalayensis victoriae (Rippon, 1904) The white-browed nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), also known as the Victoria nuthatch, is a species of bird in the family Sittidae. It is a small nuthatch, measuring 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in length and without sexual dimorphism. Like many other nuthatches, the upperparts are gray-blue, contrasting with white underparts on the throat, cheeks, and breast and orange on the flanks, belly, and lower abdomen. Its white supercilium makes it easy to distinguish it from the white-tailed nuthatch (S. himalayensis), which is a close species in the systematic and geographical sense. Little is known about its ecology, but it feeds on small insects found among bark and lichens, and breeding occurs around April. The white-browed nuthatch is endemic to Nat Ma Taung, also known as Mount Victoria, in the southern Chin Hills of Myanmar. It inhabits old oak groves at high elevations, generally above 2,600 m (8,500 ft). The numbers of the species are poorly known but are estimated at a few thousand individuals. They are threatened by habitat destruction by fire and human pressure. For these reasons, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature considers the bird to be an "endangered species." Taxonomy The white-browed nuthatch was described in 1904 under its current binomial name, S. victoriae, by the British ornithologist and Lieutenant-Colonel George Rippon, and the holotype is deposited in the British Museum. British ornithologist Lieutenant H. Wood, who visited Nat Ma Taung, also known as Mount Victoria; thus, the species was called Sitta victoriae, visited nearby during the winter of 1901–1921, and was the first to explore the Chin hills ornithologically. Rippon then spent several months on Nat Ma Taung in 1904, collecting a large number of specimens in response to Wood's initial findings. It is most likely phylogenetically related to the white-tailed nuthatch (S. himalayensis), prompting Richard Meinertzhagen (in 1927), Ernst Mayr (in 1941), and Charles Vaurie (in 1957) to treat S. victoriae as a subspecies of S. himalayensis. However, Vaurie pointed out that there was no evidence of intergradation between the nuthatch from Nat Ma Taung and the nuthatch from the Mizo Hills in the Himalayas, 180 kilometers northeast of Nat Ma Taung. In 1957, British ornithologist Simon Harrap suggested that the small size, solid undertail coverts, and marked white supercilium may indicate close relationships with the Yunnan nuthatch (Sitta yunnanensis). German ornithologist Hans Edmund Wolters proposed the division of the genus Sitta into subgenera in 1975-1982. The white-browed nuthatch is placed in Sitta (Mesositta). According to the International Ornithological Congress and Alan P. Peterson, no subspecies are distinguished. Päckert and colleagues (2020) studied the complete circum-Tibetan group of clades, which were sister to S. himalayensis and S. victoriae. Surprisingly, a deep split between three specimens of S. himalayaensis equaled interspecific divergences among species of clade. Within the group europaea, the white-tailed nuthatch and white-browed nuthatch are not included in the study, but appear to be basal. Phylogenetic tree detailNuthatch phylogenic detail according to Packert, et al. (2020): White-browed nuthatch (Sitta victoriae) White-tailed nuthatch (Sitta himalayensis) Eurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea) Chestnut-vented nuthatch (Sitta nagaensis) Kashmir nuthatch (Sitta cashmirensis) Indian nuthatch (Sitta castanea) Chestnut-bellied nuthatch (Sitta cinnamoventris) Burmese nuthatch (Sitta neglecta) Description Comparison of the tail of the white-tailed nuthatch (S. himalayensis), left, and the white-browed nuthatch (S. victoriae), right. The white-browed nuthatch is a small nuthatch, measuring 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in length. The folded wing measures 68–73 mm (2.7–2.9 in) for the male, 67–69 mm (2.6–2.7 in) for the female. The tail is 36–37 mm (1.4–1.5 in), the beak is 15–16 mm (0.59–0.63 in), and the tarsus is 14–16 mm (0.55–0.63 in). The weight is not known, but the Chinese nuthatch and the red-breasted nuthatch, which are also 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in length, average 11.3 grams (0.40 oz) and 8–12.7 grams (0.28–0.45 oz), respectively. The upperparts of the white-browed nuthatch are bluish-gray, dull. Underparts are white from the throat and lower chest, but the belly is orange, with the underside and undertail light red and the flanks darker. The white-browed nuthatch has a white forehead, eyebrows, and lore, and a black line at the back of the eye, thickening backwards on the nape. The cheeks are as white as the throat but the back of the cheek is orange, with a white patch on the parotic coverts. No sexual dimorphism was found, and the juveniles could be distinguished by the lighter orange-red flanks. The bill is black at the tip and slate gray otherwise; the culmen and lower mandible are iris red-brown or dark brown, paler. The thighs are gray, and the legs are dull, yellowish-brown, or olive-brown. The white-browed nuthatch can be confused with the white-tailed nuthatch, which can inhabit the same areas but which is rare where white-browed nuthatch lives. Adults in their fresh plumage have a whitish-narrow supercilium (to the back of the ear-coverts). The central tail feathers of white-browed nuthatch are light gray at the tip and have white over most of their base, which is distinctive from the white-tailed nuthatch in which the white is relatively sparse. It has a narrow black eyestripe that becomes much wider on the upper mantle. The white-browed nuthatch can also be recognized by its white eyebrows and forehead and the strong contrast between the white of the breast and the dark red flanks. Finally, the beak is shorter and thinner. Ecology and behavior White-browed nuthatch at the branch of tree. Vocalizations Songs and calls Listen to Sitta victoriae on xeno-canto The call is produced at irregular intervals, and consists of a simple pit or plit. The white-browed nuthatch also emits an insistent pii, pii, pii... with 2.5 to 3.5 notes per second, produced more or less regularly. Harrap reports a possible song, consisting of 9 to 12 units at 9 notes per second and consisting of a whi-whi-whi... The classical song is a slow and soft trill composed of tuwi couplets emitted at the rate of 4 couplets per second, and produced in a stanza of 1.5 seconds rising in intensity tuwi-tuwi-tuwi-tuwi-tuwi-tuwit. Food The nuthatch is usually seen alone or in pairs. It feeds on small insects which it usually finds in the epiphytes growing on the oaks, or in hollows in the bark. It generally explores the outer branches, but can also prospect on the branches more inside the tree or on the trunk. The plant species prospected are Quercus semecarpifolia half the time, but Rhododendron arboreum is also exploited, as well as, to a lesser extent, Lyonia ovalifolia, Lithocarpus dealbatus, Pinus kesiya, and Alnus nepalensis. Breeding Very little is known about the reproduction of the white-browed nuthatch. Myanma ornithologist Thet Zaw Naing reported in 2003 the observation of three nests between mid-March and early April of the previous year. Two of the nests were located in the cavity of an internal branch of a Quercus semecarpifolia, 4 m (160 in) and 10 m (390 in) high; the third was placed in the trunk of a Rhododendron arboreum, six meters high. The first nest cited was dug by the female alone, and its entrance was not bricked up, unlike what several other nuthatch species are accustomed to do. Only females seem to feed the young. In April, three flocks were observed, each with two mature young. Distribution and habitat Rhododendron arboreum can be visited by the nuthatch, both for food and for nesting. The white-browed nuthatch is endemic to western Myanmar. In the southern part of the Chin Hills, the white-browed nuthatch is currently found in Nat Ma Taung at nearly 3,070 m (10,070 ft), and 22 km (14 mi) further northwest in the spring of 1995 near Mindat. The white-browed nuthatch avoids the pure pine forests of Pinus kesiya and is found instead in lichen-covered old oak forests of the alpine level. Thus, it was observed at an altitude of over 2,600 m (8,500 ft) in 1940 and over 2,700 m (8,900 ft) in the spring of 1995. However, during the description of the species in 1904, Rippon reported that he collected six birds between 2,285–2,745 m (7,497–9,006 ft) altitude from March 22 to April 30; there could therefore be a seasonal altitudinal dispersion, with the birds leaving the higher altitudes during winter. The white-browed nuthatch habitat consists mainly of Quercus semecarpifolia oaks, covered with epiphytic plants, lichens, mosses, orchids, and ferns. Status and threats The white-browed nuthatch is one of four endemic bird species in Myanmar, the others being the Hooded treepie (Crypsirina cucullata), Burmese bush lark (Mirafra microptera) and White-throated babbler (Turdoides gularis). The counts of the species mentioned in the literature are very patchy: 14 birds were observed in 1995, then five over two weeks in April 2000, and 45 during four months of fieldwork in 2001-2003. In 2007, surveys in the Chin Hills did not find any observations of this nuthatch, suggesting that the species is highly endemic to the Nat Ma Taung region. These observations, combined with density and distribution data, indicate a population of 2,500 to 10,000 mature individuals, for a total of 3,500 to 15,000 individuals. On Nat Ma Taung, the forest has been completely cleared up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and the remaining habitats at 2,000–2,500 m (6,600–8,200 ft) are severely degraded. Nearly 12,000 people live in Natmataung National Park, and trapping and fires are adding to the threats to the species. The population, estimated at a few thousand individuals, is declining. The species is legally protected by a 1994 Myanmar law (Protection of Wildlife and Conservation of Natural Areas Law), but no protective measures are implemented, including discouraging the destruction of its habitat. The range is estimated at 820 km2 (320 sq mi) by BirdLife International. For these reasons, the species is considered endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. References ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2016). "Sitta victoriae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22711167A94281752. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711167A94281752.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ Dickinson, E. C.; Loskot, V. M.; Morioka, H.; Somadikarta, S. & van den Elzen, R. (December 2000). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 66. Types of the Sittidae and Certhiidae". Zoologische Mededelingen. 80 (5): 287–310. OCLC 1176345828 – via ResearchGate. ^ Rippon, George (1904). "New birds from the southern Chin Hills, Burma". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 14. British Ornithologists' Club: 83–4. ^ Warren, Rachel L M (20 Dec 2021). "Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History) : British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology". Internet Archive. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021. ^ Jobling, James (2010). "The Helm dictionary of scientific bird names : from aalge to zusii". Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm: 415–432. ISBN 978-1408133262. ^ a b c d e Zaw Niang, Thet (2003). "Ecology of the White-browed Nuthatch Sitta victoriae in Natmataung National Park, Myanmar, with notes on other significant species" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ a b Vaurie, Charles (1957). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 29, The subfamilies Tichodromadinae and Sittinae". American Museum Novitates (1854): 1–26. hdl:2246/3596. ISSN 1937-352X. OCLC 47720325. ^ Ludlow, Frank; Boyd Kinnear, Norman (1944). The Birds of South-eastern Tibet. pp. 43–86. ^ a b c d e f g h i Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4. ^ Matthysen, Erik (2010). The Nuthatches. London: A & C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-2870-1. OCLC 727646681. ^ a b "Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List". IOC World Bird List – Version 11.2. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021. ^ "World Birds Taxonomic List: Genera and species with citations". Zoonomen Nomenclature Resource Page. 1 Mar 2002. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021. ^ a b c Päckert, M.; Bader-Blukott, M.; Künzelmann, B.; Sun, Y.-H.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Kehlmaier, C.; Albrecht, F.; Illera, J.C.; Martens, J. (2020). "A revised phylogeny of nuthatches (Aves, Passeriformes, Sitta) reveals insight in intra- and interspecific diversification patterns in the Palearctic". Vertebrate Zoology. 70 (2): 241–262. doi:10.26049/VZ70-2-2020-10. ^ a b c d Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 125. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4. ^ Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4. ^ Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4. ^ a b Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4. ^ Harrap, Simon (4 Mar 2020). "White-browed Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.whbnut1.01. S2CID 216206236. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021. ^ C. R. ROBSON, H. BUCK, D. S. FARROW, T. FISHER and B. F. KING (1998). "A birdwatching visit to the Chin Hills, West Burma (Myanmar), with notes from nearby areas" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Ludlow, F. (3 Apr 2008). "The Birds of South-eastern Tibet". Ibis. 86 (3). Wiley: 348–389. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1944.tb04094.x. ISSN 0019-1019. ^ "White-browed Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae) - BirdLife species factsheet". BirdLife International. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021. Taxon identifiersSitta victoriae Wikidata: Q534380 Wikispecies: Sitta victoriae ADW: Sitta_victoriae ARKive: sitta-victoriae Avibase: D966EFC228A256C8 BirdLife: 22711167 BOW: whbnut1 CoL: 4XTSX eBird: whbnut1 EoL: 1051064 GBIF: 2484913 iNaturalist: 14835 IRMNG: 11369561 ITIS: 563031 IUCN: 22711167 NCBI: 2739045 uBio: 5130 Xeno-canto: Sitta-victoriae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Sittidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittidae"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"upperparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#upperparts"},{"link_name":"underparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#under_parts"},{"link_name":"supercilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercilium"},{"link_name":"white-tailed nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichens"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Nat Ma Taung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Ma_Taung"},{"link_name":"Chin Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Hills"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"International Union for the Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"endangered species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)"}],"text":"Species of birdThe white-browed nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), also known as the Victoria nuthatch, is a species of bird in the family Sittidae. It is a small nuthatch, measuring 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in length and without sexual dimorphism. Like many other nuthatches, the upperparts are gray-blue, contrasting with white underparts on the throat, cheeks, and breast and orange on the flanks, belly, and lower abdomen. Its white supercilium makes it easy to distinguish it from the white-tailed nuthatch (S. himalayensis), which is a close species in the systematic and geographical sense. Little is known about its ecology, but it feeds on small insects found among bark and lichens, and breeding occurs around April.The white-browed nuthatch is endemic to Nat Ma Taung, also known as Mount Victoria, in the southern Chin Hills of Myanmar. It inhabits old oak groves at high elevations, generally above 2,600 m (8,500 ft). The numbers of the species are poorly known but are estimated at a few thousand individuals. They are threatened by habitat destruction by fire and human pressure. For these reasons, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature considers the bird to be an \"endangered species.\"","title":"White-browed nuthatch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rippon-3"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Museum-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jobling-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"phylogenetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetically"},{"link_name":"white-tailed nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"Richard Meinertzhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Meinertzhagen"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"Charles Vaurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vaurie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaurie_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Birds_of_South-eastern_Tibet-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaurie_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"undertail coverts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#undertail_coverts"},{"link_name":"supercilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercilium"},{"link_name":"Yunnan nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"Hans Edmund Wolters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Edmund_Wolters"},{"link_name":"Sitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitta"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthysen_2010_p.-10"},{"link_name":"International Ornithological Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ornithological_Congress"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC_World_Bird_List_%E2%80%93_Version_11.2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zoonomen_Nomenclature_Resource_Page_2002-12"},{"link_name":"clades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clades"},{"link_name":"sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"interspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecific_competition"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Packert2020-13"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Packert2020-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Packert2020-13"},{"link_name":"White-tailed nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"Eurasian nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-vented nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-vented_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"Kashmir nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"Indian nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-bellied nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-bellied_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"Burmese nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_nuthatch"}],"text":"The white-browed nuthatch was described in 1904 under its current binomial name, S. victoriae, by the British ornithologist and Lieutenant-Colonel George Rippon,[3] and the holotype is deposited in the British Museum.[4] British ornithologist Lieutenant H. Wood, who visited Nat Ma Taung, also known as Mount Victoria; thus, the species was called Sitta victoriae,[5] visited nearby during the winter of 1901–1921, and was the first to explore the Chin hills ornithologically. Rippon then spent several months on Nat Ma Taung in 1904, collecting a large number of specimens in response to Wood's initial findings.[6] It is most likely phylogenetically related to the white-tailed nuthatch (S. himalayensis), prompting Richard Meinertzhagen (in 1927), Ernst Mayr (in 1941), and Charles Vaurie (in 1957) to treat S. victoriae as a subspecies of S. himalayensis.[7][8] However, Vaurie pointed out that there was no evidence of intergradation between the nuthatch from Nat Ma Taung and the nuthatch from the Mizo Hills in the Himalayas, 180 kilometers northeast of Nat Ma Taung.[7][9] In 1957, British ornithologist Simon Harrap suggested that the small size, solid undertail coverts, and marked white supercilium may indicate close relationships with the Yunnan nuthatch (Sitta yunnanensis).[9] German ornithologist Hans Edmund Wolters proposed the division of the genus Sitta into subgenera in 1975-1982. The white-browed nuthatch is placed in Sitta (Mesositta).[10] According to the International Ornithological Congress and Alan P. Peterson, no subspecies are distinguished.[11][12]Päckert and colleagues (2020) studied the complete circum-Tibetan group of clades, which were sister to S. himalayensis and S. victoriae. Surprisingly, a deep split between three specimens of S. himalayaensis equaled interspecific divergences among species of clade.[13] Within the group europaea, the white-tailed nuthatch and white-browed nuthatch are not included in the study, but appear to be basal.[13]Phylogenetic tree detailNuthatch phylogenic detail according to Packert, et al. (2020):\n[13]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhite-browed nuthatch (Sitta victoriae)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhite-tailed nuthatch (Sitta himalayensis)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChestnut-vented nuthatch (Sitta nagaensis)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKashmir nuthatch (Sitta cashmirensis)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndian nuthatch (Sitta castanea)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChestnut-bellied nuthatch (Sitta cinnamoventris)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBurmese nuthatch (Sitta neglecta)","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_tails_of_Sitta_himalayensis_%26_Sitta_victoriae.svg"},{"link_name":"white-tailed nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._125-14"},{"link_name":"folded wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)"},{"link_name":"beak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#beak"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"Chinese nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"red-breasted nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-breasted_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._142-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._147-16"},{"link_name":"upperparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#upperparts"},{"link_name":"Underparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#under_parts"},{"link_name":"lore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lore_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._40-41-17"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._125-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"supercilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercilium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._40-41-17"},{"link_name":"eyestripe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#eyestripe"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#mantle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._125-14"}],"text":"Comparison of the tail of the white-tailed nuthatch (S. himalayensis), left, and the white-browed nuthatch (S. victoriae), right.The white-browed nuthatch is a small nuthatch, measuring 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in length.[14] The folded wing measures 68–73 mm (2.7–2.9 in) for the male, 67–69 mm (2.6–2.7 in) for the female. The tail is 36–37 mm (1.4–1.5 in), the beak is 15–16 mm (0.59–0.63 in), and the tarsus is 14–16 mm (0.55–0.63 in). The weight is not known,[9] but the Chinese nuthatch and the red-breasted nuthatch, which are also 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in length, average 11.3 grams (0.40 oz) and 8–12.7 grams (0.28–0.45 oz), respectively.[15][16]The upperparts of the white-browed nuthatch are bluish-gray, dull. Underparts are white from the throat and lower chest, but the belly is orange, with the underside and undertail light red and the flanks darker. The white-browed nuthatch has a white forehead, eyebrows, and lore, and a black line at the back of the eye, thickening backwards on the nape.[17] The cheeks are as white as the throat but the back of the cheek is orange, with a white patch on the parotic coverts. No sexual dimorphism was found, and the juveniles could be distinguished by the lighter orange-red flanks.[14] The bill is black at the tip and slate gray otherwise; the culmen and lower mandible are iris red-brown or dark brown, paler. The thighs are gray, and the legs are dull, yellowish-brown, or olive-brown.[9]The white-browed nuthatch can be confused with the white-tailed nuthatch, which can inhabit the same areas but which is rare where white-browed nuthatch lives.[6] Adults in their fresh plumage have a whitish-narrow supercilium (to the back of the ear-coverts).[9] The central tail feathers of white-browed nuthatch are light gray at the tip and have white over most of their base, which is distinctive from the white-tailed nuthatch in which the white is relatively sparse.[17] It has a narrow black eyestripe that becomes much wider on the upper mantle.[9] The white-browed nuthatch can also be recognized by its white eyebrows and forehead and the strong contrast between the white of the breast and the dark red flanks. Finally, the beak is shorter and thinner.[14]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sitta_victoriae.jpg"}],"text":"White-browed nuthatch at the branch of tree.","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Birds"},{"link_name":"Listen to Sitta victoriae on xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/explore?query=Sitta%20victoriae"},{"link_name":"call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vocalization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._125-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBW-18"}],"sub_title":"Vocalizations","text":"Songs and calls\nListen to Sitta victoriae on xeno-cantoThe call is produced at irregular intervals, and consists of a simple pit or plit. The white-browed nuthatch also emits an insistent pii, pii, pii... with 2.5 to 3.5 notes per second, produced more or less regularly. Harrap reports a possible song, consisting of 9 to 12 units at 9 notes per second and consisting of a whi-whi-whi...[14] The classical song is a slow and soft trill composed of tuwi couplets emitted at the rate of 4 couplets per second, and produced in a stanza of 1.5 seconds rising in intensity tuwi-tuwi-tuwi-tuwi-tuwi-tuwit.[18]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"},{"link_name":"epiphytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytes"},{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"Quercus semecarpifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_semecarpifolia"},{"link_name":"Rhododendron arboreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron_arboreum"},{"link_name":"Lyonia ovalifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonia_ovalifolia"},{"link_name":"Lithocarpus dealbatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithocarpus_dealbatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pinus kesiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_kesiya"},{"link_name":"Alnus nepalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_nepalensis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"}],"sub_title":"Food","text":"The nuthatch is usually seen alone or in pairs. It feeds on small insects which it usually finds in the epiphytes growing on the oaks, or in hollows in the bark. It generally explores the outer branches, but can also prospect on the branches more inside the tree or on the trunk. The plant species prospected are Quercus semecarpifolia half the time, but Rhododendron arboreum is also exploited, as well as, to a lesser extent, Lyonia ovalifolia, Lithocarpus dealbatus, Pinus kesiya, and Alnus nepalensis.[6]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Very little is known about the reproduction of the white-browed nuthatch. Myanma ornithologist Thet Zaw Naing reported in 2003 the observation of three nests between mid-March and early April of the previous year. Two of the nests were located in the cavity of an internal branch of a Quercus semecarpifolia, 4 m (160 in) and 10 m (390 in) high; the third was placed in the trunk of a Rhododendron arboreum, six meters high. The first nest cited was dug by the female alone, and its entrance was not bricked up, unlike what several other nuthatch species are accustomed to do. Only females seem to feed the young. In April, three flocks were observed, each with two mature young.[6]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manaslu-Circuit_Rhododendron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rhododendron arboreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron_arboreum"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC_World_Bird_List_%E2%80%93_Version_11.2-11"},{"link_name":"Chin Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Hills"},{"link_name":"Nat Ma Taung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Ma_Taung"},{"link_name":"Mindat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindat,_Chin_State"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"alpine level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ludlow_pp._348%E2%80%93389-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrap_p._126-9"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichens"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosses"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchids"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferns"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"}],"text":"Rhododendron arboreum can be visited by the nuthatch, both for food and for nesting.The white-browed nuthatch is endemic to western Myanmar.[11] In the southern part of the Chin Hills, the white-browed nuthatch is currently found in Nat Ma Taung at nearly 3,070 m (10,070 ft), and 22 km (14 mi) further northwest in the spring of 1995 near Mindat.[9][19]The white-browed nuthatch avoids the pure pine forests of Pinus kesiya and is found instead in lichen-covered old oak forests of the alpine level. Thus, it was observed at an altitude of over 2,600 m (8,500 ft) in 1940 and over 2,700 m (8,900 ft) in the spring of 1995.[9] However, during the description of the species in 1904, Rippon reported that he collected six birds between 2,285–2,745 m (7,497–9,006 ft) altitude from March 22 to April 30;[20] there could therefore be a seasonal altitudinal dispersion, with the birds leaving the higher altitudes during winter.[9]The white-browed nuthatch habitat consists mainly of Quercus semecarpifolia oaks, covered with epiphytic plants, lichens, mosses, orchids, and ferns.[6]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Hooded treepie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_treepie"},{"link_name":"Burmese bush lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_bush_lark"},{"link_name":"White-throated babbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_babbler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_13_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"degraded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"Natmataung National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natmataung_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_13_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife_International-21"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)"},{"link_name":"International Union for the Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_13_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The white-browed nuthatch is one of four endemic bird species in Myanmar, the others being the Hooded treepie (Crypsirina cucullata), Burmese bush lark (Mirafra microptera) and White-throated babbler (Turdoides gularis). The counts of the species mentioned in the literature are very patchy: 14 birds were observed in 1995, then five over two weeks in April 2000, and 45 during four months of fieldwork in 2001-2003. In 2007, surveys in the Chin Hills did not find any observations of this nuthatch, suggesting that the species is highly endemic to the Nat Ma Taung region. These observations, combined with density and distribution data, indicate a population of 2,500 to 10,000 mature individuals, for a total of 3,500 to 15,000 individuals.[1]On Nat Ma Taung, the forest has been completely cleared up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and the remaining habitats at 2,000–2,500 m (6,600–8,200 ft) are severely degraded. Nearly 12,000 people live in Natmataung National Park, and trapping and fires are adding to the threats to the species. The population, estimated at a few thousand individuals, is declining. The species is legally protected by a 1994 Myanmar law (Protection of Wildlife and Conservation of Natural Areas Law), but no protective measures are implemented, including discouraging the destruction of its habitat.[1] The range is estimated at 820 km2 (320 sq mi) by BirdLife International.[21] For these reasons, the species is considered endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.[1]","title":"Status and threats"}]	[{"image_text":"Comparison of the tail of the white-tailed nuthatch (S. himalayensis), left, and the white-browed nuthatch (S. victoriae), right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Comparison_of_tails_of_Sitta_himalayensis_%26_Sitta_victoriae.svg/180px-Comparison_of_tails_of_Sitta_himalayensis_%26_Sitta_victoriae.svg.png"},{"image_text":"White-browed nuthatch at the branch of tree.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sitta_victoriae.jpg/220px-Sitta_victoriae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rhododendron arboreum can be visited by the nuthatch, both for food and for nesting.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Manaslu-Circuit_Rhododendron.jpg/220px-Manaslu-Circuit_Rhododendron.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Sitta victoriae\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22711167A94281752. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711167A94281752.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22711167/94281752","url_text":"\"Sitta victoriae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711167A94281752.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711167A94281752.en"}]},{"reference":"Dickinson, E. C.; Loskot, V. M.; Morioka, H.; Somadikarta, S. & van den Elzen, R. (December 2000). \"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 66. Types of the Sittidae and Certhiidae\". Zoologische Mededelingen. 80 (5): 287–310. OCLC 1176345828 – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Dickinson","url_text":"Dickinson, E. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarja_Somadikarta","url_text":"Somadikarta, S."},{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268077056","url_text":"\"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 66. Types of the Sittidae and Certhiidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologische_Mededelingen","url_text":"Zoologische Mededelingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1176345828","url_text":"1176345828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate","url_text":"ResearchGate"}]},{"reference":"Rippon, George (1904). \"New birds from the southern Chin Hills, Burma\". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 14. British Ornithologists' Club: 83–4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bulletino101518991905brit?view=theater#page/n571/mode/2up","url_text":"\"New birds from the southern Chin Hills, Burma\""}]},{"reference":"Warren, Rachel L M (20 Dec 2021). \"Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History) : British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology\". Internet Archive. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/typespecimensofb02brit","url_text":"\"Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History) : British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James (2010). \"The Helm dictionary of scientific bird names [electronic resource] : from aalge to zusii\". Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm: 415–432. ISBN 978-1408133262.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n401/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Helm dictionary of scientific bird names [electronic resource] : from aalge to zusii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408133262","url_text":"978-1408133262"}]},{"reference":"Zaw Niang, Thet (2003). \"Ecology of the White-browed Nuthatch Sitta victoriae in Natmataung National Park, Myanmar, with notes on other significant species\" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1ff0b46d2a734eed08ee1e/1545597108810/Naing-Nuhatch.pdf","url_text":"\"Ecology of the White-browed Nuthatch Sitta victoriae in Natmataung National Park, Myanmar, with notes on other significant species\""}]},{"reference":"Vaurie, Charles (1957). \"Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 29, The subfamilies Tichodromadinae and Sittinae\". American Museum Novitates (1854): 1–26. hdl:2246/3596. ISSN 1937-352X. OCLC 47720325.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3596","url_text":"\"Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 29, The subfamilies Tichodromadinae and Sittinae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F3596","url_text":"2246/3596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1937-352X","url_text":"1937-352X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47720325","url_text":"47720325"}]},{"reference":"Ludlow, Frank; Boyd Kinnear, Norman (1944). The Birds of South-eastern Tibet. pp. 43–86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Helm","url_text":"Christopher Helm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3964-4","url_text":"0-7136-3964-4"}]},{"reference":"Matthysen, Erik (2010). The Nuthatches. London: A & C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-2870-1. OCLC 727646681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2870-1","url_text":"978-1-4081-2870-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/727646681","url_text":"727646681"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List\". IOC World Bird List – Version 11.2. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldbirdnames.org/bow/nuthatch","url_text":"\"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Birds Taxonomic List: Genera and species with citations\". Zoonomen Nomenclature Resource Page. 1 Mar 2002. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pa48.html","url_text":"\"World Birds Taxonomic List: Genera and species with citations\""}]},{"reference":"Päckert, M.; Bader-Blukott, M.; Künzelmann, B.; Sun, Y.-H.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Kehlmaier, C.; Albrecht, F.; Illera, J.C.; Martens, J. (2020). \"A revised phylogeny of nuthatches (Aves, Passeriformes, Sitta) reveals insight in intra- and interspecific diversification patterns in the Palearctic\". Vertebrate Zoology. 70 (2): 241–262. doi:10.26049/VZ70-2-2020-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26049%2FVZ70-2-2020-10","url_text":"\"A revised phylogeny of nuthatches (Aves, Passeriformes, Sitta) reveals insight in intra- and interspecific diversification patterns in the Palearctic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26049%2FVZ70-2-2020-10","url_text":"10.26049/VZ70-2-2020-10"}]},{"reference":"Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 125. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Helm","url_text":"Christopher Helm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3964-4","url_text":"0-7136-3964-4"}]},{"reference":"Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Helm","url_text":"Christopher Helm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3964-4","url_text":"0-7136-3964-4"}]},{"reference":"Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Helm","url_text":"Christopher Helm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3964-4","url_text":"0-7136-3964-4"}]},{"reference":"Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Helm","url_text":"Christopher Helm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3964-4","url_text":"0-7136-3964-4"}]},{"reference":"Harrap, Simon (4 Mar 2020). \"White-browed Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), version 1.0\". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.whbnut1.01. S2CID 216206236. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/whbnut1/cur/introduction","url_text":"\"White-browed Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), version 1.0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbow.whbnut1.01","url_text":"10.2173/bow.whbnut1.01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216206236","url_text":"216206236"}]},{"reference":"C. R. ROBSON, H. BUCK, D. S. FARROW, T. FISHER and B. F. KING (1998). \"A birdwatching visit to the Chin Hills, West Burma (Myanmar), with notes from nearby areas\" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1fbe040ebbe84faf306d74/1545584136696/Robson-Chin.pdf","url_text":"\"A birdwatching visit to the Chin Hills, West Burma (Myanmar), with notes from nearby areas\""}]},{"reference":"Ludlow, F. (3 Apr 2008). \"The Birds of South-eastern Tibet\". Ibis. 86 (3). Wiley: 348–389. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1944.tb04094.x. ISSN 0019-1019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919x.1944.tb04094.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-919x.1944.tb04094.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1019","url_text":"0019-1019"}]},{"reference":"\"White-browed Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae) - BirdLife species factsheet\". BirdLife International. Retrieved 26 Dec 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22711167","url_text":"\"White-browed Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae) - BirdLife species factsheet\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/explore?query=Sitta%20victoriae","external_links_name":"Listen to Sitta victoriae on xeno-canto"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22711167/94281752","external_links_name":"\"Sitta victoriae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711167A94281752.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711167A94281752.en"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268077056","external_links_name":"\"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 66. Types of the Sittidae and Certhiidae\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1176345828","external_links_name":"1176345828"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bulletino101518991905brit?view=theater#page/n571/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"New birds from the southern Chin Hills, Burma\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/typespecimensofb02brit","external_links_name":"\"Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History) : British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n401/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"The Helm dictionary of scientific bird names [electronic resource] : from aalge to zusii\""},{"Link":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1ff0b46d2a734eed08ee1e/1545597108810/Naing-Nuhatch.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ecology of the White-browed Nuthatch Sitta victoriae in Natmataung National Park, Myanmar, with notes on other significant species\""},{"Link":"https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3596","external_links_name":"\"Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 29, The subfamilies Tichodromadinae and Sittinae\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F3596","external_links_name":"2246/3596"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1937-352X","external_links_name":"1937-352X"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47720325","external_links_name":"47720325"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/727646681","external_links_name":"727646681"},{"Link":"http://worldbirdnames.org/bow/nuthatch","external_links_name":"\"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List\""},{"Link":"http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pa48.html","external_links_name":"\"World Birds Taxonomic List: Genera and species with citations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26049%2FVZ70-2-2020-10","external_links_name":"\"A revised phylogeny of nuthatches (Aves, Passeriformes, Sitta) reveals insight in intra- and interspecific diversification patterns in the Palearctic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26049%2FVZ70-2-2020-10","external_links_name":"10.26049/VZ70-2-2020-10"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/whbnut1/cur/introduction","external_links_name":"\"White-browed Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), version 1.0\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbow.whbnut1.01","external_links_name":"10.2173/bow.whbnut1.01"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216206236","external_links_name":"216206236"},{"Link":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1fbe040ebbe84faf306d74/1545584136696/Robson-Chin.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A birdwatching visit to the Chin Hills, West Burma (Myanmar), with notes from nearby areas\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919x.1944.tb04094.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1474-919x.1944.tb04094.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1019","external_links_name":"0019-1019"},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22711167","external_links_name":"\"White-browed Nuthatch (Sitta victoriae) - BirdLife species factsheet\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sitta_victoriae/","external_links_name":"Sitta_victoriae"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/sitta-victoriae/","external_links_name":"sitta-victoriae"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=D966EFC228A256C8","external_links_name":"D966EFC228A256C8"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22711167","external_links_name":"22711167"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/whbnut1","external_links_name":"whbnut1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4XTSX","external_links_name":"4XTSX"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/whbnut1","external_links_name":"whbnut1"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1051064","external_links_name":"1051064"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2484913","external_links_name":"2484913"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/14835","external_links_name":"14835"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11369561","external_links_name":"11369561"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=563031","external_links_name":"563031"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22711167","external_links_name":"22711167"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2739045","external_links_name":"2739045"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5130","external_links_name":"5130"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Sitta-victoriae","external_links_name":"Sitta-victoriae"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitaker_Street	Whitaker Street	["1 Notable buildings and structures","2 References"]	Prominent street in Savannah, Georgia Whitaker StreetLooking north along Whitaker Street from the edge of Forsyth ParkNamesakeBenjamin WhitakerLength2.07 mi (3.33 km)LocationSavannah, Georgia, U.S.North endWest Bay StreetSouth endWest Victory Drive (U.S. Route 80) Whitaker Street is a prominent street in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Located between Barnard Street to the west and Bull Street to the east, it runs for about 2.07 miles (3.33 km) from West Bay Street in the north to West Victory Drive (U.S. Route 80) in the south. Its directional flow is one-way (southbound). The street is named for Benjamin Whitaker, surveyor general of the Province of South Carolina. Its northern section passes through the Savannah Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District. Whitaker Street runs beside ten squares. From north to south: To the west of Johnson Square Wright Square Chippewa Square Madison Square Monterey Square To the east of Ellis Square Telfair Square Orleans Square Pulaski Square Chatham Square It also forms the western boundary of Forsyth Park. Panoramic view of Forsyth Park from Whitaker Street, on the park's western side Notable buildings and structures See also: Buildings in Savannah Historic District Below is a selection of notable buildings and structures on Whitaker Street, all in Savannah's Historic District. From north to south: W. B. Hodgson Hall, in the northwest corner of Forsyth Park, is the home of the Georgia Historical Society Savannah Morning News Building, 5 Whitaker Street (1875) 37 Whitaker Street (1890) 116 Whitaker Street (1866) 144–152 Whitaker Street (1898) Benjamin Purse Property, 311 Whitaker Street (1885) Julia Tucker Property, 333–335 Whitaker Street (1852) 339 Whitaker Street (1910) Frederick Kuck Property, 411–417 Whitaker Street (1899) 422 Whitaker Street (1880) W. B. Hodgson Hall, 501 Whitaker Street (1876) Magnolia Hall, 503 Whitaker Street (1883) John Williamson House, 509 Whitaker Street (1870) Metts–McNeil House, 513 Whitaker Street (1903) 601 Whitaker Street (1883) 603 Whitaker Street (1888) 605 Whitaker Street (1886) William Holt House, 609 Whitaker Street (1886) 611 Whitaker Street (1894) Joseph Chestnut House, 701 Whitaker Street (1892) 703 Whitaker Street (1890) 705 Whitaker Street (1900) References ^ "5 Places to Visit on Whitaker Street". Savannah, GA \| Savannah.com. July 29, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ "One-way street changes in the works for downtown Savannah?". May 12, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2022. ^ Cope, Tony (2016). It's Not That Lincoln. The Abercorn Press. ^ James Dillon (1977) National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: The Savannah Georgia NHL Historic District, National Park Service and Accompanying 25 photos, from 1964, 1973 ^ Historic Building Map: Savannah Historic District – Historic Preservation Department of the Chatham County-Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission (November 17, 2011) vteMajor streets of downtown Savannah, GeorgiaNorth–south running Abercorn Street Barnard Street Bull Street Drayton Street East Broad Street Habersham Street Houston Street Jefferson Street Lincoln Street Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard Montgomery Street Price Street Tattnall Street Whitaker Street East–west running Bay Street Broughton Street Bryan Street Charlton Street Congress Street Gaston Street Gordon Street Harris Street Hull Street Jones Street Liberty Street Oglethorpe Avenue Perry Street River Street State Street Taylor Street York Street	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Barnard Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_Street_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Bull Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Street"},{"link_name":"Bay Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Street_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Victory Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Drive_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Whitaker_(surveyor_general)"},{"link_name":"Province of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Savannah Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Historic_District_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-4"},{"link_name":"Johnson Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Wright Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Chippewa Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Madison Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Monterey Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Ellis Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Telfair Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telfair_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Orleans Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Pulaski Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Chatham Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Forsyth Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forsythparkpanorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forsythparkpanorama.jpg"}],"text":"Whitaker Street is a prominent street in Savannah, Georgia, United States.[1] Located between Barnard Street to the west and Bull Street to the east, it runs for about 2.07 miles (3.33 km) from West Bay Street in the north to West Victory Drive (U.S. Route 80) in the south. Its directional flow is one-way (southbound).[2] The street is named for Benjamin Whitaker, surveyor general of the Province of South Carolina.[3]Its northern section passes through the Savannah Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District.[4]Whitaker Street runs beside ten squares. From north to south:To the west ofJohnson Square\nWright Square\nChippewa Square\nMadison Square\nMonterey SquareTo the east ofEllis Square\nTelfair Square\nOrleans Square\nPulaski Square\nChatham SquareIt also forms the western boundary of Forsyth Park.Panoramic view of Forsyth Park from Whitaker Street, on the park's western side","title":"Whitaker Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buildings in Savannah Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_in_Savannah_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GHS-Hodgson-Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"W. B. Hodgson Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Hodgson_Hall"},{"link_name":"Forsyth Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth_Park"},{"link_name":"Georgia Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Savannah Morning News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Morning_News"},{"link_name":"W. B. Hodgson Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Hodgson_Hall"}],"text":"See also: Buildings in Savannah Historic DistrictBelow is a selection of notable buildings and structures on Whitaker Street, all in Savannah's Historic District. From north to south:[5]W. B. Hodgson Hall, in the northwest corner of Forsyth Park, is the home of the Georgia Historical SocietySavannah Morning News Building, 5 Whitaker Street (1875)\n37 Whitaker Street (1890)\n116 Whitaker Street (1866)\n144–152 Whitaker Street (1898)\nBenjamin Purse Property, 311 Whitaker Street (1885)\nJulia Tucker Property, 333–335 Whitaker Street (1852)\n339 Whitaker Street (1910)\nFrederick Kuck Property, 411–417 Whitaker Street (1899)\n422 Whitaker Street (1880)\nW. B. Hodgson Hall, 501 Whitaker Street (1876)\nMagnolia Hall, 503 Whitaker Street (1883)\nJohn Williamson House, 509 Whitaker Street (1870)\nMetts–McNeil House, 513 Whitaker Street (1903)\n601 Whitaker Street (1883)\n603 Whitaker Street (1888)\n605 Whitaker Street (1886)\nWilliam Holt House, 609 Whitaker Street (1886)\n611 Whitaker Street (1894)\nJoseph Chestnut House, 701 Whitaker Street (1892)\n703 Whitaker Street (1890)\n705 Whitaker Street (1900)","title":"Notable buildings and structures"}]	[{"image_text":"W. B. Hodgson Hall, in the northwest corner of Forsyth Park, is the home of the Georgia Historical Society","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/GHS-Hodgson-Hall.jpg/220px-GHS-Hodgson-Hall.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"5 Places to Visit on Whitaker Street\". Savannah, GA \| Savannah.com. July 29, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.savannah.com/5-places-to-visit-on-whitaker-street/","url_text":"\"5 Places to Visit on Whitaker Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"One-way street changes in the works for downtown Savannah?\". May 12, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtoc.com/story/31958471/one-way-street-changes-in-the-works-for-downtown-savannah","url_text":"\"One-way street changes in the works for downtown Savannah?\""}]},{"reference":"Cope, Tony (2016). It's Not That Lincoln. The Abercorn Press.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.savannah.com/5-places-to-visit-on-whitaker-street/","external_links_name":"\"5 Places to Visit on Whitaker Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtoc.com/story/31958471/one-way-street-changes-in-the-works-for-downtown-savannah","external_links_name":"\"One-way street changes in the works for downtown Savannah?\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000277_text","external_links_name":"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: The Savannah Georgia NHL Historic District"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000277_photos","external_links_name":"Accompanying 25 photos, from 1964, 1973"},{"Link":"https://www.thempc.org/docs/lit/hist/maps/supplement.pdf","external_links_name":"Historic Building Map: Savannah Historic District"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_League	Colorado State League	["1 Cities represented","2 Standings & statistics","3 References","4 External links"]	The Colorado State League was an unaffiliated minor league baseball league that played between 1885 and 1898 involving teams from Colorado. Cities represented Aspen, CO: Aspen Silver Kings 1889; Aspen Miners 1896, 1898-1899 Colorado Springs, CO: Colorado Springs 1889, 1896 Denver, CO: Denver Solis 1889; Denver Gulfs 1896, 1898 Fort Collins, CO: Fort Collins Farmers 1898 Gillett, CO: Gillett 1896 Glenwood Springs, CO: Glenwood Springs Bathers 1898 Leadville, CO: Leadville Blues 1889, 1898-1899 Leadville Angels 1896 Louisville, CO: Louisville Coal Miners 1898 Pueblo, CO: Pueblo Ponies 1889; Pueblo Rovers 1896, 1898-1899 Standings & statistics 1889 Colorado State League President: Henry S. Woodruff Team standings W L PCT GB Managers Pueblo Ponies 37 21 .638 - E.R. Alden / George Bowman / DeRemer Colorado Springs 41 34 .547 3.5 Don Goddard Aspen Silver Kings 25 30 .455 10.5 Ford Leadville Blues 19 31 .380 14.0 White/Blake/John Foutz Denver Solis 12 18 .400 NA James McLaughlin ^ Pueblo disbanded on July 22 ^ Aspen disbanded on July 29< ^ Denver disbanded on June 2 1898 Colorado State League President: A. Magnam Team standings W L PCT GB Managers Aspen Miners 35 21 .625 - A. Magnam Louisville Coal Miners 10 11 .476 NA Thomas Hilton Leadville Blues NA NA NA NA Harry Grier Glenwood Springs Bathers NA NA NA NA C.M. Keck Denver Gulfs NA NA NA NA Burt Davis Fort Collins Farmers NA NA NA NA Frank Abbott/ E. Avery Pueblo Rovers 1 2 .333 NA Frank Hoffman ^ Aspen disbanded on July 31 ^ Louisville disbanded on July 7 ^ Fort Collins disbanded on August 24 ^ Pueblo disbanded on May 30 Player statistics Player Team Stat Tot Bartley Reed Denver BA .436 References ^ a b c d e f g h i Lloyd Johnson; Miles Wolff, eds. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (Third ed.). Baseball America. ISBN 978-1932391176. External links Baseball reference This article related to a baseball league, competition or tournament is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to sports in Colorado is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Colorado State League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aspen, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_CO"},{"link_name":"Aspen Silver Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Silver_Kings"},{"link_name":"Aspen Miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Miners"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_CO"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Denver, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_CO"},{"link_name":"Denver Solis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Solis"},{"link_name":"Denver Gulfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Gulfs"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_CO"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins Farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins_Farmers"},{"link_name":"Gillett, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillett,_CO"},{"link_name":"Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillett_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Glenwood Springs, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood_Springs,_CO"},{"link_name":"Glenwood Springs Bathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood_Springs_Bathers"},{"link_name":"Leadville, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville,_CO"},{"link_name":"Leadville Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Blues"},{"link_name":"Leadville Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Angels"},{"link_name":"Louisville, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_CO"},{"link_name":"Louisville Coal Miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Coal_Miners"},{"link_name":"Pueblo, CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_CO"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Ponies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Ponies"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Rovers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"}],"text":"Aspen, CO: Aspen Silver Kings 1889; Aspen Miners 1896, 1898-1899\nColorado Springs, CO: Colorado Springs 1889, 1896\nDenver, CO: Denver Solis 1889; Denver Gulfs 1896, 1898\nFort Collins, CO: Fort Collins Farmers 1898\nGillett, CO: Gillett 1896\nGlenwood Springs, CO: Glenwood Springs Bathers 1898\nLeadville, CO: Leadville Blues 1889, 1898-1899 Leadville Angels 1896\nLouisville, CO: Louisville Coal Miners 1898\nPueblo, CO: Pueblo Ponies 1889; Pueblo Rovers 1896, 1898-1899 [1]","title":"Cities represented"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"}],"text":"1889 Colorado State League President: Henry S. Woodruff^ Pueblo disbanded on July 22[1]\n\n^ Aspen disbanded on July 29<[1]\n\n^ Denver disbanded on June 2[1]1898 Colorado State League President: A. Magnam^ Aspen disbanded on July 31[1]\n\n^ Louisville disbanded on July 7[1]\n\n^ Fort Collins disbanded on August 24[1]\n\n^ Pueblo disbanded on May 30[1]Player statistics","title":"Standings & statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lloyd Johnson; Miles Wolff, eds. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (Third ed.). Baseball America. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton_Mets	Binghamton Rumble Ponies	["1 History","2 Roster","3 Season records","4 Playoffs","5 References","6 External links"]	Minor league baseball teamBinghamton Rumble PoniesFounded in 1987 Binghamton, New York Based in Binghamton since 1992 Team logo Cap insignia Minor league affiliationsClassDouble-A (1987–present)LeagueEastern League (1987–present)DivisionNortheast DivisionMajor league affiliationsTeamNew York Mets (1991–present)Previous teams Seattle Mariners (1989–1990) Cleveland Indians (1987–1988) Minor league titlesLeague titles (3)199219942014Division titles (4)1994200020142023Second-half titles (1)2023Team dataNameBinghamton Rumble Ponies (2017–present)Previous namesBinghamton Mets (1992–2016) Williamsport Bills (1987–1991)ColorsNavy blue, red, silver, white Ballpark Mirabito Stadium (1992–present) Bowman Field (1987–1991) Owner(s)/Operator(s)Diamond Baseball HoldingsGeneral managerRichard Tylicki The Binghamton Rumble Ponies are an American Minor League Baseball team based in Binghamton, New York. The team, which plays in the Eastern League, is the Double-A affiliate of the New York Mets major-league club. The Rumble Ponies play in Mirabito Stadium, located in Binghamton. History In 1976, the franchise played as the Williamsport Bills in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. It played in Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1977 and 1978, then Buffalo, New York, from 1979 through 1984. It returned to Williamsport in 1987. The team was an affiliate of the Cleveland Indians in 1987 and 1988, and of the Seattle Mariners during the 1989 and 1990 seasons. (The Bills franchise was actually two separate franchises. After the 1988 season, the original owners moved the Bills to Hagerstown, Maryland, while the Eastern League franchise based in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, moved back to Williamsport before the 1989 season.) It was purchased by the New York Mets in 1991, and moved to Binghamton in 1992 as the Binghamton Mets. Mirabito Stadium In 2016, the franchise announced a plan to stay in Binghamton for the foreseeable future, and to change the team's name. The team held a name-the-team contest on its website from May 17 to June 1; the finalists were the Bullheads (for the bullhead catfish abundant in the nearby Susquehanna River), Gobblers (for the rich hunting culture of the area, as well as the turkeys in Binghamton), Rocking Horses (for the Triple Cities' nickname as the "Carousel Capital of The World"), Rumble Ponies (also a carousel tribute), Stud Muffins (for the collections of carousel horses in Binghamton), and Timber Jockeys (for everyone who rides the carousels). On November 3, 2016, the team announced that it would be rebranding as the Binghamton Rumble Ponies, and released a new logo. The Mets' High-A affiliate, the Brooklyn Cyclones, are also named after an amusement park ride, specifically, the Coney Island Cyclone roller coaster at Luna Park. In 2019, Major League Baseball released a proposal to sever ties with 42 minor-league teams, including the Rumble Ponies and fellow Double-A teams such as the Erie SeaWolves and Chattanooga Lookouts, in 2021. On November 10, 2020, the Mets announced they would continue their affiliation with Binghamton, saving the Rumble Ponies from elimination. The team was organized into the Double-A Northeast. In 2022, the Double-A Northeast became known as the Eastern League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization. On April 26, 2024, the Rumble Ponies entered into an agreement to sell the team to Diamond Baseball Holdings. Roster Binghamton Rumble Ponies rostervte Players Coaches/Other Pitchers 28 Nolan Clenney 22 Cameron Foster 3 Jordan Geber 29 Paul Gervase 20 Carlos Guzman 32 Justin Jarvis 37 Daniel Juarez 23 Trey McLoughlin 35 Luis Moreno 24 Wilkin Ramos 10 Cam Robinson 16 Junior Santos 18 Brandon Sproat 30 Tyler Stuart 34 Joander Suarez Catchers 13 Drake Osborn 11 Kevin Parada Infielders 17 Ryan Clifford 5 Jeremiah Jackson 8 Rowdey Jordan 12 Nolan McLean 67 Jose Peroza 14 JT Schwartz 4 Jett Williams 2 Wyatt Young Outfielders 19 Omar De Los Santos 1 Brandon McIlwain 6 Jaylon Palmer 25 Alex Ramírez 9 Matt Rudick Manager 15 Reid Brignac Coaches 25 Mariano Duncan (bench) 46 Darin Everson (hitting) 7 Juan Loyo (developmental) 48 A. J. Sager (pitching) 60-day injured list 31 Hunter Parsons -- Dylan Tebrake 7-day injured list * On New York Mets 40-man roster ~ Development list # Rehab assignment ∞ Reserve list ‡ Restricted list § Suspended list † Temporarily inactive list Roster updated June 18, 2024 Transactions → More rosters: MiLB • Eastern League → New York Mets minor league players Season records Panoramic view of the Binghamton Mets on the field at Mirabito Stadium (Place indicates finish in Eastern League from 1987 to 1993, in the Northern Division from 1994 to 2009, in the Eastern Division from 2010 to 2020, and in the Northeastern Division from 2021. Italics indicates league champions.) Williamsport Bills 1987: 60–79 (7th), managers Steve Swisher & Orlando Gomez 1988: 66–73 (6th), manager Mike Hargrove 1989: 63–77 (7th), manager Jay Ward 1990: 61–79 (7th), manager Rich Morales 1991: 60–79 (7th), manager Clint Hurdle Binghamton Mets 1992: 79–59 (2nd), manager Steve Swisher 1993: 68–72 (5th), manager Steve Swisher 1994: 82–59 (1st), manager John Tamargo 1995: 67–75 (4th), manager John Tamargo 1996: 76–66 (2nd), manager John Tamargo 1997: 66–76 (4th), manager Rick Sweet 1998: 82–60 (2nd), manager John Gibbons 1999: 54–88 (6th), manager Doug Davis 2000: 82–58 (1st), manager Doug Davis 2001: 73–68 (4th), manager Howie Freiling 2002: 73–68 (3rd), manager Howie Freiling 2003: 63–78 (5th), manager John Stearns 2004: 76–66 (2nd), manager Ken Oberkfell 2005: 63–79 (6th), manager Jack Lind 2006: 70–70 (3rd), manager Juan Samuel 2007: 61–81 (6th), manager Mako Oliveras 2008: 73–69 (3rd), manager Mako Oliveras 2009: 54–86 (6th), manager Mako Oliveras 2010: 66–76 (5th), manager Tim Teufel 2011: 65–76 (5th), manager Wally Backman 2012: 68–74 (5th), manager Pedro López 2013: 86–55 (2nd), manager Pedro López 2014: 83–59 (1st), manager Pedro López 2015: 77–64 (2nd), manager Pedro López 2016: 63–77 (5th), manager Pedro López Binghamton Rumble Ponies 2017: 85–54 (2nd), manager Luis Rojas 2018: 64–76 (5th), manager Luis Rojas 2019: 67–73 (4th), manager Kevin Boles 2020: Season canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021: 47–60 (4th), manager Lorenzo Bundy 2022: 53–83 (6th), manager Reid Brignac 2023: 74–61 (2nd), manager Reid Brignac Playoffs Season Semifinals Finals 1992 W, 3–1, Harrisburg W, 3–2, Canton-Akron 1994 W, 3–0, New Haven W, 3–1, Harrisburg 1996 L, 3–2, Portland - 1998 L, 3–1, New Britain - 2000 L, 3–1, New Haven - 2004 L, 3–1, New Hampshire - 2013 L, 3–0, Trenton - 2014 W, 3–2, Portland W, 3–0, Richmond 2015 L, 3–0, Reading - 2017 L, 3–1, Trenton - 2023 W, 2–0, Somerset L, 2–0, Erie References ^ "B-Mets changing name as part of team rebranding". WBNG. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016. ^ Caputo, Paul (May 17, 2016). "Introducing your Binghamton Bronies? (No, Not Really)". Chris Creamer's SportsLogos.Net. Retrieved May 18, 2016. ^ "Binghamton Name the Team Finals". Binghamton Mets. ^ "The Minor League Teams That Could Lose M.L.B. Ties". The New York Times. 2019-11-19. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-20. ^ Barry, Dan (2019-11-16). "Across the Country, Minor League Towns Face Major League Threat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-20. ^ Cooper, J.J. (November 10, 2020). "Binghamton, Brooklyn Survive As Mets Announce Affiliates". Baseball America. Retrieved November 10, 2020. ^ Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). "MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021. ^ "Historical League Names to Return in 2022". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ "Diamond Baseball Holdings Agrees to Buy Mets Double-A Rumble Ponies". Sportico. April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Binghamton Rumble Ponies. Official website Statistics from Baseball-Reference vteNew York Mets Established in 1962 Based in Queens, New York Franchise History (See also: New York Metropolitans) Expansion Draft Seasons Records No-hitters Award winners and League leaders Players New York Mets Hall of Fame Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First-round draft picks SportsNet New York Logos and uniforms Ballparks Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Citi Field Spring training Al Lang Stadium Clover Park Culture and lore 2018 MLB Little League Classic Continental League Can't Anybody Here Play This Game? Mr. Met Mrs. Met Kiner's Korner "The Boyfriend" (Seinfeld episode) "Ya Gotta Believe!" Grant's Tomb Home Run Apple Generation K "Meet the Mets" The Odd Couple Frequency "A Leela of Her Own" (Futurama episode) "Let's Go Mets Go" Sidd Finch Game 6 Buckner's Game 6 error Grand Slam Single The 7 Line Army "New York Groove" MLB Puerto Rico Series Rick Camp Game Spider-Man's wedding (live performance) "Lazy Mary" "Narco" "Ode to the Mets" Notable people Alex Anthony Jane Jarvis George Kalinsky Michael Sergio Sign Man Cow-Bell Man Rivalries Atlanta Braves Philadelphia Phillies New York Yankees New York Yankees Subway Series 2000 World Series Key personnel Owner: Steve Cohen President of Baseball Operations: David Stearns General manager: Vacant Manager: Carlos Mendoza World Serieschampionships (2) 1969 1986 National Leaguepennants (5) 1969 1973 1986 2000 2015 Division titles (6) 1969 1973 1986 1988 2006 2015 Wild Card (4) 1999 (tie-breaker game) 2000 2016 2022 Minor league affiliates Triple-A: Syracuse Mets Double-A: Binghamton Rumble Ponies High-A: Brooklyn Cyclones Single-A: St. Lucie Mets Rookie: FCL Mets DSL Mets Blue DSL Mets Orange Player overview Seasons (64)1960s 1960 · 1961 · 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Category Commons vteEastern LeagueNortheast Division Binghamton Rumble Ponies Hartford Yard Goats New Hampshire Fisher Cats Portland Sea Dogs Reading Fightin Phils Somerset Patriots Southwest Division Akron RubberDucks Altoona Curve Bowie Baysox Erie SeaWolves Harrisburg Senators Richmond Flying Squirrels Champions Manager of the Year Award MVP Award Pitcher of the Year Award Rosters Stadiums Top MLB Prospect Award Teams vteSports teams based in New York StateBaseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees IL Buffalo Bisons Rochester Red Wings Syracuse Mets EL Binghamton Rumble Ponies SAL Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades ALPB Long Island Ducks Staten Island FerryHawks EPBL Plattsburgh Redbirds FL New York Boulders Tri-City ValleyCats ACBL Hampton Whalers NYCBL Cortland Crush Genesee Rapids Hornell Dodgers Olean Oilers Rochester Ridgemen Rome Generals Sherrill Silversmiths Syracuse Salt Cats Syracuse Spartans Wellsville Nitros PGCBL Elmira Pioneers Jamestown Jammers Newark Pilots Watertown Rapids Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks TBL Albany Patroons Jamestown Jackals ABA Buffalo eXtreme New York Hoop Dragons Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Esports CDL New York Subliners OWL New York Excelsior Football NFL Buffalo Bills AFL Albany Firebirds WFA New York Sharks EFL Watertown Red & Black GDFL Albany Metro Mallers Hockey NHL Buffalo Sabres New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Rochester Americans Syracuse Crunch Utica Comets ECHL Adirondack Thunder PWHL PWHL New York FPHL Binghamton Black Bears Elmira River Sharks Watertown Wolves NAHL Jamestown Rebels OJHL Buffalo Jr. Sabres EHL New York Apple Core EHLP Adirondack Junior Thunder Entertainment Teams Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team Soccer MLS New York City FC USLSL Brooklyn FC (2024) USLC Brooklyn FC (2025) MLSNP New York City FC II NISA New York Cosmos (hiatus) USL2 Blackwatch Rush F.A. Euro Hudson Valley Hammers Long Island Rough Riders Manhattan SC Pathfinder FC Westchester Flames NPSL FC Buffalo Cedar Stars FC Flower City Union Kingston Stockade FC New York Shockers WPSL Brooklyn City FC Clarkstown SC Downtown United SC Fox Soccer Academy New York Athletic Club New York Dutch Lions FC New York Shockers SUSA FC United Women's Soccer Albany Rush FC Berlin FC Buffalo Rochester Lady Lancers Syracuse Pulse USL W League Long Island Rough Riders MASL Utica City FC Lacrosse NLL Albany FireWolves Buffalo Bandits Rochester Knighthawks PLL New York Atlas UWLX Long Island Sound WPLL New York Fight Upstate Pride Roller derby WFTDA Assault City Roller Derby Central New York Roller Derby Gotham Roller Derby Hellions of Troy Hudson Valley Horrors Roller Derby Ithaca League of Women Rollers Long Island Roller Rebels Queen City Roller Derby Roc City Roller Derby Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Rugby league USARL White Plains Wombats NARL New York R.L.F.C. Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Team tennis WTT New York Empire College athletics(NCAA Division I) Adelphi Panthers (women's bowling) Albany Great Danes Army Black Knights Binghamton Bearcats Buffalo Bulls Brockport Golden Eagles (women's gymnastics) Clarkson Golden Knights (men's and women's ice hockey) Canisius Golden Griffins CCNY Beavers (women's fencing) Colgate Raiders Columbia Lions Cortland Red Dragons (women's gymnastics) Cornell Big Red Daemen Wildcats (women's bowling and men's volleyball) Dominican Chargers (men's volleyball) D'Youville Saints (men's volleyball) Fordham Rams Hilbert Hawks (women's bowling) Hobart Statesmen (men's lacrosse) Hofstra Pride Hunter Hawks (men's and women's fencing) Ithaca Bombers (women's gymnastics) Iona Gaels Le Moyne Dolphins LIU Sharks Manhattan Jaspers Marist Red Foxes Molloy Lions (women's bowling) NYU Violets (men's and women's fencing) Niagara Purple Eagles Queens Knights (women's fencing) RPI Engineers (men's and women's ice hockey) Roberts Wesleyan Redhawks (women's bowling and men's volleyball) Rochester Yellowjackets (men's squash) RIT Tigers (men's and women's ice hockey) St. Bonaventure Bonnies St. John's Red Storm St. Lawrence Saints (men's and women's ice hockey) St. Thomas Aquinas Spartans (men's volleyball) Siena Saints Stony Brook Seawolves Syracuse Orange Union Garnet Chargers (men's and women's ice hockey) Vassar Brewers (men's and women's fencing) Wagner Seahawks Yeshiva Maccabees (men's and women's fencing) College athletics(NCAA Division II) Adelphi Panthers Daemen Wildcats Dominican Chargers Dowling Golden Lions D'Youville Saints Mercy Mavericks Molloy Lions NYIT Bears (Suspended) Pace Setters Queens Knights Roberts Wesleyan Redhawks Saint Rose Golden Knights St. Thomas Aquinas Spartans Staten Island Dolphins College athletics(NCAA Division III) Alfred Saxons Alfred State Pioneers Bard Raptors Baruch Bearcats Brockport Golden Eagles Brooklyn Bulldogs Buffalo State Bengals Canton Roos Cazenovia Wildcats CCNY Beavers Clarkson Golden Knights Cobleskill Fighting Tigers Cortland Red Dragons Delhi Broncos Elmira Soaring Eagles Farmingdale Rams Fredonia Blue Devils Geneseo Knights Hamilton Continentals Hartwick Hawks Hilbert Hawks Hobart Statesmen Houghton Highlanders Hunter Hawks Ithaca Bombers John Jay Bloodhounds Keuka Wolves Lehman Lightning Bugs Manhattanville Valiants Medgar Evers Cougars Merchant Marine Mariners Maritime Privateers Mount Saint Mary Blue Knights Mount Saint Vincent Dolphins Morrisville Mustangs Nazareth Golden Flyers New Paltz Hawks City Tech Yellow Jackets NYU Violets Old Westbury Panthers Oneonta Red Dragons Oswego Lakers Plattsburgh Cardinals Potsdam Bears Pratt Cannoners Purchase Panthers RPI Engineers Rochester Yellowjackets RIT Tigers Russell Sage Gators Skidmore Thoroughbreds St. John Fisher Cardinals St. Joseph's (Brooklyn) Bears St. Joseph's (Long Island) Golden Eagles St. Lawrence Saints Sarah Lawrence Gryphons SUNY Poly Wildcats Union Garnet Chargers Utica Pioneers Vassar Brewers Wells Express William Smith Herons Yeshiva Maccabees York Cardinals College athletics(USCAA) Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Panthers Berkeley Knights Bryant & Stratton College, Albany Bobcats Bryant & Stratton College, Buffalo Bobcats Bryant & Stratton College, Greece Bobcats Bryant & Stratton College, Syracuse Bobcats Culinary Institute of America Steels Five Towns Sounds The King's Lions Paul Smith's Bobcats SUNY ESF Mighty Oaks Vaughn Warriors Villa Maria Knights Word of Life Bible Institute Huskies College athletics(NJCAA Division I) Globe Institute of Technology Knights Monroe Mustangs ASA Avengers College athletics(NJCAA Division II) SUNY Erie Kats Genesee Cougars Jamestown (Jamestown) Jayhawks Jamestown (Olean) Cattaraugus Jaguars Monroe Tribunes Niagara County Thunderwolves SUNY Orange Colts SUNY Sullivan Generals Hudson Valley Vikings College athletics(NJCAA Division III) SUNY Adirondack Wolves Borough of Manhattan Panthers Bronx Broncos SUNY Broome Hornets Cayuga Spartans Clinton Cougars Columbia-Greene Twins Corning Red Barons Dutchess Falcons Finger Lakes Lakers FIT Tigers Fulton–Montgomery Raiders Genesee Cougars Herkimer County Generals Hostos Caimans Jefferson Cannoners Mohawk Valley Hawks Nassau Lions North Country Saints Onondaga Lazers Queensborough Tigers Rockland Fighting Hawks Schenectady County Royals Suffolk County Sharks SUNY Sullivan Generals Tompkins Cortland Panthers SUNY Ulster Senators See also: Sports in New York City, Sports in Buffalo, Sports in Rochester, Sports in Syracuse, and Sports in New York's Capital District vteDiamond Baseball HoldingsSubsidiary of Silver LakeTriple-A Albuquerque Isotopes Gwinnett Stripers Iowa Cubs Louisville Bats Memphis Redbirds Norfolk Tides Oklahoma City Baseball Club Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders St. Paul Saints Worcester Red Sox Double-A Altoona Curve Arkansas Travelers Birmingham Barons Binghamton Rumble Ponies Harrisburg Senators Midland RockHounds Mississippi Braves New Hampshire Fisher Cats Portland Sea Dogs Springfield Cardinals Tulsa Drillers Wichita Wind Surge High-A Hickory Crawdads Hudson Valley Renegades Lansing Lugnuts Rome Emperors Vancouver Canadians Winston-Salem Dash Single-A Augusta GreenJackets Down East Wood Ducks Fresno Grizzlies Inland Empire 66ers Salem Red Sox San Jose Giants	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Binghamton, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Mirabito 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The team, which plays in the Eastern League, is the Double-A affiliate of the New York Mets major-league club. The Rumble Ponies play in Mirabito Stadium, located in Binghamton.","title":"Binghamton Rumble Ponies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williamsport Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsport_Bills"},{"link_name":"Williamsport, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Hagerstown, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYSEG-Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bullhead catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_catfish"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Triple Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Cities"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"High-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-A"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Cyclones"},{"link_name":"Coney Island Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Luna Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Park_(Coney_Island,_2010)"},{"link_name":"Erie SeaWolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_SeaWolves"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga Lookouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BA2021-6"},{"link_name":"Double-A Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_Northeast"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMayo2-12-2021-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELrename-8"},{"link_name":"Diamond Baseball Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Baseball_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBHSale-9"}],"text":"In 1976, the franchise played as the Williamsport Bills in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. It played in Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1977 and 1978, then Buffalo, New York, from 1979 through 1984.It returned to Williamsport in 1987. The team was an affiliate of the Cleveland Indians in 1987 and 1988, and of the Seattle Mariners during the 1989 and 1990 seasons. (The Bills franchise was actually two separate franchises. After the 1988 season, the original owners moved the Bills to Hagerstown, Maryland, while the Eastern League franchise based in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, moved back to Williamsport before the 1989 season.)It was purchased by the New York Mets in 1991, and moved to Binghamton in 1992 as the Binghamton Mets.Mirabito StadiumIn 2016, the franchise announced a plan to stay in Binghamton for the foreseeable future, and to change the team's name.[1] The team held a name-the-team contest on its website from May 17 to June 1; the finalists were the Bullheads (for the bullhead catfish abundant in the nearby Susquehanna River), Gobblers (for the rich hunting culture of the area, as well as the turkeys in Binghamton), Rocking Horses (for the Triple Cities' nickname as the \"Carousel Capital of The World\"), Rumble Ponies (also a carousel tribute), Stud Muffins (for the collections of carousel horses in Binghamton), and Timber Jockeys (for everyone who rides the carousels).[2][3] On November 3, 2016, the team announced that it would be rebranding as the Binghamton Rumble Ponies, and released a new logo. The Mets' High-A affiliate, the Brooklyn Cyclones, are also named after an amusement park ride, specifically, the Coney Island Cyclone roller coaster at Luna Park.In 2019, Major League Baseball released a proposal to sever ties with 42 minor-league teams, including the Rumble Ponies and fellow Double-A teams such as the Erie SeaWolves and Chattanooga Lookouts, in 2021.[4][5] On November 10, 2020, the Mets announced they would continue their affiliation with Binghamton, saving the Rumble Ponies from elimination.[6] The team was organized into the Double-A Northeast.[7] In 2022, the Double-A Northeast became known as the Eastern League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.[8]On April 26, 2024, the Rumble Ponies entered into an agreement to sell the team to Diamond Baseball Holdings. [9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYSEG_Stadium_panorama_September_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mirabito Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabito_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Steve Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Swisher"},{"link_name":"Orlando Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Mike Hargrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hargrove"},{"link_name":"Jay Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ward_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Rich Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Morales"},{"link_name":"Clint Hurdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Hurdle"},{"link_name":"Steve Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Swisher"},{"link_name":"Steve Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Swisher"},{"link_name":"John Tamargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tamargo"},{"link_name":"John Tamargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tamargo"},{"link_name":"John Tamargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tamargo"},{"link_name":"Rick Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Sweet"},{"link_name":"John Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Doug Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Davis_(infielder)"},{"link_name":"Doug Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Davis_(infielder)"},{"link_name":"John Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stearns"},{"link_name":"Ken Oberkfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Oberkfell"},{"link_name":"Jack Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lind"},{"link_name":"Juan Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Mako Oliveras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mako_Oliveras"},{"link_name":"Mako Oliveras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mako_Oliveras"},{"link_name":"Mako Oliveras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mako_Oliveras"},{"link_name":"Tim Teufel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Teufel"},{"link_name":"Wally Backman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Backman"},{"link_name":"Luis Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rojas_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Luis Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rojas_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Boles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Boles"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Bundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Bundy"},{"link_name":"Reid Brignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Brignac"},{"link_name":"Reid Brignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Brignac"}],"text":"Panoramic view of the Binghamton Mets on the field at Mirabito Stadium(Place indicates finish in Eastern League from 1987 to 1993, in the Northern Division from 1994 to 2009, in the Eastern Division from 2010 to 2020, and in the Northeastern Division from 2021. Italics indicates league champions.)Williamsport Bills1987: 60–79 (7th), managers Steve Swisher & Orlando Gomez\n1988: 66–73 (6th), manager Mike Hargrove\n1989: 63–77 (7th), manager Jay Ward\n1990: 61–79 (7th), manager Rich Morales\n1991: 60–79 (7th), manager Clint HurdleBinghamton Mets1992: 79–59 (2nd), manager Steve Swisher\n1993: 68–72 (5th), manager Steve Swisher\n1994: 82–59 (1st), manager John Tamargo\n1995: 67–75 (4th), manager John Tamargo\n1996: 76–66 (2nd), manager John Tamargo\n1997: 66–76 (4th), manager Rick Sweet\n1998: 82–60 (2nd), manager John Gibbons\n1999: 54–88 (6th), manager Doug Davis\n2000: 82–58 (1st), manager Doug Davis\n2001: 73–68 (4th), manager Howie Freiling\n2002: 73–68 (3rd), manager Howie Freiling\n2003: 63–78 (5th), manager John Stearns\n2004: 76–66 (2nd), manager Ken Oberkfell\n2005: 63–79 (6th), manager Jack Lind\n2006: 70–70 (3rd), manager Juan Samuel\n2007: 61–81 (6th), manager Mako Oliveras\n2008: 73–69 (3rd), manager Mako Oliveras\n2009: 54–86 (6th), manager Mako Oliveras\n2010: 66–76 (5th), manager Tim Teufel\n2011: 65–76 (5th), manager Wally Backman\n2012: 68–74 (5th), manager Pedro López\n2013: 86–55 (2nd), manager Pedro López\n2014: 83–59 (1st), manager Pedro López\n2015: 77–64 (2nd), manager Pedro López\n2016: 63–77 (5th), manager Pedro LópezBinghamton Rumble Ponies2017: 85–54 (2nd), manager Luis Rojas\n2018: 64–76 (5th), manager Luis Rojas\n2019: 67–73 (4th), manager Kevin Boles\n2020: Season canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic\n2021: 47–60 (4th), manager Lorenzo Bundy\n2022: 53–83 (6th), manager Reid Brignac\n2023: 74–61 (2nd), manager Reid Brignac","title":"Season records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoffs"}]	[{"image_text":"Mirabito Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NYSEG-Stadium.jpg/220px-NYSEG-Stadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panoramic view of the Binghamton Mets on the field at Mirabito Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NYSEG_Stadium_panorama_September_2010.jpg/600px-NYSEG_Stadium_panorama_September_2010.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"B-Mets changing name as part of team rebranding\". WBNG. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wbng.com/sports/B-Mets-changing-name-as-part-of-team-rebranding.html?fb_comment_id=1108002439264215_1108879305843195#fdc2e1cd8","url_text":"\"B-Mets changing name as part of team rebranding\""}]},{"reference":"Caputo, Paul (May 17, 2016). \"Introducing your Binghamton Bronies? (No, Not Really)\". Chris Creamer's SportsLogos.Net. Retrieved May 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sportslogos.net/2016/05/17/introducing-your-binghamton-bronies-no-not-really/","url_text":"\"Introducing your Binghamton Bronies? (No, Not Really)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Binghamton Name the Team Finals\". Binghamton Mets.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.milb.com/tickets/form.jsp?formid=team_name_vote&formcode=form&sid=t505&section=team1","url_text":"\"Binghamton Name the Team Finals\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Minor League Teams That Could Lose M.L.B. Ties\". The New York Times. 2019-11-19. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/16/sports/baseball/mlb-minor-league-proposal.html","url_text":"\"The Minor League Teams That Could Lose M.L.B. Ties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Barry, Dan (2019-11-16). \"Across the Country, Minor League Towns Face Major League Threat\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/16/sports/minor-league-baseball.html","url_text":"\"Across the Country, Minor League Towns Face Major League Threat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, J.J. (November 10, 2020). \"Binghamton, Brooklyn Survive As Mets Announce Affiliates\". Baseball America. Retrieved November 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/binghamton-brooklyn-survive-as-mets-announce-2021-minor-league-affiliates/","url_text":"\"Binghamton, Brooklyn Survive As Mets Announce Affiliates\""}]},{"reference":"Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). \"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/new-minor-league-baseball-structure","url_text":"\"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/minor-league-baseball-historical-league-names-to-return-in-2022","url_text":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diamond Baseball Holdings Agrees to Buy Mets Double-A Rumble Ponies\". Sportico. April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportico.com/business/team-sales/2024/diamond-baseball-holdings-new-york-mets-1234776964/amp/","url_text":"\"Diamond Baseball Holdings Agrees to Buy Mets Double-A Rumble Ponies\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/binghamton/roster","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/binghamton/roster/transactions","external_links_name":"Transactions"},{"Link":"http://www.wbng.com/sports/B-Mets-changing-name-as-part-of-team-rebranding.html?fb_comment_id=1108002439264215_1108879305843195#fdc2e1cd8","external_links_name":"\"B-Mets changing name as part of team rebranding\""},{"Link":"http://news.sportslogos.net/2016/05/17/introducing-your-binghamton-bronies-no-not-really/","external_links_name":"\"Introducing your Binghamton Bronies? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Life_(film)	The Miracle of Life (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Preservation","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]	1926 silent film The Miracle of LifeFilm stillDirected byStanner E.V. TaylorWritten byElizabeth MusgraveOlga PrintzlauStarringPercy MarmontMae BuschNita NaldiCinematographyAlexander G. PenrodProductioncompanyS.E.V. Taylor ProductionsDistributed byAssociated ExhibitorsRelease date February 28, 1926 (1926-02-28) Running time50 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) The Miracle of Life is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Stanner E.V. Taylor and starring Percy Marmont, Mae Busch, and Nita Naldi. Plot As described in a film magazine review, a husband wants a family, but his wife Janet prefers freedom and gaiety. She has a dream of being aged, alone, and childless, and decides that her husband is right after all. Cast Percy Marmont as Blair Howell Mae Busch as Janet Howell Nita Naldi as Helen Reception Because the film includes a scene where the wife anticipates a visit to an illegal abortion provider and intimate discussions between the husband and wife, the Film Daily classified the film as "NOT AT ALL SUITABLE FOR GENERAL ENTERTAINMENT" and "NOT APPROPRIATE FOR FAMILY TRADE". Preservation With no prints of The Miracle of Life located in any film archives, it is a lost film. References ^ McCaffrey & Jacobs p. 202 ^ "New Pictures: The Miracle of Life". Exhibitors Herald. 24 (14). Chicago: Exhibitors Herald Co.: 64 13 March 1926. Retrieved 7 April 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "The Miracle of Life". The Film Daily. 37 (3). New York City: Wid's Films and Film Folks, Inc.: 10 July 18, 1926. Retrieved 7 November 2023. ^ Library of Congress / FIAF American Silent Feature Film Survival Database: The Miracle of Life Bibliography Donald W. McCaffrey & Christopher P. Jacobs. Guide to the Silent Years of American Cinema. Greenwood Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30345-2 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Miracle of Life (1926 film). The Miracle of Life at IMDb This article related to an American film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Stanner E.V. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanner_E.V._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Percy Marmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Marmont"},{"link_name":"Mae Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Busch"},{"link_name":"Nita Naldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nita_Naldi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Miracle of Life is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Stanner E.V. Taylor and starring Percy Marmont, Mae Busch, and Nita Naldi.[1]","title":"The Miracle of Life (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EH-2"}],"text":"As described in a film magazine review,[2] a husband wants a family, but his wife Janet prefers freedom and gaiety. She has a dream of being aged, alone, and childless, and decides that her husband is right after all.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Percy Marmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Marmont"},{"link_name":"Mae Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Busch"},{"link_name":"Nita Naldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nita_Naldi"}],"text":"Percy Marmont as Blair Howell\nMae Busch as Janet Howell\nNita Naldi as Helen","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Because the film includes a scene where the wife anticipates a visit to an illegal abortion provider and intimate discussions between the husband and wife, the Film Daily classified the film as \"NOT AT ALL SUITABLE FOR GENERAL ENTERTAINMENT\" and \"NOT APPROPRIATE FOR FAMILY TRADE\".[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"lost film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"}],"text":"With no prints of The Miracle of Life located in any film archives,[4] it is a lost film.","title":"Preservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-30345-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30345-2"}],"text":"Donald W. McCaffrey & Christopher P. Jacobs. Guide to the Silent Years of American Cinema. Greenwood Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30345-2","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"New Pictures: The Miracle of Life\". Exhibitors Herald. 24 (14). Chicago: Exhibitors Herald Co.: 64 13 March 1926. Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/exhibitorsherald24unse/page/64/mode/1up","url_text":"\"New Pictures: The Miracle of Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Miracle of Life\". The Film Daily. 37 (3). New York City: Wid's Films and Film Folks, Inc.: 10 July 18, 1926. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Jefferson	Eddie Jefferson	["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	American jazz vocalist and lyricist Not to be confused with Eddie Jefferson (baseball). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eddie Jefferson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Eddie JeffersonJefferson at Half Moon Bay, California, October 10, 1978Background informationBorn(1918-08-03)August 3, 1918Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMay 9, 1979(1979-05-09) (aged 60)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.GenresJazzOccupation(s) Singer songwriter Instrument(s)VocalsMusical artist Eddie Jefferson (August 3, 1918 – May 9, 1979) was an American jazz vocalist and lyricist. He is credited as an innovator of vocalese, a musical style in which lyrics are set to an instrumental composition or solo. Jefferson himself claims that his main influence was Leo Watson. Perhaps Jefferson's best-known song is "Moody's Mood for Love" which was recorded in 1952, though two years later a recording by King Pleasure catapulted the contrafact into wide popularity (King Pleasure even cites Jefferson as a personal influence). Jefferson's recordings of Charlie Parker's "Parker's Mood" and Horace Silver's "Filthy McNasty" were also hits. Biography Jefferson was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. One of his most notable recordings, "So What", combined the lyrics of artist Christopher Acemandese Hall with the music of Miles Davis to highlight his skills, and enabled him to turn a phrase, into his style he calls jazz vocalese. Jefferson's last recorded performance was at the Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase in Chicago and was released on video by Rhapsody Films. He shared the stand with Richie Cole (alto sax), John Campbell (piano), Kelly Sill (bass) and Joel Spencer (drums). The performance was part of a tour that Jefferson and Cole led together. Their opening night in Detroit, Michigan, was at Baker's Keyboard Lounge, a jazz club built in the 1930s that has played host to famous musicians including those who spanned the genre with artists as diverse as Dexter Gordon and Sonny Stitt. A previously unreleased live recording from July 1976 was released in August 2009 as Eddie Jefferson At Ali's Alley, with the quintet of drummer Rashied Ali featured. Eddie Jefferson was shot and killed outside Baker's Keyboard Lounge on May 8, 1979, aged 60. He had left the club with fellow bandleader Cole around 1:35 a.m. and was shot while walking out of the building. A late-model Lincoln Continental was spotted speeding away from the scene. The driver was later picked up by Detroit police and identified as a disgruntled dancer with whom Jefferson once worked and had fired from a gig. The suspect was charged with murder, but was later acquitted in a Detroit criminal trial. The Manhattan Transfer honored both Jefferson and Coleman Hawkins in their vocal version of "Body and Soul" on their album Extensions in 1979. Discography Letter from Home (Riverside, 1962) Body and Soul (Prestige, 1968) Come Along with Me (Prestige, 1969) The Bebop Singers with Annie Ross, Joe Carroll (Prestige, 1970) Things Are Getting Better (Muse, 1974) Still on the Planet (Muse, 1976) The Jazz Singer (Inner City, 1976) The Main Man (Inner City, 1977) The Live-Liest (Muse, 1979) With Richie Cole New York Afternoon (Muse, 1977) Alto Madness (Muse, 1977) Keeper of the Flame (Muse, 1979) Live at the Douglas Beach House 1978 (Just Jazz, 1995) Hollywood Madness (Muse, 1979) With Dexter Gordon Great Encounters (Columbia , 1979) With James Moody Moody's Workshop (Prestige, 1954) Hi Fi Party (Prestige, 1955) Flute 'n the Blues (Argo, 1956) Moody's Mood for Love (Argo, 1957) Hey! It's James Moody (Argo, 1959) Cookin' the Blues (Argo, 1964) Don't Look Away Now! (Prestige, 1969) James Moody's Heritage Hum (Perception, 1971) With Frank Wright Kevin, My Dear Son (Recorded: October 1978) (Chiaroscuro, 1979) See also List of homicides in Michigan The Bank Dick (for the "Filthy McNasty" character) References ^ a b c Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. pp. 1275/6. ISBN 0-85112-939-0. ^ Allmusic biography ^ "Jazz Singer Killed in Detroit Shooting", May 9, 1979. Toledo Blade. ^ "Suspect Is Arraigned in Slaying Of Eddie Jefferson, Jazz Vocalist". New York Times. May 11, 1979. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Eddie Jefferson - Body And Soul". Discogs.com. September 6, 1968. Retrieved September 6, 2020. ^ AllMusic review ^ "Frank Wright - Kevin, My Dear Son". Discogs.com. September 6, 1979. Retrieved October 5, 2020. External links Eddie Jefferson's Artist Page WSU Virtual Motor City Collection "Celebrating the Life of EDDIE JEFFERSON – Innovator, Tap Dancer, Lyricist & Founding Father of the 'Art of Jazz Vocalese'", Washington DC Jazz Network Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddie Jefferson (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Jefferson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"vocalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalese"},{"link_name":"Leo Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Watson"},{"link_name":"Moody's Mood for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s_Mood_for_Love"},{"link_name":"King Pleasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Pleasure"},{"link_name":"Charlie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parker"},{"link_name":"Parker's Mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker%27s_Mood"},{"link_name":"Horace Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silver"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Eddie Jefferson (baseball).Musical artistEddie Jefferson (August 3, 1918 – May 9, 1979)[1] was an American jazz vocalist and lyricist. He is credited as an innovator of vocalese, a musical style in which lyrics are set to an instrumental composition or solo. Jefferson himself claims that his main influence was Leo Watson. Perhaps Jefferson's best-known song is \"Moody's Mood for Love\" which was recorded in 1952, though two years later a recording by King Pleasure catapulted the contrafact into wide popularity (King Pleasure even cites Jefferson as a personal influence). Jefferson's recordings of Charlie Parker's \"Parker's Mood\" and Horace Silver's \"Filthy McNasty\" were also hits.[2]","title":"Eddie Jefferson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"So What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_What_(composition)"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Showcase"},{"link_name":"Richie Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Cole_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_(jazz_pianist)"},{"link_name":"Baker's Keyboard Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_Keyboard_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Dexter Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Sonny Stitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Stitt"},{"link_name":"Rashied Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashied_Ali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Continental"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Manhattan Transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manhattan_Transfer"},{"link_name":"Coleman Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Body and Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_and_Soul_(1930_song)"},{"link_name":"Extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_(The_Manhattan_Transfer_album)"}],"text":"Jefferson was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.[3] One of his most notable recordings, \"So What\", combined the lyrics of artist Christopher Acemandese Hall with the music of Miles Davis to highlight his skills, and enabled him to turn a phrase, into his style he calls jazz vocalese.[1]Jefferson's last recorded performance was at the Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase in Chicago and was released on video by Rhapsody Films. He shared the stand with Richie Cole (alto sax), John Campbell (piano), Kelly Sill (bass) and Joel Spencer (drums). The performance was part of a tour that Jefferson and Cole led together. Their opening night in Detroit, Michigan, was at Baker's Keyboard Lounge, a jazz club built in the 1930s that has played host to famous musicians including those who spanned the genre with artists as diverse as Dexter Gordon and Sonny Stitt.A previously unreleased live recording from July 1976 was released in August 2009 as Eddie Jefferson At Ali's Alley, with the quintet of drummer Rashied Ali featured.Eddie Jefferson was shot and killed outside Baker's Keyboard Lounge on May 8, 1979, aged 60.[1] He had left the club with fellow bandleader Cole around 1:35 a.m. and was shot while walking out of the building. A late-model Lincoln Continental was spotted speeding away from the scene. The driver was later picked up by Detroit police and identified as a disgruntled dancer with whom Jefferson once worked and had fired from a gig.[4] The suspect was charged with murder, but was later acquitted in a Detroit criminal trial.The Manhattan Transfer honored both Jefferson and Coleman Hawkins in their vocal version of \"Body and Soul\" on their album Extensions in 1979.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Body and Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Body_and_Soul_(Eddie_Jefferson_album)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Things Are Getting Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Are_Getting_Better_(Eddie_Jefferson_album)"},{"link_name":"Still on the Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_on_the_Planet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Richie Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Cole_(musician)"},{"link_name":"New York Afternoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Afternoon"},{"link_name":"Alto Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto_Madness_(Richie_Cole_album)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Flame_(Richie_Cole_album)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Madness&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dexter Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"James Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moody_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Moody's Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hi Fi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi_Fi_Party"},{"link_name":"Flute 'n the Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute_%27n_the_Blues"},{"link_name":"Argo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argo_Records"},{"link_name":"Moody's Mood for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s_Mood_for_Love_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hey! It's James Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey!_It%27s_James_Moody"},{"link_name":"Cookin' the Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookin%27_the_Blues"},{"link_name":"Don't Look Away Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Away_Now!"},{"link_name":"Perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception_Records"},{"link_name":"Frank Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wright_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"Chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Letter from Home (Riverside, 1962)\nBody and Soul (Prestige, 1968)[5]\nCome Along with Me (Prestige, 1969)\nThe Bebop Singers with Annie Ross, Joe Carroll (Prestige, 1970)\nThings Are Getting Better (Muse, 1974)\nStill on the Planet (Muse, 1976)\nThe Jazz Singer (Inner City, 1976)[6]\nThe Main Man (Inner City, 1977)\nThe Live-Liest (Muse, 1979)With Richie ColeNew York Afternoon (Muse, 1977)\nAlto Madness (Muse, 1977)\nKeeper of the Flame (Muse, 1979)\nLive at the Douglas Beach House 1978 (Just Jazz, 1995)\nHollywood Madness (Muse, 1979)With Dexter GordonGreat Encounters (Columbia , 1979)With James MoodyMoody's Workshop (Prestige, 1954)\nHi Fi Party (Prestige, 1955)\nFlute 'n the Blues (Argo, 1956)\nMoody's Mood for Love (Argo, 1957)\nHey! It's James Moody (Argo, 1959)\nCookin' the Blues (Argo, 1964)\nDon't Look Away Now! (Prestige, 1969)\nJames Moody's Heritage Hum (Perception, 1971)With Frank WrightKevin, My Dear Son (Recorded: October 1978) (Chiaroscuro, 1979)[7]","title":"Discography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of homicides in Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_homicides_in_Michigan"},{"title":"The Bank Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bank_Dick"}]	[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. pp. 1275/6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinomaos	Oenomaus	["1 Family","2 Mythology","2.1 Courtship of Hippodamia","2.2 Death","3 Notes","4 Bibliography"]	For other uses, see Oenomaus (disambiguation). OenomausKing Oenomaus, Hippodamia, and Olympian gods. Illustration from an ancient vase.SteropeIssueHippodamia, Leucippus, AlcippeFatherAresMotherHarpina In Greek mythology, King Oenomaus (also Oenamaus; Greek: Οἰνόμαος, Oinómaos) of Pisa, was the father of Hippodamia and the son of Ares. His name Oinomaos denotes a wine man. Family Oenomaeus' mother was either naiad Harpina (daughter of the river god Phliasian Asopus, the armed (harpe) spirit of a spring near Pisa) or Sterope, one of the Pleiades, whom some identify as his consort instead. He married, if not Sterope, then Evarete of Argos, the daughter of Acrisius and Eurydice. Yet others give Eurythoe, daughter of Danaus, either as his mother or consort. His children besides Hippodamia were Leucippus (who perished because of his love for Daphne) and Alcippe (mother of Marpessa by Evenus). Pausanias, who is generally skeptical about stories of humans descending from gods, makes Oenomaus son of a mortal father, Alxion. John Tzetzes adduces a version which, in the same vein, calls Oenomaus son of a Hyperochus by Sterope. The genealogy offered in the earliest literary reference, Euripides' Iphigenia in Tauris, would place him two generations before the Trojan War, making him the great-grandfather of the Atreides, Agamemnon and Menelaus. Comparative table of Oenomaus' family Relation Names Sources Euripides Scholia on Apollonius Diodorus Parthenius Apollodorus Plutarch Dio Chrysostom Hyginus Pausanias Philostratus Eusebius Tzetzes Parentage Ares and Eurythoe ✓ Ares and Harpina ✓ ✓ Ares and (A)Sterope ✓ Ares and Asterie ✓ Alxion ✓ Aethlius ✓ Hyperochus and Sterope ✓ Spouse Sterope ✓ ✓ ✓ Evarete ✓ Eurythoe ✓ Children Hippodamia ✓ (not named) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Leucippus ✓ ✓ Alcippe ✓ Mythology Courtship of Hippodamia King Oenomaus, fearful of a prophecy that claimed he would be killed by his son-in-law, had killed eighteen suitors of his daughter Hippodamia after defeating them in a chariot race. He affixed their heads to the wooden columns of his palace. Pausanias was shown what was purportedly the last standing column in the late 2nd century AD; he mentions that Pelops erected a monument in honor of all the suitors who preceded him, and lists their names: Marmax Alcathous, son of Porthaon Euryalus Eurymachus Crotalus Acrias of Lacedaemon, founder of Acriae Capetus Lycurgus Lasius Chalcodon Tricolonus Aristomachus Prias Pelagon Aeolius Cronius Erythras, son of Leucon Eioneus, son of Magnes Death Pelops son of King Tantalus of Lydia, came to ask for her hand and prepared to race Oenomaus. Worried about losing, Pelops went to the seaside and invoked Poseidon, his former lover. Reminding Poseidon of their love ("Aphrodite's sweet gifts"), he asked Poseidon for help. Smiling, Poseidon caused a chariot drawn by winged horses to appear. Pelops and Hippodamia, very much in love, devised a plan to replace the bronze linchpins attaching the wheels to the chariot axle with fake ones made of beeswax. The race began, and went on for a long time. But just as Oenomaus was catching up to Pelops and readying to kill him, the wheels flew off and the chariot broke apart. Oenomaus' charioteer, Myrtilus, survived, but Oenomaus was dragged to death by his horses. Pelops then killed Myrtilus (by throwing him off a cliff into the sea as he cursed him) after the latter attempted to claim Hippodamia. As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops. This was the source of the curse that haunted descendants of Pelops', including Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Menelaus and Orestes. Also, the burial place of Myrtilus was a taraxippus in Olympia, a "horse-frightening place" during races. In memory of Oenomaus, the Olympic Games were created (or alternatively the Olympic Games were in celebration of Pelops' victory). Oenomaus' chariot race was one legendary origin of the Olympic Games; one of its turning-posts was preserved, and round it grew an Elean legend of a burnt "house of Oenomaus", reported by Pausanias in the 2nd century AD. Notes ^ In the ancient territory of Pisa lay Olympia. ^ "HARPINA - Elean Naiad Nymph of Greek Mythology". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16. ^ Pausanias, 5.22.6; Diodorus Siculus, 4.73.1. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 84 ("Oenomaus, son of Mars and Asterope, daughter of Atlas"), Fabula 250 ("Oenomaus, son of Mars by Asterie, daughter of Atlas"). ^ Apollodorus, 3.110–111; Hyginus, De Astronomica 2.21.5; he was depicted on the pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia with Sterope, whom Pausanias also took for his wife: "On the right of Zeus Oinomaos with a helmet on his head, and by him Sterope his wife, who was one of the daughters of Atlas." ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, 1.752 ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 157 ^ Pausanias, 5.1.6 ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 149 & 219 ^ The story of Pelops' chariot race is told by Nestor to Menelaus, in Quintus Smyrnaeus's continuation of the Iliad (IV.527-34). ^ Pausanias, 6.21.9–11, with a reference to Megalai Ehoiai fr. 259(a) ^ Pindar, First Olympian Ode 71 ^ Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes 2.27.67 (noted in Karl Kerenyi, The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959:64). ^ Eric L. Brulotte, "The "Pillar of Oinomaos" and the Location of Stadium I at Olympia", American Journal of Archaeology 98.1 (January 1994), pp. 53-64, Bibliography Pindar, Olympian Ode, I (476 BCE) Sophocles, Electra, 504 (430–415 BCE) and Oenomaus, Fr. 433 (408 BCE) Euripides, Orestes, 1024-1062 (408 BCE) Bibliotheca, Epitome 2, 1–9 (140 BCE) Diodorus Siculus, Histories, 4.73 (1st century BCE) Hyginus, Fables, 84: Oinomaus; Poetic Astronomy, ii (1st century CE) Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.1.3–7; 5.13.1; 6.21.9; 8.14.10–11 (c. 160 – 176 CE) Philostratus the Elder Imagines, I.30: Pelops (c. 190 – c. 230 CE) Philostratus the Younger, Imagines, 9: Pelops (3rd century CE) First Vatican Mythographer, 22: Myrtilus; Atreus et Thyestes Second Vatican Mythographer, 146: Oenomaus Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oenomaus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenomaus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hippodamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodamia"},{"link_name":"Ares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"}],"text":"For other uses, see Oenomaus (disambiguation).In Greek mythology, King Oenomaus (also Oenamaus; Greek: Οἰνόμαος, Oinómaos) of Pisa,[1] was the father of Hippodamia and the son of Ares. His name Oinomaos denotes a wine man.","title":"Oenomaus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiad"},{"link_name":"Harpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpina"},{"link_name":"river god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_god"},{"link_name":"Asopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asopus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sterope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Evarete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evarete&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Acrisius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrisius"},{"link_name":"Eurydice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurydice_of_Argos"},{"link_name":"Eurythoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurythoe"},{"link_name":"Danaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Leucippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne"},{"link_name":"Alcippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcippe_(Greek_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Marpessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marpessa"},{"link_name":"Evenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hyperochus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperochus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"Iphigenia in Tauris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Tauris"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"Agamemnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamemnon"},{"link_name":"Menelaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelaus"}],"text":"Oenomaeus' mother was either naiad Harpina (daughter of the river god Phliasian Asopus, the armed (harpe)[2] spirit of a spring near Pisa)[3] or Sterope, one of the Pleiades,[4] whom some identify as his consort instead.[5]He married, if not Sterope, then Evarete of Argos, the daughter of Acrisius and Eurydice. Yet others give Eurythoe, daughter of Danaus, either as his mother[6] or consort.[7] His children besides Hippodamia were Leucippus (who perished because of his love for Daphne) and Alcippe (mother of Marpessa by Evenus). Pausanias, who is generally skeptical about stories of humans descending from gods, makes Oenomaus son of a mortal father, Alxion.[8] John Tzetzes adduces a version which, in the same vein, calls Oenomaus son of a Hyperochus by Sterope.[9] The genealogy offered in the earliest literary reference, Euripides' Iphigenia in Tauris, would place him two generations before the Trojan War, making him the great-grandfather of the Atreides, Agamemnon and Menelaus.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chariot race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_racing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Pelops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelops"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Marmax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmax"},{"link_name":"Alcathous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcathous"},{"link_name":"Porthaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthaon"},{"link_name":"Euryalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryalus"},{"link_name":"Eurymachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurymachus"},{"link_name":"Crotalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crotalus_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acrias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acrias_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lacedaemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacedaemon"},{"link_name":"Capetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capetus_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycurgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lasius_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chalcodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcodon"},{"link_name":"Tricolonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolonus"},{"link_name":"Aristomachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristomachus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Prias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pelagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagon"},{"link_name":"Aeolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolius"},{"link_name":"Cronius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronius_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Erythras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythras"},{"link_name":"Leucon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucon"},{"link_name":"Eioneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eioneus"},{"link_name":"Magnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnes_(mythology)"}],"sub_title":"Courtship of Hippodamia","text":"King Oenomaus, fearful of a prophecy that claimed he would be killed by his son-in-law, had killed eighteen suitors of his daughter Hippodamia after defeating them in a chariot race. He affixed their heads to the wooden columns of his palace.[10] Pausanias was shown what was purportedly the last standing column in the late 2nd century AD; he mentions that Pelops erected a monument in honor of all the suitors who preceded him, and lists their names:[11]Marmax\nAlcathous, son of Porthaon\nEuryalus\nEurymachus\nCrotalus\nAcrias of Lacedaemon, founder of Acriae\nCapetus\nLycurgus\nLasius\nChalcodon\nTricolonus\nAristomachus\nPrias\nPelagon\nAeolius\nCronius\nErythras, son of Leucon\nEioneus, son of Magnes","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelops"},{"link_name":"Tantalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot"},{"link_name":"Myrtilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtilus"},{"link_name":"Atreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreus"},{"link_name":"Thyestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyestes"},{"link_name":"Agamemnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamemnon"},{"link_name":"Aegisthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegisthus"},{"link_name":"Menelaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelaus"},{"link_name":"Orestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestes_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"taraxippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxippus"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Elean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Elis"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Pelops son of King Tantalus of Lydia, came to ask for her hand and prepared to race Oenomaus. Worried about losing, Pelops went to the seaside and invoked Poseidon, his former lover.[12] Reminding Poseidon of their love (\"Aphrodite's sweet gifts\"), he asked Poseidon for help. Smiling, Poseidon caused a chariot drawn by winged horses to appear.[13] Pelops and Hippodamia, very much in love, devised a plan to replace the bronze linchpins attaching the wheels to the chariot axle with fake ones made of beeswax. The race began, and went on for a long time. But just as Oenomaus was catching up to Pelops and readying to kill him, the wheels flew off and the chariot broke apart. Oenomaus' charioteer, Myrtilus, survived, but Oenomaus was dragged to death by his horses.Pelops then killed Myrtilus (by throwing him off a cliff into the sea as he cursed him) after the latter attempted to claim Hippodamia. As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops. This was the source of the curse that haunted descendants of Pelops', including Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Menelaus and Orestes. Also, the burial place of Myrtilus was a taraxippus in Olympia, a \"horse-frightening place\" during races.In memory of Oenomaus, the Olympic Games were created (or alternatively the Olympic Games were in celebration of Pelops' victory). Oenomaus' chariot race was one legendary origin of the Olympic Games; one of its turning-posts was preserved, and round it grew an Elean legend of a burnt \"house of Oenomaus\", reported by Pausanias in the 2nd century AD.[14]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Greece"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"HARPINA - Elean Naiad Nymph of Greek Mythology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NympheHarpina.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"4.73.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#73.1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus"},{"link_name":"84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/206#84"},{"link_name":"250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/206#250"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"De Astronomica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_astronomia"},{"link_name":"2.21.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/207#2.21.5"},{"link_name":"Temple of Zeus at Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholia"},{"link_name":"Apollonius Rhodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Tzetzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzetzes"},{"link_name":"Lycophron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycophron"},{"link_name":"157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/860#157"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/860#149"},{"link_name":"219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/860#219"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Quintus Smyrnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Megalai Ehoiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalai_Ehoiai"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ In the ancient territory of Pisa lay Olympia.\n\n^ \"HARPINA - Elean Naiad Nymph of Greek Mythology\". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.\n\n^ Pausanias, 5.22.6; Diodorus Siculus, 4.73.1.\n\n^ Hyginus, Fabulae 84 (\"Oenomaus, son of Mars and Asterope, daughter of Atlas\"), Fabula 250 (\"Oenomaus, son of Mars by Asterie, daughter of Atlas\").\n\n^ Apollodorus, 3.110–111; Hyginus, De Astronomica 2.21.5; he was depicted on the pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia with Sterope, whom Pausanias also took for his wife: \"On the right of Zeus Oinomaos with a helmet on his head, and by him Sterope his wife, who was one of the daughters of Atlas.\"\n\n^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, 1.752\n\n^ Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 157\n\n^ Pausanias, 5.1.6\n\n^ Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 149 & 219\n\n^ The story of Pelops' chariot race is told by Nestor to Menelaus, in Quintus Smyrnaeus's continuation of the Iliad (IV.527-34).\n\n^ Pausanias, 6.21.9–11, with a reference to Megalai Ehoiai fr. 259(a)\n\n^ Pindar, First Olympian Ode 71\n\n^ Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes 2.27.67 (noted in Karl Kerenyi, The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959:64).\n\n^ Eric L. Brulotte, \"The \"Pillar of Oinomaos\" and the Location of Stadium I at Olympia\", American Journal of Archaeology 98.1 (January 1994), pp. 53-64,","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"Sophocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Philostratus the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philostratus_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Philostratus the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philostratus_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"First Vatican Mythographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vatican_Mythographer"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Mythographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Mythographer"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847890#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/316449889"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16549796n"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16549796n"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/240886461"}],"text":"Pindar, Olympian Ode, I (476 BCE)\nSophocles, Electra, 504 (430–415 BCE) and Oenomaus, Fr. 433 (408 BCE)\nEuripides, Orestes, 1024-1062 (408 BCE)\nBibliotheca, Epitome 2, 1–9 (140 BCE)\nDiodorus Siculus, Histories, 4.73 (1st century BCE)\nHyginus, Fables, 84: Oinomaus; Poetic Astronomy, ii (1st century CE)\nPausanias, Description of Greece, 5.1.3–7; 5.13.1; 6.21.9; 8.14.10–11 (c. 160 – 176 CE)\nPhilostratus the Elder Imagines, I.30: Pelops (c. 190 – c. 230 CE)\nPhilostratus the Younger, Imagines, 9: Pelops (3rd century CE)\nFirst Vatican Mythographer, 22: Myrtilus; Atreus et Thyestes\nSecond Vatican Mythographer, 146: OenomausAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"HARPINA - Elean Naiad Nymph of Greek Mythology\". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NympheHarpina.html","url_text":"\"HARPINA - Elean Naiad Nymph of Greek Mythology\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NympheHarpina.html","external_links_name":"\"HARPINA - Elean Naiad Nymph of Greek Mythology\""},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#73.1","external_links_name":"4.73.1"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/206#84","external_links_name":"84"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/206#250","external_links_name":"250"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/207#2.21.5","external_links_name":"2.21.5"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/860#157","external_links_name":"157"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/860#149","external_links_name":"149"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/860#219","external_links_name":"219"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316449889","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16549796n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16549796n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/240886461","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/611_Valeria	611 Valeria	["1 References","2 External links"]	611 ValeriaDiscoveryDiscovered byJoel Hastings MetcalfDiscovery siteTaunton, MassachusettsDiscovery date24 September 1906DesignationsMPC designation(611) ValeriaPronunciation/vəˈlɪəriə/Alternative designations1906 VLOrbital characteristicsEpoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5)Uncertainty parameter 0Observation arc114.46 yr (41807 d)Aphelion3.3397 AU (499.61 Gm)Perihelion2.6243 AU (392.59 Gm)Semi-major axis2.9820 AU (446.10 Gm)Eccentricity0.11996Orbital period (sidereal)5.15 yr (1880.9 d)Mean anomaly71.676°Mean motion0° 11m 29.04s / dayInclination13.445°Longitude of ascending node189.431°Argument of perihelion257.146°Physical characteristicsMean radius28.485±0.7 kmSynodic rotation period6.977 h (0.2907 d)Geometric albedo0.1148±0.006Absolute magnitude (H)9.19 611 Valeria is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on September 24, 1906, from Taunton, Massachusetts. The name may have been inspired by the asteroid's provisional designation 1906 VL. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, during 2012 gave a light curve with a period of 6.977 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.08 ± 0.01 in magnitude. This result is consistent with a previous study from 2008. References ^ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language ^ a b Yeomans, Donald K., "164 Eva", JPL Small-Body Database Browser, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, retrieved 5 May 2016. ^ a b Pilcher, Frederick (October 2012), "Rotation Period Determinations for 47 Aglaja, 252 Clementina, 611 Valeria, 627 Charis, and 756 Lilliana", Minor Planet Bulletin, vol. 39, pp. 220–222, Bibcode:2012MPBu...39..220P. ^ "Numbered Minor Planets 1–5000", Discovery Circumstances, IAU Minor Planet center, retrieved 7 April 2013. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2012), Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (6th ed.), Springer, p. 60, ISBN 3642297188. External links Lightcurve plot of (611) Valeria, Antelope Hills Observatory 611 Valeria at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 611 Valeria at the JPL Small-Body Database Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters vteMinor planets navigator 610 Valeska 611 Valeria 612 Veronika vteSmall Solar System bodiesMinor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Active Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near-Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Neptune trojan Damocloid Trans-Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley-type Hyperbolic Long-period Lost Near-parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Cosmic dust Meteoroids Space debris Authority control databases JPL SBDB MPC This article about an asteroid native to the asteroid belt is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Joel Hastings Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Hastings_Metcalf"},{"link_name":"Taunton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU_MPC-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmadel2012-5"},{"link_name":"Photometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Las Cruces, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"light curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_curve"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilcher2012-3"}],"text":"611 Valeria is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on September 24, 1906, from Taunton, Massachusetts.[4] The name may have been inspired by the asteroid's provisional designation 1906 VL.[5]Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, during 2012 gave a light curve with a period of 6.977 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.08 ± 0.01 in magnitude. This result is consistent with a previous study from 2008.[3]","title":"611 Valeria"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Yeomans, Donald K., \"164 Eva\", JPL Small-Body Database Browser, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=164","url_text":"\"164 Eva\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Pilcher, Frederick (October 2012), \"Rotation Period Determinations for 47 Aglaja, 252 Clementina, 611 Valeria, 627 Charis, and 756 Lilliana\", Minor Planet Bulletin, vol. 39, pp. 220–222, Bibcode:2012MPBu...39..220P.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MPBu...39..220P","url_text":"2012MPBu...39..220P"}]},{"reference":"\"Numbered Minor Planets 1–5000\", Discovery Circumstances, IAU Minor Planet center, retrieved 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html","url_text":"\"Numbered Minor Planets 1–5000\""}]},{"reference":"Schmadel, Lutz D. (2012), Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (6th ed.), Springer, p. 60, ISBN 3642297188.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA60","url_text":"Dictionary of Minor Planet Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3642297188","url_text":"3642297188"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=164","external_links_name":"\"164 Eva\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MPBu...39..220P","external_links_name":"2012MPBu...39..220P"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html","external_links_name":"\"Numbered Minor Planets 1–5000\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Minor Planet Names"},{"Link":"http://www.antelopehillsobservatory.org/lightcurves/611.gif","external_links_name":"Lightcurve plot of (611) Valeria"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=611&pc=1.1.0","external_links_name":"611 Valeria"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=611&pc=1.1.3.0","external_links_name":"Ephemeris"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=611&pc=1.1.4.0","external_links_name":"Observation prediction"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=611&pc=1.1.1","external_links_name":"Orbital info"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=611&pc=1.1.6","external_links_name":"Proper elements"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=611&pc=1.1.7.0","external_links_name":"Observational info"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000611#content","external_links_name":"611 Valeria"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000611;cad=1#cad","external_links_name":"Close approach"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000611#discovery","external_links_name":"Discovery"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=20000611","external_links_name":"Ephemeris"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000611&orb=1#orb","external_links_name":"Orbit diagram"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000611#elem","external_links_name":"Orbital elements"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000611#phys_par","external_links_name":"Physical parameters"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000611","external_links_name":"JPL SBDB"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=611","external_links_name":"MPC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=611_Valeria&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_famine_of_1866%E2%80%931868	Finnish famine of 1866–1868	["1 Causes","2 Actions","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]	1866-1868 famine in Finland, Russian Empire You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish. (June 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fi\|Suuret nälkävuodet}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Finnish famine of 1866–1868CountryGrand Duchy of FinlandPeriod1866–1868Total deaths150,000Causesweather (cold, rainy) Pine bark served as famine food in Finland – most recently, during and after the civil war of 1918. The Famine of 1866–1868 was the last famine in Finland, and (along with the subsequent Swedish famine of 1867-1869) the last major famine in Northern Europe. In Finland, the famine is known as "the great hunger years", or suuret nälkävuodet. About 8.5% of the entire population died of hunger; in the hardest-hit areas up to 20%. The total death toll was 270,000 in three years, about 150,000 in excess of normal mortality. The worst-hit areas were Satakunta, Tavastia, Ostrobothnia, and North Karelia. Causes Parts of the country had suffered poor harvests in previous years, most notably in 1862. The summer of 1866 was extremely rainy, and staple crops failed widely: potatoes and root vegetables rotted in the fields, and conditions for sowing grain in the autumn were unfavourable. When stored food ran out, thousands took to the roads to beg. The following winter was hard, and spring was late. In Helsinki, the average temperature in May 1867 was +1.8 °C (35.2 °F), about 8 °C (14 °F) below the long-time average and by far the coldest May in the meteorological record of Helsinki since observations commenced in 1829. In many places, lakes and rivers remained frozen until June. After a promisingly warm midsummer, freezing temperatures in early September ravaged crops; as a result, the harvest was about half the average. By the autumn of 1867, people were dying by the thousands. Actions The government of the Grand Duchy of Finland was ill-equipped to handle a crisis of such magnitude. There was no money readily available to import food from largely monopolized Central European markets, and the government was slow to recognize the severity of the situation. Finance minister Johan Vilhelm Snellman, in particular, did not want to borrow, lest Finland's recently introduced currency, the Finnish markka, be weakened because of high interest rates. When money was finally borrowed from the Rothschild bank of Frankfurt in late 1867, the crisis was already full blown, and grain prices had risen in Europe. In addition, it was difficult to transport what little aid could be mustered in a country with poor communications. A number of emergency public works projects were set up, foremost among them the construction of the railway line from Riihimäki to Saint Petersburg. Aftermath The weather returned to normal in 1868, and that year's harvest was somewhat better than average, yet, contagious diseases that had spread in the previous year took many additional lives. Programs were launched to increase the diversity of Finnish agriculture, and rapidly improving communications made a recurrence of such a famine less likely. In general, ordinary Finns at the time saw the famine as an act of God. Few would have expected the crown to be able to do much more, and blame was directed mainly at local officials. No significant working class political movement had developed yet that could have capitalized politically on the crisis. The urban population was small, and for the people of the countryside, the first priority was to resume normal lives. In short, the famine did not threaten the social order, but its memory cast a long shadow. Because of the famine, many Finns immigrated into Murmansk. See also Great Famine of 1695–1697 List of famines Russian famine of 1601–1603 References ^ "Last Great Famine in Northern Europe". Environment & Society Portal. Retrieved January 10, 2023. ^ Buchert, Peter (23 September 2017). "Frosten fick finska folket på knä". Hufvudstadsbladet. pp. 12–14. ^ Gershwin, M. Eric; German, J. Bruce; Keen, Carl L. (2000). Nutrition and immunology: principles and practice. Humana Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-89603-719-3. ^ Kuitula, Mikko (2020). "Muurmannin rannalle ja Venäjän Lappiin : Suomalaisten siirtolaisuus Kuolan niemimaalle ja kuolansuomalaiset 1858–1917". vteFinland articlesHistory Prehistory Early Finnish wars Finland under Swedish rule Cudgel War Great Northern War The Great Wrath Finnish War Grand Duchy Golden Age of Finnish Art Independence of Finland Civil War Finland in World War II Winter War Continuation War Lapland War Finlandization History of independent Finland Military history Jewish history Geography Cities and towns Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Municipalities National parks Provinces Regions Åland Rivers Urban areas Helsinki Tampere Turku Oulu Jyväskylä Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military NATO Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Central bank Energy Government-owned companies Industry National income agreement Nordic model Ship-building Startups Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Abortion Crime Climate change Demographics Education Finns Healthcare Homelessness Irreligion Languages Finnish Swedish Prostitution Religion Welfare system Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Folklore Literature The Kalevala Media Music Mythology National symbols Public holidays Independence Day Sauna Sport World Heritage Sites OutlineIndexBibliography Category Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"famine food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_food"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Swedish famine of 1867-1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867-1869"},{"link_name":"Northern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Satakunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satakunta_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"Tavastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"Ostrobothnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"North Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karelia"}],"text":"Pine bark served as famine food in Finland – most recently, during and after the civil war of 1918.The Famine of 1866–1868 was the last famine in Finland, and (along with the subsequent Swedish famine of 1867-1869) the last major famine in Northern Europe.[1]In Finland, the famine is known as \"the great hunger years\", or suuret nälkävuodet. About 8.5% of the entire population died of hunger;[2] in the hardest-hit areas up to 20%. The total death toll was 270,000 in three years, about 150,000 in excess of normal mortality. The worst-hit areas were Satakunta, Tavastia, Ostrobothnia, and North Karelia.","title":"Finnish famine of 1866–1868"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"root vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_vegetables"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Parts of the country had suffered poor harvests in previous years, most notably in 1862. The summer of 1866 was extremely rainy, and staple crops failed widely: potatoes and root vegetables rotted in the fields, and conditions for sowing grain in the autumn were unfavourable. When stored food ran out, thousands took to the roads to beg. The following winter was hard, and spring was late. In Helsinki, the average temperature in May 1867 was +1.8 °C (35.2 °F), about 8 °C (14 °F) below the long-time average and by far the coldest May in the meteorological record of Helsinki since observations commenced in 1829. In many places, lakes and rivers remained frozen until June.After a promisingly warm midsummer, freezing temperatures in early September ravaged crops; as a result, the harvest was about half the average. By the autumn of 1867, people were dying by the thousands.[3]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Johan Vilhelm Snellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman"},{"link_name":"Finnish markka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_markka"},{"link_name":"Rothschild bank of Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"public works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_works"},{"link_name":"railway line from Riihimäki to Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki-Saint_Petersburg_railroad"}],"text":"The government of the Grand Duchy of Finland was ill-equipped to handle a crisis of such magnitude. There was no money readily available to import food from largely monopolized Central European markets, and the government was slow to recognize the severity of the situation. Finance minister Johan Vilhelm Snellman, in particular, did not want to borrow, lest Finland's recently introduced currency, the Finnish markka, be weakened because of high interest rates. When money was finally borrowed from the Rothschild bank of Frankfurt in late 1867, the crisis was already full blown, and grain prices had risen in Europe. In addition, it was difficult to transport what little aid could be mustered in a country with poor communications. A number of emergency public works projects were set up, foremost among them the construction of the railway line from Riihimäki to Saint Petersburg.","title":"Actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contagious diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_diseases"},{"link_name":"act of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_God"},{"link_name":"the crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"political movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_movement"},{"link_name":"social order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_order"},{"link_name":"Finns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_Finns"},{"link_name":"Murmansk.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The weather returned to normal in 1868, and that year's harvest was somewhat better than average, yet, contagious diseases that had spread in the previous year took many additional lives.Programs were launched to increase the diversity of Finnish agriculture, and rapidly improving communications made a recurrence of such a famine less likely.In general, ordinary Finns at the time saw the famine as an act of God. Few would have expected the crown to be able to do much more, and blame was directed mainly at local officials. No significant working class political movement had developed yet that could have capitalized politically on the crisis. The urban population was small, and for the people of the countryside, the first priority was to resume normal lives. In short, the famine did not threaten the social order, but its memory cast a long shadow.Because of the famine, many Finns immigrated into Murmansk.[4]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"Pine bark served as famine food in Finland – most recently, during and after the civil war of 1918.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg/250px-Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Great Famine of 1695–1697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1695%E2%80%931697"},{"title":"List of famines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famines"},{"title":"Russian famine of 1601–1603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%931603"}]	[{"reference":"\"Last Great Famine in Northern Europe\". Environment & Society Portal. Retrieved January 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/last-great-famine-northern-europe","url_text":"\"Last Great Famine in Northern Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Buchert, Peter (23 September 2017). \"Frosten fick finska folket på knä\". Hufvudstadsbladet. pp. 12–14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hbl.fi/artikel/150-ar-sedan-hungersnoden-frosten-och-finanspolitiken-fick-finska-folket-pa-kna/","url_text":"\"Frosten fick finska folket på knä\""}]},{"reference":"Gershwin, M. Eric; German, J. Bruce; Keen, Carl L. (2000). Nutrition and immunology: principles and practice. Humana Press. p. 43. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garia_Railway_Station	Garia railway station	["1 History","2 Electrification","3 Station complex","4 References"]	Coordinates: 22°27′58″N 88°24′18″E / 22.466125°N 88.405110°E / 22.466125; 88.405110Railway station in Kolkata, India Garia Kolkata Suburban Railway StationGaria railway stationGeneral informationLocationGaria, Kolkata, West BengalIndiaCoordinates22°27′58″N 88°24′18″E / 22.466125°N 88.405110°E / 22.466125; 88.405110Elevation9 metres (30 ft)Owned byIndian RailwaysOperated byEastern RailwayLine(s)Main linePlatforms2Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeStandard (on-ground station)ParkingNot availableBicycle facilitiesNot availableAccessibleNot availableOther informationStatusFunctioningStation codeGIA Zone(s) Eastern Railway Division(s) SealdahHistoryOpened1862; 162 years ago (1862)Electrified1965–66Previous namesEastern Bengal Railway Services Preceding station Kolkata Suburban Railway Following station Narendrapurtowards Namkhana Sealdah SouthMain line New Gariatowards Sealdah Route map vteSealdah South section Legend km Sealdah Main & North section 5 Bidhannagar Road Press House siding Kankurgachi Road 2 Kankurgachi Road Junction NarkeldangaEMU Carshed 3 Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt Circular Canal KankurgachiChord line Sealdah North 00 0 Sealdah Main Sealdah KM Line 2 Sealdah South 00 Beliaghata Diesel Loco Shed 6 Kamardanga Halt Beruck & Comens Siding 3│7 Park Circus Maa Flyover Hindusthan Engineering& Industrial Ltd. siding BESCO siding Bijon Setu 5 Ballygunge Junction Lake Gardens 07 6 Dhakuria Tollygunge 08 8 Jadabpur Rabindra Sarobar 0 KM Line 1 Tollygunge Bridge 0 10 Bagha Jatin Adi Ganga river 0 KM Line 6 New Alipore 09 Jai Hind Bridge New Garia Metro Depot New Garia–BaruipurMetro (planned) Kavi Subhash KM Line 1 0 11 New Garia Kalighat–Falta Railway(NG) (dismantled) Majerhat 10 KM Line 3 Kolkata Circular Railway 12 Garia KDS Railway 14 Narendrapur Brace Bridge 12 16 Sonarpur Junction KDS Railway Sonarpur EMU Carshed Santoshpur 15 Clive jute mill siding 19 Bidyadharpur Union jute mill siding 22 Kalikapur Akra 18 planned extension Nangi 21 46 Ghatakpukur Batanagar factory siding 60 Minakhan Caledonian jute mill siding 24 Champahati K.M. Budge Budge 24 27 Piali IBP/IOCL Depot 29 Gourdaha Budge Budge Rail Yard 31 Ghutiari Shariff HPCL Siding 34 Betberia Ghola Budge Budge jute mill siding 38 Taldi BPCL Siding 41 Matla Halt IOCL Siding 45 Canning Charial Canal planned extension Lothian jute mill siding Matla River (planned) Kalipur 29 50 Bhangankhali Magadi Soda factory siding 60 Sonakhali Orient jute mill siding 65 Basanti Albion jute mill siding 87 Jharkhali FCI Siding Charial Extension Canal CESC Siding planned extension Pujali 31 Howrah–Kharagpur line Hooghly River Bir Shibpur 41 Howrah–Kharagpur line Pujali–Bankrahatline (planned) Bankrahat 42 Gurudasnagar–Bankrahatline (planned) 19 Subhasgram 22 Mallikpur New Garia–BaruipurMetro (planned) BESCO Siding (planned) Baruipur 00 25 Baruipur Junction Baruipur Metro Depot Kalyanpur 28 27 Shasan Road Dakshin Durgapur 30 29 Krishna Mohan Hotar 32 31 Dhapdhapi Dhamua 34 33 Surjyapur Uttar Radhanagar 37 35 Gocharan Magra Hat 40 38 Hogla Bahirpuya 43 41 Dakshin Barasat Sangrampur 45 44 Baharu (planned) Sangrampur–Krishnachandrapur line 49 Jaynagar Majilpur Deula 50 87 Durgapur (planned) Netra 53 planned extension Basuldanga 55 Gurudas Nagar 6357 7057 Krishnachandrapur 61 Uttar Kashinagar 66 Companirthek Diamond Harbour 60 70 Raidighi Hara Fort goods siding 54 Mathurapur Road 59 Madhabpur 62 Lakshmikantapur Gurudasnagar–Kulpiline (planned) 67 Udairampur 7571 Kulpi 76 Karanjali 82 Nischintapur Market 84 Nischintapur 88 Madhabnagar 92 Kashinagar 95 Kakdwip Budhakhali 103 planned extension Muriganga river 103 Ukilerhat Sagar Island 108 110 Namkhana planned extension 112 Namkhana Ghat 124 Chandranagar 141 Bakkhali km Key Indian Railways broad gauge (1676 mm) Kolkata Metro (KM) broad gauge (1676 mm) Kolkata Metro (KM) standard gauge (1435 mm) narrow gauge (762 mm) in use │ out of use, planned, orunder construction (u/c) │ tunnel Location Garia railway station is a Kolkata Suburban Railway station on the Main line. It is under the jurisdiction of the Sealdah railway division in the Eastern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It serves the local area of Garia in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. History In 1862, the Eastern Bengal Railway constructed a 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)-wide broad-gauge railway from Sealdah to Sonarpur Junction via Garia. Electrification Electrification from Sealdah to Sonarpur Junction including Garia was completed with 25 kV AC overhead system in 1965–66. Station complex The platform is well sheltered. The station possesses many facilities including water and sanitation. It is well connected to the SH-1. There is a proper approach road to this station. References ^ "GIA/Garia". Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ "GARIA (GIA) Railway Station". NDTV. Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ "Indian Railways History Time Line". Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ "History of The Electrification of Indian Railways". Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ "The Chronology of Railway Development in Eastern India". Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2019. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garia railway station. vteRailway stations in West BengalEastern Railway Akra Andal Junction Asansol Junction Azimganj Junction Baghajatin Baharu Bahirpuya Halt Balarambati Ballygunge Junction Bandel Junction Bangaon Junction Banshlai Bridge Barachak Baranagar Road Barasat Junction Barddhaman Junction Barrackpore Baruipara Baruipur Junction Basuldanga Belur Betberia Ghola Bidyadharpur Bolpur Shantiniketan Brace Bridge Budge Budge Canning Champahati Chatra Dakshin Barasat Dakshin Durgapur Dankuni Junction Deula Dhakuria Dhamua Dhapdhapi Diamond Harbour Dum Dum Junction Durgapur Garia Gede Ghutiari Sharif Gocharan Gourdaha Halt Gurudas Nagar Hind Motor Hogla Hooghly Ghat Hooghly Hotar Howrah Jadavpur Janai Road Jaynagar Majilpur Kakdwip Kalikapur Kalyanpur Kamarkundu Karanjali Kashinagar Katwa Junction Khana Junction Kolkata Krishna Mohan Krishnanagar City Junction Kulpi Lake Gardens Lakshmikantapur Liluah Madhabnagar Madhabpur Magra Hat Majerhat Malda Town Mallikpur Mathurapur Road Matla Halt Mirzapur-Bankipur Murarai Naihati Junction Nalhati Junction Namkhana Nangi Narendrapur Netra New Alipore New Farakka Junction New Garia Nischintapur Nischintapur Market Park Circus Piali Rajgram Rampurhat Junction Ranaghat Junction Raniganj Sainthia Junction Sangrampur Santoshpur Sealdah Shasan Road Sheoraphuli Shrirampur Singhabad Sitarampur Siuri Sonarpur Junction Subhashgram Surjyapur Taldi Tarakeswar Tollygunge Udairampur Ukilerhat Uttar Radhanagar South EasternRailway Abada Adra Junction Bankura Junction Bero Bishnupur Burnpur Damodar Digha Gourinathdham Haldia Jhalda Joychandi Pahar Madhukunda Muradi Purulia Junction Ramkanali Junction Santragachi Junction Shalimar Tikiapara Uluberia North East FrontierRailway Adhikari Alipurduar Junction Balurghat Bamanhat Buniadpur Buxa Road Changrabandha Cooch Behar Dalkhola Darjeeling Daulatpur Hat Gangarampur Ghum Ghoksadanga Haldibari Jalpaiguri Road Malancha Mallickpurhat Mohitnagar New Alipurduar New Cooch Behar Junction New Gitaldaha New Jalpaiguri Junction New Maynaguri Radhikapur Raiganj Rampur Bazar Raninagar Jalpaiguri Junction Santragachi Junction Samuktala Road Junction Shalimar Siliguri Junction Siliguri Town Sivok Suburban rail and urban transit Kolkata Suburban Railway (Chord link Circular line Eastern line Sealdah South lines South Eastern line) Kolkata Metro vteStations on the Sealdah South section of the Kolkata Suburban RailwaySealdah–Diamond Harbour line Sealdah South Park Circus Ballygunge Junction Dhakuria Jadavpur Baghajatin New Garia Garia Narendrapur Sonarpur Junction Subhashgram Mallikpur Baruipur Junction Kalyanpur Dakshin Durgapur Hotar Dhamua Uttar Radhanagar Magra Hat Bahirpuya Halt Sangrampur Deula Netra Basuldanga Gurudas Nagar Diamond Harbour Budge Budge branch line Ballygunge Junction Lake Gardens Tollygunge New Alipore Majerhat Brace Bridge Santoshpur Akra Nangi Budge Budge Canning branch line Sonarpur Junction Bidyadharpur Kalikapur Champahati Piali Gourdaha Halt Ghutiari Sharif Betberia Ghola Taldi Matla Halt Canning Namkhana branch line Baruipur Junction Shasan Road Krishna Mohan Dhapdhapi Surjyapur Gocharan Hogla Dakshin Barasat Baharu Jaynagar Majilpur Mathurapur Road Madhabpur Lakshmikantapur Udairampur Kulpi Karanjali Nischintapur Market Nischintapur Madhabnagar Kashinagar Kakdwip Ukilerhat Namkhana Major branch junctions and termini marked in bold vteKolkata topicsHistory Bengali Renaissance Black Hole of Calcutta Bhurshut Calcutta flag Dihi Panchannagram Direct Action Day Dutch Bengal Gobindapur History of Kolkata Presidency division Job Charnock Kalighat–Falta Railway Kalikata Robert Clive Sabarna Roy Choudhury Siege of Calcutta Sutanuti State Archaeological Museum Warren Hastings Battle of Biderra/Chinsurah Nabakrishna Deb Rabindranath Tagore Localities Kolkata metropolitan area Neighbourhoods list Streets (list) Buildings Belvedere Estate Indian Museum Jorasanko Thakur Bari Calcutta High Court Currency Building Bankshall Court Marble Palace National Library of India Netaji Bhawan Raj Bhavan, Kolkata Sabarna Sangrahashala Shaheed Minar Victoria Memorial St. Paul's Cathedral Metcalfe Hall Writers' Building Metropolitan Building Grand Hotel Shobhabazar Rajbari Esplanade Mansions Highrises Chatterjee International Center South City Tata Centre Industry House Everest House Jeevan Sudha Government of India Building Hiland Park The 42 Urbana Uniworld City EducationSecondary Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy B. 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Roy Trophy Beighton Cup Bengal cricket team Bhawanipore FC Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Polo Club Calcutta South Club Bengal Tigers Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Football League Dalhousie AC East Bengal FC East Bengal Ground Eastern Railway FC Eden Gardens Indian Football Association IFA Shield Kalighat Milan Sangha FC Kishore Bharati Krirangan Kolkata derby Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament Kolkata Vipers Mohammedan Sporting Club Mohammedan Sporting Ground Mohun Bagan Super Giant Mohun Bagan Ground Netaji Indoor Stadium Indian Arrows United SC Rabindra Sarobar Stadium Royal Bengal Tigers Salt Lake Stadium Sunfeast Open Southern Samity Subroto Cup Aryan FC Tollygunge Agragami FC West Bengal football team Other topics Adwaita Zoological Garden, Alipore Bengal Club Calcutta Club Calcutta Rowing Club Central Forensic Science Laboratory Chinese of Calcutta Early phase of printing in Calcutta Electoral constituencies List of people from Kolkata Fort William Hooghly River Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden Maidan Missionaries of Charity Princeton Club Rabindra Sarobar Royal Calcutta Golf Club Sonagachi South Park Street Cemetery Tollygunge Club Tala tank Category This article about a railway station in the Indian state of West Bengal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolkata Suburban Railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kolkata_Suburban_Railway_stations"},{"link_name":"Main line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah_South_lines#Main_line"},{"link_name":"Sealdah railway division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah_railway_division"},{"link_name":"Eastern Railway zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_zone"},{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"Garia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garia"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Railway station in Kolkata, IndiaGaria railway station is a Kolkata Suburban Railway station on the Main line. It is under the jurisdiction of the Sealdah railway division in the Eastern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It serves the local area of Garia in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal.[1][2]","title":"Garia railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Bengal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_Railway"},{"link_name":"broad-gauge railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Sealdah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sonarpur Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarpur_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1862, the Eastern Bengal Railway constructed a 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)-wide broad-gauge railway from Sealdah to Sonarpur Junction via Garia.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sealdah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sonarpur Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarpur_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Electrification from Sealdah to Sonarpur Junction including Garia was completed with 25 kV AC overhead system in 1965–66.[4]","title":"Electrification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_1_(West_Bengal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The platform is well sheltered. The station possesses many facilities including water and sanitation. It is well connected to the SH-1. There is a proper approach road to this station.[5]","title":"Station complex"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"GIA/Garia\". Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/garia-gia/8151","url_text":"\"GIA/Garia\""}]},{"reference":"\"GARIA (GIA) Railway Station\". NDTV. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/garia-gia-station","url_text":"\"GARIA (GIA) Railway Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Railways History Time Line\". Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm","url_text":"\"Indian Railways History Time Line\""},{"url":"http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of The Electrification of Indian Railways\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdek	Amdek	["1 History","1.1 1977–1986","1.2 1986–1995","2 Citations","3 References"]	Computer peripheral company (1977–1986) Amdek CorporationCompany typePrivateIndustryComputersFounded1977; 47 years ago (1977) in Elk Grove, IllinoisFoundersGo SugiuraTed McCrackenDefunct1986; 38 years ago (1986) (as an independent company)FateAcquired by Wyse TechnologyParentRoland Corporation (c. 1981–1983) Amdek Corporation was an American computer peripheral and system manufacturer active from 1981 to the mid-1990s. The company was renowned for their standalone computer monitors compatible with a wide array of systems from the early microcomputer era to the personal computer age. According to PC World in 1994, "Amdek was once the name in PC monitors. Chances are the monochrome monitors most of us used once carried the Amdek label." In the early 1980s, the company was majority owned by the Roland Corporation's Taiwanese subsidiary; in 1986, after a brief period of independence, the company was acquired by Wyse Technology, a maker of computer terminals, who continued the Amdek brand into at least 1995. History 1977–1986 Amber-phosphor Amdek monitor sitting on top of a Columbia Data Products MPC 1600 (the first true IBM PC clone) Amdek was founded in 1977 by Go Sugiura (born 1936 in Osaka, Japan) and Ted McCracken. Before starting Amdek, Sugiura had graduated university with a Bachelor of Economics in the 1950s after moving to the United States (where he learned English); worked as a consumer electronics importer in Caracas, Venezuela (where he learned Spanish), in 1960; started his own business importing steel from Japan in Venezuela later in the 1960s; and worked as U.S. sales representative for Sakata, a Japanese semiconductor fabricator, in the early 1970s. At Sakata he bartered with the company's executives to be allowed to use the Sakata trademark for his own independent trading company, Sakata International, headed by himself. Sakata agreed, but almost as soon as Sakata International began it was merged back into its namesake parent, because the demand for Sakata products in the United States was too high for Sugiura to pay in advance with his allotted capital. Still possessing the urge to have his own company, as a side job Sugiura incorporated Leedex as an importer of car radio components. A manufacturer in Ohio previously established under the name Leedex threatened a trademark infringement suit against Sugiura, prompting him to change the name of his company to Amdek. According to Ikutaro Kakehashi in 2002, the founder of Japanese instrument maker Roland Corporation who would later overtake Amdek for a time, the name stood for Analog, Music, Digital, Electronics, and Kits. Sugiura however explained in 1984 that the name was chosen as a random combination of syllables. With the rise of the microcomputer in the late 1970s, Sugiura wanted to enter the industry but lacked the personal experience with computers and knowledge of electrical engineering. He contacted Ted McCracken, a friend and professor of computer science at the University of Missouri who had met Sugiura at a foreclosure of another electronics company, for whom Sugiura was a creditor of the company and McCracken was an actuary at the bank handling liquidation proceedings. McCracken was the first dealer of computers in the state of Missouri to import Apple II microcomputer. As the two began talking about computers during the year, Sugiura became aware of the lack of aftermarket monitors for these early microcomputers. In 1977 or 1978, Sugiura traveled to Taiwan and found a model of computer terminal with a monochrome cathode-ray tube he liked; meanwhile McCracken observed an executive of Apple Computer demonstrate the Apple II at a computer show. The two discussed their findings, McCracken suggesting that Sugiura repurpose the terminal as a monochrome composite monitor for the Apple II, to be shown at a future computer show. At a summer 1978 computer show in Texas, Sugiura spent $375 for his half of a booth shared by another person. Despite having only one sample unit on display at the end of his half of the booth's table, the Amdek monitor garnered significant interest by the showgoers. Later in 1978, Sugiura ordered 500 units from the supplier of the data terminal—units which comprised shells of the terminal including the tube but without the circuitry for the data terminal—and sold each for $129, $50 less than the only other aftermarket computer monitor available. By 1981, the company was selling between 2,000 to 3,000 monochrome monitors per month. In 1981, Amdek released their first color computer monitor, based on a chassis manufactured by Hitachi and an adapter circuit board designed by McCracken allowing it to be used with the Apple II. Although at $1,000 it was considerably more expensive than the company's other offerings, it proved immensely popular among buyers of the IBM Personal Computer, as for the first year and a half of the PC's existence, IBM provided no color monitor option. Amdek sold over 600,000 units of the color monitor by 1984. In the early 1980s, Roland Corporation's Taiwanese subsidiary acquired a majority stake in Amdek and began selling guitar pedal kits under the Amdek name. Meanwhile the company expanded to plotters and computer speakers as well as continuing their computer monitor business. At one point in the early 1980s, according to Kakehashi, Amdek was so hugely popular in their monitor business that the name became a genericized catch-all for any aftermarket computer monitor among the computer-buying public. In 1983 Roland relinquished their stake in Amdek, and the company was once again independent. That year, the company posted $50 million in sales and employed 65, with headquarters in Elk Grove, Illinois and branch offices in Dallas, Texas, and Costa Mesa, California. Despite remaining a market leader in monitors into the mid-1980s—in 1986 it supplied half of all monochrome monitors on the market—in 1985 the company posted significant losses, which Sugiura blamed partially on failed forays into other computer peripherals. Rumors began circulating that Micro-Term, a Fenton, Missouri–based terminal manufacturer, and an unnamed Japanese electronics company were to acquire Amdek, although the company shut down such rumors to the press. 1986–1995 In January 1986, Wyse Technology, a terminal manufacturer in San Jose, California, agreed to acquire Amdek Corporation for $7.2 million in a stock swap. The acquisition terms were later reevaluated to $8.5 million in shares. In 1987, H. L. "Sparky" Sparks, formerly of IBM where he helped established the first dealer networks for the IBM PC, was named president of Wyse's Amdek division. Under his auspices he led Amdek to release its first computer systems: a series of IBM PC compatibles based on the 8088, 80286 and 80386 processors. In 1988, Sparks resigned, citing differences with Wyse's upper management. Michael P. Richman was named as his replacement. Between then and the mid-1990s, the division lay largely dormant, with PC World noting in 1994 that "the few new products it has introduced have been out of step with the rest of the monitor market". In 1994 Wyse staged a comeback of the Amdek name with several new models released that year—one monochrome model and three "thoroughly up-to-date" color monitors, all compliant with the EPA's Energy Star efficiency standard. Wyse continued to sell Amdek monitors until at least 1995. Citations ^ Miller 1994, p. 60. ^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, pp. 306–308. ^ a b Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, pp. 308–309. ^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 309. ^ a b Kakehashi & Olsen 2002, p. 109. ^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 308. ^ a b Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 310. ^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, pp. 310–311. ^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 311. ^ Kakehashi & Olsen 2002, p. 110. ^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 306, 311. ^ Staff writer 1985, p. B1; Gupta 1986, p. 1. ^ Staff writer 1985, p. B1. ^ Staff writer 1986, p. 1. ^ Gupta 1986, p. 1. ^ Staff writer 1987, p. D2. ^ Moran 1987, p. 6. ^ Staff writer 1988, p. 1. ^ a b Miller 1994, p. 80. ^ Shatz-Akin 1995, p. 74. References Gupta, Udayan (July 2, 1986). "Venture Capitalists Press Mergers of Troubled High-Tech Fledglings". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest. Kakehashi, Ikutaro; Robert Olsen (2002). I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9780634037832 – via Google Books. Levering, Robert; Michael Katz; Milton Moskowitz (1984). The Computer Entrepreneurs: Who's Making It Big and How in America's Upstart Industry. New American Library. ISBN 9780453004770 – via the Internet Archive. Miller, Dan (May 1994). "Amdek Joins the Nineties with New Monitors". PC World. 12 (5). IDG Publications: 80 – via the Internet Archive. Moran, Tom (June 1, 1987). "Amdek Offers Five Modular PC Systems; 2 New Monitors Support IBM VGA". InfoWorld. 9 (22). IDG Publications: 6 – via Google Books. Shatz-Akin, Jim (May 1995). "The sharper, cheaper image". MacUser. 11 (5). Ziff-Davis: 74 – via Gale. Staff writer (1985). "Amdek denies merger talks". Chicago Tribune: B1 – via Newspapers.com. ProQuest 290873908. Staff writer (January 29, 1986). "Wyse Technology". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest. Staff writer (March 5, 1987). "Amdek Picks Specialist in PC Field as President". The New York Times: D2 – via ProQuest. Staff writer (April 4, 1988). "H.L. Sparks Resigns As President of Wyse; Differences Are Cited". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199460-1"},{"link_name":"Roland Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Wyse Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse"}],"text":"Amdek Corporation was an American computer peripheral and system manufacturer active from 1981 to the mid-1990s. The company was renowned for their standalone computer monitors compatible with a wide array of systems from the early microcomputer era to the personal computer age. According to PC World in 1994, \"Amdek was once the name in PC monitors. Chances are the monochrome monitors most of us used once carried the Amdek label.\"[1] In the early 1980s, the company was majority owned by the Roland Corporation's Taiwanese subsidiary; in 1986, after a brief period of independence, the company was acquired by Wyse Technology, a maker of computer terminals, who continued the Amdek brand into at least 1995.","title":"Amdek"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Data_Products_MPC_1600_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Columbia Data Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Data_Products"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984306%E2%80%93308-2"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984308%E2%80%93309-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984309-4"},{"link_name":"Ikutaro Kakehashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikutaro_Kakehashi"},{"link_name":"Roland Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakehashiOlsen2002109-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984308-6"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984308%E2%80%93309-3"},{"link_name":"computer terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"cathode-ray tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube"},{"link_name":"Apple Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984310-7"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984310-7"},{"link_name":"IBM Personal Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984310%E2%80%93311-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984311-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakehashiOlsen2002109-5"},{"link_name":"plotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotter"},{"link_name":"genericized catch-all","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_trademark"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakehashiOlsen2002110-10"},{"link_name":"Elk Grove, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Costa Mesa, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984306,_311-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer1985B1Gupta19861-12"},{"link_name":"Fenton, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer1985B1-13"}],"sub_title":"1977–1986","text":"Amber-phosphor Amdek monitor sitting on top of a Columbia Data Products MPC 1600 (the first true IBM PC clone)Amdek was founded in 1977 by Go Sugiura (born 1936 in Osaka, Japan) and Ted McCracken.[2] Before starting Amdek, Sugiura had graduated university with a Bachelor of Economics in the 1950s after moving to the United States (where he learned English); worked as a consumer electronics importer in Caracas, Venezuela (where he learned Spanish), in 1960; started his own business importing steel from Japan in Venezuela later in the 1960s; and worked as U.S. sales representative for Sakata, a Japanese semiconductor fabricator, in the early 1970s.[3] At Sakata he bartered with the company's executives to be allowed to use the Sakata trademark for his own independent trading company, Sakata International, headed by himself. Sakata agreed, but almost as soon as Sakata International began it was merged back into its namesake parent, because the demand for Sakata products in the United States was too high for Sugiura to pay in advance with his allotted capital. Still possessing the urge to have his own company, as a side job Sugiura incorporated Leedex as an importer of car radio components. A manufacturer in Ohio previously established under the name Leedex threatened a trademark infringement suit against Sugiura, prompting him to change the name of his company to Amdek.[4] According to Ikutaro Kakehashi in 2002, the founder of Japanese instrument maker Roland Corporation who would later overtake Amdek for a time, the name stood for Analog, Music, Digital, Electronics, and Kits.[5] Sugiura however explained in 1984 that the name was chosen as a random combination of syllables.[6]With the rise of the microcomputer in the late 1970s, Sugiura wanted to enter the industry but lacked the personal experience with computers and knowledge of electrical engineering. He contacted Ted McCracken, a friend and professor of computer science at the University of Missouri who had met Sugiura at a foreclosure of another electronics company, for whom Sugiura was a creditor of the company and McCracken was an actuary at the bank handling liquidation proceedings. McCracken was the first dealer of computers in the state of Missouri to import Apple II microcomputer.[3] As the two began talking about computers during the year, Sugiura became aware of the lack of aftermarket monitors for these early microcomputers. In 1977 or 1978, Sugiura traveled to Taiwan and found a model of computer terminal with a monochrome cathode-ray tube he liked; meanwhile McCracken observed an executive of Apple Computer demonstrate the Apple II at a computer show. The two discussed their findings, McCracken suggesting that Sugiura repurpose the terminal as a monochrome composite monitor for the Apple II, to be shown at a future computer show. At a summer 1978 computer show in Texas, Sugiura spent $375 for his half of a booth shared by another person. Despite having only one sample unit on display at the end of his half of the booth's table, the Amdek monitor garnered significant interest by the showgoers. Later in 1978, Sugiura ordered 500 units from the supplier of the data terminal—units which comprised shells of the terminal including the tube but without the circuitry for the data terminal—and sold each for $129, $50 less than the only other aftermarket computer monitor available. By 1981, the company was selling between 2,000 to 3,000 monochrome monitors per month.[7]In 1981, Amdek released their first color computer monitor, based on a chassis manufactured by Hitachi and an adapter circuit board designed by McCracken allowing it to be used with the Apple II.[7] Although at $1,000 it was considerably more expensive than the company's other offerings, it proved immensely popular among buyers of the IBM Personal Computer, as for the first year and a half of the PC's existence, IBM provided no color monitor option.[8] Amdek sold over 600,000 units of the color monitor by 1984.[9]In the early 1980s, Roland Corporation's Taiwanese subsidiary acquired a majority stake in Amdek and began selling guitar pedal kits under the Amdek name.[5] Meanwhile the company expanded to plotters and computer speakers as well as continuing their computer monitor business. At one point in the early 1980s, according to Kakehashi, Amdek was so hugely popular in their monitor business that the name became a genericized catch-all for any aftermarket computer monitor among the computer-buying public. In 1983 Roland relinquished their stake in Amdek, and the company was once again independent.[10] That year, the company posted $50 million in sales and employed 65, with headquarters in Elk Grove, Illinois and branch offices in Dallas, Texas, and Costa Mesa, California.[11] Despite remaining a market leader in monitors into the mid-1980s—in 1986 it supplied half of all monochrome monitors on the market—in 1985 the company posted significant losses, which Sugiura blamed partially on failed forays into other computer peripherals.[12] Rumors began circulating that Micro-Term, a Fenton, Missouri–based terminal manufacturer, and an unnamed Japanese electronics company were to acquire Amdek, although the company shut down such rumors to the press.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wyse Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse"},{"link_name":"stock swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_swap"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19861-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta19861-15"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer1987D2-16"},{"link_name":"IBM PC compatibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"8088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088"},{"link_name":"80286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286"},{"link_name":"80386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I386"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran19876-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19881-18"},{"link_name":"PC World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199480-19"},{"link_name":"EPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Energy Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Star"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199480-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShatz-Akin199574-20"}],"sub_title":"1986–1995","text":"In January 1986, Wyse Technology, a terminal manufacturer in San Jose, California, agreed to acquire Amdek Corporation for $7.2 million in a stock swap.[14] The acquisition terms were later reevaluated to $8.5 million in shares.[15] In 1987, H. L. \"Sparky\" Sparks, formerly of IBM where he helped established the first dealer networks for the IBM PC, was named president of Wyse's Amdek division.[16] Under his auspices he led Amdek to release its first computer systems: a series of IBM PC compatibles based on the 8088, 80286 and 80386 processors.[17] In 1988, Sparks resigned, citing differences with Wyse's upper management. Michael P. Richman was named as his replacement.[18]Between then and the mid-1990s, the division lay largely dormant, with PC World noting in 1994 that \"the few new products it has introduced have been out of step with the rest of the monitor market\".[19] In 1994 Wyse staged a comeback of the Amdek name with several new models released that year—one monochrome model and three \"thoroughly up-to-date\" color monitors, all compliant with the EPA's Energy Star efficiency standard.[19] Wyse continued to sell Amdek monitors until at least 1995.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199460_1-0"},{"link_name":"Miller 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiller1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984306%E2%80%93308_2-0"},{"link_name":"Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeveringKatzMoskowitz1984"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984308%E2%80%93309_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984308%E2%80%93309_3-1"},{"link_name":"Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeveringKatzMoskowitz1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984309_4-0"},{"link_name":"Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeveringKatzMoskowitz1984"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakehashiOlsen2002109_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakehashiOlsen2002109_5-1"},{"link_name":"Kakehashi & Olsen 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKakehashiOlsen2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984308_6-0"},{"link_name":"Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeveringKatzMoskowitz1984"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984310_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984310_7-1"},{"link_name":"Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeveringKatzMoskowitz1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984310%E2%80%93311_8-0"},{"link_name":"Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeveringKatzMoskowitz1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984311_9-0"},{"link_name":"Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeveringKatzMoskowitz1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakehashiOlsen2002110_10-0"},{"link_name":"Kakehashi & Olsen 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKakehashiOlsen2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveringKatzMoskowitz1984306,_311_11-0"},{"link_name":"Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeveringKatzMoskowitz1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer1985B1Gupta19861_12-0"},{"link_name":"Staff writer 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStaff_writer1985"},{"link_name":"Gupta 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGupta1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer1985B1_13-0"},{"link_name":"Staff writer 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStaff_writer1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19861_14-0"},{"link_name":"Staff writer 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStaff_writer1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta19861_15-0"},{"link_name":"Gupta 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGupta1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer1987D2_16-0"},{"link_name":"Staff writer 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStaff_writer1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran19876_17-0"},{"link_name":"Moran 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoran1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer19881_18-0"},{"link_name":"Staff writer 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStaff_writer1988"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199480_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199480_19-1"},{"link_name":"Miller 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiller1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShatz-Akin199574_20-0"},{"link_name":"Shatz-Akin 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShatz-Akin1995"}],"text":"^ Miller 1994, p. 60.\n\n^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, pp. 306–308.\n\n^ a b Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, pp. 308–309.\n\n^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 309.\n\n^ a b Kakehashi & Olsen 2002, p. 109.\n\n^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 308.\n\n^ a b Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 310.\n\n^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, pp. 310–311.\n\n^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 311.\n\n^ Kakehashi & Olsen 2002, p. 110.\n\n^ Levering, Katz & Moskowitz 1984, p. 306, 311.\n\n^ Staff writer 1985, p. B1; Gupta 1986, p. 1.\n\n^ Staff writer 1985, p. B1.\n\n^ Staff writer 1986, p. 1.\n\n^ Gupta 1986, p. 1.\n\n^ Staff writer 1987, p. D2.\n\n^ Moran 1987, p. 6.\n\n^ Staff writer 1988, p. 1.\n\n^ a b Miller 1994, p. 80.\n\n^ Shatz-Akin 1995, p. 74.","title":"Citations"}]	[{"image_text":"Amber-phosphor Amdek monitor sitting on top of a Columbia Data Products MPC 1600 (the first true IBM PC clone)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Columbia_Data_Products_MPC_1600_edit.jpg/220px-Columbia_Data_Products_MPC_1600_edit.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Gupta, Udayan (July 2, 1986). \"Venture Capitalists Press Mergers of Troubled High-Tech Fledglings\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/397976788/","url_text":"\"Venture Capitalists Press Mergers of Troubled High-Tech Fledglings\""}]},{"reference":"Kakehashi, Ikutaro; Robert Olsen (2002). I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9780634037832 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikutaro_Kakehashi","url_text":"Kakehashi, Ikutaro"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=09Z8a0lKyPcC","url_text":"I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780634037832","url_text":"9780634037832"}]},{"reference":"Levering, Robert; Michael Katz; Milton Moskowitz (1984). The Computer Entrepreneurs: Who's Making It Big and How in America's Upstart Industry. New American Library. ISBN 9780453004770 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/computerentrepre0000leve/page/306/","url_text":"The Computer Entrepreneurs: Who's Making It Big and How in America's Upstart Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780453004770","url_text":"9780453004770"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Dan (May 1994). \"Amdek Joins the Nineties with New Monitors\". PC World. 12 (5). IDG Publications: 80 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pcworld125unse/page/80/","url_text":"\"Amdek Joins the Nineties with New Monitors\""}]},{"reference":"Moran, Tom (June 1, 1987). \"Amdek Offers Five Modular PC Systems; 2 New Monitors Support IBM VGA\". InfoWorld. 9 (22). IDG Publications: 6 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yjAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6","url_text":"\"Amdek Offers Five Modular PC Systems; 2 New Monitors Support IBM VGA\""}]},{"reference":"Shatz-Akin, Jim (May 1995). \"The sharper, cheaper image\". MacUser. 11 (5). Ziff-Davis: 74 – via Gale.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A16684025/GPS?sid=wikipedia","url_text":"\"The sharper, cheaper image\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (1985). \"Amdek denies merger talks\". Chicago Tribune: B1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116153508/amdek-denies-merger-talks/","url_text":"\"Amdek denies merger talks\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (January 29, 1986). \"Wyse Technology\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/397946346/","url_text":"\"Wyse Technology\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (March 5, 1987). \"Amdek Picks Specialist in PC Field as President\". The New York Times: D2 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/426431972/","url_text":"\"Amdek Picks Specialist in PC Field as President\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (April 4, 1988). \"H.L. Sparks Resigns As President of Wyse; Differences Are Cited\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/398052082/","url_text":"\"H.L. Sparks Resigns As President of Wyse; Differences Are Cited\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/397976788/","external_links_name":"\"Venture Capitalists Press Mergers of Troubled High-Tech Fledglings\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=09Z8a0lKyPcC","external_links_name":"I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/computerentrepre0000leve/page/306/","external_links_name":"The Computer Entrepreneurs: Who's Making It Big and How in America's Upstart Industry"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pcworld125unse/page/80/","external_links_name":"\"Amdek Joins the Nineties with New Monitors\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yjAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6","external_links_name":"\"Amdek Offers Five Modular PC Systems; 2 New Monitors Support IBM VGA\""},{"Link":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A16684025/GPS?sid=wikipedia","external_links_name":"\"The sharper, cheaper image\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116153508/amdek-denies-merger-talks/","external_links_name":"\"Amdek denies merger talks\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/290873908","external_links_name":"290873908"},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/397946346/","external_links_name":"\"Wyse Technology\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/426431972/","external_links_name":"\"Amdek Picks Specialist in PC Field as President\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/398052082/","external_links_name":"\"H.L. Sparks Resigns As President of Wyse; Differences Are Cited\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-11_Brave_Tiger	CM-11 Brave Tiger	["1 Development history","2 Design","2.1 Advantages","2.2 Disadvantages","3 Upgrade program","4 See also","5 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "CM-11 Brave Tiger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main battle tank CM-11 Brave Tiger M-48H Patton ROCA CM-11 in Hukou Camp after ExerciseTypeMain battle tankPlace of originTaiwan (Republic of China)Service historyIn service1990–presentProduction historyDesigned1984ManufacturerRepublic of China Armoured Vehicle Development CenterNo. built450SpecificationsMass50 tonnes (55 short tons; 49 long tons)Length6.95 meters (22 ft 10 in) (hull)9.30 meters (30 ft 6 in) (cannon forward)Width3.63 meters (11 ft 11 in)Height3.09 meters (10 ft 2 in)Crew4ArmorRolled homogeneous armourMainarmament105 mm (4.1 in) M68A1 gunSecondaryarmament.50 BMG (12.7×99mm) M2 Browning 7.62×51mm NATO M240 machine gunEngineContinental AVDS-1790-2C air-cooled Twin-turbo diesel engine750 hp (560 kW)Power/weight15 hp/tSuspensionTorsion bar suspensionOperationalrange480 kilometers (300 mi)Maximum speed 48 km/h (30 mph) The CM-11 Brave Tiger (Chinese: 勇虎式戰車; pinyin: yǒnghǔshì zhànchē) is a main battle tank (MBT) that was developed by the American General Dynamics and the Republic of China Army Armored Vehicle Development Center. It was introduced to the public on 14 April 1990. The CM-11 is a hybrid M60 chassis fitted with the turret from the older M48 Patton and the fire control system of the M1 Abrams. Development history The Republic of China (Taiwan) established the Armored Vehicle Development Center in 1980, and was tasked to develop military armored vehicles, and had cooperated with General Dynamics to develop the CM-11. The development of the tank has two main purposes, first was to avoid the limitations set by the US-PRC Joint Communique (17 August Communique), and second was to allow the ROCA to acquire second-generation MBTs. The CM-11 is a hybrid tank using the M48A3 turret with the M60A3 tank hull, combined with the new M1 Abrams tank's fire control system (FCS). The United States designated it as M48H, where the "H" means Hybrid, and the Republic of China designated it CM-11 and named it Brave Tiger. Design In 1988, two prototypes were finished and 450 CM-11 were ordered to be built. The M60A3 hull was procured from the United States in 1987, and the M48A3 turret and the M68A1 105mm main cannon was produced by the Army Ordnance Maintenance and Development Center. The commander's turret was procured from Israel with an M2 Browning 12.7mm (.50 caliber) machine gun, the loader operates an M240 7.62mm machine gun, the coaxial machine gun is also an M240. Both sides of the turret have a M239 smoke grenade launcher mounted, like the M60A3 tank. Advantages The greatest features and advantages of the CM-11 are that it has the same level of digital/analog hybrid ballistic calculator as the M1A1 Abrams; it has a two-dimensional sighting and gun stabilization system, more complete than the M60A3's one-dimensional stabilizing device; combining the AN/VSG-2 thermal imager, AN/VVS-2 Image Intensifier, AN/GVS-5 Nd-YAG laser rangefinder, allowing the CM-11 to have fire-on-the-move and night combat capabilities. It also has the highest probability of first-round hit compared to all other ROCA tanks. Disadvantages Disadvantages of the CM-11 are its outdated design, armor, and gun. The Chinese PLA's second-generation Type 96 tank and its third-generation Type 99 tank are both armed with a 125mm main cannon, which the CM-11's armor does not offer significant protection against. The ROCA knew this disadvantage very early, and tried to introduce explosive reactive armor (ERA) from the French company GIAT. However, the weight of the additional ERA installations caused excessive stress on the M60 chassis's torsion bar suspension, so plans to install ERA on the tanks was put on hold until a solution was found. The CM-11's 750 hp (560 kW) Continental AVDS-1790-2 V12, air-cooled twin-turbo diesel engine is 50-year-old technology as well, having been introduced in February 1963 with the first 600 U.S. Army converted M48A3s. During the Spring Festival in 2012, the ROCA's 542 Armor Brigade of 6th Army Corps initiated their combat readiness drill, and showed a CM-11 installed with ERA for the first time. Developed by CSIST, angling was applied to the ERA design to reduce the probability of penetrating the hull. CM-11 side view Rear view of CM-11 Upgrade program In 2017, Taiwan's Ministry of National Defence announced that it had allocated 6.6 million USD to develop upgrades for the country's 450 M60A3 TTS tanks. When the upgrade program was announced, the United Daily News reported that the CM-11 fleet would be upgraded after the M60A3 program. See also CM-12 Tank M60-2000 References ^ The Armored Vehicle Development Center is later called Army Ordnance Maintenance and Development Center, or OMDC for short. ^ a b "Giving up on Abrams tank acquisition, Taiwan moves to upgrade its M60A3 tanks". DefenseNews. 6 October 2017. ^ Global Defense Magazine Vol. 70, June 1990 vteTaiwanese Armored Fighting VehiclesRepublic of China ArmyMain battle tanks M48 M60A3 TTS M48H/CM-11 Brave Tiger CM-12 Light tanks M5 Stuart M24 Chaffee M41D Type 64 Tracked armoured vehicles LVT-3C LVT-5 M113 CM-21/22/23/24/25/26/27 AAV7 Wheeled armoured vehicles M8 Greyhound V-150 Commando CM-31 CM-32 Yunbao Self-propelled guns M7 M8 M42 M52 M108 M109 M110 Tank destroyers M10 M18 Hellcat M36 Rocket artillery Kung Feng IV/VI Thunderbolt-2000 vteTanks of the Cold WarMain battle AMX-30 AMX-30E Centurion Sho't Challenger 1 Chieftain Chonma-ho CM-11 Brave Tiger K1 88 Leopard 1 Leopard 2 M1 Abrams M48 Patton CM-12 M60 tank Magach Merkava OF-40 Panzer 68 Stridsvagn 103 T-55 T-62 T-64 T-72 M-84 Lion of Babylon T-80 TR-85 Type 59 Type 61 Type 69/79 Type 74 Type 80/85/88 Type 90 Vickers MBT Mk 1 Vijayanta Vickers MBT Mk 3 Light AMX-13 M41 Walker Bulldog M551 Sheridan PT-76 PT-85 SK-105 Kürassier Stingray Type 62 Type 63 Type 64 X1A Medium Charioteer M46 Patton M47 Patton Panzer 58 Panzer 61 Stridsvagn 74 Super Sherman TAM T-54 Heavy ARL 44 Conqueror IS-4 M103 T-10 Prototypes,experimentals AMX-32 AMX-40 AMX-50 Char 25T EE-T1 Osório Emil Expeditionary Tank HSTV(L) IS-7 Lorraine 40t M8 Armored Gun System MB-3 Tamoyo MBT-70 MBT-80 Object 187 Object 279 Object 292 Object 490A Object 770 Object 785 Spähpanzer Ru 251 Spähpanzer SP I.C. T92 light tank T95 medium tank TR-125 Vickers MBT Mk 4 Valiant Vickers MBT Mk 7 WZ-111 heavy tank WZ-132 light tank WZ-122 Cold War tanks List of modern armoured fighting vehicles Background: History of the tank, Tank classification, Tanks in the Cold War Wikimedia Commons has media related to CM-11 Brave Tiger.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"main battle tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upgrade-M60A3-2"}],"text":"Main battle tankThe CM-11 Brave Tiger (Chinese: 勇虎式戰車; pinyin: yǒnghǔshì zhànchē) is a main battle tank (MBT) that was developed by the American General Dynamics and the Republic of China Army Armored Vehicle Development Center.[1] It was introduced to the public on 14 April 1990. The CM-11 is a hybrid M60 chassis fitted with the turret from the older M48 Patton and the fire control system of the M1 Abrams.[2]","title":"CM-11 Brave Tiger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"M48A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#M48A3"},{"link_name":"M60A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60A3"},{"link_name":"M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"fire control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_control_system"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Republic of China (Taiwan) established the Armored Vehicle Development Center in 1980, and was tasked to develop military armored vehicles, and had cooperated with General Dynamics to develop the CM-11.[3] The development of the tank has two main purposes, first was to avoid the limitations set by the US-PRC Joint Communique (17 August Communique), and second was to allow the ROCA to acquire second-generation MBTs.[citation needed]The CM-11 is a hybrid tank using the M48A3 turret with the M60A3 tank hull, combined with the new M1 Abrams tank's fire control system (FCS). The United States designated it as M48H, where the \"H\" means Hybrid, and the Republic of China designated it CM-11 and named it Brave Tiger.[citation needed]","title":"Development history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M68A1 105mm main cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M68_(tank_gun)"},{"link_name":"M2 Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning"},{"link_name":"M240 7.62mm machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M240_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1988, two prototypes were finished and 450 CM-11 were ordered to be built. The M60A3 hull was procured from the United States in 1987, and the M48A3 turret and the M68A1 105mm main cannon was produced by the Army Ordnance Maintenance and Development Center. The commander's turret was procured from Israel with an M2 Browning 12.7mm (.50 caliber) machine gun, the loader operates an M240 7.62mm machine gun, the coaxial machine gun is also an M240. Both sides of the turret have a M239 smoke grenade launcher mounted, like the M60A3 tank.[citation needed]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballistic calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_calculator"},{"link_name":"M1A1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1A1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Advantages","text":"The greatest features and advantages of the CM-11 are that it has the same level of digital/analog hybrid ballistic calculator as the M1A1 Abrams; it has a two-dimensional sighting and gun stabilization system, more complete than the M60A3's one-dimensional stabilizing device; combining the AN/VSG-2 thermal imager, AN/VVS-2 Image Intensifier, AN/GVS-5 Nd-YAG laser rangefinder, allowing the CM-11 to have fire-on-the-move and night combat capabilities. It also has the highest probability of first-round hit compared to all other ROCA tanks.[citation needed]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Type 96 tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_tank"},{"link_name":"Type 99 tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_99_tank"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"explosive reactive armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_reactive_armor"},{"link_name":"GIAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIAT"},{"link_name":"torsion bar suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Continental AVDS-1790-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_AV1790"},{"link_name":"V12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"diesel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"M48A3s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#M48A3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CSIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chung-Shan_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CM-11_Tank_before_Testing_Demo_20130302a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CM-11_Tank_Rear_View_20110813a.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Disadvantages","text":"Disadvantages of the CM-11 are its outdated design, armor, and gun. The Chinese PLA's second-generation Type 96 tank and its third-generation Type 99 tank are both armed with a 125mm main cannon, which the CM-11's armor does not offer significant protection against.[citation needed] The ROCA knew this disadvantage very early,[when?] and tried to introduce explosive reactive armor (ERA) from the French company GIAT. However, the weight of the additional ERA installations caused excessive stress on the M60 chassis's torsion bar suspension, so plans to install ERA on the tanks was put on hold until a solution was found.[citation needed] The CM-11's 750 hp (560 kW) Continental AVDS-1790-2 V12, air-cooled twin-turbo diesel engine is 50-year-old technology as well, having been introduced in February 1963 with the first 600 U.S. Army converted M48A3s.[citation needed]During the Spring Festival in 2012, the ROCA's 542 Armor Brigade of 6th Army Corps initiated their combat readiness drill, and showed a CM-11 installed with ERA for the first time. Developed by CSIST, angling was applied to the ERA design to reduce the probability of penetrating the hull.CM-11 side view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear view of CM-11","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upgrade-M60A3-2"}],"text":"In 2017, Taiwan's Ministry of National Defence announced that it had allocated 6.6 million USD to develop upgrades for the country's 450 M60A3 TTS tanks. When the upgrade program was announced, the United Daily News reported that the CM-11 fleet would be upgraded after the M60A3 program.[2]","title":"Upgrade program"}]	[]	[{"title":"CM-12 Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-12_Tank"},{"title":"M60-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60-2000"}]	[{"reference":"\"Giving up on Abrams tank acquisition, Taiwan moves to upgrade its M60A3 tanks\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Johansson_(bandy_player)	Hans Johansson (bandy)	["1 Career","1.1 Club career","1.2 International career","2 Honours","2.1 Country","3 References","4 External links"]	Swedish bandy player Hans JohanssonPersonal informationDate of birth (1962-04-23) 23 April 1962 (age 62)Playing position ForwardYouth career EdsbynSenior careerYears Team Apps† (Gls)†1978–1984 Edsbyn 1984–1997 Västerås 1997–1998 Yenisey National team Sweden Medal record Men's bandy Representing Sweden World Championships 1983 Finland Team 1987 Sweden Team 1993 Norway Team 1995 Minnesota Team Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). Hans Elis "Hasse" Johansson (born 23 April 1962) is a former bandy player from Sweden and current coach of the Chinese national team. Career Club career Starting with youth bandy in Edsbyns IF, Johansson made his senior debut for the team in 1978 and played six seasons until he joined Västerås SK in 1984. Johansson won the Swedish Championship four times with Västerås in 1989, 1990, 1993 and 1996. In total, he scored 13 goals in the final games, a club record for Västerås. On 30 November 1988, Johansson scored club-best eight goals for Västerås in a game ending 14–2 against Västanfors . On 20 November 1996, Johansson scored the then-fastest goal in Swedish bandy, when he scored for Västerås against Edsbyn after eight seconds (this goal is now the second fastest in Swedish elite bandy). Johansson has scored club-record 13 goals in the finals. In 1997, Johansson joined Yenisey. With his spell in Yenisey, Johansson became the first Swedish player to play professionally in Russia. International career Johansson was part of Swedish World Champions teams of 1983, 1987, 1993 and 1995 Honours Country Sweden Bandy World Championship: 1983, 1987, 1993, 1995 References ^ a b "Bandysidan.nu - Hans "Hasse" Johansson". www.bandysidan.nu. ^ a b c vsk.nu. "Västerås Sportklubbs SM-finaler i bandy". Retrieved 6 January 2007. ^ a b vsk.nu. "Blandad statistik". Retrieved 6 January 2007. ^ "Bandy: 13 spelare har lämnat allsvenskan för Ryssland". ^ "Sveriges världsmästartrupper". Svenska Bandyförbundet. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2018. ^ "SVERIGES VÄRLDSMÄSTARTRUPPER - Svenska Bandyförbundet". Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2018. External links Hans Johansson at Bandysidan.nu (in Swedish) vteSweden squad – 1983 Bandy World Championship Winners Ångström Arvidsson Boström GK Bridholm B. Carlsson M. Carlsson GK Fransson H. Johansson O. Johansson H. Karlsson S. Karlsson Kjellqvist Lönngren Ramström Söderholm Sjödin Togner Coach: Sundin vteSweden squad – 1987 Bandy World Championship Winners Arvidsson GK Bridholm Edlund Gunnarsson Hultqvist H. Johansson O. Johansson P. Johansson Jonsson Karlsson Kjellqvist Lennartsson Lönngren Olsson Pettersson Ramström Tömmernes Coach: Emanuelsson vteSweden squad – 1993 Bandy World Championship Winners Åkerlind Åström Berglund Claesson Fredricsson GK Forsell Fosshaug Johannesson H. Johansson P. Johansson S. Jonsson A. Karlsson R. Karlsson Lönngren Rosendahl Sandell GK Sundelius Coach: Käck vteSweden squad – 1995 Bandy World Championship Winners Åkerlind Åström Berglund Claesson GK Forsell Fosshaug Fredricson G. Johansson H. Johansson Jonsson Karlsson Olsson Rosendahl Sandell Södergren GK Sundelius Coach: Klingborg This biographical article relating to bandy in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"the Chinese national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_bandy_team"}],"text":"Hans Elis \"Hasse\" Johansson (born 23 April 1962) is a former bandy player from Sweden and current coach of the Chinese national team.","title":"Hans Johansson (bandy)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edsbyns IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsbyns_IF"},{"link_name":"Västerås SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_SK_Bandy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandysidan.nu-1"},{"link_name":"Swedish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_bandy_champions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vsk_final-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vsk_final-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vsk_bfakta-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vsk_bfakta-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vsk_final-2"},{"link_name":"Yenisey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisey_Krasnoyarsk_Bandy_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandysidan.nu-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Club career","text":"Starting with youth bandy in Edsbyns IF, Johansson made his senior debut for the team in 1978 and played six seasons until he joined Västerås SK in 1984.[1] Johansson won the Swedish Championship four times with Västerås in 1989, 1990, 1993 and 1996.[2] In total, he scored 13 goals in the final games, a club record for Västerås.[2]On 30 November 1988, Johansson scored club-best eight goals for Västerås in a game ending 14–2 against Västanfors .[3]\nOn 20 November 1996, Johansson scored the then-fastest goal in Swedish bandy, when he scored for Västerås against Edsbyn after eight seconds (this goal is now the second fastest in Swedish elite bandy).[3]\nJohansson has scored club-record 13 goals in the finals.[2]In 1997, Johansson joined Yenisey.[1] With his spell in Yenisey, Johansson became the first Swedish player to play professionally in Russia.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Bandy_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Bandy_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Bandy_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Bandy_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"International career","text":"Johansson was part of Swedish World Champions teams of 1983, 1987, 1993 and 1995[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_bandy_team"},{"link_name":"Bandy World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Country","text":"SwedenBandy World Championship:[6] 1983, 1987, 1993, 1995","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bandysidan.nu - Hans \"Hasse\" Johansson\". www.bandysidan.nu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bandysidan.nu/player.php?SpelareID=1679","url_text":"\"Bandysidan.nu - Hans \"Hasse\" Johansson\""}]},{"reference":"vsk.nu. \"Västerås Sportklubbs SM-finaler i bandy\". Retrieved 6 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vsk.nu/index.php?site=final","url_text":"\"Västerås Sportklubbs SM-finaler i bandy\""}]},{"reference":"vsk.nu. \"Blandad statistik\". Retrieved 6 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vsk.nu/bfakta.htm","url_text":"\"Blandad statistik\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bandy: 13 spelare har lämnat allsvenskan för Ryssland\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressen.se/sport/bandy-13-spelare-har-lamnat-allsvenskan-for-ryssland/","url_text":"\"Bandy: 13 spelare har lämnat allsvenskan för Ryssland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sveriges världsmästartrupper\". Svenska Bandyförbundet. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190131112857/http://www.svenskbandy.se/LANDSLAG/HERRLANDSLAGET/HISTORIKOCHSTATISTIK/sverigesvarldsmastartrupper/","url_text":"\"Sveriges världsmästartrupper\""},{"url":"http://www.svenskbandy.se/LANDSLAG/HERRLANDSLAGET/HISTORIKOCHSTATISTIK/sverigesvarldsmastartrupper/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SVERIGES VÄRLDSMÄSTARTRUPPER - Svenska Bandyförbundet\". Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190131112857/http://www.svenskbandy.se/LANDSLAG/HERRLANDSLAGET/HISTORIKOCHSTATISTIK/sverigesvarldsmastartrupper/","url_text":"\"SVERIGES VÄRLDSMÄSTARTRUPPER - Svenska Bandyförbundet\""},{"url":"http://www.svenskbandy.se/LANDSLAG/HERRLANDSLAGET/Historikochstatistik/Sverigesvarldsmastartrupper/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.bandysidan.nu/player.php?SpelareID=1679","external_links_name":"\"Bandysidan.nu - Hans \"Hasse\" Johansson\""},{"Link":"http://www.vsk.nu/index.php?site=final","external_links_name":"\"Västerås Sportklubbs SM-finaler i bandy\""},{"Link":"http://www.vsk.nu/bfakta.htm","external_links_name":"\"Blandad statistik\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressen.se/sport/bandy-13-spelare-har-lamnat-allsvenskan-for-ryssland/","external_links_name":"\"Bandy: 13 spelare har lämnat allsvenskan för Ryssland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190131112857/http://www.svenskbandy.se/LANDSLAG/HERRLANDSLAGET/HISTORIKOCHSTATISTIK/sverigesvarldsmastartrupper/","external_links_name":"\"Sveriges världsmästartrupper\""},{"Link":"http://www.svenskbandy.se/LANDSLAG/HERRLANDSLAGET/HISTORIKOCHSTATISTIK/sverigesvarldsmastartrupper/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190131112857/http://www.svenskbandy.se/LANDSLAG/HERRLANDSLAGET/HISTORIKOCHSTATISTIK/sverigesvarldsmastartrupper/","external_links_name":"\"SVERIGES VÄRLDSMÄSTARTRUPPER - Svenska Bandyförbundet\""},{"Link":"http://www.svenskbandy.se/LANDSLAG/HERRLANDSLAGET/Historikochstatistik/Sverigesvarldsmastartrupper/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bandysidan.nu/player.php?SpelareID=1679","external_links_name":"Hans Johansson"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Johansson_(bandy)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Ballard	Clint Ballard Jr.	["1 Biography","2 Songwriting credits","3 References"]	American songwriter, singer, and pianist "Clint Ballard" redirects here. For the Wisconsin politician, see Clinton B. Ballard. Clint Ballard Jr.Birth nameClinton Conger Ballard Jr.Also known asBuddy ClintonBorn(1931-05-24)May 24, 1931El Paso, Texas, U.S.DiedDecember 23, 2008(2008-12-23) (aged 77)Denton, Texas, U.S.Occupation(s)SongwriterYears active1960s–1970sMusical artist Clinton Conger Ballard Jr. (May 24, 1931 – December 23, 2008) was an American songwriter, singer, and pianist. He wrote two Billboard Hot 100 number one hits. The first was "Game of Love" by Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders in 1965. The second was the 1975 hit, "You're No Good" by Linda Ronstadt (first sung by Dee Dee Warwick, covered by The Swinging Blue Jeans, Betty Everett and later recorded by Van Halen). He wrote two UK number one singles, recorded by Jimmy Jones ("Good Timin'", 1960) and The Hollies ("I'm Alive", 1965). Ballard also pursued a solo singing career. With minor success he recorded under his own name, as well as under the pseudonym Buddy Clinton. Biography When Ballard was three years old, he played the piano for KTSM, an El Paso radio station. When he was 11, he attended a musical program for gifted students at the University of North Texas. After serving in the US Army, he moved to New York and became a songwriter and a composer of musicals, including Come Back Little Sheba. His song, "Hey, Little Baby", was recorded by band leader Mitch Miller and became the theme of the 1958 World's Fair in Belgium. Earlier in his career in 1957, Ballard 'discovered' the Kalin Twins and became their manager. Ballard wrote the Kalins' Decca debut single, "Jumpin' Jack". The follow-up, "When" made the US Top Ten and number one on the UK Singles Chart. After leaving the Kalins, in 1958, he wrote "Ev'ry Hour, Ev'ry Day of My Life", a hit for Malcolm Vaughan, and Frankie Avalon's Top Ten hit "Ginger Bread". Ballard's own recording career was less successful. In addition to recording several singles under his own name without much success, in 1960 he adopted the alias Buddy Clinton to cut a two-sided single featuring the songs "Take Me to Your Ladder (I'll See Your Leader Later)" and "Joanie's Forever", both co-written by then-unknown composer Burt Bacharach with his writing partner Bob Hilliard. Ballard wrote one of his most successful songs in 1963, "You're No Good", which was first recorded by Dee Dee Warwick. A competing version recorded by Betty Everett appeared weeks later and was a bigger hit, reaching the Top Ten of the US Billboard R&B chart. A year later, the British group The Swinging Blue Jeans also recorded "You're No Good". Linda Ronstadt's version hit number one on the Billboard chart in 1975. Ballard's songs were often recorded by artists of the British Invasion. The Swinging Blue Jeans recorded "It Isn't There". In 1966, the Zombies recorded his "Gotta Get a Hold of Myself". Ballard wrote "I'm Alive" for The Hollies, which was number one in the UK Singles Chart in 1965. One of Ballard's best-known songs, "The Game of Love", was recorded by Manchester-based Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders in 1965. The single went hit number one in the US and peaked at number two in the UK. Ballard also wrote the subsequent Mindbenders' chart singles "It's Just a Little Bit Too Late" and "She Needs Love". Ballard later wrote songs for the Ricky Nelson film, Love and Kisses. He also wrote a series of commercial jingles, including a theme for Greyhound Lines. He died in Denton, Texas, in December 2008, two years after suffering a stroke. He is not to be confused with fellow songwriters Russ Ballard, Glen Ballard or Hank Ballard. Songwriting credits "A Cold, Cold Winter" – Walter Jackson "A Miracle" – Gene McDaniels "A Very Good Year for Girls" – Johnny Tillotson, Brian Poole & The Tremeloes "Come Back Little Sheba" – Original cast of Little Sheba "Come Out Dancin'" – Ricky Nelson "Don't You Even Care (What's Gonna Happen to Me) – The Hollies "Fiddle Around" – Jan and Dean "Game of Love" – Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders, Montrose "Ginger Bread" – Frankie Avalon "Good Timin'" – Jimmy Jones "Gotta Get a Hold of Myself" – Michael Haslam, Dee Dee Warwick, The Zombies "Hey Lulu" – Shane Fenton "I'm Alive" – The Hollies, Syndicate of Sound, Gamma "In The Rain" – Billy Eckstine "In A Long White Room" (lyrics by Marty Charnin) (Nancy Wilson on 1969 Capitol album Nancy) "It Isn't There" – The Swinging Blue Jeans, Johnny Burnette, George Maharis "It's Better Than Nothing At All" – Louis Prima "It's Just a Little Bit Too Late" – Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders, The Druids "It Would Still Be Worth It" – Connie Francis "Je Revis" – Frank Alamo "Journey's End" – Frankie Laine "The Ladder of Love" - The Flamingos, Johnny Nash "Little Bitty Girl" – Bobby Rydell "My Precious Angel" – Jimmy Jones "Now That You've Got Me (You Don't Seem to Want Me)" – The Swinging Blue Jeans "Oh No!" – The Browns "One of Us (Will Weep Tonight)" – Patti Page "She Needs Love" – Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders "Speak Her Name" – David and Jonathan, Walter Jackson "Stop Crying, Little Girl" – Arthur Prysock "Sufferer" – Patti Drew "There's Not a Minute" – Ricky Nelson "You Ain't Right" – The Frost "You're No Good" – Dee Dee Warwick, Betty Everett, The Swinging Blue Jeans, Linda Ronstadt, Wild Orchid, Van Halen, Michael Bolton References ^ ""Game of Love" at Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. 1965. ^ ""You're No Good" at Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. 1975. ^ El Paso Songwriter Clint Ballard Jr. Dies at Age 77, El Paso Times, December 31, 2008 ^ Obituary: Clinton Conger Ballard Jr., Denton Record-Chronicle, December 28, 2008 ^ Douglas Martin, Clint Ballard Jr., Writer of Hit Songs, Dies at 77, The New York Times, January 19, 2009 ^ "Hal Kalin obituary by Alan Clayson". London: Guardian.co.uk. September 27, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2008. ^ "About Clint Ballard, Jr". Beardogpublishing.com. Retrieved February 9, 2020. ^ "BALLARD, CONGER C., JR. \| The Handbook of Texas Online". Tshaonline.org. May 12, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2020. ^ Credits & sleeve notes by Devra Hall to 2007 Capitol compilation The Very Best of Nancy Wilson : The Capitol Recordings 1960-1976 ^ "Clint Ballard Jr. songwriting credits". AllMusic. Retrieved November 21, 2008. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Finland Poland Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clinton B. 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For the Wisconsin politician, see Clinton B. Ballard.Musical artistClinton Conger Ballard Jr. (May 24, 1931 – December 23, 2008) was an American songwriter, singer, and pianist. He wrote two Billboard Hot 100 number one hits. The first was \"Game of Love\" by Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders in 1965.[1] The second was the 1975 hit, \"You're No Good\" by Linda Ronstadt (first sung by Dee Dee Warwick, covered by The Swinging Blue Jeans, Betty Everett and later recorded by Van Halen).[2] He wrote two UK number one singles, recorded by Jimmy Jones (\"Good Timin'\", 1960) and The Hollies (\"I'm Alive\", 1965).Ballard also pursued a solo singing career. With minor success he recorded under his own name, as well as under the pseudonym Buddy Clinton.","title":"Clint Ballard Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KTSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTSM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"University of North Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Come Back Little Sheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back,_Little_Sheba_(play)"},{"link_name":"Mitch Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Miller"},{"link_name":"1958 World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kalin Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalin_Twins"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"When","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_(The_Kalin_Twins_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Frankie Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Avalon"},{"link_name":"Ginger Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Bread_(song)"},{"link_name":"Burt Bacharach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Bacharach"},{"link_name":"Bob Hilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hilliard"},{"link_name":"You're No Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_No_Good"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Betty Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Everett"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"The Swinging Blue Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swinging_Blue_Jeans"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"the Zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zombies"},{"link_name":"I'm Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Alive_(Clint_Ballard_Jr._song)"},{"link_name":"The Hollies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollies"},{"link_name":"number one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_from_the_1960s_(UK)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"The Game of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_of_Love_(Wayne_Fontana_song)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Fontana_and_the_Mindbenders"},{"link_name":"It's Just a Little Bit Too Late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Just_a_Little_Bit_Too_Late"},{"link_name":"She Needs Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Needs_Love"},{"link_name":"Ricky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Denton, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Russ Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Ballard"},{"link_name":"Glen Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Ballard"},{"link_name":"Hank Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Ballard"}],"text":"When Ballard was three years old, he played the piano for KTSM, an El Paso radio station. When he was 11, he attended a musical program for gifted students at the University of North Texas. After serving in the US Army, he moved to New York and became a songwriter and a composer of musicals, including Come Back Little Sheba. His song, \"Hey, Little Baby\", was recorded by band leader Mitch Miller and became the theme of the 1958 World's Fair in Belgium.[3][4][5]Earlier in his career in 1957, Ballard 'discovered' the Kalin Twins and became their manager.[6] Ballard wrote the Kalins' Decca debut single, \"Jumpin' Jack\". The follow-up, \"When\" made the US Top Ten and number one on the UK Singles Chart. After leaving the Kalins, in 1958, he wrote \"Ev'ry Hour, Ev'ry Day of My Life\", a hit for Malcolm Vaughan, and Frankie Avalon's Top Ten hit \"Ginger Bread\".Ballard's own recording career was less successful. In addition to recording several singles under his own name without much success, in 1960 he adopted the alias Buddy Clinton to cut a two-sided single featuring the songs \"Take Me to Your Ladder (I'll See Your Leader Later)\" and \"Joanie's Forever\", both co-written by then-unknown composer Burt Bacharach with his writing partner Bob Hilliard.Ballard wrote one of his most successful songs in 1963, \"You're No Good\", which was first recorded by Dee Dee Warwick. A competing version recorded by Betty Everett appeared weeks later and was a bigger hit, reaching the Top Ten of the US Billboard R&B chart. A year later, the British group The Swinging Blue Jeans also recorded \"You're No Good\". Linda Ronstadt's version hit number one on the Billboard chart in 1975.Ballard's songs were often recorded by artists of the British Invasion. The Swinging Blue Jeans recorded \"It Isn't There\". In 1966, the Zombies recorded his \"Gotta Get a Hold of Myself\". Ballard wrote \"I'm Alive\" for The Hollies, which was number one in the UK Singles Chart in 1965. One of Ballard's best-known songs, \"The Game of Love\", was recorded by Manchester-based Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders in 1965. The single went hit number one in the US and peaked at number two in the UK. Ballard also wrote the subsequent Mindbenders' chart singles \"It's Just a Little Bit Too Late\" and \"She Needs Love\".Ballard later wrote songs for the Ricky Nelson film, Love and Kisses. He also wrote a series of commercial jingles, including a theme for Greyhound Lines.He died in Denton, Texas, in December 2008, two years after suffering a stroke.[7][8]He is not to be confused with fellow songwriters Russ Ballard, Glen Ballard or Hank Ballard.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gene McDaniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_McDaniels"},{"link_name":"Johnny Tillotson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Tillotson"},{"link_name":"Brian Poole & The Tremeloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Poole_%26_The_Tremeloes"},{"link_name":"Ricky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"The Hollies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollies"},{"link_name":"Jan and Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_and_Dean"},{"link_name":"Game of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_of_Love_(Wayne_Fontana_song)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Fontana"},{"link_name":"The Mindbenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mindbenders"},{"link_name":"Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ginger Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Bread_(song)"},{"link_name":"Frankie Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Avalon"},{"link_name":"Good Timin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Timin%27_(1960_song)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Warwick"},{"link_name":"The Zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zombies"},{"link_name":"Shane Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Stardust"},{"link_name":"I'm Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Alive_(Clint_Ballard_Jr._song)"},{"link_name":"The Hollies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollies"},{"link_name":"Syndicate of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicate_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_(band)"},{"link_name":"Billy Eckstine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Eckstine"},{"link_name":"Marty Charnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Charnin"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(jazz_singer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Swinging Blue Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swinging_Blue_Jeans"},{"link_name":"Johnny Burnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Burnette"},{"link_name":"George Maharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Maharis"},{"link_name":"Louis Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Prima"},{"link_name":"Wayne Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Fontana"},{"link_name":"The Mindbenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mindbenders"},{"link_name":"Connie Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Francis"},{"link_name":"Frankie Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Laine"},{"link_name":"The Flamingos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flamingos"},{"link_name":"Johnny Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Nash"},{"link_name":"Little Bitty Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bitty_Girl"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rydell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rydell"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Swinging Blue Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swinging_Blue_Jeans"},{"link_name":"The Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Browns"},{"link_name":"Patti Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Page"},{"link_name":"Wayne Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Fontana"},{"link_name":"The Mindbenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mindbenders"},{"link_name":"David and Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Jonathan_(band)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Prysock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Prysock"},{"link_name":"Ricky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"The Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frost"},{"link_name":"You're No Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_No_Good"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Betty Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Everett"},{"link_name":"The Swinging Blue Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swinging_Blue_Jeans"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"Wild Orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Orchid_(band)"},{"link_name":"Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"Michael Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bolton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"\"A Cold, Cold Winter\" – Walter Jackson\n\"A Miracle\" – Gene McDaniels\n\"A Very Good Year for Girls\" – Johnny Tillotson, Brian Poole & The Tremeloes\n\"Come Back Little Sheba\" – Original cast of Little Sheba\n\"Come Out Dancin'\" – Ricky Nelson\n\"Don't You Even Care (What's Gonna Happen to Me) – The Hollies\n\"Fiddle Around\" – Jan and Dean\n\"Game of Love\" – Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders, Montrose\n\"Ginger Bread\" – Frankie Avalon\n\"Good Timin'\" – Jimmy Jones\n\"Gotta Get a Hold of Myself\" – Michael Haslam, Dee Dee Warwick, The Zombies\n\"Hey Lulu\" – Shane Fenton\n\"I'm Alive\" – The Hollies, Syndicate of Sound, Gamma\n\"In The Rain\" – Billy Eckstine\n\"In A Long White Room\" (lyrics by Marty Charnin) (Nancy Wilson on 1969 Capitol album Nancy)[9]\n\"It Isn't There\" – The Swinging Blue Jeans, Johnny Burnette, George Maharis\n\"It's Better Than Nothing At All\" – Louis Prima\n\"It's Just a Little Bit Too Late\" – Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders, The Druids\n\"It Would Still Be Worth It\" – Connie Francis\n\"Je Revis\" – Frank Alamo\n\"Journey's End\" – Frankie Laine\n\"The Ladder of Love\" - The Flamingos, Johnny Nash\n\"Little Bitty Girl\" – Bobby Rydell\n\"My Precious Angel\" – Jimmy Jones\n\"Now That You've Got Me (You Don't Seem to Want Me)\" – The Swinging Blue Jeans\n\"Oh No!\" – The Browns\n\"One of Us (Will Weep Tonight)\" – Patti Page\n\"She Needs Love\" – Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders\n\"Speak Her Name\" – David and Jonathan, Walter Jackson\n\"Stop Crying, Little Girl\" – Arthur Prysock\n\"Sufferer\" – Patti Drew\n\"There's Not a Minute\" – Ricky Nelson\n\"You Ain't Right\" – The Frost\n\"You're No Good\" – Dee Dee Warwick, Betty Everett, The Swinging Blue Jeans, Linda Ronstadt, Wild Orchid, Van Halen, Michael Bolton[10]","title":"Songwriting credits"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"\"Game of Love\" at Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. 1965.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1965-05-01/hot-100","url_text":"\"\"Game of Love\" at Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"\"You're No Good\" at Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. 1975.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1975-02-01/hot-100","url_text":"\"\"You're No Good\" at Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Hal Kalin obituary by Alan Clayson\". London: Guardian.co.uk. September 27, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/sep/27/guardianobituaries.usa","url_text":"\"Hal Kalin obituary by Alan Clayson\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Clint Ballard, Jr\". Beardogpublishing.com. Retrieved February 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://beardogpublishing.com/index-2.html","url_text":"\"About Clint Ballard, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"BALLARD, CONGER C., JR. [CLINT] \| The Handbook of Texas Online\". Tshaonline.org. May 12, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbafp","url_text":"\"BALLARD, CONGER C., JR. [CLINT] \| The Handbook of Texas Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clint Ballard Jr. songwriting credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved November 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p306093/songs/songs-composed-by","url_text":"\"Clint Ballard Jr. songwriting credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1965-05-01/hot-100","external_links_name":"\"\"Game of Love\" at Billboard Hot 100\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1975-02-01/hot-100","external_links_name":"\"\"You're No Good\" at Billboard Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/arts/music/19ballard.html?scp=1&sq=%22clint%20ballard%22&st=cse","external_links_name":"Douglas Martin, Clint Ballard Jr., Writer of Hit Songs, Dies at 77"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/sep/27/guardianobituaries.usa","external_links_name":"\"Hal Kalin obituary by Alan Clayson\""},{"Link":"http://beardogpublishing.com/index-2.html","external_links_name":"\"About Clint Ballard, Jr\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbafp","external_links_name":"\"BALLARD, CONGER C., JR. [CLINT] \| The Handbook of Texas Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p306093/songs/songs-composed-by","external_links_name":"\"Clint Ballard Jr. songwriting credits\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011477040X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/87947620","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJptW7WFJVgFjc9RvC4KBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX958474","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137873855","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137873855","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/139186387","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV163514","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000189465","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810676028005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c896c760-f766-46fe-8e10-d8d0ac93e02c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]

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